Revised Subharmbha social 7 2077 for CTP final

Lesson Our Folk Musical
Instruments
4

The music played during jatras, fairs, festivals, ceremonies, rituals etc
is called folk musics. Instruments used to create these music are called
folk musical instruments. Just like the folk songs, the folk music and the
instruments are also different from community to community and place to
place.

Brief Introduction of Some Musical Instruments
Binayo: It is also associated with Kirat people. It is
made of a piece of Nigalo by connecting both ends
with threads. It is held in mouth and played by
pulling the thread. It makes sound like that of a
Murchunga.

Damphu: It is an important traditional musical
instrument of the Tamangs. It is circular in shape, made
of wood, and wrapped with skin leather.

Damaha/Nagara: This is also a
member of Panchai Baja family.
Its frame is made up of copper. It
is covered with skin leather. It is played by beating it
with a stick called Gajo.
Dhol/Dholak: it looks like a Madal but is a little bigger
than that. It is made of hollow wood by covering either
end with leather. It is played by beating
with Gajo on one end and by the palm on
the other end.
Dhyangro: It is round in shape with a handle to hold it. It is
tightly covered with skin leather. It is played during rituals by
Dhami and Jhankri. It is played by beating it with a curved
stick, Gajo.

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Jhyali/Jhyamta/Jhurma: It is also a member of
Panchai Baja group. It consists of two metal pieces.
They are collided each other to produce musical
sound.

Khaijadi: It is made of Daar wood with deer skin leather
covering on either end. It is played by holding with one hand
and beating by another hand while singing Baalan, Roila
and Bhajan.

Madal: It is one of the most popular musical
instruments. It is believed that the Magars were
the first one to use it. It is made by making a piece
of hollow log by covering its both ends with leather
skin. The coverings are tightened with leather
threads. It is played by both hands.

Murali and Bansuri: They are popular musical
instruments made up of Nigalo (a kind of small
bamboo). A number of holes are made on a
piece of hollow bamboo pipe to make them.
They are played by blowing air with our mouth
and by placing fingers on the holes.

Murchunga: It is made of iron. It produces sound like that
of a Binayo. It is played through mouth. It is a popular
traditional musical instrument of the Kirats.
Narsinga: It is also a member of Panchai
Baja group. It is round and long pipe like in shape. It is made
of copper. It is played by blowing hard.

Sahanai: It is a member of Panchai
Baja family. It is made up of metal
and wood. There are finger holes
and keys on it. It is placed between
lips and blown to produce musical sound.

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Sankha: It is outer part of the snail used as a musical
instrument. It is played by blowing hard. It is played during
worship, prayers and also funeral procession.

Sarangi: It is traditional musical
instrument of the Gandharbas. It is
generally made up of Khirra wood. It has four wire strings. It
is played by rubbing a bow on the strings.

Tyamko: It is also a member of Panchai
Baja family. It is wrapped with skin
leather. It is smaller than Damaha or
Nagara. It is played by beating it with two
sticks called Gajo.

Besides the above mentioned musical instruments,
many more such instruments are in use in different communities. All these
instruments originated in our own land. None of them are imported.

But gradually, our traditional musical instruments are getting neglected.
Younger generations are giving more importance to western musical
instruments. It’s all right as far as playing them but it shouldn’t be done
at the cost of our own instrument. We should preserve and promote our
musical instrument in the following ways:

(a) We should encourage traditional communities playing such
instruments by providing them incentives.

(b) Such instrument should be played at public places like hotels and
restaurants.

(c) They should be included in text books and in extra-curricular activities.
(d) Competitions of playing these instruments should be regularly

organized.
(e) These instruments should also be used while playing modern songs

and concerts.
(f) manufacturers of these instruments should be given appropriate

incentives.

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Points to Remember:

F Instruments used to create music during jatras, fairs, festivals, and
rituals etc are folk musical instruments.

F Folk musical instruments are normally made up of local materials.
F Music produced by folk musical instruments make songs and dances

more interesting, lively and vibrant.
F Folk musical instruments also represent cultures, traditions, practices

of different communities.
F Mandal, Sarangi, Bansuri, Damphu, Binayo, Murchunga, Chybrung, etc

are folk musical instruments.
F We should preserve and promote our musical instruments.

Key Terms and Words:

• Collide : slam into bang crash
• Concert : musical performance
• Hallow : empty, not solid
• Melodious : harmonious
• Nigalo: a bamboo with thin stem
• Procession : column, parade
• Snail: slug, idler
• Shell: case, frame
• Vibrant : alive, colourful

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:

1. What do you mean by folk music and folk musical instruments?
Write with examples.

2. Which are the musical instruments in the Panchai Baja family?
3. Write the names of at least four folk musical instruments including

how they are made and look like, and which communities play them
on what occasions?
4. What should be done to preserve and promote the folk musical
instruments?

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5. What musical instrument you like most? Give reasons. Draw them
as well.

Community Based Work:

a. There may be some of the folk musical instruments in your community
not mentioned above. Find them out and prepare short report and
share in class.

b. Identify the musical instrument.

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Lesson Our Classical and Folk
Dances
5

Introduction: Dance
Dance is an art of moving or making movements of different parts of our
body. It is done usually according to the tunes and rhythms of music and/ or
songs. Dance makes the body active, healthy, flexible and attractive. Music,
song and dance maintain nail and flesh like relationship. They mostly go
together accompanying each other. Absence of one makes the other
incomplete.

Types of Dances Classical Dance

Classical Dance: The dance
performed in accordance with classic
instructions, regulations and music is
known as Classical Dance. Such
dances are in practice since ancient
times. It needs special training,
instructions and costumes. Examples:
Bhairabkali Dance, Manjushree
Dance, Pancha Buddha Dance etc.

Folk Dance: The traditional dance

related to a particular group of

people, community, place and culture

is called a Folk Dance. It is normally

performed with the accompaniment

of folk music. Costumes for such

dance differ from one community to

the other. Jhangad Dance, Tamang Folk Dance
Selo Dance, Maruni Dance, Kaura

Dance, Dhan Naach, Chyabrung Naach, Sakela Sili, Deuda Naach are some

of the examples of folk dances.

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Points to Remember:

F Dance is an art of moving body parts according to the tunes and rhythms
of music and or songs.

F Music, song and dance maintain close relationship. Dance makes us
active, healthy, flexible and attractive.

F Dances are artistic expressions of creative minds which promote
socialization and represent cultures.

F Dances can be categorized as: Classical, Folk and Modern.
F Examples of Classical Dance: Bhairabkali Dance, Manjushree Dance,

Pancha Buddha Dance etc.
F Jhangad Dance, Tamang Selo Dance, Maruni Dance, Kaura Dance, Dhan

Nach etc are folk dance.

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:
1. What is a folk dance? How does it differ from classical dance?
2. What is a classical dance? What are the differences between a folk
and classical dance?
3. What is dance? List its importances.
4. Make a list of folk dances you know.
5. Which dance do you like the most and why ?
6. "Music and dance are artistic expressions of creative minds".
Explain.

