Chharito _Vyakaran_10_2075_Final (1)

u_ dgf]jfb

dgf]jfbsf] cy{ dg;Fu ul/g] s'/fsfgL xf] . cfˆgf] dgdf p7]sf s/' fx¿nfO{ sg' } ljifodf s]lGb|t
u/]/ k|:t't ug]{ snf dgf]jfbdf JoQm x'G5 . sIff bzsf] g]kfnL lstfadf lbOPsf] sfd vf]Hb}
hfFbf zLif{ssf] kf7 dgf]jfb xf] . oxfF klg dgf]jfbsf pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\ . /fd|/L k9]/ lbOPsf]
cEof; ug{'xf];\ .
dgf]jfb n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s/' fx¿
;do, :yfg / kfqsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg],
;a}eGbf dfly zLif{s /fVg],
dgf]jfb tof/ kfbf{ k|yd k?' if z}nLsf] k|of]u ug]{,
kfqsf xfpefp / lj|mofsnfknfO{ sf]i7sleq ;ª\s]t ug]{,
cfsl:ds efj hgfpg ck"0f{ jfSosf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg],
kfqsf] dgdf p7]sf ts{ljts{x¿nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug]{,
ljrf/sf] z[ª\vnfnfO{ qmda4 ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{,
s'g kl/j]zdf dgf]jfb ;'?jft ul/“b} 5, ;f]nfO{ dgf]jfbsf] ;?' d} sf]i7sleq pNn]v ug]{,
kfqsf] Pp6f dgn] k|Zg ug]{ / csf]{} dgn] pQ/ lbg] jf lh1f;f pTkGg ug]{ / zfGt ug]{,
dgf]jfb ;se/ Pp6} cgR' 5]bdf n]Vg] t/ ;Gbe{cg';f/ cgR' 5]b kl/jt{g u/]/ n]Vg ;lsg],
dgf]jfbnfO{ lglZrt lgisif{df k¥' ofO{ 6'ª\Uofpg] .

gdg' f dgf]jfb

hª\undf af6f] cNdlnP/ cnkq kbf{

:yfg M 3gf hª\unsf] aLr
;do M ;f“´ kf“r ah]
kfq M z]v/
-l;dn6f/sf] Pp6f 3gfhª\un, Psf]xf]/f] r/fx¿ / jGohGt'x¿ s/fPsf] cfjfh 5, 6f9f6f9f
vf]nfsf] cfjfh cfp“5, hª\unleq c“Wof/f] 5fO;s]sf] 5 . d"n af6f] b]lv“b}g ;fgf] uf]/]6f] dfq
5, 7"nf— 7n" f ;fn l;;f} cflbsf ¿vx¿ 5g\, dflg;sf] ;fOF;O' F s]xL klg 5}g, Pp6f 7"nf]
¿vdl' g z]v/ a;]sf] 5, p;sf] glhs} Pp6f ;fgf] ´f]nf 5 p;n] kNnf] ufp“df lg:sg] af6f] km]nf
kfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g, pm 3/af6 ;x/lt/ k:g vf]h]sf] xf], cfdfafa;' “u} efu]/ lx“8]sf] @) jif]{ z]v/sf]
dgdf 8/ pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 . o:t}df p;sf] dgel/ yk' |} s'/fx¿ v]Ng yfN5g\ .
z]v/ M -dgdg}_ 3/ 5f]8]/ lx“8]kl5 t 7'n} ;'v kfOG5 eGg] ;f]r]sf]Ù ca t dnfO{ lbSs nfUg

yfNof] . w]/} wg;DklQ sdfOPnf / ;'v kfOPnf clg 7n' } dfG5] eOPnf eGg] ;kgf

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 201

af]s]/ lx“8]sf] dfG5] ´g\ oqf] 7n" f] 3[0ff hfu]/ cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . cfh kfPsf] b'Mv /
xG8/nfO{ ;D´“bf dnfO{ cfkm}Fk|lt l/; p7\of] . ;x/ k;]/ ;'v kfOG5 eGg] /x/ klg
To;} ;]nfof] . o:tf] k';sf] s7\ofª\lu|g] hf8f] ef]s / ltvf{ klg p:t} hfu]/ cfPsf]
5 . oqf] 7"nf] hª\undf kfgL klg kfO“b}g . af3, efn,' lrt'jf h:tf hgfj/x¿
s/fO/x]5g\ . ca d}n] Tof] ufp“sf] lr;f] kfgL, /d0fLo jftfj/0f, ;fyLefO cfdfafa'
cflbsf] ;/;xof]u sxf“ kfpg' < -´f]nf ;dft]/ lx“8\g vf]H5_

afa'cfdfn] 3]/} k9fpg] eg]/ :s'ndf k7fpge' of] t/ slxNo} dg nufP/ k9\g ;lsg“ .
ufp“sf wg], jL/], xl/dfof / 7'n] cflb ;x/ / ljb]z k;]/ ;'v ;'ljwf ef]lu/x]sf
xf]nfg\ eGg] nfu]/ d klg /flt 3/af6 ;6' S' s efu]/ lx“8]“ . vr{ g ar{ k}bn af6f]
lx“8bflx“8\b} yfs]“ . lbge/ lx“8\bf klg ufp“ e]l6Pg . ´g\ oqf] sxfnLnfUbf] hª\undf
tLg 306f;Dd x/fOof] . s] ug]{ xf]nf -¿“¿“ h:tf] xG' 5, 8/fPsf] cflQPsf] b]lvG5 ._
cfkm" n] k9\g klg ;lsPg . cfkm";“u} k9]sf] /d]zsf] hLjg slt cfgGbbfoL 5 . pm
cfO=P= kf; u/]/ ufp“s} ljBfnodf k9fp“5 . cfdfafa'nfO{ klg 3/sf] sfd ;3fp“5 .
ufp“s} efOalxgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] lzIffbLIff lbG5 . o:tf] 7fp“df cfP/ kml;of], nf}g Û k|e'
oxf“ g cfdf 5g\ g aa' f, g ;fyLefO . -nu' n'u sfDg yfN5, ´f]nfaf6 cf]9\g] l´s]/
6fpsf]df /fV5 ._ klxn] klg k6sk6s ljb]z hfG5' eg]/ cfdfafa;' “u eg]sf] lyP“ .
cfdfaa' fn] …k/b]z hfg'kb}{g afa'Ú oxL“ a; eGge' Psf] lyof] . ss' '/nfO{ l3p gkr]kl5
o:t} xG' 5 . afa'cfdfn] eg]sf] gdfGbf cfh s's'/n] gkfPsf] bM' v kfP“, pkm\ † slt bM' v
kfOg] xf] . -c“Wof/f] l5lKk“b} hfG5, glhs} af3 7"nf] :j/df s/fPsf] ;'lgG5_ . x] eujfg\
Û ca s] ug]{ xf] . ca af“r]/ ufp“ e]§fPF eg] t 3/lt/} nfU5' . sg' af6f] lg:sg] xf] .
-Psl5g otfptf u5{, km]l/ ´f]nf /fv]/ s'qm'Ss k/]/ a:5 ._ l5 Û xg' ] s/' f eOxfN5,
ca kL/ u/]/ s] xG' 5 / Û hLjg eg]s} b'Mv;'vsf] d]n xf] . cfdfn] bM' v kb}{df cflQg'
/ ;v' kfO“b}df dflQgx' '“b}g eGg] s/' f k6sk6s bf]xf]¥ofpg' x'GYof] . c´} klg d]/f] s]
lau|]sf] 5 / Û /ft /x] cu|fv knfp“5, laxfg pHofnf] t lgZro} xf]nfÙ s'lGg laxfg;Dd
af“lrg] xf] ls dl/g] xf], yfxf 5}g .

-¿vsf] cf8 nfU5, k/ ¤ofp“ls/L s/fPsf] h:tf] ;l' gG5 ._ ca d ;x/ kl:bg“ 3/lt/}
kms{G5,' pt} a;]/ sfd u5'{ , ljb]zdf ug]{ bM' v cfˆg} ufp“df u/] x'G5 Û ufp“d} 5“bf
olt ;f]r]sf] lyP“ eg]“ of] b'Mv ef]Ug}kg]{ lyPg . ca c“Wof/f] /ft s;/L latfpg] . rf}6f
vfgf cfPsL a"9L ´f]ndf 8'a]/ d/LÙ ca vfO;\ vb' f], -la:tf/} /ft a9\b} hfG5, z]v/
¿vsf] cf8 nfu]/ lgbfp“5, km]l/ laxfg xG' 5, r/fx¿ s/fpg yfN5g\, pm Ao“'´G5, clg
la:tf/} af6f] vf]Hg yfN5, vf]Hbfvf]Hb} aNntNn pm d"n af6f]df cfPkl5 9'Ss x'G5 ._

ljbz] df vr{ ;lsb“ f

:yfg M ;fpbL c/]laofsf] l/ofb ;x/sf] Pp6f ;fgf] 3/sf] sf]7f
;do M /ftsf] !@ ah]
kfq M pdª\u

-/ftsf] ;do dflg;x¿ lbgel/sf] ysfg d]6\g cf–cfˆgf] jf;:yfgdf 5g\ . ;x/ ;'t]sf] 5}g
c´} . Jo:t ;x/ vl6Ps} 5 sfddf . pdª\u uf}td cfˆgf] sf]7fdf a;]/ s]xL ;f]Rb} 5 . yfs]sf]

202 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

h:tf] b]lvg] pm vf6df kN6]sf] 5 ._
pdª\u M -dgdg}_ x/] lzj Û ljb]z uP/ 3]/} wg;DklQ sdfOPnf eGg] ;f]r]/ oxf“ cfP“Ù cfh

o:tf] b'Mv ef]Ugk' /]sf] 5 . ;fyLefOsf] nxnx}df nfu]/ oxf“ cfOof] vfg' uf]tf vfOof]
af Û 3/ hfg] t s] e/]ef]ln vfg]a:g] vr{;d]t 5}g . ca s] ug]{ xf] < ljb]zsf] 7fp“
lrg]hfg]sf sf]xL klg 5}gg\, ;/;fk6 klg s;}n] lbg] xf]Og . cfk"m;“u cfPsf ;fyLx¿
klg glhs 5}gg\, km]l/ eP klg s;}n] lbg] xf]Og . pgLx¿sf] xfnt klg oxL t xf] lg Û
-sf]N6f] km]5{Ù clnslt v§' f tGsfp“5_ oxf“sf] o:tf] udL{, ef]s Kof; vk]/ slxn];Dd
af“Rg ;lsPnf < cfˆgf] ufp“sf] jftfj/0f, tfhf ;fu;AhL, xl/ofnL, ;xof]uL efjgf
ePsf ;fyLefO, Oi6ldqsf] ;xof]u, cfdfaa' fsf] :g]x v} < oxf“ t ;D´gf dfq /Xof] .
ufp“3/lt/ cfdfaa' f nufot c¿n] s] ;f]r] xf]nfg\ < 5f]/f ljb]z uPsf] 5 . w]/} wg
sdfP/ Nofp“5 eGg] sqf] cfzf xf]nf . cfˆgf] eg] oxf“ vr{ ;lsP/ sGtlahf]u ePsf]
s;nfO{ yfxf 5 / Û x] O{Zj/ Û dnfO{ s:tf] cfkt\ cfOnfu]sf] .
-h'?Ss p7]/ ¤ofndf hfG5 / aflx/sf] b[Zo lgofn]/ 6f]nfp“5 ._ dnfO{ ljb]z k7fp“bf
;a}n] sqf] ;kgf kfn]sf lyP . ;fx'sxf“ aGwsL /flvPsf] v]t lgvGnf, Pp6f n}gf] e}“;L
lsGnf, rf8kj{ xf“;Lv;' L dgfpg kfOPnf, 5f]/f5f]/Ln] /fd|f] lzIff kfpnfg\ eGg] wf]sf]
lnP/ dnfO{ ljb]z k7fPsf d]/f cfkmGtx¿ d}n] slxn] k};f k7fpnf eg]/ d'v tfs]/
a;]sf xf]nfg\ . ;a}n] daf6 sqf] cfzf u/]sf xf]nfg\ . g ultnf] sfd kfOG5, g k};f
cfpg] 7fp“ 5 . 3/ kms]{/ klg s] ug{' / Û 3/af/L ;fxs' } gfddf 5, kU' g]lalQs} d k};f
k7fp“5' / v]t lgvgf}“nf eg]sf] lyP“ .
x/] Û ;f]r]h:tf] sxf“ xG' 5 / Û s;/L xf] t ca of] dxf;fu/af6 kf/ nfUg] . /ft klg
w]/} lalt;s]5 . ca t ;'Tgk' 5{, ef]ln /d]znfO{ e]6“", p;n] s]xL pkfo lgsfN5 ls .
-cf]5\ofgdf kN6G5Ù l;/s cf]9]/ u6' 'd6' ' k/L ;T' 5 ._

cEof;

!_ cWoogsf nflu ljb]z hfg'eGbf cl3Nnf] lbg dgdf p7]sf efjx¿ ;d]6]/ Pp6f dgf]jfb
n]Vgx' f];\ .

@_ g]kfnL ljifosf] k/LIff lbO;s]kl5 cfˆgf] dgdf d8fl/Psf efjgfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L dgf]jfb
tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .

#_ k|jlzsf k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn k|sflzt xF'bf cfk"m ljlzi6 >]0fLdf pQL0f{ ePkl5 cfˆgf] dgdf
p7]sf efjgfx¿ ;d]6L Pp6f dgf]jfb tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

$_ sg' } nf]slk|o ljåfg\sf] k|]/0ffbfoL efif0f ;g' L 3/ kms{]kl5 b]z / hgtfsf] pGgltsf lglDt
cfˆgf dgdf pAh]sf ljrf/ / efjgf;d]t ;d]6L Pp6f dgf]jfb n]Vgx' f];\ .

%_ ;lxb lbj;sf cj;/df cfof]lht sljuf]i7Ldf efu lnO{ 3/ kms{]kl5 ;lxbsf Tofu /
alnbfgnfO{ v]/ hfg glbg tkfO{+n] lnge' Psf] c7f]6 / efjgfnfO{ ;d]6L Pp6f dgf]jfb
n]Vg'xf];\ .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 203

!$PsfO
;k|;ªu\ JofVof

kf7df k|of]u ePsf] sg' } x/km jf kª\lQmnfO{ ;Gbe{ ldnfP/ JofVof ug'{nfO{ ;k|;ª\u JofVof
elgG5 . k9]sf] kf7df k|of]u ePsf ;l" Qmx¿sf] oyf]lrt cy{ nufpg tyf efj lj:tf/ ug{
;k|;ª\u JofVofsf] cEof; ul/G5 . ;k|;ª\u JofVofn] sg' } klg s/' fsf] a'´fOsf] If]q km/flsnf]
kf5{ . lbOPsf] c+z s'g ;Gbe{df cfPsf] xf], s;n] s;nfO{ lsg eg]sf] xf] eGg] s/' fsf] 1fgsf
nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{ nufOG5 .
;k|;ª\u JofVof ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ s/' fx¿ M
;k|;ª\u JofVof tLg cgR' 5]bdf ul/G5 h;dWo] klxnf] cgR' 5]bdf kl/ro /xG5 .
kl/ro v08df
;k|;ª\u JofVof ubf{ ;a}eGbf klxnf lgwf{l/t c+znfO{ pQ/ k'l:tsfdf n]Vgk' 5{ .
lbOPsf] cz+ sljtfsf] eP k|:tt' kBf+z÷sljtf+z / cGo uBljwfsf] eP p4/0f, x/km,

c+z, dflysf] cleJolQm cflb n]Vg'k5{ .
lbOPsf] c+z s'g kf7af6 l´lsPsf] eGg] af]w ePkl5 To;sf n]vssf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro

lbgk' 5{ . n]vssf] gfd pNn]v gePsf] kf7df eg] kf7sf] kl/ro dfq lbP k'U5 .
n]vssf] kl/rokl5 kf7sf] dn" efj pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
JofVof v08
lbOPsf] cz+ sf] cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L JofVof ug{'k5{ .
;k|;ª\u JofVof cflb, dWo / cGTosf] z[ª\vnf ldn]sf] xg' 'k5{ .
lgwf{l/t c+zsf] JofVof ubf{ tfls{s, ljZn]if0ffTds tyf j0f{gfTds z}nL k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
df}lns efiff, k|efjsf/L cleJolQm tyf tfls{s z}nL /fd|f] dflgG5 .
lgisif{ v08
;k|;ª\u JofVofsf] lgisif{ v08df tf]lsPsf] c+zsf] d"ndd{, k|of]u ePsf] efiffz}nL, laDa,

k|tLs, 5Gb, cnª\sf/ cflbsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbgk' 5{ .

s_ d]/f] ljrf/df hggL / hGdel" d :jue{ Gbf klg dxfg\ 5g\ .

k|:t't jfSo sIf !) sf] g]kfnL k':tsdf ;ª\slnt …hGde"ld syfaf6 pb\w[t ul/Psf] xf] .
o; syfdf hGdel" dsf] dxQfdfly k|sfz kfg{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . nId0fn] /fdnfO{ nª\sfsf]
/fHo u/]/ a:g] ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] hGde"ldsf] dxŒj bzf{pFb} pko{'Qm c+z /fdn]
nId0fnfO{ eg]sf xg' \ .

204 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

/fdsf ljrf/df cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / cfkm" hlGdPsf] :yfg :ju{eGbf klg dxfg\ xG' 5g\ .
cfdfn] h:tf] ;Gtfgsf] kL8f c¿ s;}n] klg a‰' g ;Qm}gg\ . nId0fn] cfˆgf] hGdel" d
cof]Wofsf] dxŒj a‰' g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . nª\sfdfly ljho xfl;n u/]kl5 pgL cfˆgf bfh'
/fdnfO{ /fHo/f]x0f ug{ cfu|x u5{g\ t/ /fdn] cfkm"nfO{ nª\sfeGbf hGde"ld g} Kof/f] /x]sf]
ts{ cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . hGd lbg] cfdf / cfkm" hlGdPsf] :yfgnfO{ lal;{g] dflg;n] hLjgdf
slxNo} k|ult ug{ ;Qm}g . dft[el" dk|lt >4fefj /fVg]x¿n] slxNo} klg cfˆgf] b]znfO{
lal;{b+ }gg\ . t/ hGde"lddfly 3ft ug{]x¿ cfˆgf] cl:dtf;d]t a]Rg tof/ x'G5g\ . ;Gtfgsf]
kL8f a'¤g cfdf eP/ x]g{k' 5{ . nª\sfdf hlt;'s} j}ej, ;'v;'ljef eP klg cof]WofnfO{ dfof
dfg{ g;Sg] ljrf/ /fdn] /fv]sf 5g\ . To;f] t cof]Wof pgsf] hGd:yn klg xf] . ;'v;'ljwf
P];, cf/fd tyf dgdf}hL eP/ a:g] kfOg] :yfg g} :ju{ xf] . To:tf] :ju{eGbf hGde"ld Kof/f]
x'G5 . ef}lts ;v' ;l' jwfn] eGbf klg dfgl;s / cflTds cfgGbn] dflg;n] ;v' k|fKt ub{5 .
cfkmn" ] lht]/ k|fKt u/]sf] /fHoeGbf hGde"ld Kof/f] xG' 5 eGg] pb\3f]if /fdn] u/]sf 5g\ .
To;}n] pgn] cfˆgf efO nId0fnfO{ cof]Wofsf] dxQf b;f{Psf x'g\ .

ctM ;+;f/df hGdel" deGbf Kof/f] rLh c¿ s]xL x'Fb}g eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft xG' 5 . cfˆgf] 3/sf]
leQf cfkm" n] l;Fufg{'k5{ . csf{sf] 3/sf] leQf l;Fuf/]/ slxNo} gful/ssf] enfO xF'b}g . o;y{
hggL / hGdel" d :ju{eGbf klg dxfg\ xG' 5g\ eGg' ts{;ª\ut xg' cfpF5 . ;/n efiffz}nLsf]
k|of]u tyf ljlzi6 efj;+of]hgsf sf/0f pko{'Qm cz+ yk k|efjsf/L ag]sf] kl' i6 xG' 5 .

v_ k[lyjL tn g} :ju{ hgtf g} hgfb{g
pksf/ ;bf k"hf kmn xf] bM' v df]rg .

