science class -3- 2077 press

Blooming

Science, Health and
Physical Education

3

Authors
Raj Kumar Dhakal

(Science and Health Education)

Mohan Prasad Gurung

(Physical Education)

Published by:
Shubharambha Publication P. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Edition:
First 2075 B.S.
Second 2076 B.S.
Third 2077 B.S.

Layout:
Chankes Maharjan

© Copyright
Publisher

Art work:
Prem Lamshal

Printed in Nepal

Preface

The series ‘Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education’ has been brought
out as an indispensable resource for school level students and has intended
to provide concise and comprehensible explanation of key concepts, facts and
principles across science disciplines. Organized around the National Science
curriculum prescribed by Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi,
Bhaktapur, the series presents solid overviews of the most commonly
encountered school science topics with sound academic and fun activities.
The clear and accessible definitions, concise language, helpful diagrams and
illustrations and other science activities offered in this series will nonetheless
help teachers understand science concepts to the degree to which they can
develop rich and exciting inquiry approaches to explore these concepts with
students in the classroom. As the series has been brought out considering the
age and other psychological factors of children, the learning materials in this
series appeal to the sense of the children and they are related to the world of
young learners. Activities with varieties of questions in this series are meant to
assess and evaluate the level of students’ inquisitiveness.

Each unit begins with its Learning Outcomes and Boost Up activities which help
teachers to focus objectives while teaching. Moreover, each lesson in the series
ends with Key Words, Main Points to Remember and Exercise which meant to
provide good review to students and enhance their abilities to solve the exercise
questions. Each lesson has Project Work that is meant to arouse more creativity
and interest in the students for better understanding and adjustment with their
scientific world.

My special thanks goes to entire team of Shubharambha Publication for their
encouragement to complete this series successfully. I would like to express my
sincere gratitude to Chankes Maharjan for her contribution as a designer of
this series. I would like to thank my family members and colleagues especially
Mr. Mohan Prasad Gurung for their support and help to bring out this series.
I would like to appreciate the contribution of my student Bishwas Poudel for
his valuable help in second edition.

I am also equally grateful to students, parents and principals of different
schools who shared their valuable suggestions in materializing this series.
Any constructive suggestions and recommendations for the betterment of this
series will be highly acknowledged.

Raj Kumar Dhakal

Contents

Science 5
1. Characteristics of Living Things 6
2. Habitat of Animals 18
3. Food of Animals and Their Eating Habits 25
4. Animals seen in Different Times and Seasons 34
5. Types of Plants 43
6. Advantages of Plants and Animals 54
7. Our Environment 66
8. Types of Matter 76
9. Uses of Wind and Water 86
10. The Weather 94
11. The Earth 105
12. Information and communication Technology 114
13. Some Local Technologies 122

Health Education 141
14. Personal Hygiene 142
15. Exercise, Rest and Clothing 150
16. Environmental Sanitation 156
17. Food and Nutrition 163
18. Diseases and Health Services 173
19. Safety and First Aids 184
20. Smoking and its effects 193

Physical Education 203

21. Locomotor Skills 204

22. Non-Locomotor Skills 210

23. Drill 215

24. Physical Training 219

25. Simple Games 227

26. Local Games 230

27. Story Based Games 234

28. Acting Based Games 236

29. Ball Games 238

30. Gymnastics 245

Part

1
Science
Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 5

Lesson Characteristics of
Living Things
1

Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 identify and tell the common characteristics of living beings.

 differentiate between living and non-living things on the basis of
their characteristics.

Boost Up

Energy for living beings Excretion
Taking oxygen in Reproduction
Waste materials Growth
Food
Many organisms are produced Breathing
Become bigger

There are many things around us. All these things are
different in their shapes, sizes, colours and natures. Some of
the things found in nature are known as natural things where
as some are made by human beings. Which are known as man
made things. For example; rocks, soil, cloud, water, animals,
plants, etc. are natural things and clothes, furnitures, buildings,
etc. are man made things. When we talk about natural things,
these are also different in their nature. Some of the things

6 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

around us do not have life in them. They do not have any
features of living beings. These are called as non-living things.
Some natural things around us have life in them. They need
food, can breathe and show many other features; which are
known as living things. The animals and plants are the living
things which show many important characteristics and are
different from non living things.