Community Based Work:
a. Have a talk with your dance teacher. Try and find out more about our
traditional dances from him. Prepare a report based on his remarks
about the present situation of folk dances in our country.
b. Identify the dance and write about it.

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Lesson Our National
Personalities
6

Important Personality

Important personalities are those people who have contributed a lot for the
well being and development of the country. They do so by life-long service,
dedication and sacrifices. There are many such important personalities in our
country. They are the sources of inspiration, knowledge, courage, devotion,
dedication and sacrifices. We should remember, respect, and follow their
footprints. Brief introductions of three such personalities are given below.

Gehendra Shumsher

Early Childhood: Gehendra Shumsher was the first
scientist of our country. His father was Bir Shumsher.
He was born in the month of Poush 1928 BS in Kolkata,
India. At that time, his father was serving there as a
government representative. He had his early schooling
at home and at Durbar High School. He was sharp,
creative, and intelligent from his early childhood. He was
fond of music, physical activities, and creative works. He
always wanted to do something different than others.

Beginning of Scientific Works: His father became the
Prime Minister in 1942 BS. At that time he was only Gehendra Shumsher
14 years. He got opportunity to work more freely and
independently. He was inspired and encouraged by his father. He involved
himself with the development and manufacture of essential military arms and
equipment. He carried out experiments on a number of things. He used the
coal and iron found in Nepal to produce military equipment. He established
a rice mill and a wind mill. He produced electricity for the first time in Nepal.
He also established a leather factory to produce leather goods.

Major Achievements: He got a motor car from the Ford Company in 1956 BS.
He asked himself why he couldn’t make one like that. Then he dismantled
the car, studied each and every part and reassembled it.

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He was always curious to learn and do new things. He also got some books,
drawings, designs, charts and catalogues of various devices from Japan and
England. He was so sharp and intelligent that he could make exactly the
same as in the drawing and catalogue.

At that time, only a single barrel rifle was in use in Nepal. He developed two
barrels rifle and machine gun. He named the
rifle as Ge-Rifle and the machine gun as Bir-
Gun after the first letter of his father’s and his
name. He also developed a new model cannon
and named it as Dhir-Gun after his grandfather,
Dhir Shumsher.

Untimely Death: His father was succeeded Ge-Rifle
by Dev Shumsher who favoured Gehendra
Shumsher a lot. So, he got quite encouraged
during his reign. He was sent to Japan in study tour.

There was Chandra Shumsher as Prime Minister in 1963 BS. At Dasain Tika
that year, while bowing down to pay respect to Chandra Shumsher, a pistol
fell down Gehendra’s pocket. This made Chandra Shumsher suspicious of
Gehendra, but he didn’t react immediately. One year after that incident in
1964 BS, Gehendra died a mysterious death. He was then only 35 years.
It is said that Chandra Shumsher was envious of his achievements and
popularity and plotted his death. After his death, his associates and factories
were broken, dismantled and closed down. If he had lived longer, he would
have done much to the country.

Bisheshwor Prasad Koirala (B.P. Koirala) Bisheshwar Prasad Koirala

Bisheshwor Prasad, better known as B.P.
Koirala is one of the greatest names in the
modern history of Nepal. He was born on 23rd
Bhadra 1971 BS in Banares, India, where his
father was living in exile. His father’s name was
Krishna Prasad. Bisheswor Prasad Koirala was
the leader of Nepali Congress. He was a man

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of principle and great vision. At that time, Nepal was under autocratic Rana
regime. People had no civil rights.

BP Koirala wanted freedom and democracy for the people of Nepal. So, he
steered anti-Rana movement by mobilizing people. This movement turned
into to be the revolution of 2007 BS, which ended the Rana Regime and
established democracy in the country. He became the Home Minister in the
government formed after the successful revolution of 2007 BS.

In the first General Election of 2015 BS, held on 7th Falgun, the Nepali

Congress secured maximum seats. Then, as a

leader of the party, BP Koirala became the first ever

elected Prime Minister of Nepal on 16th Asar 2016

BS. But, his government could not last the full term.

His government was dismissed by the then King

Mahendra after 18 months. He was imprisoned in

the Sundarijal Jail for several years. But, he wasn’t

deterred from his democratic principle. He continued

his fight from the jail, and later from India, where he

King Mahendra was living in exile.

In the referendum of 2037 BS, he led democratic

forces for multi-party democracy against the

Partyless Panchayat System. Unfortunately, the multi-party forces lost the

referendum. But, BP Koirala didn’t give up his political ideal. He continued

his fight for the establishment of democracy to his death. He died of throat

cancer on 6th Srawan 2039 BS.

BP Koirala was also a man of letters. There are several literary novels and
short stories. Shumnima, Doshi Chasma, Modi Aain, Naredra Dai, Tin Ghumti
etc are written by him.

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Points to Remember:

F National personalities are those who have greatly contributed to the
overall well-being of the country.

F Gehendra Shumsher was the son of Bir Shumsher.
F Gehendra Shumsher is considered as the first scientist of Nepal.
F Gehendra Shumsher invented Ge-Rifle, Bir-Gun , Dhir-Gun, rice mill, wind

mill, electricity etc.
F Gehendra Shumsher died an untimely death in 1964 BS at a small age

of 35 years.
F BP Koirala is a great name in modern Nepali politics and literary field.
F BP Koirala was the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Nepal.
F BP Koirala sacrificed his whole life for democratic principles.
F BP Koirala had written some famous novels like Sumnima, Tin Ghumti,

Modi Aain, Narendra Dai etc.
F BP was born on 23rd Bhadra 1971 and died on 6th Srawan 2039.
F The life of Gehendra Shumsher and Bisheshwar Prasad Koirala teaches

us that great things can be achieved with hard work .

Key Terms and Words:

• Barrel : cylindrical container
• Cannon : large gun, artillery
• Catalogues: document, directory
• Dedication: devotion, commitment
• Deter : check, block
• Dismantling: taking apart, disassembling
• Envious : jealous
• Equipment : apparatus, device
• Exile: displacement, banishment
• Men of letters : scholar, literature
• Mobilize: ready for action, movement
• Mysterious: strange, puzzling
• Suspicious : distrustful, doubtful

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. Who are important personalities?
2. Who was Gehendra Shumsher?
3. What did Gehendra Shumsher invent?
4. What were the names of the guns Gehendra Shumsher had
developed?
5. When and how was Gehendra Shumsher died?
6. Who was BP Koirala?
7. When was BP Koirala died?
8. When was the first General Election held in Nepal?
9. Name four novels written by BP Koirala.

Short answer questions:
1. What were the contributions of Gehendra Shumsher?
2. Describe the childhood of Gehendra Shumsher.
3. What are the contributions made by BP Koirala?
4. Write a letter to your sister describing the lessons that you learn
from Gehendra Shumsher’s life.
5. Write about the life of BP Koirala?

