NORTH AMERICA
onset of diabetes, a relatively
common illness among Afro-
Caribbeans. The medical
and religious customs on Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa,
p. 91) contains steroidal
each Caribbean island vary, saponins that have
a hormonal effect. It was
but on many they reflect used to produce early
versions of the birth-
the African traditions of control pill.
transported slaves, especially Wild yam chopped rhizome
Wild yam rhizome
of the Yoruba people Lobelia tablets
shipped from West Africa, (Lobelia inflata, p. 110)
help relax the small
who carried on the practices
muscles of the bronchial
of their homelands. In some tubes, easing asthma.
of these traditions, herbs Goldenseal (Hydrastis
canadensis, p. 105)
are valued for their magical
was prized as a cure-all
power as well as for their in the 19th century.
medicinal properties.
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum,
p. 240) for example, is A Native American medicine man performing a healing ritual
used for divination in many intended to drive out evil spirits, as depicted by the 19th-century
American cultures, including artist George Catlin.
in Santeria and Voodoo religious rituals, as are other herbs, including garlic
(Allium sativum, p. 59) and cayenne (Capsicum frutescens, p. 74).
Shamanism Pokeweed
(Phytolacca americana,
Moving north, Native American herbal medicine in what is now the
United States was and is primarily shamanistic in nature, involving herbal p. 247) was used in
lore, ritual, and magic. Shamanistic societies from Siberia to the Amazon the 19th century
believe that, in serious illness, the soul of the sick person has been taken
over by malign forces. The shaman’s role is to heal both the physical and to induce vomiting.
the spiritual dimension of the illness. The patient cannot be truly cured Skullcap (Scutellaria
until his or her soul has been freed from evil spirits. Shamanistic ceremonies lateriflora, p. 135) is an
and rites to heal the sick person’s spirit include dancing, chanting, drumming,
playing games, and the stirring of ashes or sprinkling of water. By taking effective relaxant.
hallucinogens such as peyote (Lophophora williamsii, p. 230), the shaman is Cramp bark
able to reach out to the spirit world and heal both the individual and the
community as a whole. (Viburnum opulus, p. 150)
is a sedative and muscle
Power of Herbs
relaxant, hence its
In all Native American cultures from Canada to Chile, herbs are thought common name.
to have spiritual energy, and many of them are invested with great magical Pleurisy root
power. The Iroquois believe that cardinal lobelia (Lobelia cardinalis, see
L. inflata, p. 110) and morning glory (Ipomoea pandurata) have the ability (Asclepias tuberosa,
to heal or harm, and should be picked, stored, and used with great care. p. 173) was a popular
Morning glory is considered so powerful that even touching it could cause
harm. The Iroquois use the plant as a remedy for coughs, tuberculosis, and Native American
other ailments, and also take it as a decoction with sunflower seeds remedy for fever.
(Helianthus annuus) as a sacrament in spring and autumn rituals.
49
Tobacco, now considered an addictive drug, was a sacred shamanistic
herb for most Native American peoples. It was smoked in pipes and
“thrown into fires as an offering, cast into the wind and water to abate
storms, scattered about a fish weir to improve the catch, and offered to
the air in thanksgiving for escape from danger,” according to Virgil Vogel’s
American Indian Medicine (1970).
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Witch hazel the development of herbal medicine
(Hamamelis
virginiana, p. 102) European Settlers
is excellent for
skin conditions. The first European settlers in North America, arriving in the early 17th
Witch hazel leaf century, tended to dismiss Native American medical practices as nothing
Witch hazel bark more than primitive savagery. The settlers relied largely on imported
herbal medicines, or on European plants hardy enough to grow in eastern
Avocado leaf North America.
Avocado bark
Avocado (Persea As time went by, however, the settlers’ increased contact with indigenous
americana, p. 121) peoples in the frontier regions fostered a healthy respect for their healing
is an important skills. Sometimes settlers adopted not just the plants but the harvesting and
medicinal plant therapeutic methods as well. Joseph Doddridge, in Notes on the Settlement
in Guatemala, and Indian Wars (1876), relates that butternut bark (Juglans cinerea, p. 224)
where all the parts was peeled downward if it was to be used as a purgative (acting
are used as remedies. “downward” by purging the bowels), and upward for use as an emetic
Avocado fruit (acting “upward” by provoking vomiting).
Slippery elm
(Ulmus rubra, p. 145) The types of healing regimens practiced by Native Americans
is a Native American eventually gained widespread popularity. Toward the end of the 18th
remedy for boils century, Samuel Thomson (1769–1843) developed a simple therapeutic
and wounds. regimen based on Native American herbal practice. Thomson never
California poppy acknowledged the debt, but it is clearly evident—from the use of emetics,
(Eschscholzia californica, purgatives, and stimulants, to the central role of sweating and vapor baths
p. 207) is a gentle, (based in part on Native American sweat lodges), to the deep knowledge
effective sedative of American medicinal plants. Thomson considered that “all disease is
that is often used caused by cold” and his system worked well for those with a robust health
to encourage sleep. struck down by infection or injury. The two main herbs in his system—
cayenne, a stimulating herb, and lobelia, an emetic, relaxant, and
stimulant—act to raise body temperature and dilate the blood vessels.
Taking these plants helps to increase resistance to infection and speeds the
healing of wounds.
Eclecticism & Its Influence
The fertile marriage between Native American and Western herbal
medicine led to the establishment of more sophisticated herbal systems,
such as Eclecticism, founded by Dr. Wooster Beech (1794–1868) in the
1830s. Beech studied both herbal and conventional medicine and tried
to combine the new scientific knowledge of
physiology and pathology with the best of the
herbal tradition. Beech rejected Thomson’s
theories as being overly simplistic, and aimed
to use the lowest dosages possible to achieve
good results. His approach was so successful
that at Eclecticism’s height in 1909, over
8,000 members were in practice, all
with recognized medical qualifications.
Another significant medical movement,
inspired by Thomson’s regimen and
influenced by the Eclectics, was
Physiomedicalism. Using many
herbs, these practitioners sought
Blue cohosh 50 Samuel Thomson, who inspired
(Caulophyllum the 19th-century Physiomedicalists,
thalictroides, advocated Native American remedies.
p. 185) stimulates
the uterus.
NORTH AMERICA
to harmonize “the organic
tissues with the vital force,” with
the aim of restoring equilibrium Damiana (Turnera
diffusa, p. 144)
within the body. Believing the
eases depression.
stomach was the source of
Cayenne (Capsicum
disease, Physiomedicalists used frutescens, p. 74) is
a potent warming
herbs that induced vomiting,
herb that stimulates
such as pokeweed (Phytolacca circulation
americana, p. 247), to cleanse and digestion.
Evening primrose
the organ. Other herbs, such (Oenothera biennis,
Wild yam is found growing in Mexico. Its rhizome relaxes as echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 241) yields a
smooth muscle and it is used as an antispasmodic. seed oil containing
p. 92), now recognized as an essential fatty acids
effective immune modulator, that help maintain
and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, p. 105), a tonic and anti-inflammatory, healthy tissues.
Black cohosh
were then prescribed to aid recovery. (Cimicifuga racemosa,
p. 79) was used by
The second half of the 19th century was an extraordinary time for Native Americans to
treat rheumatism.
American natural medicine. In addition to engendering osteopathy and
Helonias
chiropractic at the turn of the century, it also reinvigorated herbal (Chamaelirium luteum,
p. 186) was chewed by
medicine in Britain to such a degree that Physiomedicalism became an Native American women
to prevent miscarriage.
Anglo-American herbal tradition. To this day, British herbalists still use
51
a far wider variety of North American medicinal herbs than do their
European counterparts.
North American Herbal Medicine Today
In the U.S., herbal medicine went into steep decline after 1907 because
of the government’s decision to limit financial support for herbal medical
training at conventional medical schools. Since that time, herbal medicine
in both the U.S. and Canada has existed mostly on the fringes of
conventional health care. In some U.S. states, it is illegal to practice herbal
medicine without medical qualifications, but courses in herbalism are not
offered at medical schools.
With the passing of liberal legislation in 1994, use of herbal medicine
in the U.S. exploded and sales of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum,
p. 106)—the most extreme example—are thought to have increased
by 3,900 percent between 1995 and 1997. Such growth could not be
sustained, and led to lower-quality herbal products being sold over the
counter. The American Botanical Council has been at the forefront of the
campaign to raise quality standards of herbal medicines, and many bona
fide herbal manufacturers have signed up to their Botanical Adulterants
program. At the same time, greater resources are being put into
researching herbal medicines, for example through the U.S. National Center
for Complementary and Integrative Health, which
has so far funded over 15 clinical trials into herbs
such as garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59) and saw
palmetto (Serenoa repens, p. 136).
Over the past 20 years, North Americans have
become increasingly savvy about herbal medicines
and their role in maintaining well-being and
treating ill health. Best-selling herbs include
turmeric (Curcuma longa, p. 90) and
elderberry (Sambucus nigra, p. 132), and
their use fits well with the American
tradition of self-reliance. Turmeric
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Cinchona (Cinchona THE DEVELOPMENT OF HERBAL MEDICINE
spp., p. 80) contains
quinine, which South America
is a powerful
antimalarial. Herbal medicine is a part of the struggle for survival
for the indigenous peoples of South America, as they
seek to protect their culture and natural habitats. As
the great rainforests disappear we are losing thousands of plant
species, some of which may have had great medicinal value.
Nasturtium Herbal medicine in South America conjures up images of shamanistic
(Tropaeolum majus, rituals and a collection of thousands of as yet unclassified plants under
p. 278) is a traditional the thick canopy of the rainforest. But these are only two facets of the
Andean remedy for continent’s herbal tradition—those of the Amazon and Orinoco regions.
wounds and chest Distinctly different plants and practices are found in other areas, for
infections. It is example on the Bolivian Andes plateau, on the humid plains of Paraguay,
strongly antibiotic. and in cities such as Rio de Janeiro.
Arrowroot Wealth of Native Plants
(Maranta
arundinacea, Ever since the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century, European
p. 233) is used to writers have remarked on the huge variety of plant medicines used by
treat diarrhea and native peoples. The most important of these was cinchona (Cinchona
skin conditions, and spp., p. 80), a traditional Andean fever remedy, which the Spaniards first
to heal wounds. discovered around 1630. Quinine, produced from this plant, became the
most effective treatment for malaria for nearly 300 years and is still widely
Lemon verbena used as a tonic, bitter, and muscle relaxant. Other important plants
(Lippia citriodora, originating in South America include the potato (Solanum tuberosum,
p. 228) has sedative p. 271), which was cultivated in over 60 different varieties by the Inca. Its
qualities and is taken uses are wide-ranging, but it is particularly effective as a poultice for skin
as a calming infusion. conditions. Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha, p. 186)—now commonly found
Fresh lemon in over-the-counter cough preparations—was taken by Brazilian native
verbena leaves peoples to treat amebic dysentery. Maté (Ilex paraguariensis, p. 222), which
grows in southern regions of the continent, makes a stimulating beverage
Dried lemon that is prepared and drunk like tea. Maté has become so popular it is now
verbena leaves cultivated in Spain and Portugal as well as in South America.
Boldo Since the 1950s, specialist ethnobotanists have lived within native
(Peumus communities, particularly in the Amazon region, where most tribes have
boldo, p. 246) a highly developed herbal lore. Their work has resulted in a wealth of
is a liver tonic. knowledge about Amazonian species. Pareira (Chondrodendron tomentosum,
Fresh boldo p. 189), a climbing vine of the rainforest, for example, yields the poison
leaves
Dried curare used in hunting, and is taken medicinally to treat water
boldo leaves retention, bruising, and insanity. Sadly, however, the herbal
medicine of many indigenous groups is now under threat as the
rainforests, and their culture, disappear.
Mind-altering Remedies
Notorious in the West as the source of cocaine,
coca (Erythroxylum coca, p. 206) is an important
medicine in South America for nausea and
vomiting, toothache, and asthma. It is also
completely interwoven into the culture of
indigenous Amazonian and Andean peoples
and serves as a precise example of the unique
South AmericA
Pau d’arco (Tabebuia
spp., p. 139) is used as
an anticancer remedy.
It has long been
used by indigenous
Peruvian peoples
to lower fever and
reduce inflammation.
Coca harvest in Bolivia. The leaves are picked when they begin to curl. They have been used as a stimulant for
centuries by the indigenous peoples of the Andes.
relationship that traditional peoples have with the plant world. Many Pau d’arco tincture
different myths confirm coca’s sacred and ancient origins in South America, Guarana (Paullinia
and great ritual and significance is attached to the leaves, which, when mixed
with lime and chewed, reduce appetite and increase endurance. cupana, p. 245)
contains a natural
Many hallucinogenic plants are used within South American shamanistic
societies, notably ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi, p. 176). This powerful stimulant with
“medicine” enables the shaman (priest) to communicate with the spirit properties similar
world and cure the patient’s ill health. to caffeine. Roasted
and ground guarana
The European Influence seeds are now widely
used in the health
In more westernized areas of South America, herbal medicine is often
a blend of both Spanish and local traditions (as is also the case in Central food industry.
America, see p. 48). Large herb markets exist in some cities, such as La Soap bark (Quillaja
Paz and Quito, which provide an astonishing variety of indigenous and
European herbs. In Ecuadorian markets, for example, anise (Pimpinella saponaria, p. 260)
anisum, p. 248), a digestive remedy for colic and cramps that originally came is a traditional
from the Mediterranean, is sold alongside unusual native medicines such as expectorant in
arquitecta (Culcitium reflexum), a diuretic and detoxifying herb traditionally
used to treat toxicity and infections, including syphilis. Peru and Chile.
Research & New Hopes Pineapple (Ananas
comosus, p. 167) is
Research into native herbs has led to the use of certain plants in rich in vitamin C, and
conventional medicine. Brazilian investigation into pau d’arco (Tabebuia contains an enzyme
impetiginosa, p. 139) indicates significant therapeutic potential for fungal that aids digestion. The
infections, inflammation of the cervix, HIV, and cancer. While pau d’arco’s juice is employed as
effectiveness in treating cancer is controversial, it is currently prescribed
both by local doctors and in hospitals. a digestive tonic
and a diuretic.
Research into herbal medicine is expanding, with hospital-based
studies taking place in centers such as Belem in northeastern Brazil 53
and Bogotá in Colombia. Such studies are important for the world as
a whole. The locally based researchers, unlike most multinational drug
companies, are willing to develop medicines based on simple extracts,
which may ultimately prove more effective than the isolated constituents
often used in conventional drugs.
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key medicinal
plants
Of the estimated 500,000 plants on our planet, it is thought that around 10,000 are used
regularly for medicinal purposes. The index of Key Medicinal Plants features 100 of the
best-known medicinal plants in Latin name order. Many are commonly available and widely
used in different herbal traditions around the world, for example German chamomile
(Chamomilla recutita, p. 77) and ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. 155). Others, such as neem
(Azadirachta indica, p. 70), from Asia, are key herbs within their native region. A significant
proportion of these herbs have been well researched and most are excellent for home use.
Plant names uses, and shows how scientific research is sometimes
The Latin name given is the one by which the plant is most confirming the validity of the traditional use and
generally known in medical herbalism. If the plant has a sometimes uncovering completely new applications for
Latin synonym, this is provided. The first part of the Latin the herb. Note See Glossary p. 321 for unfamiliar terms.
name designates the plant’s genus (sub-family). The second
part specifies the species name. In brackets after the Latin PaRts used
name(s) comes the plant’s family name, the broader class Illustrates the parts of the plant used medicinally.
to which the genus belongs. The plant’s common name(s)
are beneath the family name. If more than one common Key PRePaRations & tHeiR uses
name is in popular use, they are listed in order of Features key preparations with details of how they are
importance. Where appropriate, the origins of common taken or applied. Gives cautions about using the herb as a
names are given in brackets. medicine and about the plant in general. States if the plant,
its constituents, or its extracts are legally restricted.
Habitat & Cultivation Note: A self-help use is provided for many preparations.
Gives information on where the plant is indigenous, its Before attempting any self-help use, it is essential to read
current distribution, how it is cultivated and harvested, the cautions and the information on pp. 290 & 298–299.
and any preferred growing conditions.
Cautions
Related sPeCies Gives cautions about using the herb medicinally and about
Provides cross-references and information on related the plant in general. States if the plant, its constituents, or
species that are used medicinally or are well known. its extracts are legally restricted.
Key Constituents & Key aCtions QConsidered safe as a medicine but potentially harmful
Lists the key active constituents and the key medicinal if used inappropriately. Particular safety issues are listed.
actions of the plant on the body in order of importance. Where a plant is listed as “Take only under professional
Note For more information on plant constituents and supervision,” it is not suitable for home use.
their actions, see pp. 10–16.
RKnown to be toxic or unsafe as a medicine. Do not self-
ReseaRCH medicate with these plants. Some plants with this symbol
Provides details of scientific research conducted into may be safely prescribed by experienced healthcare
the plant, its constituents, and its extracts, including practitioners within a very narrow dosage range. At a
results of any clinical trials. If appropriate, includes herbal higher dose, such plants will be poisonous.
practitioners’ observations of the plant’s known actions
and potential new medicinal uses for the herb. self-HelP uses
Cross-refers to self-help treatments in Remedies for
tRaditional & CuRRent uses Common Ailments. Note: Always read the cautions in Key
Reveals how the plant was used medicinally in the past Preparations & Their Uses and the information on pp. 290
and how it is used today in different herbal traditions. & 298–299 before using any herb.
Examines differences between traditional and current
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AchilleA millefolium
key medicinal plants Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) Yarrow
A creeping perennial,
Yarrow, Milfoil growing to 3 ft (1 m),
with white flower
Yarrow is a native European plant, with a long history Parts Used heads and finely
as a wound healer. In classical times, it was known as divided leaves.
herba militaris, being used to staunch war wounds. It has
long been taken as a strengthening bitter tonic, and all Aerial parts contain
kinds of bitter drinks have been made from it. Yarrow flavonoids, which are
helps recovery from colds and flu and is beneficial for thought to give yarrow its
hay fever. It is also helpful for menstrual problems and antispasmodic properties.
circulatory disorders.
Flowers contain
volatile oil
■ Stops internal bleeding Fresh aerial
■ Promotes menstruation parts
■ Anti-inflammatory
Yarrow was once known as “nosebleed” Research Dried aerial parts Fresh leaves
because its leaves were used to
staunch blood. Despite its many uses and similarity Key Preparations & Their Uses
to German chamomile (Chamomilla
Habitat & Cultivation recutita, p. 77), yarrow has been QCautions May cause allergic reaction in rare cases. Use the essential
poorly researched. The herb and its oil only under professional supervision. Do not take during pregnancy.
Native to Europe and western Asia, volatile oil have been shown to be
yarrow can be found growing wild anti-inflammatory; the azulenes are
in temperate regions throughout the also antiallergenic. The sesquiterpene
world, in meadows and along lactones are bitter and have
roadsides. The herb spreads via its antitumor activity. Achilleine and the
roots, and the aerial parts are picked flavonoids help arrest internal and
in summer when in flower. external bleeding; the flavonoids
may be responsible for yarrow’s
antispasmodic action. Laboratory
studies indicate that yarrow dilates
blood vessels, thereby lowering
blood pressure. It works, in part,
like conventional medicines known as
ACE inhibitors, which are commonly
prescribed for high blood pressure.
Key Constituents Traditional & Peppermint
Current Uses Elderflower
■ Volatile oil with variable
content (linalool, camphor, ■ Healing wounds Achilles
sabinene, azulene) reputedly used yarrow to heal wounds, Remedy For colds, mix equal
■ Sesquiterpene lactones hence its botanical name. It has been Yarrow parts of yarrow, peppermint,
■ Flavonoids used for this purpose for centuries, and and elderflower. Infuse 1 tsp
■ Alkaloids (achilleine) in Scotland a traditional wound with 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) water
■ Triterpenes ointment was made from yarrow. for 10 minutes (see p. 291).
Take 3 times a day.
■ Gynecological herb Yarrow
■ Phytosterols
■ Tannins helps regulate the menstrual cycle, Tincture (to make, p. 292). Essential oil extracted
reduces heavy menstrual bleeding, For indigestion, take from the flowers is
Key Actions and eases period pain. 20 drops 3 times a day. used by herbalists
■ Other uses Combined with to treat congestion.
■ Antispasmodic
■ Astringent other herbs, yarrow helps colds and Poultice (to make, p. 295). Apply to grazes, cuts, and bruises.
■ Bitter tonic flu. Its bitter tonic properties make it
■ Increases sweating useful for weak digestion and colic.
■ Lowers blood pressure It also helps hay fever, lowers high Self-help Uses ■ Digestive infections, p. 305.
■ Reduces fever blood pressure, improves venous ■ Cleansing wounds, p. 304. ■ Fever, p. 311.
56 ■ Mild diuretic and urinary antiseptic circulation, and tones varicose veins. ■ Colds & flu, p. 311. ■ Varicose veins, p. 302.
Acorus cAlAmus
Acorus calamus (Araceae) Key Actions Sweet flag key medicinal plants
An herbaceous, aquatic
Sweet Flag, Calamus, Bacc (Hindi) ■ Carminative reedlike plant with tall,
■ Relieves muscle spasm sword-shaped leaves.
