Verbena officinalis
Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae) Vervain Key medicinal plants
A slender perennial
Vervain, Ma Bian Cao (Chinese) growing to 3 ft (1 m),
with stiff, thin stems
Vervain has long been credited with magical properties Parts Used and spikes of small
and was used in ceremonies by the Druids of ancient lilac flowers.
Britain and Gaul. It is a traditional herbal medicine in both Aerial parts have a tonic Vervain has
China and Europe. Dioscorides in the 1st century ce effect on the nervous system slender, almost
called vervain the “sacred herb,” and for many centuries and digestion, and have been “wandlike,”
it was taken as a cure-all. It has tonic, restorative properties, used medicinally for thousands flowering stems
and is used to relieve stress and anxiety and to improve of years in Europe and China.
digestive function.
Vervain was carried in the Middle Ages Research Dried aerial parts
to bring good luck.
■ Hormonal effects Early Fresh aerial parts
Habitat & Cultivation indications from research into vervain
are that it has both estrogenic Key Preparations & Their Uses
Vervain grows wild throughout and progestogenic activity. It also
much of Europe and North Africa stimulates the muscles of the womb, QCautions Do not exceed the stated dose. Vervain can cause vomiting if taken
as well as in China and Japan. It is and production of breast milk. in excess. Do not take during pregnancy.
propagated from seed in spring or ■ Lack of research For an herb
autumn and thrives in well-drained with such long traditional use, Tincture (to make, p. 292) is a relaxing, Infusion (to make, p. 291) helps stimulate
soil in a sunny position. The aerial surprisingly little research into vervain calming tonic. For stress and anxiety, digestion and improves effective
parts are harvested in summer has occurred to date. Laboratory take 1⁄2 tsp diluted in a glass of water
when the plant is in flower. studies indicate that vervain has 3 times a day. absorption of food. Drink 3/4 cup (150 ml)
significant anti-inflammatory activity. regularly, particularly after heavy meals.
Related Species It may also have antiviral and liver-
protective properties. Verbenalin, an Powder can be used as a toothpaste.
Blue vervain (V. hastata), which active compound within vervain, is Rub on the teeth regularly to clean
is native to North America, is strongly bitter, may cause vomiting at and protect them.
used medicinally in the same high doses, and stimulates contraction
way as vervain. of the womb. for jaundice, gallstones, asthma, Self-help Uses 149
insomnia, premenstrual syndrome,
Key Constituents Traditional & flu, and fevers. ■ Nervous exhaustion, p. 309.
Current Uses ■ Premenstrual syndrome, p. 315.
■ Bitter iridoids
(verbenin, verbenalin) ■ Digestive tonic Vervain improves
the function of the digestive system
■ Volatile oil and absorption of food.
■ Alkaloids ■ Nervous system Vervain is
■ Triterpenes (beta-sitosterol) prized as a restorative for the nervous
■ Flavonoids system and is especially helpful for
nervous tension. It is thought to have
Key Actions a mild antidepressant action, and is
used specifically to treat anxiety and
■ Nervine the nervous exhaustion that follows
■ Tonic long-term stress.
■ Mild bitter ■ Convalescence By aiding
■ Mild antidepressant digestion and restoring the nervous
system, vervain is an ideal tonic for
people recovering from chronic illness.
■ Headaches & migraines
Vervain alleviates headaches, and in
Chinese herbal medicine it is used
for migraines connected with the
menstrual cycle.
■ Other uses Among its other
medicinal uses, vervain is given
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Viburnum opulus
Key medicinal plants Viburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae) Cramp bark
A deciduous shrub
Cramp Bark, Guelder Rose or tree growing to
13 ft (4 m), with lobed
leaves, white flowers,
and red oval fruit.
Native to both North America and Europe, cramp Parts Used
bark was recognized as recently as 1960 in the US
National Formulary as a sedative remedy for nervous Bark is peeled off the tree
conditions and as an antispasmodic in the treatment in strips during spring and
of asthma. As its name implies, the herb’s primary summer. Care must be taken
medicinal use is to relieve cramps and other conditions, to leave enough bark for the
such as colic or painful menstruation, caused by tree to stay alive.
overcontraction of muscles.
Cramp bark has distinctive bright red Research Dried bark Fresh bark
berries in autumn.
■ Active constituents To date, Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation cramp bark has been poorly
researched, and there is also some Decoction (to make, p. 291). Tincture (to make, p. 292) is
Cramp bark grows in woodlands, confusion over which active For period pain, take 1/3 cup used for long-term treatment
hedges, and thickets in Europe constituents it contains and which of muscular tension. For irritable
and eastern North America. It occur in the closely related black (75 ml) every 3 hours. bowel syndrome, take 1⁄2 tsp
is propagated from seed sown haw (V. prunifolium). diluted with hot water twice a day.
in autumn. Bark from the
branches is collected in spring Traditional Lotion (to make, p. 296) relieves
and summer, when the plant is & Current Uses aching muscles. Rub into tense
in flower. neck and shoulders.
■ Native American remedy
Related Species Cramp bark has a history of use relief. As the muscles relax, blood Self-help Uses
in Native American herbalism. flow to the area improves, waste
Black haw (V. prunifolium, p. 281) The Meskwaki people took products such as lactic acid are ■ Back pain, p. 313.
is often used interchangeably cramp bark for cramps and pains removed, and normal function ■ Breathing difficulties, p. 301.
with cramp bark, but it is thought throughout the body, while the can return. ■ Cramps & muscle spasms, p. 312.
to have a more specific action Penobscot used it to treat swollen ■ Other uses Cramp bark is ■ Period pain, p. 315.
on the uterus. glands and mumps. commonly used in treatments ■ Poor circulation to the
■ Muscle relaxant Cramp bark for high blood pressure and other
Key Constituents is effective at relieving any tense circulatory conditions. hands & feet, p. 302.
muscle, whether smooth muscle in ■ Spastic constipation, p. 307.
■ Hydroquinones (arbutin) the intestines, airways, or uterus, ■ Stomach spasm, p. 305.
■ Coumarins (scopoletin) or striated muscle (attached to
■ Tannins (3%) the skeleton) in the limbs or back.
■ Proanthocyanidins It may be taken internally, or applied
■ Polysaccharides topically to relieve muscle tension.
The herb also treats symptoms
Key Actions arising from excess muscle tension,
including breathing difficulties in
■ Antispasmodic asthma, and menstrual pain caused
■ Sedative by excessive contraction of the
■ Astringent uterus. For night cramps and back
150 ■ Relaxant pain, lobelia (Lobelia inflata, p. 110)
is often mixed with cramp bark.
The herb also relieves constipation,
colic, and irritable bowel syndrome,
as well as the physical symptoms of
nervous tension.
■ Arthritis In some cases of
arthritis, where joint weakness
and pain have caused muscles to
contract until they are almost rigid,
cramp bark can bring remarkable
Vitex agnus-castus
Vitex agnus-castus (Verbenaceae) Chaste tree Key medicinal plants
A deciduous aromatic
Chaste Tree, Agnus Castus tree growing to 23 ft
(7 m), with palm-
Chaste tree was well known in ancient times and Parts Used shaped leaves and
featured in Homer’s 6th-century bce epic, the Iliad, as small lilac flowers.
a symbol of chastity capable of warding off evil. As the Berries, harvested in Tiny yellow-red
name “chaste tree” implies, it was thought to reduce autumn, are used to treat berries contain
sexual desire, and traditionally it was chewed by monks female fertility problems. hormonal
to reduce unwanted libido. Research has confirmed that substances
chaste tree has a hormonal action, and today it is used
for menstrual problems and infertility.
Research Fresh berries
Chaste tree has small, fragrant, lilac flowers in ■ Hormonal properties The Dried berries
summer that grow in whorls on long spikes. berries are thought to induce subtle
hormonal effects within the brain, Key Preparations
Habitat & Cultivation leading to increased levels of the & Their Uses
neurotransmitters dopamine and
Chaste tree is native to the melatonin. These changes are QCaution Excess can cause formication (a sensation of ants
Mediterranean region and western thought to promote better hormonal crawling on the skin). Concurrent use with the contraceptive pill
Asia. It is cultivated in subtropical regulation of the menstrual cycle, or fertility treatment is not advisable. Avoid in pregnancy. In rare
areas around the world, and has notably through raised progesterone cases may cause gastrointestinal upset, headache, or dizziness.
become naturalized in many regions. levels. In some people, the raised
It is grown from seed in spring melatonin levels may aid sleep quality. Tablets Take for premenstrual syndrome.
or autumn. The ripe berries are The diterpenes are thought to be
collected in autumn. chiefly responsible for these effects. Tincture (to make, p. 292). For an irregular cycle, take 40 drops with water
■ Gynecological problems daily for 3 months.
Related Species Clinical research by and large
supports the use of chaste tree in is often helpful in relieving ■ Difficulty in breastfeeding The 151
As a member of the Verbenaceae many female hormonal problems, premenstrual symptoms, including berries are taken to increase breast-
genus, chaste tree is a distant including premenstrual syndrome irritability and lowered mood, milk production.
relative of vervain (Verbena officinalis, (PMS), irregular menstruation, headache, acne, and breast ■ Acne Though rarely used on its
p. 149) and lemon verbena (Lippia breast tenderness, and infertility. tenderness. Chaste tree also own, chaste tree can be extremely
citriodora, p. 228). A 2001 clinical trial tested chaste promotes greater menstrual helpful in treating acne in both men
berry against placebo in 178 women regularity, and this use extends to and women. Used in combination
Key Constituents with PMS. After 3 months, those more significant hormonal problems with herbs such as echinacea
taking chaste tree had a 50% including polycystic ovary syndrome, (Echinacea spp., p. 92), it will often
■ Volatile oil (cineol) reduction in symptoms compared fibroids, and endometriosis. reduce the frequency and intensity
■ Flavonoids (casticin) to placebo. ■ Irregular periods The herb of acne blemishes where hormonal
■ Iridoids (aucubin, agnoside, ■ Sleep aid Since researchers helps to regulate irregular periods, imbalance is a major factor.
found that chaste berry increases tending to shorten a long cycle and
eurostoside) melatonin levels, chaste berry has lengthen a short one. Self-help Uses
■ Diterpenes been thought of as a possible sleep ■ Infertility Chaste tree can be
aid. Some small studies indicate that of help to some women trying to ■ Aiding conception, p. 316.
Key Actions chaste berry might help people with conceive if infertility is due to low ■ Decreased estrogen &
insomnia due to unhealthy melatonin progesterone levels. progesterone levels, p. 316.
■ Regulates hormones levels, such as shift workers or those ■ Irregular cycle, p. 315.
■ Progesterogenic who are jet lagged.
■ Increases breast-milk production
■ Aids sleep Traditional
& Current Uses
■ Menstrual problems Chaste
tree is probably the most used herb
in Western herbal medicine for
regulating the menstrual cycle. With
its progestogenic action, chaste tree
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Key medicinal plants Withania somnifera Ashwagandha
A stout shrub growing
Withania somnifera (Solanaceae) to 5 ft (1.5 m), with
oval leaves and
Ashwagandha greenish or yellow
flowers.
Ashwagandha has been called “Indian ginseng” because it is Parts Used
used in Ayurveda in much the same way that ginseng is
used in Chinese medicine: to improve vitality and to aid Leaves contain the most
recovery after chronic illness. Today, ashwagandha seems to withanolides, constituents that
be an herb designed to deal with the busy nature of inhibit cancer cell growth.
modern life. It invigorates when fatigued, eases the impact
of stress and anxiety, and aids sleep—all traditional uses
largely supported by clinical research.
well-being, as well as lower cortisol Dried leaves Fresh plant
and blood pressure levels.
■ Anxiety and tension Root is powdered or
Ashwagandha has been proven to made into decoctions and
reduce anxiety and tension in at least taken as a strengthening
6 clinical trials. In a 2009 Canadian and calming tonic.
trial, ashwagandha, paired with dietary
Ashwagandha has powerful medicinal advice and a multivitamin supplement, Dried root Fresh root
properties proven by research. was found more effective in decreasing
anxiety than psychotherapy and a Berries are chewed in India
Habitat & Cultivation placebo. Those taking ashwagandha
also reported improved concentration to help in convalescence. Fresh berries Dried berries
Ashwagandha is found in India, and less fatigue.
the Mediterranean, and the Middle ■ Male fertility Two clinical trials Key Preparations & Their Uses
East. It is propagated from seed testing ashwagandha’s role as a male
or cuttings in spring. The leaves are sexual tonic indicate that the herb
harvested in spring, and the fruit markedly improves semen quality.
and root in autumn. Another clinical trial failed to find any
benefit in aiding erectile dysfunction.
Key Constituents ■ Other actions Ashwagandha has
also been researched for its use as a
■ Alkaloids tonic suitable for children, to
■ Steroidal lactones (withanolides) improve muscle strength and mental
■ Iron function in the elderly, for arthritis,
and to enhance immune function.
Ashwagandha is thought to have
anticancer activity.
Key Actions Traditional Decoction of the root (to make, p. 291). Powder made from the leaves.
& Current Uses For stress, decoct 5 g with 1/3 cup (75 ml) For anemia, take 1⁄2 tsp in a little
■ Adaptogenic
■ Tonic ■ Ayurvedic tonic Ashwagandha water and take over 2 days. water once a day.
■ Mild sedative has always been valued in Ayurveda
for its tonic, strengthening, and Capsules of powdered root (to make, p. 292). For nervous exhaustion,
take 1–2 g a day with water.
Research relaxing properties. Robert Svoboda
■ Chronic stress Clinical research in Ayurveda: Life, Health, and Longevity and, as its botanical name suggests, relaxation, ashwagandha is
has been wide-ranging and examined states that it “clarifies the mind, calms encourages better sleep quality. It is useful in countering the debility that
many aspects of ashwagandha’s and strengthens the nerves, and an excellent herb for convalescence. accompanies long-term stress.
potential medicinal uses, many linked promotes sound restful sleep.” ■ Inflammatory conditions ■ Anemia Aswagandha’s high iron
to the withanolides, compounds ■ Restorative Today, the herb is still Ashwagandha can be a useful content makes it useful in anemia.
similar to the body’s own steroid prized as a tonic, but valued also for its addition to treatment for chronic Self-help Uses
hormones. A 2012 Indian clinical unusual combination of actions. As a inflammatory diseases such as
trial noted that those taking tonic, it strengthens and supports rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. ■ Long-term stress &
ashwagandha had lower stress physical and mental performance, yet ■ Long-term stress By reducing convalescence, pp. 308 & 319.
152 levels and an increased sense of at the same time it relieves anxiety overactivity and encouraging rest and ■ Male fertility, p. 316.
Zanthoxylum americanum
Zanthoxylum americanum (Rutaceae) Prickly ash Key medicinal plants
A deciduous shrub
Prickly ash, Toothache Tree growing to 10 ft (3 m),
with thorny gray
branches and
compound leaves.
Indigenous to North America, prickly ash is Parts Used
a warming, stimulating herb for circulation. It was
held in high regard by Native North Americans for its Bark is considered to
medicinal properties, and both the bark and berries have a stronger effect
were chewed to alleviate rheumatism and toothache. than the berries. It is
Today, prickly ash is mainly given for arthritic used in preparations
and rheumatic conditions, but it is also helpful for to stimulate blood flow.
certain digestive problems and for leg ulcers.
Key Actions Fresh plant
■ Circulatory stimulant
■ Increases sweating
■ Antirheumatic
■ Antifungal
Research Fresh bark Berries are made Berries and bark
into remedies for were chewed
■ Antifungal Research into prickly poor circulation. for toothache
ash is limited, though a 2005 study
Prickly ash is antirheumatic and improves found extracts from prickly ash fruit Dried chopped bark Dried berries
circulation. and leaf demonstrated antifungal
activity. Key Preparations & Their Uses
Habitat & Cultivation
Traditional QCautions Avoid in pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
Prickly ash is native to southern & Current Uses
Canada and northern, central, and Tincture of bark (to make, p. 292). Decoction For poor circulation, decoct
western parts of the U.S., preferring ■ North American herb Prickly For arthritis, take 20 drops with 3 tsp ginger and 3 tsp prickly ash berries
moist, shady sites such as woodlands. ash was a Native American remedy water 3 times a day. with 3 cups (750 ml) water (see p. 291).
It is propagated from seed in for toothache and rheumatism. It was
autumn. The bark is harvested in used in the U.S. during the 19th Take 3/4 cup (150 ml) twice a day.
spring and the berries are collected century as a circulatory stimulant and
in summer. to treat arthritis. Tablets Take tablets, which often contain
■ Arthritic conditions Western other herbs, for arthritis and rheumatism.
Related Species herbalists regard northern prickly
ash as a prime remedy for rheumatic Lotion For poor circulation in the legs, make
Southern prickly ash (Z. clava-herculis) and arthritic problems. It stimulates a decoction of bark (p. 291) and apply.
grows in the central and southern blood flow to painful and stiff joints,
U.S., where it is used interchangeably promoting the supply of oxygen and 153
with prickly ash. Chuan jiao nutrients to the area and removing
(Z. bungeanum) is given in Chinese waste products.
herbal medicine for “cold” patterns ■ Circulation The herb improves
of illness causing abdominal pain. circulation in intermittent claudication
Z. capense is taken for colic in and Raynaud’s disease, conditions
South Africa. Z. zanthoxyloides is a where the arteries of the limbs have
traditional West African herb for narrowed, preventing sufficient blood
rheumatic conditions. reaching the hand or leg muscles.
■ Other uses Prickly ash relieves gas
Key Constituents and diarrhea and tones the digestive
tract. It is applied topically to treat leg
■ Isoquinoline alkaloids ulcers and chronic pelvic
■ Furanocoumarins inflammatory disease.
■ Lignans
■ Volatile oil Self-help Uses
■ Tannins
■ Back pain, p. 313.