Community Based Work:
There may be some persons in your community involved for the
development and welfare of the community. Collect information about
him or her, and write his or her short biography.

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UNIT

3

OUR SOCIAL
PROBLEMS AND THEIR

SOLUTIONS

In this unit, we will learn the following: 63
• Our Social Evils and Problems: Causes and Solutions
• Schools’ and Social Organizations’ Role in Solving Social Problems
• Conflict and its Management
• Concept of Peace

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 7

Lesson Our Social Evils and
Problems: Causes and
1
Solutions

Introduction: Social Evils
The social norms, values, rituals, cultures and traditions that have negative
impacts on society are known as ‘Social Evils’. Examples of such evils are
child marriage (bal bibaha), mismatched (anmel) marriage, child labour (bal
shram), animal sacrifice (pashu bali), untouchability (chhuwachhut), caste-
based discrimination (jatbhat), gender discrimination (lingbhed), polygamy
(bahu bibhah), Chhaupadi Pratha, Deuki Pratha, Ghumto Pratha, Jhuma
Pratha, Daijo Pratha, accusing of people as witches, mistreating widows,
spending excessive money in the name of social and cultural practices,
superstition (andhabiswas), etc.

Some Social Evils

Chhaupadi Pratha is a social
evil mainly found in the hills of
Mid-western and Far-Western
Regions. According to this
pratha, girls and women are
not allowed to mix up with
other people when they are
having menstruation. They are
considered impure and kept
outside houses in poor living
conditions. They won’t be given
proper clothing, food and care.
Chhaupadi Pratha

This is an act of discriminating
women. It causes mental and physical torture to women.

Similarly, Deuki Pratha is another social evil found in the hills of the Far-
Western Region. In this tradition, girls are offered to Gods in temples believing
to get God’s blessing in turn. Some rich people even buy girls from poor
family for this purpose. The girls so offered are compelled to live at temples.
They can’t get married. This is inhumane practice which is against women’s

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rights. As they grow on, they are even sexually misbehaved. This is a curse
to the society.

Jhuma pratha, which is found in
mountainous region, is almost
like Deuki pratha. In this pratha,
the second daughter is offered
to the God in the Gumba. The girl
will face the same problems like
the one offered in Deuki pratha.

Ghumto Pratha is prevalent in Deuki Pratha
both Hindu and Islam cultures.
Married women in the Hindu
culture cover face by a piece of cloth or sari so that they aren’t seen by other
men. Similarly Muslim women cover face with a shawl called Burka. These
practices degrade women's dignity.

Social Problems
All those activities carried out to fulfill one’s personal or group interests at the
cost of others are known as ‘Social Problems’. Social problems are immoral,
illegal, bad, undesirable and violent actions of people in the society. There
are many such problems in our societies. Girl trafficking, smoking in public,
gambling, corruptions, drinking alcohol and misbehaving in public places or
at home, drug abuse, violence against women, theft, robbery, kidnapping,
murder, bribery etc. are a few examples.

There are many social problems and evils in our
society. The main causes of these problems and
evils are illiteracy and poverty. The other causes
are ignorance, lack of awareness, superstition,
male supremacy over women, outdated and
traditional thinking, unemployment, and negative
influence of foreign culture and media etc.

People take alcohol in the name of religious rituals,
festivals and celebrations. Alcoholism causes
severe health problems. It disturbs peace in the
family and society. It misuses money and resources. Many ethnic people
make alcohol at home.

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Drug abuse is another social problem. It is growing
alarmingly. It is a serious problem especially among
the youths. It affects our society in different ways.
Drug abusers involve in criminal activities. They do
not only ruin their own lives, but also destroy the
peace, prosperity and happiness of their families
and societies.

Girls trafficking is another serious social problem. Drug Abuse
Majority of the girls in rural areas are illiterate,
unemployed and poor. They become
the easy prey of traffickers and land in
prostitution. Many of them get infected
of HIV, AIDS and other diseases.

In the name of tradition and culture,
people spend a lot of money on festivals,
rituals, ceremonies, weddings, etc.
There can be seen undesirable
competitions among people while
organizing such events. Such practices
increase corruptions and ill practices
in the society.

People are becoming materialistic.
They think of themselves only. They are Girl Trafficking

slowly forgetting their valuable culture
and traditions and blindly imitating foreign cultures.

Solutions:
Social evils and problems are great enemies of socio-economic development.
They are great hindrances to our peace, security, harmony and well-being.
They must be ended as earliest as possible. The following measures should
be taken to end social evils and problems:

• Government, social organizations, civil societies and individuals
should work together.

• Identify the root causes of problems and address them effectively.
• Education and awareness programmes should be conducted.

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• Employment opportunities should be made available.
• Women should be empowered by providing them education, and

training.
• Gender inequality should be ended.
• Laws should be strictly implemented against criminals.

Points to Remember:

F Social evils and problems are immoral, illegal, bad, undesirable and
violent actions of people in the society.

F Social evils and problems are great hindrances to peace, security,
harmony, well-being and development.

F The main causes of social problems and evils are illiteracy and poverty.
F It is everybody’s duty to fight to end social problems and evils.

Key Terms and Words:

• Corruption : dishonesty, bribery
• Criminal: illegal, unlawful
• Dignity: decency
• Harmony: peace, cooperation
• Hindrance : obstacle
• Imitating: copying, following
• Menstruation : period, menses, bleeding
• Ritual : ceremony, tradition
• Superstition : false belief, unfounded fear
• Torture : severe mental or physical pain

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is social problem?
2. Write three examples of social problems.
3. What is social evil?
4. Write three examples of social evils.
5. What are the causes of social problems and evils?
6. What is girl trafficking?

Short answer questions:
1. What is drug abuse? How can you stop it? Give at least four
suggestions.
2. What kind of social problems are there in our country? List them
out, and also mention their solution.
3. List out the social evils, and describe two of them in brief.
4. What is girl trafficking? How can it be stopped? Give your suggestions.
5. What is alcoholism? How does it affect us? Write with examples.

Community Based Work:
There may be some efforts made by some social organizations, civil
societies and local government to end social problems and evils in your
community. Gather information about them providing their effective
remedies.

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Lesson Schools’ and Social
Organizations’ Role
2 In Preventing Social

Problems

Introduction: Social Organizations
Social Organizations are
institutions established with
specific aims and objectives.
They are non-profitable
organizations to serve to the
society. They are also known as Non-Government Organizations (NGOs).
They are established at various levels. Social organizations can take many
forms, depending on the social context. For example, for family context it
is the extended family. In the business context, it may be a company or a
corporation. In the educational context, it may be a school, university, etc. In
the political context it may be a government, political party, etc.

Social organizations help in the national development by carrying out
several social activities. Social organizations and schools can play important
role in preventing and solving social problems and evils. Schools as social
organizations are important agents of change. They can influence the
contemporary society through their students. They are centres of education,
knowledge, skills, ideas and innovations. Schools can engage students at
various creative activities and programmes. Students can be mobilized to
create social awareness on social evils and problems.