Sweet flag has a long-standing reputation as a tonic ■ Antioxidant It grows to 3 ft (1 m).
and stimulant. An important herb in Ayurvedic ■ Anti-inflammatory
medicine, it is also widely used in Europe and the U.S. ■ Tonic stimulant, bitter herb for the appetite
The rhizome is a valuable remedy for digestion, (if not for the appetites) and as
and is a tonic for the nervous system. It stimulates the Research an aid to digestion. In North
appetite and soothes digestion, relieving gas and calming America, the decoction was used for
indigestion and colic. Sweet flag has a strongly aromatic, ■ Beta-asarone Research attention fevers, stomach cramps, and colic; the
bitter taste. has focused on the constituent beta- rhizome was chewed for toothache,
asarone in the volatile oil, which has and powdered rhizome was inhaled
Sweet flag is an aquatic plant, similar in in marshy places. Propagation is carried a carcinogenic action when isolated. for congestion.
appearance to the iris. It has yellow flowers out in autumn or early spring by The American variety of sweet ■ Ayurvedic medicine Sweet
in summer. dividing the clumps of rhizomes and flag (A. calamus var. americanus), flag is an important herb in
replanting them in shallow water. The commonly available in Europe, does Ayurvedic medicine, and is valued
Habitat & Cultivation rhizomes are harvested as needed. not contain beta-asarone, and only as a “rejuvenator” for the brain and
preparations made from this should nervous system, and as a remedy
Sweet flag, believed to originate from Related Species be used. for digestive disorders.
India, now grows in many parts of the ■ Whole herb In India, sweet ■ Western herbalism In Western
world. It prefers wet soil and is found A. gramineus (shi chang pu) is a flag powder has been taken for herbal medicine, the herb is chiefly
in ditches, beside lakes and rivers, and Chinese herb and a close relative thousands of years with no reports used for digestive problems such
that is used medicinally for much of cancer arising from its use. as bloating, gas, colic, and poor
the same range of conditions as This suggests that use of the digestive function. Sweet flag,
A. calamus. whole herb may be safe, but particularly A. calamus var.
more research is needed. americanus, which is the most
Key Constituents effective antispasmodic, relieves
Traditional & spasm of the intestines. It helps
■ Volatile oil—sesquiterpenes Current Uses uncomfortable and distended
(A. calamus var. americanus stomachs, and headaches associated
only); asarone (except ■ Early uses Sweet flag has been with weak digestion. Small amounts
A. calamus var. americanus) regarded as an aphrodisiac in India are thought to reduce stomach
and Egypt for at least 2,500 years. acidity, while larger doses increase
■ Saponins In Europe, it was valued as a deficient acid production—a good
■ Bitter principle (acorin) example of how different doses
■ Mucilage of the same herb can produce
different results.
Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses
Rhizomes grow to about 11⁄4 in (3 cm) RCautions Take only under professional supervision. Do not
thick. They are harvested as needed. take for more than 1 month. Restricted in some countries.
Dried rhizome Decoction is given to relieve Tincture is prescribed
indigestion and gas and to by herbalists and doctors
Rhizomes have increase appetite.
an aromatic, for digestive ailments.
spicy fragrance
Fresh rhizome Powder is taken
as a tonic in
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57
key medicinal plants Aesculus hippocAstAnum Horse chestnut
A deciduous tree with
Aesculus hippocastanum (Sapindaceae) divided leaves, white
and pink flowers, and
Horse Chestnut spiny green fruit. It
grows to 80 ft (25 m).
Extracts of horse chestnut seed—the shiny brown Parts Used
“conkers” collected by British children in autumn—have
a scientifically established ability to relieve the symptoms Leaves can be used to make a lotion
of varicose veins, and promote their repair. Taken by for varicose veins and hemorrhoids.
mouth, or applied as a lotion, horse chestnut will help
to tighten up the tissues and reduce the pain and
swelling of varicose veins. It is also useful in helping
to reduce fluid retention.
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Antioxidant
■ Reduces fluid retention
Research Fresh
leaves
■ Clinical trials Numerous trials
have confirmed horse chestnut’s value
as a medicine in venous problems
such as varicose veins, venous ulcers,
hemorrhoids, and frostbite. In one
Horse chestnut seeds are the main herbal London-based study, published in Seeds are an excellent
medicine for venous disorders. 1996, horsechestnut extract was remedy for varicose veins
shown to be as effective in treating and associated fluid retention.
varicose veins as compression
stockings. In Germany, horse chestnut
Habitat & Cultivation extracts and aescin are now routinely Fresh seeds Bark is much
used to treat varicose veins. more astringent
Native to mountain woods from the ■ Venous insufficiency A 2006 than the seeds.
Balkans through western Asia to review of clinical trials by the
the Himalayas, horse chestnut is now Cochrane Database assessed the use Key Preparations & Their Uses
cultivated as an ornamental and shade of horse chestnut extract for chronic
tree in temperate regions around venous insufficiency—a condition Cautions Best taken with professional advice. Horse chestnut can cause gastro-
the world, especially in northern and that includes leg swelling and spider intestinal upset at normal dosage (discontinue if symptoms develop) and is toxic at
western Europe. It is propagated and varicose veins. The review con- excess dosage. Not suitable for children. Do not apply to broken or ulcerated skin.
from seed in autumn or spring. Leaves cluded that horse chestnut extract May interact with blood-thinning drugs.
are harvested in summer, the bark was a safe and effective short-term
and seeds in autumn. treatment for this problem.
Related Species Traditional &
Current Uses
Do not use Ohio Buckeye (A. glabra)
as it is toxic if taken internally. ■ Circulatory system Although
Key Constituents horse chestnut has a beneficial Tablets may have a higher aescin Lotion (to make, p. 296). Apply
effect on the heart and arteries, it content than other preparations. twice daily to varicose veins.
■ Triterpenoid saponins, including is primarily a remedy for the veins.
about 5% aescin, a complex
mixture of glycosides It helps improve the tone of the Capsules are convenient for long-term use.
■ Polysaccharides (about 50%) vein walls, which when slack or
■ Coumarins, including aesculin distended result in varicose veins, chestnut is taken internally for leg been used as a topical application
■ Flavonoids piles, and similar problems. It also ulcers, varicose veins, piles, and for rheumatism.
■ Tannins, including proanthocyanidins reduces edema (fluid retention) frostbite, and applied locally as a ■ Chest remedy Horse chestnut
■ Fixed oil (2–3%) caused by fluid leaking from lotion, gel, or ointment. A decoction makes a serviceable chest remedy and
Key Actions distended veins, and increases the of the bark or leaf can be used as an in Turkey has been used to treat chest
permeability of the capillaries, astringent lotion for varicose veins. complaints in horses. In the U.S. a
■ Venous tonic allowing excess fluid to drain back ■ Rheumatism In France, an oil decoction of the leaves has been
58 ■ Astringent into the circulatory system. Horse extracted from the seeds has considered useful for whooping cough.
Allium sAtivum
Allium sativum (Liliaceae) Garlic key medicinal plants
A bulbous perennial
Garlic growing to 1–3 ft
(30 cm–1 m), with
Known for its pungent odor and taste, garlic is an pale pink or green-
ideal herbal medicine, being completely safe for home white flowers.
use and a powerful treatment for a host of health
problems. It counters many infections, including those Parts Used
of the nose, throat, and chest. It also reduces cholesterol,
helps circulatory disorders, such as high blood pressure, Garlic whole, chopped, or crushed, has
and lowers blood-sugar levels, making it a useful dietary been used as a medicine and as a tonic
addition in type 2 diabetes. food for thousands of years.
Cloves contain volatile
oil, which is antiseptic
and antibiotic
published on the medicinal effects Bulb
of garlic. They show that it helps to
lower raised blood fat levels, including Fresh
cholesterol, to keep the blood thin plant
and protect against blood clots, to
lower raised blood pressure, to lower Cloves
raised blood-sugar levels, and to have
Garlic is widely cultivated commercially antibiotic activity. Key Preparations
for use in cooking. ■ Unknown action While it is & Their Uses
understood that when the fresh
Habitat & Cultivation clove is crushed, alliin is broken down QCaution Consult a professional practitioner before giving garlic as a medicine to
by alliinase into allicin (which has children under 12. Take on professional advice if taking blood-thinning medication.
Originally from central Asia, garlic strong antiseptic activity), authorities
is now grown worldwide. It is grown still disagree on precisely how Pearls contain garlic oil. Take to
by dividing the bulb and is harvested garlic achieves its medicinal effects. increase resistance to infections.
late the following summer. Nevertheless, research indicates that
it is best to crush garlic cloves, and Chopped cloves Use Garlic syrup
Related Species then to wait 10 minutes before using regularly in cooking to (to make, p. 293).
it in food or as medicine. This allows help reduce cholesterol For coughs, take
Onion and ramsons (A. cepa and sufficient time for allicin to form. levels and boost the 1 tsp every 3 hours.
A. ursinum, p. 164) are both immune system.
important medicinal herbs. Traditional &
Current Uses Capsules (to make, p. 292). For bronchitis, take 2 x 100 mg capsules 3 times a day.
Key Constituents Tablets Take for high blood pressure and bronchitis.
■ Traditional remedy Garlic has
■ Volatile oil (alliin, alliinase, allicin) always been esteemed for its healing ■ Other uses Garlic has been Self-help Uses 59
■ Scordinins powers, and before the development used to treat diverse health problems,
■ Selenium of antibiotics it was a treatment for all from hay fever and asthma to an ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
■ Vitamins A, B, C, and E manner of infections, from tuberculosis enlarged prostate and osteoarthritis. ■ Athlete’s foot, p. 304.
to typhoid. It was also used to dress It is useful when taken alongside ■ Colds & flu, p. 311.
Key Actions wounds in World War I. conventional antibiotics to help ■ Cold sores, p. 304.
■ Bronchial infections Garlic is prevent side-effects such as diarrhea. ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310.
■ Antibiotic an excellent remedy for all types of Strongly antifungal, garlic can be an ■ Digestive infections, p. 305.
■ Expectorant chest infections. It is good for colds, effective treatment in fungal skin ■ Earache, p. 312.
■ Increases sweating flu, and ear infections, and it helps conditions, taken internally and ■ Fungal infections, p. 314.
■ Lowers blood pressure to reduce mucus. applied to the skin. It has anti-cancer ■ High blood pressure, p. 301.
■ Reduces blood clotting ■ Digestive tract Digestive activity and helps to protect against ■ Old age tonic, p. 319.
■ Anti-diabetic infections respond well to garlic. stomach and colon cancer. ■ Tonsillitis, p. 311.
■ Expels worms The herb can also rid the body of ■ Urinary infections, p. 314.
intestinal parasites.
Research ■ Circulatory remedy Garlic
prevents circulatory problems and
■ Invaluable remedy Well over strokes by keeping the blood thin.
1,000 research papers have been It lowers cholesterol levels and
blood pressure.
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Aloe verA
key medicinal plants Aloe vera syn. A. barbadensis (Xanthorrhoeaceae) Aloe vera
A perennial with
Aloe Vera, Aloes succulent leaves
2 ft (60 cm) long
and a spike of yellow
or orange flowers.
Native to Africa, aloe vera is commonly cultivated Parts Used
as a potted plant and has two distinct types of medicinal
use. The clear gel contained in the leaf is a remarkably Leaves exude a bitter
effective healer of wounds and burns, speeding up liquid, which is dried and
the rate of healing and reducing the risk of infection. known as “bitter aloes.” They
The yellow sap from the base of the leaf when dried also contain a clear gel, which
is known as “bitter aloes.” It is a strong laxative, useful is a soothing skin remedy.
for short-term constipation.
■ Stimulates secretions of bile Leaves are broken
■ Laxative off and the clear
gel is applied to the
Research skin as a first aid
remedy for burns
■ Healing properties Extensive
research since the 1930s in the U.S.
and Russia has shown that the clear
gel has a dramatic ability to heal
wounds, ulcers, and burns, putting a
protective coat on the affected area Chopped leaves Leaves
Aloe vera has prickly, gray-green, and speeding up the rate of healing. Key Preparations
succulent leaves that yield effective This action is in part due to the & Their Uses
medicinal substances. presence of aloectin B, which
stimulates the immune system. QCautions Do not use the bitter yellow juice from
Habitat & Cultivation the base of the leaves (bitter aloes) on the skin. Its
Traditional & use is restricted in some countries. Do not take internally
Native to eastern and southern Africa, Current Uses during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Do not take
if suffering from hemorrhoids or kidney disease.
■ Beauty treatment Aloe vera
aloe vera grows wild in the tropics and has a long history as a skin lotion—
is cultivated extensively worldwide. Cleopatra is said to have attributed
(Aloe vera plants grown as potted her beauty to it.
plants have a low anthraquinone ■ Western remedy In the West, Bitter aloes are
content.) Aloe vera is propagated by aloe vera first became popular in used by herbalists
breaking off small rooted plantlets. the 1950s when its ability to heal to treat constipation.
To collect the gel and bitter liquid, burns, in particular radiation burns,
the leaves are cut and drained. was discovered.
Related Species ■ First aid Aloe vera is an excellent
first aid remedy for burns, scrapes,
Cape aloes (A. ferox) is used in scalds, and sunburn. A leaf, broken
herbal medicine as an irritant off, releases soothing gel, which may
laxative. Many other Aloe species be applied to the affected part.
are also useful medicinally. ■ Skin conditions The gel is useful Juice is made commercially from Leaves Break off a leaf and split open
for almost any skin condition that the gel. For peptic ulcers, to collect the gel. For burns and
Key Constituents needs soothing and astringing, and will take 21/2 tbsp 3 times a day. eczema, apply liberally twice a day.
■ Anthraquinones (aloin, help varicose veins to some degree.
aloe-emodin) ■ Ulcers The protective and healing Tincture made from bitter aloes (see p. 292). To stimulate the appetite,
■ Resins effect of aloe vera also works take 3 drops with water before meals.
■ Tannins internally, and the gel can be used to contract, generally producing a Self-help Uses
■ Polysaccharides for peptic ulcers and irritable
■ Aloectin B bowel syndrome. bowel movement 8–12 hours after ■ Minor burns & sunburn, p. 303.
Key Actions ■ Laxative The bitter yellow liquid consumption. At low doses, the bitter ■ Stretch marks, p. 317.
in the leaves (bitter aloes) contains properties of the herb stimulate ■ Warts, p. 304.
■ Heals wounds anthraquinones, which are strongly digestion. At higher doses, bitter aloes ■ Weeping skin, p. 303.
60 ■ Emollient laxative. They cause the colon are laxative and purgative. ■ Wounds, p. 304.
AlpiniA OFFiCinARUM
Alpinia officinarum (Zingiberaceae) Galangal key medicinal plants
A perennial aromatic
Galangal (Hindi), Gao Liang Jiang (Chinese) plant growing to 61⁄2 ft
(2 m), with white, red-
lipped flowers and
lance-shaped leaves.
Like other members of the ginger family, galangal Parts Used
is warming and comforting to the digestion. It has a
pleasantly aromatic and mildly spicy taste, and is suitable Rhizome has a warming,
for all conditions where the central areas of the body stimulating action and is
need greater warmth. It was introduced into Europe in useful for a wide range
about the 9th century. The German mystic Hildegard of of digestive problems.
Bingen regarded it literally as the “spice of life,” given by
God to ward off ill-health.
■ Sesquiterpene lactones Rhizomes have a
(galangol, galangin) spicy flavour and are
used in cooking
■ Diterpenes
■ Flavonoids
Key Actions Fresh rhizome Dried rhizome
Galangal is an important spice in Thai ■ Warming digestive tonic Key Preparations & Their Uses
cooking and is reportedly fed to Arabian ■ Carminative
horses to “fire them up” in parts of Asia. ■ Anti-inflammatory Chopping root for a decoction Tincture (to make, p. 292) is suitable for
■ Anti-emetic (to make, p. 291). For motion long-term use. To improve digestion,
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Antibacterial take 20 drops diluted with 1/2 cup
■ Antifungal sickness, slowly sip up to (100 ml) hot water 3 times a day.
Native to grassland areas of southern ■ Antitumor 3⁄4 cup (150 ml).
China, and Southeast Asia in general,
galangal is now cultivated as a spice Research Powder For nausea, take
and as a medicine throughout much a 250 mg capsule (to make,
of tropical Asia. It is propagated by ■ Antibacterial Research indicates p. 292) twice a day.
dividing and replanting the rhizomes in that galangal has antibacterial activity,
spring, and it requires well-drained soil notably against Staphylococcus aureus, a nervine tonic. It is used in the given the well-established ability of 61
and a shady position. The rhizomes are responsible for many ear, nose, and treatment of hiccups, dyspepsia, its relative, ginger (Zingiber officinale,
harvested from 4- to 6-year-old plants throat infections. stomach pain, rheumatoid arthritis, p. 155) to relieve motion sickness.
at the end of the growing season and ■ Antifungal Galangal has shown and intermittent fever. ■ Candidiasis Galangal can be used
may be used fresh or dried. pronounced activity against fungi ■ Western herbalism Galangal with other antifungal herbs as part of a
in laboratory research, especially was introduced into Europe by regimen to treat intestinal candidiasis.
Related Species against Candida albicans. Arabian physicians over 1,000 years ■ Dosage At a moderate dosage,
■ Osteoarthritis A 2001 clinical ago. It is mainly used in the West galangal is a warming and gently
Greater galangal, also known as trial found that a concentrated extract for gas, indigestion, vomiting, and stimulating herb for a weakened
Siamese ginger (A. galanga), though a of ginger (Zingiber officinalis, p. 155) stomach pain. An infusion can be digestive system, but at a higher
close relative of galangal, has a much and galangal was effective in relieving used to alleviate mouth ulcers and dosage it can be an irritant.
inferior taste and volatile oil content. osteoarthritis symptoms in the knee. sore gums. Galangal has long been
It appears to have an antiulcer action. recommended as a treatment for Self-help Use
Two other Alpinia species, cao dou Traditional & seasickness, which is not surprising
cou (A. katsumadai) and yi zhi ren Current Uses ■ Nausea & motion sickness, p. 306.
(A. oxyphylla), are used in a broadly
similar way to galangal in traditional ■ Chinese medicine In traditional
Chinese medicine. Chinese herbal medicine, galangal is
a warming herb used for abdominal
Key Constituents pain, vomiting, and hiccups, as well as
for diarrhea due to internal cold.
■ Volatile oil (about 1%) containing When used for hiccups, it is combined
alpha-pinene, cineole, linalool with codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula,
p. 83) and fu ling (Poria cocos).
■ Indian tradition In India
and southwestern Asia, galangal
is considered stomachic, anti-
inflammatory, expectorant, and
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Ammi visnAgA
key medicinal plants Ammi visnaga syn. Daucus visnaga (Apiaceae) Visnaga
An erect annual
Visnaga, Khella growing to 3 ft (1 m),
with leaves divided into
wisps and clusters of
small white flowers.
Visnaga, with its aromatic, bitter scent and flavor, has Parts Used
greater medicinal than culinary value. It is an effective
muscle relaxant and has been used for many centuries Seeds from the fruit of the fresh plant are
to alleviate the excruciating pain of kidney stones. Scientific collected in late summer and dried for use
research has confirmed the validity of this traditional in infusions and powders.
use. Visnaga contains khellin, from which particularly
safe pharmaceutical drugs for the treatment of asthma
have been derived.
Research
■ Strong antispasmodic
Research by a pharmacologist Fresh plant
working in Egypt in 1946 revealed in fruit
that visnaga (in particular its
constituents khellin and visnagin)
has a powerful antispasmodic action
on the smaller bronchial muscles,
the coronary arteries that supply
blood to the heart, and on the
urinary tubules. Visnaga’s ability
to relax the small bronchi lasts
Visnaga is a member of the carrot family and for up to 6 hours, and the plant
has the characteristic delicate, wispy leaves. has practically no side effects.
■ Khellin Intal, an asthma drug
Habitat & Cultivation widely used in conventional medicine,
Native to North Africa, visnaga grows is derived chemically from khellin.
wild in the Middle East and around Traditional &
Current Uses
the Mediterranean. It is naturalized in Seeds
Australia and South America. Grown ■ Kidney stones Visnaga is a
from seed, visnaga is widely cultivated. traditional Egyptian remedy for Key Preparations & Their Uses
The tiny fruits containing the seeds are
RCautions Take only under professional supervision. Long-term use produces
picked in late summer before they kidney stones. It was mentioned symptoms such as nausea, headaches, and insomnia. Subject to legal restrictions
have fully ripened. in the Ebers papyrus of Egypt in some countries.
(c. 1500 bce) and is still used
Related Species there to relieve kidney stones.
Bishop’s weed (A. majus, p. 166) By relaxing the muscles of the
is a close relative. This plant has ureter, visnaga reduces the pain
been used to treat asthma but is caused by the trapped stone
mainly taken as a diuretic and to and helps ease the stone down
treat psoriasis. into the bladder.
Key Constituents ■ Asthma remedy Following
research into its antispasmodic
■ Furochromones including properties, visnaga is now given Infusion alleviates asthma, Powder is prescribed by doctors and
khellin (1%) and visnagin for asthma, and is safe even for bronchitis, and kidney stones. medical herbalists to relieve angina.
children to take. Although it does
■ Coumarins
■ Flavonoids not always relieve acute asthma
■ Volatile oil attacks, it does help to prevent ■ Circulatory herb By ■ Dental hygiene In Andalusia
■ Phytosterols their recurrence. relaxing the coronary arteries, in Spain, the largest and best-quality
Key Actions ■ Other respiratory conditions visnaga helps to improve blood visnaga seeds were employed to clean
Visnaga is an effective remedy supply to the heart muscle and the teeth. The high value given to the
■ Antispasmodic for various respiratory problems, thereby eases angina. Visnaga herb in general was reflected in the
■ Antiasthmatic including bronchitis, emphysema, does not, however, reduce saying: “Oro, plata, visnaga, o nada!”