■ Poor circulation, p. 302
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Zea mays
Key medicinal plants Zea mays (Poaceae) Corn
An annual grass
Corn, Maize, Cornsilk, Yu Mi Shu (Chinese) reaching 10 ft (3 m),
with plumelike
The staple food of Central and South America for at least Parts Used male flowers. Female
4,000 years, corn is also used medicinally in countless flowers produce cobs.
different ways. The Aztecs gave a corn meal decoction Cornsilk (stamens)
for dysentery and “heat in the heart,” and to increase can be used fresh or Meal is used
breast-milk production. Cornsilk (the silky fronds dried as a remedy for externally to treat
wrapped around the cob) has always been the part most urinary disorders. bruises and other
used medicinally, and it is of particular value in treating skin problems.
urinary conditions. Yellow, inner
cornsilk is
■ Mildly stimulates bile secretion used medicinally
■ Gently lowers blood pressure
Research
■ Purple corn Purple corn contains
unusually high levels of anthocyanins,
dark red or blue plant pigments
that have strong antioxidant and
protective effects within the body.
A 2007 paper reported that, weight
for weight, purple corn contained
nearly four times more anthocyanins
Corn’s Latin name reflects its value— than blueberries, suggesting that Dried cornsilk Fresh Fresh meal
zea means “cause of life” and mays means purple corn could be a key dietary cornsilk
“our mother.” source of anthocyanins.
Habitat & Cultivation ■ Carotenoids Corncob and Key Preparations & Their Uses
cornsilk contain high levels of
Cultivated almost universally as a carotenoids (including lutein and
food crop, corn is native to the zeaxanthin), compounds that are
Andes and Central America, possibly thought to protect the eye from
originating in Peru. It is propagated oxidative damage. Zeaxanthin in
from seed in spring. The cornsilk particular is thought to protect against
is harvested with the ripe cob in age-related macular degeneration.
summer, then separated and dried. Traditional & Infusion of cornsilk (to make, Decoction of meal (to make, p. 291).
Current Uses p. 291) is soothing. For cystitis, Apply as a poultice (see p. 295) to
Related Species sores and boils.
■ Traditional herb Corn meal has drink 2 cups (500 ml) daily.
Cornsmut (Ustilago zeae), a fungus that
grows on corn, is used by the Zuni of been used by Native Americans for
New Mexico to speed childbirth and a wide range of ailments. It makes
stop uterine hemorrhage. an effective poultice and has been The outer leaves of corn are
given in Mayan, Incan, and American stripped to reveal the cornsilk
Key Constituents medicine to treat bruises, swellings, and meal.
■ Flavonoids sores, boils, and similar conditions. Capsules of cornsilk (to make, p. 292). For edema, take 2 g daily.
■ Carotenoids Virgil J. Vogel writes that “the
Cob: Chickasaw Indians treated itching Tincture of cornsilk (to make, p. 292). For cystitis, combine 1⁄3 cup (80 ml) with
■ Anthocyanins (purple corn) skin, followed by sores when scratched, 1 tbsp of buchu tincture and take 1 tsp with water 3 times a day.
Cornsilk: by burning old corncobs and holding
■ Carotenoids the affected part over the smoke.” urination and bladder irritability. cornsilk is used to treat fluid
■ Volatile oil ■ Urinary remedy Cornsilk is ■ Kidney stones Cornsilk is retention and jaundice.
■ Sterols a gentle-acting diuretic with mild thought to have a beneficial effect Self-help Uses
antibiotic activity. It can help in acute on the kidneys, reducing kidney stone
Key Actions and chronic cases of cystitis and is formation and relieving some of ■ Fluid retention in
■ Urinary demulcent commonly used in prostate disorders. the symptoms of existing stones. pregnancy, p. 317.
154 ■ Diuretic It may also prove useful in frequent ■ Chinese remedy In China, ■ Urinary infections, p. 314.
Zingiber officinale
Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) Ginger Key medicinal plants
A perennial growing
Ginger, Sheng Jian (Chinese), Singabera (Sanskrit) to 2 ft (60 cm), with
lance-shaped leaves
Familiar as a spice and flavoring, ginger is also one of Parts Used and spikes of white
the world’s best medicines. It has been revered in Asia or yellow flowers.
since the earliest times, and in medieval Europe it was Rhizome contains high levels of a volatile Yellowish fresh rhizome
thought to have derived from the Garden of Eden. Ginger’s oil that is warming and stimulating. is strongly aromatic
warming and anti-inflammatory properties can bring relief
to problems as varied as headache and migraine, joint
pain, indigestion, motion sickness, and morning sickness.
Fresh ginger has a pungent, slightly lemony taste.
Research Fresh rhizome
■ Digestive health Ginger speeds Sliced
up the rate of gastric emptying and dried rhizome
aids the absorption of nutrients from
the digestive tract. By improving iron Key Preparations & Their Uses
absorption, it helps to treat anemia.
Clinical trials indicate that it can QCautions Do not take ginger in medicinal doses if suffering from peptic ulcers.
relieve nausea and vomiting. Do not take the essential oil internally except under professional supervision.
■ Morning sickness A 2013 Maximum recommended dose in pregnancy and if taking anticoagulants is 2 g dried
Australian review of clinical trials (4 g fresh) root a day.
using ginger to relieve pregnancy-
Ginger, widely used as a spice, is also an induced nausea and vomiting Infusion (to make, p. 291).
important digestive remedy. concluded that “The best available For nausea, drink 3/4 cup
evidence suggests that ginger is a safe (150 ml) 3 times a day.
Habitat & Cultivation and effective treatment for PNV.”
■ Pain relief Several small- Essential oil For arthritic
Native to Asia, ginger is grown scale research studies have found aches and pains, dilute
throughout the tropics. It is that ginger reduces muscle pain,
propagated by dividing the for example, after exercise. 5 drops in 20 drops carrier
rootstock. Ginger flourishes in This is because of a potent anti- oil and apply (see p. 297).
fertile soil and needs plenty of inflammatory action. One study
rain. The rhizome is unearthed found that after 2 months of Capsules (to make, p. 292). For morning sickness, take a 75 mg capsule every hour.
when the plant is 10 months old. treatment, ginger was as effective
It is washed, soaked, and sometimes in relieving menstrual cramps as Tincture (to make, p. 292). To improve digestion, take 30 drops with water
boiled and peeled. mefenamic acid (an aspirin-type twice a day.
painkiller). A 2014 Iranian clinical
Related Species trial compared the effects of ginger including food poisoning. stimulates sweating and helps to 155
and sumatripan (a painkiller) in ■ Circulatory stimulant Ginger cool and control fevers.
Various Zingiber species are used relieving migraine, and reported stimulates circulation, and helps
medicinally, but no other has benefits that the two treatments were blood to flow to the surface, making Self-help Uses
equal to ginger. Turmeric (Curcuma similarly effective. it an important remedy for chilblains
longa, p. 90) is a close relative. and poor circulation to the hands ■ Chilblains, p. 302.
Traditional and feet. Juice squeezed from fresh ■ Colds, flu, & fevers, p. 311.
Key Constituents & Current Uses ginger root can be applied to ■ Cold sores, p. 304.
chilblains (and cold sores), bringing ■ Constipation, p. 307.
■ Volatile oil (1–3%) ■ Digestive problems Ginger quick relief. ■ Digestive upsets,
—zingiberene (20–30%) is thought to be helpful for almost ■ Respiratory conditions Ginger
all digestive complaints. It is an has antiviral activity and is a first-rate gas, & colic, p. 318.
■ Oleoresin (4–7.5%) excellent remedy for symptoms remedy for coughs, colds, flu, and ■ High blood pressure &
—gingerol, shogaols such as indigestion, nausea, gas, other respiratory problems. Despite
bloating, and cramps—whether its warming properties, ginger arteriosclerosis, p. 301.
Key Actions taken as an infusion, juice, tincture, ■ Morning sickness, p. 317.
or powder, or with food. Its ■ Nausea & motion sickness,
■ Anti-inflammatory antiseptic activity makes it valuable p. 306.
■ Circulatory stimulant in all gastrointestinal infections,
■ Antiemetic
■ Antiviral
■ Digestive stimulant
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Other Medicinal
Plants
The index of Other Medicinal Plants features in Latin name order over 450 plants that have
played a significant role in herbal medicine worldwide. They include familiar plants such as
oats (Avena sativa, p.175) and exotic herbs like ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata, p. 182). Some
are well researched, while others are known only within their native region. A number of
medicinal plants included have fallen out of favor but remain historically significant. In
addition, the index features plants such as eucommia bark (Eucommia ulmoides, p. 207)
that research shows have the potential for a more prominent medicinal role in the future.
Plant names meDicinal actions & uses
The Latin name given is the one by which the plant is most Encompasses both the confirmed and presumed actions of
generally known in medical herbalism. Latin synonyms are the whole plant (as opposed to isolated active constituents).
also provided. The first part of the Latin name designates Discusses the symptoms and illnesses that the plant is
the plant’s genus (sub-family). The second part specifies the used to treat and the varying ways that the herb is used
species name. In brackets after the Latin name(s) comes medicinally in different herbal traditions.
the plant’s family name, the broader class to which the genus
belongs. The plant’s common name(s) are beneath the family researcH
name. If more than one common name is in popular use, Gives details of scientific research into the plant, its
they are listed in order of importance. Where appropriate, constituents, and its extracts, including the results of any
the origins of common names are given in brackets. clinical trials.
DescriPtion relateD sPecies
Lists significant botanical information, including whether Provides information on related species that have a
the plant is evergreen or deciduous and whether it is medicinal use. Gives a cross-reference to those species
annual, biennial, or perennial. Gives identifying that have an entry in the Encyclopedia.
characteristics of the plant.
cautions
Habitat & cultivation Gives cautions about using the herb medicinally and about
Includes the plant’s origins, its distribution, preferred the plant in general. States if the plant, its constituents, or
growing conditions, and the seasons when it is propagated its extracts are legally restricted.
and harvested.
QConsidered safe as a medicine but potentially harmful
Parts useD if used inappropriately. Particular safety issues are listed.
Lists those parts of the plant that are used medicinally in Where a plant is listed as “Take only under professional
order of importance. supervision,” it is not suitable for home use.
constituents RKnown to be toxic or unsafe as a medicine. Do not self-
Gives the key active constituents of the plant in order of medicate with these plants. Some plants with this symbol
significance. Sometimes includes details of a constituent’s may be safely prescribed by experienced healthcare
specific medicinal action on the body. Note: To find out practitioners within a very narrow dosage range. At a
more about constituents and their actions, see How higher dose, such plants will be poisonous.
Medicinal Plants Work, pp. 10–16.
selF-HelP uses
History & Folklore Cross-refers to the self-help treatments in Remedies
Provides information such as the derivation of the herb’s for Common Ailments. Note: Always read the cautions about
name, traditional lore, and quotations from old herbals the herb and the information on pp. 290 & 298–299 before
showing how the plant was regarded in the past, and attempting a self-help use.
how it was used medicinally. Also includes details of the
plant’s other uses.
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Abies bAlsAmeA
other medicinal Plants Abies balsamea (Pinaceae) contraceptive, abortifacient (to induce a infected gums. The seeds are laxative and “useful
miscarriage), and as a treatment for chronic in killing threadworms, if the rectum of the
Balsam Fir conjunctivitis. However, they are so poisonous affected child be exposed to the smoke of the
that even external application can be fatal. In powdered seeds” (Herbs that Heal, H. K. Bakhru,
Description Conical evergreen tree growing laboratory experiments, extracts of the seeds 1992). The plant has an antiseptic effect within the
to 90 ft (27 m). Has aromatic needle-like leaves had a strong antifertility effect on sperm urinary tract.
and purple fir cones. production and fertility. The ground root is Related Species A. trisulcatum, native to
Habitat & Cultivation Native to North traditionally taken to treat worm infestation. Central America, is used to treat asthma in
America, balsam fir is commercially grown for RCautions Never use the seeds. Use the children, and is applied as a poultice for treating
its timber. The resin is tapped from 60- to 80- leaves and roots only under professional cancerous sores and ulcers, especially of the
year-old trees in spring. supervision. Jequirity is subject to legal mouth and cervix.
Parts Used Oleoresin, leaves. restrictions in some countries.
Constituents Balsam fir leaves contain a Acacia catechu syn. senegalia
liquid oleoresin. Jequirity seeds were used medicinally in former times, catechu (Fabaceae)
History & Folklore Balsam fir resin, often but are also extremely poisonous.
known as Canada balsam, was used for many Black Catechu,
illnesses by both Native Americans and settlers. Abutilon indicum (Malvaceae)
The Penobscot smeared the resin on burns, cuts, Cutch
and sores, while others applied it to the chest and Kanghi,
back for colds and chest problems. The Pillagers Description Tree growing to 49 ft (15 m)
used the aromatic needles in their sweat lodges, Indian Mallow with thorny branches and divided, feathery leaves.
inhaling smoke from the burning leaves. Dr. Habitat & Cultivation Native to India,
Wooster Beech (1794–1868), founder of the Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, and East Africa, this
Eclectic healing movement, regarded balsam fir as tree is cultivated for its timber. It grows to altitudes
stimulating and axative when taken internally, and of 4,900 ft (1,500 m).
emollient and cooling when used externally. Balsam Parts Used Bark, heartwood, leaves, shoots.
fir leaves, cones, and resin are commonly added Constituents The shiny, black-brown extract
to potpourri. of leaves and young shoots, which is called “cutch,”
Medicinal Actions & Uses Balsam fir is becomes a brittle solid when dried, and is the
antiseptic and stimulant, and has been used in form in which black catechu is generally sold.
North America and Europe for congestion, chest Cutch contains 25–60% tannins, 20–30% mucilage,
infections such as bronchitis, and urinary tract flavonoids, and resins.
conditions such as cystitis and frequent urination.
Externally, balsam fir was rubbed on the chest or
applied as a plaster for respiratory infections. It is
not used much in herbal medicine today.
Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae) Description Upright, woody shrub growing to 5
ft (1.5 m). Has a downy, slightly oily surface, single
Jequirity
yellow flowers, and kidney-shaped seeds.
Description Deciduous climber growing to Habitat & Cultivation Kanghi grows
throughout much of India in addition to
12 ft (4 m). Has compound leaves, clusters of Southeast Asia.
pink flowers, and seed pods containing scarlet Parts Used Root, bark, leaves, seeds.
or (rarely) white seeds. Constituents Kanghi contains mucilage, tannins,
Habitat & Cultivation Jequirity is native and asparagine. Asparagine is diuretic.
to India, and now grows in hedges and among Medicinal Actions & Uses Also known as
bushes in all tropical regions. Indian mallow, kanghi is used in much the same
Parts Used Root, leaves, seeds. way as marshmallow (Althaea officinalis, p. 165),
Constituents Jequirity seeds contain one of the main European demulcent herbs. The Black catechu is an astringent and antiseptic.
abrin, indole alkaloids, triterpenoid saponins, root, leaves, and bark of kanghi are mucilaginous
and anthocyanins. The root and leaves contain and are used to soothe and protect the mucous Medicinal Actions & Uses Black catechu
glycyrrhizin and traces of abrin. Abrin is membranes of the respiratory and urinary systems. is a strong astringent and clotting agent. It helps
extremely toxic. A decoction of the root is given for chest conditions reduce excess mucus in the nose, the large
History & Folklore Jequirity seeds have been such as bronchitis. The mucilaginous effect benefits intestine, or vagina. It is also used to treat
used since ancient times in India to help weigh the skin; an infusion, poultice, or paste made from eczema, hemorrhages, diarrhea, and dysentery.
precious materials, including the famous Koh-i-noor the powdered root or bark is applied to wounds It may be used as an infusion, tincture, powder,
diamond. The seeds are notorious as a poison. and used for conditions such as boils and ulcers. or ointment. A small piece of cutch dissolved in
Medicinal Actions & Uses Jequirity seeds A decoction of the root can also be used to good the mouth is an excellent remedy for bleeding
158 have been used medicinally in the past as a effect as a mouthwash for toothache and sore and gums and canker sores. The powder and tincture
achyranthes bidentata
are also applied to infected gums and have been acanthus mollis (Acanthaceae) Dioscorides, is one of the most accurate botanical other medicinal Plants
used to clean the teeth. In Ayurvedic medicine, descriptions to survive from the ancient world.
decoctions of the bark and heartwood are Acanthus, Dioscorides recommended the roots in the form 159
used for sore throats. of a plaster to treat burns and to wrap around
Research Cutch has been shown to lower Bear’s Breeches dislocated joints. As an infusion, acanthus was
blood pressure. thought to be diuretic. It was also used to relieve
Related Species See also babul (Acacia nilotica, Description Perennial growing to 3 ft (1 m). gas and spasms and to soothe damaged nerves.
following entry). Has a black, branched taproot; white, purple, or Medicinal Actions & Uses The herb’s
Cautions Do not take for more than 2–3 weeks blue flowers; and dark green basal leaves up to appreciable quantities of mucilage and tannin
at a time, or if suffering from kidney inflammation. 3 ft (1 m) in length. substantiate its traditional use as a treatment for
There are some countries where cutch is subject Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, dislocated joints and burns. Its emollient properties
to legal restrictions. acanthus is most commonly found as a garden make it useful in the treatment of irritated mucous
Self-help Use Diarrhea, p. 307. plant. It prefers damp sites and low-lying ground. membranes in the digestive and urinary tracts.
The leaves are gathered in early summer and Acanthus is similar to marshmallow (Althaea
acacia nilotica syn. a. arabica the roots in autumn. officinalis, p. 165) in that it can be used externally
(Fabaceae) Parts Used Leaves, roots. to ease irritation, and internally to heal and protect.