Living things

Non-living things

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 7

The important characteristics of living beings are as follows:
1. Nutrition or Food
2. Breathing
3. Growth
4. Locomotion
5. Sensitivity or feeling
6. Reproduction
7. Excretion
8. Death

1. Nutrition or Food
All living things need food and water to survive. Food gives
energy to grow, develop and move. Plants prepare their food
materials themselves by using water and air in the presence
of sunlight. Animals get food from other animals and plants.
Some animals eat other animals only, some animals eat plants
only whereas some animals eat both plants and animals.

A lizard eating insect A tiger eating flesh A boy eating meal

8 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Making food in plant A cow grazing in a field

2. Breathing

All living beings need air to breathe. They breathe to get
energy from the food. During breathing air is taken in by the
living beings. Oxygen present in the air is used to get energy
from food and carbon dioxide is produced. Thus formed carbon
dioxide is exhaled out. Living beings have some special organs
for breathing.

Most of the animals breathe through lungs. Water animals
breathe by the means of gills. Some animals breathe through
skin also.

Plants also breathe. They breathe through very small pores
on their leaves called as stomata.

Breathing in living beings.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 9

3. Growth

All living things grow from small to big. The increase in
size in living beings is called as growth. They change in their
shape and size during their growth. Growth is not only the
increase in size but it is the process of development also.

A seed grows into a small plant and the small plant grows
into a big plant. A baby grows into a young person. A chick
grows into a hen. In animals and some plants, the growth is
limited. But in many plants, the growth is unlimited.

Growth in human being Growth in a plant

4. Locomotion

Animals move from place to place for food and shelter.
The process of movement of animals from place to place is
called as locomotion. Different animals locomote in different
ways. Walking, running, flying, swimming, etc. are the various
ways of locomotion in animals. Different locomotary organs
are developed in animals to move. For eg human beings walk
or run by legs, cows, buffaloes, etc. walk on four limbs, birds
fly with wings, fishes swim with fins, snakes and lizards crawl,
etc.

10 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

The plants cannot move from place to place like animals.

Various animals and their locomotion.

5. Sensitivity or Feeling
All living beings can feel in different ways. Animals feel
hot, cold, light, smell, taste and touch. When animals feel a
change, they can respond to it. Animals feel these changes with
the help of some organs like skin, eye, nose, ear, tongue, feelers
and antennae, etc. When we feel cold, we wear warm clothes,
we find the taste of our food, a dog barks when you show a
stick, mosquitoes fly away when we burn mosquito coil.
Plants do not have sense organs like in animals but they
can feel. Leaves, buds and stem turn to face the sunlight; some
plants shade their leaves in winter; if you touch a ‘Touch me
not plant (Namaste Jhar)’, it closes its leaves.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 11

Different examples of sensitivity in animals and plants

6. Reproduction
All living beings produce their young ones of their
own kind. The process of producing young ones is called as
reproduction.
Animals reproduce either by giving birth directly or by
laying eggs. Animals like human beings, cats, dogs, buffaloes,
cows, goats, etc. give direct birth and the animals like hen,
dove, duck, lizard, frog, etc. reproduce by laying eggs.
Plants also reproduce by different ways. Most plants
reproduce through seeds. The seeds germinate into seedlings
and seedlings grow into big plants. Some plants reproduce by
other parts like stems, roots, leaves, etc.

Producing young ones in animals and plants

12 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

7. Excretion
Different types of unwanted materials are produced within
a living body. Living beings remove such unwanted materials.
This process is called excretion.
Animals excrete urine, sweat, foul air and stool as waste
products. Plants throw out unwanted things in the form of
water, gum, etc. as they do not have any special organs for
excretion.

Excretion in animals
8. Death
The living beings do not survive forever. All living beings
die. Some living things live for a short time and some live for
a long time. After the death of living beings, they no longer
show any features of living beings.