e/t/fh kGtåf/f /lrt k|:t't kª\lQm …;Gt'li6Ú sljtfaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . kGt cfwl' gs
g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;zQm k|ltefsf ¿kdf ;k' l/lrt 5g\ . pgsf /rgfx¿df ;d;fdlos
hLjgsf] oyfy{ k|:t'lt kfOG5 . ;Gtl' i6 sljtfsf] dfWodaf6 sljn] cfkm" ;Gt'i6 x'gsf nflu
s] s:tf sd{x¿ ug{k' 5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf 5g\ . sljn] pko{Q' m kª\lQmdfkm{t oxL wtL{ g}
:ju{ xf] eGg] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

dflg;x¿ :juL{o cfgGbsf] vf]hLdf ef}Ftfl/P/ sxfFsxfF;Dd kU' 5g\ . sltn] t o; wtL{nfO{
:ju{ gdfg]/ k/nf]snfO{ :ju{ dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ :ju{ eg]sf] t vf;df oxL w/f xf] eGg]
sljsf] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 . wtL{sf dflg; g} hgfb{g cyf{t\ O{Zj/ x'g\ eGb} sljn] l;ª\uf] dfgj
;db' fonfO{ ;r]t u/fpg vf]h]sf 5g\ . 9ª' \uf¿kL O{Zj/nfO{ kH' g'eGbf klg dfgj dgnfO{ kH' g
;s] O{Zj/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] sljsf] a'emfO 5 . dfgjLo qmGbg / lrTsf/df O{Zj/sf]
bz{g kfOG5 . dflg;eGbf 6f9f ku' ]/ eujfg\ k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g . olt dfq geO{ df]If cyf{t\
dl' Qm k|flKtsf nflu dflg;n] k/f]ksf/df h'6\gk' 5{ . csf{sf] enfOdf ghl' 6sg dflg;n]
bM' vaf6 df]rg k|fKt ub{}g . b'Mvaf6 56' sf/f kfpg dflg;n] ;b}j bLgbM' vLsf] ;]jf ug{k' 5{ .
…k/f]ksf/fo k'0ofo, kfkfo,k/d\ kL8gd\Ú eGg] tYonfO{ dflg;n] slxNo} eN' g'xF'b}g .

hgtfsf] enfOdf h6' \g] dflg;nfO{ slxNo} b'Mv cfOkb}{g . hgtfsf] ;]jfdf h6' \bf hlt cfgGb
c¿ s]xLdf x'Fb}g eGg] ;To pko{'Qm c+zn] pb\3f6g u/]sf] 5 . c¿sf] pksf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{
eujfg\sf] kh" f ;lDemg'k5{ eGg] pb\3f]if ul/Psf] pko{'Qm cz+ cgi' 6'k 5Gbdf /lrPsf]
5 . ;/n efiffz}nLsf] ;s' f]dn ljGof; tyf ljlzi6 efj;o+ f]hgsf sf/0f pQm c+z yk

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 205

lrtfsif{s ag]sf] 5 .

u_ a'4 / lxdfn b'j} gk] fnsf klxrfg x'g\ .

k|:t't jfSo sIff !) sf] g]kfnL lstfadf ;ª\slnt …yfª\sfÚ zLif{ssf] ;f:+ s[lts lgaGwaf6
;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . lxdfnljgfsf] g]kfn / g]kfnljgfsf] lxdfnsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g .
a'4n] g]kfnnfO{ ;;+ f/df lrgfpg] sfo{ u/] . a'4 / lxdfn g]kfnsf kof{osf ¿kdf cfPsf
5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{df plNnlvt cz+ k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;u/dfyf ljZjsf] 5fgf] xf] h'g g]kfnL el" ddf cjl:yt 5 . a'4 ljZj zflGtsf cu|b"t
xg' \ . hf] g]kfnL el" ddf hlGdPsf lyP . ljZjsf clwsfz+ cUnf lxdfnx¿ g]kfnL wtL{df
dfy 78\ofP/ plePsf 5g\ . lxdfnsf] d':s/' fx6 / a4' sf] zfnLgtfsf] bz{g ug{ ;+;f/e/sf
dflg;x¿ oxfF cfpF5g\ . xfdL cfkmn" fO{ ;u/dfyfsf] b]zsf] a'4sf ;Gtfg xf}F eGbf uf}/jflGjt
xG' 5f}F . xfd|f] klxrfg lxdfn / a'4n] cem km/flsnf] agfPsf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn]
el/k0" f{ b]zsf] ¿kdf klg g]kfnnfO{ ljZjfdf lrlgG5 . ljleGg ko{6sxsf] uGtJo:yn klg
xf] xfd|f] b]z g]kfn . lxdfnaf6 aUg] lxdgbL, em/gf, 5x/f / 5fFuf xfd|f ;femf ;DklQ
xg' \ . ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/ g]kfndf geOlbPsf] eP xfd|f] klxrfg cem ;fF3'/f] aGg ;SYof] .
To;sf/0f a4' / lxdfnnfO{ xfd|f] klxrfgsf ¿kdf l:jsfg{ ;lsG5 .

a4' / lxdfn xfd|f uf}/j x'g\ . xfdL 5ftL kmn' fP/ a4' sf] b]zsf] ;Gtfg eGg ?rfpF5f}F /
;u/dfyfsf] cfFvL‰ofnaf6 ;+;f/ lrofpF5f}F . o;y{ g]kfnLsf] ;a}eGbf 7n" f] kl/ro a4' /
lxdfnnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . pb\w[tfz+ n] g]kfnsf] klxrfgsf af/]df :ki6 cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf]
5.

3_ …k/d]Zj/, d st[ £g x“Ú' . d/] f] kf}/vnfO{ lwSsf/ 5 †Æ

k|:tt' uBf+z u'?k|;fb d}gfnLåf/f lnlvt …k|TofudgÚ syfaf6 pb\w[t ul/Psf] xf] . d}gfnL
cfwl' gs g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf k|jt{s x'g\ . cfbzf{]Gdv' oyfy{jfbL wf/fsf ;zQm k|ltefsf
¿kdf pgnfO{ lnOG5 . /fd' :jf:gLsf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ ;;'/fnL 3/df u[x:yL ug{ hfG5g\ .
cGTo kbf{ ;;/' fnL 3/df pgn] ;xof]u kfpFb}gg\ . :jf:gL sn' lR5gL xF'bf pgn] :ofxf/ kfpg
;Qm}gg\ . cfkm" cf]5\ofg kbf{ /fdn' ] efph"sf] ;xf/f vf]H5g\ efph"sf] ;]jf / ;>' "iff kfP/ pgL
tª\lu|g yfN5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf bfhe' fph"sf] 3/df pgsf] k|Tofudg x'g k'U5 . olt g} j]nf
k|:t't k|Tofudg syfsf] clGtd jfSosf ¿kdf pko'{Qm cz+ /fd'n] dgdg} eg]sf x'g\ .

/fd'n] kl/jf/sf] clgi6 u/]sf 5g\ . cfdf;dfgsL efph" / af;dfgsf bfhk' |lt pgn]
bJ' o{jxf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ljjfxcl3 :ju{;/x ag]sf] 3/ ljjfxkZrft\ pgnfO{ clk|o ePsf]
5 . b'nxL;Fusf] juL{o c;dfgtfsf sf/0f o:tf] l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf] xf] . cGTo kbf{ cfˆgL
:jf:gLaf6 ;d]t /fdn' ] ;fy kfPsf 5}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf efph"sf] dfq pgn] ;xf/f
kfPsf 5g\ . slxNo} rflxFb}g h:t} u/L pgn] bfhe' fphs" f] 3/ Tofu]sf lyP . t/ la/fdL
ePsf] avtdf efph"s} ;xf/f kfP/ pgn] k'ghL{jg lnPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf pgn]
cfkm"nfO{ s[t£g ePsf] cg'et" u/]sf 5g\ . dflg;n] gsf/fTds sfo{ u/]kl5 pm kZrfQfksf]
ed' /Ldf km;]/} 5f8\5 . kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/L af]w gug{] dflg;n] lwSsfg}{ k5{ . kl/l:yltn]
p;nfO{ tx nufpF5 . dflg;n] slxNo} klg csf{sf] sfFw r9\gx' 'Fb}g . ;;'/fnLsf] kl5 nfu]/

206 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

3/kl/jf/;Fusf] ;DaGw tf]8\g' /fd|f] sfd xf]Og o:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;n] kZrfQfksf] efuL
aGg}k5{ eGg] cfzo pko{'Qm c+zn] k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .
st{Joaf6 ljrlnt eP/ lxF8\g] dflg;n] Ps g Ps lbg emS' g}k5{ . dflg;;Fu dflg;n] abnf
lng g;s] klg ;do kl/l:yltn] eg] abnf lnP/} 5f8\5 eGb} pko'{Qm uBf+zn] ;a}nfO{ ;r]t
u/fPsf] 5 . ;/n efiffz}nLsf] ;s' f]dn ljGof; tyf pRrefj ;+of]hgsf sf/0f pQm cz+
yk k|efjf]Q]hs ag]sf] 5 .
ª_ nf} nf} ufcf] bn bn jg}, j[If xf] pm7 ;f/f
a;]{ 3F}6f 3636 u/L :ju–{ kLoi" f wf/f .
k|:t't kª\lQm g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fåf/f /lrt …jiff{Úsljtfaf6
;k|;ª\u JofVofsf nflu lemlsPsf] xf] . b]jsf]6f k|s[ltsf ufos x'g\ . a;f{tsf] j]nf k|s[ltdf
b]lvg] kl/jt{gsf af/]df rrf{ ug{] qmddf dflysf] p4/0f cfPsf] 5 .
jiff{ xg' f;fy dflg; dfq xf]Og, k|s[lt klg /dfpF5 . ¿v af]6la?jfx¿ jiff{sf sf/0f xif{n]
k'nlst aGg kU' 5g\ . ltgn] klg cfkm" cfk"mdf bn afF£g kU' 5g\ . jiff{;Fu} ltgLx¿ u6' afFw]/
uLt ufpF5g\ . oltj]nf al;{Psf] kfgL :ju{sf] kLo"if jiff{eGbf sd 5}g eGg] sljsf] ae' mfO
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . jiff{sf] ;ª\uLt cToGt ;'dw/' x'G5 . Tof] ;ª\uLt /lNng kfpFbf ¿vla?jfx¿
gtd:ts aG5g\ . 3}F6fdf kfgL al;{PemF} k[YjLdf kfgL al;{b+ f k|s[ltsf] zfg a9\5 eGg] 7x/
sljn] u/]sf 5g\ . jiff{ Ct' / :ju{sf] kLoi" f jiff{df plQs} cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt xG' 5 eGg] a'emfO
sljsf] b]lvG5 .
sNkgfsf afbzfx b]jsf]6f jiff{sf] ;dodf ¿vla?jfn] ;d]t hfu/0fsf] uLt ufpg] rrf{
u5{g\ . jiff{ eP;Fu} …¿vÚ la?jfx¿ hd' {'/fP/ p7\5g\ eGg] cfzo pko{'Qm sljtf+zn] ;Dk|]i0f
u/]sf] 5 . dGbfj|mfGtf 5Gbdf ;+/lrt pko{'Qm c+z ;/n efiffz}nLsf] ;'sf]dn ljGof; tyf
pRr efj ;o+ f]hgsf sf/0f yk cfsif{s aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 207

!%PsfO
kf7ut af]w

o; v08df k/LIffdf syf, sljtf, hLjgL÷lgaGwaf6 PsPs j6f cg'R5]b ;f]wL 5f]6f5f]6f pQ/
lbg nufOG5 . o:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ ;lIfKt ¿kdf lbgk' 5{ . Pp6f k|Zgsf] @ cª\s /xg] ePsfn]
tLg rf/ x/kmsf 5f]6f pQ/ n]Vg' /fd|f] xG' 5 .

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ tnsf] syf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
cfdfn] elgg\ M afn] Psrf]l6 ePe/sf] ?lkof“ xfg{'ePsf] lyof], cfdf;Fu emu8f u/]/ sfgsf]

;g' ;d]t lems]/ n}hfg'eof] . Tof] uxgf klg xfg{'eof] clg 3/df ?Gr] d'v nfP/ cfpg'eof] .
d}n] ;DemfP“, ca d'v c“Wof/f] kf/]/, /f]P/ s] ug{' < xfg]{ xfl/;Sof} . d}n] nIdLk"hfnfO{
;/hfd lsGg eg]/ ns' fO/fv]sf] b'O{ ?lkof“ afnfO{ lbP“ . Tof] ?lkof“ lnP/ ltdLnfO{ sd' df
/fv]/ n}hfg'eof] . kh" f ;/hfd glsgL h'jf v]Nge' P/ km]l/ ;'g lkmtf{ Nofpge' of] . pN6} krf;
¿lkof“ lhTg'eof] . afn] bª\u x“'b}, v;' Ln] plk|Fmb} of] nfn ;fx|} 5s' L /x]5 . of] kl5 wgL xG' 5
eGg'eof] .
k|Zgx¿
c_ afsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <

 af hj' f8] lyP . pgL hj' fsf] vfn e]6]kl5 cfˆgf ;Dk0" f{ bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L la;{Gy] . cfˆgL
kTgLsf u/uxgfx¿ ;d]t hj' fdf yfk]/ xfg{ ;Sy] . pgL cfk"mn] hj' fdf xf/] klg 3/df
kTgLnfO{ g9fF6\g] :jefjsf lyP .

cf_ dflysf] c+z sg' ;Gbe{df cfPsf] xf] <
 dflysf] k|;ª\u uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn uf]7fn]åf/f lnlvt …nIdLkh" fÚ syfdf afnkfq nfnn]

;fyLx¿n] h:t} cfk"mx¿n] klg nIdLkh" f ug{ rfx]sf] t/ k};f gePsf sf/0f Tof] ;kgf
k"/f gePkl5 ltxf/sf] h'jfsf] rrf{ rn]sf] 5 . cfdfn] afn] w]/} ?lkofF lht]/ Nofpgx' G' Yof]
eg]kl5 cfdfn] afsf] :jefjsf] af/]df rrf{ ubf{ syfdf dflysf] k|;ª\u cfPsf] 5 .
-v_ tnsf] sljtf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\M
nf}nf} ufcf] bnbn jg}, j[If xf] pm7 ;f/f .
a;]{ 3}“6f 3636 u/L :ju{ kLoi" f wf/f ..

208 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

b/\b/\ bs]{ cldt slgsf Ko"g nflug\ w/fn] .
pk|mL gfrL rn lj6k xf], kfpg] 5f} h/fn] ..

k|Zgx¿

c_ sljn] s;nfO{ lsg p7\g cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ <
 jiff{ ;Dk0" f{ k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf nflu cfjZos 5 . jiff{sf] kfgL hldgdf k/]kl5 u|Lidsf]

s7f]/ wk" sf sf/0f km' ª\u p8]sf la?jfx¿df gjhLjg cfpF5 . slj jiff{sf] :jfutsf nflu
p7 eg]/ ;Dk0" f af]6la?jfx¿nfO{ cfXjfg ub{5g\ . cfsfzdf d]3 uh]{/ cd[t¿kL jiff{ al;{g
yfn]sfn] ca hd' {'/fpFb} p7 eg]/ cfu|x ub{5g\ .

cf_ pko{'Qm sljtfz+ sf] dn" efj s] xf] <

 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fåf/f /lrt …jiff{Ú sljtfsf] dflysf] cz+ df slj wtL{sf ¿vla?jfx¿nfO{
cfsfzaf6 cd[t¿kL jiff{ xg' nfu]sfn] ca lg/fz eP/ a:gk' b}{g eG5g\ . cfsfzdf
u8\ofª\u8' ª' ub}{ d]3 uh{g yfn]kl5 cd[tsf 3}F6faf6 cd[t¿kL hn jif{g yfN5 . To;}n]
;Dk"0f{ af]6la?jfx¿ p7 ca ltdLx¿n] gjhLjg kfpg] 5f} eG5g\ . ;fy} sljtfz+ n] dl;gf
cl;gfsf bfgfx¿ ´g]{ ;Gbe{ klg oxfF pNn]v u5{g\ . cl;gfsf bfgfx¿nfO{ slgsfsf]
¿kdf lrq0f ub}{ slj wtL{n] hg lkpg yfn]sf] / Tof] lgZro g} ltdLx¿n] kfpF5f} eg]/
af]6la?jfx¿;Fu ;j+ fb u/]sf 5g\ .

-u_ tnsf] hLjgLsf] c+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

bu' {d e"uf]n / cljsl;t If]q eP klg ?Ot dWod juL{o Jofkfl/s 3/fgfdf hlGdPsf lyP .
pgsf aa' f ;f]gfd g]kfn ltAat aLr gg' , rfdn, 3f]8f / Rofª\u|fsf] Jofkf/ uy]{ . o;} j]nf
pgsf] 7n" f] 5f]/fsf] d[To' eof] . bu' {d ufp“df pkrf/ gkfP/ cfˆgf 5f]/fsf] d[To' ePkl5 a'af
;f]gfd lgs} b'MvL eP . pgn] af“r]sf] cfˆgf] 5f]/f ;Gbs' nfO{ k9fP/ 7n" f] 8fS6/ agfpg] ;kgf
b]v] . glhsdf sxL“ st} ljBfno lyPgg\ tfklg 5f]/fnfO{ k9fpg] ;f]gfdsf] ;kgfnfO{ b'u{d
e"uf]nn] 5]Sg ;s]g . pgn] cfˆgf] ;fy nu]/ eP klg k9fpg] lgwf] u/] .

k|Zgx¿

c_ ;f]gfd lsg lgs} b'MvL eP <

 bu' {d ufpFdf g]kfn / ltAatsf aLrdf gg' , rfdn, 3f]8f / Rofª\u|fsf] Jofkf/ ug]{ ;f]gfdn]
pkrf/sf] cefjdf 5f]/f u'dfPsf lyP . ufpFdf ;fdfGo /f]usf] klg pkrf/ gxg' ] ePsfn]
;f]gfdnfO{ w]/} b'Mv nfUof] .

cf_ ?Otsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <

 ?Otsf lktf ;f]gfd b'u{d ufpFsf ;fdfGo Jofkf/L lyP . logsf] kfl/jfl/s cfly{s cj:yf
;fdfGo lyof] . g]kfn / ltAatsf aLrdf ;fdfGo Jofkf/ u/]/ kl/jf/sf] uhf]{ 6fg]{ ePsfn]
cfly{s cj:yf dWod:t/sf] lyof] .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 209

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
s_ tnsf] sljtfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
k[yL jL tn g} :ju{ hgtf g} hgtf g} hgfb{g
pksf/ ;bf kh" f kmn xf] b'Mv df]rg .
k|Zgx¿M
c_ sljn] lsg hgtnfO{ hgfb{g eg]sf xg' \ <
cf_ pko{'Qm sljtfz+ sf] d"nefj s] xf] <
v_ tnsf] hLjgsf] cz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
dlxnf cfGbf]ng / dhb'/ cfGbf]ng sL cu|0fL Snf/fsf] lZfIff;DaGwL wf/0f klg dxTjk"0f{

dflgG5 . cfkm" ;+nUg /hgLlts bnsf] d'vkqsf] ;Dkfbs eP/ sfd ubf{ To; klqsfdfkm{t
pgn] lzIff;DaGwL cfˆgf dfGotfx¿ cufl8 ;fl/g\ . Tolt j]nf wfld{s lzIffsf ;§f
j}1flgs tyf Jofxfl/s lzIffsf] kIfktL lyOg\ . pgn] dlxnf lzIffsf ;fy} ;xlzIffsf af/]df
cfˆgf wf/0ff /flvG5 . ;xlzIffaf6 n}ª\lus lje]b sd x'G5 eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] .
k|Zgx¿M
c_ Snf/fsf] lzIff;DaGwL s:tf] dfGotf lyof] <
cf_ pko'{Qm c+zsf] dn" cfzo s] xf] <
u_ tnsf] syfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M
/fd' cfˆgf ;;/' fsf] h4' ;8ssf 3/df a;]/ gof“ u[x:yL rnfpg yfn] . rf8jf8df klg
bfhs' f 3/df cfp“b}gy] kf“r ^ dlxgf kl5 bn' xLn] 5f]/f kfOg\ . wd' wfd;“u 5f]/fsf] kf:gL u/] .
To;df klg bfh' efph", xl/, j;w' f s;}nfO{ af]nfPgg\ . kf:gLsf lbg zf]ef sf};Ldf a;]/
w]/}a]/;Dd PSn} /f]O/lxg\ . dgdgdf elgg\, …xfdLnfO{ g8fs] klg oL afns 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ t
cjZo 8fSg'kYof]{ . oL chfg afnsx¿n] s] la/fPsf lyP / cfkm" n] xs' f{Psf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{
klg r6Ss la;]{ . cxf] † ;+;f/ slt dtnaL 5 .
k|Zgx¿ M
c_ zf]ef lsg /f]O/lxg\ <
cf_ …cxf] † ;+;f/ slt dtnaL 5 †Ú eGgs' f] tfTko{ s] xf] <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
s_ tnsf] syfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
/fdrGb|sf] s'/fn] nId0fsf] lrQ a'¤of] . pgLx¿ cof]Wof kmls{g] eP . /fdrGb|n] ;DemfO{ae' mfO{

210 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

u/]kl5 ljeLif0f nª\sfsf /fhf x'g tof/ eP . /fd, nId0f / ;f]tf cof]Wof kms]{ .
cof]Wofjf;Ln] pgLx¿nfO{ eJo :jfut u/] . To;kl5 /fdrGb| cof]Wofsf] /fhf eP . pgn]
;b}j hgtfsf] lg0f{onfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/] . pgL Pp6f c;n / cfbz{ zf;ssf ¿kdf :yflkt
eP . pgsf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ …/fd/fHoÚ eGg yflnof] . o;/L nª\sfsf] ;f/f j}ej TofuL
cfˆgf] hGde"lddf kmls{P/ hgefjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ zf;g u/]sfn] /fdsf] gfd ;;+ f/e/
km}lnof] . hGdel" dk|ltsf] k|]dsf nflu /fdsf] sbd ;a}sf lglDt cgs' /0fLo / nf]slk|o eof] .