Constituents Acanthus contains large
Babul quantities of mucilage and tannin. achyranthes bidentata
History & Folklore Acanthus was well (Amaranthaceae)
Description Tree growing to 65 ft (20 m) with known in the ancient world. Callimacus, a Greek
hard, rust-brown bark and feathery leaves. Small, architect of the 5th century bce, reputedly Chaff flower,
bright yellow flower heads produce pods up to 6 in created the decorative pattern of foliage at the
(15 cm) long. top of Corinthian columns after being inspired Huai Niu Xi (Chinese)
Habitat & Cultivation Babul is native to by the perfect symmetry of acanthus leaves. The
North Africa. Today it is commonly found in Egypt description of acanthus in Materia Medica, written Description Erect perennial herb growing
and is cultivated in India. in the 1st century ce by the Greek physician to 3 ft (1 m). Has slender, rambling branches,
Part Used Bark. elliptical leaves, and greenish-white flowers on
Constituents Babul contains tannins (12–20%), Acanthus flowers blossom terminal spikes.
mucilage, and flavonoids. on a tall spike. Habitat & Cultivation Chaff flower is found
History & Folklore In ancient Egypt, the in China at the edge of forests, along streams, and
wood of the babul tree was used to make amid bushes. Grown commercially in the eastern
dwellings, wheels, and tool handles. The leaves, provinces, the root is unearthed in winter once the
flowers, and pods were used to expel worms, heal foliage has died back.
wounds, alleviate diarrhea, and suppress the Part Used Root.
coughing up of blood. Constituents Achyranthes species contain
Medicinal Actions & Uses Strongly triterpenoid saponins and sterones.
astringent, babul is used to contract and toughen History & Folklore Chaff flower’s
mucous membranes throughout the body in potent ability to bring on menstruation led the
much the same way as witch hazel (Hamamelis 13th-century Chinese gynecologist Chen Ziming
virginiana, p. 102) or oak bark (Quercus robur, to prohibit its use during pregnancy to avoid
p. 260). Babul may be made into a variety of causing miscarriage.
preparations: for instance, a lotion for treating Medicinal Actions & Uses In traditional
bleeding gums, a gargle for easing the irritation of Chinese medicine, chaff flower is believed to
sore throats, a wash for eczema, an eyewash for invigorate blood flow. It is used to stimulate
conjunctivitis and other eye problems, and a menstruation when a period is delayed or scanty.
douche for excessive vaginal discharge. It is also The herb is also prescribed to ease period
taken internally to treat diarrhea. pain. Chaff flower is used to relieve pain in the
Research Research published in 1993 concluded lower back, especially where the discomfort
that babul may be clinically effective in periodontal is attributable to kidney stones. The herb is
infections. Another study indicates that the gum also taken as a treatment for canker sores,
stimulates insulin release from the pancreas and toothache, bleeding gums, and nosebleeds.
lowers blood-sugar levels. Research Research suggests that chaff flower
Related Species Australian wattle (A. decurrens), may lower blood pressure by reducing heart
native to Australia, is used in much the same way rate and dilating the peripheral arteries.
as babul. See also black catechu (A. catechu, Related Species A. aspera, found in tropical
preceding entry). areas worldwide, is used in Ayurvedic medicine
Cautions Do not take babul internally for more to treat chest conditions and a range of
than 2–3 weeks. Acacia species are subject to legal digestive problems.
restrictions in some countries. Caution Do not take chaff flower
during pregnancy.
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Aconitum nApellus
other medicinal Plants Aconitum napellus (Ranunculaceae) Adiantum capillus-veneris Adonis vernalis (Ranunculaceae)
(Polypodiaceae)
Aconite, False Hellebore,
Maidenhair Fern
Monkshood Yellow Pheasant’s Eye
Description Fern with delicate fronds growing
Description Perennial herb growing to 5 ft to 1 ft (30 cm) long. Description Perennial herb growing to 8 in
(1.5 m). Has dark green lobed leaves with violet or Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, (20 cm). Has a scaly stem and feathery compound
Asia, most of the Americas, and Australasia. leaves. Stem bears large, bright yellow flowers up
blue delphinium-like flowers on long spikes. Parts Used Aerial parts. to 3 in (8 cm) across.
Habitat & Cultivation Aconite grows mainly Constituents Maidenhair fern contains
in southern and central Europe. It prefers damp flavonoids (including rutin and isoquercitin), False hellebore’s cardiac glycosides help to slow
down heart rate.
and shady sites, and is cultivated as a garden plant. terpenoids (including adiantone), tannin,
Habitat & Cultivation Originating from the
The root is unearthed in autumn. proanthocyanidins, and mucilage. steppes of Russia and from the Black Sea region,
Part Used Root. History & Folklore Maidenhair fern has been this herb is native to much of Europe but not to
Constituents Aconite contains 0.3–2% used since ancient times. Pliny the Elder (23–79 ce) Britain. It grows in mountain pasture undergrowth.
terpenoid alkaloids, principally aconitine. It is rare and legally protected in Western Europe.
History & Folklore Aconitum species have states that the herb “is of singular efficacy in Parts Used Aerial parts.
traditionally been used as arrow poisons. Constituents False hellebore contains cardiac
Medicinal Actions & Uses Aconite is expelling and breaking calculi of the bladder.” glycosides, including adonitoxin.
poisonous in all but the smallest doses, and is Medicinal Actions & Uses Commonly History & Folklore False hellebore’s botanical
used in Latin America and occasionally in Europe, name refers to Adonis, a figure in Greek mythology
rarely prescribed for internal use. More commonly, associated with the seasonal renewal of plant life.
a decoction or tincture of maidenhair fern is used Medicinal Actions & Uses False hellebore
it is applied to unbroken skin to relieve pain from contains cardiac glycosides similar to those found
as an expectorant to treat coughs, bronchitis, sore in foxglove (Digitalis purpurea, p. 202). These
bruises or neurological conditions. In Ayurvedic substances improve the heart’s efficiency, increasing
throat, and chronic nasal congestion. The plant has its output while at the same time slowing its rate.
medicine, aconite is used to treat neuralgia, asthma, Unlike foxglove, however, false hellebore’s effect
a longstanding reputation as a remedy for on the heart is slightly sedative, and it is generally
and heart weakness. Aconite is also used extensively prescribed for patients with hearts that are beating
conditions affecting the hair and scalp. too fast or irregularly. False hellebore is also
in homeopathy as an analgesic and sedative. Related Species A. caudatum has been shown recommended as a treatment for certain cases of
Related Species Chinese aconite (A. carmichaelii) to act as an antispasmodic and could be useful in low blood pressure. In common with other plants
is used in China for shock and to support the containing cardiac glycosides, false hellebore is
the treatment of asthma. strongly diuretic and can be used to counter water
circulatory system in emergencies. Trials in China retention, particularly in cases of poor circulatory
indicate that it is helpful in congestive heart failure. function. False hellebore is used in homeopathic
RQCautions Aconite is highly toxic and medicine as a treatment for angina.
is subject to legal restriction in some countries. QCautions Take only under professional
supervision. Gathering wild plants and their
Use only under professional supervision. medicinal use are subject to legal restrictions in
some countries.
Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae) Maidenhair fern is used
for chest complaints.
Malabar Nut,
Vasaka
Description Evergreen shrub growing to 10 ft
(3 m), with lance-shaped leaves, white or purple
flowers, and 4-seeded fruit.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical
India, malabar nut grows in low-lying regions up
to the Himalayan foothills.
Parts Used Leaves, root, flowers, fruit (nut).
Constituents Malabar nut contains
pyrroloquinoline alkaloids and an unidentified
volatile oil.
History & Folklore The highly bitter-tasting
malabar nut is a traditional Ayurvedic remedy for
chest problems.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Due to its
expectorant qualities, malabar nut is useful for
bronchitis and other chest conditions. An Ayurvedic
preparation that includes malabar flowers is used to
treat tuberculosis. All parts of the plant are used
to expel worms. A poultice of the fresh leaves
is applied to wounds and to inflamed joints.
160 Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) agave americana agave americana (Agavaceae) other medicinal Plants
Medicinal Actions & Uses The acrid
Bael, Korean mint is considered a warming herb in Agave, 161
Oriental herbal medicine (see pp. 40–43) and is
Bengal Quince used to treat “dampness” within the digestive Century Plant
system. In Korea, as its name suggests, the leaves
Description Thorny deciduous tree growing are eaten as a condiment to aid digestion. The Description Succulent perennial with large
to 26 ft (8 m). Has aromatic oval- to lance-shaped herb stimulates and warms the digestive tract, rosette of 30–60 fleshy, sharply toothed leaves
leaves, greenish-white flowers, and yellow plum- relieving symptoms such as abdominal bloating, that reach a height of 61⁄2 ft (2 m). After 10 years
shaped fruit. indigestion, nausea, and vomiting. It is commonly or more, clusters of yellow flowers, growing to
Habitat & Cultivation Native to India, bael used to relieve vomiting and morning sickness. 23⁄4 in (7 cm) across, bloom on a pole-like stem
grows throughout much of Southeast Asia in dry Korean mint is used to treat the early stages of viral 26–30 ft (8–9 m) tall.
forests. It is also cultivated throughout the region. infections that feature symptoms such as Habitat & Cultivation Agave is native to
Parts Used Fruit, leaves, root, twigs. stomachache and nausea. A lotion containing deserts of Central America. It is now grown as an
Constituents Bael contains coumarins, Korean mint may be applied to fungal conditions ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas
flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, carotinoids, and such as ringworm. around the world.
volatile oil. Research Laboratory experiments indicate Part Used Sap.
History & Folklore The bael tree is sacred to that Korean mint has marked activity against Constituents Agave sap contains estrogen-like
the Hindu deities Lakshmi (the goddess of wealth fungal infections. isoflavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, and vitamins
and good fortune) and Shiva (the god of health), Related Species In southern China and pro-A, B1, B2, C, D, and K.
and it is commonly planted near temples. Its Taiwan, Pogostemon cablin is used interchangeably History & Folklore Unlike Europeans at
medicinal virtues are described in the Charaka with Korean mint. P. cablin is a close relative of the time of the Spanish conquest of America,
Samhita, an herbal text written c. 400 bce. the Indian plant P. patchouli, from which patchouli the Aztec and Maya people were skilled in
Medicinal Actions & Uses The astringent oil is produced. wound healing. They used agave sap (often
half-ripe bael fruit reduces irritation in the digestive with egg white) to bind powders and gums in
tract and is excellent for diarrhea and dysentery. Korean mint is used to pastes or poultices to be applied to wounds.
The ripe fruit is demulcent and laxative, with a treat fungal infections The Badianus Manuscript (1552 ce), which was
significant vitamin C content. It eases stomach pain the first herbal text to list the plants of the New
and supports the healthy function of this organ. such as ringworm. World, describes an Aztec treatment for diarrhea
Bael’s astringent leaves are taken to treat peptic and dysentery, in which agave juice, combined
ulcers. The tree’s most unusual application is for with freshly ground maize (Zea mays, p. 154) and
earache. A piece of dried root is dipped in the oil extract of bladderwort (Utricularia species), is
of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica, p. 70) and set given as an enema, using a syringe made from the
alight. Oil from the burning end is dripped into the bladder of a small animal and a hollow bone or
ear. (This is not a recommended practice.) reed. Both tequila and mescal, popular Mexican
Self-help Use Diarrhea, p. 307. alcoholic drinks, are distilled from the fermented
sap or juice of agaves.
agastache rugosa (Lamiaceae) Medicinal Actions & Uses Demulcent,
laxative, and antiseptic, agave sap is a soothing and
Korean Mint, restorative remedy for many digestive ailments.
It is used to treat ulcers and inflammatory
Huo Xiang (Chinese) conditions affecting the stomach and intestines,
protecting these parts from infection and
Description Aromatic perennial or biennial
herb growing to 4 ft (1.2 m). Has a square stem, irritation and encouraging healing. Agave has
triangular leaves, and purple flowers growing in also been employed to treat many
dense spikes. other conditions, including
Habitat & Cultivation Native to China constipation, jaundice, liver
and also found in Japan, Korea, Laos, and Russia, disease, and tuberculosis.
Korean mint grows wild on slopes and roadsides. Related Species Agave is a
It is cultivated throughout China and fairly close relative of aloe (Aloe vera,
gathered in summer.
Parts Used Aerial parts. p. 60). The two plants have similar medicinal uses.
Constituents Korean mint contains a volatile The sisal agave (A. sisalana) is cultivated in sub-
oil, including methylchavicol, anethole, anisaldehyde, tropical America and in Kenya as a source of
and limonene. hecogenin, the substance that is the starting
History & Folklore Korean mint was first point in the production of corticosteroids
mentioned in a Chinese medicinal text—Tao (steroid hormones).
Hongjing’s revision of the Divine Husbandman’s Cautions Do not use during pregnancy. Do
Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing), which he wrote in not exceed the dose as this may cause digestive
about 500 ce. irritation and eventual liver damage. External use
may cause skin irritation.
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agrimonia eupatoria
agrimonia eupatoria (Rosaceae) cystitis and urinary incontinence, and has also been ailanthus altissima syn.
Agrimony used for kidney stones, sore throats, hoarseness, a. glandulosa (Simaroubaceae)
other medicinal Plants rheumatism, and osteoarthritis.
Description Erect, downy, and slightly Research Agrimony’s blood-staunching and Tree of Heaven,
aromatic perennial growing to 3 ft (1 m). Has anti-inflammatory properties have been established
by experiments in China. Chun Pi
paired leaves, green above and silvery-green Related Species Xian he cao (A. pilosa)
is used in China for comparable conditions. Description Deciduous tree growing to 65 ft
beneath, and small 5-petaled yellow flowers Self-help Uses Diarrhea, p. 307; (20 m). Has large leaves with up to 12 lance-
Diarrhea in children, p. 318. shaped leaflets, and small greenish-yellow flowers.
growing on terminal spikes. It has an unpleasant odor.
Habitat & Cultivation Agrimony is a native agropyron repens syn. Habitat & Cultivation Native to China and
European herb commonly found in marshes, wet elymus repens (Graminaceae) India, tree of heaven is now naturalized in some
parts of Europe, Australia, and North America.
meadows, and open areas. It is harvested when in Couch Grass It is cultivated as a garden tree. The bark and
root bark are harvested in spring.
flower in summer.
Parts Used Aerial parts.
Constituents Agrimony contains tannins,
coumarins, flavonoids (including luteolin, a volatile
oil), and polysaccharides.
History & Folklore The species name Description Vigorous perennial growing to
Eupatoria has regal associations. Mithridates Eupator 32 in (80 cm). Has a long, creeping rhizome,
(d. 63 bce), King of Pontus in northern Turkey, was slender leaves, and erect spikes bearing green
said to have had a profound knowledge of plant flowers aligned in two rows.
Habitat & Cultivation Found in Europe,
lore and antidotes to poisons. the Americas, northern Asia, and Australia, couch
Medicinal Actions & Uses Agrimony has
long been used by herbalists to heal wounds grass is an invasive weed. It is harvested
because it staunches bleeding and encourages throughout the year.
Parts Used Rhizome, seeds, root.
clot formation. An astringent and mild bitter, Constituents Couch grass contains
polysaccharides (such as triticin), a volatile oil
it is also a helpful remedy for diarrhea and
(mainly agropyrene), mucilage, and nutrients.
a gentle tonic for digestion as a whole.
Agropyrene has antibiotic properties.
Combined with other herbs such as cornsilk
(Zea mays, p. 154), it is a valuable remedy for
History & Folklore In classical times, both
Dioscorides (40–90 ce) and Pliny (23–79 ce)
recommended couch grass root for poor urine
flow and kidney stones. In 1597, the herbalist
John Gerard wrote that “Couch-grasse be an
unwelcome guest to fields and gardens, yet his
physicke virtues do recompense those hurts; for Tree of heaven has an unpleasant, bitter taste.
it openeth the stoppings of the liver and reins
[ureters] without heat.” In times of famine, the Parts Used Bark, root bark.
root has been roasted and ground as a substitute Constituents The bark contains quassinoids
for coffee and flour. (such as ailanthone and quassin), alkaloids,
Medicinal Actions & Uses A gentle, effective flavonols, and tannins. Quassinoids are intensely
diuretic and demulcent, couch grass is most bitter, antimalarial, and act against cancerous cells.
commonly used for urinary tract infections such as Medicinal Actions & Uses In Chinese
cystitis and urethritis. It both protects the urinary herbal medicine, tree of heaven is used to
tubules against infection and irritants, and increases treat diarrhea and dysentery, especially if there
the volume of urine, thereby diluting it. It can be is blood in the stool. The bark of the tree has
taken, usually with other herbs, to help treat kidney been used in Asian and Australian medicine to
stones, reducing the irritation and laceration they counter worms, excessive vaginal discharge,
cause. Couch grass is also thought to dissolve kidney gonorrhea, and malaria, and it has also been
stones (insofar as this is possible), and in any case will given for asthma. Tree of heaven has marked
help to prevent their further enlargement. Both an antispasmodic properties and acts on the body
enlarged prostate and prostatitis (infection of the as a cardiac depressant.
prostate gland) will benefit from a couch grass Research Chinese researchers gave tree of
decoction taken over the course of several months. heaven to 82 patients with acute dysentery, and
In German herbal medicine, heated couch grass cured 81. Abdominal pain generally eased within
seeds are used in a hot and moist pack that is 2 days. The anti-cancer properties of quassinoids
applied to the abdomen for peptic ulcers. Juice from are being extensively investigated. Laboratory
Agrimony is gentle and the roots of couch grass has been advocated for research indicates that the whole plant has a
162 suitable for children. treating jaundice and other liver complaints. marked antimalarial activity.
alchemilla vulgaris
Related Species A. malabrica is used in herbal History & Folklore In the European tradition, a topical application of albizzia. Extracts of the other medicinal Plants
medicine in Southeast Asia for its tonic properties bugle has long been valued as a wound-healing plant also have antifungal and antibacterial activity.
and to reduce fever. herb. Nicholas Culpeper praised it in 1652: “The Saponins from the seed pods have spermicidal and 163
QCaution Use tree of heaven only under decoction of the leaves and flowers made in wine antiprotozoal activity.
professional supervision. and taken, dissolveth the congealed blood in those
that are bruised inwardly by a fall or otherwise, and alchemilla vulgaris (Rosaceae)
ajuga reptans (Lamiaceae) is very effectual for any inward wounds, thrusts or
stabs into the body or bowels.” The herbalist Mrs. Lady’s Mantle
Bugle Grieve, writing in 1931, reported that it lowers the
pulse rate and “equalizes the circulation.” Description Herbaceous perennial growing to
Description Low-growing, creeping perennial Medicinal Actions & Uses Bugle is bitter, 1 ft (30 cm). Has a basal rosette of lobed leaves
up to 1 ft (30 cm) in height. Has rooting runners, astringent, and aromatic, but opinion varies as to its and insignificant green flowers 1⁄8–1⁄4 in (3–5 mm)
erect hairy stems, oblong to oval leaves, and value as a medicine. It has mild analgesic properties, across in loose clusters.
purplish-blue flowers. and it is still used occasionally as a wound healer. Habitat & Cultivation Lady’s mantle is
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, It is also mildly laxative and traditionally has been native to Britain and continental Europe. It is
North Africa, and parts of Asia, bugle has become thought to help cleanse the liver. gathered in summer.
naturalized in North America. It prefers damp Related Species Ground pine (A. chamaepitys) Parts Used Aerial parts, root.
woods and grassy and mountainous areas, and is is used to treat gout and rheumatism. It is believed Constituents Lady’s mantle contains tannins,
usually gathered when in flower in early summer. to have diuretic, menstruation-inducing, and a glycoside, and salicylic acid.