62 ■ Relaxant and whooping cough. blood pressure. (Gold, silver, visnaga, or nothing!).
AngelicA sinensis
Angelica sinensis syn. A. polymorpha (Apiaceae) Dong quai key medicinal plants
A stout, erect
Dong Quai, Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui (Chinese) perennial growing to
61⁄2 ft (2 m), with large
In China, dong quai is the main tonic herb for Parts Used bright green leaves
conditions suffered by women. It is taken on a daily and hollow stems.
basis by millions of women as an invigorating tonic, Rhizome is valued for Rhizome is large
helping to regulate menstruation and tonify the blood. its medicinal properties and brownish on
It also improves the circulation. Dong quai has a sweet, and is often used the outside and
pungent aroma that is very distinctive, and in China it in cooking. white inside
is often used in cooking, which is the best way to take
it as a blood tonic.
■ Thins blood Sliced dried
■ Promotes menstrual flow rhizome
Dong quai has attractive clusters Research
of white flowers in summer.
■ Gynecology Research in
Habitat & Cultivation China from the 1970s has shown
that the herb helps to regulate
Dong quai is native to China uterine contractions, which may
and Japan, where it is now cultivated. explain its benefit for period pain.
The best rhizomes are in Gansu ■ Circulation The root can help
province in China. Seed is sown to normalize heart function and
in spring and the rhizomes are has been shown to thin the blood.
lifted in autumn. It may therefore interact with
anticoagulant medicines.
Related Species
Traditional & Key Preparations & Their Uses
American angelica (A. atropurpurea) Current Uses
has similar properties, though it is QCautions Do not take during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Should not be
less aromatic. European angelica ■ Blood tonic Famous in China as used for heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding disorders, and diarrhea. May interact
(A. archangelica, p. 168) is a warming a tonic, dong quai is taken for with prescribed blood-thinning medication.
tonic herb for digestion and “deficient blood” conditions, anemia,
circulation, but does not have the and for the symptoms of anemia Tonic wine Make with dong quai and other tonic
same tonic action as dong quai. due to blood loss—a pale complexion, or bitter herbs (see p. 293). To improve vitality,
palpitations, and lowered vitality. drink a 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) daily.
Key Constituents ■ Women’s health Dong quai
regulates the menstrual cycle, relieves Tincture (to make, p. 292). Chopped rhizome
■ Volatile oil (ligustilide, period pain and cramps, and For period pain, take 1⁄2 tsp is commonly added
sesquiterpenes, carvacrol) is an ideal tonic for women with heavy with water up to 4 times to soups in China.
menstruation who risk becoming
■ Coumarins anemic. However, as it stimulates a day. Infusion For poor
■ Phytosterols menstrual bleeding, other tonic herbs circulation, infuse
■ Polyacetylenes such as nettle (Urtica dioica, p. 146) 1 tsp with 3⁄4 cup
■ Ferulic acid are best taken during menstruation if (150 ml) water
the flow is heavy. It is also a uterine (see p. 291). Drink
Key Actions tonic, and helps infertility. 3⁄4–11⁄4 cups (150–
■ Circulation Dong quai 300 ml) a day.
■ Tonic is a “warming” herb, improving the
■ Anti-inflammatory circulation to the abdomen and
■ Antispasmodic to the hands and feet. It strengthens
the digestion and is also useful in the
treatment of abscesses and boils.
Self-help Uses Decoction (to make, p. 291). For anemia, take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) 2–3 times a day. 63
Tablets Take as a general female tonic.
■ Aiding conception, p. 316.
■ Menstrual problems, p. 315.
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Apium grAveolens
key medicinal plants Apium graveolens (Apiaceae) Celery
A biennial with a
Celery ridged shiny stem,
glossy leaves, and small
flowers, growing to
about 20 in (50 cm).
More familiar as a vegetable than as a medicine, celery Parts Used
stems and seeds have long been taken for urinary,
rheumatic, and arthritic problems. Celery is a good Stems are eaten as a nourishing
cleansing, diuretic herb, and the seeds are used specifically vegetable and made into juice.
for arthritic complaints where there is an accumulation
of waste products. The seeds also have a reputation as Divided
a carminative with a mild tranquilizing effect. The stems toothed leaves
are less significant medicinally.
are aromatic
■ Diuretic Chopped
■ Lowers blood pressure stem
■ Urinary antiseptic
■ Anti-inflammatory Seeds contain
Research volatile oil and
are the main part
■ Volatile oil Research in the 1970s used medicinally.
and 1980s showed that the volatile oil
has a calming effect on the central
nervous system. Seeds Stem
■ Other research A 1995 study in Key Preparations
India found the seeds to have marked
Celery is an important medicinal herb liver-protective activity. Extracts of & Their Uses
as well as a vegetable. the seeds may also lower blood fat
levels. Iranian laboratory research QCautions Do not take celery seed during pregnancy or
Habitat & Cultivation from 2013 found that celery seed if suffering from kidney disease. Do not use seeds sold for
had a marked effect in lowering high cultivation in medicinal preparations. Do not take the essential
Native to Britain and other European oil internally except under professional supervision.
countries, celery is found growing blood pressure.
wild along the English and Welsh Traditional &
Current Uses
coasts, and in marshlands. Widely Remedy As a cleansing drink,
grown as a vegetable, cultivated ■ Ancient herb Records show take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) of
celery is less fragrant than the that celery has been cultivated organic carrot and celery
wild variety. It is propagated from
juice a day.
seed in spring and harvested for at least 3,000 years, notably in
from midsummer to autumn. pharaonic Egypt, and it was known
in China in the 5th century bce.
Related Species Throughout history, celery has been
Celeriac (A. graveolens var. rapaceum) used as a food, and at various times Infusion of seeds (to
is a “turnip-rooted” variety of celery. both the whole plant and the seeds make, p. 291). For gout
A medicinal food, it has some of the have been taken medicinally. and arthritis, take 3⁄4 cup
same qualities as celery. ■ Cleansing properties Today, (150 ml) daily.
the seeds are used for treating Tincture of seeds (to make, p. 292).
Key Constituents rheumatic conditions and gout. For rheumatism, take 30 drops 3 times a day.
■ Volatile oil (1.5–3%) containing They help the kidneys dispose of Powder of seeds. For arthritis, mix 1 tsp with food each day.
limonene (60–70%), phthalides, urates and other waste products,
and beta-selinene and work to reduce acidity in the
■ Coumarins body as a whole. The seeds are effective treatment for cystitis, beneficial for chest problems such
■ Furanocoumarins (bergapten) useful in arthritis, helping to helping to disinfect the bladder and as asthma and bronchitis, and, in
■ Flavonoids (apiin) detoxify the body and improve urinary tubules. combination with other herbs, can
Key Actions the circulation of blood to the ■ Nutritious drink Celery and help to reduce blood pressure.
muscles and joints. organic carrot juice make a nutritious,
■ Antirheumatic ■ Diuretic Celery seeds have cleansing drink that is good for many Self-help Uses
■ Carminative a mildly diuretic and significantly chronic illnesses. ■ Arthritis, p. 313.
64 ■ Antispasmodic antiseptic action. They are an ■ Other uses Celery seeds are ■ Gout, p. 313.
Arctium lAppA Burdock key medicinal plants
A biennial, with
Arctium lappa (Asteraceae) stems that grow to 5 ft
(1.5 m), reddish-purple
Burdock, Niu Bang Zi (Chinese) flower heads, and
hooked bracts.
Burdock is one of the foremost detoxifying herbs in Key Actions
both Western and Chinese herbal medicine. It is used ■ Cleansing herb Burdock is used
to treat conditions caused by an “overload” of toxins, ■ Detoxifying in both Western and Chinese herbal
such as throat and other infections, boils and rashes, ■ Mild diuretic medicine as a detoxifying herb. The
and chronic skin problems. The root and the seeds help ■ Antibiotic seeds are used to remove toxins in
to cleanse the body of waste products, and the root is ■ Antiseptic fevers and infections such as mumps
thought to be particularly good at helping to eliminate ■ Anti-inflammatory and measles, and the root helps the
heavy metals. body to eliminate waste products in
Research chronic skin and arthritic conditions.
U.S. Burdock is also cultivated in ■ Skin problems Burdock’s
Europe and China and is propagated ■ Antibiotic Studies in Germany diuretic, antibiotic, and mildly bitter
from seed in spring. The seeds are (1967) and Japan (1986) showed actions make it helpful for skin
harvested in summer and the whole that the polyacetylenes, especially disorders, especially where toxicity
plant is unearthed in high summer. within the fresh root, have an is a key factor, such as in acne,
antibiotic effect. abscesses, local skin infections,
Related Species ■ Other research Burdock has eczema, and psoriasis.
antibacterial and antifungal properties, ■ Combination remedies
A. minus and A. tomentosum are and diuretic and hypoglycemic Burdock is rarely used on its own
related species that are used in (lowering blood-sugar levels) effects. in remedies. It is generally mixed with
a similar way to burdock. It also seems to have an anti-tumor herbs such as dandelion (Taraxacum
action. Recent studies suggest officinale, p. 141) or yellow dock
the seeds are anti-inflammatory, (Rumex crispus, p. 264). These help
antioxidant, and hepatoprotective. the body to remove accumulated
waste products drawn out of tissues
Burdock in its first year produces a rosette Key Constituents Traditional & by burdock’s detoxifying action. Use
of large leaves. Current Uses of burdock alone can cause a flare-up
■ Bitter glycosides (arctiopicrin) of skin conditions such as eczema.
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Flavonoids (arctiin) ■ History Burdock was a
■ Tannins traditional remedy for gout, fevers, Self-help Uses
Native to Europe and Asia, burdock ■ Polyacetylenes and kidney stones. In the 17th century,
now grows in temperate regions ■ Volatile oil Culpeper wrote, “The seed is much ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
throughout the world, including the ■ Inulin (up to 45%) commended to break the stone and ■ Skin rashes, p. 303.
■ Lignans cause it to be expelled by urine.”
Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses
Leaves and fruit (containing seeds) Cautions Very rarely can cause contact dermatitis.
are harvested in late summer.
Remedy For pimples, make Dandelion
a decoction (see p. 291) with
Fruit is covered 2 tsp burdock root and 5 tsp
in hooked bracts dandelion root. Drink 3⁄4 cup
(150 ml) twice a day.
Dried root is Burdock
most used to aid
detoxification. Tincture of root (to make, p. 292).
For arthritis and skin disorders,
Fresh leaves take 20 drops diluted with water
2–3 times a day for up to 4 weeks.
Seeds have Decoction of root (to make, p. 291) is an alternative to tincture for
cleansing arthritis and skin disorders. Drink 7 tsp once a day for up to 4 weeks.
and diuretic
properties. Infusion of seeds (to make, p. 291). Use as a wash for acne and boils.
Seeds Dried leaves Poultice of leaves (to make, p. 295). Apply to abscesses and boils. 65
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Key medicinal plants ArtemisiA Absinthium Wormwood
A perennial reaching
Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae) 3 ft (1 m), with gray-
green stems and
Wormwood feathery leaves, both
covered in fine hairs.
One of the truly bitter plants—absinthium means Parts Used
“without sweetness”—wormwood has a strong tonic Aerial parts contain
effect on the digestive system, especially on the stomach Aerial parts bitter substances and
and gallbladder. It is taken in small doses and sipped, the are used as have a wide range of
intensely bitter taste playing an important part in its medicinal uses.
therapeutic effect. In the past, wormwood was one of an insect
the main flavorings of vermouth (whose name derives repellent Fresh
from the German for wormwood). aerial parts
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Eases stomach pain
■ Mild antidepressant
■ Antimicrobial
■ Antiparasitic
Research
■ Bitter herb Research into
wormwood, mostly during the 1970s,
has established that a range of
the constituents within the plant
Wormwood is strongly aromatic contributes to its medicinal activity. Fresh leaves Dried aerial parts
and was used to flavor many Many are very bitter, affecting the
alcoholic drinks. bitter taste receptors on the tongue Key Preparations & Their Uses
which sets off a reflex action,
Habitat & Cultivation stimulating stomach and other RCautions Take only under professional supervision. Take only in small doses,
digestive secretions. generally for no more than 4–5 weeks at a time. Do not take during pregnancy.
Wormwood is a wayside plant, native to ■ Gut inflammation A German
Europe. It now grows wild in central clinical trial in 2007 found that
Asia and in eastern parts of the U.S. It is wormwood helped in treating
also cultivated in temperate regions Crohn’s disease (an inflammatory
worldwide. Wormwood is propagated bowel disorder). Wormwood
from seed in spring or by dividing the prevented the return of symptoms in
roots in autumn. The aerial parts are 90% of those taking it, and reduced
harvested in late summer. required dosage of powerful steroid
Related Species drugs taken to control inflammation. Infusion made from wormwood can be Tincture is used to treat
Patients also experienced lower taken in small doses to stimulate appetite. chronic digestive infections.
Artemisia species with a medicinal levels of depression.
use include A. abrotanum (p. 172); ■ Other research Constituents a nerve stimulant that is safe at low ■ Worms Wormwood is commonly
A. annua (p. 67); A. anomala; within wormwood, notably the dosage but is toxic in excess. used by herbalists and naturopaths
A. capillaris and A. cina (p. 172); essential oil, are thought to have ■ Digestive stimulant to treat parasitic infections of the gut,
A. vulgaris and A. dracunculus (p. 173). wide-ranging therapeutic effects, Wormwood is an extremely useful such as worm infestation, amebic
Key Constituents including neuroprotective, medicine for those with weak and dysentery, and Shigella infection.
antidepressant, antibacterial, underactive digestion. It increases ■ Traditional insect repellent
■ Volatile oil containing antifungal, and antimalarial activity. stomach acid and bile production and Wormwood is a good insecticide and
sesquiterpene lactones (artabsin, Traditional & therefore improves digestion and the insect repellent.
Current Uses
anabsinthin); thujone; azulenes absorption of nutrients, making it ■ Other uses The anti-inflammatory
■ Flavonoids
helpful for many conditions, including action of wormwood makes it useful
■ Polyphenols ■ Absinthe Wormwood is the anemia. Wormwood also eases gas for infections, and it has occasionally
■ Lignans source of absinthe, an addictive and bloating and, if the tincture is been given as an antidepressant.
drink favored in 19th-century taken regularly, it slowly strengthens
Key Actions digestion and helps the body return Self-help Uses
France. Flavored with wormwood
■ Aromatic bitter essential oil, absinthe was toxic due to full vitality and wellness after a ■ Anemia, p. 301.
66 ■ Stimulates secretion of bile to its high level of thujone. This is prolonged illness. ■ High fever, p. 311.
ArtemisiA AnnuA
Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) Sweet Annie Key medicinal plants
A perennial growing to
Sweet Annie, Qing Hao about 3 ft (1 m), with
green feathery leaves
Until the 1970s, sweet Annie was regarded as just another Parts Used covered in fine hairs.
Artemisia, though one used in traditional Chinese medicine
for treating malaria. After extensive research, sweet Annie Leaves contain Leaves are
and its key constituent artemisinin were shown to have artemisinin, which harvested
powerful antimalarial activity and few side effects. is a powerful in summer
Artemisinin rapidly became the key treatment for severe antimalarial.
malaria worldwide, and is still the treatment of choice in
many acute cases of the illness.
Key Actions
■ Bitter
■ Reduces fever
■ Antimalarial
■ Antiparasitic
■ Anti-cancer
Sweet Annie has bright green, saw-toothed Research Fresh leaves
leaves. It is used widely around the world as
an effective antimalarial. ■ Chinese research Sweet Annie Dried leaves
was extensively researched in China
Habitat & Cultivation in the 1980s, and studies have Key Preparations & Their Uses
demonstrated that its key active
Sweet Annie grows in grasslands and constituent is an effective antimalarial, RCautions Only take sweet Annie under professional supervision.
in open areas in Vietnam, Japan, China, having a powerful action against the Do not take during pregnancy.
Russia, and North America. It is malaria parasite Plasmodium, a
cultivated in eastern China. The herb protozoan introduced into the body Tincture is prescribed to prevent malaria. Infusion is strongly bitter. Herbalists
is propagated from seed in spring by the mosquito. It is also used to treat the illness itself. use it to treat headaches and fever.
or by dividing the rootstock in ■ Artemisinin Clinical trials,
autumn. It is harvested in summer notably in Thailand, show that it can Tablets containing artemisinin, which is extracted from the herb, are taken for
before flowering. provide vital treatment in the acute malaria throughout the tropics.
stages of malaria, proving up to 90%
Related Species effective in countering the infection. an herb that helped “to clear and ■ Antimalarial Sweet Annie has 67
Artemisinin has a lesser role to play relieve summer heat.” been used to treat the fevers
The related A. apiacea is used in chronic malaria and prevention of ■ Cooling properties Sweet and chills of malaria for thousands
interchangeably with sweet Annie the disease. Annie has a cool, bitter taste and is of years, and artemisinin is now used
in China and is employed as a ■ Anti-cancer potential used for conditions brought in many countries as an antimalarial.
general tonic in Vietnam. Many Laboratory studies suggest that on by heat, especially with symptoms Artemisinin reduces the risk of
other Artemisia species are used sweet Annie has marked anti- such as fever, headaches, dizziness, developing malaria and aids a quick
medicinally: A. abrotanum (p. 172); cancer activity, promoting and a tight-chested sensation. It is recovery, though drug resistance to it
A. absinthium (p. 66); A. capillaris and programmed cell death and inhibiting used to treat chronic fevers, night is now being seen. The whole plant
A. cina (p. 172); A. dracunculus and A. blood vessel growth. No clinical fevers, and morning chills and is a may also be used to treat malaria and
vulgaris (p. 173). trials have so far been undertaken, traditional remedy for nosebleeds act as a preventative, though large
but sweet Annie is claimed to be associated with heat. doses are required.
Key Constituents useful particularly in breast cancer
and leukemia. Synthetic molecules
■ Artemisinin (sesquiterpene modelled on artemisinin are also
lactone) being researched as potential anti-
cancer drugs.
■ Essential oil (abrotamine, beta-
bourbonene) Traditional &
Current Uses
■ Flavonoids
■ Polyphenols ■ History The first mention of
sweet Annie was in a Chinese text of
168 bce. Traditionally, it was seen as
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AstrAgAlus membrAnAceus
Key medicinal plants Astragalus membranaceus (Fabaceae) Astragalus
A perennial growing
Astragalus, Milk Vetch, Huang Qi (Chinese) to 16 in (40 cm) with
hairy stems and leaves
divided into 12–18 pairs
of leaflets.
Despite the fact that astragalus is one of the most Parts Used
popular tonic herbs in China, it is not that well known
in the West. In China, the root, known as huang qi, has Root is a traditional tonic remedy
been used for thousands of years. It has a sweet taste in China, improving energy levels
and is a warming tonic particularly suited to young, and helping the body to resist cold.
active people, increasing stamina and endurance, and
improving resistance to the cold. It is often combined
with other herbs as a blood tonic.
found that 5 g a day of astragalus root
helped to stabilize kidney function in
patients with chronic kidney disease,
delaying the need for dialysis.
■ Western research Recent
American research has focused on
the ability of astragalus to restore
normal immune function in cancer
patients. Clinical evidence suggests
that, as with a number of other
herbs, cancer patients undergoing
Astragalus is a typical member of the pea chemotherapy or radiotherapy Dried root
family and is closely related to liqorice. recover faster and live longer if
given astragalus concurrently. Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation Traditional & QCautions Do not take astragalus if suffering from skin disorders,
Current Uses or during acute illness.
Astragalus is native to Mongolia
and northern and eastern China. ■ Tonic & endurance remedy
It is grown from seed in spring or Astragalus is a classic energy
autumn and thrives in sandy, well- tonic, perhaps even superior to Decoction For anemia, make a decoction
drained soil, with plenty of sun. ginseng (Panax ginseng, p. 118) (see p. 291) with 12 g root and 12 g Chinese
The roots of 4-year-old plants are for young people. In China, it is angelica. Take 11⁄4 cups (300 ml) daily.
harvested in autumn. believed to warm and tone the
Key Constituents wei qi (a protective energy that
■ Triterpene saponins circulates just beneath the skin), Chinese
helping the body to adapt to angelica
(astragolosides) external influences, especially to Astragalus
■ Isoflavonoids (formonentin) the cold. Astragalus raises immune
■ Polysaccharides resistance and manifestly improves Dry-fried root As a stimulant tonic,
■ Phytosterols physical endurance. each day fry 5–10 g root by itself
■ Control of fluids Though a or with 1 tsp of honey and eat
Key Actions vasodilator (encouraging blood to with meals.
flow to the surface), astragalus is
■ Adaptogenic used for excessive sweating, including Remedy For cold and numbness, make
■ Immune stimulant night sweats. It is also helpful in both a decoction (see p. 291) with 20 g root
■ Diuretic and 5 g cinnamon. Drink 3⁄4 cup (150 ml)
twice a day.
■ Vasodilator relieving fluid retention and reducing Cinnamon
■ Antiviral thirstiness. It supports normal kidney
Research function and is thought to protect Tincture (to make, p. 292). For night sweats, take 1 tsp with water
the kidneys from damage. 1–2 times daily.
■ Chinese investigations ■ Immune stimulant Not an
Investigations in China indicate that herb for acute illness, astragalus is ■ Other uses Astragalus is used to used in combination with dong
astragalus is diuretic and that it lowers nonetheless a very useful medicine treat prolapsed organs, especially quai (Angelica sinensis, p. 63) in
blood pressure and increases for viral infections such as the the uterus, and it is beneficial for order to act as a blood tonic for
68 endurance. A 2012 clinical trial common cold. uterine bleeding. Astragalus is often treating anemia.