k|Zgx¿ M

c_ /fdrGb| s;/L c;n / cfbz{ zf;ssf ¿kdf :yflkt eP <

cf_ /fdsf] gfd lsg ;+;f/e/ km}lnof] <

v_ tnsf] sljtf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

;8s x'“, af9Ldf 8A' g ;S5,'
;8s x'“, klx/f]n] kl' /Og ;S5'
df6f] 9ª' \uf kG5fP
kfgLsf] e]n tx nufP
km]l/ b]lvg ;S5'
;8s x“', x/fp“lbg
;8s x'“, slxNo} ef“lrGg“
d;“u olt g} ck]Iff /fv .

k|Zgx¿ M

c_ ;8ssf ;d:of s] s] xg' \ <

cf_ pko{'Qm sljtf+zsf] dn" efj s] xf] <

u_ tnsf] lgaGwf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

casf] ;+:s[lt kfk, k'0o, :ju{, g/s cflbsf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'“b}g . cfhsf] ;dfh
j}1flgs lrGtgtkm{ pGdv' x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ca kfksf] xfpuh' Ldf dfq ;:+ s[lt af“Rb}g . ca
lj1fgsf ;fk]Iftfdf dflg;sf cjZostf v';L, ;v' / dgf]/~hgsf ¿kdf ;+:s[ltnfO{ u|x0f
ul/G5 . clxn] lj1fgsf ;fk]Iftfdf hLjgsf] JofVof x'G5 . lj1fg ;To / tYodf cfwfl/t
5 / o;n] k|fdfl0fstfdf ljZjf; u5{ . sg' } s/' fsf] cjnf]sg, hf“r / kf/vsf cfwf/df
dfq ;To glhs kl' uG5 eGg] dfGotf lj1fkgsf] 5 . casf] ;:+ s[lt lj1fkgeGbf k/ /xg
;Qm}g . lxhf] xfdLn] dfg]sf sltko s/' f cfh cGwljZjf;df kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ . To;}n]
casf] ;:+ s[lt cgd' fg / cGwljZjf;df xf]Og, dfgjlxtsf nflu / lj1fg;Ddt xg'
cfjZos 5 .

k|Zgx¿ M

c_ lj1fgn] s]s:tf dfGotfnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] kfOG5 <

cf_ casf] ;:+ s[lt s:tf] x'gk' 5{ <

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 211

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

s_ tnsf] sljtfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
of] j]nf xf] /; ldngsf] k|flKtsf] of] rxf8
of] ufgfsf] uughgsf] sNkgfsf] axf8 .
of] kf}8Lsf] ;v' hnlwsf] km" n /fd|f] c;f/]
emG8f ;DemL, d'h'/ dg e} lkR5df /ª\uwf/] .
k|Zgx¿ M
c_ pko'{Qm sljtfz+ df sljn] k|s[ltsf] lrq0f s;/L u/]sf 5g\ <
cf_ dflysf] sljtf+zsf] dn" efj s] xf] <

v_ tnsf] syf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ .

afa;' fx]anfO{ ca t nfh} dg{'k¥of] . uw{gdf t ;fx|} d}nf] eO{ sn/ clt w:s]s} 5 . c;x\o
nfhsf] hfndf k/L afa;' fx]asf] cgx' f/ /ftf] eof] . ca Toxf“ al;g;Sg' eof] . sg' } tj/n]
bz kGw| ldg]6 cem c8]/ cfˆgf] s'/f 6'ª\UofO{ 5§' L lnP/ afa';fx]a sf]7faflx/ cfP . pgL
a/G8fd'lg cf]n]{sf dfq lyP ls leqaf6 xf“;f]sf] ;d"x Wjlg pgsf] sfgdf k¥of] . s]n] o;/L
xf“;f] p7]sf] xf]nf, sg' } s/' f] t lyPg . kSsf klg uw{gdf w:s]sf] d]/f] sf]6s} lvNnL p8fPsf
5g\ . ljiffbldl>t ljjz s|f]wn] afa;' fx]asf cf“vf /;fP/ cfP .

k|Zgx¿ M
c_ afa';fx]asf] cgx' f/ lsg /ftf] eof] <
cf_ pgL ;zª\lst xg' fsf sf/0f s] xf] <

u_ tnsf] hLjgLsf] c+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\M

cf]nfªr'ªuf]nfaf6 bflh{lnª k'Ug kGw| lbgsf] k}bn ofqf ug{'kYof]{ . pgsL cfdf cfˆgf]
;fgf] 5f]/fnfO{ Tolt 6f9f la/fgf] 7fp“df k7fpg rfxGglyg\ . ;Gb's klg cfˆgL cfdfsf] Gofgf]
sfvdf /dfP/ afNosfn latfpg rfxGy] t/ aa' fsf] of]hgf cufl8 cfdf5f]/fsf] s]xL nfu]g .
lx“8\g] j]nf ;Gbs' sL cfdf /f]Og\ . ;Gbs' klg cfdfsf] kfª\b]g ;dft]/ 3“'Ss3“'Ss ul//x] t/
klg cfdfsf] :g]x / ddtfn] el/Psf] ;fy 5f]8]/ aa' fsf] xftsf] cf}“nf ;dftL pgL ljBfno
hfg tof/ eP . clxn] h:tf] 7fp“ 7fp“df Tof] j]nf xf]6nx¿ lyPgg\, uf8Lx¿ klg lyPgg\ .
k}bn lx“8\b} / cf]8f/df jf; a:b} kGw| lbgkl5 pgL bflh{lnª\ k'u] .

k|Zgx¿M
c_ ;Gb'ssL cfdf lsg /f]Og\ <
cf_ ;Gb's s;/L bflh{lnª k'u] <

$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

s_ tnsf] syfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

ctLtsf cg]sg\ pT;j e]63f6, :jfut, ;df/f]x, k"hfcfhf hGtL, ef]h hDd}df cfˆgf]

212 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

dxfg\ 7'Nof“O / sf]6sf] dlxdfsf cj;/x¿ ;Dem] . hxf“ klg h'g cj;/df klg olx ulx/f]
df; /ªsf] sf]6 ljleGg yl/sf gh/x¿sf] s]Gb|sif{0f /xL g} cfPsf] xf] . afa';fx]an] kl/d]o
u¿' tfdf dgdg} eg], …;f/fsf ;f/f hDd} abdf;L . dfdn' L sf]6 xf] / < of] t rLh xf] t
rLh .Ú
k|Zgx¿M
c_ afa;' fx]an] cfˆgf] ctLt s;/L ;Dem] <
cf_ pgnfO{ cfˆgf] sf]6k|lt s:tf] 3dG8 lyof] <
v_ tnsf] sljtf+z kl9 cGTodf ;flwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
kmGsf] df/]/ 3f“6L
cyjf sDd/df s;}sf]
k5\ofP/ hfg] d xf]Og
;k{h:t} ;nn au]/ s;}nfO{
t;f{pg ;Sg] xf]Og d
lsgls
kxf8 / r§fgx¿ Anfl:6ª u/L
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] / ;Def/ gul/Psf]
d lgZrn ;8s af]Nb} 5' .
k|Zgx¿M
c_ …;k{h:t} ;nn au]/ s;}nfO{ t;f{pg ;Sg] xf]Og dÚ eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] <
cf_ pko'Qm sljtf+zsf] d"n;Gb]z s] xf] <
u_ tnsf] hLjgLsf] cz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
;Gbs' cWoogzLn tyf lh1f;' afns lyP . To;}n] pgsf a'afn] sf7df8f}“ NofP/ l;4fy{
jg:ynL :s'ndf egf{ ul/lbP . To;}j]nf ;Gb'ssL alxgLsf] pkrf/ gkfP/ Ifo/f]usf sf/0f
d[To' eof] . cfkme" Gbf Ps jif{ dfq sd pd]/sL alxgLsf] d[To'n] pgnfO{ lgs} efjs' agfof] .
o; 36gfkl5 zf]sfsn' ag]sf] ;Gbs' n] 8fS6/ ag]/ afafsf] ;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ b[9 c7f]6
u/] . pgL nugzLn eP/ k9\g yfn] .
k|Zgx¿M
c_ ;Gb'snfO{ s]n] efjs' agfof] <
cf_ pgn] afafsf] ;kgfnfO{ lsg ;fsf/ kfg]{ c7f]6 u/] <

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 213

!^PsfO
tfls{s pQ/

ljBfyL{sf] ts{zlQmsf] dfkgsf nflu tfls{s lzNkut pQ/ n]Vg] k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . o:tf] k|Zgsf]
dn" p2]Zo g} ljBfyL{n] cfkm" n] k9]sf] ljifodf lghL wf/0ff /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug'{ xf] .
ljBfyL{n] 3f]s]/ jf s07 kf/]/eGbf df}lns z}nLdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ;Lksf] ljsf;
o;n] ub{5 .
tfls{s lzNkut pQ/ n]Vbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
♦ ;DalGwt kf7sf af/]df cfjZos 1fg xfl;n ug{],
♦ ljifonfO{ cflb, dWo / cGTosf] 9fFrfdf ljGof; ug]{,
♦ s'g} kf7sf] kfqsf] 7fpFdf cfˆgf] pkl:ylt /xFbf s:tf] el" dsf x'GYof] eGg] s/' fsf] sNkgf ug]{,
♦ ;DalGwt kfqsf] ;ª\lIfKt rfl/lqs /]vf sf]g]{,
♦ ;DalGwt kfqsf u0' f bf]ifsf] rrf{ ug]{,
♦ ;DalGwt kfq jf ljifodf cfˆgf] cledt hfx]/ ug]{,
♦ cfˆgf] el" dsfsf] ;DaGwdf :ki6 ts{ lbg],
♦ o;/L ts{ ubf{ s], lsg, s;/L, s:tf] h:tf k|Zgsf] jl/kl/ /x]/ ug]{,
♦ cGTodf lgisif{ lbP/ 6ª' \Uofpg],
♦ :ki6 jfSo, z'4 / ;kmf n]vfOdf pQ/ lbg] .
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
!= yfª\sf snfsf] pTs[i6 ¿k xf] eGg] ljifonfO{ cfˆgf ts{åf/f kl' i6 ug{'xf];\ .
b;f}F ztfAbLsf] ;?' jftb]lv g} yfª\sf lrqsf] cf/De ePsf] dflgG5 . ljleGg j:t' / snfsf]

;+of]hgaf6 yfª\sf lrq lgdf{0f ul/G5 . yfª\sf af}4dfuL{x¿df cToGt nf]slk|o b]lvG5 .
nfdf ;d'bfodf d[To'sf] If0fdf ;d]t yfª\sfnfO{ clgjfo{ dflgG5 . o;nfO{ u'Dafx¿df
;hfpg] ul/G5 . sk8f, hgfj/sf] 5fnf, sd]/f], kfgL, /ª, ;'g cflbsf] k|of]uaf6 yfª\sf
agfOG5 . klxn] ;fdfGo sk8fdf lrq n]Vg] ul/GYof] . kl5 To;nfO{ l6sfp / snfTds
agfpg yflnof] . yfª\sfdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg /ªsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df /ftf],
;]tf], gLnf], xl/of], kx]Fnf] cflb /ªx¿ ;dof]hg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljleGg /ª / ;fdu|Lx¿
k|of]u ul/Psf] yfª\sfnfO{ lrqsnfsf] ljlzi6 gdg' f dflgG5 . o;df ljleGg b]jLb]jtfx¿sf]
lrq klg agfOG5 . yfª\sfdf dn" tM af}4 wd{sf b]jLb]jtfsf] lrq agfOG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm

214 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

s[i0f, e}/j cflb b]jtfsf] lrq klg yfª\sfdf ;dfof]hg ul/G5 . gbL, ¿v, nx/f, kxf8,
hLjhGt' cflbsf] lrq klg ;dfof]hg ul/g] x'Fbf yfª\sf lrq cfsif{s b]lvG5 .

cfOafn] ljlzi6 snfsf] k|of]u ub{} yfª\sf lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . a4' sf] hLjgrj|m, hLjgL cflb
emlNsg] yfª\sf lrqnfO{ snfsf] ljlzi6 :j¿k dflgG5 . lxhf]cfh ahf/df yfª\sf lrqsf]
dfu a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . cr]n af}4dfuL{x¿df dfq geO{ cGo hfltx¿df klg yfª\sf
lrqsf] k|efj a9\b} uPsf] 5 To;}n] o;nfO{ cfsif{s, k|rlnt tyf snfsf] ljlzi6 gdg' fsf
¿kdf l:jsfg{ ;lsG5 .

@= æljljwtfdf Pstf / cfk;L ;lxi0f'tf xfd|f] ;+:s[ltsf] ljz]iftf xf]Æ eGg] egfOnfO{ ts{;lxt
k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .

g]kfn axe' flifs, axh' ftLo tyf ax;' +:s[lts ;DkGg d'n's xf] . oxfF 5§' f5§' } ;+:s[lt /x]sf
5g\ . lxdfndf a:g] dflg;x¿ / dw];df a:g] dflg;x¿n] 5'§} ;:+ s[lt ckgfpF5g\ . kxf8df
a:g]sf] klg cfˆgf] 5'§} ;f+:s[lts klxrfg /x]sf] 5 . oxfF Nxf];f/ dfGg]n] Ob dfGg]x¿nfO{
cfkm}F ;Ddfg ug{ hfg]sf 5g\ . af}4dfuL{x¿ lxGb'sf] 3/df uO{ jf; a:5g\ . 57 dfGg]x¿ b]p8f
dfGg]x¿nfO{ z'esfdgf lbg cft/' xG' 5g\ . sltko rf8kj{ t g]kfnLx¿ Ps;fy dgfpF5g\ .
pgLx¿ b;}F, 57, Ob, Nxf];f/ cflbnfO{ /fli6«o rf8sf ¿kdf l:jsf5{g\ .

au}Frfdf Ps}yl/sf] dfq km"n k'mNb}g . ToxfF hfO{, h'xL, rd]nL, ;okqL, dvdnL, a'sL,
afa/L, a]nL nufotsf km"nx¿ kmn' ]sf x'G5g\ . Pp6f au}Frfdf w]/} yl/sf km" n /x]h:t} ljljw
hfthfltx¿ /x]sf] b]zsf] ¿kdf g]kfnnfO{ lrlgG5 . oxfF luhf{3/n] dl:hbkl§ kms{]/ ;nfd
u5{ . :joDe"n] kzk' ltgfy;Fu ;fOgf] ufF:g dg k/fpF5 . dw];sf] ofbj gfDr]ahf/ k'u]/
Jofkf/ u5{ . lxdfnsf] z]kf{ t/fO{df 3/ agfP/ a:g ?rfpF5 . oxfF x/]s hfthfltx¿ ldn]/
a;]sf 5g\ . ljljwtfdf Pstf / cfk;L ;lxi0ft' f xfd|f] ;+:s[ltsf] ljziftf xf] eGg] s/' fnfO{
g]kfnLx¿n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ . b]p8f, ;fs]nf xfskf/], /f]bL, uf}/f,nfv], 6'ª\gf, df?gL,
r8' \sf, VonL, Rofa|'ª, uf}/f, b]p;L, e}nf] cflbsf] ;femfkgdf, oxL cg]stfdf Pstf /
cfk;L ;b\efj sfod ub{} g]kfnLx¿ o'uf}Fb]lv Pp6} ;dfh / b]zdf a:b} cfPsf 5g\ .

cg]stfdf Pstfsf] snfTds ljGof;n] ubf{ g]kfnL wtL{ dudufPsf] 5 . k/fO{sf] sfFw r9]/
pgLx¿ s;}dfly e]befj, bdg / zf]if0f ug{ hfGb}gg\ . ;f+:s[lts PstfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg
pgLx¿n] cfkmF} hfg]sf 5g\ . wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, hftLo Pstf tyf ;f:+ s[lts ;b\efjsf
sf/0f g]kfnL wtL{ :ju{tN' o ag]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ ljljwtfdf Pstf / cfk;L ;lxi0f'tf xfd|f]
;:+ s[ltsf] ljz]iftf xf] eGg] ts{ hfoh / ol' Qm;ª\ut xg' cfpF5 .

#_ :yfgLos/0faf6 dflg; dflg; aLrdf lje]b j}dg:o l;h{gf u5{ / åGå lgDTofpF5, s;/L <
ts{åf/f kl' i6 ug{'xf];\ .

:yfgLos/0fdf dflg;x¿ hft, wd{, k/Dk/f / If]qsf cfwf/df ljeflht x'g ;S5g\ . hflt
/ wd{n] dflg;df lje]bsf] aLhf/f]k0f ub{5 . o:tf]df Pp6f hfltn] csf{] hfltnfO{ xf]Rofpg],
v;fNg] h:tf k|j[lQx¿ a9\g ;S5g\ . ;dfhdf dflyNnf] ju{ / tNnf] ju{sf dflg;x¿ w]/}
x'G5g\ . dflyNnf] ju{sf dflg;n] tNnf] ju{sf dflg;x¿dfly lje]b ;[hgf ug{ ;S5g\ .
h;sf sf/0f åGå l;h{gf xg' ;S5 . Psyl/ wd{ dfGg] dflg;n] csf{]yl/ wd{ dfGg] dflg;nfO{

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 215

b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf wd{o'4 xg' ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . :yfgLo txdf
ljljw vfnsf ;fdflhs k/Dk/fx¿ hsl8P/ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . wfld{s / hftLo åGån]
dflg;dflg;sf aLrdf j}dg:o, dgd'6fa xg' ;S5 . dflg;sf] hft dflg; g} xf], csf{] xg'
;Sb}g eGg] s'/f s;}n] klg lal;{gx' 'Fb}g .

sltko cj:yfdf :yfgLos/0faf6 gsf/fTdsefj klg l;h{gf xg' ;S5 . To;sf/0f
:yfgLos/0fn] j}dg:o, lje]b / åGå dfq lgDTofpF5 eGg] cleJolQm ;Dk0" f{ ¿kn] plrt
xf]Og . hflt, wd{ / If]qsf k5fl8 dflg; cGweQm eP/ bf}l8of] eg] rflxF ;dfhdf lje]b,
j}dg:o / åGå lglDtg ;S5 . To;}n] ljj]szLn / r]tgzLn ;db' fon] ;r]t x'g h?/L 5 .

$= …6LsfÚ Psfª\sLsf] zLif{s slQsf] 7Ls 5 < ts{;lxt cfˆgf] wf/0ff lbgx' f];\ .

k|:tt' Psfª\sL /rgfsf/ eLdlglw ltjf/L x'g\ . ltjf/L cfw'lgs g]kfnL, gf6s, sljtf,
Psfª\sL cflbsf If]qdf ;zQm ¿kdf snd rnfpg] ;|i6f x'g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf oyfy{nfO{
cToGt snfTds 9ª\un] lrq0f ug{] sfo{ pgn] u/]sf 5g\ . k|:t't Psfª\sfsLsf] zLif{s
…6LsfÚ 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 . …6LsfÚ gfd zAb xf] . h;sf] cy{ lgwf/df nfOg] 6Lsf] eGg]
xG' 5 . …6LsfÚ sf] cy{ l6Kk0fL ug{] sfd eGg] klg xG' 5 . o;y{ 6Lsf cg]sfyL{ zAb xf] . o;
Psfª\sLdf b;}Fsf] 6Lsfsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . Psfª\sLsf] ;?' jftb]lv cGTo;Ddsf
36gfx¿ b;}Fsf] 6Lsf;Fu ;Da4 b]lvG5g\ .

o; Psfª\sLdf cfPsf kl/j]z, kfq, 36gf cflbn] b;}FnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ . kfqx¿
b;}Fsf] af/]df 5nkmn u5{g\ . o; Psfª\sLdf 6Lsfsf] lbg 6Lsf nufOPsf] ;Gbe{ klg lbOPsf]
5 . cfd}n] 5f]/f] sdfgl;x+ nfO{ ;lDemPsL l5g\ . sfn' /dfO{/dfO{ lkª v]ln/x]sf] xG' 5 . ;G' tnL
klg >Ldfg\ cfpg] cfzfdf b;}Fsf] lbg cf}Fnf efFRb} x'G5] . 6Lsfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ k|:tt'
Psfª\sLdf ljleGg ;j+ fb to ul/Psf 5g\ . o;df b;}Fsf] 6Lsf;Fu} b]zelQmsf jftf{nfk klg
;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . cfd}n] ;kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ 6Lsf nufOlbPsL l5g\ . u|fdL0f
kl/j]zsf] lrq0fn] o; Psfª\sLnfO{ cToGt k|efjsf/L agfPsf] b]lvG5 . oxfF cfPsf
36gfx¿ klg b;}F;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . o; Psfª\sLsf] ;'?jftb]lv cGTo;Dd kfqx¿n]
b;}Fsf] k|;ª\unfO{ sf]6\ofPsf 5g\ . b;}Fsf] 6Lsfsf] kl/j]zsf] lrq0f klg cToGt snfTds
b]lvG5 . zLif{scg;' f/ kfqx¿n] ;zQm e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . c¿ j]nf hxfFhxfF ku' ]
klg rf8af8sf] 38Ldf cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ Ps} :yfgdf e]nf eP/ /dfOnf] ug{]
k/Dk/f g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . b;}Fdf ;kl/jf/ /dfP/ a:g vf]Hg' :jfefljs
k|lj|mof xf] . o; Psfª\sLdf klg kfqx¿n] b;}Fdf Ps} 7fpFdf e]nf eP/ dL7f]dl;gf] vfg]
ljrf/ u/]sf 5g\ . b;}Fsf] kl/j]zsf] lrq0fn] o; Psfª\sLnfO{ k|efjf]Q]hs t'NofPsf] b]lvG5 .

o;/L Psfª\sLsf] zLif{s …6LsfÚ 5gf]6 ug{' cToGt ;fGble{s xg' cfpF5 . oxfF cfPsf k|To]s
36gf zLif{s;Fu s]lGb|t b]lvG5g\ . 36gf, kfq, kl/j]z cflbn] o; Psfª\sLsf] zLif{s;Fu
tfbfTDo ;DaGw /fv]sf 5g\ . o;y{ o; Psfª\sLsf] zLif{s …6LsfÚ 5gf]6 ul/g' cf}lrTok0" f{
/ ;fy{s aGg k'u]sf] k|i6 x'G5 .