Parts Used Aerial parts. stimulant properties. A. decumbens is used in
Constituents Bugle contains iridoid glycosides, Chinese medicine as an analgesic. Lady’s mantle is chiefly
diterpene bitters, phytoecdysone, and caffeic acids. used to reduce heavy
albizzia lebbeck (Fabaceae) menstrual bleeding.
Bugle was once
thought to be a Albizzia, History & Folklore Andres de Laguna’s
remedy for hangovers. translation (1570) of Dioscorides’ Materia Medica
Siris Tree, Pit Shirish recommends two preparations of lady’s mantle—
the root, powdered and mixed with red wine,
Description Deciduous tree growing to for internal and external wounds, and an infusion
65 ft (20 m). Has compound leaves, white of the aerial parts, for “greenstick” fractures
fragrant flowers, and long, shiny, pale yellow and broken bones in babies and young
seed pods. children. When taken regularly for 15 days,
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Indian lady’s mantle was said to reverse sterility due
subcontinent, albizzia grows in moist teak-bearing to “slipperiness” of the womb. The plant’s
forests. It is also cultivated. astringent effect is sufficiently marked that
Parts Used Stem bark; also flowers and seeds. the infusion was used to contract the female
Constituents Albizzia contains saponins, cardiac genitalia, and it was “a thousand times sold”
glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids. to those wishing to appear to be virgins!
History & Folklore Albizzia has been used for Medicinal Actions & Uses Lady’s mantle
several thousand years within Ayurvedic medicine has always been prized as a wound healer. Its
to treat allergies, skin eruptions, glandular astringency ensures that blood flow is staunched
disorders, and poisoning. and the first stage of healing soon gets under
Medicinal Actions & Uses Albizzia bark way. As the name implies, it is a valuable herb
has anti-allergenic properties and is used orally for women’s complaints and is thought to have a
(and topically) to relieve problems such as progesterogenic action. It is commonly taken to
eczema, hives, hay fever, and asthma. The herb reduce heavy menstrual bleeding, to relieve
menstrual cramps, and to aid menstrual regularity.
helps to lower cholesterol and may be Lady’s mantle is also prescribed for fibroids and
useful as part of a broad approach to endometriosis. It has been used to facilitate
treating abnormal fat levels in the childbirth, and is thought to act as a liver
blood. It is usually taken as a decoction
or tincture. In Ayurveda, the bark is
given for pitta (fire) and kapha (water)
conditions such as asthma; the flowers
for coughs and bronchitis; and the seeds
for skin diseases.
Research Laboratory research has shown that
the plant helps to reduce allergic sensitivity, and
one clinical study has indicated potential value in
the treatment of asthma. In another clinical
study, weeping eczema improved significantly with
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Aletris fArinosA
other medicinal Plants decongestant. Its astringent properties make it Part Used Bulb. Related Species In Chinese herbal medicine, the
a useful herb for the treatment of diarrhea Constituents Onion contains a volatile oil scallion (A. fistulosum) is given to encourage sweating,
and gastroenteritis. with sulphur-containing compounds such as to unblock the nose, and to relieve bloating. It is
Research Russian research indicates that lady’s allicin (an antibiotic) and alliin, flavonoids, also used to help drain boils and abscesses.
mantle reduces blood viscosity. phenolic acids, and sterols. Self-help Use Mild fever, p. 311.
Caution Do not use lady’s mantle when pregnant. History & Folklore Authorities throughout
the ancient world recommended onion for a Allium ursinum (Liliaceae)
Aletris farinosa (Liliaceae) variety of health problems. Bunches were hung
on doors to ward off the plague in medieval Ramsons
Star Grass, Europe. Wild onion (A. sibiricum) was also used
extensively by Native North Americans to treat Description Bulbous perennial smelling strongly
CTrouleicURnoiocot rn Root, stings and help relieve colds. of garlic, growing to 11 in (28 cm). Has a triangular
Medicinal Actions & Uses Onion boasts a stem and broad elliptical leaves. Clusters of white,
Description Perennial growing to 3 ft (1 m). long list of medicinal actions—diuretic, antibiotic, star-like flowers grow from a common stem.
Has a flowering stem, smooth lance-shaped leaves, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, expectorant, and Habitat & Cultivation Ramsons are native
and white bell-shaped flowers that appear to be antirheumatic. It is also beneficial to the circulation. to Europe and Asia. They carpet shady sites in
covered with frost. Onions are taken the world over for colds, flu, and damp woods and by streams. The plants are
Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern coughs, much like garlic (A. sativum, p. 59). Onion gathered in early summer.
North America, star grass grows mainly in swamps offsets tendencies to angina, arteriosclerosis, and Parts Used Bulb, aerial parts.
and wet sandy woodland, especially near the heart attack. It is also useful in preventing oral Constituents Ramsons contain volatile oil,
seashore. It is harvested commercially in Virginia, infection and tooth decay. The warmed juice can aldehydes, vinyl sulfide, and vitamin C.
Tennessee, and North Carolina. be dropped into the ear for earache, and baked History & Folklore Ramsons (and many other
Parts Used Rhizome, leaves. onion is used as a poultice to drain pus from sores. onion-like plants) have been highly regarded as
Constituents Star grass contains steroidal Onion has a longstanding reputation as an preventative medicines, as an old English rhyme
saponins based on diosgenin, as well as a bitter aphrodisiac, and it is also used cosmetically attests: “Eat leeks in Lide and ramsons in May/And
principle, volatile oil, and a resin. to stimulate hair growth. all the year after physicians may play!” More
History & Folklore The Native North prosaically, Gerard (1597) wrote that the leaves
American Catawba used a cold-water infusion of “maye very well be eaten in April and Maie with
star grass leaves for stomachache. Star grass was butter [by those of] a strong constitution.”
also advocated for snake bite. Medicinal Actions & Uses Used mainly as
Medicinal Actions & Uses It is a folk remedy and as a food, ramsons are similar
difficult to gain a clear picture of star
grass’s medicinal value. Due to its to garlic (A. sativum, p. 59) but weaker in
estrogenic action, it is employed chiefly action. They lower high blood pressure and
for gynecological problems, particularly help to prevent arteriosclerosis. As ramsons
at menopause. It is also given for period ease stomach pain and are tonic to the
pain and irregular periods. Some digestion, they have been used for diarrhea, colic,
authorities hold that it prevents gas, indigestion, and loss of appetite. The whole
threatened miscarriage. Star grass is also a herb is used in an infusion against threadworms,
good digestive herb, proving beneficial in either ingested or given as an enema. Ramsons are
treating loss of appetite, indigestion, flatulence, also thought to be beneficial for asthma, bronchitis,
and bloating. and emphysema. The juice is used as an aid to
QCautions Use only under professional weight loss.
supervision. The dried, and especially the fresh,
rhizome can be toxic when taken in overdose, Alnus glutinosa
causing colic, diarrhea, and vomiting. syn. A. rotundifolia (Betulaceae)
Allium cepa (Liliaceae) Onion juice is mixed Alder
with honey as a
Onion remedy for colds. Description Small tree with fissured bark,
growing to 65 ft (20 m). Has notched oval leaves
Description Bulbous perennial growing to 3 ft and male and female catkins.
(1 m). Has hollow stems and leaves, and white or Habitat & Cultivation Alder is native to
Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It thrives in damp
purple flowers. places and along riverbanks. The bark and leaves
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the are gathered in spring.
northern hemisphere, onion has been cultivated Parts Used Bark, leaves.
Constituents Alder contains lignans, tannin
in the Middle East for millennia. It is now grown (10–20%), emodin (an anthraquinone), and glycosides.
164 worldwide as a vegetable.
AmArAnthus hypochondriAcus
History & Folklore Water-resistant, alder Constituents Marshmallow root contains about Amaranthus hypochondriacus other medicinal Plants
was used in the construction of Venice. Wooster 37% starch, 11% mucilage, 11% pectin, flavonoids, (Amaranthaceae)
Beech (1794–1868), founder of the Eclectic phenolic acids, sucrose, and asparagine. 165
healing movement, used a decoction of the bark to History & Folklore The philosopher Amaranth
“purify the blood.” Theophrastus (c. 372–286 bce) reported that
Medicinal Actions & Uses Alder is most marshmallow root was taken in sweet wine for Description Sturdy, upright annual growing
often used as a mouthwash and gargle for tooth, coughs. Marshmallow was once a key ingredient to about 3 ft (1 m). Has deeply veined, lance-
gum, and throat problems. The drying action of in the sweets of the same name. shaped, purple-green leaves that grow to 6 in
a decoction of the bark helps to contract the Medicinal Actions & Uses Useful (15 cm) and tufts of small, deep crimson flowers
mucous membranes and reduce inflammation. whenever a soothing effect is needed, on long spikes.
A decoction may also be used to staunch internal marshmallow protects and soothes the mucous
or external bleeding, and to heal wounds. It is also membranes. The root counters excess stomach Amaranth’s long-lasting flowers gave rise to its name,
used as a wash for scabies. In Spain, alder leaves acid, peptic ulceration, and gastritis. Marshmallow meaning “unwithering” in Greek.
are smoothed and placed on the soles of the feet is also mildly laxative and beneficial for many
to relieve aching. Leaves are used to help reduce intestinal problems, including regional ileitis, Habitat & Cultivation Native to India,
breast engorgement in nursing mothers. colitis, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. amaranth grows wild in many countries, including
The leaves treat cystitis and frequent urination. the U.S. A common garden plant, it is harvested
Alstonia spp. (Apocynaceae) Marshmallow’s demulcent qualities bring relief when in flower in late summer and early autumn.
to dry coughs, bronchial asthma, chronic Parts Used Aerial parts.
Fever Bark bronchitis, and pleurisy. The flowers are applied Constituents Amaranth contains tannins,
to help soothe inflamed skin. The root is used including a red pigment used to dye foods
Description Evergreen trees growing to 49 ft in an ointment for boils and abscesses, and in and medicines.
(15 m). Have glossy oblong leaves and creamy- a mouthwash for inflammation. The peeled root History & Folklore Amaranth comes from
white, star-shaped flowers. may be given as a chewstick to teething babies. the Greek word meaning “unwithering.” The
Habitat & Cultivation A. constricta is native Other Species Hollyhock (A. rosea) and amaranth was sacred to the goddess Artemis,
to Australia, and A. scholaris to Australia and common mallow (Malva sylvestris, p. 232) are worshipped at Ephesus, and was thought to have
Southeast Asia. Both are now found in tropical used in a similar fashion. special healing powers. As a symbol of immortality,
regions around the world. Self-help Uses Allergic rhinitis with mucus, it was used to decorate tombs and images of
Parts Used Stem bark, root bark. p. 300; Earache due to chronic mucus, p. 312; the gods.
Constituents The bark of both species contains Urinary infections, p. 314. Medicinal Actions & Uses Amaranth is an
indole alkaloids. A. constricta contains reserpine, astringent herb that is used primarily to reduce
a powerful hypotensive. Marshmallow infusion, blood loss and to treat diarrhea. A decoction of
Medicinal Actions & Uses Fever bark has made from the flowers, amaranth is taken as a remedy in cases of heavy
been taken to treat malarial fever (and has been soothes sore skin. menstrual bleeding, excessive vaginal discharge,
called Australian quinine), but its efficacy against diarrhea, and dysentery. It is also used as a gargle to
malaria remains unclear. The bark is antispasmodic soothe inflammation of the pharynx and to hasten
and lowers blood pressure, and is now used mainly the healing of canker sores.
to reduce high blood pressure. Strongly bitter, the Related Species Quinoa (A. caudatus, also
bark is also taken to treat diarrhea. known as Inca wheat) is a nutritious Andean grain.
QCautions Take only under professional It is used to make bread and is eaten in salads. The
supervision. Fever bark is toxic in large doses. seeds of A. grandiflorus are used as a foodstuff by
The herb is subject to legal restrictions in Australian Aborigines.
some countries.
Althaea officinalis (Malvaceae)
Marshmallow
Description Downy perennial growing to 7 ft
(2.2 m). Has thick white roots, heart-shaped leaves,
and pink flowers.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe,
marshmallow is naturalized in the Americas. It
prefers marshy fields and tidal zones and is
cultivated for medicinal use. The aerial parts are
gathered in summer as the plant begins to flower
and the root is unearthed in autumn.
Parts Used Root, leaves, flowers.
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Ammi mAjus
Ammi majus (Apiaceae) The true fruit hangs just below this stem and of lozenges to relieve dryness of the mouth. It
other medicinal Plants Bishop’s Weed contains the nut, which is encased in red or was also taken to help ease neuralgia and paralysis
yellow flesh. of the tongue or lips.
Description Erect annual herb growing to Habitat & Cultivation This tree is native to Medicinal Actions & Uses Pellitory root
32 in (80 cm), with tangled leaflets and umbels tropical American forests and grasslands. It is now is taken as a decoction or chewed to relieve
of small white flowers. cultivated for its highly prized nuts throughout the toothache and increase saliva production. The
tropics, especially in India and eastern Africa. decoction may also be used as a gargle to soothe
Parts Used Nuts, leaves, bark, root, gum. sore throats. In Ayurvedic medicine, pellitory root
Constituents The gum contains anacardic acid, is considered tonic and is used to treat paralysis
which is bactericidal and fungicidal, and kills worms and epilepsy. Diluted pellitory essential oil is used
and protozoa. in mouthwashes and to treat toothache.
History & Folklore The “apple” is made into Caution Do not take the oil internally except
jams, and, in Brazil, into a liquor called cajuado. under professional supervision.
The gum exuded by the stem wards off ants
and other insects.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Though many Anagallis arvensis (Primulaceae)
parts of the plant are used medicinally, cashew nut
Scarlet Pimpernel
is chiefly a food—after removal of its toxic lining.
Bishop’s weed, like most members of the carrot family, The nut is highly nutritious, containing 45% fat and Description Creeping annual growing to
has highly aromatic seeds. 20% protein. The leaves are used in Indian and 2 in (5 cm) with oval- to lance-shaped leaves
African herbal medicine for toothache and gum
Habitat & Cultivation Bishop’s weed is problems, and in West Africa for malaria. The and salmon-red flowers on long stems.
native to the Mediterranean region and as far bark is used in Ayurvedic medicine to detoxify Habitat & Cultivation Scarlet pimpernel
snake bite. The roots are purgative. The gum is is found in Europe and in temperate regions
applied externally for skin conditions such as corns
and fungal infection. The oil between the outer generally. It prefers open areas and untended sandy
and inner shells of the nut is caustic and causes an
ground, and is gathered in summer toward the end
of its flowering period.
east as Iran. It is cultivated for its seeds, which inflammatory reaction even in small doses. In
are harvested in late summer. folk medicine in the tropics, the oil is used very
Parts Used Seeds. sparingly to eliminate warts, corns, ringworm,
Constituents The seeds contain and ulcers.
furanocoumarins (including bergapten), flavonoids, Research Research at the University of Berkeley
(California) has shown anacardic acids to have
and tannins.
History & Folklore Bishop’s weed has significant antibacterial activity against Heliobacter
been grown as a medicinal plant since the Middle pylori, the bacterium thought to be the main cause
Ages, but has been less often used than visnaga
of stomach ulcers.
(A. visnaga, p. 62).
Medicinal Actions & Uses Bishop’s weed Caution The shell oil and its vapor are highly
irritant—do not use in any form.
produces strongly aromatic seeds. In an infusion
or as a tincture, they calm the digestive system.
They are also diuretic, and, like visnaga, have been Anacyclus pyrethrum
(Asteraceae)
used to treat asthma and angina. Bishop’s weed
Pellitory
reputedly helps treat patchy skin pigmentation
Description Perennial herb growing to 1 ft
in vitiligo. It has also been used for psoriasis.
Cautions Bishop’s weed increases sensitivity
to sunlight and can provoke sunburn and sunlight-
related allergic reactions. Side effects can include (30 cm). Has smooth alternate leaves and large
nausea, vomiting, and headaches. It is subject to white flowers with yellow centers.
legal restrictions in some countries. Habitat & Cultivation Pellitory is native to
the Mediterranean region as far east as the Middle
East. It is cultivated in Algeria, and the root is
Anacardium occidentale unearthed in autumn. Scarlet pimpernel
(Anacardiaceae) was called “poor
Parts Used Root, essential oil. man’s weather
Cashew Constituents Pellitory contains anacycline, glass” because
inulin, and volatile oil. its flowers close
before rain.
History & Folklore The herbalist Nicholas
Description Evergreen tree growing to a height Culpeper wrote in 1652 that pellitory “purgeth
of 49 ft (15 m). Has large oval leaves and pink- the brain of phlegmatic humours… easing pains
streaked yellow flowers on long spikes. Its greenish- in the head and teeth,” It has been listed in the
166 grey “fruit” or “apple” is in fact a thickened stem. British Pharmacopoeia and was used in the form
andrographis paniculata
Parts Used Aerial parts. ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae) fruit is both a digestive tonic and a diuretic. other medicinal Plants
Constituents The herb contains saponins The leaves are considered to be useful in
(including anagalline), tannins, and cucurbitacins. Pineapple encouraging the onset of menstrual periods
The latter are cytotoxic (damaging to cells). and easing painful ones.