AtropA bellAdonnA
Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae) Deadly nightshade Key medicinal plants
A perennial with large
Deadly Nightshade, Belladonna leaves and black
berries, growing to
5 ft (1.5 m).
Although deadly nightshade conjures up images of Parts Used
poison and death, like many plants it is an important
and beneficial remedy when used correctly. Some of Leaves are harvested in early summer.
its constituents are employed in conventional medicine, They have a weaker action than the root,
for example to dilate the pupils for eye examinations and are more commonly used.
and as an anesthetic. In herbal medicine, deadly
nightshade is mainly prescribed to relieve intestinal
colic and to treat peptic ulcers.
■ Reduces sweating Dried leaves
■ Sedative
Leaves, like the root,
Research have relaxant
properties.
■ Tropane alkaloids, The action
Deadly nightshade produces unmistakable of the tropane alkaloids is well
cherry-sized, glossy black berries understood. They inhibit the
in autumn. parasympathetic nervous system,
which controls involuntary bodily
activities. This reduces saliva; gastric,
intestinal, and bronchial secretions;
as well as the activity of the urinary
tubules, bladder, and intestines.
Tropane alkaloids also increase
heart rate and dilate the pupils.
Habitat & Cultivation Traditional & Fresh leaves
Current Uses
Deadly nightshade is native to Root is collected
Europe, western Asia, and northern ■ Folklore Deadly nightshade was in autumn.
Africa, and is now cultivated believed to help witches fly. Its other
worldwide. It thrives in chalky soils, name “belladonna” (beautiful woman) Fresh root Dried root
in woods, and in open areas. The is thought to refer to its use by Italian
leaves are harvested in summer, and women to dilate the pupils of their Key Preparations & Their Uses
the root is collected from the first eyes, making them more attractive.
year onward in autumn. ■ Relaxant Deadly nightshade RCautions Take only if prescribed by a medical herbalist or doctor.
has been used in the same way Deadly nightshade can be fatal if taken at the wrong dosage.
Related Species throughout history. It is prescribed
to relax distended organs, especially Tincture, made from the leaves or the root,
Many of the Solanaceae family the stomach and intestines, relieving is a strong relaxant. It is prescribed by herbal
are powerful medicines, including intestinal colic and pain. It helps practitioners to relieve colic and to treat
eggplant (Solanum melongena, peptic ulcers by reducing gastric Parkinson’s disease.
p. 270), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, acid production, and it relaxes
p. 240), and henbane (Hyoscyamus spasms of the urinary tubules. 69
niger, p. 220). ■ Parkinson’s disease The herb
can be used to treat the symptoms
Key Constituents of Parkinson’s disease, reducing
tremors and rigidity, and improving
■ Tropane alkaloids (up to 0.6%), speech and mobility.
including hyoscyamine and atropine ■ Anesthetic muscle-relaxant
properties of deadly nightshade make
■ Flavonoids it useful in conventional medicine as
■ Coumarins an anesthetic, particularly when
■ Volatile bases (nicotine) digestive or bronchial secretions
need to be kept to a minimum.
Key Actions
■ Smooth muscle antispasmodic
■ Narcotic
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AzAdirAchtA indicA
Key medicinal plants Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Neem
An evergreen tree,
Neem, Margosa Tree growing to 52 ft (16 m),
with compound leaves
and white flowers.
Neem is one of the most valued herbs in Indian and Parts Used
Ayurvedic medicine. Extracts of the leaves are used to
treat conditions such as asthma, eczema, diabetes, and Leaves can be infused and
rheumatism, while neem oil has been applied as a hair applied as a lotion to many skin
lotion, to treat headlice, and to calm angry skin rashes. rashes, including acne, eczema,
Research indicates that neem may prove useful as an and psoriasis.
insecticide and a contraceptive. The tree itself is said
to purify the air and is widely planted in India.
■ Antimicrobial
■ Promotes wound healing
■ Antiparasitic
■ Antimalarial
Research Twigs are Fresh
used as toothpicks leaves
■ Recent research This indicates to improve oral
that neem oil is both anti-inflammatory hygiene.
and antibacterial, and to some degree
reduces fever and lowers blood-
sugar levels.
■ Insecticide Extensive research
Neem has so many medicinal uses that the shows that liminoid azadirachtins are Seeds contain neem oil, which
tree is considered a “natural pharmacy.” insecticidal and inhibit feeding and can be expressed and used to treat
growth—making neem an inexpensive
Habitat & Cultivation
and ecologically sound insecticidal headlice in adults and children. Fresh seeds
Native to Iran, Pakistan, India, and
agent. The azadirachtins are also linked
Sri Lanka, neem is found throughout to the tree’s antimalarial activity. Key Preparations & Their Uses
the subcontinent in forests and ■ Diabetes Research indicates that
woods, often being planted on neem leaf and oil act to stabilize blood- QCautions Do not take during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, or during fertility
roads to provide shade. It is now sugar levels and may be helpful in treatment. In children, use topically only. Long term high-dose treatment is not advisable.
naturalized in other tropical regions, treating or delaying type 2 diabetes.
including Malaysia, Indonesia, Traditional
& Current Uses
Australia, and West Africa. It is Oil from the seeds is used to prevent and
grown from seed. Leaves and seed ■ Medicine chest Thought of in treat infestations of headlice. Apply daily
are harvested throughout the year. to the scalp.
Related Species India as almost a pharmacy in its own
Melia azedarach, also an Indian plant, right, all parts of the neem tree may Cream (to make, p. 296)
is a very close relative with particular be used medicinally. The bark is bitter is used to treat many skin
and astringent and a decoction is used disorders, including eczema.
value in treating intestinal worms. It is for hemorrhoids. The leaves are taken Apply as required.
often used as a substitute for neem. as an infusion for malaria, peptic ulcers,
Key Constituents and intestinal worms, and may be Tincture (to make, p. 292) is bitter and can be used to treat fevers.
applied locally as a juice, infusion, or Infusion of the leaves (to make, p. 291) can be used for conjuctivitis.
■ Meliacins ointment to skin problems including
■ Liminoids ulcers, wounds, boils, and eczema. Decoction of the bark (to make, p. 291) is strongly bitter and astringent.
■ Triterpenoid bitters The juice of the leaves is also
■ Sterols applied to the eyes to treat night is commonly used as a hair dressing conditions such as eczema,
■ Tannins blindness and conjunctivitis. The twigs and is strongly antifungal and psoriasis, and even leprosy, and as
■ Flavonoids are used as a tooth cleanser, firming antiviral, preventing scabies and a vehicle for other active ingredients.
up the gums and preventing ringworm, among other things. Neem oil should be avoided when
Key Actions gum disease. It can be made into a useful and attempting to conceive a child as
■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Neem oil and sap Neem easily applied treatment for headlice. it can reduce fertility in both
70 ■ Lowers fever oil, expressed from the seeds, The oil is also used to treat skin women and men.
Barosma Betulina Buchu Key medicinal plants
A bushy shrub growing
Barosma betulina syn. agathosma betulina (Rutaceae) to 61⁄2 ft (2 m), with
stemless, slightly
Buchu leathery leaves dotted
with oil glands.
A traditional South African remedy, buchu is taken as a Parts Used
stimulant, a diuretic, and to relieve digestive complaints.
In Western herbal medicine, it is valued as a urinary Leaves are harvested
antiseptic and diuretic, and is used specifically to treat in summer and used
cystitis and other infections of the urinary tract. Buchu in preparations for
has a strongly distinctive aroma and taste, reminiscent urinary infections.
of black currant but described by some as a mixture
between rosemary and peppermint. Leaves contain
volatile oil, which
■ Stimulant
■ Uterine stimulant is antiseptic
Buchu is grown commercially and used to Traditional & Dried leaves
enhance the black-currant flavor of cassis. Current Uses
Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Traditional remedy Buchu is
a traditional remedy of the Khoisan QCautions During pregnancy take only on advice of your health care practitioner.
Buchu is native to South Africa, people of South Africa. It is used as Potentially toxic at excessive dosage.
where is it widely cultivated on a general stimulant and a diuretic.
hillsides. It is also grown in parts Strongly aromatic, it is taken as a Infusion (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292).
of South America. The herb is carminative, helping to relieve gas For prostatitis, drink 3⁄4 cup For chronic urinary infections,
grown from cuttings in late summer and bloating.
and requires well-drained soil ■ Early Western uses The herb (150 ml) twice a day. take 40 drops with water
and plenty of sun. The leaves was first exported to Britain in 3 times a day.
are harvested when the plant is 1790 and became an official medicine
flowering or fruiting in summer. in 1821, being listed in the British Capsules (to make, p. 292).
Pharmacopoeia as an effective For cystitis, take a 500 mg
Related Species remedy for “cystitis, urethritis, capsule twice daily.
nephritis, and catarrh of the bladder.”
Two closely related species, ■ Modern urinary treatment pre-existing Candida problem, such as in large quantities in pennyroyal 71
B. crenulata and B. serratifolia, Broadly speaking, buchu is used today yeast infections. The infusion is generally (Mentha pulegium, p. 235). Pulegone
are used in a similar way to buchu, in Western herbal medicine for the preferable to the tincture, particularly is an abortifacient and a powerful
but contain less volatile oil and same type of urinary complaints as when onset of infection is sudden. The emmenagogue (stimulates menstrual
are not so effective. in the 19th century. It is commonly infusion is also used as a douche for flow). Buchu should not, therefore,
prescribed for urinary tract infections, leukorrhea (white vaginal discharge), be taken during pregnancy.
Key Constituents often proving effective in curing acute and occasionally for yeast infections.
cystitis when combined with other The herb is a uterine stimulant and Self-help Use
■ Volatile oil (1.5–2.5%), herbs such as cornsilk (Zea mays, contains pulegone, which is also present
including pulegone, menthone, p. 154) and juniper (Juniperus ■ Urinary infections, p. 314.
diosphenol communis, p. 224). Taken regularly, it
can help to prevent recurrent attacks
■ Sulphur compounds of chronic cystitis or urethritis. It is
■ Flavonoids (diosmin, rutin) also taken for prostatitis and irritable
■ Mucilage bladder, often in combination with
herbs such as uva-ursi (Arctostaphylos
Key Actions uva-ursi, p. 170) and cornsilk. The key
active constituent diosphenol has a
■ Urinary antiseptic diuretic action, and may partly
■ Diuretic account for the herb’s antiseptic
effect on the urinary system.
■ Gynecological uses Buchu
infusion or tincture is useful in
treatments for cystitis and urethritis,
especially when they are related to a
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Bupleurum chinense
Key medicinal plants Bupleurum chinense syn. B. scorzoneraefolium (Apiaceae) Bupleurum
A perennial growing
Bupleurum, Hare’s Ear Root, Chai Hu (Chinese) to 3 ft (1 m) high, with
sickle-shaped leaves
and clusters of small
yellow flowers.
First mentioned in texts from the 1st century bce, Parts Used
bupleurum is one of China’s “harmony” herbs, balancing
different organs and energies within the body. It is used Root is harvested in spring and
as a tonic, strengthening the action of the digestive tract, autumn, when it contains the
improving liver function, and helping to push blood to most nutrients. It is used to
the surface of the body. Recent research in Japan has make a valuable liver tonic.
endorsed traditional use, showing that bupleurum
protects the liver.
are potent medicines. They appear
to protect the liver from toxicity,
and strengthen liver function, even
in people with immune system
disorders. Following this discovery, Sliced dried
clinical trials during the 1980s in Japan root
showed that the root is effective in
the treatment of hepatitis and other
chronic liver problems. Saikosides
also have antitumor activity.
■ Anti-inflammatory The
saikosides stimulate the body’s
Bupleurum is commonly on sale in medicinal production of corticosteroids Key Preparations
herb shops in China. It is widely taken as as well as increasing their anti- & Their Uses
a liver tonic. inflammatory effect.
Habitat & Cultivation Traditional
& Current Uses
Bupleurum grows in China and is
cultivated throughout the central ■ Ancient Chinese remedy QCautions Do not exceed the dose. Can occasionally cause nausea or vomiting.
and eastern parts of that country. Bupleurum has been taken in China
It is also found in other parts of for over 2,000 years as a liver tonic. It Bupleurum
Asia and in Europe. Bupleurum is is traditionally believed to strengthen
propagated from seed in spring liver qi and to have a tonic action on Liquorice
or by root division in autumn and the spleen and stomach. In Chinese
requires well-drained soil and plenty medicine, bupleurum is used to treat
of sun. The root is unearthed “disharmony” between the liver and
in spring and autumn. the spleen, a condition that manifests
Key Constituents itself in problems of the digestive
system such as abdominal pain,
■ Triterpenoid saponins—saikosides bloating, nausea, and indigestion.
(saikosaponins) ■ Liver problems In common Decoction (to make, Remedy To improve liver function, decoct
■ Flavonoids with milk thistle (Carduus marianus, p. 291). To stimulate sweating 15 g bupleurum, 5 g licorice, and 3 cups
■ Polysaccharides p. 75) and members of the Glycyrrhiza (750 ml) water (see p. 291). Take in 3 doses
genus, for example licorice (G. glabra, and so reduce fever, drink
Key Actions p. 103), bupleurum is an excellent 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) 3 times a day. during a 24-hour period.
remedy for a poorly functioning
■ Protects liver
■ Anti-inflammatory or compromised liver. Its anti-
■ Tonic inflammatory action may contribute and either vomiting and abdominal now use extracts of bupleurum root
■ Induces sweating to its overall use in the treatment pain, or dizziness and vertigo. to treat patients with liver problems.
Research of liver disease. ■ Modern Japanese remedy ■ Other uses Bupleurum is
■ Fever In China, bupleurum is The traditional uses of bupleurum sometimes useful in the treatment
■ Saikosides Research in Japan from taken to treat fevers, flu, and colds, and scientific research accord so well of hemorrhoids, and of prolapsed
the 1960s onward into the Bupleurum especially where accompanied by a that many Japanese doctors practic- tissue in the pelvis, such as a prolapse
72 genus has revealed that the saikosides bitter taste in the mouth, irritability, ing conventional Western medicine of the uterus.
Calendula offiCinalis
Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Calendula Key medicinal plants
An annual growing
Calendula, Pot Marigold, English Marigold to 2 ft (60 cm),
with vivid orange
flower heads similar in
structure to daisies.
Calendula is one of the most well known and versatile Parts Used
herbs in Western herbal medicine. The bright orange
petals are an excellent remedy for inflamed and angry Flowers are harvested in
skin, their antiseptic and healing properties helping to summer. Flower heads and
prevent the spread of infection and speed up the rate petals are removed for use in
of repair. Calendula is also a cleansing and detoxifying a wide range of preparations.
herb, and the infusion and tincture are used to treat
chronic infections. Dried
petals
Calendula’s colorful flowers were thought to ■ Heals wounds Dried flower
lift the spirits and encourage cheerfulness. ■ Antimicrobial head
■ Detoxifying Fresh
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Mildly estrogenic flower heads
Calendula, native to southern Traditional Bright orange
Europe, is cultivated in temperate & Current Uses petals indicate
regions around the world. Easily a high level of
propagated from seed, it flourishes in ■ Therapeutic properties active ingredients
almost all soils. The flowers are Calendula is antiseptic. Some
harvested as they open in early constituents are antifungal (particularly Key Preparations & Their Uses
summer, and are dried in the shade. the resins), antibacterial, and antiviral,
and have shown significant activity QCaution May cause allergic reaction in rare cases.
Related Species against Candida albicans. The herb also
astringes the capillaries, an action that Infusion (to make, p. 291). For chronic Cream is easy to make (see p. 296).
C. arvense, a wild species, seems to explains its effectiveness for cuts, fungal infections, such as ringworm Apply to cuts and grazes.
have similar therapeutic properties wounds, varicose veins, and various or thrush, drink 3⁄4 cup (150 ml)
to calendula. inflammatory conditions. 3 times a day. Ointment (to make,
■ Skin remedy Calendula is above p. 295). For minor burns,
Key Constituents all a remedy for the skin, providing apply up to 3 times a day.
effective treatment for most minor
■ Triterpenes skin problems. It is used for cuts, Infused oil (to make, p. 294). For inflamed dry skin, rub into the area
■ Resins scrapes, and wounds; for red and 2–3 times a day.
■ Bitter glycosides inflamed skin, including minor burns
■ Volatile oil and sunburn; for acne and many Tincture (to make, p. 292). For eczema, take 30 drops with water 3 times a day.
■ Phytosterols rashes; and for fungal conditions such
■ Flavonoids as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and thrush. ■ Gynecological uses Calendula ■ Athlete’s foot, p. 304. 73
■ Mucilage It is very helpful for diaper rash and has a mild estrogenic action and ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
■ Carotenes cradle cap, and soothes nipples that is often used to help reduce pain ■ Breast tenderness & sore
are sore from breastfeeding. during menstruation and to regulate
Key Actions ■ Digestive disorders Taken menstrual bleeding. The infusion nipples, p. 315.
internally, calendula infusion or makes an effective douche for ■ Digestive infections, p. 305.
■ Anti-inflammatory tincture helps inflammatory yeast infections. ■ Inflamed skin rashes, p. 303.
■ Relieves muscle spasms problems of the digestive system ■ Diaper rash, p. 318.
■ Astringent such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, Self-help Uses ■ Hives, p. 303.
■ Prevents hemorrhaging regional ileitis, and colitis. ■ Varicose veins, p. 302.
■ Detoxifying Calendula has long ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. ■ Wounds & bruises, p. 304.
been considered a detoxifying herb,
and helps treat the toxicity that
underlies many fevers and infections,
and systemic skin disorders, such as
eczema and acne. The herb is also
considered cleansing for the liver and
gallbladder and can be used to treat
problems affecting these organs.
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CapsiCum frutesCens
key medicinal plants Capsicum annuum & C. frutescens (Solanaceae) Cayenne
A perennial, spiky
Cayenne, Cayenne Pepper, Chili shrub growing to 3 ft
(1 m), with scarlet-red
conical fruits filled with
white seeds.
Originally from the tropical regions of the Americas, Parts Used
cayenne was first introduced to Europe in the 16th
century. In cooking, it is renowned for its hot, burning Fruit improves digestion
taste, and it is not surprising to learn that, medicinally, and circulation.
it is a powerful warming stimulant. It acts on the
circulation and digestion and is used to treat a wide
range of complaints from arthritis and chilblains to colic
and diarrhea.
Key Actions Dried fruit Fruit pods grow Fresh fruit
to 4 in (10 cm)
■ Stimulant
■ Tonic Key Preparations & Their Uses
■ Carminative
Cayenne is so popular in Mexico where it ■ Relieves muscle spasms QCautions Non-toxic at normal doses, although caution is required when
originates that it is even used to flavor ■ Antiseptic eating or handling cayenne. Can cause intense pain and burning,
ice cream. ■ Increases sweating and contact dermatitis.
■ Increases blood flow to the skin
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Analgesic Powder For sore throats, add a pinch to
5 tsp lemon juice. Dilute with hot water,
Cayenne is native to the tropical Research
Americas, and is now cultivated add honey, and use as a gargle.
throughout the tropics, especially ■ Capsaicin Extensive clinical
in Africa and India. It is grown from research shows that capsaicin, the Infused oil Add 100 g chopped
seed in early spring and flourishes compound in cayenne mostly cayenne to 2 cups (500 ml) oil and
in hot, moist conditions. The fruit responsible for its hot, pungent taste, simmer (see p. 294). Gently massage
is harvested when ripe in summer has strong, local analgesic activity in
and is dried in the shade. certain types of nerve pain. Applied into rheumatic limbs.
to the skin, capsaicin desensitizes Tincture (to make, p. 292). For arthritis,
Related Species nerve endings and acts as a counter- combine 20 drops with 1/2 cup (100 ml) willow
irritant. It is standardly prescribed for bark tincture. Take 1 tsp with water twice a day.
Many closely related species and relief of neuralgic pain. It may also
varieties of C. frutescens exist, all provide effective pain relief in con- Tablets are convenient for long-term use. Take for poor circulation.
with different grades of pungency. ditions such as arthritis and headache.
Paprika, or Hungarian pepper (one Ointment (to make, p. 295). Apply to chilblains (only if the skin is unbroken).
of the mildest peppers), and the Traditional &
large green and red peppers that Current Uses analgesic. It is also rubefacient, stimulate the secretion of digestive
are eaten as vegetables are both increasing blood flow to the affected juices. It may be taken in frequent,
varieties of C. annuum and are ■ Warming stimulant The herb’s part, and this helps to stimulate the small doses for a weak or failing
important medicinal foods. heating qualities make it a valuable circulation in “cold” rheumatic and heart. A pinch of cayenne is
remedy for poor circulation. It arthritic conditions, aiding the excellent when used in gargles for
Key Constituents improves blood flow to the hands removal of waste products and sore throats. Cayenne is also helpful
and feet and to the central organs. increasing the flow of nutrients to in relieving acute diarrhea.
■ Capsaicin (0.1–1.5%) ■ Antimicrobial In Mayan herbal the tissues. Cayenne may also be
■ Carotenoids medicine, cayenne was used to applied to unbroken chilblains. Self-help Uses
■ Flavonoids counter microbial infections— ■ Internal uses Cayenne is taken
■ Volatile oil different Capsicum species including to relieve gas and colic and to ■ High fever, p. 311.
■ Steroidal saponins cayenne are now known to have ■ Poor circulation, p. 302.
74 (capsicidins—in seeds only) significant antimicrobial activity.