216 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

%= …6LsfÚ Psfª\sL k9]kl5 cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ sfdsf nflu ljb]z k7fpg x'?Ss} xg' ] afaf
cfdfnfO{ tkfO{+ s] ;Nnfx lbg rfxgx' G' 5 <

g]kfnL ;flxTo hut\sf l;4x:t JolQmTj eLdlglw ltjf/Låf/f /lrt k|:tt' 6Lsf Psfª\sL
ljlzi6 Psfª\sL xf] . o; Psfª\sLdf :jb]zelQmsf] efjgf 5tf5N' n ¿kdf kf]lvPsf] 5 .
kf}/v ug{] dflg;x¿sf nflu :jb]z :ju{;/x aG5 eGg] efj o; Psfª\sLdf dv' l/t ePsf]
kfOG5 . k|:t't Psfª\sL k9]kl5 d]/f] dfg;k6ndf 5§' } lsl;dsf] ljrf/ k}bf eof] .

xfd|f] ;dfhdf cr]n ljb]z hfg] nx/ g} rn]sf] 5 . sltko kl/jf/sf cleefjsx¿ g}
cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljb]z k7fpg dl/d]6]/ nfu]sf 5g\ . k|:tt' 6Lsf Psfª\sL k9]kl5 dnfO{
t cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljb]z k7fpg x?' Ss x'g] cfdfaf b]v]/ 3[0ff nfUof] . :jb]zL e"ldnfO{
ckdfg ug{] tyf k};fsf] k5fl8 bf}l8P/ k/fO{sf] bf; aGg;d]t glxlRsrfpg] dflg;x¿sf]
k|j[lQ nHhf:kb 5 . sd{ ug{]nfO{ oxfF h] klg k|fKt x'G5 . ljb]zdf h:tf] v6]/ :jb]zdf
sfd ug{ ;Sof}F eg] g]kfn ;d[4 /fi6« aGg ;S5 . k9]/ klg ae' m krfpg] tyf b]zk|lt
nfrf/ aGg] cfdfaa' fx¿n] cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ ljb]zdf a]lr/x]sf 5g\ . :jb]zdf l;Gsf]
gefFRg] t/ ljb]zdf >d dfq geO{ cfˆgf] sd' f/LTj a]Rg;d]t kl5 gkg{] JolQmx¿ nf5L x'g\ .
lss+ t{Joljd9" eP/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljb]zdf bf; aGg xf}:ofpg] cleefjs :jod\ nfrf/ x'g\ .
ljb]z hfg] ;a} dflg;n] ;v' g} kfpF5g\ eGg] 5}g . tLdWo] sltkon] ljb]zdf gf/sLo hLjg
JotLt ub{} 5g\ . ltgLx¿ t];|f] bhf{sf] gful/s eP/ a:g afWo 5g\ . ltgsf] hLjg oflGqs
aGb} uPsf] 5 . otflt/ ltgsf cfdfafx¿ 3/sf] blng uGg afWo 5g\ . eljiodf cGTo
kbf{ cfdfafnfO{ kfgL lkofpg] dflg;;d]t ufpFdf gx'g] j]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] cfˆgf
5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;bfsf nflu gful/stf aGwsL /fv]/ sg' } klg cfdfafn] ljb]z k7fpg'x'Fb}g .
cfkm"nfO{ cGTo kbf{ k/b]l;Psf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] :ofxf/;';f/ ug{ klg kfpFb}gg\ . cfˆgf] eljio
x]bf{ 3/kl/jf/sf] larNnL xg' ;S5 . cefjn] ljb]zdf uP/ 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu a:bf klg ;'v
kfpFb}gg\ lsgeg] ljb]zdf g]kfnL ;:+ sf/ slxNo} kfpg ;lsFb}g . :jb]zd} ;f7L lxpFb sf6]sf
a9" fa"9LnfO{ ljb]zsf] xfjfkfgL pko'Qm aGg ;St}g .

o;y{ ljb]zk|lt df]x /fVg] cfdfafafx¿n] cfh}af6 cfˆgf] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L
5 . d pgLx¿nfO{ :jb]zd} /dfP/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ klg :jb]zd} s]xL ug{] xf};nf lbg;' \ eGg
rfxG5' .

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 217

!&PsfO
ljjr] gfTds pQ/

ljj]rgfsf] cy{ vf; cfwf/df s'g} ljifosf] kIf jf ljkIfdf ul/g] ljrf/ ljdz{ xf] . ljj]rgfTds
pQ/ sg' } vf; kf7sf] vf; ;Gbe{df ljBfyL{sf] ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtf hfFRgsf nflu ;f]lwG5 .
s'g} klg kf7 ;DalGwt ljBfyL{n] slQsf] a´' ]sf] 5, To;sf af/]df cfˆgf] wf/0ff s:tf] agfPsf]
5 eGg] s'/fsf] dfkgsf nflu ljj]rgfTds k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]Vbf ljBfyL{n]
n]vg ;Lksf hg' ;s' } z}nL -tfls{s, ljZn]if0ffTds, j0f{gfTds, ljj/0ffTds cflb_ k5\ofP/ n]Vg
;S5g\ .
ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]Vbf lgDg s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/ lbFbf ;j{k|yd lgwf{l/t kf7;Fu ;Da4 eO{ tfTko{ :ki6 geP;Dd uDeL/

lrGtgdgg ug'{k5{ .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]vgsf] ;?' jftdf kf7;Fu ;Da4 eO{ n]vsLo kl/ro s[lt, k|j[lQ

pNn]v ug{'k5{ .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/df cflb, dWo / cGTo u/L tLg v08 /xG5g\ . cflb efudf n]vsLo

kl/ro, s[lt, k|j[lQ tyf lgwf{l/t kf7sf] d"ndd{sf] ;ª\s]t ul/G5 . dWo efudf lgwf{l/t
kf7sf] af/]df tfls{s jf ljZn]if0ffTds z}nLdf rrf{ ul/G5 . o; v08d} kf7sf] s]Gb|Lo sYo
jf dn" efj ;d]l6G5 . cgTo efudf cfˆgf] ljrf/ tyf ;´' fj ;lxtsf] lgisif{ k|:t't ul/G5 .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/df sfNklgs s/' fx¿nfO{ eGbf k|Zgn] dfu]sf s/' fx¿ p7fpgk' 5{ .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/ n]Vbf k|Zgsf] af]w xg' ' cToGt cfjZos 5 . k|Zgn] dfu]sf] s/' f al' ´Pg
eg] n]v]sf] pQ/n] s'g} cy{ /fVb}g .
♦ kf7sf]÷k|Zgsf] k|j[lQ cg';f/ ljleGg pbfx/0f, pvfg 6S' sf, egfO cflb /fVg ;lsG5 .
♦ ljj]rgfTds pQ/df jfSo vFlbnf], cfsif{s tyf :ki6 xg' ' h?/L 5 .
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ljj]rgfTds pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

!= dfphª afa';fx]asf] syfdf s] s:tf] dgf]lj1fgsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5, ljj]rgf ug{'xf];\ .
ejfgL leIf' cfwl' gs g]kfnL ;flxTosf nf]slk|o ;|i6f xg' \ . syf tyf pkGof;sf If]qdf

pgn] clj:d/0fLo of]ubfg k¥' ofPsf 5g\ . pgsf cfjt{, cjfGt/, u'0fs];/L, d}Fof;fx]a
h:tf s[ltx¿ k|sflzt b]lvG5g\ . ;fdflhs ;d:of, dgf]lj1fg, hLjgsf oyfy{ cflb
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]/ pgn] ljlzi6 syf ;[hgf u/]sf 5g\ . k|:tt' …dfphª afa';fx]sf] sf]6Ú
syfdf dgf]lj1fgsf] ;kmn¿kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . dfphª afa;' fx]an] /f0ffzf;gsf]

218 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

ktgkZrft\ ef]Ugk' /]sf] bogLo cj:yfsf] lrq0f o; syfdf ul/Psf] 5 .

Dffphª afa;' fx]adf pRr 3/flgofF /f0ffx¿df h:t} Iff]e, bDe / j8Kkg hsl8Psf] kfOG5 .
pgL cfˆgf] sf]6nfO{ /f0ffx¿sf] dlxdf / ul/dfsf] k|tLs ;DemG5g\ . Tof] sf]6 lbg k|ltlbg
d}nf] / w;' |]km;' |] xF'b} uPsfdf pgL lrGtf JoQm ub{5g\ . sf]6 d}nf] xF'b} hfgd' f /f0ffzf;gsf]
cGTo ePsf] a'lemG5 . cfˆgf] sf]6 nvgpdf nu]/ 8«fOlSng;{df dd{t ug{] of]hgf agfPsf
afa;' fx]adf g/fd|/L dgf]lj1fgsf] k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . u[xdGqL ;jf/ x'g] :yfgdf pgnfO{
klg 8flsPsf] xG' 5 . ;f] sfo{j|mddf pkl:yt x'g pgL sf]6 nufP/ ToxfF kU' 5g\ . Tof] sf]6df
ToxfF pkl:yt x'g] ;a}sf] cfFvf k5{ . pgsf] sf]6nfO{ ;f/fn] x]osf] efjn] x]5{g\ . dGqLsf]
:jfut sfo{qmdsf] lrofkfg ;df/f]xdf pkl:yt x'g]dWo] Ps hgf JolQmn] afa;' fx]asf]
sf]6 RofltlbG5 h;n] ubf{ afa;' fx]anfO{ /f0ffx¿sf] ktg ePsf] cge' t" xG' 5 . sf]6 Wof/{
RofltPsf sf/0f pgdf ulx/f] k|efj k5{ . /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo ePsf] pgL dx;;' u5{g\ .
k|hftGqsf] pbo x'gf;fy /f0ffx¿sf] cj:yf lbg k|ltlbg bogLo / gfhs' aGb} uPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;'Gb/ sf]6 lbg k|ltlbg d}nf] / w';|]km;' |] xF'b} uPsfn] afa';fx]a k|tfl8t aGg k'U5g\ .
dgf]lj1fgsf] k|efjn] pgL efjljXjn aG5g\ . /f0ffx¿sf] /fh / jr{:j ;dfKt ePsf] pgL
7fGb5g\ . cfˆgf] sf]6 RofltP;Fu} /f0ffx¿sf] cl:dtfdfly k|Zg lrXg v8f ePsf] pgL cge' j
u5{g\ . pRr 3/flgofF /f0ffx¿df cfˆgf] zf;g;Qfsf] ktgsf sf/0f s]–s:tf] k|efj k/]sf]
lyof] eGg] tYo o; syfn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .

afa;' fx]asf] bDe / cledfg /f0ffzf;gsf] ktgkZrft\ ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . sf]6sf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ pgL cToGt k|efljt aGg kU' 5g\ . pQm sf]6 s;}n] TofltlbPkl5 pgdf dgf]lj1fgsf]
ulx/f] 5fk kb{5 . k|:t't syfdf ljleGg 36gfx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . tL 36gfx¿n] afa;' fx]a
yª\lynf] aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . o;/L o; syfdf leIfn' ] dgf]lj1fgsf] ;kmn ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf
5g\ . dgf]j}1flgs b[li6n] k|:t't syf pRr sf]l6sf] aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

@= ;G' b/ / ;DkGg nª\sfsf] /fhsfh 5f8]/ lsg /fd cof]Wof kmls{P < syfsf cfwf/df
ljj]rgf ug{x' f];\ .

k|:t't …hGde"ldÚ syf ;w' f lqkf7L, wgk|;fb ;'j]bL tyf /fdk|;fb 1jfnLåf/f ;Dkflbt
pTs[i6 syf xf] . o; syfdf cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdf / cfkm" hlGdPsf] wtL{ :ju{eGbf Kof/f]
x'g] s/' f k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

…hggL hGdel" dZr :juf{bkL ul/o;LÚ sf] dfGotfnfO{ ;w}F lz/f]k/ ug{k' g{] cjwf/0ff /fdn]
cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . pgL cfˆgf] hGde"ld cof]WofeGbf nª\sf Kof/f] gxg' ] ts{ /fV5g\ . pgn]
cfˆgf] efO nId0fnfO{ ;DemfpFb} eg]sf 5g\ . zf:qx¿df j0f{g ePcg;' f/ ;v' };v' sf] gfd
g} :ju{ xf] . To;}n] dflg;x¿ o; nf]sdf dfq geO{ k/nf]sdf ;d]t :ju{sf] sfdgf u5{g\ .
/fdsf ljrf/df ;+;f/df To:tf] :ju{eGbf klg pQd 7fpF eg]sf] hGde"ld xf] . pgsf ljrf/df
hggL / hGdel" d :ju{eGbf klg dxfg\ 5g\ . hGde"ld eGb}df ;b}j ToxLF 6fFl;O/xg'kb{}g .
;'v;'ljwfsf] vf]hL ug{' dfgjLo rl/q xf] . dflg;n] cj;/ kfP;Dd vf]hL ug{k' 5{ t/
cj;/ kfPF eGb}df cfˆgf] dft[el" d TofUg] dflg; vf;df c;n xf]Og . hGde"ldnfO{ r6Ss}
dfof dfg{] dflg; v/fa xf] . ;v' ;l' jwf ef]uljnf; tyf dgf]/~hgsf k5fl8 bf}8]/ cfˆgf]
hGde"ldnfO{ nft xfGg]x¿ c;n dfG5] x'g} ;Qm}gg\ . /fdsf ljrf/df nª\sfdf j}ej, ;'v,

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 219

;l' jwf ;a}yf]s kfOG5 t/ hGde"lddf h:tf] cflTds ;'v kfOFb}g . ef}lts ;'v;l' jwfeGbf
dfgl;s ;'vdf ;Gt'li6 ldN5 . cfˆgf] hGed"ldsf ;f/f dflg; cfˆgf x'G5g\ . hGdel" dsf]
atf;, df6f], 9ª' \uf, hn, j6j[If ;a} lk|o xG' 5g\ . k/fO{sf] 3/sf] leQf /ª\UofP/ slxNo}
cfˆgf] enfO xF'b}g . hlt;s' } u'g nfP klg k/fO{ eg]sf] k/fO{ g} x'G5 . cd[t vj' fP/ kfn]
klg ;k{n] ljif g} cf]sN5 t;y{ k/fO{ slxNo} cfˆgf] dfG5] xg' ;Qm}g . sfvdf a;]/ lk7\oF'df
5'/f w:g]x¿af6 ;b}j xfdLn] ;r]t /xg'k5{ . k/fO{n] dfof u/]sf] eGbf cfkmGtn] ufnL u/]sf]
Kof/f] x'G5 . To;}n] /fdnfO{ nª\sfeGbf cfˆg} hGde"ld cof]Wof Kof/f] nfu]sf] 5 . dflg; hg'
df6f]df hlGdG5, hxfF p;n] afd] ;g{ l;S5 h'g 7fpFaf6 dflg;n] lzIffh{g u5{, hg' efiff,
klxnf]k6s p;n] l;S5 ltgnfO{ slxNo} klg s;}n] eN' gx' F'b}g . cfˆgL cfdf h:tf];'s} s'¿k
eP klg ;Gtfgsf nflu pgL slxNo} k/ x'Flbgg\ . t;y{ dft[e"ldsf] dxQfnfO{ sf]xL s;}n]
slxNo} e'Ng'x'Fb}g eGg] 7DofO /fdsf] /x]sf] 5 .

/fdn] cof]Wof 5f8]sf] klg rf}w jif{ x'g nfu]sf] lyof] . To;}n] pgL cfˆgf efO nId0fnfO{
cof]Wof kmls{g cfu|x u5{g\ . cfˆgf] hGde"ldnfO{ l;Fufg{ ;s] dfq cfˆgf] klg eljio pHHjn
aGg ;S5 . oxL lgrf]8sf ;fy ;fdn] ;'Gb/ / ;DkGg nª\sfsf] /fhsfh 5f8]/ cfˆgf]
hGdel" d cof]Wof kmls{g] ljrf/ u/]sf x'g\ .

#= …k|TofudgÚ syfdf syfsf/n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf s] s:tf jf:tljQmfnfO{ b]vfpg vf]h]sf 5g\,
ljj]rgf ug{x' f];\ .

u'?k|;fb d}gfnL -!(%& – @)@*_ cfwl' gs g]kfnL ;flxTodf l;4x:t JolQmTj x'g\ .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff / :jfWoogaf6 k|z:t 1fg xfl;n u/]sf d}gfnL ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL
syfsf/ xg' \ . gf;f] zLif{ssf] syf k|sfzg;Fu} ;flxlTos ofqf cf/De u/]sf d}gfnL cfˆgf
syfx¿df ;dfhsf] oyfy{ lrq0f u/L To;df cfbz{sf] hnk nufpF5g\ . To;}n] pgnfO{
cfbzf{]Gdv' oyfy{jfbL syfsf/sf ¿kdf klg lrlgG5 . ;ª\VofTdseGbf klg u0' ffTds b[li6n]
cAan syf n]Vg] d}gfnL g]kfnL ;flxTosf cfwf/:tDe xg' \ . ;dfhsf] jf:tljstfnfO{
snfTds 9ª\un] lrq0f ug{] v'aL ePsf d}gfnLsf syfx¿ cToGt sf?l0fs x'G5g\ . …
k|TofudgÚ syfdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf 36\g] 36gfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ b]vfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
/fd,' lgd{n, zf]ef / bn' xL h:tf kfqx¿n] u/]sf sfo{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf oyfy{ x'g\ . ;f}t]gL
bfh'efOsf aLrdf x'g] j}dg:o / dgd6' fjsf sf/0f s]–s:tf ljs[ltx¿ l;h{gf xG' 5g\ eGg]
tYo o; syfn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .

dflg; hlGdPkl5 d5{, of] zfZjt ;To xf] . To;}n] dflg;n] afFrG' h]n s;}sf] se' nf]
ug{x' F'b}g . k|:tt' syfdf zf]ef c;n u[lx0fL, st{Jolgi7 gf/L tyf dfgjtfjfbL kfqsf
¿kdf plePsL l5g\ . pgn] cgfy b]j/nfO{ nfngkfng ub{} xs' f{sfPsL l5g\ . pgn] u/]sf
sfo{x¿ g]kfnL ;dfhsf jf:tljQmf x'g\ . lgd{nn] klg ;f}t]gL efO /fdd' fly dgUu] k|]d, bof,
dfof / :g]x vGofPsf 5g\ . lgd{n / zf]efn] kfl/jfl/s bfloTj axg u/]sf 5g\ . ;'?;'?df
s[t1 ag]sf /fd' ljjfx cl3;Dd c;n kfqsf ¿kdf plePsf 5g\ . PdP:;L;Ddsf] pgsf]
cWoogdf lgd{n / zf]efn] ;3fPsf 5g\ . s]6L vf]h]/ ljjfx ul/lbg] sfo{ klg pgLx¿n]
u/] pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfo{ ;a} ;sf/fTds b]lvG5g\ . lgd{n / zf]ef wd{sd{df ljZjf; u5{g\ .
cfl:ts dflg;x¿ wd{n] afFRg rfxG5g\ . cfWoflTds r]tgf ePsf lgd{n / zf]ef tLgwfd
ug{ hfg nfu]sf 5g\ . hk Wofgug{' wfd 3'Dg hfg' / dl' Qmsf] af6f] vf]Hg' g]kfnL ;dfhsf