History & Folklore Classical Greek writers Description Herbaceous perennial
believed scarlet pimpernel helped melancholy. growing to 3 ft (1 m). Has a short, sturdy andrographis paniculata
In her Modern Herbal (1931), Mrs. Grieve quotes stem; spiny, lance-shaped leaves; and succulent (Acanthaceae)
an old saying: “No heart can think, no tongue reddish-yellow fruit.
can tell/The virtues of the pimpernel.” It has Habitat & Cultivation Pineapple is native Andrographis,
been employed in European folk medicine as to South America. It is cultivated throughout the
a treatment for gallstones, liver cirrhosis, lung tropics for its fruit and, to a lesser extent, its Green Chiretta,
problems, kidney stones, urinary infections, gout, leaf fiber. Kiratatiktah (Sanskrit)
and rheumatism. This pattern of use suggests a Parts Used Fruit, leaves.
detoxifying action for the plant. Constituents Pineapple fruit contains bromelain, Description Upright, branched annual,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Little used by a protein-splitting enzyme that aids digestion. It has growing to 3 ft (90 cm), with lance-shaped leaves,
medical herbalists today, scarlet pimpernel has significant levels of vitamins A and C. spotted, pale brown or purple flowers, and long,
diuretic, sweat-inducing, and expectorant Medicinal Actions & Uses The sour, thin seed capsules containing numerous yellow-
properties. As an expectorant, it was used to unripe fruit improves digestion, increases brown seeds.
stimulate the coughing up of mucus and help appetite, and relieves dyspepsia. In Indian herbal Habitat & Cultivation Andrographis grows
recovery from colds and flu. It has been used to medicine, it is thought to act as a uterine tonic. throughout India, on plains, and as undergrowth in
treat epilepsy and mental problems for 2,000 years, The ripe fruit cools and soothes, and is used forests. It is commonly cultivated for medicinal use
but there is little evidence to support its efficacy. to settle gas and reduce excessive gastric acid. Its in northern India and China, and is also grown as
Caution Scarlet pimpernel is not recommended significant fiber content makes it useful in relieving a garden plant.
for medicinal use for more than 2–3 weeks. constipation. The juice of the ripe Parts Used Aerial parts.
Constituents Contains bitter diterpene
anamirta cocculus Pineapple contains lactones, diterpene glucosides, and flavonoids.
(Menispermaceae) an enzyme, History & Folklore In Ayurveda, andrographis
bromelain, that is used mainly for the liver, to treat infection, and
Indian Berry, acts as an aid for intestinal worms. In the past it has been used
to digestion. chiefly to treat malaria.
Cocculus Medicinal Actions & Uses A classically bitter
and tonic herb, andrographis exerts a wide range 167
Description Large, woody climbing plant of protective effects on the body—mostly through
with alternate oval leaves and long hanging its ability to stimulate the immune system,
clusters of greenish flowers. Has male and especially macrophages, and to protect the liver
female flowers on separate plants. Bears from damage, whether by infection or poisoning.
red-brown kidney-shaped fruit. Like most bitters, it will help to counter fever. In
Habitat & Cultivation Indian berry is found China, andrographis is used to treat a wide range
in forests in Southeast Asia from India and Sri of infections including bacillary dysentery and
Lanka across to Indonesia. enteritis. It may be taken for chronic infection,
Parts Used Leaves, fruit. and in any situation where the immune system
Constituents Indian berry contains picrotoxin is underperforming. Although it has no antiviral
(up to 5%) and alkaloids. Picrotoxin is a very activity, andrographis can speed up recovery
powerful poison and nerve stimulant. from the common cold.
History & Folklore The fruit is used as a fish Research In mostly Indian and Chinese
poison. Scattered in the water, it stupefies fish in the research, the herb has been shown to stimulate
surrounding area, causing them to float to the surface. the immune system, particularly helping to protect
Medicinal Actions & Uses Indian berry fruit
is sold commercially as a remedy for parasites. against poisoning (such as from snake bite).
The plant is so toxic that it is rarely taken internally. The glucosides are strongly antioxidant, and
It is mainly applied externally to kill parasites extracts of the whole herb have demonstrated an
such as lice. In Ayurvedic medicine, Indian berry effect similar to, or better than, silymarin (from
fruit is classified as astringent, antifungal, and Silybum marianum, p. 137) in supporting the
anthelmintic (de-worming), and is used for skin function of the liver. Thai research published in
ulcers and fungal conditions such as ringworm. 1991 indicated that 6 g per day of andrographis
The herb is used in homeopathic medicine as was as effective as acetaminophen in relieving fever
a remedy for heart conditions. and sore throat. The herb also has reported
RQCautions Indian berry is highly toxic. Do effectiveness against fertility.
not take internally. Use externally only under Cautions Do not take during pregnancy. High
professional supervision. doses may cause nausea and vomiting.
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anemarrhena asphodeloides
anemarrhena asphodeloides frequently for premenstrual syndrome and period Dill increases milk production, and when taken
other medicinal Plants (Liliaceae) pain, especially when these are accompanied by regularly by nursing mothers, helps to prevent
nervous exhaustion. In France, it has traditionally
Zhi Mu been used for treating coughs and as a sedative colic in their babies.
Caution Take the essential
Description Perennial herb with a thick for sleep difficulties. Pulsatilla is also used to treat oil internally only under
rhizome, thin leaves up to 28 in (70 cm) long, and professional supervision.
eye problems such as cataracts. The fresh plant
clusters of small white or light purple flowers. Seeds
Habitat & Cultivation Native to northern is not used because it is strongly irritant. Pulsatilla
China, zhi mu grows wild on exposed slopes and
is one of the most commonly used of all
hills. It is cultivated in the northern and north-
homeopathic remedies.
eastern provinces. Related Species The meadow anemone
Part Used Rhizome. (A. pratensis) is used interchangeably with pasque
Constituents Contains steroidal saponins,
lignans, phenolic compounds, and xanthones. flower; wood anemone (A. nemorosa) is now
History & Folklore Zhi mu is first mentioned
in the 1st-century ce herbal, the Divine Husbandman’s rarely used in herbal medicine.
QCautions Take only under professional
supervision. Do not take during pregnancy.
Do not take the fresh plant, which is toxic.
Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing).
Medicinal Actions & Uses Zhi mu has a anethum graveolens syn.
bitter taste and a “cold” temperament and is peucedanum graveolens
(Apiaceae)
used in Chinese herbal medicine for “excess
Dill
heat”—fever, night sweats, and coughs. It has
been shown to have significant antibacterial
activity and is commonly used to treat sores
and mouth ulcers. Description Aromatic annual that grows to a
height of 30 in (75 cm). Has an erect hollow stem,
feathery leaves, and numerous yellow flowers in
anemone pulsatilla syn. pulsatilla umbels. Fruit is very lightweight and pungent.
vulgaris (Ranunculaceae) Habitat & Cultivation Dill is native to
southern Europe and central and southern
Pulsatilla
Asia, growing wild in open areas. It is also widely
cultivated, notably in England, Germany, and
Description Hairy perennial growing to North America. The leaves are picked as a
6 in (15 cm). Has feathery leaves, and large, culinary herb. The seeds are harvested in
purple-blue, bell-shaped flowers, with bright late summer.
yellow anthers. Parts Used Seeds, essential oil, leaves.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, Constituents Dill seeds contain up to 5% volatile
this herb thrives in dry grassland in central oil (about half of which is alpha-phellandrene),
and northern parts of the continent, preferring flavonoids, coumarins, xanthones, and triterpenes.
chalky soil. The aerial parts are harvested when History & Folklore An ancient Egyptian Dill was used as a
it flowers in spring. remedy in the Ebers papyrus (c. 1500 bce) remedy by the ancient
Parts Used Dried aerial parts. recommends dill as one of the ingredients in a Greeks to encourage
Constituents Pulsatilla contains the lactone pain-killing mixture. The ancient Greeks are a good night’s sleep.
protoanemonin (which on drying forms anemonin), believed to have covered their eyes with fronds
triterpenoid saponins, tannins, and volatile oil. of the herb to induce sleep. Dill was commonly angelica archangelica (Apiaceae)
History & Folklore In Greek mythology, the used as a charm against witchcraft in the Middle
goddess Flora was jealous of her husband’s Ages, when it was burned to clear thunderclouds. Angelica
Its name comes from the Norse dylla—meaning
attentions to the nymph Anemone and so
transformed her into a flower, at the mercy of the “to soothe.” Description Aromatic biennial herb growing
North Wind. Anemone literally means “daughter Medicinal Actions & Uses Dill has always to 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has ridged upright hollow stems,
of the wind” in Greek. The alternate name been considered a remedy for the stomach, large bright green leaves, and greenish-white
“pasque flower” derives from the French name relieving gas and calming digestion. Dill’s essential flowers in umbels.
for Easter, when the plant is often in flower. oil relieves intestinal spasms and cramps and helps Habitat & Cultivation Angelica grows in
Medicinal Actions & Uses Pulsatilla to settle colic, hence it is often used in gripe water temperate regions in western Europe, Siberia, and
is less commonly used now in herbal medicine than mixtures. Chewing the seeds improves bad breath. the Himalayas. It prefers damp sites and is often
in the past, though it is still considered a valuable Dill makes a useful addition to cough, cold, and flu found near running water. Leaves and stems are
remedy for cramping pain, menstrual problems, remedies, and is a mild diuretic. Like caraway harvested in early summer, seeds as they ripen in
and emotional distress. It is considered a specific (Carum carvi, p. 184), it can be used with late summer, and roots in late autumn after one
treatment for spasmodic pain of the reproductive antispasmodics, such as cramp bark (Viburnum year’s growth.
168 system, both male and female, and is given quite opulus, p. 150), to relieve period pain. Parts Used Root, leaves, stems, seeds.
anthriscus cerefolium
Constituents Angelica root contains a volatile to “damp and cold” conditions, such as sores, was traditionally employed for supposedly other medicinal Plants
oil (consisting mainly of beta-phellandrene), boils, and ulcers affecting the skin. Bai zhi also hysterical conditions relating to the uterus.
lactones, and coumarins. An extract of the root appears to be valuable in treating the facial pain Cautions The whole plant can cause blistering 169
has been shown to be anti-inflammatory. of trigeminal neuralgia. if applied fresh to the skin. Do not take during
History & Folklore The British Flora Medica Caution Do not take during pregnancy. pregnancy or if breastfeeding.
(1877) reports that “the Laplanders considered
this plant as one of the most important annona squamosa (Annonaceae) anthriscus cerefolium (Apiaceae)
productions of the soil … They are subject to
a severe kind of colic, against which the root Custard Apple Chervil
of angelica is one of their chief remedies.” The
stems are candied for culinary use. Description Tree growing to 33 ft (10 m). Has Description Annual herb growing to 2 ft
Medicinal Actions & Uses Angelica is a oblong- to lance-shaped leaves, greenish flowers, (60 cm). Has finely grooved stems, opposite leaves,
warming and tonic remedy, having a role to play and segmented green fruit. and many small white flowers arranged in
in a wide range of illnesses. All parts of the plant Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical compound umbels.
will help relieve indigestion, gas, and colic. Angelica America and the Caribbean, this herb is cultivated Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe,
can also be useful in cases of poor circulation, as it throughout the tropics. Asia Minor, Iran, and the Caucasus, chervil grows
improves blood flow to the peripheral parts of the Parts Used Leaves, bark, fruit, seeds. freely in open areas. It is cultivated throughout
body. It is considered a specific treatment for Constituents Custard apple contains fruit the world. The herb is gathered when in flower
Buerger’s disease, a condition that narrows the sugars and mucilage. in summer.
arteries of the hands and feet. By improving blood Medicinal Actions & Uses In the West Parts Used Aerial parts.
flow and stimulating the coughing up of phlegm, Indies, the young shoots are used with peppermint Constituents Chervil contains a volatile oil,
angelica’s warm, tonic properties bring relief from (Mentha x piperita, p. 114) to relieve colds and coumarins, and flavonoids.
bronchitis and debilitating conditions affecting the chills. In Cuban medicine, the leaves are taken to
chest. For respiratory conditions, the roots are reduce uric acid levels. The leaves, bark, and unripe Chervil is an aromatic herb
most commonly used, but the stems and seeds fruit are all strongly astringent and are used to that plays a role in healing
may be employed as well. treat diarrhea and dysentery. The crushed seeds
Caution Do not take as a medicine during are mixed with an inert powder and employed as as well as in cooking.
pregnancy. Do not confuse with Chinese Angelica. an insecticide.
Self-help Use Stomach spasm, p. 305. Research Custard apple has been shown to
have antiprotozoal and anthelmintic (worm-
angelica dahurica (Apiaceae) repelling) activity.
Bai Zhi anthemis cotula (Lamiaceae)
Description Aromatic perennial growing Mayweed,
to 8 ft (2.5 m). Has a hollow stem, large
3-branched leaves, and umbels bearing many Stinking Mayweed
white flower heads.
Habitat & Cultivation Grows wild in thickets Description Annual or perennial resembling
in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Cultivated mainly German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita, p. 77).
in central and eastern regions of China. Has slightly hairy stems and large solitary daisy-type
Part Used Root. flowers. As the name stinking mayweed suggests,
Constituents Bai zhi contains a volatile oil this plant has an unpleasant smell and taste.
and the coumarins imperatorin, marmesin, Habitat & Cultivation This herb commonly
and phellopterin. grows wild in Europe, the Americas, Australia,
History & Folklore Bai zhi is first mentioned New Zealand, and Siberia. The flowers and leaves
in Chinese herbal medicine in the Divine are gathered in summer.
Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing) of Parts Used Flowers, leaves.
the 1st century ce. The famous military physician Constituents Mayweed contains sesquiterpene
Zhang Congzheng (1150–1228) classified bai zhi lactones (including anthecotulide).
as a sweat-inducing herb able to counter harmful History & Folklore In his Irish Herbal of
external influences on the skin, such as cold, heat, 1735, the herbalist K’Eogh states that mayweed
dampness, and dryness. is “good for women with the falling down of the
Medicinal Actions & Uses The pungent, womb, if they but wash their feet with a
bitter bai zhi is used for headaches and aching eyes, decoction of it.”
nasal congestion, and toothache. Like its cousins Medicinal Actions & Uses Although it looks
angelica (A. archangelica, see preceding entry) and similar to German chamomile, mayweed is far less
dong quai (A. sinensis, p. 63), it is warming and effective as a medicine. It has been used as an
tonic, and it is still given for problems attributed antispasmodic and to induce menstruation, and
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aphanes arvensis
History & Folklore A basket of chervil seeds encourages sweating, is stimulant, and detoxifying. Medicinal Actions & Uses Strawberry tree
was one of the items found in Tutankhamun’s tomb. It is taken for rheumatism, asthma, and coughs.
other medicinal Plants is valued as an astringent and antiseptic herb. Its
The herb is traditionally used as a “spring tonic” in Applied externally as a poultice, the herb is used antiseptic action within the urinary tract makes it
central Europe. Chervil is aromatic and is used to treat a number of different skin conditions, a useful remedy for treating cystitis and urethritis.
extensively in cooking. including eczema. Strawberry tree’s astringent effect has been put to
Medicinal Actions & Uses Chervil is a good Related Species Wild sarsaparilla (A. nudicaulis) use in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.
is a North American relative used medicinally Cautions Do not take during pregnancy or if
remedy for settling the digestion. It is also used to
“purify the blood” and to help lower blood in much the same way as American spikenard. suffering from kidney disease.
pressure, as well as being considered a diuretic. The leaves and stalks of two East Asian Aralia,
Juice from the fresh plant is applied to various skin A. chinensis and A. cordata, are eaten as vegetables.
conditions, including wounds, eczema, and abscesses. Cautions Do not take during pregnancy. arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Ericaceae)
aphanes arvensis (Rosaceae) arbutus unedo (Ericaceae) Uva-ursi,
Bearberry
Parsley Piert Strawberry Tree
Description Low-lying evergreen shrub growing
Description Prostrate, hairy annual growing to Description Evergreen shrub growing to 20 ft to 20 in (50 cm). Has long trailing stems, dark green
4 in (10 cm). Has small wedge-shaped leaves and (6 m). Has an upright stem with reddish bark,
leaves that are glossy on the upper side, bell-shaped
tiny green flowers in tufts. leathery serrated leaves, white or pink bell-
Habitat & Cultivation Parsley piert is native pink flowers, and small glossy red berries.
to Europe, North Africa, and North America. It shaped flowers, and round warty red fruit Habitat & Cultivation Uva-ursi is native to
Europe, and naturalized throughout the northern
grows to an altitude of 1,600 ft (500 m), thriving resembling strawberries.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to hemisphere up to the Arctic. It grows in damp
in dry sites, including the top of walls. The herb is Mediterranean coasts, strawberry tree also grows
conditions in undergrowth, heathland, and
harvested when in flower in summer. in western Ireland, Australia, and Africa. The leaves
Parts Used Aerial parts. grassland. The leaves are gathered in autumn.
Constituents Parsley piert contains tannins. are gathered in late summer and the fruit in autumn. Parts Used Leaves, berries.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Astringent, Parts Used Leaves, fruit. Constituents The leaves of uva-ursi contain
diuretic, and demulcent, parsley piert is used to Constituents Strawberry tree contains up hydroquinones (mainly arbutin, up to 17%), tannins
to 2.7% arbutin, methylarbutin, and other
treat kidney and bladder problems, especially kidney (up to 15%), phenolic glycosides, and flavonoids.
hydroquinones, a bitter principle, and tannins.
stones. It is also frequently used in the treatment Arbutin and other hydroquinones have an
Arbutin is powerfully antiseptic in the urinary system.
of bladder stones (gravel), which cause pain and History & Folklore The fruit of strawberry antiseptic effect in the urinary tract.
tree is used in preserves, but it is not palatable History & Folklore The name uva-ursi means
irritation and obstruct urine flow. Best taken in an “bear’s grape” in Latin. Bears are fond of the fruit.
fresh. The Latin unedo comes from un ede, meaning
infusion, the herb is also a useful remedy for cystitis The plant is first documented in The Physicians of
“[only] one I eat.”
and recurrent urinary infections. Myddfai, a 13th-century Welsh herbal text.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Uva-ursi is one of
aralia racemosa (Araliaceae) the best natural urinary antiseptics. It has been used
extensively in herbal medicine to disinfect and astringe
American Spikenard the urinary tract in cases of acute and chronic cystitis
and urethritis. However, it is not a suitable remedy if
Description Aromatic perennial bush growing there is a simultaneous infection of the kidneys.
to 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has thick fleshy roots, large Research Experiments have shown that uva-ursi
extracts have an antibacterial effect. This action is
leathery leaves, small greenish-white flowers, and
thought to be stronger in alkaline urine—thus the
red or purple berries.
Habitat & Cultivation American spikenard efficacy of uva-ursi is likely to increase if it is taken
is native to North America. The root is unearthed
in combination with a vegetable-based diet.
in summer or autumn. Cautions Do not take during pregnancy or with
Part Used Root. kidney disease. Unsuitable for children under 12.
Constituents American spikenard contains a
volatile oil, tannins, and diterpene acids. It is generally advisable to take uva-ursi for no
more than 7–10 days at a time.