Death of animals and plants

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 13

Key words

Breathe – to take air in and expel it, (inhale and exhale)
Exhale out
Gills – to throw out

Feelers/ – the respiratory organ of aquatic animals that takes
Antennae in oxygen dissolved in water
Stomata
– movable sensory appendages occuring in pairs on
the heads of insects (sense organs of insects)

– minute pores in the leaves through which gases
are exchanged.

Main Points to Remember

 The things which have life in them are called living beings and the things which
do not have life in them are called non living things.

 Living beings have various features which are not found in non living things.

 All living beings need food. Plants can prepare their food by themselves but
animals depend upon other animals and plants for food.

 Living things produce energy by using the oxygen present in inhaled air.

 Living things grow in size as well as develop also.

 Animals locomote from place to place to find food and shelter but plants do not
show the locomotion like in animals. Parts of some plants show the locomotion.

 Animals show the response towards the changes quickly but plants do not show
the reaction quickly.

 Animals reproduce their young ones by laying eggs or giving birth directly.
Plants reproduce by seeds or other parts present in them.

 Living thing excrete the unwanted materials produced in their bodies.

 All the living things die after certain period of time.

14 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Project Work

Collect the pictures of any six living beings with a certain
specific characteristic. Paste these in your project work copy and
write which characteristic of living beings is shown by the picture.

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
shelter energy changes stomata excretion

a. Plants and animals need food to get ..........................
b. Plants exchange the gases through ...........................
c. Animals can show the reaction with ....................... in

nature.
d. The process of removing unwanted things by living

beings is ............................. .
e. Animals locomote to find food and .......................
2. Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.
a. Animals can prepare their own food to eat.
b. Fishes breathe with the help of gills.
c. We can go to far places by using a car. A car

moves, so it is a living thing.
d. All animals give birth directly to reproduce.
e. Living beings can show the sensitivity

towards the change in nature.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 15

3. Answer the following questions.
a. What is growth? What difference is there in the
growth of plants and animals?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
b. Why do animals move from one place to another?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
c. An aeroplane can fly in air like a bird. Is it a living
thing? Why?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
d. What is reproduction ? How do the animals reproduce?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
e. When you beat a dog with a stick, it barks or may
chase you. Which characteristic is this? Why?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

16 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

4. Write down any four differences between plants and
animals in their characteristics.

5. Make a table and write down any six points of difference
between living beings and non living things.

6. Draw the picture of an animal you like and colour it.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 17

Lesson Habitat of Animals

2

Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 name the habitat of different animals.

 identify the external organs of some aniamls which help them to live
in their habitats.

Boost Up Shelters
Den
Match the following:
Animals
Buffalo

Hen Burrow

Tiger Coop

Rabbit Shed

Sparrow Hive

Bees Nest

18 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Animals live everywhere on the earth. They live in different
types of places and in all kinds of climate. An animal’s living
place is called its habitat. All animals need habitat to protect
them from the sun, rain, wind, their predators or enemies
and other problems. Animals keep their young ones in their
habitat. Some animals like rats store their food in their homes.
Most animals make their home themselves and some animals
use natural places as their homes. Animals make their homes
according to their body structure.

Domestic animals and their shelters

Animals which are kept at home by humans are as called
domestic animals. The homes of such animals are made by
humans.

Some examples of domestic animals and their homes are given below.

Name of animals Their homes
Cows/Buffaloes Sheds
Goats Pen
Horses Stable
Dogs Kennels
Hens Coop
Parrot Cage

A cow in a shed Goats in a pen Pigs in a sty

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 19

A dog in a kennel A parrot in a cage A horse in a stable

Wild animals and their shelters

Animals living in natural habitats like jungles are called as
wild animals. Lion, tiger, bear, elephant, fox, rabbit, deer, etc.
are wild animals. Wild animals make their home themselves or
use some safe places as their habitats.

Animals living in different habitat have different body
structures.

Birds make their nest by collecting the
tree leaves, twigs, dry grasses, etc. by their
beaks. They lay their eggs and grow their
young ones in the nest. Spiders make the
web.