Along with fundamental academic
knowledge, children receive useful
social values and norms at schools.
Children play various games, take part in
different activities, interact with friends
and teachers, and learn important
human values at schools. They learn
team work, mutual understanding and
co-operation. Schools are secondary

Social Studies & Population Education Book ~ 7 69

homes for children. The knowledge that they receive at schools shape their
mind and attitude. Schools help children to be a responsible human being.
Schools have important role in preparing children for their future roles.
Schools can cultivate good attitude, behaviour, conduct, character, discipline
and virtues in students. Schools contribute greatly in making the children
responsible citizens. Education is not merely reading books and passing
examinations. Education should be for life time. The schools as social
organizations mould and shape the mind of children in this direction.
Every child has different caliber, liking and interest. The schools provide
them appropriate platforms to grow according to their capability. Varieties of
extra-curricular activities are conducted at schools. Similarly, the students
are given appropriate environment for learning useful things at schools. The
schools teach them rights and wrongs. They also learn from schools about
skills, means and methods to tackle social evils and problems. Schools teach
students the importance of hard work, dignity of labour and prepare them to
be self- reliant. In this way, schools can play important role in preventing and
solving social evils and problems.

Social Organizations in
Nepal

There are about 40,000 non-
governmental organizations in
Nepal. These organizations are
registered under the National
Council for Coordination of
Social Services. Some of
these organizations have NGO's of Nepal

been helping to prevent and solve social evils and problems.

Social organizations help to prevent and solve social problems in various
ways. They reach to the poor and needy people and provide necessary help
and support. For example: some of them provide education and some health
care. Some conduct training and awareness programmes, and some work
for woman’s and child rights. They provide fund, materials and resources to
help them to eradicate poverty. They rescue and provide relief to trafficked
girls and victims of natural disasters and conflicts. They draw attention
of the government on the situation of needy people. They pressurize the

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government to bring appropriate plans, programmes and policies for social
and economic development. They act as bridge between the government
and needy people.

Some NGOs & Their Activities in Nepal

Organization Activities

BASE (Backward Society Education) Education&Communitydevelopment
in rural areas

CWIN (Child Workers in Nepal) Campaign against child labour &
work for child rights

Didi Bahini Gender equality and women’s rights

Himalayan Project Educational and cultural
development in rural areas

INSEC(Informal Sector Service Human rights
Centre)

LWF(Lutheran World Federation) Skill based trainings to backward
Nepal communities of western Nepal and
help to Bhutanese refugees

Maiti Nepal Prevention, relief, rescue,
rehabilitation of trafficked women

Transparency International Nepal Campaign against corruptions,
supports good governance

Shakti Organization Helps to rescue and rehabilitate
trafficked women.

The above mentioned are only a few examples. There are many such
national level organizations involved for social reforms in Nepal. Besides
them, there are several governmental and semi-governmental organizations
and agencies like Bal Mandhir, Nepal Jaycees, Nepal Scouts, Nepal Red
Cross Society, Rotary Club of Nepal, Paropakar Sanstha etc also working in
this sector.

Social problems and evils are our number one enemy. They are the causes
of our backwardness. It is our duty to get rid of them. As responsible citizens,
we should cooperate and lend support to these organizations in the fight
against the social problems and evils. If united and committed effort is
made, these problems can soon be eliminated.

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Points to Remember:

F Social organization or social institution refers to a group of people
performing a social role.

F There are currently about 40,000 non-governmental organizations in
Nepal.

F Bal Mandhir, Nepal Jaycees, Nepal Scouts, Nepal Red Cross Society,
Paropakar Sanstha etc are social organizations.

F Social Organizations are established by the public to serve for collective
interest and well-being.

F Schools are also kind of social organizations.

Key Terms and Words:

• Agent : doer
• Attitude: mental outlook
• Caliber : Capacity, competence
• Contemporary: occurring in the present, present day
• Context: situation
• Innovations: change, modernization
• Interact: communicate
• Initiative: action, drive, leadership
• Mold: pattern, form
• Rehabilitation: restoration, improvement
• Semi-governmental: not fully government funded or controlled, half

government funded or controlled
• Tackle : solve, handle
• Virtue : good quality

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. What is a social organization?
2. What are the full forms of CWIN, LWF, INSEC and NGO.
3. What does the Maiti Nepal do?

Short answer questions:

1. How does a school help to prevent social evils and problems?
2. Study the picture below and write about it?

3. Why is it necessary to fight against social evils and problems?
4. What are the major activities of social organizations?

Community Based Work:
There may be some national level social organizations or their branches
working in and around your community. Visit one of them, find out what
it is doing, and write a report on it.

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Lesson Conflict and Its
Management
3

Introduction: Conflict
Conflict is a serious disagreement
argument or often prolonged fighting. It
is a state of disharmony or controversy
between persons, groups, ideas, or
interests; a clash, a struggle or clash
between opposing forces.

Causes of Conflict
There was a conflict situation for ten years between 2052 to 2063BS in our
country. It officially ended when the Comprehensive Peace Accord-2063 BS
was signed. Due to this conflict, the country greatly suffered in its development.
Many important infrastructures of development were destroyed during this
time.

There can be several causes of conflict. The main causes are:
• Opposing ideologies
• Conflict of interests
• Insensitive and irresponsible government
• Lack of political rights and social injustice
• Inequality, exploitation and discriminations
• Unequal distribution of national income, means and resources
• Mass poverty and backwardness
• Lack of understanding, cooperation and tolerance
• Sense of revenge

Role of Media in Conflict Management
Media is called the fourth estate. Its coverage and influence are growing
every day. There is hardly any corner or anybody not touched by it. It doesn’t
only give news, information and entertain people but educates, raises issues,
seek views, makes aware and forms public opinion on important issues.

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Mass media often plays a key role in today’s conflict. Basically, their role
can take two different and opposed forms. Either media can take an active
part in the conflict and has responsibility for increased violence, or stays
independent and out of the conflict. Accordingly, media contributes to the
resolution of conflict and violence. Which role the media takes in a given
conflict, and in the phases before and after is very important.
Media is an important agent of changes. Its objective should be to serve
broader interest of the people. As it is a part of society, it should play positive
role in the nation building. Negative and irresponsible media can hurt the
interest of the nation. The national interest must be kept above all. Media
should play free, independent and credible role. It should not come under
any influence. It shouldn’t be biased to anybody. It should give timely and
right information. It shouldn’t mislead and misguide people.

Conflict Management
Conflict management is the process
of limiting the negative aspects of
conflict while increasing the positive
aspects of conflict. The aim of conflict
management is to facilitate the
peaceful ending of conflict.

Conflict situation is undesirable. It
fragments society and disturbs peace
and harmony in the society. The longer
it continues the more harm it does to Conflict

the people and the country. Like a small fire not put off in time can soon turn
into a catastrophe, so is the conflict. Minor conflict if not addressed in time
may soon become a major problem. It can destroy life and property. So, we
should try to resolve any conflict as soon as possible.