History & Folklore The Cherokee made a Strawberry tree’s leaves arenaria rubra (Carophyllaceae)
tea for backache from American spikenard, and and fruit are astringent
and antiseptic.
the cure was later adopted by New World settlers.
The Shawnee used it for flatulence, coughs, Sandwort,
asthma, and breast pain; the Menominee as a cure
for blood poisoning. The plant was included in the Sand Spurrey
US National Formulary from 1916 to 1965.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Many of Description Herbaceous, low-growing, sticky,
American spikenard’s current uses come directly and hairy annual. Has small thin leaves and pale
170 from Native American precedents. The herb pink flowers growing to 1⁄4 in (6 mm) across.
ArmorAciA rusticAnA
Habitat & Cultivation Found in the wild to relieve muscle ache, toothache, and neuralgic of the fresh juice to induce labor. Theophrastus other medicinal Plants
throughout Europe, Asia, and Australia, sandwort pain. The fresh latex contains protein-dissolving (c. 372–286 bce) records that the plant was used
thrives in sandy and gravelly places, especially close properties and is traditionally applied to warts to treat disorders of the uterus, reptile bites, and
to the sea. and cold sores. The flowers and seeds are mildly sores on the head.
Parts Used Aerial parts. expectorant and can be used to treat irritable Medicinal Actions & Uses No longer in use
Medicinal Actions & Uses Sandwort is a coughs and asthma. today and banned in Europe and North America,
diuretic herb that is thought to relax the muscle Related Species In Hawaii, the latex of A. glauca birthwort was formerly used to treat wounds,
walls of the urinary tubules and bladder. Sandwort is also used to treat warts. sores, and snake bite. It has been taken after
is most commonly taken in the form of an infusion QCautions Excessive use can cause glaucoma. childbirth to prevent infection and is also a potent
to treat kidney stones, acute and chronic cystitis, Use only under professional supervision. menstruation-inducing herb and a (very dangerous)
and other conditions of the bladder. abortifacient. A decoction was taken to encourage
Related Species Seabeach sandwort Arisaema spp. (Araceae) healing of ulcers. Birthwort has also been used for
(A. peploides), a closely related northern plant, asthma and bronchitis.
is eaten by the Inuit of Alaska as a fresh, pickled, Tian Nan Xing Research Birthwort illustrates the fact that though
or oil-preserved vegetable. In Iceland, this plant a plant is natural, this has no bearing on its safety.
is fermented and eaten in the same way as Description Perennial herb growing to 3 ft Aristolochic acid (present within birthwort) is a
sauerkraut. Rupturewort (Herniaria glabra, p. 219), (1 m). Has star-shaped leaves and purple-white kidney toxin that induces kidney failure and cancer
which is a European plant, has medicinal properties or green pitcher-like bracts. within the kidneys and urinary tract. However, the
that are similar to those of sandwort. Habitat & Cultivation Tian nan xing grows slow rate of development of symptoms has meant
wild in eastern Asia, especially in China, where it that in the past no connection was made between
Argemone mexicana is widely cultivated. The rhizome is unearthed in these kidney symptoms and the herb. These toxic
(Papaveraceae) autumn or winter. effects apply to birthwort and all Aristolochia species
Part Used Dried rhizome. that contain aristolochic acid. Kidney failure and
Mexican Poppy, Constituents Tian nan xing contains death from aristolochic acid is relatively rare in the
triterpenoid saponins and benzoic acid. West but is “reaching potentially epidemic
Chicalote Medicinal Actions & Uses In Chinese herbal proportions in the East,” according to research
medicine, tian nan xing is thought to encourage the published in Taiwan in 2013. Many species of
Description Prickly annual growing to 3 ft coughing up of phlegm. The dried rhizome is used Aristolochia continue to be used in Oriental herbal
(1 m). Has spiny white-veined leaves and large principally for chest problems. When prescribed medicine in countries such as China, Japan, and
yellow flowers with delicate petals. internally it is always combined with fresh ginger Taiwan. All species of Aristolochia are banned in
Habitat & Cultivation Mexican poppy grows root (Zingiber officinale, p. 155). The fresh rhizome most Western countries.
in tropical regions from the southernmost U.S. to is only ever used externally, for ulcers and other RCaution Under no circumstance use
South America. It favors dry soil and is often found skin conditions. birthwort or any Aristolochia species as medicines.
in tobacco fields. Related Species Jack-in-the-pulpit or Indian
Parts Used Aerial parts, latex, seeds. turnip (A. triphyllum), a North American species, Armoracia rusticana syn.
Constituents Mexican poppy contains is a treatment for chest conditions. colchlearia armoracia
isoquinoline alkaloids similar to those in the opium RQCautions Take only under professional (Brassicaceae)
poppy (Papaver somniferum, p. 244). supervision. The fresh rhizome is very toxic;
History & Folklore Like most poppies, this use only the dried rhizome internally. Horseradish
plant exudes a milky latex, which was traditionally
used in Ecuador to treat cataracts. Aristolochia clematitis Description Perennial with a deep tap root,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Commonly used (Aristolochiaceae) leaves up to 20 in (50 cm) long, and clusters of
through much of Latin America, the whole plant 4-petaled white flowers.
acts as a mild painkiller and sedative, and is taken Birthwort Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe and
western Asia, this herb is widely cultivated for its
Mexican poppy flowers have expectorant properties Description Unpleasant-smelling perennial with root, unearthed in autumn. 171
and are useful for treating coughs. heart-shaped leaves and tubular yellow flowers Parts Used Root, leaves.
Constituents Horseradish root contains
with flattened lips. glucosilinates (mainly sinigrin), flavonoids,
Habitat & Cultivation Native to central asparagine, resin, and vitamin C. On being crushed,
and southern Europe, birthwort is also found in sinigrin produces allyl isothiocyanate, an antibiotic
substance. The flavonoids have been shown to
southwestern Asia. The root is unearthed in be antioxidant.
History & Folklore Pliny (23–79 ce) probably
spring or autumn. had horseradish in mind when describing a plant
Parts Used Root, aerial parts. that warded off scorpions, but for most of its long
Constituents Birthwort contains aristolochic history, horseradish has been used mainly as a
acids, a volatile oil, and tannins. While stimulating diuretic herb. It is a popular condiment, particularly
in Britain and central Europe.
white blood cell activity, aristolochic acid is
carcinogenic and toxic to the kidneys (see Research).
History & Folklore Aristolochia means
“excellent birth,” and refers to the traditional use
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ArnicA montAnA
Medicinal Actions & Uses Now undervalued Artemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae) Cautions Do not take during pregnancy.
as a medicinal herb, horseradish has many healing Southernwood Not suitable for children under 12 unless
other medicinal Plants properties. It strongly stimulates digestion, prescribed professionally.
increasing gastric secretions and appetite. It is Description Strongly aromatic, shrubby Artemisia capillaris (Asteraceae)
a good diuretic and promotes perspiration, perennial, growing to 3 ft (1 m). Has woody stems,
making it useful in fevers, colds, and flu. It is also Yin Chen Hao
expectorant and mildly antibiotic, and can be of feathery silver-green leaves, and yellow flowers.
use in both respiratory and urinary tract infections. Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern Description Medium-sized perennial herb with
A sandwich of freshly grated root is a home Europe, this herb is rare in the wild but is cultivated an erect stem, thin feathery leaves, and clusters of
remedy for hay fever. Externally, a poultice of the small composite flowers.
root can soothe chilblains. for the perfume industry and, to a lesser extent, Habitat & Cultivation Native to Southeast
Cautions Over-consumption of horseradish Asia, yin chen hao is cultivated in China and other
may irritate the gastrointestinal tract. The for herbal medicine. The aerial parts are harvested Far Eastern countries. The young plants are
plant should be avoided by those with low gathered in spring.
thyroid function. A horseradish poultice may in late summer. Parts Used Aerial parts.
cause blistering.
Constituents Yin chen hao contains a volatile
Arnica montana (Asteraceae) oil and coumarins. The volatile oil is antifungal.
History & Folklore Yin chen hao has been
Arnica used in Chinese herbal medicine for more than
2,000 years. Its medicinal properties were first
Description Aromatic perennial growing to listed in Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong
1 ft (30 cm). Has downy egg-shaped leaves and Bencaojing), written in the 1st century ce.
bright yellow daisy-like flowers. Medicinal Actions & Uses Yin chen hao
Habitat & Cultivation Arnica grows in is an effective remedy for liver problems, being
mountain woods and pastures in central specifically helpful for treating hepatitis with jaundice.
Europe, the Pyrenees, Siberia, Canada, and the Traditional Chinese medicine (see pp. 40–43) holds
northwestern U.S. Its flowers are harvested that it is bitter and cooling, clearing “damp heat”
when in full bloom; the rhizomes after the from the liver and gall ducts and relieving fevers.
plant has died back in autumn. Yin chen hao is also anti-inflammatory and diuretic.
Parts Used Flowers, rhizome. Southernwood leaves were traditionally placed among It was formerly applied in the form of a plaster to
Constituents Arnica contains sesquiterpene clothing to repel moths.
lactones, flavonoids, a volatile oil that includes treat headaches.
Research Investigation undertaken in China
Parts Used Aerial parts.
thymol, mucilage, and polysaccharides. indicates that like many Artemisia species, yin chen
History & Folklore Arnica has been used Constituents Southernwood contains a volatile hao has a tonic and strengthening effect on the
liver, gallbladder, and digestive system.
extensively in European folk medicine. Johann oil, abrotanin, and tannins.
Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), the German History & Folklore Much prized during the Cautions Do not take during pregnancy.
philosopher and poet, drank arnica tea to ease his Middle Ages and the Renaissance, southernwood Unsuitable for children under 12 unless
angina in old age. is now used infrequently in herbal medicine. prescribed professionally.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Best known as The closely related wormwood (A. absinthium,
an effective ointment and compress for bruises, p. 66) is considered superior. Like wormwood, Artemisia cina (Asteraceae)
sprains, and muscle pain, arnica improves the local southernwood contains a strong volatile oil that
blood supply and accelerates healing. It is anti- repels insects, and the leaves are placed among Levant Wormwood
inflammatory and increases the rate of reabsorption clothes to repel moths. Mrs. Grieve (A Modern
of internal bleeding. Generally the plant is now Herbal, 1931) reports that in England “even in Description Shrubby perennial with long thin
taken internally only at a homeopathic dilution, the early part of the last century a bunch of leaves and tiny round tufts of flowers.
principally for shock, injury, and pain. If taken as a southernwood and rue [Ruta graveolens, p. 265] Habitat & Cultivation This herb is native
decoction or tincture, it stimulates the circulation was placed next to the prisoner in the dock as to the region stretching from the eastern
and is valuable in the treatment of angina and a a preventive from the contagion of jail fever.” Mediterranean to Siberia. The unopened flower
weak or failing heart, but it can be toxic even at Medicinal Actions & Uses Southernwood is heads are gathered from wild and cultivated plants.
low dosage and thus is rarely used in this way. a bitter tonic. It strengthens and supports digestive Parts Used Flower heads.
Related Species In North America A. fulgens function by increasing secretions in the stomach Constituents Levant wormwood contains
is used. and intestines. An infusion of southernwood has santonin (a sesquiterpene lactone), artemisin, and
RQCautions Do not take internally. Do not been given to children as a treatment for worms, a volatile oil (with up to 80% cineole). Santonin
apply arnica preparations to broken skin. External but this is not recommended without professional is directly toxic to roundworms and, to a lesser
use may cause dermatitis. Arnica is subject to legal supervision. Like other Artemisias, southernwood extent, threadworms.
restrictions in some countries. stimulates menstruation and is commonly History & Folklore Levant wormwood was
Self-help Uses Bruises, p. 304; Sprains, p. 312; taken to encourage the onset of irregular or known to the classical Greek world as a remedy
172 Tired & aching muscles, p. 312. absent periods. for intestinal worms, and it has been used for this
AsclepiAs TuberosA
purpose ever since. Its active constituent, santonin, History & Folklore Tarragon is widely used term at a low dose to improve appetite, digestive other medicinal Plants
as an herb in cooking. In French, it is sometimes function, and absorption of nutrients. In addition,
was first isolated in 1830, and is now more it can be taken to encourage the elimination of
known as herbe au dragon, because of its reputed worms. Mugwort also increases bile flow and
commonly employed than the plant itself. mildly induces the onset of menstruation. The
Medicinal Actions & Uses Used almost ability to cure serpent bites. European conception of mugwort as a uterine
exclusively to expel worms, Levant wormwood Medicinal Actions & Uses While tarragon stimulant is contradicted by Chinese usage, in
stimulates digestion, it is reputed to be a mild which it is prescribed to prevent miscarriage
is strongly bitter and aromatic and has a tonic and to reduce or stop menstrual bleeding.
sedative and has been taken to aid sleep. With its Mugwort is also antiseptic, and has been used
and stimulant effect on digestion. The dried flower in the treatment of malaria.
mild menstruation-inducing properties, it is taken Caution Do not take mugwort during pregnancy.
heads are occasionally mixed with honey to
if periods are delayed. The root has traditionally
disguise their bitterness.
QCautions Do not take during pregnancy. Use been applied to aching teeth.
only under professional supervision, especially in Cautions Do not take during pregnancy. Do
not exceed the standard dose, and do not take
the case of children under 12.
for longer than 4 weeks at a time.
Artemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) Artemisia vulgaris (Asteraceae) Asclepias tuberosa 173
(Asclepiadaceae)
Tarragon Mugwort
Pleurisy Root
Description Aromatic perennial growing Description Shrubby perennial growing to
to 3 ft (1 m). Has narrow lance-shaped leaves about 3 ft (1 m). Has dark green deeply indented Description Perennial, upright herb growing
and small greenish flower heads in long leaves and numerous clusters of small reddish or to 3 ft (1 m). Has narrow lance-shaped leaves
drooping clusters. yellow flower heads. and spikes of numerous 5-petaled orange or
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Russia, Habitat & Cultivation Mugwort is found in yellow flowers.
western Asia, and the Himalayas, tarragon is now temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. It Habitat & Cultivation This
cultivated as a culinary herb in gardens around the flourishes in open areas and along roads, and is herb is native to the southern U.S.
world. The aerial parts are picked in summer. gathered in late summer just before flowering. The root is unearthed in spring.
Parts Used Aerial parts, root. Parts Used Leaves, root. Part Used Root.
Constituents Tarragon contains tannins, Constituents Mugwort contains a volatile oil Constituents Pleurisy root
coumarins, and flavonoids, and up to 0.8% volatile (mainly caryophyllene), a sesquiterpene lactone, contains cardenolides and
oil, consisting of up to 70% methylchervicol, which flavonoids, coumarin derivatives, and triterpenes. flavonoids. It is estrogenic.
is toxic and potentially carcinogenic. History & Folklore Known as Mater History & Folklore In
Herbarum (mother of herbs), mugwort was used North American herbal
Tarragon sweetens from the earliest times in Europe and Asia. Roman medicine, pleurisy root
the breath and centurions reputedly placed it in their sandals to was considered a cure-all.
keep the soles of their feet in good shape. The It was used to treat
helps to stimulate Greek physician Dioscorides (1st century ce) conditions as diverse as
digestion. recounts that the goddess Artemis (who inspired pleurisy, typhoid, pneumonia,
the plant’s genus name) was believed to give congestion, dysentery, colic,
succor to women in childbirth. The 13th-century eczema, and hysteria. The
Welsh herbal The Physicians of Myddfai recommends: Omaha ate the raw root for
“If a woman be unable to give birth to her child bronchitis and other chest
let the mugwort be bound to her left thigh. Let conditions. Many tribes
it be instantly removed when she has been thought pleurisy root was
delivered, lest there should be hemorrhage.” a good remedy for hot
An 18th-century Spanish herbalist, Diego de dry fevers.
Torres, recommends the application of a mugwort Medicinal Actions
plaster below the navel as an effective method & Uses Though its most
of inducing labor. In the Isle of Man (UK), sprigs specific usage is relieving the
of mugwort are worn at the annual open-air pain and inflammation
parliamentary assembly, held on Tynwald Hill. In of pleurisy, pleurisy root has
China, mugwort has been valued for millennia. other applications. It is useful
It is the principal ingredient of moxa and is used for hot, dry, and tight conditions
in moxibustion, a process in which heat from in the chest. It promotes the
a burning, cigar-shaped roll of chopped leaves coughing up of phlegm,
is applied to acupuncture points. reduces inflammation,
Medicinal Actions & Uses A digestive and, in addition,
and tonic herb, mugwort has a wide variety of
traditional uses. Milder in action than most other Pleurisy root was used
Artemisia species, it can be taken over the long by Native Americans
as a chest remedy.
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AspAlAthus lineAris
helps reduce fevers by stimulating perspiration. asparagine, and flavonoids. Asparagine is a acting as a general reproductive and sexual tonic.
other medicinal Plants The root is also taken for the treatment of chronic strong diuretic. Shatavari can prove particularly helpful in easing
diarrhea and dysentery. History & Folklore To judge from ancient menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes and poor
Related Species A. incarnata and A. syriaca Egyptian tomb drawings, asparagus was cultivated stamina. It appears to improve fertility in both men
have both been used in Native American herbal as long ago as 4000 bce. In the 1st century ce, and women, and may also be taken to treat
medicine to treat asthma. the Greek physician Dioscorides recommended a impotence. A tonic, strengthening herb, shatavari
Cautions Do not take during pregnancy. decoction of asparagus root to improve urine flow supports immune function and has a place in the
Excessive doses may cause vomiting. and to treat kidney problems, jaundice, and sciatica. treatment of immunosuppressed conditions.
Related Species Asparagus (A. officinalis, see
preceding entry) is a relative.
Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae)
Rooibos,
Asperula odorata syn. Galium
Red Bush odoratum (Rubiaceae)
Description Variable shrub growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 Sweet Woodruff
m) in height, with green, needle-like leaves, yellow, Asparagus is used to treat a range of urinary problems. Description Perennial growing to 18 in (45 cm).
pea-like flowers, and small seed pods. Has a square stem, whorls of narrow elliptical
Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern Medicinal Actions & Uses Asparagus is a
South Africa, rooibos is now widely cultivated as strong diuretic that is useful for a variety of urinary leaves, and small white flowers.
a commercial crop, particularly in the Cedarberg problems, including cystitis. It is also useful for Habitat & Cultivation Sweet woodruff is
mountain area. The seed is hard to germinate rheumatic conditions, helping to “flush” waste native to Europe, and is also found in Asia and North
and must first be scarified. The young leaves are products accumulated in the joints out of the
harvested once a year, chopped, and left to “sweat” body in the urine. Asparagus is also bitter, mildly Africa. It grows in woodlands and shaded places.
or ferment before being dried. laxative, and sedative.