Adding cayenne to food reduces the
chances of developing gastric or
intestinal infection, and the herb is
frequently used by herbalists to treat
gastroenteritis and dysentery.
■ External uses Applied locally
to the skin, cayenne is mildly
Cassia senna
Cassia senna syn. senna alexandrina (Fabaceae) Senna key medicinal plants
A small perennial
Senna, Alexandrian Senna shrub growing to
3 ft (1 m), with a
Almost everyone will have taken a preparation containing Parts Used straight, woody stem
senna at some time in their lives. Senna is probably one and yellow flowers.
of the best known herbal medicines, not least because it
is still widely used in conventional medicine. It is a very Leaves are stronger
efficient laxative and is a particularly useful remedy for in action than the
the occasional bout of constipation. It has a slightly bitter, pods and are not
nauseating taste, and is therefore generally mixed with as commonly used.
other herbs.
Dried leaves
■ Flavonoids
■ Volatile oil
Key Actions Fresh leaves
■ Stimulant Pods are milder in effect than
■ Laxative the leaves. They are made into
■ Cathartic tablets and other preparations.
Senna shrubs have pairs of lance- Research Dried pods Fresh pods
shaped leaflets arranged on either side
of a central stem. ■ Sennosides Extensive research Key Preparations & Their Uses
during the last 50 years has led to
Habitat & Cultivation a clear understanding of senna’s QCautions Do not give to children under 12. Do not take for more than 10 days
action. The sennosides irritate the at a time. Do not take if suffering from colitis. During pregnancy, take on advice
Senna is native to tropical Africa and lining of the large intestine, causing of your health care practitioner.
is now cultivated throughout that the muscles to contract strongly,
continent. It is grown from seed in resulting in a bowel movement about Tablets are the standard senna
spring or from cuttings in early summer 10 hours after the dose is taken. preparation and are convenient.
and requires plenty of sun. The leaves The sennosides also stop fluid being Take for occasional constipation.
may be picked before or while the plant absorbed from the large intestine,
is in flower, and the pods are collected helping to keep the stool soft. Decoction For constipation,
when they are ripe in autumn. steep 3–6 senna pods and 1 g
Traditional & fresh ginger in 3⁄4 cup (150 ml)
Related Species Current Uses
freshly boiled water for
There are over 400 species of Cassia. ■ Early records The herb was 6–12 hours. Strain and drink.
Tinnevelly senna (C. angustifolia) is first used medicinally by Arabian
grown in the Indian subcontinent and physicians in the 9th century ce. Cloves Infusion For mild constipation,
has the same therapeutic properties ■ Constipation Senna has always infuse 1–2 senna pods, 1 g fresh
as C. senna. In Ayurvedic medicine, been specifically used for constipation. Ginger ginger, and 1–2 cloves in 3⁄4 cup
it is used for skin problems, jaundice, It is particularly appropriate when a (150 ml) freshly boiled water for
bronchitis, and anemia, as well as for soft stool is required, for example in 15 minutes. Strain and drink.
constipation. Jue ming zi (C. obtusifolia) cases of anal fissure. Senna is a good
is used in traditional Chinese medicine short-term laxative but should not Tincture is prescribed by herbalists to treat short-term constipation. 75
for “liver fire” patterns, constipation, be taken for more than 10 days as
and atherosclerosis. this leads to weakening of the large
intestine muscles.
Key Constituents ■ Cathartic As a cathartic (very
strong laxative), senna can cause
■ Anthraquinone glycosides cramping and colic, and is therefore
(sennosides) normally taken with aromatic,
carminative herbs that relax the
■ Naphthalene glycosides intestinal muscles.
■ Mucilage
Self-help Use
■ Constipation, p. 307.
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Centella asiatiCa
key medicinal plants Centella asiatica syn. Hydrocotyle asiatica (Apiaceae) Gotu kola
A perennial, herbaceous
Gotu Kola (Hindi), Indian Pennywort creeper, growing to 20
in (50 cm), with fan-
Gotu kola is an ancient Ayurvedic remedy that is now used Research shaped leaves.
extensively in the West. It is a useful tonic and cleansing
herb for skin problems and digestive disorders. In India, ■ Wound healing Gotu kola has Traditional &
it is used to treat a variety of conditions, including leprosy, an established ability to promote Current Uses
but it is valued chiefly as a revitalizing herb that strengthens wound healing and tissue repair,
nervous function and memory. It has a bittersweet, acrid making it useful as a cosmetic agent, ■ Wound healing Gotu kola’s main
taste, and in India it is sometimes used in salads and as in skin disorders such as psoriasis, traditional use lies in treating wounds
a vegetable. and in arthritis. Asiaticoside, in and skin problems. In Ayurveda, it is
particular, has been shown to speed used specifically to promote healing in
seed in spring. The aerial parts are up collagen formation and the laying skin ulcers and serious skin problems,
harvested throughout the year. down of new blood vessels. This as well as to prevent scarring. The herb
healing effect extends to the blood may be applied directly to the skin, or
Related Species vessels, so that gotu kola extracts aid taken internally, where it appears to
venous repair, notably in chronic promote tissue repair throughout the
Marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris) venous insufficiency, a condition that body. It supports peripheral circulation
is a related European species, but, includes symptoms such as leg and can be taken to strengthen blood
unlike gotu kola, has no known swelling and varicose veins. Recent vessels, e.g. varicose veins. Many
therapeutic uses. U.S. research has investigated the people swear by gotu kola’s ability to
effectiveness of high-strength prevent and relieve arthritis and
Gotu kola is found growing wild Key Constituents extracts to help in diabetic neuropathy rheumatic problems.
throughout India. (nerve pain due to poor circulation) ■ Tonic The herb has a longstanding
■ Triterpenoid saponins (asiaticoside, with signs of positive benefit. reputation in India and southern
Habitat & Cultivation brahmoside, thankuniside) ■ Brain function In the last 10 Asia as a “rejuvenator,” aiding
years, research has focused on gotu concentration and memory,
Gotu kola is native to India and the ■ Alkaloids (hydrocotyline) kola’s ability to relieve anxiety and particularly in the elderly. In Western
southern U.S. It also grows in tropical ■ Bitter principles (vellarin) support healthy brain function. herbal medicine, it is understood to
and subtropical parts of Australia, A Thai clinical trial in 2008 found that be an adaptogen and can be taken
southern Africa, and South America. Key Actions gotu kola extract improved attention, long-term to help support healthy
It prefers marshy areas and working memory, alertness, and brain function, slow aging, and calm
riverbanks. Though usually gathered ■ Wound healer mood in 28 healthy volunteers with anxiety. It is also thought to have a
wild, gotu kola can be cultivated from ■ Tonic an average age of 65. Another small tonic effect on digestion.
■ Anti-inflammatory study found that gotu kola eased
■ Sedative the symptoms of anxiety. Self-help Uses
■ Peripheral vasodilator
■ Eczema, p. 300.
■ Maintaining vitality, p. 319.
Parts Used In India, fresh leaves are Key Preparations & Their Uses
eaten as a tonic herb in salads
Aerial parts have QCautions Can occasionally cause sensitivity to sunlight. Restricted
valuable tonic and herb in some countries. May cause allergic reactions in rare cases.
cleansing properties.
Fresh Powder is an important Ayurvedic
aerial parts remedy. Take 1–2 g a day with
water as a general tonic.
Paste made from powder.
Mix 2 tsp powder with 5 tsp
(25 ml) water and apply to
patches of eczema.
Infusion (to make, p. 291). For
rheumatism, take 7 tsp twice a day.
Dried aerial parts Tincture (to make, p. 292). For poor memory and concentration,
76 take 40 drops with water 3 times a day.
Chamomilla reCutita
Chamomilla recutita syn. matricaria recutita (Asteraceae) German chamomile key medicinal plants
A sweetly aromatic
German Chamomile annual growing to
2 ft (60 cm), with finely
cut leaves and white
flower heads.
German chamomile’s aromatic, slightly bitter taste, Parts Used
reminiscent of apples, is familiar to herbal tea drinkers.
The herb’s varied medicinal uses, however, are not as
well known. It is an excellent herb for many digestive Flower heads may be used fresh
or dried. They should be picked on
disorders and for nervous tension and irritability. the day they open, when the active
Externally, it is used for sore skin and eczema. Roman constituents are at their strongest.
chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile, p. 187) is a close
relation, used in a similar way.
■ Premenstrual syndrome Fresh flower
An Iranian clinical trial compared heads
chamomile with mefenamic acid for
relief of premenstrual syndrome Flower heads
symptoms. Both were found effective contain volatile
in relieving the physical symptoms
of premenstrual syndrome, but oil, which has
chamomile proved better in antiallergenic
relieving emotional symptoms. compounds
German chamomile is a useful herb to Traditional & Dried
cultivate for home use. Current Uses flower heads
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Digestive problems German Key Preparations & Their Uses
chamomile has been taken for
German chamomile grows in much digestive problems since at least QCautions The fresh plant can cause dermatitis. Do not take the essential oil
of Europe and other temperate the 1st century ce. Gentle and internally except under professional supervision.Take only on professional advice if
regions. The seeds are sown in spring efficacious, it is very suitable for using blood-thinning medication. Do not use the oil externally during pregnancy.
or autumn and the flower heads are children. The herb is valuable for
picked in full bloom, in summer. pain, indigestion, acidity, gastritis, gas, Cream (to make,
bloating, and colic. It is also p. 296). Rub on to
Key Constituents used for hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer, sore or itchy skin.
Crohn’s disease, and irritable
■ Volatile oil (proazulenes, farnesine, bowel syndrome. Essential oil For diaper rash, Making infusion with flower heads
alpha-bisabolol, spiroether) ■ Relaxation German chamomile, combine 5 drops with 1 tbsp (see p. 291). For a good night’s sleep,
which contains spiroether, a strong carrier oil and apply. drink 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) before bed.
■ Flavonoids antispasmodic, eases tense muscles
■ Bitter glycosides (anthemic acid) and period pain. It is known that Infusion To relax irritable and overtired children, infuse 4 tsp dried herb
■ Coumarins women in ancient Rome commonly in 2 cups (500 ml) water (see p. 291) and strain into a bath.
took chamomile to relieve menstrual
Key Actions cramps. Chamomile flowers also Ointment (to make, p. 295). Rub onto sore or inflamed skin.
reduce irritability and promote
■ Anti-inflammatory sleep—especially helpful for children. Tincture (to make, p. 292). For irritable bowel syndrome, take 1 tsp diluted
■ Antiallergenic ■ Irritation The herb is useful with 1⁄2 cup (100 ml) water 3 times a day.
■ Antispasmodic for hay fever and asthma. On steam
■ Relaxant distillation, the proazulenes produce ■ Congestion & hay fever, p. 312. ■ Mild asthma, p. 301. 77
■ Carminative chamazulene, which is markedly ■ Colic, p. 318. ■ Morning sickness, p. 317.
antiallergenic. Externally, it can be ■ Eczema, p. 300. ■ Sore & tired eyes, p. 310.
Research applied to sore, itchy skin, sore ■ Indigestion, p. 307. ■ Sore nipples, p. 315.
nipples, and eczema. It also relieves ■ Insomnia, p. 309. ■ Stomach spasm, p. 305.
■ Trials in Germany A cream eyestrain. A poultice can be applied
made from German chamomile to sore breasts.
was tested in 1987 for its ability to
heal wounds. The results produced Self-help Uses
were very positive. In 1993, another
trial using German chamomile and ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
four other herbs showed them
to be most effective at easing
infantile colic.
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Chrysanthemum x morifolium
key medicinal plants Chrysanthemum x morifolium (Asteraceae) Ju hua
A perennial growing
Ju Hua (Chinese), Florists’ Chrysanthemum to about 5 ft (1.5 m),
with flower heads
Ju hua is known in the West as florists’ chrysanthemum Key Actions composed of yellow
and is valued for its ornamental qualities. In China, ray florets.
however, it is a popular medicinal herb and it is also ■ Increases sweating
commonly drunk as a refreshing tisane. Ju hua is used ■ Antiseptic first categorized in the Divine
to improve vision and soothe sore eyes, to relieve ■ Lowers blood pressure Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong
headaches, and to counter infections such as colds ■ Cooling Bencaojing), written in the
and flu. Furthermore, research has demonstrated ■ Reduces fever 1st century ce.
that it is a valuable remedy for high blood pressure. ■ Eye problems In China, the
Research infused flower heads are popular
Ju hua flowers are colorful and have gathered in autumn when fully open. as a remedy for red, sore eyes,
been used medicinally in China since They are usually dried in the sun, ■ Blood pressure A number of especially after long periods of close
the 1st century ce. which can take a long time. Chinese and Japanese clinical trials work, such as reading or working at a
during the 1970s showed that ju hua computer. The warm flower heads
Habitat & Cultivation Related Species is most effective at lowering blood are placed on closed eyes and then
pressure and relieving associated replaced when cool. Ju hua infusion is
Ju hua is native to China. Today, it is Wild chrysanthemum, ye hu hua symptoms such as headaches, taken in China as a remedy to
mostly cultivated, and is propagated (C. indicum), has a similar use in dizziness, and insomnia. In these improve eyesight.
from cuttings in spring or early Chinese herbal medicine. trials, ju hua was mixed with jin yin ■ Cooling & antiseptic Ju hua
summer. The flower heads are Many other closely related species hua (Lonicera spp., p. 229). infusion is used to reduce fever, to
have an established therapeutic ■ Other research Ju hua has counter infection, and to detoxify
value, for example tansy (Tanacetum proven to be helpful in the treatment the body. It relieves mild fevers
vulgare, p. 274) and feverfew of angina, and to have an antibiotic and tension headaches, soothes
(T. parthenium, p. 140). effect against a range of pathogens. a dry mouth or throat, and treats
In laboratory studies, some of bad breath.
Key Constituents the flavonoids were found to have ■ Skin complaints The fresh
anti-HIV activity. Extracts of the leaves make an antiseptic poultice for
■ Alkaloids, including stachydrine flowers reduce inflammation. acne, pimples, boils, and sores.
■ Volatile oil ■ High blood pressure
■ Sesquiterpene lactones Traditional & Symptoms often associated with
■ Flavonoids, including apigenin Current Uses high blood pressure, such as
■ Betaine & choline dizziness, headaches, and tinnitus,
■ Vitamin B1 ■ Long-standing remedy are treated with ju hua.
Ju hua has been taken in China
as a medicine and as a beverage Self-help Use
for thousands of years. It was
■ Sore & tired eyes, p. 310.
Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses
Flower heads are gathered in late QCaution May cause allergic reactions in rare cases.
autumn. In China, they are steamed
before drying to reduce bitterness.
Infusion of flower heads (p. 291).
For tension headaches, drink
3⁄4 cup (150 ml) at hourly intervals.
Poultice (to make, p. 295). For eyestrain,
steep flower heads in hot water for 10
minutes and place them on closed eyes.
Dried flowerheads Powdered leaves For acne, mix 1 tsp
78 with 2–3 tsp water and apply to pimples.
Poultice of fresh leaves (to make, p. 295). For boils and pimples,
apply directly to the skin.
CimiCifuga raCemosa
Cimicifuga racemosa syn. actaea racemosa (Ranunculaceae) Black cohosh key medicinal plants
An herbaceous
Black Cohosh, Squaw Root perennial growing to
about 8 ft (2.5 m),
with creamy-white
flower spikes.
The root of black cohosh is a Native American remedy. Parts Used
It has long been used for women’s complaints, especially
painful periods and problems associated with menopause Root is unearthed
and was used by the Penobscot peoples for kidney in autumn. Dried
troubles. It also benefits rheumatic problems, including root is most
rheumatoid arthritis, and nerve conditions such as tinnitus commonly used
(ringing in the ears). The root has a bitter, acrid taste and a in herbal medicine.
disagreeable odor.
Key Actions The active
constituents
■ Anti-inflammatory are strongest
■ Sedative in mature roots
■ Antirheumatic
■ Estrogenic
■ Expectorant
Black cohosh was used by Native Research Fresh root
Americans to treat gynecological problems
and complaints such as rheumatism and ■ Menopause At least 10 clinical Dried root
headaches. trials have found that black cohosh
helps to relieve menopausal Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation symptoms. A 1995 German study
using black cohosh and St. John’s wort QCautions Do not take in pregnancy or if breastfeeding. Larger doses can
Black cohosh is native to Canada found that the combination was 78% cause stomach upsets and headache.
and eastern parts of the U.S., effective in such cases.
growing as far south as Florida. ■ Estrogenic properties It seems Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292). To relieve
It prefers shady positions in woods black cohosh does not For rheumatism, take 1/3 cup period pain, add 40 drops to 1/2 cup
and hedgerows. The herb is now contain estrogen but has an (100 ml) water and take 3 times a day.
grown in Europe and can be found estrogenic action within the body (75 ml) twice a day.
in the wild, having self-seeded from due to specific hormonal effects
cultivated plants. It is propagated within the brain. It is suggested that Tablets are made from powdered herb. Take for menopausal symptoms,
from seed and the root is black cohosh may slow or prevent such as mood swings and hot flashes.
harvested in autumn. the development of osteoporosis,
and it has potential in treating period pain, menstrual problems ■ Sedative properties Black 79
Related Species polycystic ovary syndrome. where estrogen levels are too cohosh's sedative action makes it
■ Safety concerns Research low, and for menopausal symptoms, valuable for treating many conditions,
A number of Cimicifuga species are strongly suggests that black cohosh especially hot flashes. including high blood pressure, tinnitus
used in traditional Chinese medicine, is a safe and valuable medicine. ■ Inflammation Black cohosh is (ringing in the ears), whooping cough,
including sheng ma (C. dahurica) Concerns have been raised that it useful for inflammatory arthritis, and asthma.
and C. foetida. They are thought to might cause liver damage or be especially when it is associated
“clear heat” and relieve toxicity, unsuitable for women at risk of with menopause, and it also finds Self-help Uses
and are used to treat asthma, developing breast cancer. No effect use as a remedy for
headaches, and measles, among on liver function was found during rheumatic problems, including ■ Arthritis, p. 313.
other conditions. the clinical trials, and it is thought rheumatoid arthritis. ■ Decreased estrogen &
that it has some preventative activity
Key Constituents against breast cancer. progesterone levels, p. 316.
■ Triterpene glycosides Traditional &
(actein, cimicifugoside) Current Uses
■ Isoflavones (formononetin) ■ Gynecological uses Black
■ Isoferulic acid cohosh has long been used by Native
Americans for women’s problems,
for which reason its folkname is
“squaw root.” It is used today for
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C i n C h o n a s p p.
key medicinal plants Cinchona spp. (Rubiaceae) Cinchona
An evergreen tree
Cinchona, Peruvian Bark reaching 80 ft (25 m),
with reddish bark and
leaves that grow to
20 in (50 cm).
Cinchona is best known as the source of quinine, Parts Used
which for centuries was the most widely taken
antimalarial remedy in the world. It was first Bark of the trunk, branches, and root contains
documented in Peru by a Jesuit missionary in 1633. alkaloids, especially quinine. The bark of the
As well as being a remedy for malaria, the herb is trunk is most commonly used medicinally.
also used for fevers and digestive problems. Various
Cinchona species are used medicinally, including
C. calisaya, C. ledgeriana, and C. officinalis.
Fresh bark
■ Tonic
■ stimulates the appetite
■ Antispasmodic
■ Astringent
■ Antibacterial
Research
■ Pharmacology Cinchona has
been thoroughly researched and Dried bark
its pharmacological actions are Key Preparations
well established.
Cinchona bark has a bitter taste, and ■ Quinine Quinine is both strongly & Their Uses
it, or its constituent quinine, is used antimalarial and antibacterial. Like the
to flavor tonic water. other alkaloids, it is antispasmodic. RCautions Take only under professional supervision.
■ Bitter Cinchona contains bitter Do not take during pregnancy. Excessive use causes
Habitat & Cultivation constituents including alkaloids and “cinchonism,” which in extreme cases leads to coma
quinovin, which produce a reflex and death. Restricted in some countries.
Native to mountainous tropical regions stimulation of the digestion as a
of South America, especially Peru, whole, increasing stomach secretions.
cinchona is now also grown in India, ■ Quinidine Quinidine is a cardiac
Java, and parts of Africa and is cultivated depressant and is known to reduce
intensively in plantations. The trees are heart rate and improve irregularity
propagated from cuttings in late spring, of heartbeat.
and the bark of the trunk, branches, Traditional & Powder is used to treat malaria.
and root are removed from 6- to Current Uses
8-year-old trees, and then dried in the
sun. The annual production of cinchona ■ Traditional remedy The
bark has been estimated at about indigenous peoples of Peru have taken
8,000 tons (8,200 tonnes) a year. cinchona for many centuries, and it
Key Constituents is still a well-used remedy for fevers,
digestive problems, and infections.
■ Alkaloids (up to 15%), mainly ■ Homeopathic proving
quinoline alkaloids (quinine, Samuel Hahnemann, the founder Decoction is a well-known Tincture is strongly bitter
quinidine) and indole alkaloids of homeopathy, prepared the first remedy for fevers. It is also and is prescribed to
(cinchonamine) homeopathic medicine, or proving, used as a gargle for sore throats. improve digestion.
■ Bitter triterpenic glycosides from cinchona in about 1790.