Rats, moles and hare make hole/
burrow on the ground with the help of
their teeth and legs. Snake has a cylindrical
body and lives in a hole on land made by
others.

Most of the animals live in natural
shelters. Animals like elephant, rhinoceros
and deer take shelter in the grooves of trees
long grasses and bushes.

20 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Some animals like tigers, lions, leopards,
etc. live in the dens. Lemurs and monkeys
have long and strong tail to climb on the trees.
They live on the trees.

Some animals live in water and they are
called water animal. Some live both on land
and in water and are called amphibians.
Fishes live in water. They swim with the help
of fins and tails. Frogs, crab, turtle, crocodile,
etc. can live both on land and in water. They
swim with the help of their limbs in water and
walk on land.

Some animals live in desert and are called
desert animals. eg. camel, lizard.

Key words

Habitat – an animal’s living place.
Predator – an animal that kills and eats other animals.

Twig – a small shoot growing from a branch of tree.

Groove – a long, narrow channel.

Fins – swimming organs of fish.

Main Points to Remember

 An animal’s living place is called as habitat.

 Animals need habitat to protect themselves from different weather and their enemies.

 Animals make their shelters according to their body structures. Some animals
live in the shelters that are adapted for them.

 Animals which are kept at home by humans are called as domestic animals.
These are kept in the home made by humans.

 Animals living in natural habitats are called as wild animals.

 Some animals make their shelter by themselves in their habitat and some animals
live in some natural places.

 Some animals live on land, some live in water whereas some animals can live
both on land and in water.

 Various external body features are developed in animals according to their habitat.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 21

Project Work

Collect the pictures of any six animals (three domestic
and three wild) living in their habitat. Paste these in your
project work copy.

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

nest web shelter predators natural
a. All animals need ................. to live in.
b. Most of the animals live in ........................ habitat
c. Habitat protects an animal from sun, cold, rain and

..........................
d. A spider makes a ....................... to live.
e. The birds make their ........................... by themselves.

2. Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.

a. Habitat protects animals from enemies and
difficult weather.

b. A snake makes its habitat itself.
c. Sparrows make their habitat themselves.
d. Water animals have fins to swim in water.
e. Rats store the food materials in their shelter.

22 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

3. Match the following: Den
Rabbit Hive
Deer Bushes
Lion Burrow
Bees Land and water
Fishes Water
Frog

4. Answer the following questions.

a. What is habitat? Why do animals need shelter?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
b. Name any two animals that make their shelter themselves.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
c. Name any two animals that use the natural places as

their shelters.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 23

d. Name any two animals that can live both on land
and in water.

..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
e. How does a bird make its nest?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
5. Draw the diagram of a fish and show the organs of
locomotion in water. Colour it.

24 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Lesson Food of Animals and

3 Their Eating Habits

Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 identify the foods of different animals.

 introduce the feeding habits and different organs of eating of different
animals.

Boost Up Sucks the blood
Sharp front teeth
Match the following. Long and pointed teeth
Cow Eating grains
Tiger Lapping liquid

Leech
Dog

Pigeon

There are different types of animals in this world. Food is a
basic need of living beings. Different animals eat different types
of food. The ways by which animals eat food are different. Some
animals eat the plants or parts of plants only. Some animals eat

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 25

flesh of other animals. Some animals eat both plants and flesh
of other animals. The feeding habits of animals are different on
the basis of their foods.
On the basis of food that they eat, the animals are divided
into three categories. They are;
i. Herbivores ii. Carnivores iii. Omnivores

Herbivores or Herbivorous animals

The animals that eat only plants or their parts are called as
herbivores or herbivorous animals. These are the plant eating
animals cow, goat, horse, donkey, zebra, buffalo, elephant,
deer, rabbit, etc. are the examples of plant eating animals. Some
herbivores feed on grains and seeds of plants also.
Some herbivores have sharp front teeth and flat teeth at
the back. The sharp teeth cut the grasses and flat teeth helps
them to chew. Some animals like cow, buffalo, goat, etc. bite
plants with their front teeth. Then they swallow their food
without chewing. Later on, they bring the food back into the
mouth and chew. This food is called as cud and such animals
are called cud-chewing animals.