Parts Used Young leaves. Caution Do not take if you suffer from The herb is gathered when in flower in late spring.
Constituents Rooibos contains polyphenols, kidney disease. Parts Used Aerial parts.
including flavonoids, with a low tannin content. Constituents Sweet woodruff contains iridoids,
History & Folklore Rooibos was first used as Asparagus racemosus coumarins (0.6%), tannins, anthraquinones, and
an appetizing tea by the Khoisan people, indigenous (Liliaceae)
to the Cedarberg region, but also as a sleep aid and flavonoids. The flavonoids act on the circulation
for headaches. Shatavari,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Drunk mostly and are diuretic.
as a pleasant tasting, caffeine-free drink, rooibos, Indian Asparagus History & Folklore When it dries, sweet
like green tea, has significant antioxidant activity. woodruff takes on the scent of newly cut grass,
There is evidence to suggest that the fermented Description Slender perennial fern growing
leaves exert a protective effect on the heart and to 23 ft (7 m) in height. Shatavari has fronds of and it has often been placed between clothes
circulation. In view of the herb’s traditional use, it needle-like leaves, tiny white flowers, and purple-
might also prove helpful as a nighttime drink to black berries. to impart its aroma. In his Irish Herbal of 1735,
promote sound sleep.
K’Eogh records that “It is good in healing wounds
Asparagus officinalis (Liliaceae)
if bruised and then applied, and also in curing boils
Asparagus
and inflammations.” In Germany Maiwein, made
of sweet woodruff steeped in white wine, is drunk
to celebrate May Day.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Sweet woodruff
is considered tonic, with significant diuretic and
anti-inflammatory effects. Its coumarin and flavonoid
constituents make it helpful for varicose veins and
phlebitis. It has been used as an antispasmodic, and
it is given to children and adults for insomnia.
Description Slender-stemmed perennial Habitat & Cultivation Native to the
growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m). Has long fronds of Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent, shatavari
delicate needle-like leaves and bell-shaped grows wild in gravelly soils up to 3,900 ft (1,200 m)
yellow-green flowers that produce small above sea level. It is also found in western China.
bright red berries. Part Used Root.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to temperate Constituents Shatavari contains steroidal
regions in Europe, North Africa, and Asia, saponins, alkaloids, and mucilage.
asparagus is cultivated worldwide as a vegetable. History & Folklore Shatavari is known as the
The shoots grow into tender green (and, if “Queen of herbs” in Ayurvedic medicine. Its name
sheltered from sunlight, white) stems in spring. The literally means “100 spouses,” signifying the herb’s
root is gathered after the shoots have been cut. ability to act as a sexual tonic and promote fertility.
Parts Used Root, shoots. Medicinal Actions & Uses A key Ayurvedic Sweet woodruff aerial parts are dried for medicinal use.
Constituents Asparagus contains steroidal remedy, shatavari is first and foremost a women’s
174 glycosides (asparagosides), bitter glycosides,
herb, aiding fertility and promoting conception, and
Bacopa monnieri
Cautions In excessive doses, sweet woodruff mixture prescribed by Wang Ji (1463–1539) Self-help Uses Depression & decreased other medicinal Plants
can cause internal bleeding. Do not use if taking as a treatment for syphilis. vitality, p. 316; Eczema, p. 300; Nervous
conventional medication for circulatory problems, Medicinal Actions & Uses Bai zhu has exhaustion & stress, p. 319; Poor sleep & nervous
or during pregnancy. traditionally been used as a tonic, building qi exhaustion, p. 309.
(see p. 40) and strengthening the spleen. The
aspidosperma quebracho-blanco rhizome has a sweet, pungent taste, and is used Bacopa monnieri
(Apocynaceae) to relieve fluid retention, excessive sweating, and (Scrophulariaceae)
digestive problems such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Quebracho Combined with Baical skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis, Water Hyssop,
p. 134), it is employed to prevent miscarriage.
Description Tree growing to 100 ft (30 m). Brahmi (Hindi)
Has thick corky bark, leathery leaves, and tubular avena sativa (Poaceae)
white flowers. Description Creeping succulent perennial
Habitat & Cultivation Quebracho is found Oats growing to 20 in (50 cm). Has spatula-shaped
in the southern half of South America. The bark fleshy leaves and pale blue or white flowers on
and timber are used commercially. Description Annual grass growing to 3 ft (1 m). long, slender stalks.
Part Used Bark. Has straight hollow stems, blade-like leaves, and Habitat & Cultivation Water hyssop grows
Constituents Quebracho contains indole small spikes holding seeds (grain). in warmer temperate and tropical climates,
alkaloids (including yohimbine) and tannins. Habitat & Cultivation Native to northern especially in southern Asia. It thrives in marshland,
History & Folklore The name quebracho Europe, oats are now grown in temperate regions developing into dense mats on mudflats and at the
comes from the Spanish quebrar (to break) and worldwide as a cereal crop. They are harvested in edges of mangrove swamps.
hacha (axe), an allusion to the hardness of this late summer. Parts Used Aerial parts.
tree’s wood. Parts Used Seeds, straw (dried stems). Constituents Water hyssop contains
Medicinal Actions & Uses With its Constituents Oats contain saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoid saponins, including bacosides.
antispasmodic effect on the bronchial tubes, sterols, flavonoids, silicic acid, starch, proteins Medicinal Actions & Uses In India, water
quebracho is used therapeutically to treat asthma (including gluten), vitamins (especially B vitamins), hyssop is used principally for disorders of the
and emphysema. It is also a tonic and reduces and minerals (especially calcium). nervous system, such as neuralgia, epilepsy, and
fever. This herb is astringent and has been used History & Folklore Formerly, oat straw was mental illness, but it is also employed for a wide
externally on wounds and burns. used to fill mattresses, proving beneficial to those range of other disorders, including indigestion,
Related Species Many other species of suffering from rheumatism. In The English Physitian ulcers, gas and constipation, asthma and bronchitis,
Aspidosperma are grown for tanning and timber in (1652) Nicholas Culpeper states that “a poultice and infertility. In China, it is taken as a yang tonic for
South America. Some are also considered fever made of meal of oats and some oil of bay helpeth
remedies. One, A. excelsum, is used to relieve gas, the itch and the leprosy.” Earlier, in 1597, John impotence, premature ejaculation, infertility,
stomach problems, and indigestion. Gerard was less enthusiastic: “Oatmeal is good to and rheumatic conditions. In Indonesia,
QCautions Take only under professional make a fair and well-coloured maid to look like a the plant is a remedy for filariasis
supervision. Quebracho is toxic in excessive doses. cake of tallow.” (a tropical disease caused by
It is subject to legal restrictions in some countries. Medicinal Actions & Uses Oats are best worms). In Cuba, water hyssop
known as a nutritious cereal, but they benefit health is used as a purgative,
atractylodes macrocephala in many other ways. Oat bran lowers cholesterol, and a decoction of the
(Asteraceae) and an oat-based diet may improve stamina (see whole plant is taken as
Research). Oats, and oat straw in particular, are tonic a diuretic and laxative.
Bai Zhu when taken medicinally. Oat straw is prescribed by The expressed juice is
medical herbalists to treat general debility and a mixed with oil and
Description Erect perennial herb growing to wide variety of nervous conditions. The grains and applied as a rub for
2 ft (60 cm). Has alternate oval- to lance-shaped straw are mildly antidepressant, gently raising energy arthritic pain.
leaves and purple flowers. levels and supporting an overstressed nervous Research
Habitat & Cultivation Bai zhu is rare in the system. Oats are used to treat depression Indian research
wild. It is cultivated in China, Japan, and Korea. The and nervous debility, and insomnia in those suggests that water
rhizome is unearthed in late autumn or winter. suffering from nervous exhaustion. Oats hyssop improves mental
Part Used Rhizome. are one of the principal herbal aids to function, memory, and
Constituents Bai zhu contains a volatile oil convalescence after a long illness. Externally, concentration, as well as
(0.35–1.35%), which includes atractylol, and the the grain is emollient and cleansing, and a reduces learning time.
lactones atractylenolide II and III. Atractylol has decoction strained into a bath can help soothe
a liver-protective activity. itchiness and eczema. Water hyssop, a swamp
History & Folklore The first record of the Research In research undertaken in plant, may have a tonic
use of bai zhu is in the Tang Materia Medica, written Australia, athletes who were placed on an oat- effect on the brain.
in China in 659 ce. Later, it was one of the 4 herbs based diet for 3 weeks showed a 4% increase
that made up the “decoction of the 4 rulers,” a in stamina. Oats are thought to help maintain 175
muscle function during training and exercise.
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Ballota nigra
other medicinal Plants Ballota nigra (Lamiaceae) as Ménière’s disease) as opposed to those of the Part Used Bark.
digestive system. Black horehound is thought to be Constituents Ayahuasca contains beta-carboline
Black Horehound mildly sedative and antispasmodic, and is occasionally alkaloids (including harmine, harmaline, and delta-
taken for arthritis and gout. tetrahycroharmine), which stimulate hallucinations.
Description Straggling perennial growing to 3 ft History & Folklore In the Quechua language,
(1 m). Has oval, toothed leaves and pink-purple Bambusa arundiaceae widely spoken in Peru and neighboring countries,
flowers in whorls at the base of the upper leaves. (Poaceae) ayahuasca means “spirit of the dead,” indicating
Habitat & Cultivation This herb is found the awesome powers traditionally attributed
throughout much of Europe, in North America, Spiny Bamboo to this plant. Another native Indian name is nixi
and in Asia. It thrives in open areas, in pavement honi xuma, meaning “vine from which the vision
cracks, and by roadsides, mostly near human Description Perennial tree, up to 100 ft (30 m), extract is made.” Ayahuasca bark, which is often
habitation. It is harvested when in flower in summer. with multiple stems from its base. Has narrow used in combination with members of the Datura
Parts Used Aerial parts. pointed leaves and long loose clusters of yellow genus, is the primary hallucinogen among many
Constituents Black horehound contains to yellowish-green flowers. Amazonian tribes, being prepared as part of
diterpenoids, including marrubiin, flavonoids, Habitat & Cultivation Found throughout complex ritual ceremonies.
tannins, saponins, and a volatile oil. tropical Asia, especially in India and China, spiny Medicinal Actions & Uses Though known
History & Folklore The Greek physician bamboo thrives up to 6,900 ft (2,100 m) above as a powerful hallucinogen, ayahuasca is also a
Dioscorides, writing in the 1st century ce, sea level. medicine, being used as a remedy to cure a range of
recommends a plaster of black horehound leaves Parts Used Root, leaves, sprouts. diagnosed conditions. However, ayahuasca is usually
and salt for dog bites. He also advocates a balm, Constituents Spiny bamboo juice contains taken by the healer rather than by the patient. In
made from the dried leaves and honey, to purify high levels of silica. the shamanistic societies of the Amazon, ayahuasca
infected wounds and ulcers. History & Folklore Spiny bamboo is arguably allows the healer to communicate with the spirit
Medicinal Actions & Uses Though long the most useful plant on earth, being used to make world where illness arises, interceding on behalf of
considered a remedy for convulsions, low spirits, scaffolding, rafts, furniture, paper, and dozens of the ill person and the community to restore health
and menopausal problems, black horehound is rarely other items. It also has an important role to play and harmony to all—quite unlike the individualized
used today. Authorities differ over whether there is in herbal medicine. approach of Western medicine. Beyond its ability
any substance to claims for its earlier applications. Medicinal Actions & Uses Various parts of to affect mood, the bark is emetic and purgative.
The herb is currently used by Anglo-American spiny bamboo are used in Indian and Ayurvedic At low doses it is used as a mild detoxifier.
herbalists as an antiemetic—preventing or reducing medicine. The root is considered astringent and RQCaution Ayahuasca is taken traditionally as
nausea or vomiting. It is perhaps most useful when cooling, and is used to treat joint pain and general part of a rich, complex ritual which affects the
nausea arises from disorders of the inner ear (such debility. The leaves are used to stimulate experience produced. Medicinal use of this plant
menstruation, and, being antispasmodic, to help is not advised.
Black relieve period pain. They are also taken to tone and
horehound strengthen stomach function and to expel worms. Baptisia tinctoria (Fabaceae)
was an ancient They are reputed to be aphrodisiac. The young
Greek remedy sprouts are eaten to relieve nausea, indigestion, and Wild Indigo
for dog bites. gas, and a poultice of the sprouts is applied to help
drain wounds that have become infected. The juice is Description Herbaceous perennial growing to
rich in silica, and aids in the strengthening of cartilage 3 ft (1 m). Has a smooth stem, clover-like leaves,
in conditions such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. and purplish-blue flowers in small terminal clusters.
Related Species In Chinese herbal medicine,
the juice and shavings of the black bamboo
(B. breviflora) are prescribed to counter “excess
heat,” coughs, and a congested chest. Its roots are
used as a diuretic and to treat fevers.
Banisteriopsis caapi
(Malpighiaceae)
Ayahuasca
Description Woody vine growing to 100 ft
(30 m). Has smooth bark, oval leaves, and bunches
of small red or yellow flowers.
Habitat & Cultivation Ayahuasca is native
to jungles of the Amazon basin. It is cultivated by
176 indigenous peoples, but the wild herb is preferred Wild indigo, a North American plant, was used by the
for medicinal use.
Penobscot to treat wounds.
BerBeris vulgaris
Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern parts Medicinal Actions & Uses In Chinese History & Folklore Californian Native peoples other medicinal Plants
of North America, wild indigo grows from North herbal medicine, a decoction of wax gourd seeds took a decoction or tincture of the bitter-tasting
is used to “drain dampness” and “clear heat.” It is root for loss of appetite and debility. In the 19th
Carolina to southern Canada in dry, hilly woods. given for chest conditions and vaginal discharge. and early 20th centuries, Oregon grape was an
Parts Used Root, leaves. In combination with Chinese rhubarb (Rheum important herb in the Physiomedicalist movement,
Constituents Wild indigo contains isoflavones, palmatum, p. 126), it is prescribed for intestinal based on a combination of orthodox and Native
flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, and polysaccharides. abscesses. In Ayurvedic medicine, the seeds are American practices. In this context, it was
used to treat coughs, fever, and excessive thirst, prescribed as a detoxifier and tonic.
The isoflavones are estrogenic, while the and to expel tapeworms. In an ancient Indian Medicinal Actions & Uses Oregon grape
recipe, the fruit juice is mixed with lime juice is chiefly used for gastritis and general digestive
polysaccharides are immunostimulant. (Citrus aurantiifolia) to prevent or stop bleeding. weakness, to stimulate gallbladder function, and to
History & Folklore Wild indigo was Research The fruit appears to have a cancer- reduce congestion problems (mainly of the gut). It
commonly used as a poultice by Native Americans fighting effect. also treats eczema, psoriasis, acne, boils, and
herpes, and skin conditions linked to poor
and New World settlers to treat snake bite. The Berberis aquifolium, syn. Mahonia gallbladder function.
aquifolium (Berberidaceae) Research Clinical use of extracts of Oregon
Mahicans used a decoction of the root to bathe grape has been investigated in Germany, and there
Oregon Grape is now evidence that the root can be effective in
cuts and wounds. relieving psoriasis. Extracts can be taken internally
Medicinal Actions & Uses Wild indigo is Description Evergreen shrub growing to 61⁄2 ft and applied locally on the skin. The alkaloid
a strong antiseptic and immunostimulant, though at (2 m). Has shiny leaves, clusters of small yellowish- berberine is thought to prevent cell proliferation.
green flowers, and purple berries in autumn. Related Species Barberry (B. vulgaris, see
more than moderate doses it can produce nausea Habitat & Cultivation Native to western following entry) is similar to Oregon grape in its
North America, Oregon grape grows in the Rocky overall action, but it is generally stronger in the
and vomiting. It is considered particularly effective Mountains up to 6,600 ft (2,000 m), and in woods effect it produces.
from Colorado to the Pacific coast. It is abundant Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
for upper respiratory infections such as tonsillitis in Oregon and northern California.
Berberis vulgaris (Berberidaceae)
and pharyngitis, and is also valuable in treating Oregon grape has
evergreen leaves, clusters Barberry
infections of the chest, gastrointestinal tract, and of small yellow flowers,
and purple berries. Description Thorny deciduous shrub growing
skin. Its antimicrobial and immunostimulant to 10 ft (3 m), with leathery leaves, yellow flowers,
Part Used Root. and red berries in autumn.
properties combat lymphatic problems—when Constituents Oregon grape contains Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe,
isoquinoline alkaloids (including berberine, barberry is naturalized in North America. It is
used with detoxifying herbs such as burdock berbamine, and hydrastine) and other alkaloids cultivated as a garden plant and medicinal herb.
of aporphine-type. These alkaloids are strongly The bark is gathered in spring or autumn, and the
(Arctium lappa, p. 65), it helps to reduce enlarged antibacterial and are thought to reduce the severity berries in autumn.
of psoriasis. Parts Used Stem bark, root bark, berries.
lymph nodes. Wild indigo is frequently prescribed Constituents Barberry contains isoquinoline
alkaloids, including berberine and berbamine.
along with echinacea (Echinacea spp., p. 92) for Berberine is strongly antibacterial and amoebicidal,
and stimulates bile secretion. Berbamine is strongly
chronic viral conditions or chronic fatigue antibacterial. Many of the alkaloids are thought to
be cancer-inhibiting.
syndrome. A decoction of the root soothes sore History & Folklore In ancient Egypt,
Berberis berries were macerated with fennel
or infected nipples and infected skin conditions. seed (Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212) to make a
drink for fevers. The berries are extremely
When used as a gargle or mouthwash, the sour but have been used in the past to make
preserves—the French confiture d’épine vinette
decoction treats canker sores, gum is one example.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Barberry acts
infections, and sore throats. on the gallbladder to improve bile flow and
QCaution Best taken on ameliorate conditions such as gallbladder pain,
professional advice. gallstones, and jaundice. Its strongly antiseptic
property helps amoebic dysentery, cholera, and
Benincasa hispida syn. B. cerifa other similar gastrointestinal infections. The bark is
(Cucurbitaceae)
Wax Gourd,
Petha
Description Hairy annual climber. Has 3-lobed
leaves, tendrils, and large yellow flowers. Produces
rounded fruit (gourds) about 16 in (40 cm) long.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical
Asia and Africa, this herb is cultivated in India
and China as a vegetable. The fruit is harvested
in late summer.