Mutual understanding, trust, cooperation, and compromises are needed
in conflict management. Building of trust and confidence among opposing
parties is important in conflict management. The conflict should be managed
in such a way that it damages the least. All opposing parties should feel
comfortable with the outcome. Nobody should feel badly or unfairly treated.

Every attempt should be made to address the just causes. The conflict
should be amicably resolved. There should be win-win situation so that

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sustainable peace can be achieved. Media, civil society and international
community can play important role in conflict management.
The following are some important measures to prevent conflict:

• Just and equitable distribution of national income, means and
resources

• Good governance
• Political stability
• Economic development and social justice
• Peaceful and amicable solution to disputes
• Respect to rules and laws
• Respect to others religion and culture
• Mutual understanding and co-opeartion

Points to Remember:

F Conflict is a serious disagreement or argument or often prolonged
fighting.

F There was a conflict situation for ten years between 2052 to
2063BS in Nepal.

F There can be several causes of conflict like opposing ideologies,
conflicting interests, lack of political rights, social injustice,
inequality, exploitation and discriminations, unequal distribution
of national income etc. .

F Media, also called fourth estate, should play positive and effective
role in conflict management.

F Longer the conflict continues more damage it can cause to the
people and country.

F There should be win-win situation in conflict management so that
sustainable peace can be achieved.

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Key Terms and Words:

• Accord: agreement, mutual understanding
• Amicable: cordial, friendly
• Catastrophe: accident, calamity
• Comprehensive: broad, complete, all-inclusive
• Compromise: give and take, agreement
• Equitable: decent, fair, honest
• Gravity : force of attraction, pressure, importance
• Prolonged : drawn-out, continued

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is conflict?
2. What is media?
3. What is conflict management ?

Short answer questions:
1. List out the causes of conflict.
2. Why is conflict undesirable? What happened during ten years long
conflict in Nepal?
3. How should conflict be resolved?
4. What are the measures to prevent conflict?
5. How can media help in conflict management?

Community Based Work:
There may be disputes sometimes between the neighbours or friends.
How do you think they should settle such disputes?

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Lesson Concept of Peace

4

Introduction: Peace
Peace is a situation of calmness, stress-free,
full of security and having no war, fighting
and other conflicts. Co-operation, mutual
understanding, freedom, certainty, and rule
of law can be experienced in peace. In other
words, it is the presence of law and order
instead of conflict. It is such a situation where
there is no fear, mistrust and conspiracies.
Opposite of peace is violence, fear, insecurity,
disorder and lawlessness.
Peace is not merely the absence of violence or war. It is also a state of mind
where people feel no fear. It is a situation where people can enjoy their rights
and privileges. National development is unimaginable in the absence of
peace. Such a situation is a prerequisite for the development of the nation.
Law, order and peace creates a favourable environment for development.
Peace is the most important infrastructure of development. No other
infrastructures can develop without it. Everything runs smoothly if there is
peace, security, law and order. There will be rapid development in every field
like education, health, communication, transportation, trade, commerce,
industry, and so on in peaceful environment.
Rapid economic development can take place in countries where there is
law, order, peace and stability. On the contrary, there are only destructions,
poverty, sufferings and backwardness in conflict and violence. Violence,
conflict and misunderstanding are the greatest obstacles to peace and
development. Economic development and peace go together. One is not
possible without the other.

Responsibility of Maintaining Law, Order and Peace
We all wish to have peace in our life. But, it is not so easy to maintain peace.
Every society is troubled by some kind of violence. There are conflicts and

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wars taking place in many societies and
countries.

It is the primary responsibility of the state
to maintain law, order and peace in the
country. Civil society, different social and
political organizations, and individual citizen
can equally help in maintaining peace.
Everybody should respect rules and laws of
the country. They should help the state in
maintaining law, order and peace.

We should always consider others’ rights
while exercising our own rights. This kind
of attitude promotes understanding and co-operation, which is essential to
maintain peace and security.

Measures Needed For Law, Order and Peace
(a) Judicial distribution of the national wealth: income, means and
resources.
(b) Promotion of social justice: end of discriminations and exploitations
(c) Utilization of fundamental rights without any hindrances
(d) Responsible and inclusive nature of government.
(e) Accountability, transparency and good governance.
(f) Non-discrimination, harmonious and just socio-economic
environment.
(g) Tolerance and respect for each other’s cultures, religion and
traditions.
(h) Rule of law
(i) Fulfillment of basic needs
(j) Positive attitude

Peace is very essential in our life. We need peace in family, school, work
place, community and all over.

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Points to Remember:

F Law, order and peace is the most important infrastructure of development.
F Rapid economic development can take place where there is law, order,

peace and stability.
F Violence, conflict and misunderstanding are the greatest obstacles to

peace and development.
F State’s primary responsibility is to maintain law, order and peace in the

country.
F Civil society and individual citizens also have important role in maintaining

peace.

Key Terms and Words:

• Accountability : responsibility, answerability
• Conspiracies: plots, treasons
• Inclusive : all encompassing, all embracing
• Prerequisite: essential, necessary
• Privileges: right, due
• Stability : durability
• Transparency : clearness

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:
1. What is peace? Why is it called the prerequisites of infrastructures
of development?
2. What are the causes of conflict? How can it be resolved?
3. Mention any four measures to maintain peace in the country.
4. Describe the role of the government in maintaining law, order and
peace.
5. What roles can be played by the civil society in promoting peace?
6. Peace and development are complementary to each other. Justify.

Community Based Work:
Identify the types of conflicts and violences that usually take place in
your community? Mention their possible solutions as well.

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UNIT

4

CIVIC AWARENESS

In this unit, we will learn the following: 81
• Fundamental Elements of a State
• Fundamental Rights
• Child Rights and Promotional Initiatives
• Democratic Norms and Cultures
• Equal Behavior
• Social Etiquettes and Norms

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Lesson Fundamental Elements of
A State
1

Introduction: State
A State is a political and legal community of human beings. A state is a
nation or a geographical territory considered as a political community under
one government.

Elements of a State
The state should possess permanent population, a defined territory,
government or political authority and capacity to enter into relations with
the other states. It means there should be people, territory, government and
sovereignty to be a state.

A Permanent Population: Population is one of the fundamental elements of
a state. There can’t be a state without population. A state, in fact, is an
organization of human beings living together as a community. The population
of a state comprises all individuals who, in principle, inhabit the territory in
a permanent way. It may consists of people of many nationalities. They may
not be completely homogeneous in culture, language, race or otherwise.
Indeed, it is very rare, except for Micro-States, to find a State with a
homogeneous people.

A Defined Territory: A defined Map of Nepal
territory is the most essential
component of a State. No
state can exist without
territory. The functions of
a State must first of all be
exercised in a given territory.
Territory is a geographical
area that is owned and
controlled by a government
or country to exercise state sovereignty.

The territory comprises and refers to land which belongs to the state including
internal waters and territorial sea (straits) which state claims for sovereignty,

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and the airspace above this territory.