Some herbivores like rabbit, squirrel and mouse have
sharp front teeth for breaking the food. They use their legs to
catch the food. They break the food and chew by the flat teeth
at the back. This habit of eating is called as nibbling.

26 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Some animals like hen, pigeon, sparrow and other birds
eat grains and weeds of plants. They swallow the grains as
they do not have teeth. Rat and squirrel have small front teeth.
They cut nuts, grains and fruits with their teeth.
An elephant needs a large amount of food. It does not
graze like cattle. It holds the grasses or branches and puts them
into the mouth by its long trunk.
We give nutritious food like grains to our domestic animals
like cows, buffaloes, mule, horse, donkey, etc.

Carnivores or Carnivorous animals

The animals that only eat the flesh of other animals are
called as carnivores. Animals like lion, tiger, leopard, snake,
fox, wolves, shark, eagle, vulture, etc. are carnivores. These
are also called as flesh eating animals. Some animals like lion,
tiger, leopard, etc. get their food by killing other animals. Some
carnivores like vulture and fox eat only the dead body of other
animals.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 27

The carnivores have sharp paws to catch and kill the prey.
They have sharp and strong teeth to tear the flesh. Their back
teeth are broad to chew the flesh.
Some animals like snake, frog and lizard do not have
any cutting and chewing teeth. Thy swallow their food
directly without chewing. They can swallow a large animal by
separating their jaws and widening their mouth.
The carnivorous birds have curved and strong beak to tear
the flesh. They have strong and pointed claws.

Omnivores or Omnivorous animals

The animals that eat both plants and flesh of other animals
are called as omnivores. Human beings, cat, dog, bear, pig,
crow, etc. are the examples of omnivores.
Omnivores have sharp teeth to bite plants and strong teeth
to tear the flesh. They also have flat teeth to chew the food.
Some of them have strong teeth and claws also.

28 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Some other eating habits

There are some other animals which eat by other different
methods also.

Insects like butterfly and honey bee suck nectar from the
flowers. For this they, use their special mouth parts called proboscis.

Some animals like leech, lice, bed bug, etc. suck the blood
of animals and human beings.

Mosquito uses its proboscis to suck the liquid food. The
animals like dog and cat lick water and milk with their tongue.

Key words

Flesh – the soft part of body of animal under the skin.

Cud – the portion of food that is brough back into
the mouth from the stomach to chew.
Proboscis –
an elongated tube in the mouth of insects
Nibble – used for sucking.
Prey –
to bite in small bits.

an animal hunted by other animal for food.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 29

Main Points to Remember

 Different animals eat different types of food and they have different feeding habit.
 Animals that eat plants only are herbivores, animals that only eat the flesh of

other animals are carnivores and animals that eat both plants and flesh of other
animals are omnivores.
 Some herbivores eat by cud-chewing method and some eat by nibbling. Grain
eating animals swallow the grains directly and some animals cut nuts and
grains with their small sharp teeth.
 The carnivores have sharp, strong teeth to tear the flesh and broad teeth to chew
the food.
 Some carnivorous directly swallow their prey without chewing.
 The carnivorous birds have strong and curved beak.
 The omnivores have sharp teeth to bite the plants and strong teeth to tear the
flesh.
 Some animals eat by different ways like sucking by suckers and proboscis.

Project Work

1. Observe the eating process of any three animals in your
surrounding. Note down how they eat and share with
your friends and teacher in classroom.

2. Collect the picture of any five animals eating their food
and paste these in your project work copy.

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

beak flesh cow omnivores herbivores snake

a. Cats eat both plants and ............................ and called
as ............................

b. ............................ is a cud chewing animal.

30 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

c. ............................ have sharp cutting teeth.

d. ............................ swallows the whole animal as food.

e. Eagles have strong ............................ which help them
to tear the flesh.

2. Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.

a. Carnivores have both sharp and broad teeth.
b. All animals eat same types of food.
c. A cow eats by nibbling.
d. Frog swallows the whole body of its prey.
e. Squirrel has sharp front teeth to break hard nuts.