(quinovin) ■ Antimalarial Cinchona, and in Quinine is also used to treat other ■ Muscle spasms The herb is
■ Tannins particular quinine, were the principal acute feverish conditions. used in herbal medicine for cramps,
■ Quinic acid remedies for malaria until the First ■ Digestive stimulant As a bitter especially night cramps. It also
Key Actions World War. From the 1960s, tonic, cinchona stimulates saliva, relieves arthritis.
resistance of the malarial parasite
digestive secretions, and appetite, and ■ Indian remedy In India, cinchona
■ Bitter to the synthetic drug chloroquine improves weak digestive function. is used for various conditions,
■ Reduces fever led to quinine’s use once again in ■ Gargle Cinchona is useful as a including sciatica, dysentery, and
80 ■ Antimalarial preventing and treating malaria. gargle for sore, infected throats. problems with kapha (see p. 38).
C i n n a m o m u m s p p.
Cinnamomum spp. (Lauraceae) Cinnamon key medicinal plants
An evergreen tree
Cinnamon, Dalcini (Hindi), Rou Gui (Chinese) growing to 26–59 ft
(8–18 m), with soft,
reddish-brown bark
and yellow flowers.
One of the world’s most important spices, cinnamon Parts Used
is an ancient medicine, first mentioned in the Jewish
religious text, the Torah. The bark has a long history of Inner bark is used
use in India and Southeast Asia, and is thought to have in preparations
arrived in Egypt around 2000 bce, reaching Europe and is distilled
around 500 bce. Traditionally used to treat colds, flu, for essential oil.
and digestive problems, cinnamon is now commonly
taken to help stabilize blood-sugar levels.
■ phenolics (procyanidins) Twigs of closely
■ Coumarins (C. cassia) related C. cassia are
■ Mucilage widely used in Chinese
medicine to relieve
“cold” conditions.
Key Actions Key Preparations & Their Uses
■ Warming stimulant QCautions Occasionally causes allergic reaction; excessive doses may cause
■ Carminative low blood sugar; do not take essential oil internally.
■ Antidiabetic
■ Antimicrobial
■ Antifungal
Cinnamon is now widely cultivated as a spice Research Infusion (to make, p. 291). Essential oil For
and a medicine, but, traditionally, only bark For colds and flu, drink 1/2 cup wasp stings, dab
from wild trees was used medicinally. ■ Metabolic syndrome Research on oil as often
suggests the bark helps to prevent and (100 ml) 2–3 times a day. as required.
Habitat & Cultivation treat type 2 (late-onset) diabetes,
increasing cells’ ability to respond to Tincture To make, infuse the herb in alcohol (see p. 292). For flatulence,
Cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) is native insulin and aiding the stabilization of take 20 drops with water up to 4 times a day.
to India and Sri Lanka, growing blood-sugar levels. It also helps to
in tropical forests to an altitude of reduce high blood pressure and may Powder take up to 3 tsp a day to support stable blood-sugar levels.
1,600 ft (500 m). It is widely cultivated slightly lower cholesterol, so it could be
throughout tropical regions, especially key to treating metabolic syndrome. ■ Convalescence Cinnamon is a preventing insulin resistance—the 81
in the Philippines and the Caribbean. ■ Other uses Similarities of the gentle-acting herb that helps to impaired uptake of sugar by cells that
The tree is propagated from cuttings phenolic procyanidins to grape seed support both digestion and circulation. is a warning sign of diabetes. One
and every second year, the young trees (Vitis vinifera, p. 283) and green tea It is used specifically in the treatment suggestion, as part of a wider regimen
are cut back to just above ground level. (Camellia sinensis, p. 181) indicates of debility and in convalescence. for diabetes and metabolic syndrome,
The bark is stripped from the shoots cinnamon is strongly antioxidant ■ Gynecological remedy is to take 3 tsp of cinnamon powder a
that emerge the following year, and and aids healthy circulation. The It can help relieve period cramps day for 4 months.
the inner layer is set out to dry in the essential oil is sedative, analgesic, and might have a normalizing effect ■ Gastrointestinal problems
sun, forming the characteristic quills. and has marked antimicrobial and on menstrual bleeding—controlling It has always been used as a warming
antifungal activity. There are hints heavy bleeding but stimulating flow and soothing remedy for digestion,
Related Species that cinnamon helps brain health. where it is light. It is valuable in the aiding in nausea, indigestion,
treatment of PCOS (polycystic and flatulence, as well as colic and
Several species are used besides Traditional & ovary syndrome) as it helps to diarrhea. Its antifungal activity means
“true” cinnamon (C. zeylanicum and Current Uses reduce insulin levels and stabilize that it can be of value in gut dysbiosis
C. verum). Cassia (C. cassia), native to estrogen levels. (disordered gut bacteria).
China and Japan, is used as a yang tonic ■ Ancient warming remedy ■ Insulin resistance It has a
(see p. 40) in Chinese herbal medicine. Cinnamon has always been used as distinct role to play in promoting Self-help Use
Cassia is the most commonly used a warming herb for “cold” conditions, better blood glucose levels and in
species in commerce. often in combination with ginger ■ Colds, p. 311.
(Zingiber officinale, p. 155). The bark
Key Constituents stimulates circulation and blood flow
to the extremities. It has long been
■ Volatile oil up to 4% used for flu symptoms, and makes an
(cinnamaldehyde 65–80%, excellent mouthwash for conditions
eugenol 5–10%) such as oral thrush.
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Citrus limon
key medicinal plants Citrus limon (Rutaceae) Lemon
A small, evergreen
Lemon tree growing to
about 23 ft (7 m),
Lemon is one of the most important and versatile Parts Used with light green,
natural medicines for home use. A familiar food as toothed leaves.
well as a remedy, it has a high vitamin C content that Fruit and peel improve Fruit contains twice
helps improve resistance to infection, making it valuable the circulation and increase as much vitamin C
for colds and flu. It is taken as a preventative for many resistance to infection. as oranges
conditions, including stomach infections, circulatory
problems, and arteriosclerosis (thickening of the
arterial walls).
Traditional &
Current Uses
■ Valuable medicine Spanish
popular medicine ascribes so many
medicinal uses to lemon that whole
books have been written about it.
■ Established properties Despite
its acid content, once digested, lemon
has an alkaline effect within the
Lemons were a remedy for scurvy (caused body, making it useful in rheumatic Pith and peel contain
by lack of vitamin C) long before vitamin C conditions where acidity is a volatile oil and most of
was identified. contributory factor. The volatile oil
is antiseptic and antibacterial. The the bioflavonoids.
Habitat & Cultivation bioflavonoids are antioxidant and
strengthen the inner lining of blood Key Preparations & Their Uses
vessels, especially veins and capillaries,
and help counter varicose veins and Caution Do not take essential oil internally except under professional supervision.
Thought to be native to India, lemon easy bruising.
trees were first grown in Europe in the ■ Preventative Lemon is a Lemon Garlic
2nd century ce and are now cultivated valuable preventative medicine.
in Mediterranean and subtropical Its antiseptic and cleansing actions
climates worldwide. Propagated from make it useful for those prone to
seed in spring, they prefer well-drained arteriosclerosis, and to infections
soil and plenty of sun. The fruit is and fevers (especially of the
harvested in winter when the vitamin stomach, liver, and intestines). Cinnamon
C content is at its highest. Its ability to strengthen blood
Key Constituents vessel walls helps prevent circulatory Remedy For colds, combine 1 tbsp lemon juice with
disorders and bleeding gums. 21/2 tbsp hot water, a crushed garlic clove, and a
■ Volatile oil (about 2.5% of Lemon is also useful as a general pinch of cinnamon. Drink up to 3 times a day.
the peel), limonene (up to tonic for many chronic illnesses.
70%), alpha-terpinene, alpha- Above all, it is a food that helps Juice For sore throats, Essential oil Dilute 5 drops
pinene, beta-pinene, citral maintain general good health. dilute 1 tbsp lemon juice with1 tsp carrier oil. Dab
■ Coumarins ■ Strengthening vein walls The with 1 tbsp hot water
■ Bioflavonoids whole fruit, especially the pith, treats and use as a gargle. onto mouth ulcers.
■ Vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, and C arteriosclerosis, weak capillaries, and
(40–50 mg per 100 g of fruit) varicose veins.
■ Mucilage ■ Juice Lemon juice is good for
colds, flu, and chest infections. Externally, lemon juice can be ■ Arthritis, p. 313.
Key Actions It stimulates liver detoxification, applied directly to acne, athlete’s ■ Bites & stings, p. 303.
■ Antiseptic improves the appetite, and helps foot, chilblains, insect stings, ■ Chilblains, p. 302.
■ Antirheumatic ease stomach acidity, ulcers, arthritis, ringworm, sunburn, and warts. ■ Colds & flu, p. 311.
■ Antibacterial gout, and rheumatism. As a gargle, Self-help Uses ■ Cold sores, p. 304.
lemon juice is helpful for sore ■ Sore throats, p. 311.
■ Antioxidant throats, gingivitis, and mouth ulcers. ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. ■ Weak digestion, p. 306.
82 ■ Reduces fever
Codonopsis pilosula
Codonopsis pilosula (Campanulaceae) Codonopsis key medicinal plants
A twining perennial
Codonopsis, Dang Shen (Chinese) growing to 5 ft (1.5 m),
with oval leaves and
pendulous green
and purple flowers.
Codonopsis has a central place in Chinese herbal Parts Used
medicine as a gentle tonic that increases energy levels,
improves physical and mental well-being, and helps the Root is used in cooking or dried
body adapt to stress. Codonopsis is an adaptogen similar in for use in tinctures and decoctions.
action to ginseng (Panax ginseng, p. 118) but with a milder
and shorter-lasting effect. It is given to those who find Root has a
ginseng too strong a tonic, and is used interchangeably sweet taste
with ginseng in Chinese herbal formulas.
■ Stamina Other research has
confirmed the ability of codonopsis
to help increase endurance to stress
and to maintain alertness.
Traditional & Dried root Fresh
Current Uses root
Key Preparations
Codonopsis bears solitary bell-shaped ■ Tonic herb In Chinese & Their Uses
flowers with purple markings herbal medicine, codonopsis
in summer. is considered to tone the qi Remedy Simmer 4 tsp codonopsis,
(vital force—see pp. 24–25), lungs, 4 tsp astragalus, and 2 tsp lycium berries
Habitat & Cultivation and spleen. It improves vitality and
helps to balance metabolic function. with 3 cups (750 ml) water for
Codonopsis is native to It is a gentle tonic remedy that helps 40 minutes. Drink regularly as a tonic.
northeastern China and grows to revive the system as a whole.
throughout much of the region, ■ Primary uses Codonopsis is Decoction (to make, Tincture (to make, p. 292) is used
especially in the Shanxi and Szechuan taken in particular for tired limbs, p. 291). For fatigue, drink in the West, but not in Chinese
provinces. It is propagated from seed general fatigue, and for digestive 1/3 cup (75 ml) twice a day. herbal medicine. As a tonic, take
in spring or autumn. The root is problems such as appetite loss, 1⁄2 tsp with water 3 times a day.
harvested in autumn once the aerial vomiting, and diarrhea. It is thought
parts have died down. to nourish the yin (see pp. 40–41) ■ Respiratory problems Self-help Uses 83
of the stomach without making it Codonopsis clears excessive
Key Constituents too “wet,” and at the same time to mucus from the lungs, and is ■ Loss of appetite &
tone the spleen without making it useful for respiratory problems vomiting, p. 306.
■ Sterols too “dry.” It is beneficial in any chronic including shortness of breath
■ Alkaloids illness where “spleen qi deficiency” and asthma. ■ Nervous exhaustion, muscle
■ Terpenes is a contributory factor. tension, & headaches, p. 308.
■ Polysaccharides ■ False fire Perhaps most
■ Alkanes interestingly, codonopsis is given ■ Stress or convalescence, p. 319.
as a tonic to people who are
Key Actions stressed and have “false fire”
symptoms, including tense neck
■ Adaptogen muscles, headaches, irritability,
■ Tonic and high blood pressure. Such
■ Anti-anemic symptoms can be aggravated by
stronger adaptogens such as ginseng
Research (Panax ginseng, p. 118), while
codonopsis is also more effective
■ Blood remedy Laboratory in helping to reduce adrenaline
experiments have demonstrated that levels and associated stress.
codonopsis increases hemoglobin ■ Breastfeeding tonic The herb is
and red blood cell levels, and lowers taken regularly by nursing mothers in
blood pressure. China to increase milk production
and as a tonic to “build strong blood.”
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key medicinal plants Coleus forskohlii Coleus
An aromatic perennial,
Coleus forskohlii syn. Plectranthus barbatus (Lamiaceae) with tuberlike roots
and an erect stem,
Coleus reaching 2 ft (60 cm).
Native to India, coleus is used in Indian folk medicine within Ayurvedic and Unani Tibb Traditional &
rather than within the Ayurvedic tradition, and is a herbal medicine to help reduce Current Uses
traditional digestive remedy. It shot to fame in Western inflammation and is prescribed for
medical circles when one of its constituents, forskolin, was bronchitis and asthma. ■ Traditional uses Coleus is a
first isolated in the 1970s. Research by an Indian/German traditional herb in India for a wide
company showed that forskolin was a powerful medicine Key Constituents range of digestive problems. It is
for various conditions, including heart failure, glaucoma, given to relieve gas, bloating, and
and bronchial asthma. ■ Volatile oil abdominal discomfort.
■ Diterpenes (forskolin) ■ Circulatory remedy An
Coleus is strongly aromatic and the leaves temperate areas, including Nepal, important heart and circulatory
have a distinctive camphor-like scent. Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), and Key Actions tonic, coleus is used to treat
parts of eastern Africa. Coleus was congestive heart failure and
Habitat & Cultivation popular as an ornamental in the ■ Lowers blood pressure poor coronary blood flow. It also
19th century. Today it is cultivated ■ Antispasmodic improves circulation of blood to
Native to India, coleus grows on the on a large scale in Gujarat, India, for ■ Dilates the bronchioles the brain.
dry slopes of the Indian plains and in use in pickles—around 980 tons ■ Respiratory problems Its
the foothills of the Himalayas. It is (1,000 tonnes) are harvested each (small airways of the lungs) antispasmodic action makes coleus
also found in subtropical or warm year. The plant is propagated by ■ Dilates the blood vessels valuable for respiratory complaints,
stem cuttings or root division in ■ Heart tonic including asthma and bronchitis.
spring or summer and flourishes in ■ Glaucoma Coleus is used
well-drained soil in sun or partial Research topically in treatments to relieve
shade. Both root and leaves are glaucoma (excess pressure within
harvested in autumn. ■ Forskolin The active constituent the eye, which, if untreated, can
forskolin was first isolated in the result in loss of vision).
Related Species 1970s. It has important therapeutic ■ Weight loss Recently, coleus has
benefits, which include lowering high been marketed as a weight-loss aid.
Six other species of Coleus have blood pressure, relaxing smooth It is argued that because coleus
been investigated but only C. forskohlii muscle, increasing the release of stimulates cellular metabolism, it will
contains forskolin. Indian borage hormones from the thyroid gland, help to promote weight loss. There is
(C. amboinicus) is used traditionally stimulating digestive secretions, and no evidence to support this, though
reducing pressure within the eye. it may be of use if weight gain is due
■ Whole herb Research into to poor thyroid function.
coleus has focused on the action
of forskolin in isolation, and the herb
as a whole has not been researched.
Parts Used Root is unearthed in autumn Key Preparations
when the active constituents & Their Uses
Leaves have valuable are most concentrated.
medicinal properties and RCautions Do not take for circulatory problems or glaucoma
are also eaten in pickles. without professional advice.
Dried root
Decoction of the root.
For bronchial asthma, make
a decoction with 15 g root
and 2 cups (500 ml) water
(see p. 291). Drink in small
doses over 2 days.
Fresh leaves Dried leaves Infusion of the leaves
84 (to make, p. 291). To
relieve gas and bloating,
drink 3⁄4 cup (150 ml)
twice a day.
Commiphora molmol
Commiphora molmol syn. C. myrrha (Burseraceae) Myrrh key medicinal plants
A spiny, deciduous tree
Myrrh growing to 16 ft (5 m),
with yellow-red flowers
Myrrh has been used in perfumes, incense, and Key Actions and pointed fruit.
embalming, and, as a symbol of suffering, was one of
the three gifts offered to the infant Jesus by the Three ■ Antiseptic in water, tincture or essential oil is used
Wise Men. Myrrh is also one of the oldest known ■ Astringent and diluted. The resulting mouthwash
medicines and was extensively used by the ancient ■ Antiparasitic or gargle is often swiftly effective
Egyptians. It is an excellent remedy for mouth and throat ■ Anti-inflammatory (though tastes very bitter). Myrrh’s
problems, with a drying, slightly bitter taste, and it is also ■ Antiulcer key actions also make it valuable in
useful for skin problems. ■ Wound healer countering infection throughout the
digestive tract, while at the same time
Thailand. It grows in thickets and Research it promotes healing in inflamed areas,
likes well-drained soil and sun. Myrrh notably gastric ulcers.
is propagated from seed in spring ■ Antibiotic Egyptian research ■ Ayurvedic remedy In Ayurvedic
or from cuttings at the end of the confirms that myrrh is a key treatment medicine, myrrh is considered a tonic
growing season. The resin is collected for certain parasitic infections, notably and aphrodisiac and to cleanse the
from cut branches and is dried for use. liver flukes and schistosomiasis (both blood. It has a reputation for improving
common and serious waterborne intellect. Myrrh is also taken for
Myrrh trees yield a thick, yellow resin Related Species diseases). In one clinical study, myrrh irregular or painful menstruation.
that has a distinct, aromatic odor. extract cleared all signs of liver fluke ■ External uses Myrrh is an
It is used in mouthwashes. A number of closely related infection within 6 days, with patients underused treatment for skin
Commiphora species are used remaining clear 3 months later. problems such as acne, boils, and
Habitat & Cultivation interchangeably with myrrh. Others have been similarly inflammatory conditions. The herb’s
See guggul (C. mukul, p. 193). successful. It is also being studied as drying and slightly anesthetizing effect
Native to northeast Africa, especially a gastric ulcer remedy and for anti- has led to its use in Germany as a
Somalia, myrrh is now also found in Key Constituents cancer properties. The gum resin treatment for pressure sores caused
Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, India, Iran, and has thyroid-stimulating activity. by prosthetic limbs.
■ Gum (30–60%), acidic
polysaccharides Traditional & Self-help Uses
Current Uses
■ Resin (25–40%) ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
■ Volatile oil (3–8%), including ■ Mouth & throat remedy Being ■ Mouth & tongue ulcers, p. 306.
astringent and strongly antiseptic, ■ Canker sores & gum
heerabolene, eugenol, and myrrh is a favored remedy for sore
many furanosesquiterpenes throats, canker sores, and gingivitis problems, p. 306.
(gum disease). As myrrh is not soluble ■ Oral thrush, p. 314.
■ Sore throats, p. 311.
Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses
Gum resin oozes from fissures or QCautions Do not use in pregnancy. Do not take the essential oil internally.
cuts in the bark of the tree and dries
into yellow-red solid pieces. Mouthwash Dilute 1 tsp
tincture (to make, p. 292)
with 1⁄2 cup (100 ml) water
and use as a mouthwash or
for sore throats.
Tincture (to make, p. 292).
For mouth ulcers, carefully
dab on a little every hour.
Essential oil For congested
sinuses, dilute 3 drops in
1 tsp carrier oil and massage
gently (see p. 297).
Dried gum resin Powder Rub a little onto Capsules (to make, p. 292). For
sore gums 3 times daily. bronchial congestion, take a
300 mg capsule twice a day.
85
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Corydalis yaNHUsUo
key medicinal plants Corydalis yanhusuo (Papaveraceae) Corydalis
A small herbaceous
Corydalis, Yan Hu Suo (Chinese) plant growing to
8 in (20 cm) with
Corydalis is an important Chinese remedy that has Key Actions narrow leaves and
been used at least since the 8th century to help pink flowers.
“invigorate the blood” and relieve almost any painful ■ Analgesic
condition. It is used particularly for menstrual cramps ■ Antispasmodic ■ Menstrual pain Several clinical
and for chest and abdominal pain. Research in China ■ Sedative trials in China have shown corydalis
has confirmed the validity of corydalis’ traditional use, to be very effective in relieving
revealing that it contains powerful alkaloids that are Research menstrual pain.
responsible for its analgesic effect.
■ Analgesic properties Research Traditional &
rhizome is harvested in late spring in China from the 1950s onward has Current Uses
and early summer when the aerial shown that corydalis has useful pain-
parts have withered. relieving properties. The powdered ■ Pain relief Corydalis is specifically
rhizome has up to one-tenth of the taken to treat pain, and is used in
Corydalis is commonly prescribed Related Species analgesic potency of morphine—an Chinese herbal medicine to relieve
by the Chinese in formulations for alkaloid derived from the opium pain resulting from almost any cause.
period pain. C. cava, a related species from poppy (Papaver somniferum, p. 244). It is rarely taken on its own, being
southern Europe, has been shown Morphine is highly concentrated and combined with various other herbs
to provide relief from involuntary the strongest analgesic in medical as appropriate.
tremors and ataxia (shaky movements). use. Although this research shows ■ Period pain Corydalis is well
C. gariana, native to the Himalayas, is corydalis to be much weaker in its worth trying as a natural treatment
used in India as a detoxifying and tonic effect than morphine, it nonetheless for period pain, and combines
herb for skin problems and genito- indicates the value of corydalis in well with cramp bark (Viburnum
urinary infections. Fumitory (Fumaria pain relief. opulus, p. 150).
officinalis, p. 213), used to treat skin ■ Alkaloids The strongest analgesic ■ Abdominal conditions Many
problems, is also closely related. alkaloid in corydalis is corydaline. types of abdominal pain, whether in
Tetrahydropalmatine (THP), another the lower abdomen as in appendicitis,
Habitat & Cultivation Key Constituents alkaloid, is analgesic and sedative and or in the upper abdomen as in peptic
has been shown to work, at least in ulcer, are treated with corydalis.