220 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

jf:tljQmf x'g\ . ljjfxkZrft\ /fds' f] rl/qdf PSsfl; kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . pgn] hf]Ol6ª\u|]
Jojxf/ b]vfPsf 5g\ . :jf:gLsf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ pgn] bfhe' fph;" Fusf] ;DaGw tf]8]sf
5g\ . ;;'/fnL 3/df uP/ a:bf pgn] bfh'efpha" f6 kfpg] :g]x ToxfF kfPsf 5}gg\ . pgsL
:jf:gL cultnL ePkl5 pgn] b'Mv kfPsf 5g\ . la/fdL x'Fbf;d]t pgnfO{ cfˆgL :jf:gLn]
x]/]sL 5}gg\ . cGTo kbf{ /fdn' ] ;DaGw tf]8]/ cfkm" 6f9f ePsfdf lrGtf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
o:tf] cj:yfdf pgn] cfˆgL efphn" fO{ 8fs]sf 5g\ . efpha" f6 ;>' i" ff gkfPsf eP ;fob
pgL tª\lu|g g;Sg] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g ;SYof] . oL ;a} 36gfx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhsf jf:tljQmf
xg' \ . b'nxL ;De|fGt ju{sL kfq xg' \ . pgsf] rl/qn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;fdGtjfbL ;:+ sf/nfO{
b]vfPsf] 5 . c¿;Fu af]Nbf RofFl7P/ af]Ng] b'nxL h:tf kfqx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|z:t
e]l6G5g\ . pgL nfrf/, b'd'{vf / lss+ t{Jod"9 kfq xg' \ . ;dodf al' 4 k'¥ofpg g;Sbf /fdn' ]
bfh' efphs" f] 3/ 5f]8]sf 5g\ . cGTo kbf{ pgsf] kg' /fudg ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} 36gfx¿
g]kfnL ;dfhsf oyfy{ x'g\ . ;'v kfpFbf dflQg] / bM' v kfpFbf cflQg] k|j[lQ gf}nf] xf]Og .
oL ;a} s'/f syfdf cfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L kf:gL ug{', ljjfx ug{' tyf bfhe' fO 5l' §P/ a:g'
h:tf 36gfx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhsf jf:tljQmf xg' \ . sd{sf08 ug{', hhdfgx¿sf lrgf n]Vg,'
tdfv' vfg', tfdbfgdf a;]/ clGdg', vk{g af]Sg' h:tf sfo{x¿ klg g]kfnL ;dfhsf oyfy{
x'g\ . ax' f/Lx¿n] 3'sL{ nfpg] tyf dfOt uO/xg] h:tf sfo{ oyfy{ xg' \ . lgd{n / zf]ef h:tf
bfh'efph" klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf cem} st}st} e]l6G5g\ . o; syfdf ljleGg 36gfx¿ plgPsf
5g\ . oxfF cfPsf 36gfx¿n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jf:tljQmfsf] lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ .

dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' p;sf] bfloTj xf] . a}ug' LnfO{ u'gn] dfg{'k5{ eGg] s/' f s;}n]
eN' gx' F'b}g . w]/} pDn]kl5 bw" klg kf]lvG5 . To;}n] x/]s dflg;n] cfcfˆgf :yfgdf a:g'k5{
gq ;dfh rNg ;Qm}g eGb} k|:t't …k|TofudgÚ syfdfkm{t kf7ssf] Wofg s]Gb|Ls[t kfg{
vf]lhPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf 36]sf ljleGg oyfy{ 36gfjnLx¿sf] ;lrq JofVof ug{' o;
syfsf] k|dv' Wo]o /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;dfhsf] jf:tljQmfnfO{ 6kSs l6k]/ lrq0f ug{
syfsf/ d}gfnL ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

$= sljn] …jiff{Ú sljtfdf k|s[ltsf] j0f{g s'g ¿kdf u/]sf 5g\, ljj]rgf ug{x' f];\ .

nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxfslj x'g\ . pgsf d'gfdbg, dfofljgL, ;;L{,
k|ldy;, jgs';'d, zfs'Gtn, rDkf, s[lifjfnf, ;fljqL ;Tojfg\ nufotsf s[ltx¿ k|sflzt
b]lvG5g\ . k|s[ltsf] ;G' b/ j0f{g ul/Psf pgsf sljtfx¿ ljlzi6 5g\ . k|:tt' jiff{ sljtf
klg k|s[ltsf] ;kf6 ;f}Gbo{sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] ;zQm / ljlzi6 sljtf xf] . o; sljtfdf sljn]
jiff{ Ctd' f k|s[ltdf b]vfkg{] ;'Gb/tfsf] af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{] k|oTg u/]sf 5g\ .

jiff{ jfok' ª\vL ljdfg r9]/ k[YjLdf cfpFl5g\ . oltj]nf k|s[lt slnnL ag]sL xl' G5g\ . d]3n]
klg k5\of}/f cf]9]sf] xG' 5 . lahn' L rlDsFbf k[YjLsf] :j¿k ablnG5 . k|s[ltnfO{ jiff{sf]
/Tglglwn] ;G' b/ agfPsL x'G5] . lah'nL rlDsFbf rlDsFb} z}nsf 6fs'/fdf afbnn] 7Ss/ vfFbf
jiff{ xg' kU' 5 . wn' fDd] ;8sx¿df kfgL el/e/fp xG' 5 . vf]nfgfnf / vx/]x¿ avf{df;df
u8\u8fpF5g\ . ;d'b|sL 5f]/Ln] k[YjLdf jiff{ u/fpFl5g\ . cfgGbsf] jiff{ al;{b+ f dflg; dfq geO{
¿v af]6la?jf sL6ktª\u ;a};a} xif{n] k'nlst aGg k'Ub5g\ . jiff{n] k[YjL slnnL ag]sL
xG' 5] . olt j]nf r~rn pd]/sL oj' tL lahn' L h:tf r~rn cfFvf agfpFb} /dfpg yflN5g\ .
;db' |¿kL o'js klg jiff{sf] 38Ldf ;ª\uLtsf] k|]dk"0f{ v]n v]Ng nfnflot x'G5g\ . jghª\un

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 221

htftt} xl/ofnL 5fpg] xF'bf avf{df; dgdf]xs b]lvG5 eGb} sljn] k|s[ltsf] u'0fufg ufPsf
5g\ . avf{df dL7fdL7f kmnx¿ kmN5g\ . ¿vsf xfFufdf kmn nfu]sf] b]Vbf olt j]nf ;a}sf]
dg nf]leG5 . j[Ifsf bnx¿ Pscfk;df Pstf / hfu/0fsf] uLt ufpF5g\ . af]6la?jfn]
;a}nfO{ p7p7 eGb} hufpg] s/' f sljn] u/]sf 5g\ . 3}F6f3}F6fdf jiff{df kLo"ifwf/f al;{/x]sf]
x'G5 . jiff{df wtL{n] cldt slgsf cf:jfbg ul//x]sL x'G5] . avf{sf] kfgLn] leHbf ¿vsf
h/fx¿ /dfpF5g\ . t;y{ ¿vsf k|To]s xfFuflaFuf plk|mpk|mL gfRg yfN5g\ eGg] sNkgf sljn]
o; sljtfdf u/]sf 5g\ .

a;f{tsf] ;dodf uugn] sNkgfsf] dL7f] uLt u'Gu'gfpF5 eGg] 7DofO sljsf] /x]sf] 5 . jiff{df
;v' sf] hnlw al;{G5 . dflg;sf] dg do/" em}F kª\v lkmFhfP/ jiff{ofddf gfRg yfN5 eGb}
sljn] k|:tt' sljtfdf k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb/ t:jL/ lvr]sf 5g\ . jiff{df k|s[ltsf cg]sf}F :j¿k
xG' 5g\, ltg}sf] j0f{g ug{ slj r's]sf 5}gg\ . o;/L k|s[ltsf ufos slj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn]
k|:t't sljtfdf k|s[ltsf] af/]df uxg ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . jiff{ Ct'sf] dlxdfufg ub{} sljn]
k|s[lt / dfgj aLrdf tfbfTDo ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] s'/f klg atfPsf 5g\ . k|s[lt lrq0fsf
b[li6n] k|:t't sljtf pRr sf]l6sf] aGg ku' ]sf] 5 .

% = ;Gb's ?Ot s;/L ljZjsf rlr{t / ;kmn 8fS6/ ag] <

afNosfnb]lv g} ;Gb's ?Ot cWoog k|lt cToGt ?lr /fVy] . @)@% ;fndf k|j]lzsf
pQL0f{ u/]kl5 pgL lqrGb| sn]hdf cfOP:;Ldf egf{ eP . cfO{P:;L pQL0f{ ePkl5 pgL
8fS6/ k9\g] ;kgf af]s]/ ef}Ftfl//x] . o;} qmddf ?Otn] ef/tsf] nvgpl:yt lsª\u; hh{
d]l8sn sn]hdf PdlalaP; k9\g 5fqj[lQ kfP . ToxfFaf6 pgn] PdlalaP; pQL0f{ u/] .
PdlalaP; pQL0f{ u/]kl5 pgL g]kfn kms{]/ cfP . s]xL ;do;Dd pgn] jL/ c:ktfndf
hg/n lkmlhl;ogsf ¿kdf sfd u/] . ToxfF pgsf ;fyLx¿ gjLgrGb| /fO{ / /fdk|;fb
kf]v|]nx¿sf] ;ª\utaf6 pgL lgs} k|efljt eP . wgu9Ldf cfFvf pkrf/sf] SofDk a;]sf]
lyof] . hg' SofDkdf ;xefuL x'g pgL wgu9Ldf ku' ] . ToxfF cfFvfsf /f]uLx¿sf] cj:yf pgn]
lgs} eofjx b]v] . To;kl5 pgL cfFvfsf] 8fS6/ aGg] nIosf ;fy ef}Ftfl//x] .

;f}efUojz cn OlG8of OlG:6Ro'6 ckm d]l8sn ;fOG; sn]hdf ?Otn] cfFvfsf]
pkrf/;DaGwL cWoog ug{] df}sf kfP . cem egf}F pgn] 5fqj[lQ k|fKt u/] . pgL Pd=8L
cWoogsf nflu k'gM ef/t uP . ToxfFaf6 Pd8L k"/f u/L pgL g]kfn kmls{P . lj=;+= @)$!
Df pgL lqk'/]Zj/ cfFvf c:ktfndf hflu/] eP . ToxfF pgL cf7 jif{;Dd sfo{/t /x] . ;f]xL
;dodf c:6«]lnofaf6 8fS6/ k|]m8 xnf]h k/fdz{sf] ¿kdf g]kfn cfPsf lyP . pgL ljZj
:jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf k/fdz{bftf tyf cfFvfsf k|l;4 8fS6/ lyP . pgL g]kfn cfpFbf ?Otsf]
nugzLntf tyf kl/>dL :jefjaf6 lgs} k|efljt eP . pgn] df]tLljGb'sf] pkrf/df yk
ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ ?OtnfO{ c:6]«lnof 8fs] . t;y{ ?Ot a8f] xif{sf ;fy c:6«]lnof uP .
ToxfF a:tf pgn] cfFvfsf] zNolj|mofsf ljifodf ljz]if bIftf xfl;n u/] . pgsf] ljz]if1tfsf]
k|z+;f ub{} c:6«]lnofd} a:g k|:tfj u¥of] t/ pgL :jb]zd} s]xL ug{'k5{ eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy
g]kfn kmls{P . To;kl5 oxfF cfP/ la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/df ;n+ Ug xg' yfn] .

o;/L 8fS6/ ;Gb's ?Ot nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] vf]hcg';Gwfg tyf kl/>daf6 ljZjsf rlr{t
/ ;kmn 8fS6/ ag] .

222 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

!*PsfO
lgaGw n]vg

;flxTosf ljljw ljwfx¿dWo] lgaGw Ps ;zQm uB ljwfsf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . …lgaGwÚ tT;d
zAb xf] . o;sf] JoT' klQ …aGwÚ cfwf/kbdf …lgÚ pk;u{ nfu]/ x'G5 . of] zAbn] …/fd|/L af“Wg]
sfdÚ, …lgoddf af“Wg] sfdÚ jf …ljz]if k|sf/n] af“Wg] sfdÚ eGg] cy{ lbG5 . vf;df sg' } ljifonfO{
lgoda4 eP/ qmlds ¿kdf tYo jf cge' jsf cfwf/df k|:tt' ug'{ lgaGw n]Vg' xf] / To;/L
tof/ ePsf] /rgf lgaGw .

;:+ s[taf6 lnOPsf] …lgaGwÚ zAb g]kfnLdf cª\u|]hLsf] …P;]Ú (Essay) sf] ;dfgfyL{ zAbsf] ¿kdf
k|of]u ePsf] 5 . cfwl' gs lgaGwsf] :j¿k klZrdL ;flxTos} b]gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] k"jL{o
;flxTosf] k|frLg ;|f]t 6]s]/ ljsf; ePsf] xf]Og . o;n] j:t' / efjgf tyf tYo / sNkgf bj' }nfO{
plQs} ;r]ttfsf ;fy k|:tt' ub{5 .

s_ lghfTds jf cfTdk/s lgaGw

h'g lgaGwdf lgaGwsf/ ljifo jf zLif{sdf lghL efjgf cleJoQm ub{5 Tof] lgaGw lghfTds
lgaGw xf] . o;df lgaGwsf/sf] ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f qmlds ¿kdf k|yd k'?if -cfGtl/s_
b[li6ljGb'df k|:t't ul/G5 . d, xfdL h:tf k|yd k'?ifsf ;j{gfd k|of]u u/]/ n]lvg] lghfTds
lgaGwdf lgaGwsf/ x's]{sf] ;dfh, p;n] ef]u]sf] hLjg, p;sf ljrf/ tyf b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ePsf
xG' 5g\ . n]vssf lghL cg'el" tx¿sf] snfTds k|sfzg x'g] o:tf lgaGwdf tLj| sNkgfzlQm
e]l6G5 . j:t'nfO{ eGbf cg'ejnfO{ dxŒj lbOg] o:tf] n]vgdf ;h{s jfo'j]usf ;fy efjs' tfsf]
p8fgdf p8\g] ub{5 . :jtGq ¿kdf ljifoj:t'sf] ljGof; ul/g] o:tf lgaGwdf oyfy{sf] t'ngfdf
efjgfsf] k|fwfGo e]l6G5 . n]vs x[bodf pAhg] cg]sg\ ljrf/x¿ o;df ;d]l6G5g\ . g]kfnL
lgaGwsf] If]qdf nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, zª\s/ nfld5fg], e}/j cof{n, cfTdk/s lgaGwsf sz' n
;|i6f dflgG5g\ . lghfTds lgaGw cfTdk/s / efjk/s bj' } z}nLsf xG' 5g\ .

v_ k/fTds jf j:t'k/s lgaGw

cª\u|]hL lgaGwsf/ a]sg k/fTds lgaGwsf ;q" fwf/ xg' \ . j:t'lgi7 n]vg o:tf] lgaGwdf
x'G5 . vf; ljifo, j:t' jf zLif{s;“u n]vssf] k|ToIf ;DaGw b]lvg] k/fTds lgaGwdf ljifo;“u
;DalGwt ;TotYo ;Gbe{nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf lrq0f ul/G5 . t[tLo k?' if -afXo_ b[li6ljGb'df /lrg]
o:tf lgaGwdf n]vs :jod\ pkl:yt x'“b}g . pm ef]Qmf geP/ b|i6fsf] ¿kdf ljifosf] k|:tl' t
ub{5 . ljifoj:t'nfO{ cToGt glhsaf6 lgofNg] / 6f9} a;]/ To;sf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd
j:tk' /s lgaGwdf x'G5 . o;df cfTdk/s lgaGwdf h:tf] xflb{s kIf geP/ af}l4s jf dfgl;s
kIf ;an aGb5 . lgoddf af“lwP/ k|:tt' xg' 'kg]{ afWotf o;df cfTdk/s lgaGwdf eGbf Hofbf
x'G5 . sfNklgs p8fg o;df jlh{t 5 . j:t'nfO{ dxŒj lbP/ n]lvg] o:tf lgaGwdf ljljw z}nL

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 223

ckgfOG5– j0f{gfTds, ljj/0ffTds, tfls{s tyf ljZn]if0ffTds . oLdWo] tfls{s z}nL lghfTds
lgaGwdf ;3g eP/ cfp“5 .

k/LIffsf] ;Gbe{df lgaGw n]vg
k/LIffdf ;[hgfTds geP/ lgb]{lzt lgaGw n]lvG5 . o;y{ k|Zgkq /x]sf] lgaGwsf] k|Zg g=+

n]v]/ 5]pdf lgaGw n]Vg] clg Ps x/km 5f]8]/ zLif{s n]Vg],
zLif{s 5gf]6 ubf{ cfˆgf] 1fgsf] If]q hg' ljifodf km/flsnf] 5 / cfk"mn] h'g ljifodf /fd|f]

cleJolQm lbg ;S5h' :tf] nfU5 ToxL ljifo 5gf]6 ug]{,
5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljifodf cflb, dWo / cGTo u/L tLg efudf ;d]l6g] s'/fx¿ s] s] xg' \ eGg]

dfgl;s tof/L ug]{,
k/LIffdf lglZrt zAb ;ª\Vof tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] zAb ;ª\Vofleq ;d]l6g] u/L zLif{s

jf ljifosf] s]Gb|Lotfdf /x]/ lgaGw n]Vg yfNg],
lgaGw n]Vbf cflb, dWo / cGTo u/L Go"gtd tLg / clwstd kf“r cgR' 5]b;Dddf

ljifonfO{ k|;f/ ug]{,
ljifo s]lGb|t / p2]Zodn" s lgaGw n]Vg ;'?df kl/ro / ljifosf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ clg

ljifoj:tn' fO{ :ki6 ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug]{,
df}lns z}nL, z'4 / :ki6 efiff tyf /f]rs n]vg snfåf/f lgaGwnfO{ :t/Lo agfpg],
lgaGwsf k|To]s jfSonfO{ ljifo;“u ;Da4 u/fpg], cgfjZos j0f{g tyf cf}kb]lzs efiffsf]

k|of]u gug]{ tyf ;nn au]sf] ;/n efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

gdg' f lgaGw

d/] f] bz] M d]/f] ;j{:j

ljZjsf] gS;f kN6fP/ lgofNbf l;Gwd' f x/fPsf] ljGb'´}“ nfU5 d]/f] b]z . lxdfnsf lz/df klUn/
x]5g\ lxp“sf 8Nnfx¿, kxf8sf] 5ftLdf xl/of ef]6fn] ;f}Gbo{ kl:s/x]5g\, t/fO{sf s6Ldf kx]“nk/'
s5f8 kmkm{/fO/x]5 . k|s[ltsf] cg'kd pkxf/´}“ nfUg] d]/f] b]z d]/f] x[bosf] w8\sg xf], d]/f] b]xsf]
g;f xf] . d]/f] b]zsf] wdgLaf6 /Qm;~rf/ x“'bf lhpg kfp“5' d . …hggL hGdel" dZr :juf{bkL
ul/o;LÚ of] g} d]/f] cfbz{ xf]Ù hLjg af“Rg] cfwf/ xf] . d]/f] b]zsf] 5ftLaf6 clj/n ¿kdf ´/´/
´l//x]5g\ ´gf{x¿, 5ª\u5ª\u 5ª\ls/x]5g\ 5f“ufx¿, snsn alu/x]5g\ vf]nfx¿ . df]gfln;fsf]
;f}Gbo{ lkmsf agfpg] d]/f] b]zsf] ;f}Gbo{ sfdb]jsL /tL xf] . ;Ltfh:tL ;tL xf] . dnfO{ d]/f]
lxdfnn] c6n, kxf8n] jL/ / t/fO{n] sd{of]uL aGg l;sfPsf] 5 . sf];L / u08sLsf j]u;“u}
lg/Gt/ ultjfg\ x'g rfxG5' d . oxL xf] b]zaf6 d}n] kfPsf] 1fg .

d}n] ;Ltfaf6 cfbz{sf] kf7 l;s]sf] 5' . zfnLg / zfGt aGg l;sfPsf 5g\ a'4n] . d}n] t]lGhª
/ kf;fªx¿af6 cf“6 kfPsf] 5' . cd/l;+x, elQm, aneb| / eLd;]gx¿af6 jL/tfsf] kf7 k9]sf]
5' . cGofosf] lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg bz/yrGb, uª\ufnfn, z'qm/fh / wd{eQmx¿n] l;sfPsf
5g\ . cg]stfdf Pstfsf] snfTds ljGof; ePsf] d]/f] b]zsf lxdfnnfO{ 7]; nfu] kxf8nfO{
b'V5Ù kxf8nfO{ rf]6 nfu] t/fO{nfO{ b'V5 . sf];Ldf af9L cfp“bf s~rgk/' ?G5Ù dw];df cfuf]