3. Match the following animals with their foods.

Animals Foods
Lion Rat

Pigeon Grass hopper

Elephant Grains

Snake Deer

Lizard Branches

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 31

4. Answer the following questions:

a. What are herbivores? Write any four examples.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
b. What are cud-chewing animals? Give any two examples.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
c. What are carnivores? Give any four examples.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
d. What type of teeth do the carnivores have?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
e. What are omnivores? Give any four examples.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

32 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

f. Give examples of any two animals that suck the blood
of human beings or other animals?

................................. .................................
g. Write down the name of any two animals that lick the

liquid.
................................. .................................
5. Draw the diagram of a butterfly sitting on a flower and
colour it.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 33

Lesson Animals seen in
Different Times and
4
Seasons

Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 identify and make the animals found in different seasons.
 name some diurnal and nocturnal animals.

Boost Up Active during day time
Seen in summer season
Match the following. Seen in rainy season
Frog Active at night

Cockroach

Snake

Crow

There are different types of animals in our surroundings.
Some animals are found in cold climate and some are found in
warm climate. Most animals live in one or two habitats. We can
not see all the animals throughout the year. All animals can not
survive in all seasons. Some animals live actively in one season

34 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

and remain passive in another season. For example; we can not
see snake in a cold season. There are many such animals seen
in hot season only. Similarly, all animals do not remain active
at day time. There are some animals like owl and bat which
remain active at night. Hence, all animals are not seen in every
seasons or in all time.

Animals seen in different times

Majority of the animals found in nature move here and
there in search of food and shelter during day time. They take
rest or remain passive at night. Those animals which are active
in the daytime are called as diurnal animals. Some examples of
diurnal animals are cow, buffalo, goat, butterfly, rabbit, crow,
parrot, pigeon, housefly, etc.

There are some animals which are active during night time
only. They move for food and shelter during night and remain
passive at day. Those animals that are active at night are called
as nocturnal animals. Moths, cockroach, owl, bat, firefly, cat
leopard, etc. are the examples of nocturnal animals.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 35

Animals seen in different seasons

Different types of animals are seen in different seasons.
Some animals are seen in summer, some are seen in winter and
some are seen in rainy season only.

Animals seen in Summer season

It is very hot in summer. Some animals like snake, frog
and earthworm cannot stay inside their holes. They come out
from their holes to escape from the heat. They get suitable heat
to nurture their babies. Many birds; insects like mosquitoes,
houseflies, dragon flies, etc. and lizards are some animals
which remain active in summer season.

Some animals seen in summer

Most of such animals hide themselves from cold in winter.
They undergo a long sleep at a warmer place. This process is
called as hibernation. Animals like frogs, snakes and lizards go
for hibernation in winter.

Animals seen in rainy season

In rainy season, holes of frog, mouse, snake, earthworm, etc.
are filled with water. They do not get suitable place to stay there.
They come out from the holes and move here and there. Some
other animals like crabs, sparrows, mosquitoes, snails and slugs
are also seen in rainy season. They need water to reproduce. This
season is favorable to them for reproduction. Mosquitoes lay the
eggs in water and complete various stages of life in water.

36 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Some animals seen in rainy season

Animals seen in winter season or in cold climate

Some animals are very active in the winter season. These
animals have thick fur or feathers over their body to protect
from the cold. Crane, penguin, brahminy duck, polar bear,
snow bird, etc. are the examples of animals that remain active
in winter season. Some of these animals like polar bear and
penguin are seen in other seasons also.

Some animals that are active in winter

Cold blooded animals and warm blooded animals

Cold Blooded animals

Some animals cannot adjust themselves with changing
seasons. They go for winter sleep and summer sleep to protect
themselves from the changing climate. The body temperature of
some animals changes with the change in the tempurature of the
surrounding. Such animals are called cold blooded animals.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 37

In very cold season, they find warm place and stay like
dead animals. They breathe slowly. In summer when the habitat
is heated, they come out and become active. This type of winter
sleep of animals is called as hibernation. Some examples of cold
blooded animals are fishes, frogs, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, etc.