Native to Siberia, northern China, and ■ Alkaloids (including corydalis L, part, by blocking the dopamine ■ Injuries In Chinese medical
Japan, corydalis is commonly cultivated corydaline, tetrahydropalmatine receptors in the central nervous theory, and in other herbal traditions,
in eastern and northeastern parts of [THP], protopine) system. This constituent is also pain is often thought to stem from
China. It is propagated from seed in known to stimulate secretion of the obstruction of normal blood flow.
early spring or autumn, and the ■ Protoberberine-type alkaloid adrenocorticotrophic hormone As corydalis is thought to “invigorate
(leonticine) (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary the blood,” it is considered to be
gland, which controls aspects of stress. especially useful as a treatment for
the pain that results from a
traumatic injury.
Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses
Rhizome contains powerful alkaloids that research QCaution Do not take during pregnancy.
shows help alleviate pain. It is unearthed in autumn
and dried and chopped.
Powder To ease pain, Decoction Make a decoction with 10 g
take 2 g of powder corydalis, 3 g cinnamon, and 2 cups
with food twice a day.
(500 ml) water (see p. 291). For period
pain, take 1/2 cup (100 ml) twice a day.
Dried rhizome Tincture (to make, p. 292). For abdominal pain, take up to 1 tsp
86 with water twice a day.
Crataegus oxyaCantha Hawthorn
A deciduous, thorny
Crataegus oxyacantha & C. monogyna (Rosaceae) tree with small leaves,
white flowers, and red
Hawthorn berries, growing to
26 ft (8 m).
Hawthorn is an extremely valuable medicinal herb. It was Parts Used
known in the Middle Ages as a symbol of hope and taken
for many ailments. Today it is used mainly for heart and Flowering tops contain
circulatory disorders, in particular for angina. Western trimethylamine, which
herbalists consider it literally to be a “food for the heart,” stimulates circulation.
increasing blood flow to the heart muscles and restoring
normal heartbeat. Recent research has confirmed the Fresh
validity of these uses. flowering
tops
Hawthorn has bright red berries in autumn. Research Dried flowering tops
They are used in remedies to treat a variety Berries help the heart
of circulatory disorders. ■ Bioflavonoids Hawthorn has to function normally.
been fairly well researched. Its main
Habitat & Cultivation medicinal benefit is due to its high Fresh berries
bioflavonoid and proanthocyanin
The hawthorn tree grows content. These constituents relax Dried berries
along roadsides, and in thickets and and dilate the arteries, especially the
fields throughout the British Isles coronary arteries. This increases Key Preparations & Their Uses
and in all temperate regions of the the flow of blood to the heart
northern hemisphere. It can be muscles and reduces the symptoms QCautions Interactions with prescribed medicines can occur. Seek advice from
propagated from seed, but it of angina. Both the bioflavonoids and an herbal or medical practitioner if taking prescribed medicines, especially for high
takes 18 months to germinate, the proanthocyanins are also strongly blood pressure and heart disorders.
so the trees are usually cultivated antioxidant, helping to prevent or
from cuttings. The flowering tops reduce degeneration of the Tincture of flowering tops or Decoction of flowering Tablets containing
are harvested in late spring and blood vessels. berries is the most commonly tops is valuable for powdered flowering
the berries in late summer to ■ Cardiac herb Several clinical circulatory disorders. tops are convenient
early autumn. trials have explored hawthorn’s ability used preparation. for long-term use.
to lower blood pressure and support
Key Constituents heart function, with substantially Infusion, made from the flowers or leaves, helps to restore
positive findings and strong evidence blood pressure levels to normal.
■ Polyphenols of the herb’s safety.
■ Proanthocyanins ■ Blood pressure Hawthorn is ■ Poor memory Combined 87
■ Bioflavonoids Traditional & best thought of as a remedy that with ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, p. 100),
■ Triterpenoids Current Uses normalizes blood pressure. It clearly hawthorn is used to enhance poor
■ Coumarins works to lower high blood pressure, memory. It works by improving the
■ Amines (trimethylamine— ■ Historical uses Hawthorn was but also appears to support blood circulation of blood within the head,
traditionally used in Europe for pressure levels where these tend thereby increasing the amount of
in flowers only) kidney and bladder stones, and as to be low. oxygen to the brain.
a diuretic. The 16th- and 18th-century
Key Actions herbals of Gerard, Culpeper, and
K’Eogh all list these uses. Its current
■ Cardiotonic use for circulatory and cardiac
■ Circulatory tonic problems stems from an Irish physician
■ Lowers blood pressure who started using it successfully for
■ Antioxidant such conditions toward the end of
the 19th century.
■ Heart remedy Hawthorn is used
today to treat angina and coronary
artery disease. It specifically improves
heart function and is useful for mild
congestive heart failure and irregular
heartbeat. Like many herbs,
hawthorn works in tune with the
body’s own physiological processes
and it takes time for change to occur.
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Crataeva nurvula
key medicinal plants Crataeva nurvula (Capparidaceae) Varuna
A large deciduous
Varuna, Barun (Hindi), Three-leaved Caper tree growing to
33 ft (10 m), with
smooth bark and
pale yellow flowers.
The bark of the varuna tree is an important herb for Parts Used
problems affecting the kidneys and bladder, especially
kidney and bladder stones. In Ayurvedic medicine, it has Bark contains constituents
been used for around 3,000 years to treat these problems, that inhibit the formation of
and, as is the case with so many herbs, recent scientific kidney stones.
research is confirming the appropriateness of its traditional
usage, demonstrating that it prevents the formation of
kidney stones.
Varuna is frequently cultivated in the precipitate in the kidneys and bladder Dried bark
vicinity of temples in central India to form stones. The herb also seems
and Bangladesh. to reduce the rate at which stone- Leaves are
forming constituents within the urine harvested in
are deposited in the kidneys. spring and are
■ Urinary system Indian research used in infusions.
in the 1980s and 1990s points to
varuna being valuable in the
treatment of urinary tract infections
and bladder problems caused by an
enlarged prostate gland. In one clinical
trial, 85% of patients with chronic
urinary tract infections were
symptom-free after undergoing
4 weeks’ treatment with varuna.
Habitat & Cultivation Traditional & Dried leaves
Current Uses
Varuna grows throughout India and is Key Preparations & Their Uses
often found along riverbanks. Grown ■ Ancient urinary remedy Texts
from seed in spring, the leaves are dating back to the 8th century bce QCaution Best taken under professional supervision.
harvested in spring and the bark is document varuna’s use in Ayurvedic
collected throughout the year. medicine for kidney and bladder
Key Constituents problems. From around 1100 ce, Infusion of leaves
varuna became the main Indian herbal (to make, p. 291).
■ Triterpenes medicine for kidney stones. For painful joints,
■ Saponins ■ Other traditional uses apply as a lotion
■ Flavonoids Traditionally, varuna bark is considered 3 times a day
■ Sterols useful in Ayurveda (see p. 36–39) for (see p. 296).
■ Alkaloids weakened conditions of vata (air) and
■ Glucosilinates kapha (earth), and is used to treat Powdered bark is used in
many conditions, including asthma, Ayurveda. For urinary infections,
Key Actions bronchitis, and skin diseases. The
take 15 g with water daily.
■ Diuretic bark is also used to treat fevers, Decoction of bark (to make, p. 291) is the most
■ Inhibits the formation gastritis, and vomiting, as well as common preparation. To prevent kidney stone
snake bite. The fresh leaves, bruised formation, take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) once a day.
of stones and mixed with vinegar, relieve sore
Research and inflamed joints.
■ Bladder & kidney stones ■ Kidney stones Today, varuna is for people who already have small is very useful for urinary tract
Clinical research in India from the beginning to be used in the West, as stones. Varuna improves smooth infections, including cystitis. It is
1980s onward indicates that varuna well as in India, in the prevention and muscle tone and encourages the also sometimes effective for bladder
increases bladder tone and inhibits treatment of kidney stones. It is given removal of stones in the urine. conditions involving poor muscle
the formation of bladder stones. It to people who are prone to develop ■ Urinary tract remedy tone, some cases of incontinence,
reduces the production within the kidney stones, reducing the tendency Combined with antiseptic and and urinary problems associated
88 body of oxalates, substances that can to stone formation. It is also prescribed immune-stimulating herbs, varuna with prostate enlargement.
CroCus sativa
Crocus sativa (Iridaceae) Saffron key medicinal plants
A perennial growing
Saffron to 1 ft (30 cm), saffron
has slender leaves and
multiple lilac to mauve
flowers.
Perhaps most familiar as an ingredient in the Spanish Parts Used
dish paella, saffron is a prized herbal medicine that by
weight is more valuable than gold. The thin, deep-orange Stigma are the three deep
filaments picked from the saffron flower have long- orange-red threads at the
standing traditional use as a remedy for lowered mood, center of the flower.
menstrual disorders, and as a sexual tonic. Current
research is endorsing some of these findings, and
saffron clearly offers significant health benefits.
■ Aphrodisiac Flower head
■ Stomach tonic
Stigma
Research
Key Preparations
■ Depression Several clinical & Their Uses
trials have found saffron to be
beneficial in depression. In 2005, QCautions Do not take as a medicine during pregnancy.
Iranian researchers found that Excessive doses can be toxic.
saffron was as effective as
Saffron’s golden-red threads may help fluoxetine (Prozac) for mild Dried stigma For low mood, take
to support eyesight and prevent to moderate depression. In a 5 threads 1–2 times a day.
macular degeneration. different clinical trial, saffron was
shown to help relieve the symptoms Capsules (to make, p. 292). For menstrual cramps, take a 300 mg capsule up to
Habitat & Cultivation of sexual dysfunction (in both men five times a day.
and women) that can sometimes
Saffron prefers a sunny, well-drained present themselves as a side effect For medicinal purposes, good-quality as a “cordial” or heart tonic, wrote in 89
site. It is cultivated in Iran, which of taking fluoxetine. material is essential. 1862 that “Saffron hath power to
grows roughly 90% of world ■ Eye health Research from a quicken the spirits, and the virtue
production. The stigma are collected combined Italian-Australian study Traditional & thereof pierceth by and by to the
in the autumn when the plant is in suggests that saffron has a useful Current Uses heart, provoking laughter and
flower. The flowers are first cut, the role to play in helping to support merriness.” It is said that rubbed into
stigma then being plucked from eye health in the early stages of ■ Traditional uses Avicenna, the palm, saffron has an immediate
within. The corms (bulbs) naturally macular degeneration. The study a 10th-century physician famous for action on the heart.
reproduce themselves—one corm found that retinal function his Canon of Medicine, described ■ Chinese herbal medicine
producing five after 3 years. improved in those taking saffron. saffron in detail, noting that it was In Chinese medicine, saffron is used
Other research suggests that an “exhilarant and cardiac tonic” that for depression and shock. It also has
Related Species saffron might prove useful in “strengthens eyesight,” “reduces long use as a remedy for menstrual
treating glaucoma. appetite,” and is “a stimulant of sexual difficulties such as period cramps
Saffron should not be confused ■ Cognitive function desire.” A rereading of the Canon and pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS).
with meadow saffron (Colchicum Saffron appears to have marked paved the way for much of the Saffron is also used to treat skin
autumnale, p. 193), an important neuroprotective activity (see Iranian research over recent years. disorders, stomach weakness, and
(but toxic) medicinal plant that is Depression and Eye health). Iranian The herbalist Christopher Catton, to reduce appetite.
only distantly related to saffron. clinical research has examined following the English view of saffron
saffron’s therapeutic potential in
Key Constituents people with moderate Alzheimer’s
disease. Though still at a very early
■ Crocins (carotenoid glucosides) stage, two small studies indicate
■ Volatile oil (including safranal) that saffron, and particularly the
■ Bitter substances crocins within it, acts on the brain
to improve memory and cognitive
Key Actions function, including in those
with dementia.
■ Neuroprotective ■ Adulteration Due to its high
■ Antidepressant cost, saffron is frequently adulterated.
■ Antispasmodic
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CurCuma longa
key medicinal plants Curcuma longa syn. C. domestica (Zingiberaceae) Turmeric
A perennial reaching
Turmeric, Haldi (Hindi), Jiang Huang (Chinese) 3 ft (90 cm), with a
short stem, lance-
Although best known for its bright yellow color (neutralize harmful free radicals). shaped leaves, and
and spicy taste in Indian food, turmeric is increasingly Research from the 1970s onward, a knobbly rhizome.
recognized as a medicinal food with almost unparalleled mostly in India, has tended to confirm
health benefits. Its powerful anti-inflammatory action traditional uses of the root. and flow, and has a protective action
makes turmeric a key remedy in many chronic health ■ Anti-inflammatory Research on the stomach and liver.
problems, including allergies, arthritis, diabetes, and has established that turmeric, and
psoriasis, where long-term inflammation is usually curcumin in particular, blocks several Traditional &
a major underlying factor. different inflammatory pathways, Current Uses
countering inflammation throughout
Key Constituents the body. Turmeric is largely taken as ■ Traditional remedy Turmeric
a supplement to prevent or treat improves the action of the liver and
■ Curcumin cancer, dementia, and many auto- is a traditional remedy for jaundice in
■ Volatile oil (3–5%), including immune diseases. Black pepper both Ayurvedic and Chinese herbal
is traditionally taken with turmeric medicine. It is also an ancient herb for
zingiberen and turmerone to augment its efficacy. This effect digestive problems such as gastritis
■ Bitter principles is now supported by research. and acidity, helping to increase mucus
■ Resin ■ Curcumin When applied to the production and protect the stomach.
skin and exposed to sunlight, turmeric The herb also alleviates nausea.
Turmeric is a valuable remedy for Key Actions is strongly antibacterial. Curcumin is ■ Arthritis & allergies Even though
arthritic and skin conditions. the constituent responsible for this turmeric does not relieve pain, its anti-
■ Anti-inflammatory action. Curcumin is also more strongly inflammatory action makes it useful
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Lowers cholesterol levels antioxidant than vitamin E. for arthritis and other inflammatory
■ Antimicrobial ■ Cholesterol Chinese clinical trials conditions such as asthma and eczema.
Turmeric is native to India and ■ Anti-platelet (blood-thinning) in 1987 indicate that turmeric lowers ■ Circulatory disorders Due to
southern Asia and is now cultivated cholesterol levels. its anti-inflammatory, blood-thinning,
throughout the tropics. It is propagated Research ■ Cancer Turmeric may be a and cholesterol-lowering properties,
by cuttings from the root, and needs valuable preventative remedy for turmeric is now used to reduce the
well-drained soil and a humid climate. ■ New interest in turmeric those at risk of developing cancer, risk of strokes and heart attacks.
The rhizome is unearthed in winter. Despite its long-standing use in India but more research is needed. ■ Skin conditions Applied to the
and China, the therapeutic actions of ■ Other actions Research has skin, turmeric is useful in treating
turmeric were not researched until shown that turmeric has an anti- a number of conditions, including
recent decades when there was an coagulant action, keeping the blood psoriasis, and fungal infections such
upsurge of interest in foods and thin. It also increases bile production as athlete’s foot.
medicines that lower cholesterol
levels or have antioxidant properties Self-help Uses
■ Athlete’s foot, p. 304.
■ Nausea & motion sickness, p. 306.
Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses
Rhizome is carefully QCautions If taking blood-thinning medication, or if gallstones are present,
unearthed and broken take only on professional advice. Turmeric occasionally causes skin rashes.
into sections. It is boiled
or steamed before drying.
Decoction (to make, Poultice using a paste made
p. 291). For gastritis, with powder. For psoriasis,
take 1/3 cup (75 ml) mix 1 tsp with a little water
3 times a day. and apply 3 times a day.
Powder is the most common preparation
in Ayurvedic medicine. For gastritis, take
1 tsp with water 3 times a day.
Dried rhizome Fresh rhizome Fresh rhizome is Tincture (to make, p. 292). For eczema, take 1 tsp diluted with
90 bright orange inside 1/2 cup (100 ml) of water 3 times a day.
Dioscorea villosa
Dioscorea villosa (Dioscoreaceae) Wild yam key medicinal plants
A deciduous perennial
Wild Yam, Colic Root vine, climbing to 20 ft
(6 m) with heart-
shaped leaves and
tiny green flowers.
Wild yam is the plant source of a steroid-like substance, Parts Used
diosgenin, which was the starting point in the creation
of the first contraceptive pill. There is no suggestion Root and tuber have valuable
that the plant was used as a contraceptive in the past, antispasmodic properties. They
though it has traditionally been taken in Central America are used to treat colic and
to relieve menstrual, ovarian, and labor pains. The herb menstrual cramps.
is also valuable for digestive problems, arthritis, and
muscle cramps.
Key Actions Fresh root
and tuber
■ Antispasmodic
■ Anti-inflammatory
■ Antirheumatic
■ Increases sweating
■ Diuretic
Research Rhizome has muscle-
relaxant properties
■ Synthesis of hormones
Wild yam can be found growing wild in Diosgenin, a breakdown product of Chopped dried Dried root
damp woodlands in North America. dioscin, was first identified by Japanese root and tuber and tuber
scientists in 1936. This discovery
Habitat & Cultivation paved the way for the synthesis of Key Preparations & Their Uses
progesterone (one of the main female
Wild yam is native to North and sex hormones) and of corticosteroid Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
Central America, and has now hormones such as cortisone. Wild
become naturalized in tropical, yam does not contain estrogen or
semitropical, and temperate climates progesterone, and wild yam “natural
around the world. The plant is progesterone” products are derived
propagated from seed in spring, or from chemically processed diosgenin,
from sections of tubers or by root and have little or no relationship with
division in spring or autumn. It thrives naturally occurring wild yam.
in sunny conditions and rich soil. The ■ Anti-cholesterol activity
root and tuber of wild yam are Research indicates that diosgenin
harvested in autumn. reduces the absorption of cholesterol
from the gut and increases its
elimination from the body.
Related Species Traditional & Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292). 91
Current Uses For irritable bowel syndrome, For arthritis, take 1⁄2 tsp with
Many yam species have a hormonal take 1/3 cup (75 ml) twice a day.
action. Shan yao (Dioscorea opposita) ■ Traditional uses Both the Maya water twice a day.
is an important tonic for the stomach and the Aztec peoples used wild yam inflammatory and antispasmodic
and digestion in traditional Chinese medicinally—possibly to relieve pain. actions makes it extremely useful ■ Digestive problems
medicine, and is taken for appetite The plant is also known as colic root in treatments for arthritis and The herb can be used as an
loss and wheezing. and rheumatism root in North rheumatism. It reduces inflammation effective treatment for digestive
America, indicating its use by European and pain, and relaxes stiff muscles problems, including gallbladder
Key Constituents settlers for these conditions. in the affected area. inflammation, irritable bowel
■ Gynecological problems ■ Muscle spasms & pain Wild syndrome, and diverticulitis.
■ Steroidal saponins A traditional remedy for painful yam helps relieve cramps, muscle
(mainly dioscin) periods and ovarian pain, wild yam tension, and colic. Self-help Use
has estrogen-modulating activity and
■ Phytosterols is used to treat menopausal symptoms. ■ Period pain, p. 315.
(beta-sitosterol) ■ Arthritis & rheumatism
The herb’s combination of anti-
■ Alkaloids
■ Tannins
■ Starch
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Ec h i n a c E a s p p.
key medicinal plants Echinacea spp. (Asteraceae) Echinacea
A perennial growing
Echinacea, Purple Coneflower to 4 ft (1.2 m) with
upright stems and
A key medicinal herb, echinacea has a tonic action on pink to purple
the body’s immune system. Known by 19th-century daisy-like flowers.
Americans as Indian Snakeroot (due to its ability to treat
snake bites), the herb has a potent ability to counter Parts Used
infection, especially viral and bacterial, and to aid the
clearance of toxins from the body. It is commonly taken Flower of E. purpurea
as a preventative and treatment for upper respiratory is occasionally used
infections such as colds, flu, and coughs. for infections.
Roots of all three
■ Heals wounds species have valuable
■ stimulates saliva immune-stimulating
properties.
Research
■ Immune system Clinical research
into echinacea has confirmed that it
increases the number of white blood
cells and their strength of action,
although its precise mode of
action on immune function is not well
understood. The polysaccharides
inhibit the ability of viruses to take
Echinacea is a name derived from the Greek over cells, while the alkylamides are Fresh E. purpurea root The best-quality Dried root
word for hedgehog and was inspired by the antibacterial and antifungal. Research root leaves a
appearance of the flower’s central cone. supports the use of echinacea to tingling sensation
prevent colds and respiratory on the tongue
Habitat & Cultivation infections resulting from air travel. Not
Native to central parts of the U.S., all clinical trials have found positive Key Preparations & Their Uses
three species of echinacea are used effects, possibly because in some cases
medicinally: E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, too low a dose of echinacea was used. QCaution Can cause allergic reactions in rare cases.
and E. pallida. All are threatened in
the wild and only commercially Traditional &
grown plants should be used. Current uses
E. purpurea is cultivated widely in the
■ Native American medicine The
U.S. and Europe. Grown from seed Comanche used echinacea as
in spring or by root division in winter, a remedy for toothache and sore
it thrives in rich, sandy soil. The leaves throats and the Sioux took it for rabies,
and flowers are gathered during snake bite, and septic conditions.
flowering; the roots of 4-year-old ■ Western uses Echinacea is a key
plants are lifted in autumn. remedy in Western herbal medicine, Tincture of root (to make, Decoction of root (to make,
and is used to treat many health p. 292). For chronic infections, p. 291). To treat throat infections,
Key Constituents problems, notably viral and fungal take 1⁄2 tsp in water 3 times a day. gargle with 21⁄2 tbsp 3 times a day.