224 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

nfu] lxdfnn] lgefp“5 . of] b]z d]/f] k|f0f xf] . o;sf] ;Gtlt x'g kfPsf]df uj{ u5'{ d . d;“u
sfnfkfgL;“u} b'Vg] d6' ' 5Ù sf];L;“u} ?g] cf“;' 5Ù ;':tf Roflk“bf d]/f cª\uk|Toª\u ´D´dfp“5g\ .
6gsk/' sf] 3fp c;x\o eP/ 56kl6Psf] 5' d . vb' {nf]6g / nId0fk'/ af“wn] d]/f] df6f] 8a' fp“bf
s“'l8Psf] 5' d . d cfkm}“ zflGtkq' x“', d cfkm}“ x'“ qmflGtk'q klg . j}/Lsf lu2] b[li6 d]/f] dn' 'sdfly
knf{ ls eg]/ ;r]t /xg] ;hu l;kfxL x'“ d . …;]jf g} wd{ xf]Ú of] d]/f] b]zn] lbPsf] dGq xf] dnfO{ .
d b]x Tofu ug{ ;S5' t/ b]z TofUg ;lQmg“ .

cg]s hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] k"mnaf/L d]/f] g]kfn d]/f] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| xf] . d]/f] ljZjf; xf]Ù d]/f]
d6' s' f] 9's9s' L xf] . d hflt, efiff, wd{ tyf ;:+ s[ltsf gfddf x'g] ljs[lt ?rfpGg“ . d]/f] dfq
/fd|f] csf{sf] g/fd|f] eGg] xf]OgÙ c¿ efiff, wd{ tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cfˆgf]kgsf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ lzIff d}n] kv' f{x¿af6 kfPsf] 5' . k/lxtsf] efjaf6 l;l~rt g]kfnLe"ldn] dnfO{ Tofu /
;dk{0f l;sfPsf] 5 . dnfO{ d]/f] b]z Kof/f] 5 . cfˆgf] ;Eotf / ;:+ s[lt eN' g'x“'b}g s;}n] klg .
uLtfsf dGq dfq xf]Og, lqlk6s, s'/fg tyf afOansf x/kmx¿n] dfgjtfsf] kf7 k9fPsf 5g\
dnfO{ . d ;defj tyf ;x–cl:tTjsf] kIfdf 5' . wfg gfr, ;f]/7L, 3f6', ;FlugL, ;]nf], b]p8f,
/f]Onf h:tf d]/f ;f:+ s[lts w/f]x/x¿n] dnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg lbPsf 5g\ . d]/f 8f“8fkfvfdf
uf]7fnfx¿n] ;fnsf] kftsf] lklk/L ahfPsf] / 3f“;]x¿n] 3'“u'/f ahfPsf] dgk5{ dnfO{ . d'r'{ª\uf
/ dfbn'sf] tfndf Psf]xf]l/G5' d . b;}“, ltxf/, tLh, Nxf];f/, lqm;d;, 57, Ob, hg}k"l0f{df h:tf
;f+:s[lts Pstfsf kj{x¿n] j]nfj]nfdf d]/f] ysfg d]6\5g\ . Pstf tyf ;defj a9fp“b} d]/f]
g]kfn / d g]kfnL eGg] ;Gb]z 5f]8\5g\ .

dnfO{ ;:+ s[ltsf] ljzfn e08f/ / k|s[ltsf] ;G' b/tfleq nLg x'g kfp“bf uj{ nfU5 . dnfO{ yfxf
5, cfw'lgstfsf] r/drn' Ldf k'u]sf ljZjsf slt b]zeGbf d]/f] g]kfn kl5 k/]sf] 5 . d]/f] b]zdf
cfly{s ljkGgtf 5 . ul/aL, c1fg tyf clzIffsf sf/0f b]zsf ufp“ tyf ;x/;d]t kLl8t 5g\ .
…x/]s b]zsf] cj:yf Ps} x'“b}gÚ eGg] ufGwLsf] dxfjf0fLn] 3R3Rofp“5 dnfO{ . d}n] a´' ]sf] 5,' d]/f]
b]znfO{ d]/f] sf“wsf] cfjZostf 5 . dh:tf o'jfx¿n] b]znfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ ljb]z knfog ePsf]
b]v]/ /f]Psf] 5 d]/f] dg . xf]Ù d]/f] b]zk|lt d]/f] 7n" f] st{Jo xG' 5 . d b]znfO{ dfof u5{' eg]/ dfq
x'“b}g . dfof s/' fdf xf]Og Jojxf/df ´Nsg'k5{ . oltv]/ h]= Pk\m= s]g]8Lsf] æof] g;f]Wgf];\ b]zn]
tkfO{n+ fO{ s] lbg ;S5 < a? of] ;f]Wgf];\ b]zsf nflu s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <Æ eGg] egfOn] tflgPsf]
5' d . dnfO{ of] b]zn] w]/} s/' f lbPsf] 5 . d}n] oxLFsf] df6f]df cf“vfsf] 9sgL klxnf]rf]l6 vf]n]“Ù
o;} df6f]df afnfkg latfP“ . 5ftL k'mnfP/ …g]kfnL x“'Ú eGg] kl/ro oxL b]zn] lbof] . d}n] oxL“sf]
cf“ugLdf afd] ;g{ l;s]“ . of] d]/f] klxnf] kf7zfnf klg xf] . d}n] cIf/ lrg]b]lv g} g]kfn / lxdfn
k9\g / n]Vg hfg]sf] x“' . dnfO{ g]kfnL k|s[ltn] hLjgaf]w u/fPsf] 5 .

cr]n b]z sdhf]/ 5Ù ;Defjgf tyf cj;/ 5}g eg]/ ljb]z k:g]x¿sf] eL8 c:jfefljs ¿kdf
a9]sf] 5 . d eg] …b]zelQm t db}{g rT' y} b]z eP klgÚ eGg] gf6ssf/ ;dsf] efjgf;“u Psfsf/
xG' 5' . jf:tjdf dflg;n] cj;/ cfkm}“ vf]Hgk' 5{ . dflg;df Ifdtf 5, ;docg';f/ rNg ;Sg]
;Lk / bIftf 5 eg] lgZro g} p;n] cj;/ kfp“5 . s¿' k eP klg cfdf slxNo} g/fd|L xG' gg\ .
of] b]zk|lt d]/f] klg st{Jo 5 eGg] efj ;a} gful/sdf x'g' h?/L 5 . d}n] oxL b]zsf lglDt s]xL
ug'{ 5 . d 1fgfh{g tyf e|d0fsf] nflu ;;+ f/e/ hxf“ klg k'Ug :jtGqt 5Ù' t/ sxL“ klg cfˆgf]
>d / kl;gf a]Rg] :jtGqtf 5}g dnfO{ . d]/f] kl;gfdf b]zsf] nufgL 5 . d}n] b]zsf] nflu s]xL
ug{ ;lsg“ eg] d]/f] hLjg lg/y{s xG' 5 . d}n] oxL“sf eL/kfvf / sfGnfx¿df cfˆgf] >d vlr{g'

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 225

5 . dnfO{ k/fO{sf] bf; ag]/ cfˆgf] /fli6«o :jfledfg ud' fpg] clwsf/ 5}g . d cfˆg} b]zdf
cGwfnfO{ af6f] b]vfp“5', nf6fsf] af]nL aG5', cGofodf k/]sfnfO{ Gofo lbnfp“5' . d bf;tf /
qf6gsf] cGTo rfxG5' . c¿n] 3f]8f r9] eGb}df w/' L r9\g rfxg] ;:+ sf/sf] kl5 nfUg] xf]Og
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf nflu ;dlk{t eO{ cfˆgf] gful/s st{Jo k"/f ug{df /dfp“5' d . ljb]zsf l;ª\udd{/
la5\ofOPsf dxneGbf km;' n] 5fPsf] zLt÷5]kfpg] ´k' 8L Kof/f 5g\ dnfO{ . tf/] xf]6nx¿sf
lkHhf lx\j:sL, a|fG8LeGbf cf“6f] / kL7f] dL7f] 5 dnfO{ . d}n] a´' ]sf] 5' :jb]zL dg, :jb]zLkg
oyfy{df cfˆg} wg xf] .

…uf“; 66' ] 66' f];\ t/ g]kfnLsf] ;fy g5'6f];\ eGg] OR5f 5 d]/f] . g]kfnL hgx¿sf] ;v' bM' vsf]
;xofqL xg' rfxG5' d . rGb|, ;o" { cª\lst Wjhf kmkm{/fO/xG5Ù' /f]wL3/df gf}dtL ahfO/xG5Ù'
klxnf b]z agfp“5Ù' hgtf arfp“5' clg cfkm" klg af“Rg]5' . d"nsf] kfgL lkP/, g]kfnL sn' df
lhpg rfxG5' d . d kl08t afh], cf/g] bfO, rgfr6k6]jfnf sfsf, ;"rLsf/ 7n" faf / alwgL
efph"sf kL8fdf Psfsf/ xg' rfxG5' . g]kfnL ufp“x¿ z"Go x'“bf lk/f]lnG5' . d]/f ufp“;x/df
lj;ª\ult lelq“bf x[bo l5ofl5of x'G5 . d]/f] 3/sf] vf“af, anf, ef6f / blngx¿df wld/f nfUb}
5g\ . cl:y/ /fhgLlt, cb/" bzL{ g]t[Tj tyf lrGtgxLg :jfyL{ dgf]j[lQn] u|l;t d'6\7Le/ JolQmx¿
b]zsf] gfd hk]/ b]znfO{ g} lnnfd ug{ nfu]sf] aLeT; b[Zo b]v]/ d]/f] dg w?' w?' /f]Psf] 5 . s]
lbPsf] 5}g of] b]zn] dnfO{ < :jtGq b]zsf] :jtGq gful/ssf] kl/ro lbPsf] 5 . bx|f] ljZjf; /
el/nf] cf“6 lbPsf] 5 . ddf dfgjLo ;j+ ]bgf e/]sf] 5Ù dnfO{ ;]jf, ;dk{0f / Tofusf] lzIff lbPsf]
5 . d ljZjsf] hg' ;s' } b]zdf /x] klg of] df6f], oxf“sf] efiff, ;:+ s[lt tyf Oi6ldqaf6 lg/k]If /xg
;lSbg“ . of] b]z d]/f] xf]Ù d of] b]zsf] x“' . d uj{sf ;fy eG5,' d]/f] b]z d]/f] ;j{:j xf] .

;dosf] dxŒj

;do eg]sf] j]nf xf], sfn xf],df}sf xf] / cj;/ klg . 38L, knf, ldg]6, ;]s]G8, lbg, dlxgf,
jif{ cflbdf o;nfO{ gfKg vf]lhP klg of] cgGt 5 . ou' f}“b]lv ultdfg\ eP/ alu/x]5 ;do .
o;nfO{ g t s;}n] /f]Sg, g t 5]Sg ;S5 . s;}sf] 8/ gdfGg], k|nf]egdf gkg]{, ;do lxdgbLh:t}
lg/Gt/ alu/xG5 . s;}nfO{ e]befj ub}{g ;don] . e]befj/lxt x'G5 ;do . l/Qmtf / ltSttfdf
sf]Sofp“5 ;doÙ cfgGb / xif{df lko"ifh:t} :jflbnf] aG5 oxL ;do . ;doeGbf anjfg\ s]xL
x“'b}g of] ;[li6df . ;doåf/f kl/rflnt 5g\ x/]s dgi' ox¿ . xf“:g]nfO{ ?jfp“5 ;don]Ù ?g]nfO{
x“;fp“5 . ;don] g} 3fp lbG5 / ;don] g} dnd nufp“5 . ;don] g} hLjg lbG5 / ;don] g}
r'“8]/ nfG5 . cgf}7f] / cnf}lss 5 ;do . To;}n] eGg ;lsG5 ;do lg/fsf/ 5, ;j{zlQmdfg\
5, hf] O{Zj/ xf] .

;do dfu{bz{s xf], u'? xf], h;n] dfu{bz{g u5{ x/]s dg'ionfO{ . sK6]/fsK6]/f ePsf] ljlIfKt
x[bodf dnd nufp“5 ;don] . ;dosf] dxŒj ga'¤g]x¿ t'lxG5g\ Oltxf;sf] ue{df . ;dosf] dfu
tyf cfjZostf a¤' g]x¿ Kn]6f], ;'s/ft, c/:t' aG5g\ / ;Eotfsf] ljsf; u5{g\ . dfS;{, n]lgg,
dfcf] aG5g\ / ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts qmflGt Nofp“5g\ . a4' , dxfjL/, ljj]sfgGb, cf]zf] aG5g\
/ cfWoflTds, g}lts hfu/0f Nofp“5g\ . 8fla{g, cfOG:6fOg / k|mfo8 aG5g\ / j}1flgs rdTsf/
leœofp“5g\ . ufGwL eP/ :jfwLgtfsf nflu n8\5g\ . t]lGhª ag]/ ;u/´}“ rl' nG5g\Ù dG8]nf ag]/
hgtfsf x[bodf lj/fhdfg xG' 5g\Ù ˆnf]/]G; eP/ dfgj;]jfdf ;dlk{t xG' 5g\ . ;]S;lko/, ldN6g,

226 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

u]6], sflnbf; / b]jsf]6f eO{ efiff ;flxTosf] ;]jf u5{g\ . ;dosf] dlxdf ckf/ 5 . st} r:;
la´fp“5 ;do, st} gogsf] /ftLu]8L´}“ ;G' b/ aG5 ;do . ;dosf] dxŒj ga¤' g] / b'?kof]u ug]{x¿
/f]d hln/x]sf] j]nf af“;/' L ahfpg] lg/f]´}“ kltt aG5g\Ù lx6n/´}“ hgtfsf ;fd' cfTd;dk{0f
u5{g\Ù h'lno; l;h/sf] xltof/´}“ lvof nfU5g\Ù cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] d[u´}“ v]lbG5g\ . …;donfO{ gi6
gu/ lsgls hLjg o;}af6 ag]sf] x'G5Ú eG5g\ ˆ|ofª\slng . hLjg / ;dosf aLrdf tfbfTDo
;DaGw xG' 5 . ;do hLjg xf] / hLjg ;dos} cz+ . ;doh:t} ultzLn xg' k' 5{ hLjg klgÙ
lg/Gt/ aUgk' 5{ hLjg ;doh:t} . ;do u'l8/x]sf] /]nh:t} xG' 5, kG5Lh:t} kª\vf lkm“hfp“b} p8\5,
jf0faf6 56' ]sf] lt/h:t} xG' 5Ù j[Ifaf6 v;]sf] kmnh:t} x'G5, an]gLsf] kfgL h:t} tls{G5Ù hf]
PskN6 5'6]kl5 e]l6Gg slxNo} . ;do sd{ xf]Ù ;do k"hf xf]Ù ;do ljwftf klg xf] . ;don]
k|To]s dg'ionfO{ sd{ ug{ l;sfp“5 / t ;do sd{ xf] . ;Tsd{ ug]{nfO{ kH' 5 ;don] . o;y{ ;do
kh" f klg xf] . cfˆg} tfndf alu/xG5 lg/Gt/ .

knkn ;dosf] plQs} dxŒj xG' 5 . x/]s sfo{sf] nflu ;do xG' 5 . ;do 5'6]kl5 k5t' fP/
sfd 5}g . nugkl5sf] kf]t]sf] s'g} cy{ /x“b}g . n8fO“sf] d}bfgdf knkn xTs]nfdf d[To' yfk]/
n8\g] l;kfxLn] Ps ;]s]G8sf] ;bk' of]u ubf{ Hofg hf]ufp“5 eg] ug{ g;Sbf d[To'j/0f u5{ . Pp6f
v]nf8Ln] d}bfgdf kfPsf] Ps ;]s]G8sf] ;do ;bk' of]u u/]/ km' 6annfO{ uf]ndf kl/0ft ug{ ;S5 .
Pp6L o'jtLn] kfPsf] PsknnfO{ ;bk' of]u ub}{ lbJod:' sfg 5f]8\5] / aG5] ljZj;G' b/L . d~rdf
kfPsf] bO' { ldg]6sf] ;do ;bk' of]u ugf{n] Pp6f JolQm g]tf aG5 . x/]s tx / ju{sf dflg;nfO{
;dosf] dxŒjaf]w x'gk' b{5 . ;do cToGt zlQmzfnL 5 . ;don] c/lgsf] / efg'eQm hGdfof]Ù
;don] g} hGdfof] k[YjLgf/fo0f, aneb|, eLd;]g / cd/l;x+ x¿nfO{ . ;donfO{ ;dfTg ;Sg]n]
ou' nfO{ hGdfp“5 / dfgj ;Eotfaf6 slxNo} gc:tfpg] u/L cd/ /xG5 . o'un] hGdfPsfx¿
o'u;“u} ;dfKt xG' 5g\ t/ o'u hGdfpg]x¿ w|j' tf/f ag]/ rlDs/xG5g\ .

;do cnf}lss 5 . af]nL, uf]nL, vf]nf / pd]/h:t} ;do klg slxNo} kms{Gg . …df}sf cfp“5
kv{Gg, au]sf] vf]nf kms{GgÚ To;} elgPsf] xf]Og . j]bJof;n] kn]6L s;] klg, OGb|n] nfvf}“aflh
laGtL u/] klg u'd]sf] ;do kmls{“b}g . a8f] ljlrqsf] x'G5 ;do . s;}sf] ;fx|f]ufx|f], bM' vkL8f
a¤' b}g, cft{x¿sf] qmGbg ;G' b}g, s]jn alu/xG5 cfˆg} ultdf . ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug]{x¿ hLjgsf
3'DtLx¿df slxNo} cndln“b}gg\ . ;dosf] b'?kof]u ug]{x¿ k'k{'/f]df xft /fv]/ kZrfQfkdf
lklN;/xG5g\ . ;don] hLjgnfO{ kl/rfng u5{, hLjgn] ;donfO{ kl/rfng ub}{g . ;dosf]
b¿' kof]u u/]/ w/fzoL aG5 b]z / hgtfsf] eljio . cleefjssf] 6fpsfdf lu/ v]Ng kNs]sf
5f]/f5f]/L, hgtfsf] 6fpsf]nfO{ es'G8f] 7fGg] g]tfx¿, r]nLsf] cl:dtf x/0f ub}{ ltgnfO{ a]Rg
kNs]sf g/fwdx¿, sfnf]wGbf ug]{ Jofkf/L / t:s/x¿, b]zsf] 9's'6L vf]qmf] kfg]{ e|i6x¿,
;;+ f/nfO{ Wj:t kfg{ vf]Hg] nfb]gx¿, cfˆgf] uf]8fdf cfkm}“ aGr/f] xfGg] b]zb|f]xLx¿ tyf /Qmsf]
s'08df xf]nL v]Ng kNs]sf afbzfx / tfgzfxx¿n] slxNo} a¤' b}gg\ ;dosf] d"NonfO{ . ltgn]
;dosf] d"NonfO{ ckJofVof u5{g\ . æcj;/ cfkm}“ cfpg] xf]Og, of] t ;ª\s]t lb“b} cfp“5 .Æ
JolQmut :jfy{nfO{ kl/Tofu u/]/ ;a}n] ;dosf] d"No a'¤g' ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;dosf] d"No a'¤g
g;s]/ c¿nfO{ vf8n vGbf cfkm}“ k'l/g ;S5 dg'io . cfh ug]{ sfd cfh} ug'{k5{, ef]lnsf
lglDt yftL /fVgx' '“b}g . ef]lnjfbL bz{g kf]Ng'k5{ . al' 4ljj]ssf] åf/ xf] ;do . of]uL ljsfzfgGb
eG5g\, …;+;f/nfO{ abNg' 5 eg] ;'? cfkm}“af6 ug{'k5{ .Ú xf], kl/jt{g :jtM x“'b}g, dg'iosf] ann]
x'G5 . ;dosf] b'¿kof]u u/] eljiodf kZrfQfkdf lklN;g' l;jfo c¿ s]xL xg' ;Qm}g . lat]sf]

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 227

;dosf] af/]df lrGtfdf 3f]lTn“bf eljiosf] :jl0f{d cj;/ klg lrlKng ;S5 . ljutnfO{ sN' r]/,
jt{dfgnfO{ ;bk' of]u u/]/, :jl0f{d cfutsf] ck]Iffdf hLjgnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg ;Sg'k5{ x/]s dg'ion] .
bfloTj / st{Josf] k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]u eO/xG5 dfG5]sf] hLjg . hLjg klg Pp6f k|of]u xf] .
;dosf] ;b'kof]u u/] k/LIf0f ;kmn x'G5 lhGbuLsf], b¿' kof]u u/] c;kmn xG' 5 . ;dok|ltsf]
;r]ttf g} ;kmntfsf] ;f]kfg xf] . ;dosf] nfkaf{xLn] ofqLsf] ofqf layf]lng ;S5Ù /f]uLsf] Hofg
hfg ;S5Ù k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIff 56' \g ;S5Ù s[ifssf] v]t af“´} a:g ;S5Ù kl/>dL xftx¿ a]sDdf
aGg ;S5g\Ù nfvf}“nfv wgdfnsf] Iflt x'g ;S5 . ;dosf] ult;“u} rNg g;s];Dd g t dg'ion]
k|ult ug{ ;S5Ù g t /fi6«df sfofkn6 xg' ;S5 . /fh]Gb|k|;fbn] eg]sf klg 5g\, æ;do Joy{df
gi6 gu/, ;donfO{ x/fpg' hLjgnfO{ x/fpg' xf]Ù ;doeGbf pQdf]Qd wg c¿ sg' } 5}g .Æ

cEof;

tnsf ljifodf !%) zAbdf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ M
s_ dnfO{ dg kg{] 7fpF
v_ g]kfndf ljB'tLs/0f
u_ Jofj;flos lzIffsf] dxŒj
3_ dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
ª_ ;l+ jwfg
r_ ckfª\ux¿k|lt xfd|f] st{Jo
5_ d]/f] eljiosf] of]hgf
h_ g]kfndf wfld{s ;lxi0ft' f
´_ ljsf;df hg;xeflutf
`_ ljBfyL{ hLjg / cgz' f;g

6_ b]zelQm
7_ zflGt / b]zljsf;
8_ ;x/L hLjg
9_ es" Dk / ;/' Iff
0f_ afnclwsf/

228 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

ljifo M g]kfnL ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf @)&# k"0ff{ª\s M &%

sIff M ( / !)