Government: The government is Prime Ministry Building
another important element of a
state. Government generally refers
the executive branch of the state. It
administers the state in the
following aspects: political,
economic, social, cultural, use of
natural resources, environmental
protection, national defense and
security, and foreign affairs.

Sovereignty
Sovereignty is another important element of a
state. It is like the life of a state. The definition
of “the Sovereignty” is quite similar to “the
Independence” and they are mostly used along
together. Without sovereignty, no population,
no definite territory, and no government can
be called a state. For example: India wasn’t
a sovereign state before 15 Aug 1947 AD,
although it had population, territory and
government.

Points to Remember:

F A State is a political and legal community of human beings.
F A state’s fundamental elements are population, territory, government

and sovereignty.
F A state can have any number of people..
F Territory is a geographical area owned and controlled by a government

or country.
F State’s primary responsibility is to maintain law, order and peace in the

country.
F Sovereignty is similar to political independence or free from external

control.

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Key Terms and Words:

• Coherent: understandable, rational
• Homogeneous: similar, comparable
• Opt: choose
• Supreme: greatest, principal

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is a State?
2. What are the fundamental elements of a State?
3. Define sovereignty in one sentence.
4. Who has the sovereignty in a democratic system ?
5. What is national territory?
6. Which branch of the state is referred the government?

Short answer questions:
1. What are the roles of a government?
2. Why is population considered an essential element of a State?
3. What is the difference between a State and a government?
4. List out the fundamental requirements of a state and explain any
two of them.
5. List out some of the systems of government you know.
6. In how many different ways can a state be structured?

Community Based Work:
Find out the population, area and its boundary of your ward, and write a
report on it.

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Lesson Fundamental Rights

2

Introduction: Fundamental Rights
Fundamental rights are those basic rights which are
essential for the welfare, well-being, safety, honour, and
development of a person. Such rights are essential to
be able to live a healthy, creative, and productive life.
In the absence of these rights, a person can’t have
freedoms, liberties and justices. In a democratic system
of government, such fundamental rights are provided by
the constitution.

Fundamental Rights in Nepal
The present constitution, the Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS has provided
the following basic rights. These rights are mentioned from 16 to 46 Articles.

Right to Freedom: Every citizen has the right to live a
dignified life. Nobody will be sentenced to death. The
personal freedom of a person shall not be encroached
except required by law. Every citizen will have the following
freedoms:

(a) Freedom to opinion and expression.
(b) Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms and

weapons.
(c) Freedom to establish political parties.
(d) Freedom to establish organizations and institutions.
(e) Freedom to carryout any professions, industries, trade and

commerce, but one must not threaten social,
cultural, religious, and communal harmony
and national unity.

Right to Equality: Every citizen is equal in the eyes
of law. Discrimination on the basis of caste, gender,
origin, language, ideology, colour, family background,
community, profession etc is prohibited.

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Right Against Untouchability and Caste Discrimination: Nobody shall be
discriminated as untouchable and inferior by caste or race. No one shall be
prohibited to enjoy public facilities, to enter public and religious places.
Right to Environment and Health: Every citizen shall have the right to live in
clean and pure environment and every citizen has right to free basic health
facilities as managed by law.
Right to language and Culture: Every
citizen shall have the right to protect and
promote one’s language, script, heritage
and culture. Every community will have
the right to provide basic education to
children in mother tongue.
Right to Employment: Every citizen shall
have the right to employment as stated
by the law. Women, labourers, old, disabled and weak shall have right to
security.
Right to Property: Every citizen has the right to acquire, consume, spend,
sale property as per the provision made by the law.
Rights to Social Justice: Economically, socially, and educationally backward
women, suppressed groups of people shall have the right to participate in
the main stream and the state structure on the principle of proportional
inclusiveness.
Right to children: Every child shall have the right to family name and identity,
proper nurturing, basic health and security. Every child has right against
physical, mental, or any sort of exploitation. No children (minors) shall
be employed in any factories, mines or in any other risky jobs or conflict
including army and police. Helpless, orphans, mentally retarded, conflict
victims, displaced and street children at risk shall have rights to get special
facilities from the state.
Right to Religious Freedom: Every citizen shall have the right to take, practice
and observe his or her own religion according to the social and cultural
tradition. Nobody can force an individual to change religion.
Right to Justice: No one shall be kept in custody without giving information of
the reason for detention. Any detainee shall have right to consult lawyer right

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at the time of capture. Any arrested person must be presented in front of
concerned authority within 24 hours excluding the travel time of his arrest.
But, this shall not be applicable to the citizens of an enemy country and
under preventive detention. Nobody shall be charged and punished more
than once for the same crime. Financially poor and incapable people in
accordance with the law shall have right to get free legal service.
Right Against Preventive Detention: No persons shall be detained without
sufficient ground that the persons are the immediate threat to peace and
security.
Right Against Torture: No one under detention shall be physically or mentally
tortured cruelly, inhumanely treated and humiliated in course of investigation
of a case.
Right to Information: Every citizen shall have the right to ask and get
information regarding any subject of individual or public concern.
Right to Privacy: Unless so demanded by law, nobody can
breach the privacy of one’s life, shelter, and property.
Right Against Exploitation: Every person has the right
against exploitation. Nobody shall be unduly exploited in
the name of customs, traditions and practices. One shall
not be forced for slavery, trafficking and bondage, labour
against one’s will.
Right to Labour: Every worker shall have right to receive appropriate pay for
labour
Right Against Exile: No citizen shall be exiled
from the country.
Right to Constitutional Remedy: A citizen
has the right to appeal to the Supreme
Court and get constitutional protection
if fundamental rights are breached or
infringed.
Right to communication : Awarding to right to communication, there shall
be no prior censorship of publications and broadcasting. No means of
communication including the press, electronic broadcasting and telephone
shall be obstructed except in accordance with law.

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Right of victim of crime : According to this right, victims shall have to be
informed about the investigation and proceedings of the case it is right to
social rehabilitation and justice with compensation as provided by law for
victim of crime.
Right to employment : Every citizen shall have the right to employment.
Terms and conditions of employment and unemployment benefits shall be
determined by federal law.
Right to food : Every citizen shall have to be protected from a state of
starvation, resulting from lack of food stuffs.
Right to housing : No citizen shall be evicted from the housing owned by
him/her, or enclosed on the housing except in accordance with law.
Right to consumers: Each consumer shall have the right to quality food
stuffs and services. A person who has Suffered from sub-standard object or
service shall have the right to be compensated as provided by the law.
Right to women: Every woman shall have equal right without gender
discrimination. Women shall have the right to safe motherhood and
reproductive health. There shall not be any physical, mental, sexual or
psychological torture to woman, if it happens, it is illegal.