In very hot summer, they find cold places and sleep to hide from
the heat. This type of summer sleep is called summer aestivation.

Snake Lizard Frog Crocodile

Warm blooded animals

Human beings and some other animals can adjust
themselves in all types of climate seen throughout the year.
The body tempurature of these animals do not change with the
change in tempurature of the surroundings. These are called
as warm blooded animals. Some examples of such animals
are birds (like crow, pigeon, hen, etc.), rat, cat, dog, cow, goat,
buffalo, horse, etc.

Some warm blooded animals

38 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Key words

Escape – get free, avoid
a type of water fowl found in cold climate
Brahminy duck – to change something so that it fits

Adjust –

Main Points to Remember

 There are different types of animals in our surrounding. All animals are not seen
in all season and all time.

 Some animals like cow, goat, butterfly, crow, parrot, etc. remain active at day and
passive at night. These are diurnal animals.

 Some animals like owl, bat, cat, etc. remain active at night and passive at day
time. These are nocturnal animals.

 Animals like snake, frog, earthworm, etc. go for hibernation in winter season to
protect themselves from cold and remain active during summer season.

 Animals like frog, mosquito, snail, slug, etc. get favorable conditions for
reproduction and food in rainy season. So, they remain active in rainy season.

 Some animals with thick fur or feathers can remain active in winter season.

 The animals that can adjust themselves in all types of climate are warm blooded
animals and the animals that cannot adjust themselves in all types of climate are
cold blooded animals.

Project Work

Collect the picture of any one animal of each type and
paste these in your project work copy. Write down the time or
season in which these animals remain active.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 39

Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
reproduction very cold summer nocturnal diurnal

a. ................. animals become active during the day time.
b. An owl is a ...................... animal.
c. Animals that go for hibernation remain active in

...................... season.
d. Frogs have favourable condition for ...................... in

rainy season.
e. Penguin is found in ......................... places.

2. Write ‘True’ for the correct sentences and ‘False’ for the
wrong ones.

a. A butterfly and a moth are diurnal animals.
b. Some carnivores like tiger, leopard, etc.

remain active during the daytime.
c. Frogs are Generally, seen in winter season.
d. Earthworm gets favourable conditions in a

rainy season.
e. Snake is a warm blooded animal.

40 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

3. Write down the name of any three. ..............................
..............................
a. Diurnal animals ..............................
.............................. .............................. ..............................
b. Nocturnal animals ..............................
.............................. .............................. ..............................
c. Cold blooded animals
.............................. ..............................
d. Warm blooded animals
.............................. ..............................
e. Animals seen in summer season
.............................. ..............................
f. Animals seen in rainy season.
.............................. ..............................

4. Answer the following questions.
a. What are diurnal animals?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
b. What are nocturnal animals?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 41

c. What is hibernation? Why do some animals go in
hibernation?

..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
d. Are the snakes seen in winter? Why?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
e. Why are the mosquitoes seen in rainy season?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
5. Draw the diagram of a bird and colour it.

42 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Lesson Types of Plants

5

Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 classify plants on the basis of their flowering characters, life span and habitat.

 identify and make the list of plants found in different seasons.

Boost Up Tree
Climber
Match the following. Creeper
Mustard Herb
Rose Shrub
Banayan

Cucumber
Pumpkin

There are different types of plants around us. The plants
are different in their nature, shape, size, structure, habitat
and life span. No plants are identical with the other. But all
the plants have same general characteristics. The plants can
prepare their food materials by themselves. The plants do not
show the active movement and sensitivity.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 43

We have already learnt in previous classes that on the basis
of their size, plants can be classified into three groups namely
herb, shrub and tree. We have already studied about climbers
and creepers also. Now in this lesson, we are going to learn
about the classification of plants on the basis of their nature,
life span and habitat.

Flowering and Non-flowering plants

We see different types of plants around us. Among them,
some plants bear flowers and some do not. On the basis of
their flowering nature, the plants are of two types. They are: (i)
Non-flowering plants and (ii) Flowering plants.