(E. purpurea) infections, and skin infections such as
■ Alkylamides acne and boils. It makes an excellent Capsules of powdered root
(mostly isobutylamides) gargle for throat infections, and is (to make, p. 292). For colds, take
typically prescribed by herbalists a 500 mg capsule 3 times a day.
■ Caffeic acid esters (mainly wherever the immune system
echinacoside and cynarin)
■ polysaccharides is underperforming. Tablets Take as an immunostimulant for infections.
■ Allergies The herb is a helpful
Key Actions remedy for treating allergies such
■ Immune modulator as asthma. ■ Bites & stings, p. 303. ■ Earache, p. 312.
■ Antimicrobial Self-help Uses ■ Chilblains, p. 302. ■ Flu, sore throats & tonsillitis, p. 311.
■ Cold sores, p. 304. ■ Canker sores, p. 306.
■ Anti-inflammatory ■ Acne & boils, p. 305. ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310. ■ Urinary & fungal infections, p. 314.
92 ■ Detoxifying
ElEttaria cardamomum
Elettaria cardamomum (Zingiberaceae) Cardamom key medicinal plants
A perennial growing
Cardamom, Elaci (Hindi) to 16 ft (5 m), with
mauve marked, white
flowers and very long,
lance-shaped leaves.
Cardamom is one of the oldest spices in the world Parts Used
and was used extensively in ancient Egypt to make
perfumes. Its medicinal uses, however, are less well Seeds are crushed for use in infusions
known. Cardamom has been employed in Ayurvedic or have their volatile oil extracted.
medicine for thousands of years, and is an excellent
remedy for many digestive problems, helping to soothe
indigestion and gas. It has an aromatic and pungent taste
and combines well with other herbs.
Research Green seed pods
indicate that the
■ Antispasmodic A 2009 Indian seeds are good quality
clinical study found that cardamom
successfully lowered blood pressure Seed pods
in 20 adults over a 3-month period.
Those taking part in the trial had “a
feeling of well-being without any
side-effects.” The herb has a long-
established antispasmodic action.
Traditional & Opened seed pods
Current Uses
Cardamom seed pods are harvested by Crushed seeds Fresh seed pods
hand. Each pod contains up to 20 aromatic, ■ Ancient herb Cardamom has and seed pods on stem
dark red-brown seeds. been highly valued both as a spice and
a medicine and was known in Greece Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation in the 4th century bce.
■ Digestive problems Throughout QCaution Do not take the essential oil internally.
Cardamom is native to southern history, cardamom has been used
India and Sri Lanka, where it grows for the relief of digestive problems, Infusion (to make, p. 291) Tincture (to make, p. 292)
profusely in forests at 2,600–4,900 ft especially indigestion, gas, cramping, is a pleasant drink. For improves the appetite. For
(800–1,500 m) above sea level. It is and irritable bowel syndrome. The indigestion, drink 3⁄4 cup
also widely cultivated in India, southern seed’s pleasant taste means that (150 ml) after meals. poor appetite, combine
Asia, Indonesia, and Guatemala. cardamom is often added to digestive 5 drops with 15 drops
Cardamom is propagated from remedies to improve their flavor. gentian tincture and take
seed in autumn or by root division ■ Current Indian uses Cardamom
in spring and summer, and needs a is used in India for many conditions, 3 times a day.
shady position and rich and moist, but including asthma, bronchitis, kidney
well-drained soil. The seed pods are stones, anorexia, debility, and Essential oil For Crush cardamom seeds 93
harvested just before they start to open weakened vata (see p. 37). digestive pain, dilute using a mortar and pestle
in dry weather during the autumn ■ Chinese remedy In China, the 10 drops with 4 tsp just before you are about
and are dried whole in the sun. herb is taken for urinary incontinence to use them.
and as a tonic. carrier oil (see
Key Constituents ■ Bad breath Cardamom is an p. 297). Gently rub
effective treatment for bad breath, into the abdomen.
■ Volatile oil and when taken with garlic helps to
■ Alkaloids reduce its smell.
■ Flavonoids ■ Aphrodisiac The herb contains
■ Saponins androgenic compounds and has a
■ Sterols long-standing reputation as a tonic and
aphrodisiac. A traditional Arabian
Key Actions recipe blends cardamom with coffee.
■ Digestive tonic Self-help Use
■ Protects liver
■ Mild stimulant ■ Gas & bloating, p. 306.
■ Antispasmodic
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ElEuthErococcus sEnticosus
key medicinal plants Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae) Siberian ginseng
A deciduous, hardy
Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero shrub, growing
to 10 ft (3 m). It has
Siberian ginseng is a powerful tonic herb with an impressive ■ Triterpenoid saponins 3 –7 toothed leaflets
range of health benefits. Unlike many plant medicines, ■ Glycans on each stem.
Siberian ginseng is generally more useful in maintaining
good health than in treating ill health. Research shows that Key Actions Traditional &
extracts aid the body in coping with both physical and mental Current Uses
stress, including overwork and extreme cold or heat, and ■ Adaptogenic
the herb is taken to support performance during periods ■ Tonic ■ Enhancing resilience Siberian
of ongoing pressure or stress. ■ Protects the immune system ginseng is taken to improve mental
resilience, such as in preparation for
Siberian ginseng can help those exposed Habitat & Cultivation Research tests, and to reduce the impact
to toxic chemicals and radiation and was of physical training and stress on
given to people following the nuclear Siberian ginseng is native to eastern ■ Russian studies There has been the body.
disaster at Chernobyl in 1986. Russia, China, Korea, and Japan. It much research into Siberian ginseng ■ Exhaustion Siberian ginseng
can be grown from seed, but it is a in Russia since the 1950s, although can be highly beneficial in relieving
difficult plant to germinate. The root the exact method by which it exhaustion and debilitated states
is lifted in autumn and dried. stimulates stamina and resistance to resulting from overwork or long-
stress is not yet understood. term stress. It can also prove
Related Species ■ Tonic herb Siberian ginseng helpful in treating chronic fatigue,
appears to have a general tonic although in some cases it may be
Wu jia pi (Acanthopanacis gracilistylus) effect on the body, in particular overly stimulating.
is a very close relative of Siberian on the adrenal glands, helping ■ Cancer treatment A valuable
ginseng, used in Chinese herbal the body to withstand heat, cold, remedy during conventional cancer
medicine to treat “cold, damp” infection, other physical stresses, treatment, Siberian ginseng supports
conditions. and radiation. It has even been given vitality and healthy function when
to astronauts to counter the effects taking chemotherapy, and may
Key Constituents of weightlessness. reduce side effects. Russian studies
■ Stamina Athletes have suggest that it helps to reduce the
■ Eleutherosides, 0.6–0.9% experienced as much as a 9% harmful effects of radiation.
■ Polysaccharides improvement in stamina when
taking Siberian ginseng. Self-help Uses
■ Convalescence, p. 319.
■ Stress, p. 308.
Parts Used Key Preparations & Their Uses
Root is unearthed in autumn, dried whole, and QCautions Healthy young adults should not take for more than 6 weeks.
then chopped up for use in medicinal preparations. Can be taken long term on professional advice. Avoid caffeine when taking
Siberian ginseng. Side effects are rare, but more likely if the standard dose
Root has tonic is exceeded.
properties
Whole dried root Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292).
Take 2 tbsp twice a day as During busy periods, take 1⁄2 tsp
Chopped dried root a general tonic.
94 with water 3 times a day.
Fresh root Capsules Make with powder
(see p. 292) and for long-term
stress take 1 g of capsules daily.
Tablets are a convenient way of taking Siberian ginseng.
Use before tests or other stressful events.
EphEdra sinica
Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae) Ephedra key medicinal plants
An evergreen shrub
Ephedra, Ma Huang (Chinese) growing to 20 in
(50 cm), with long,
narrow sprawling
stems and tiny leaves.
Ephedra is a strongly stimulant, acrid-tasting herb that Parts Used
has a central place in Chinese and other herbal traditions.
According to legend, the bodyguards of Genghis Khan, Stems are collected
threatened with beheading if they fell asleep on sentry throughout the year.
duty, used to take a tea containing ephedra to stay Ma Huang is best
alert. Today, ephedra is used in the West and in China known in medicine
for problems ranging from chills and fevers to asthma for the ephedrine
and hay fever. that it contains.
Key Actions
■ Increases sweating
■ Dilates the bronchioles
(small airways in the lungs)
■ Dries mucous membranes
■ Diuretic
■ Stimulant
■ Raises blood pressure
Ma Huang was found in a Middle Eastern Research Fresh stems
neolithic grave, indicating that it may have
been used as a medicine 60,000 years ago. ■ Active constituents Most Dried stems
of the active constituents mimic
Habitat & Cultivation the effect of adrenaline within the Key Preparations & Their Uses
body, increasing alertness. Ephedrine,
Native to northern China and Inner extracted originally from ephedra, RCautions Take only under professional supervision. Do not take if suffering from
Mongolia, ephedra often grows in was first synthesized in 1927 and angina, glaucoma, high blood pressure, enlarged prostate gland, or overactive
desert areas. It is propagated from is used as a decongestant and thyroid gland. Ephedra occasionally causes side effects, including headaches, tremors,
seed in autumn or by root division antiasthmatic. and insomnia. Restricted herb in some countries.
in autumn or spring and needs ■ Whole herb When used at
well-drained soil. The stems the correct dosage, the whole herb
are gathered throughout the year has significant therapeutic effects—
and dried. including dilating the bronchial
airways—and a very low incidence
Related Species of side effects.
■ Ephedra abuse ephedra
Other Ephedra species with similar has been banned in the U.S. due
medicinal properties to ephedra to frequent abuse of the herb, as
grow throughout the northern an amphetamine-type “high” and,
hemisphere. In North America, at excessive dosage, in weight-loss
related species were used to treat regimens. At therapeutic dosage, and
fevers and relieve kidney pain, with professional guidance, ephedra
while in India, Ephedra species rarely gives rise to side effects.
were taken for asthma, hay fever,
and rheumatism. Traditional & Decoction is prescribed Powder is used Tincture is used in
Current Uses by herbalists for asthma. by the Chinese treatments to alleviate
Key Constituents to treat kidney
■ Historical uses Traditionally, Zen energy deficiency. the aches and pains
■ Protoalkaloids (ephedrine, monks used ephedra to promote of rheumatism.
pseudoephedrine) calm concentration during meditation.
■ Chinese herb In China, ephedra ■ Current Western uses and for the acute onset of colds 95
■ Tannins is popular for chills and fevers, coughs Ephedra is used principally in and flu. It also helps to raise blood
■ Saponin and wheezing, and in combination current Western herbal medicine as pressure, cool fevers, and to
■ Flavone with rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa, a treatment for asthma and hay fever, alleviate rheumatism.
■ Volatile oil p. 125) it is given to treat kidney yin
deficiency (see pp. 40–41).
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Eucalyptus globulus
key medicinal plants Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) Eucalyptus
An evergreen tree
Eucalyptus, Blue Gum growing to 195 ft
(60 m), with a
blue-grey trunk
and green leaves.
Eucalyptus, a traditional Aboriginal remedy, is a powerful Parts Used
antiseptic used all over the world for relieving coughs
and colds, sore throats, and other infections. It is warming Leaves, which contain
and stimulating, and for many people its scent conjures antiseptic chemicals, are
up days spent in bed during childhood with eucalyptus either dried or used
and other oils smothered on the chest. Eucalpytus for essential oil.
is a common ingredient in many over-the-counter
cold remedies.
■ Stimulates local blood flow
■ Insect repellent
Research Fresh leaves
are distilled
■ Essential oil Extensive research to produce the
into eucalyptus essential oil during the essential oil
last 50 years has shown it to have a
marked antiseptic action and the
ability to dilate the bronchioles (small
airways) of the lungs. The action of the
essential oil as a whole is stronger than
that of its main constituent, cineole.
Eucalyptus was first introduced to the Traditional & Dried leaves
West from Australia in the 19th century. Current Uses
Fresh leaves
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Infections Eucalyptus is a traditional
Aboriginal remedy for infections and Key Preparations & Their Uses
Native to Australia, eucalyptus is fevers. It is now used throughout the
cultivated in plantations in tropical, world for these ailments. QCaution Do not take essential oil internally except under professional
subtropical, and temperate areas ■ Antiseptic The herb is an supervision. Do not give to small children or infants.
of the world. Planting can cause antiseptic and is very helpful for
ecological problems because the colds, flu, and sore throats. Lozenges, containing eucalyptus.
trees absorb huge quantities of ■ Expectorant Eucalyptus is a Take for sore throats.
water and prevent the growth of strong expectorant, suitable for
native plants. This can be beneficial, chest infections, including bronchitis Capsules, (to make, p. 292). For bronchitis, Inhalation For colds, add
however, drying up marshy areas and and pneumonia. take a 200 mg capsule 3 times a day. 10 drops essential oil to
so reducing the risk of malaria. The ■ Warming The diluted essential boiling water (p. 297).
leaves are harvested as required and oil, applied to the skin as a chest or
are either dried or distilled for oil. sinus rub, has a warming and slightly Essential oil (to use, p. 297). Use 5 drops diluted with 2 tsp carrier oil
anesthetic effect, helping to relieve as a chest or sinus rub.
Related Species respiratory infections. The same
effect occurs when the infusion
Many other Eucalyptus species or tincture is used as a gargle.
contain valuable essential oils, ■ Pain relief Diluted essential
including E. smithii (p. 207). oil applied to the affected area
can help relieve rheumatic joints
Key Constituents characterized by aching pains and
stiffness, as well as neuralgia and
■ Volatile oil (cineole, up to 80%) some bacterial skin infections.
■ Flavonoids
■ Tannins
■ Resin
Key Actions Self-help Uses Infusion (to make, p. 291). Drink 1 cup (150 ml) 3 times a day for bronchitis.
■ Antiseptic ■ Congestion, sinus problems, Tincture (to make, p. 292). For chest coughs, add 1⁄2 tsp tincture to
& earache, p. 312. 1/2 cup (100 ml) water and take twice a day.
■ Analgesic
96 ■ Expectorant ■ Coughs & bronchitis, p. 310.
EugEnia caryophyllata Clove tree key medicinal plants
An evergreen,
Eugenia caryophyllata syn. Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) pyramid-shaped tree
growing to 49 ft
Clove (15 m). The tree is
strongly aromatic.
Cloves, the dried flower buds of the clove tree, are Parts Used
best known as a spice, but are also highly valued as an
herbal medicine, particularly in India and Southeast Flower buds are
Asia. Native to the Molucca Islands, cloves were one picked unopened
of the earliest spices to be traded and were imported and dried for use in
into Alexandria in 176 ce. The cloves contain the best infusions or powders
essential oil, but the stems and leaves of the tree can and for oil extraction.
also be distilled for their oil.
Cloves are pink when unripe, but later Research Fresh flower
turn brown when they are dried outside buds
in the sun. ■ Volatile oil Argentinian research
in 1994 showed clove’s volatile oil Leaves and
Habitat & Cultivation to be strongly antibacterial. Eugenol stems are
(a phenol) is the largest and most occasionally
Originally from the Molucca Islands important component of the volatile used for oil
(Indonesia) and the southern oil. It is strongly anesthetic and extraction
Philippines, cloves are now grown antiseptic, and therefore useful in
extensively in Tanzania and pain relief for toothache, and as Dried flower
Madagascar, and to a lesser extent an antiseptic for many conditions. buds (cloves)
in the West Indies and Brazil. The ■ Acetyl eugenol Acetyl eugenol,
tree is grown from seed in spring or another component of the volatile Key Preparations & Their Uses
from semi-ripe cuttings in summer. oil, has been shown to be strongly
Twice a year, the unopened flower antispasmodic. QCautions External use can cause dermatitis. Do not take essential oil internally
buds are picked as they develop, except under professional supervision.
and then sun-dried. Traditional &
Current Uses Infusion For colic, infuse 2 cloves Tincture (to make, p. 292).
Key Constituents in 1 cup (150 ml) of water (see For flatulence, take 20 drops
■ Ancient all-purpose remedy
■ Volatile oil containing eugenol Cloves have been used in Southeast p. 291). Take 3 times daily. with water 3 times a day.
(up to 85%), acetyl eugenol, Asia for thousands of years and were
methyl salicylate, pinene, vanillin regarded as a panacea for almost all ills. Essential oil For toothache, dab 1–2 drops of oil
■ Antiseptic The antiseptic property onto cotton wool and rub over the affected tooth.
■ Gum of cloves makes them useful for
■ Tannins treating certain viral conditions. In ■ Additional uses Besides all their West. They are used regularly only 97
tropical Asia, they have often been other uses, cloves can be used to in mouthwashes, and for their local
Key Actions given to treat infections such as treat acne, skin ulcers, sores, and anesthetic effect, for example in
malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis, styes. They also make a potent relieving toothache.
■ Antiseptic and parasites such as scabies. mosquito and clothes moth repellent.
■ Carminative ■ Antispasmodic Digestive Oranges that had been studded with Self-help Uses
■ Stimulant discomfort, such as gas, colic, cloves were used in the Moluccas as
■ Analgesic and abdominal bloating, can be insect repellents. ■ Acne & boils, p. 305.
■ Prevents vomiting relieved with cloves. Their anti- ■ Western herbalism Despite the ■ Fever, p. 311.
■ Antispasmodic spasmodic property also eases bewildering variety of their therapeutic ■ Fungal skin infections, p. 304.
■ Eliminates parasites coughs and, applied topically, uses, cloves are underrated in the ■ Neuralgia, p. 308.
relieves muscle spasms. ■ Toothache, p. 308.
■ Mind & body stimulant Cloves
are a stimulant, both to the mind
(improving memory) and to the
body as a whole, and have been
used as an aphrodisiac in India and
in the West. The herb has also
been used to prepare for childbirth.
It helps stimulate and strengthen
uterine muscle contractions in labor.
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Filipendula ulmaria
Key medicinal plants Filipendula ulmaria (Rosaceae) Meadowsweet
A perennial reaching
Meadowsweet, Queen of the Meadow 5 ft (1.5 m), with
toothed leaves and
clusters of creamy,
scented flowers.
In medieval times, meadowsweet was a favorite Parts Used
strewing herb—Gerard wrote in his Herball (1597)
that “the smell thereof makes the heart merry and
joyful and delighteth the senses.” Salicylic acid Flowering tops and leaves
contain salicylates that reduce
isolated from the plant was first synthesized in inflammation. They are harvested
1860 and later used to develop aspirin. Nowadays, in summer.
meadowsweet is taken for gastric problems and
inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis.
Fresh flowering
tops and leaves
reduce inflammation and
relieve pain, for example in arthritic Dried flowering tops
conditions. However, they do not and leaves
have the blood-thinning properties
of aspirin.
■ Protective combination Creamy white
Unlike aspirin, which at high doses flowers smell
causes gastric ulceration, the
of almonds
combination of salicylates, tannins,
and other constituents acts to
Meadowsweet was called “meadwort” protect the lining of the stomach Key Preparations
in the Middle Ages, as it was used to and intestines, while providing the & Their Uses
flavor mead. anti-inflammatory benefit of the
salicylates. Meadowsweet clearly QCaution Do not take if allergic to aspirin.
Habitat & Cultivation illustrates the fact that herbal
medicines cannot be understood
by considering their constituents
Native to Europe, meadowsweet in isolation.
grows easily in damp places, preferring Traditional &
ditches and the banks of streams and Current Uses
rivers. It seeds itself freely, but can
also be propagated by root division ■ Acid indigestion The herb
in autumn or spring. Leaves and is a key remedy for acid indigestion
flowering tops are harvested in and gastroesophageal reflux, Tincture (to make, p. 292).
summer when the flowers open. and can quickly help to improve For painful joints, soak a pad in 5 tsp
troubled digestions. Its mode of (25 ml) tincture and apply to the area.
Key Constituents action is not well understood,
■ Flavonol glycosides though its anti-inflammatory action
(approximately 1%), mainly is clearly important.
glycosides of quercetin ■ Arthritis Meadowsweet is Tablets Take for
■ Phenolic glycosides (salicylates) commonly taken as a remedy for rheumatic aches.
■ Volatile oil (salicylaldehyde) rheumatic and arthritic problems Infusion Make by adding freshly boiled water
■ Polyphenols (tannins) such as osteoarthritis, gout, to the herb (see p. 291). For indigestion, take
lumbago, and sciatica. It is a mild 1/2 cup (100 ml) every 2 hours.
Key Actions diuretic and is thought to help the
■ Anti-inflammatory kidneys to clear acid residues from Decoction (to make, p. 291). For diarrhea, take 3⁄4 cup (150 ml) 2–3 times a day.
■ Antirheumatic the body, thereby relieving joint Powder For acidity, take 1⁄2 tsp mixed with a little water 3 times a day.
■ Astringent inflammation, which is often
■ Diuretic associated with acidity. ■ Other uses Meadowsweet has Self-help Uses
■ Stimulates sweating ■ Digestive remedy
Research Meadowsweet is a safe remedy for traditionally been taken in much the ■ Acidity with gastritis, p. 307.
diarrhea, even in children, and is same way as aspirin—to ease the ■ Arthritis associated with acid
■ Salicylates The salicylates are used with other herbs for irritable pain and discomfort of headache, indigestion or a peptic ulcer, p. 313.
98 aspirin-type substances that help to bowel syndrome. colds and flu, and toothache. ■ Heartburn, p. 317.
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Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine
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