Key Terms and Words:

• Acquire : obtain, get
• Breached: violet, break
• Bondage: slavery, enslavement
• Confiscate : seize, grab
• Contrary: opposite, conflicting
• Detention: custody, confinement
• Dignified : honorable , distinguished
• Humiliate : embarrass, bring down
• Liberty : freedom
• Preventive : deterrent, protective
• Provision : arrangement, providing
• Retard : hinder, obstruct

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. What is fundamental right?
2. What is right against exile?
3. What is right to equality?
4. What do you understand by street children?

Short or long answer questions

1. Write down at least 6 fundamental rights you like most and describe
any two of them.

2. What do you understand by right to freedom? Explain.
3. What happens in absence of fundamental rights?
4. Explain the child right in your own words.
5. What is right to justice? Explain.
6. What is right against exploitation? Elaborate.

Community Based Work:

(a) There may be somebody in your community being exploited because
of social customs, traditions and practices. Find out and prepare a
report.

(b) Explain the following pictures.

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Lesson Child Rights and
Promotional Initiatives
3

Introduction: Child Rights
Human rights are the basic rights
that people need to live in dignity.
All human beings are entitled to
enjoy human rights. Human rights
exist to make sure that people
are treated properly and fairly and
given the freedom to develop to full
potential. Children are the pillar of
future of any Nation and society.
They need a perfect environment
and facilities to groom their every potentiality.
In addition to the rights that are available to all people, there are rights that
apply only to children. Children's rights are the human rights of children.
Children need special rights because of their unique needs. They need
additional protection that adults don’t. So, the children rights refer to the
rights of special protection and care offered to minors, including their right
to association with both parents, human identity as well as the basic needs
for food, education, health care etc.

Children Rights in Nepal
Any human beings below the age of eighteen years
are called children. Today’s children are tomorrow’s
leaders. Their future depends on how they are
being brought up today. They are small, tender and
innocent. They need different things to survive and
grow into capable persons. They should be given
proper care, love and environment so that they can
grow and develop well into physically, mentally,
emotionally and socially healthy, conscious, and
patriotic individuals. Children need food, clothes,

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shelter, education, protection, health care and entertainment and above all
freedom.
If children don’t get proper nurturing, love and care, they can be problems in
future. The children being exploited during childhood may develop negative
attitude towards society. They may be social nuisances: drug addicts,
pickpockets, gamblers, thieves, murderers, criminals etc.

Important child rights are as
follows:

• Right to name and identity
• Right to food
• Right to shelter
• Right to basic health
• Right to safety and security
• Right to education
• Right to play and entertainment
• Right against physical and mental

exploitation
• Right against child labour
• Right to protection
Protection of Child Rights
The children are important part of the society. They have every right to be
able to grow to their full potentiality. The Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS
has provided certain child rights. It is the duty of the state, society and
every individual to safeguard their rights. Helpless, physically challenged,
destitute, conflict affected and homeless children should be provided extra
attention by the state. No children should be employed in factories, mines or
in any risky places such as military, police etc.

Nepal is a signatory of the UN Resolution for Child Rights passed in 1989 AD.
Nepal also has passed a bill on child rights in 2049 BS. It has the provision
of free children education and special arrangements for the protection and
promotion of children.

There are several national and international organizations and agencies
working for the safety, security, education, health, welfare, well-being and
development of children. Nepal Children’s Organization, United Nations
International Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF), Save of Soul (SOS)

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Villages, Save the Children (UK, USA, Norway), Underprivileged Children’s
Education Project (UCEP), Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN) etc are some
examples. Similarly, International Labour Organization (ILO) is working to
end child labour.

Children Duties
Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin. One can’t be completed
without the other. One must fulfill certain duties to enjoy rights. Right without
duty is not possible. While enjoying rights, the children need to fulfill certain
duties as well. Some important duties of children are:

• To respect and pay attention to parents, teachers and elders
• To love, care and help younger to them
• To help people and friends in need
• To share certain things with others
• To be discipline and obedient
• To learn good manners and polite language
• To study, play, eat and sleep in time.
• To create independency.

Points to Remember:

F Right is the fundamental privilege that a person needs for all round
development.

F A child requires certain rights to be able to grow into a good citizen.
F Rights and duties are two faces of the same coin.
F It is the government and everybody’s duty to protect child rights.

Key Terms and Words:

• Addict : person who has compulsion toward something, junkie
• Additional: extra, supplementary
• Destitute: down and out, wanting
• Entitled: name, label
• Nuisance: annoying person, bother
• Nurturing: care for and protect something
• Potential: possible
• Potentiality: potential for development
• Risky: dangerous

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Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:

1. What is right?
2. What is duty?
3. What is child right?
4. What is child duty?
5. When was the Child Right Act passed in Nepal?
6. What is human right?
7. Who is called a child in Nepal.
8. What are the full forms of UNICEF, SOS, CWIN, ILO and UNICEF?

Short answer questions:

1. What are the special child rights provided by the Constitution of
Nepal, 2072 BS?

2. Why should the children be given rights? Give your logic.
3. Write down the names and works of the organizations you know that

are working for the welfare of children in Nepal.
4. What duties do the children have?
5. What provisions have been made in Nepal to protect and promote

child rights?
6. "Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin". Justify this

statement.

Community Based Work:

Find out whether all the children in your community are enjoying child
rights or not? If not, why? What do you think we should do to improve this
situation? Write a report.

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Lesson Democratic Norms and
Cultures
4

Introduction: Democracy
Democracy is very popular form of
government in today’s world. It is
the system of government that runs
according to the wish of people. It aims to
promote welfare of the people. Everyone
is equal before the law. Rule of law,
people’s sovereignty, periodic elections,
social justice, multi-party system, adult
franchise, people’s participation, good governance etc are the norms or
values of democracy.

Democracy is also a way of life. Hence, we have to practise it wisely in our
life. A healthy democracy depends in large part on the development of a
democratic civic culture. The following should be done to develop democratic
civic culture:

• Use rights properly and discharge duties honestly
• Respect rule of law
• Respect public property
• Help others in need
• Avoid evil practices and criminal activities
• Treat everybody equally
• Raise voice in favour of truth and justice
• Give more importance to social welfare than personal ones
Political Culture
Political culture is defined as the set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments
that gives order and meaning to a political process. It provides rules that
govern behavior in the political system. It consists of both the political ideals
and operating norms of a polity. A political culture is related with history of a
political system and public events and private experience.

Political culture shapes political behavior. It includes moral judgments,
political beliefs, and ideas about what makes for a good society. A political

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culture is a reflection of a system of government. It also incorporates
elements of history and tradition. Political cultures are important because
they shape political perceptions and actions. Governments can help shape
political culture and public opinion through education and public events.
Political cultures vary greatly from state to state. Political culture changes
over time, but these changes often happen slowly. People become set in their
ways and refuse to alter their attitudes on significant issues. Sometimes it
can take generations for major change to occur in a nation’s political culture.
Example: The United States and Great Britain are both democratic countries,
but each has a distinct political culture. The American government derives
its powers from a written constitution drafted by men who feared monarchs
and strong central governments. Also, the American political system is
dominated by two political parties. Great Britain, in contrast, has a long
history of monarchy and has never had a written constitution. Even though
the current monarch holds the official title of head of state, her powers are
nominal. Parliament—the legislative body is the dominant element of the
government. And unlike the United States, Great Britain currently has nearly
half a dozen political parties.