Non-flowering plants

Some plants like spirogyra, fern, mushroom, moss, etc.
do not bear flowers. Those plants that do not bear flowers are
called as non flowering plants. These are simple plants and
reproduce by other parts. They do not have seeds in them.

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Some Non-flowering plants

Flowering Plants

Some plants like mustard, paddy, rose, mango, apple,
banana, sunflower, gulmohar, etc. bear flowers. Those plants
that bear flowers in them are called flowering plants. Flowering
plants give fruits from the flowers. The fruits contain seeds and
they reproduce by the means of seeds. Generally, the flowering
plants are more developed than the non-flowering plants.

Mustard plant Rose plant Marigold plant

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 45

Life span of plants

Similar to animals, the plants also do not survive forever.
Some plants survive only for a season whereas some others
survive for two or more years. On the basis of their life span,
plants are classified into following three groups.

Annual plants

The plants like rice, maize, mustard, pumpkin, pea, tomato,
potato, etc. survive for one season only. They grow and give
flowers and fruits in one season only. Such plants are called
annual plants.

Some annual plants

Biennial plants

Some plants like radish, turnip, cauliflower, cabbage, etc.
survive for two seasons or two years. They grow in first season
and give flowers and fruits in another season. Such plants are
called biennial plants. Generally, herbs are annual or biennial
plants.

46 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Some biennial plants

Perennial plants

Some plants like apple, mango, neem, guava, pine, sal,
sisoo, etc. survive for many years. The plants that survive for
more than two years are called as perennial plants.
Generally, shrubs and trees are the perennial plants.

Some perennial plants

Terrestrial and aquatic plants

The place where the plants live is called the habitat of
plants. On the basis of their habitats, plants are classified into
two groups. They are; (i) Terrestrial plants and (ii) Aquatic
plants

Terrestrial plants

Some plants like mango, radish, banayan, tomato, mustard,
mint, apple, neem, etc. grow on land. The plants that grow on
the land are called as terrestrial plants.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 47

Some terrestrial plants

Some terrestrial plants like moss, fern, liverwort, etc. grow
in moist places. Some terrestrial plants like cactus, aloe vera,
agave, opuntia, etc. grow in dry and sandy places. Such plants
are also called as desert plants or xerophytes.

Aquatic plants Some desert plants

Some plants like hydrilla, water hyacinth, pistia, lotus,
etc. grow in water. The plants that grow in water are called as
aquatic plants.

Some aquatic plants

48 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3

Seasonal plants

We do not see some plants for a whole year. Most of the
vegetables grow in one season only. Such plants are called as
seasonal plants.
Some of the plants grow in summer only. Plants like pumpkin,
beans, gourds, etc. are some examples of summer plants.

Some summer plants
Some of the plants grow in winter only. Cauliflower, radish,
spinach, lettuce, rayo, etc. are some examples of winter plants.

Some winter plants
Some plants like tomato and banana grow in both seasons.

Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3 49

Nowadays, summer vegetables
are grown in winter also. These
are grown in a special house made
of plastics called green house. It
is warmer in a green house than
outside.

Key words

Habitat – the place where the plants grow.
Xerophytes – plants growing in desert or dry place.
Desert – dry and sandy place.
Shady place – the part of the land which gets very less sunshine.
Rayo – broad leaf mustard.

Main Points to Remember

 There are different types of plants around us.

 The plants are different in their shape, size, habitat and life span.

 On the basis of flowers, the plants are of two types; non-flowering plants and
flowering plants.

 On the basis of life span, plants are of three types. Plants growing in one season
are called annual plants, surviving for two seasons or two years are called biennial
plants and plants surviving for more than two years are called perennial plants.

 Plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants and that grow in water are
called aquatic plants.

 Some plants or vegetables grow in some specific season only. These plants are
called seasonal plants.

 Now a days, off-seasonal plants are also grown in a special construction made by
plastics called green house. Plants growing in summer season can be grown in
winter by using the green house.

50 Blooming Science, Health and Physical Education Book 3