If]q –k9fO / nv] fO_ ljwf 1fg af]w Jofjxfl/s pRr hDdf pQ/ lbgk' g]{ cªs\ ;do @ :ki6Ls/0f
;Lk bIftf k|Zg kZ| g ;ª\Vof ef/ 306f !%
ldg]6

!= zAb e08f/ cy{ n]vg ! !! @$ kf7df k|of]u ePsf sg' } $ j6f zAb -tT;d–@, tb\ej–! /
cfuGt's–!_ / ltgsf] cy{aLr hf]8f ldnfpg nufpg] . hf]8f
ldnfpg lbFbf zAb ;ª\VofeGbf cy{ ;ª\Vof sDtLdf @ j6f a9L
lbg'kg]{ .

zAb klxrfg ! !! @$ kf7\ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf ljk/LtfyL{–!, kof{ojfrL–!, cg]sfyL{–!
/ >l' t;dleGgfyL{–! zAb kg]{ u/L lbP/ ;ª\s]tadf]lhd vfnL 7fpF
eg{ nufpg] .

jfSodf k|of]u ! !! @$ kf7\ok':tsdf k|of]u ePsf cgs' /0ffTds, k|fljlws÷kfl/eflifs,
pvfg, 6S' sf / lgkftdWo]af6 s'g} @ j6f lbO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{
nufpg] .

@= lxHh] -j0f{ z'4Ls/0f -s_ ! !! !@ a÷j, z÷if÷; / k~rd j0f{ k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿dWo] sg' } bO' {
zAbsf] z4' ¿k 5fg]/ n]Vg] @ j6f axj' }slNks k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
ljGof;, n]Vo lrXg / zAbsf] txdf

kbof]u tyf ljof]u_

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 229 -v_ jfSosf] ! !! @$ Pp6f zAbdf Pp6f dfq czl' 4 kg]{ u/L n]Vo lrXg–!, kbof]u /
txdf kbljof]u –!, x|:j–! / bL3{–! kg]{ u/L $ j6f cz'l4 ePsf] jfSo
lbO{ z4' kfg{ nufpg] .

#=Jofs/0f -s_ zAbju{ ! !! # % gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, lj|mofkbaf6 $ j6f / cJoo -gfdof]uL,

lj|mofof]uL, ;+of]hs, lgkft, lj:doflbaf]ws_ af6 @ u/L km/skm/s

ju{sf sg' } ^ j6f zAb kg]{ u/L Pp6f cgR' 5]b lbg] / /]vfª\sg u/L

klxrfg ug{ nufpg] .

-v_ zAb ! !! @$ sg' } 5f]6f] uBf+z lbO{ sDtLdf bO' { j6f pk;u{ nfu]sf / sDtLdf bO' {
lgdf{0f -c_ j6f k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf zAb lbP/ ltgsf] klxrfg u/L n]Vg nufpg]
pk;u{ / k|Too jf uBf+zdf bO' { j6f pk;u{ / bO' { j6f k|Too lbO{ zAb lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg] .

230 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) -cf_ ;df; / ! !! ! @ lju|x ePsf] zAb Pp6f / ;d:t zAb Pp6f lbO{ ;df; jf lju|x ug{
lju|x !! nufpg] jf lju|x / ;df; ePsf sDtLdf PsPs j6f zAb k|of]u
! !! ePsf] s'g} 5f]6f] uBf+z lbO{ PsPs j6f ;d:t zAb / lju|lxt cj:yf
-u_ sfn, kIf ! klxrfg u/]/ ;df; jf lju|x ug{ nufpg] .
/ efj÷cy{ !!
-3_ jfSo !! @ $ sfn / kIfaf6 @ / efj÷cy{af6 @ j6f wft' ;ª\s]t u/L jfSo k"/f
kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg] .
tyf
;Z+ n]if0f $ & sf]i7sdf lgb]{z u/]/ lgDdadf]lhd $ jfSo kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg] M
ljZn]if0f -s_ sd{, st[{ jf efjjfRodWo] sg' } Ps jfRo lbO{ csf]{ jfRodf
kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg],
$= k7g af]w ª_ :jtGq ! -v_ ;fdfGo jfSonfO{ k|]/0ffy{s jfSodf kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg],
jfSo /rgf ! -u_ s'g} Ps jfSo lbP/ lnª\u, jrg, k'?if, cfb/, s/0f, cs/0fdf
-j0f{g_ kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg] .
s_ -3_ bO' { j6f jfSo lbP/ Pp6} jfSodf ;Z+ n]if0f ug{ nufpg] jf Pp6f
af]w;DaGwL jfSo lbP/ b'O{ jfSodf ljZn]if0f ug{ nufpg] jf
k|Zgf]Q/ ;/n, ;o+ 'Qm / ld>dWo] s'g} Ps jfSo lbP/ csf]{ jfSodf kl/jt{g
-b[i6f+z_ ug{ nufpg] .

# % lj|mofsf] vf; sfn, kIf jf lj|mofsf] cy{÷efjdWo] s'g} Pssf] sf]l6
tf]s]/ # jfSodf s'g} ljifosf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg] .
-o;/L kZ| g agfpFbf dfly d"Nofªs\ gdf k/s] f] sfl]6 k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg] ._

% ( kf7\o k:' tsleq ;dfj]z ePsf] uBfz+ lbO{ lgDgadf]lhd % j6f k|Zg
;f]Wg] M
-s_ bO' { j6f zAb /]vfª\sg u/]/ sf/s / ljelQm klxrfg ug{
nufpg]
-v_ zAbju{, zAb lgdf{0f, sfn, kIf, efj÷cy{, jfSo kl/jt{g, jfSo
;+Zn]if0f ljZn]if0f h:tf kIfx¿sf cfwf/df eflifs kIfsf] klxrfg
ug{ nufpg] .

-u_ pQm cgR' 5]bdf ePsf s'g} b'O{ zAb -ljk/LtfyL{ ÷ kof{ojfrL
÷ cg]sfyL{ ÷ >'lt;dleGgfyL{ nufot_ pNn]v u/]/ cy{ vN' g] u/L
jfSodf k|of]u ug{ nufpg]
-3_ Ps jf b'O{ jfSodf pQ/ cfpg] @ j6f tYok/s k|Zg ;f]Wg]

-v_ af]w ! !! % ( uB ljwfaf6 a9Ldf !%) zAb;Ddsf] cgR' 5]b lbO{ Ps jf bO' {
;DaGwL k|Zgf]Q/ jfSodf pQ/ cfpg] tYok/s, ;Gbe{ af]ws, k|lj|mofaf]ws cflb %
-cb[i6fz+ _ ! !! j6f k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
! @!
%= aF'bf l6kf]6 / syf ÷ hLjgL, % ( uB ljwfsf kf7af6 a9Ldf !%) zAb;Ddsf] b[i6f+z lbO{ $ j6f a'Fbf
;f/fz+ -b[i6f+z_ ;j+ fb ÷ l6k]/ ;f/f+z n]Vg nufpg] .
^= lgb]{lzt /rgf jfbljjfb ÷
lr7L $ & syf÷sljtf÷lgaGw÷ hLjgL ljwfaf6 sg' } b'O{ ljlzi6 kª\lQm lbO{
*= kf7ut af]w sg' } ! sf] efj lj:tf/, JofVof jf ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug{ nufpg] .

-s_ syf, !! ! #@ * !$ lgDgadf]lhd tLg k|Zg ;f]wL s'g} b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg nufpg]

sljtf, hLjgL, ! !! -s_ kf7\ok':tssf syfaf6 sg' } cz+ pb\w[t u/L To;sf cfwf/df
@ @! ljifoj:t' n]Vg], 36gf j0f{g, d"n efj jf ;Gb]z, rl/q lrq0f;DaGwL
k|aGw ÷ lgaGw ! !! sDtLdf % jfSodf pQ/ lbg] vfnsf ;ª\lIfKt pQ/fTds @ k|Zg ;f]Wg]

-;Gbe{df -v_ kf7\ok:' tssf sljtfaf6 sg' } cz+ pb\w[t u/L To;sf cfwf/df
ljifoj:t' pNn]v, j0f{g, d"n efj jf ;Gb]z;DaGwL sDtLdf %
cfwfl/t jfSodf pQ/ lbg] vfnsf ;ª\lIfKt pQ/fTds @ k|Zg ;f]Wg] .

;ª\lIfKt -u_ kf7\ok:' tssf hLjgL, lgaGw÷k|aGwdWo] s'g} Ps ljwfaf6
uBf+z pb\w[t u/L To;sf cfwf/df ljifoj:t' n]Vg], 36gf j0f{g
pQ/fTds_ ug]{, d"n efj jf ;Gb]z pNn]v ug]{, rl/q lrq0f;DaGwL sDtLdf %
jfSodf pQ/ lbg] vfnsf ;ª\lIfKt pQ/fTds @ k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 231 !)= kf7ut af]w -v_ tfls{s
-ljj]rgfTds_ lzNk÷ ;d:of $ & kf7\o k':tsleqsf syf, hLjgL, k|aGw÷lgaGwsf] s'g} ;Gbe{ lbO{
;dfwfgfTds cfˆgf ljrf/n] k'li6 ug]{, ts{ lbg] jf s'g} ;d:of b]vfO{ ;d:of
!!= :jtGq /rgf ;dfwfg ug]{ vfnsf k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
-l;h{gfTds_ syf, sljtf,
* !$ kf7\o k:' tsleq ;dfj]z ul/Psf syf, sljtf, hLjgL,
hLjgL, k|aGw÷lgaGwdWo] s'g} bO' { ljwfaf6 ljZn]if0ffTds, l;h{gfTds tyf
k|aGw÷lgaGw ;dLIffTds Ifdtf k/LIf0f ug]{ lsl;dsf s'g} b'O{ k|Zg ;f]wL Pssf]
pQ/ lbg nufpg] .

* !$ Ps cfTdk/s / bO' { j:t'k/s u/L tLg zLif{s lbg] / sg' } Pp6fdf

sDtLdf !%) zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw n]Vg nufpg] .

232 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) k|of]ufTds sfos{ f nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf

;'gfO / af]nfO

jm| =;+= Ifq] -;g' fO / af]nfO_ k/LIf0f ug{] kIf cªs\ ef/ :ki6Ls/0f
!= ;'gfO >l' taf]w -efj af]w
cy{ af]w /]l8of], Sof;]6, df]afOn jf cGo ljB'tLo ;fdu|Laf6 ;dfrf/, ;+jfb,
@= af]nfO ;Gbe{ af]w ;flxlTos cleJolQm, jf cGo ;Gb]zdn" s uBfz+ ;'gfP/ 1fg, af]w, ;Lk,
cgd' fg k|of]u / ljZn]if0f tx;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ ;f]wL eGg jf n]Vg nufpg] .
hDdf ts{nufot_
jf
df}lvs j0f{g
syf syg !%) b]lv bO' { ;o zAb;Ddsf] sg' } uBfz+ jf kBfz+ -cb[i6fz+ _ ;'gfP/
plNNflvt kfFr j6} tx;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] .
;:j/ jfrg
-kfFr j6} txsf] k|ltlglwTj xg' ] u/L !÷! j6f u/L kfFr k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsg]_

!) -s_ sg' } ljifo, j:t', lrq, kl/j]z lbP/ df}lvs j0f{g ug{ nufpg] jf
hfg];g' ]sf] sg' } syf jf s;}sf] hLjgL eGg nufpg]

-o;/L j0f{g ubf{ jf syf eGbf jQmfn] af]n]sf] s'/fdf :ki6tf, k|efjsfl/tf,
z}nL, eflifs :t/, z4' f]Rrf/0f, ult, olt, no / xfpefp h:tf kIfdf Wofg
lbg]_

%
-v_ sG' f} kq klqsfaf6 !)) zAb;Ddsf] uBf+z jf kBf+z lbP/ ult, olt, no
ldnfP/ efjfg'sn" ;:j/ jfrg ug{ nufpg] .

-o;/L jfrg ubf{ :ki6tf, eflifs z4' tf, k|efjsfl/tf, ult, olt, no /
xfpefpdf ljz]if Vofn ug]{_

@%

bi| 6Jo M -s_ 1fg txsf] k|Zg M s], sg' , slxn], s;n], s;nfO{, sxf“ h:tf k|Zgfy{s zAb /fvL s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-v_ af]w txsf] k|Zg M ;Gbe{k/s jf zAb e08f/;DaGwL cy{ eGgk' g]{ s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-u_ ;Lk txsf] k|Zg M ;'g]sf] s/' f l;nl;nf ldnfO{ ;ª\If]kdf eGgk' g]{ jf sfn kIf, efj, jfSou7g cflb dWo]af6 s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-3_ k|of]u txsf] k|Zg M s'g} k|of]hgk/s If]qsf] zAb, 6'Ssf, pvfgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{'kg]{ dWo] sg' } Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]
-ª_ ljZn]if0f txsf] k|Zg M ;'gfOPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] pkoQ' m zLif{s, lgisif{, ;Gb]z, lzIff cflbdWo] s'g} Pp6f k|Zg ;f]Wg]

gdg' f kZ| gkq

ljifo M g]kfnL k0" ff{ª\s M &%

sIff M !) ;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6 pQL0ff{ª\s M #)

!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M @

;d"x …sÚ ;dx" …vÚ

j|mf]wL lhTg g;lsg]
dfg; hfGg] OR5f
ch]o ljsf/ gxg' ]
pTs07f l/;fxf
x[bo

l/; gp7\g] dflg;

@= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fgL tnsf vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M @
s_ cg]sfyL{ zAb ====================== xf] . -sn' , dfnf, /fn_

v_ cfsfzsf] kof{ojfrL zAb ================ xf] . -O{z, ;fu/, ;u/_
u_ vf]qmf]sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb =============== xf] . -yf]t], gff], vFlbnf]_

3_ ======= >l' t;dleGgfy{s zAb x'g\ . -clt–cf]7, ufp“–7fp“,sf]6–sf]t_

#= cy{ :ki6 x'g] jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ M @

lgjt{dfg, 3}F6fdf 3fd nfUg'

$= -s_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'4 kf/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @

dfG5] pvfg u/5g\ hxf hfg nfu] kgL e"8L ;u;Fu} hfG5 .

-v_ tnsf zAbdWo] z'4 zAb lrg]/ n]Vg'xf];\ M !

s_ c= afok' ª\lv cf= afo"k+vL O= jfok' ª\vL O{= afok" +lv

v_ c= ;dli6 cf= zd:6L O= ifd:6L O{= ;dlZ6

%= /]vfª\lst zAbsf] zAbju{ klxrfg ug'{xf];\ M #

wt\ † ca t d slxNo} Totflt/ hfGgF .

^= -s_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 pk;u{ nfu]/ ag]sf bO' { cf]6f / k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf b'O{ cf]6f zAb
klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @

anjfg\, rl/qjfg\ / u0' fjfg\ dflg; ;dfhsf] cfbz{ xf] . To:tf] dflg; cToGt k/f]ksf/L
klg xG' 5 . x/]s JolQmn] To:tf dflg;x¿sf] cgs' /0f ug]{ k|of; ug{'k5{ .

-v_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 ;df; ul/Psf] Pp6f zAb / lju|x ul/Psf] sg' } Ps cj:yf klxrfg
u/L ;d:t zAbsf] lju|x / lju|lxt cj:yfsf zAbsf] ;df; ug'{xf];\ M !

5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 233

b;}Fltxf/df cfFugsf] l8ndf ;okqL kmn" 9sdSs kmn' ]sf lyP . s:tf] crDd, nfh
gePsf ljj]sxLg dflg;n] ;a} l6k]/ kmfn]5g\ .

&= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\s]tsf ;xfotfn] jfSo k/" f ug{'xf];\ M @

s_ kf/; v]ns'bdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ . ========================== -lht\ M ;fdfGo jt{dfg_

v_ lxhf] ;fhg ahf/lt/ ====================================== . -8'n\M ck"0f{ e"t_

u_ zlgjf/ bfh' w/fg ======================================= . -ku' \ M ;Defjgfy{_

3_ s~' hg /fd|/L ====================================== . -gfr\ M OR5fy{_

*= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ tnsf jfSo kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M $

s_ w]/} /fd|f syf ;'gfOPsf lyP . -st[{jfRo_

v_ pgLx¿ xfd|f s'/f ;G' b}gy] . -s/0f_

u_ kfgL k¥of] . d ltd|f] 3/df cf]t dfUg cfP“ . -;o+ Q' m jfSo_

3_ lbg]z s/ft] l;S5 . -k|]/0ffy{s_

(= ;fdfGo eljiot\sf] k|of]u u/L tLg jfSodf cfˆgf] hLjgsf] nIosf af/]df n]Vgx' f];\ . #

!)= tnsf] cg'R5]b k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M %

k]l/;df /x“bf Snf/fsf] hLjg lgs} si6s/ eof] . pgL / pgsf k|]dL bj' } nfO{ Ifo/f]un] ;dfTof] .
b}lgs hLjg wfGg wf“}wf} eof] . o;} aLrdf aRrfx¿ hlGdP . o:tf ;a} cK7\of/fx¿sf aLrdf
klg Snf/fn] >lds / dlxnfx¿sf xs clwsf/sf af/]df sfd ug{ 5f]l8gg\ . Ifo/f]un] u|l;t
ePs} j]nf pgL hd{gL cfOg\ / Toxf“ ePsf] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs ;efdf ;fj{hlgs efif0f ul/g\ .
pkrf/ / cfTdansf sf/0f pgsf] Ifo/f]u lgsf] eof] .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ pko'{Qm cgR' 5]bdf /]vfª\lst zAbx¿sf] sf/s / ljelQm lrGgx' f];\ .
-v_ …>ldsÚ / …;fj{hlgsÚ zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ cy{ lbg] zAb n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ …Ifo/f]uÚ / …efif0fÚ zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ Snf/fsf] /f]u s;/L lgsf] eof] <

-ª_ s—s;nfO{ Ifo/f]un] ;dfTof] <

!!= tnsf] uBf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ . %

;f“3s' f] 5]pd} k'u]kl5 To;sf] cfsf/ :ki6 eof] . o:tf] ;f“3' d}n] slxNo} b]v]sf] lyOg“ .
dfl:t/ bO' { cf]6f / tnlt/ tLg cf]6f kmnfdsf clxn] r“l8Pnfg\ h:tf 8f]/Lx¿ vf]nfsf]
jfl/kfl/ af“lwPsf lyP/ ltlNt/ 8f]l/dfly kmn]sx¿ t];f]{ kf/]/ cNemfOPsf lyP . dflysf
8f]/Laf6 tf/x¿ tnsf 8f/Lx¿ ;Dd hf]lN6Psf lyP . tn a9" Luª\uf a]tf]8;“u nx/fx¿ 5b}{
/ gfRb} lkm“h}lkm“h sf9]/ cln{/x]sf] lyof] . ;ft cf7 km6' hlt t 7fp“7fp“af6 kmn]s} ufoa
lyP . 8]/L r“l8P/ dfq xf]Og, kmn]s ef“lrP/ jf plSsP/ Ps} lge]ifdf tn Rofk'n] pn{+bf]
5fndf cfkm"nfO{ hf]Tg ;SYof] . o:tf] pkqmdaf6 dfG5] lx“8\g ;S5 eGg] ;Dembf d]/f] x;+ n]

234 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

7fp“ 5f]8\of] .

k|Zgx¿
-s_ ;f“3'sf] cfsf/k|sf/ s:tf] lyof] <
-v_ a'9L uª\uf s;/L pln{/x]sf] lyof] <
-u_ ;f“3d' f 8f]/L / kmn]ssf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
-3_ n]vsf] x;+ n] lsg 7fp“ 5f]8\of] <
-ª_ …;f“3'Ú / …lgd]ifÚ zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .

!@= tnsf] uBf+zaf6 rf/ cf]6f a'“bf l6kL ;f/fz+ n]Vg'xf];\ M @±#Ö%

;anfO{ yfxf 5, aL;f}“ ztfAbLlt/sf] lj/f6 eF'8Ln] ;'/;fsf d'v agfPsf] 5 . dfG5] xg'dfgem}“
cfsfz kftfn rxf/]/ slt g} 7"nf] cfª km'nfcf];\ . eF'8Lsf] a9\9f] cfotgsf] cg'kftdf
p;sf] zlQm ;fdYo{ xfQmLsf] d'vdf lh/f x'G5 . s;nfO{ yfxf 5}g / < eF'8Ls} nflu ;d'b|
t/]sf ef/tLox¿ e'F8Ls} efu gku' L n'ª\sfaf6 nsf{O“b} 5g\ eg] e“'8Ls} lk/nf]n] h'uh'ub]lv
…a|Xdfsf] d'n'sÚ k;]sf g]kfnLx¿ eF'8Ls} ;d:ofn] adf{af6 kmsf{O“b} 5g\ .

!#= tnsf dWo] sg' } Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M $

-s_ tn lbOPsf a“'bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] syf n]vL zLif{s ;d]t lbgx' f];\ .

s'g} jgdf w]/} k/]jfx¿ a:g] u/]sf ======= jgsf] glhs} ls;fgsf] v]t ===== ;w}“ k/]jfx¿n]
v]tdf uO{ wfg vfg] ug'{ === k/]jfx¿dWo]sf] a9" f] k/]jfx¿n] hfn b]Vg'===== a"\9f] k/]jfafx]s
c¿ ;a} hfndf kg'{ ==== hfndf k/]sf k/]jfx¿n] k5'tfp“b} hfnaf6 arfpg] hl' Qm lgsfNg'
a9" f] k/]jfnfO{ cg'/f]w ug{' ==== a"9f]n] ls;fg cfP/ hfn lemSbf ltdLx¿ ;a}n] d/]h:t} ug'{
/ hfn lems]kl5 ;a} Ps;fy p8g' egL ;Nnfx lbg' === a"9fsf] ;Nnfxaf6 ;a} k/]jf af“Rg'
=== cfkme" Gbf cu|h / kl/kSn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx gdfGbf bM' v kfOg] ;Gb]z .

-v_ ljkIfLtkm{sf] v08g ub}{ …OG6/g]6 clezfk geO{ j/bfg xf]Ú eGg] ljifdf cfˆgf ts{x¿ k];
ug{'xf];\ .

!$= tnsf dWo] sg' } Ps p4/0fsf] k|;ª\u;lxt ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug'{xf];\ M $
-s_ gcfcf];\ cflQg] bM' v dflQg] wg;Dklt

oltn] /fd|/L rN5 ;f/f hLjgsf] ult ..
-v_ of] ;f/f g]kfn cfˆg} 3/ t xf] lg .

!%= tnsf sg' } b'O{ k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M @Â$Ö*

-s_ tnsf] syf+z k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

cfdfn] elgg\M afn] Psrf]l6 ePe/sf] ¿lkof“ xfg'{ePsf] lyof], cfdf;“u emu8f u/]/ sfgsf]
;'g;d]t lems]/ n}hfg'eof] . Tof] uxgf klg xfg'{eof] clg 3/df ?Gr] dv' nfP/ cfpge' of] .
d}n] ;DemfP“, ca dv' c“Wof/f] kf/]/, /f]P/ s] ug{' < xfg]{ xfl/Sof} . d}n] nIdLkh" fnfO{
;/hfd lsGg eg]/ n'sfO/fv]sf] bO' { ?lkof“ afnfO{ lbP“ . Tof] ?lkof“ lnP/ ltdLnfO{ s'ddf
/fv]/ n}hfg'eof] . k"hf ;/hfd glsgL hj' f v]Nge' P/ km]l/ ;'g lkmtf{ Nofpge' of] . pN6} krf;

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 235

?lkof“ lhTge' of] . afn] 9ª' \u x“'b}, v;' Ln] plk|mb} of] nfn ;fx|} 5s' L /x]5 . of] kl5 wGo x'G5
eGge' of] .

k|Zgx¿
-c_ afsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
-cf_ afn] s]s] xfg'{ePsf] lyof] <

-v_ tnsf] sljtfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
nf}nf] ufcf] bnbn jg}, j[If xf] p7 ;f/f .
a;]{ 3}“6f 3636 u/L :ju{ kLoi" f wf/f ..
b/\b/\ bs]{ cldt slgsf Ko"g nflug\ w/fn] .
pk|mL gfrL rn lj6k xf], kfpg] 5f} h/fn] ..

k|Zgx¿
-c_ sljn] s;s;nfO{ p7\g cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ <
-cf_ pko{'Qm sljtf+zsf] d"n efj s] xf] <

-u_ tnsf] hLjgLsf] cz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

bu' {d eu" f]n / cljsl;t If]q eP klg ¿Ot dWod juL{o Jofkfl/s 3/fgfdf hlGdPsf lyP .
pgsf aa' f ;f]gfd g]kfn ltAat aLr g'g, rfdn 3f]8f / rfª\u|fsf] Jofkf/ uy]{ . o;} j]nf
pgsf] 7"nf] 5f]/fsf] d[To' eof] . b'u{d ufp“df pkrf/ gkfP/ cfˆgf 5f]/fsf] d[To' ePkl5 aa' f
;f]gfd lgs} bM' vL eP . pgn] af“r]sf] cfˆgf] 5f]/f ;Gbs' nfO{ k9fP/ 7n" f] 8fS6/ agfpg] ;kgf
b]v] . glhsdf sxL“ st} ljBfno lyPgg\ tfklg 5f]/fnfO{ k9fpg] ;f]gfdsf] ;kgfnfO{ b'u{d
e"uf]nn] 5]Sg ;s]g . pgn] cfˆgf] ;ft nu]/ eP klg k9fpg] lgwf] u/] .

k|Zgx¿
-c_ ;f]gfd lsg lgs} b'MvL eP <
-cf_ ?Otsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <

!^= …k|TofudgÚ syfdf pkl:yt /fd'sf] :yfgdf tkfO{+ eOlbPsf] eP s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'xG' Yof] <
ts{;lxt pQ/ lbgx' f];\ . $

!&= sg' } Pssf] ljj]rgfTds pQ/ lbg'xf];\M *

-s_ …dfphª afa';fx]asf] sf]6Ú syfdf s] s:tf] dgf]lj1fgsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 < ljj]rgf
ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ …jiff{Ú sljtfdf sljn] k|s[ltsf] lrq0f s;/L u/]sf 5g\ < ljj]rgf ug{'xf];\ .

!*= tnsf dWo] sg' } Ps lzif{sdf @)) zAbdf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vgx' f];\ M *

-s_ d]/f] b]z M d]/f] uf}/j -v_ kl/>dsf] dxTj

-u_ lj1fgsf] rdTsf/

236 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

gdg' f kZ| gkq k"0ff{ª\s M &%
ljifo M g]kfnL pTtL0ff{ª\s M #)
sIff M !) ;do M @ 306f !% ldg]6

!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf aLrdf hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M @

;d"x …sÚ ;dx" …vÚ
cgT' kfbs hfg jf k'Ug sl7g xg' ]
ljs6 hfFu/

lxdz[ª\vnf pTkfbg gxg' ]
:kl" t{ kv]6f ePsf]
g5'l§Psf]

lxdfno kj{tsf kª\lQm

@= sf]i7saf6 ldNg] zAb 5fgL tnsf vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf];\ M @

s_ …df;Ú zAbsf] cg]sfyL{ zAb ========= xf]Og . -/Iff, dlxgf, bfn ljz]if_

v_ …:y"nÚ sf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb ========= xf] . -hª\uL, ;"Id, lgTo_
u_ …;f]vÚ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb ======= xf] . -;'v, bM' v, si6_

3_ ========== >l' t;dleGgfyL{ zAb xg' \ . -dfg–efg, rf8–5f8, lt/–tL/_

#= cy{ :ki6 xg' ] jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ M @

$= -s_ tnsf zAbdWo] zb' \w zAb lrg]/ n]Vg'xf];\ M !

s_ c= jftfa/g cf= jftfj/0f O= aftfj/g O{= jftfa/0f

v_ c= ljljwtf cf= jLljwtf O= laljwtf O{= jLljwtf

-v_ tnsf] jfSonfO{ z'b\w kf/L n]Vgx' f];\ M @

/ftsf] t];/f] k/x/ jLt]sf] x'bf] xf], laeLif0f p7]/ ;f}r ug{ uP .

%= /]vfª\lst zAbsf] zAbju{ klxrfg ug{'xf];\ M #

k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] ;DkGg xfd|f] b]zdf ljsf;sf w]/} ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ .

^= -s_ tnsf] cgR' 5b] af6 pk;u{ nfu/] ag]sf bO' { cf]6f / kT| oo nfu]/ ags] f bO' { cf6] f zAb
klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M @

xfd|f] b]zsf o'jfx¿ >lds ag]/ ljb]z hfg kfP t s]s] g xf]nf eg]/ s'lb/x]sf 5g\ .
ljb]zL e"ldsf cfÇgf] cd"No kl;gf aufP/ cToGt kl/>d ug{k' /]kl5 aNn pgLx¿n]
ToxfFsf] jf:tljQmf a'ˆg] 5g\ ljb]zsf] dfgf]eGbf :jb]zsf] d7' L g} Kof/f] 7fGg g;s];Dd
o:t} xf] .

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 237

-v_ tnsf] cg'R5]baf6 ;df; ul/Psf] Pp6f zAb / lju|x ul/Psf] s'g} Ps cj:yf klxrfg
u/L ;d:t zAbsf] lju|x / lju|lxt cj:yfsf zAbsf] ;df; ug{'xf];\ M !

xfd|f] ;dfhsf] h]7f] af7f] dflg; eg]sf] g} pxfF x'g'x'GYof] . lqj]0fLdf nu]/ pxfFsf]
bfx;+:sf/ u/L ufpFlt/ kmls{Fbf t xfdL ;a}n] cfˆgf cleefjs g} ud' fPsf] dx;';
u¥of}F .

&= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\s]tsf ;xfotfn] jfSo k"/f ug'{xf];\ M @

s_ ;ª\uLt nfld5fg] kf]v/f ========================================== . -hf M k0" f{ jt{dfg_
v_ ;a} ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ ================================================ . -x'M ;fdfGo eljiot\_
u_ ltdL / d ;“u} sfd ================================================ . -u/\M OR5fy{_
3_ ltdLx¿ ldn]/ :s'n ================================================ . -hf M cf1fy{_

*= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]{zgcg;' f/ tnsf jfSo kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ M $

s_ af6fdf ;Gtf]if / dgf]h e]l6Psf lyP . -st[{jfRo_
v_ lbk]z ;w}F df]afOn dfq} rnfpF5g\ . -k|]/0ffy{s_
u_ 3fd nfUof] . sk8f l5§} ;'Sg] eP . -jfSo ljZn]if0f_
3_ ufO{ / e}F;L rf}/df rl//x]sf 5g\ . -kl' nª\u_

(= k0" f{ jt{dfgsf lj|mofx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ cfkm" n] u/]sf] sg' } Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ sfo{sf] aofg
ug{'xf];\ . $

!)= tnsf] cgR' 5]b k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M %

u?' lbgsf] cledfgnfO{ rf]6 k¥of] …slt slt xfdLeGbf xfdL sf]6, KofG6, nu' f oxL xftn]
O:qL u/]F, agfPF, of] hfaf] yf]qf] sf]6df dnfO{ l;sfpg] <Ú t/ afa;' fx]asf cufl8 p;n] s]xL
klg eg]g .

k|Zgx¿M

s_ …nfO{Ú s'g ljelQ / …xftÚ sg' sf/s xf] <
v_ pko'{Qm cgR' 5]bsf] klxnf] jfSo s'g sfn jf kIfsf] xf] <
u_ …bfdLÚ / …cledfgÚ zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{x' f];\ .
3_ u/' lbgn] s] s:tf n'ufdf O:qL u/]sf] lyof] <
ª_ …yf]qf]Ú / …t/Ú sf] zAbju{ s] xf] <

!!= tnsf] uBfz+ k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ . %

;dfh ultzLn 5 . ljZj kl/jt{gzLn 5 . x/]s JolQm ;g' f}nf] eljiosf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf] xG' 5 .
zf]if0f, cTofrf/ / lje]b gxf];\ eGg] rfxgf clwsfz+ dflg;sf] xG' 5 t/ klg ;dfhdf ;f] l:ylt
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ul/aL, cefj, clzIff / ef]sd/Ln] cfh klg 7n" f] hg;ª\Vof kLl8t 5 .
b]zleq pknAw ;fwg ;|f]tx¿sf] Gofok0" f{ ljt/0f / ;Defjgfx¿sf] plrt k|of]u ug{ ;s]df s]xL
xb;Dd eP klg ul/aL, clzIff / cefjaf6 dflg;x¿n] d'lQm kfpF5g\ . o;af6 dflg;n] aGwg

238 5l/tf] gk] fnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)

/ bf;Qfd'Qm ;;+ f/df :jtGqtfk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . b]zsf] cflbjf;L
;d'bfosf] clwsf/nfO{ ;/+ If0f u/L ;f]sf nflu nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{' /fHosf] st{Jo
xf] . eljiosf s0f{wf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;l' glZrt eljiosf nflu pgLx¿sf]
clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{' /fHo tyf xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . cfÇgf gful/sx¿sf] sNof0fsf nflu
/fHon] u}/ ;/sf/L ;ª\3–;:+ yf tyf gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;dGjo u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
ug{'kb{5 .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ JolQm s]sf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf] xG' 5 <
-v_ xfd|f] b]zsf] 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof s'g sf/0fn] kLl8t 5 <
-u_ /fHosf] st{Jo s] xf] <
-3_ s] ug{ ;s]df dflg;x¿n] ul/aL, clzIff, cefjaf6 d'lQm kfpF5g\ .
-ª_ …zf]if0fÚ / …cTofrf/Ú zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
!@= tnsf] cgR' 5]baf6 rf/ j6f aF'bf l6kL ;f/f+z n]Vgx' f];\ . @±#Ö%

afNosfndf ;Gbs' lgs} r~rn] :jefjsf lyP . t/ ToxfFsf] a;fOn] pgsf] hLjg ;ª\3if{zLn
aGg k'Uof] . pgL hGd]b]lv slxNo} nfdf] ofqfdf lgl:sPsf lyPgg\ . To;}n] 3/af6 w]/} 6f9f
cfkmGtx¿ sf]xL gePsf] 7fpFdf a:g'kbf{ pgnfO{ lgs} g/dfOnf] nfUof] . pgn] cg]s kL8f
/ cefjsf] /fdgf klg ug'{k¥of] . ToxfF a:bf ;+;f/df cfkm" PSnf] ePsf] / cfkmGt hlt ;a}
;lsPsf xg' \ ls h;tf] dx;;' u/] . jif{df bO' {kN6 kGw|kGw| lbgsf nflu ljBfnodf labf
t xG' Yof] t/ 3/df cfpg kGw| ;f]x| lbg nfUg] xg' fn] rf/kfFr jif{;Dd pgsf] 3/kl/jf/;Fu
;Dks{ x'g ;s]g .

!#= tnsf s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M $
s_ tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f syf n]Vg'xf];\ .

s'g} ufpFdf Pp6f bfp/] ========== bfp/f sf6]/ hLljsf rnfpg] ======= Ps lbg bfp/f sf6\bfsf6\b}
crfgs aGr/f] kf]v/Ldf v;]/ x/fpg' ======== lrlGtt bfp/] kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf a;]/ ?g' ======
kf]v/Laf6 hnb]jtf k|s6 eP/ ?gfsf] sf/0f ;f]Wg' ========= bfp/]n] cfÇgf] aGr/f] NofO{
bfp/]nfO{ lbg vf]Hg' ======= Tof]aGr/f] cfÇgf] gePsfn] bfp/]n] lng c:jLsf/ ug'{ =========
bf];|f]kN6 hnb]jtfn] rfFbLsf] jGr/f] b]vfpFbf bfp/] v;' L eP/ ToxL aGr/f] lng' =======
bfp/]b]lv k|;Gg ePsf hnb]jtfn] p;nfO{ tLgj6f aGr/f lbg' ========= Odfgbf/ JolQmnfO{
O{Zj/n] klg ;xof]u u5{g\ eGg] ;Gb]z .

v_ dgsfdgf vfBf:6f]/ uf]/vfn] jL/u~h vfBfe08f/, jL/u~hnfO{ cfjuZos kg]{
vfB;fdu|L oyfzL3| k7fOlbg' eGg] Joxf]/fsf] Pp6f lr7L tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

!$= s'g} Pssf] ;k|;ª\u JofVof ug'{xf];\ M $
s_ …kvL{ af Psk6s efph"nfO{ lnP/ tLgwfd uP/ cfpF clg 5'l§Pnf;\ .Ú
v_ 5g\ cfFvf b'O6f xfd|f x]g]'k5{ bj' {lt/
sfg 5g\ b'O6} xfd|f ;G' gk' 5{ bj' }lt/ .

!%= tnsfdWo] sg' } b'O{sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M @Â$˜*

5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !) 239

s_ tnsf] lgaGwf;+ k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
;a}nfO{ yfx} 5, e'F8L :jod\ k/d]Zj/L ePsfn] k|To]s k|f0fLdf pgsf] cz+ gePsf] x'Fb}g .
csf]{ zAbdf k|To]s JolQm eF'8Lsf] cjtf/ xf] . pml;t ;fgf] xf];\ of 7"nf] xf];\ Pp6f e'F8L x'G5
.To;}n] dfG5] pvfg u5{g\ hxfF hfg nfu] klg eF'8L ;Fu;Fu} hfG5 . geGb} uf];fOFyfg hfg] ofq'
xg' \ jf cGtl/Ifsf ofq' x'g ;a}n] ;aeGbf klxn] e'F8Lsf] hf]xf] ug]{k5{ . sf]xL /fi6«;ª\3Lo
sfddf nfu]sf] xf]; jf sf]xL dn ;f]xf]g{ nfu]sf] xf];\ . d'Vot M ;a}nfO{ e'F8Lk"hfn] g} k|]l/t
ul//x]sf] x'G5 .

k|Zgx¿ M
c_ …k|To]s JolQm e'F8Lsf] cjtf/ xf]Ú eg]/ lsg elgPsf] xf] <

cf_ ;a}n] e'F8Lkh" fsf] hf]xf] ug{'k5{ <

v_ tns]f sljtf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

cfzª\sfn] e'/e'/ u'F8} ;lDemFbf kª\v gfgf

hfcf] aRrfx¿ gt/;"g\ ulh{Fbf :ju{ 5fgf .

na{/\ ubf{ sz' nsldnf nf} u/] x} xtf/
t];} cf]nL{ lr/ rsFl/Fbf] rLn † xf]nf ca]/ ..
k|Zgx¿ M
c_ sljn] slt j]nf aRrfx¿ gt;{"g\ eg]sf 5g\=<
cf_ pko'{Q sljtfz+ sf] dn" cfzo s] xf] <

u_ tnsf] syfz+ k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ .

nId0fnfO{ cem} lgb|f k/]g . pgsf dgdf cfˆgf afnssfn b]lvsf PsfPs 36gfx¿ tfhf
eP/ cfP . pgn] cfˆgf bfhe' fO /fd, e/t / zq'xgl;t ;Fu}latfPsf] afNosfn ;Dem] . bfh'efO
ldn]/ n]vk9 u/]sf], jf0f xfGg l;s]sf], 3f]8f r9\g l;s]sf] clg hª\un hª\un rxf/]sf] ;De]m .
bfh' /fdrGb|n] hgssf] b/af/df /x]sf] lzjwg' ;lhn} prfn]/ ;Ltf;Fu lax] u/]sf] ;lDemFbf
pgnfo{ cfgGb nfUof] . pgn] cfdf ;'ldqf / kTgL pld{nfnfO{ ;De]m . o;/L nId0f cfÇg} ljutsf
:d[ltdf x/fO{/x]sf lyP . 6f9f st} s'v'/f] af;]sf] ;'lgof] . nId0f h?' Ss p7]/ lgTosd{lt/ nfu] .

k|Zgx¿M

c_ nId0fnfO{ lsg lgb|f k/]sg < cf_ nId0fn] s]s] s'/f ;Dem] <

!^= Ps kfOnf] lxF8] klg cfˆg} eO' Fdf lxF8\gk' 5{ egL gf6ssf/ cfd]nfO{ egfpF5g\ s] p;f] eP
xfdLn] g]kfn aflx/ v'§} gxfNg' eGg] gf6ssf/sf] egfO xf] t < tfls{s pQ/ lbg'xf];f];\ . $

!&= s'g} Ps k|Zgsf] ljj]rgfTds pQ/ lbgx' f];\ . *

s_ cfhsf] ou' df yfª\sfsf] s] s:tf] dxŒj /x]sf] 5 < k|sfz kfg{'xf];\ .

v_ dfphª afa';fx]asf] sf]6 syfdf /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo ePsf] s/' fnfO{ s;/L k|i6 kfl/Psf]
5 < ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

!*= tnsf dWo] s'g} Ps zLif{sdf @)) zAbdf g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vgx' f];\ M *

s_ ;lxbx¿ v_ ljsf;df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf u_ d]/f] afNosfn

240 5l/tf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / cleJolQm sIff !)