Majority Rule
In democracy, political parties compete with each other through periodic
elections. Majority forms government and rule the country. Minority parties
act as opposition. Minorities keep eye on the performance of the ruling party.

Citizenship
Political culture is connected to notions of citizenship because political
culture includes an idea of what makes people good citizens. A citizen is a
legal member of a political community, with certain rights and obligations.
Each country has its own requirements for citizenship. The definition of
“citizen” varies around the world.
Example: Not surprisingly, different countries have different criteria for
citizenship. France automatically bestows citizenship on anyone born in
French territory. Germany grants citizenship to people who have a German
parent. Israel’s Law of Return, meanwhile, allows any Jew to move permanently
to Israel and become a citizen. The United States grants citizenship rights
both to people who are born in American territory and to people who have
an American parent.

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Characteristics of Good Citizens
A good citizen lives according to to the ideals of the country. He follows
political culture. For example; an American who lives an exemplary life
but who does not work to help the community will probably be viewed as
a good person but not as a good citizen. Instead, Americans expect good
citizens to help others and to make the community a better place through
active participation in public life. In the United States, a good citizen is often
expected to do some or all of the following:

• Vote in elections
• Obey all local, state, and federal laws
• Pay taxes
• Be informed about political issues
• Volunteer to help less fortunate people
• Demonstrate patriotism by respecting the flag, and singing the

national anthem
• Recycle
• Help the community when needed
Your Duty as a Student
Your school is also an important part of the society. You should practice
democratic culture at school too. As a student, you have both rights and
duties. It is your right to receive proper education, and at the same time
you have to follow school’s rules and regulations. You should respect school
property. You should honour and keep up the dignity of the school. You should
cooperate and behave well with your friends and colleagues. You should
respect teachers, seniors and love juniors. You should cooperate with school
authority and help improve the overall standard of your school. You should
also utilize your knowledge for the betterment and well-being of the society.
All the more, you have to strive for good performance in your studies.

Points to Remember:

F Democracy is the system of government that runs according to the wish
of people.

F Rule of law, people’s sovereignty, periodic elections, social justice, multi-
party system, adult franchise, people’s participation, good governance
etc are the norms or values of democracy.

F Political culture is the set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments that give
order and meaning to a political process

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Points to Remember:

F A healthy democracy depends in large part on the development of a
democratic culture.

F Proper use of rights, honest discharge of duties, respect for rule of
law, respect for public property, equal treatment, helping others in
need, avoiding of evil practices and criminal activities, and raising
voice against injustice and keeping country above are some of the
important civic cultures..

Key Terms and Words:

• Bestow : give
• Derive : acquire, extract
• Franchise: ballot, right
• Incorporate: include, combine
• Notions: belief, idea
• Perceptions: understanding, idea
• Recycle : reuse, reprocess
• Reflection: thought, thinking, opinion
• Strive : attempt, try for

Evaluation Activities

Very short answer questions:
1. What is democracy?
2. What is democratic culture?
3. What is political culture?
4. Who is a citizen ?

Short answer questions:
1. What are the common features of democracy? Write them.
2. How can we develop democratic civic cultures? Write
3. What are the characteristics of an ideal citizen in the USA?
4. What are your duties as a child?
5. Why is political culture important in democracy? Explain.
6. Both the USA and the UK are democratic countries but each has a different
political culture. What are they?
7. How can a person be citizen of France, Germany, Israel and the USA?
8. What qualities do you think an ideal citizen should have?
9. What are your duties as a student? List out.

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Lesson Equal Behaviour

5

The way in which we deal with people of different gender, caste, region,
language, occupation, religion, economic status etc is our behavior towards
them. Behavior reflects our personal conduct, attitude, character and actions.
The behavior shown to people of different social and economic background,
gender, age and region without any bias is called equal behavior.
Civilized citizens always consider others equal to them. We must understand
the fact that irrespective of caste, language,
religion, power, position and social and
economic status; everyone is equally important
and is the part and parcel of the society. All
human beings are born equal. In front of law,
all of them are equal. Social harmony, love,
understanding and cooperation among them
are important for the welfare and well-being of
the society. Without social equality and justice,
no peace, progress and prosperity is possible.
There should be no differences on the basis
of castes, race, creeds, cultures, religion, gender, place of origin etc. Merely
these things can’t determine one’s ability and character. We shouldn’t
judge people only from their social and economic background. No one is
great or small by caste or gender or religion. A person should be judged from
his or her ability, character and contribution. We have seen many women,
physically challenged, so called low caste and economically backward also
doing exemplary works. So it is not the caste or religion that matters, it is
equal opportunities that matter.
Discrimination on any ground is objectionable.
It leads to misunderstanding, disharmony and
hostility among people. It is, therefore, very
essential to have equal behavior among each
other. People within a specific society should
treat each other equally. Everybody in the

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society should enjoy equal rights under the law. The Constitution of Nepal
2072 also has provided for equal behavior under fundamental rights as Right
to Equality. There should be no discrimination on any ground. Discrimination
is not only inhumane but also a criminal offence. Everybody should get equal
security, voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, property rights, and
equal access to social goods and services. Everybody in the society should
have equal opportunities, access to education, health care and other social
securities.
Equal behavior enhances understanding and cooperation among people.
It creates an environment where everybody feels being integral part of the
society. Equal behavior makes the society livable, disciplined, cultured,
peaceful, respectable and enjoyable. You should also behave equally with
all your friends irrespective of their social and economic background

Points to Remember:

F Behavior is how we deal with people of different gender, caste, region,
language, occupation, religion etc.

F The behavior shown to people of different background without any bias
is called equal behavior.

F Social inequality is the breeding ground of social conflict, hatred and
division of the society.

F Equal behavior with all human beings is very important.
F Equal behavior makes the society livable, disciplined, cultured, peaceful,

respectable and enjoyable.
F It is everybody’s utmost duty to fight against social inequalities.

Key Terms and Words: 99

• Access : means of entry, approach
• Bias: partiality
• Criminal : lawless, illegal
• Harmony: social harmony

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Key Terms and Words:

• Hostility : enmity
• Objectionable: not nice, unpleasant
• Offense : violation, crime
• Part and parcel : integral part
• Status : rank, condition, grade

Evaluation Activities

Short answer questions:
1. Give four examples of unequal behaviours?
2. Why do you think is equal behavior important? Write with examples.
3. What kinds of social inequalities exist in our country?
4. What will be your role in establishing social justice?
5. Write a letter to your friend explaining some of the social inequalities
prevalent in your community. Also suggest what you should do to
end it.
6. “People should be judged by their ability, character and contributions,
not by their caste”. Explain.
7. How should we behave with other people? Explain.

Community Based Work:
There may be some social inequalities prevalent in your community, find
out their causes and effects, and write a report including them.

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