Parts Used Fruit rind, fruit, seeds.
Constituents Wax gourd contains saponins
and guaridine.
History & Folklore
Wax gourd has been used
as a food and medicine
for thousands of years. It
was first documented in
the Tang Materia Medica,
written in 659 ce. Wax gourd 177
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Beta vulgaris
other medicinal Plants astringent, antidiarrheal, and healing to gallbladder, influencing fat metabolism and History & Folklore Silver birch has been
the intestinal wall—in short, barberry helping to lower blood fat levels. Several used as a medicinal herb in northern Europe and
has a strong, highly beneficial effect on clinical trials have shown that red beet juice Asia since the earliest times. Its name is thought
the digestive system as a whole. Like (due to its high nitrate content) relaxes to derive from the Sanskrit word bhurga, meaning
Oregon grape (B. aquifolium, “tree whose bark is used for writing on.” In the
preceding entry) and goldenseal the arteries and lowers blood pressure highlands of Scotland, silver birch sap—tapped in
(Hydrastis canadensis, p. 105), in people with high blood pressure. A the spring—was drunk as a treatment for bladder
barberry helps chronic skin glass a day of juice will help to support and kidney complaints.
conditions such as eczema and lower blood pressure. Red beet juice is also Medicinal Actions & Uses An infusion
psoriasis. The decoction makes thought to support immune function and is made with silver birch leaves hastens the removal
a gentle and effective wash for prescribed by herbalists as part of a cancer- of waste products in the urine, and is beneficial
the eyes, although it must be treatment regime—though large quantities for kidney stones and bladder stones (gravel),
diluted sufficiently before use. must be taken (up to 1 quart a day) to rheumatic conditions, and gout. The leaves are
Research Berberine has be effective. also used, in combination with diuretic herbs, to
been shown to have antibiotic reduce fluid retention and swelling. Silver birch
activity against cholera, Betula pendula syn. B. verrucosa sap is a mild diuretic. The oil distilled from the
giardia, shigella, salmonella, (Betulaceae) leaves is antiseptic and is commonly used in
and E. coli. preparations to treat eczema and psoriasis.
QCautions Take only Silver Birch A decoction of silver birch bark can be used as
under professional a lotion for chronic skin problems. The bark can
supervision. Do not Description Handsome slender deciduous also be macerated in oil and applied to joints for
take during pregnancy. tree growing to a height of 100 ft (30 m). Has the relief of rheumatism.
pale grey papery bark, toothed leaves, and catkins Related Species The Himalayan silver
Barberry berries were in spring. birch (B. utilis), a close relative, is used to
traditionally used in a Habitat & Cultivation Silver birch is treat convulsions, dysentery, hemorrhages,
common in Europe, in temperate regions of Asia, and skin diseases.
decoction to treat and in North America. It flourishes in woods and
peptic ulcers. thickets, and is also planted as a garden ornamental. Bidens tripartita (Asteraceae)
The leaves are gathered in late spring.
Bur Marigold
Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae) Description Annual growing to a height
of 2 ft (60 cm). Has toothed lance-shaped
Red Beet, White Beet
leaves, yellow button-like flower heads, and
Description Perennial with swollen edible red Silver birch is widespread in temperate regions throughout
or white root, upright shoots, large deep green the northern hemisphere. Its leaf oil is used to improve burrlike fruit.
eczema and psoriasis. Habitat & Cultivation Bur marigold
leaves tinged with red, and spikes of green- grows throughout Europe and in other
Parts Used Leaves, bark, sap.
petaled flowers. Constituents Silver birch contains saponins, temperate regions, including Australia and
Habitat & Cultivation Sea beet (the wild flavonoids, tannin, and a volatile oil that includes
subspecies) is native to coastal regions of Europe, methyl salicylate. New Zealand. It is found in damp places and
North Africa, and Asia from Turkey to the East near fresh water.
Parts Used Aerial parts.
Indies. Red beet is widely cultivated as a vegetable, Constituents Bur marigold contains
flavonoids, xanthophylls, volatile oil, acetylenes,
white beet as a vegetable and source of sugar.
Part Used Root. sterols, and tannins.
Constituents White beet contains betaine, History & Folklore The herbalist Nicholas
which promotes liver regeneration and fat Culpeper, writing in 1652, extolled bur marigold:
metabolism. Red beet contains betanin (also “It helps the cachexia or evil disposition of the
found in red wine), which is partly responsible body, the dropsy and yellow jaundice, it opens
for its immune-enhancing effect, and inorganic obstructions of the liver, and mollifies the hardness
nitrate, which increases nitric oxide levels within of the spleen being applied outwardly.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses Little used in
the body and thus lowers blood pressure. medicine today, bur marigold is astringent and
History & Folklore The Materia Medica,
written by Dioscorides in the 1st century ce, diuretic, and employed to treat bladder and kidney
recommends the following prescription for problems. It has a longstanding reputation for
clearing the head and relieving earache—mix beet staunching blood flow, and can be used for uterine
juice with honey and sniff it up the nose. hemorrhage and conditions causing blood in the
Medicinal Actions & Uses White beet
178 acts to support the liver, bile ducts, and urine. Bur marigold’s astringency is beneficial in
counteracting peptic ulceration, diarrhea, and
ulcerative colitis.
Boswellia serrata
Bignonia catalpa syn. Catalpa Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae) in a poultice, or as an infusion. The flowers other medicinal Plants
bignonioides (Bignoniaceae) encourage sweating and the leaves are diuretic.
Borage The seed oil is particularly rich in polyunsaturated 179
Catalpa fats, and is superior in this respect to evening
Description Hairy annual growing to 2 ft primrose oil (Oenothera biennis, p. 241). Borage
Description Deciduous tree growing to 65 ft (60 cm). Has a pulpy stem, large basal leaves, and seed oil is used to treat premenstrual complaints,
(20 m). Has large oval leaves in whorls of 3, white attractive blue flowers in summer. rheumatic problems, eczema, and other chronic
flowers in conical clusters, and long thin fruits Habitat & Cultivation Borage is a common skin conditions.
(bean pods). Mediterranean weed thought to originate from Cautions Due to the presence of toxic
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the southern Spain and Morocco. Often grown as a pyrrolizidine alkaloids, there is uncertainty over
southeastern U.S., this tree is often planted in garden herb, it is also extensively cultivated for its borage’s safety as a medicine. It is subject to legal
gardens in southern and western Europe. seed oil. restrictions in some countries and should not be
Parts Used Bark, fruit. Parts Used Aerial parts, flowers, seed oil. taken internally. These restrictions and cautions
Constituents The bark contains catalpine, Constituents Borage contains mucilage, do not apply to borage seed oil.
and oxylenzoic and protocatechetic acids. tannins, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which in
History & Folklore Catalpa bark was isolation are toxic to the liver. The seeds contain Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae)
formerly used as a substitute for quinine in up to 24% gamma-linolenic acid.
treating malaria. Boswellia,
Medicinal Actions & Uses The mildly Borage’s attractive blue
sedative and narcotic bark is used to treat flowers are traditionally Indian Olibanum,
asthma, whooping cough, and other spasmodic used to decorate salads. Sallaki (Sanskrit)
coughs in children. The distilled water of the
fruit, in combination with herbs commonly used History & Folklore The herbalist John Gerard, Description Deciduous tree, growing to about
to treat eye problems, such as eyebright (Euphrasia writing in 1597, extols borage’s virtues, “A syrup 49 ft (15 m), with pale papery bark, compound
officinalis, p. 209) and rue (Ruta graveolens, p. 265), made of the flowers of borage comforteth leaves, and clusters of small white flowers. The
makes an effective eyewash for conjunctivitis and the heart, purgeth melancholy, and quieteth gum resin exudes from the bark and is transparent
other eye infections. the phreneticke or lunaticke person.” Gerard gold in color.
RCaution Never use the roots, which are also quotes the old saying, “I, Borage, bring Habitat & Cultivation Boswellia grows in
highly poisonous. always courage.” dry, hilly regions of central and northern India.
Medicinal Actions & Uses With its high Parts Used Gum resin, bark.
Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) mucilage content, borage is a demulcent herb Constituents Boswellia contains triterpene
and soothes respiratory problems. Its emollient
Annatto qualities make it helpful for sore and inflamed acids (including beta-boswellic acid), essential
skin—prepared either as freshly squeezed juice, oil, terpenols, monosaccharides, uronic
Description Evergreen tree growing to 26 ft acids, sterols, and tannins.
(8 m). Has large leaves, pink or white flowers, and History & Folklore Boswellia,
red fruit capsules containing red seeds. a close relative of frankincense
Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical
forests in the Americas and the West Indies, (B. sacra), has been used for many thousands of
annatto is widely cultivated in similar climatic zones, years as an astringent and anti-inflammatory.
notably in India. Seeds are collected as the fruit Medicinal Actions & Uses Boswellia
splits open. makes an effective mouthwash and gargle, the
Parts Used Seeds, leaves, root. antiseptic and astringent resin helping to heal
Constituents The seed pulp contains carotinoid and tighten inflamed mucous membranes. Sore
coloring principles. throat, laryngitis, canker sores, and gum disease
History & Folklore In tropical South will all benefit. Boswellia is also markedly anti-
America, the brilliant red pigment in the seed inflammatory and antiarthritic. This makes it
pulp has traditionally been used in body painting. potentially useful in chronic inflammatory diseases
Annatto dye is also used as a colorant for such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis,
margarine and cheese. and psoriasis. Other conditions that may benefit
Medicinal Actions & Uses In the Caribbean, include gout, asthma, hay fever, and nettle rash.
annatto leaves and roots are used to make an Research Research into Boswellia is ongoing
astringent infusion that is taken to treat fever, and has expanded in recent years. Clinical trials
epilepsy, and dysentery. The infusion is also taken (mostly in India and Germany) indicate that
as an aphrodisiac. The leaves alone make an Boswellia counteracts inflammation in conditions
infusion that is used as a gargle. The seed pulp such as arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
reduces the severity of blistering when applied The majority of trials noted that symptoms such
immediately to burns. Taken internally, the seed as pain, stiffness, and poor grip strength all
pulp acts as a general antidote for poisoning. improved. There is increasing evidence that
Boswellia has marked pain-relieving activity, and
that it promotes stable blood glucose levels in
people with type 2 diabetes.
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Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae) to southern England and parts of Europe. The root Related Species B. alba is used in homeopathic
is dug up in autumn.
other medicinal plants Cabbage Part Used Root. medicine. Black bryony (Tamus communis) is an
unrelated plant with approximately similar uses.
Description Biennial or perennial herb growing Constituents White bryony contains RQCautions Bryony is a toxic plant. Use
cucurbitacins, glycosides, volatile oil, and tannins. only under professional supervision. Do not take
to 8 ft (2.5 m). Has a thick stem, grey leaves, and during pregnancy.
The cucurbitacins kill cells and so act on tumors.
4-petaled yellow flowers. Within the first year, History & Folklore From prehistory to Butea monosperma (Fabaceae)
the Middle Ages, the thick roots of white bryony
it produces a greatly enlarged terminal bud Palas,
were cut into a human shape as a substitute (or
that develops into the familiar cabbage head Flame of the Forest,
a counterfeit) for mandrake root (Mandragora Bengal Kino
in late summer.
officinarum, p. 232), which was believed to afford Description Deciduous tree growing to 49 ft
Habitat & Cultivation Wild cabbage is (15 m). Has 3-lobed leaves and large orange-red
magical protection. The Greek physician Dioscorides flowers in clusters.
native to coasts of the English Channel and the Habitat & Cultivation Palas is native to India
(1st century ce) reports that the leaves, fruit, and and Southeast Asia. It grows in forests and in open
Mediterranean. Cultivated varieties are produced areas to altitudes of 3,900 ft (1,200 m).
root of white bryony were applied to gangrenous Parts Used Bark, flowers, leaves, gum, and seeds.
worldwide as a vegetable. Constituents All parts of the tree except the
wounds. In medieval England, the plant was used to seeds contain tannins.
Parts Used Leaves. Medicinal Actions & Uses The gum that
Constituents Cabbage is rich in vitamins A, B1, treat leprosy. oozes from incisions made in palas bark is known
B2, and C. as Bengal kino. Mildly astringent, it is used as a
History & Folklore The wholesome cabbage substitute for the kino derived from bastard teak
(Pterocarpus marsupium). Bengal kino is taken as
is one of the oldest vegetables. According to Greek a decoction or a tincture for acid indigestion,
diarrhea, and dysentery, and used as a gargle for
myth, the plant sprang into existence from the sore throats and as a douche for vaginitis. Early
research suggests that the leaves and bark have
perspiration of Zeus. In a Greek ritual, cabbage was the potential to treat diabetes, and that the leaves
exert a beneficial action on diarrhea.
given to expectant mothers shortly before birth in Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
order to establish good breast-milk
production. The Romans used
cabbage as an antidote,
especially to alcohol, believing
it countered intoxication
and prevented or reduced a
hangover. They also used cabbage
leaves to cleanse infected wounds.
Cabbage It is thought to have been cultivated
in Britain from around 500 ce.
One traditional method of making a cabbage
poultice, still used today, is to cut out the thick
midrib of a leaf and iron it, placing it while still hot
on the area to be treated.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Cabbage’s best-
known medicinal use is as a poultice—the leaves caesalpinia bonduc
of the wild or cultivated plant are blanched, crushed, (Caesalpiniaceae)
or chopped, and applied to swellings, tumors, and
painful joints. Wild cabbage leaves eaten raw or Nikkar Nut
cooked aid digestion and the breakdown of toxins
in the liver—so the Romans’ eating it to ease a White bryony has Description Thorny bush growing to 30 ft (9 m),
hangover was in fact quite justified. Cabbage is also antitumor and with spiny compound leaves, yellow flowers in
detoxifying and helpful in the long-term treatment antirheumatic dense clusters, and prickly pods containing yellow
of arthritis. The high vitamin C content of cabbage properties. seeds (nuts).
has made it useful in the prevention of scurvy. Habitat & Cultivation Nikkar nut is pan-
Caution A cabbage poultice may cause blisters Medicinal Actions & Uses A powerful tropical, common in both tropical Asia and Africa.
if left on for several hours. cathartic and purgative, bryony is used with great Its seeds are gathered when ripe.
caution in herbal medicine today. It is principally Parts Used Seeds.
prescribed for painful rheumatic conditions. It may Constituents The seeds contain isoflavonoids,
be taken internally, or applied as a counterirritant,
Bryonia dioica syn. B. cretica causing swelling and increased blood flow to diterpenes, a bitter principle, and a fixed oil (20%)
subsp. dioica (Cucurbitaceae) the area. White bryony is also given for other
inflammatory conditions such as duodenal ulcers, rich in linoleic acid (68%).
White Bryony asthma, bronchitis, and pleurisy, and may be used Medicinal Actions & Uses Nikkar seeds are
used to treat fevers and are taken as a tonic and
aphrodisiac. In India, they are often mixed with
Description Perennial climbing vine with fleshy to reduce high blood pressure. The whole herb black pepper (Piper nigrum, p. 250) for medicinal
taproot up to 6 in (15 cm) thick. Straggling stem has antiviral activity and research is now suggesting use. The seeds are also taken for inflammatory
with tendrils, greenish flowers, and red berries. that it acts as an adaptogen—helping the body to conditions such as arthritis. Roasted nikkar seeds
180 Habitat & Cultivation White bryony is native adapt more effectively to stress and strain. are used in the treatment of diabetes.
Camellia sinensis
Related Species A decoction of the bark of Medica is indeed heather, as has been surmised, then Parts Used Leaves, buds. other medicinal plants
the Caribbean C. bahamensis is used for liver and the flowering tips were used in classical times to Constituents Tea contains xanthines, caffeine
kidney infections, and a decoction of the wood treat snake bite. Galen (131–200 ce) wrote of (1–5%), theobromine, tannins including polyphenols,
is used for diabetes. An infusion of the leaves of the plant’s ability to induce sweating. The rootstock flavonoids, fats, and vitamin C. Green tea contains
C. pulcherrima (native to Asia and Africa) is taken of heather is made into musical pipes, the foliage significant levels of polyphenols; black tea, which
for liver problems and mouth ulcers. provides mattress stuffing, and the flowers produce is produced by a process of fermentation, has
a delicate honey. White heather is considered very lower levels.
Calamintha ascendens lucky, especially in Scotland. History & Folklore In China and Japan
syn. C. sylvatica, C. officinalis Medicinal Actions & Uses Heather is a good many rituals have developed around tea drinking.
(Lamiaceae) urinary antiseptic and diuretic, disinfecting the Significantly it is mostly green tea that is drunk in
urinary tract and mildly increasing urine production. this way.
Calamint Besides its role in treating cystitis and inflammatory Medicinal Actions & Uses Due to its
bladder conditions, heather has been used to astringency, tea is useful in digestive infections,
Description Mint-scented perennial growing treat kidney and bladder stones. Cleansing and helping to tighten up the mucous membranes of
to 2 ft (60 cm). Has hairy oval leaves, and purple detoxifying, it is helpful for rheumatism, arthritis, the gut and reduce looseness. A strong brew of tea
flowers in late summer. and gout. A hot poultice of heather tips is a
Habitat & Cultivation Calamint grows wild traditional remedy for chilblains and rheumatism. may be used to soothe irritated eyelids,
in Europe and Asia from the British Isles eastward insect stings, swellings, and sunburn, and
to Iran, especially in the Mediterranean region. It Heather in an emergency, if nothing better is at
flourishes along roads and in dry places. flowering tips in a hand, tea makes a serviceable treatment
Parts Used Aerial parts. poultice ease the for minor burns. In Ayurvedic medicine tea
Constituents Calamint contains a volatile oil aches and pains is considered astringent and a nerve tonic.
(about 0.35%) consisting mainly of pulegone. of rheumatism. The caffeine in tea may help to relieve
History & Folklore In classical legend, calamint
had the power to drive away the Basilisk, a serpent headaches, though less effectively than
credited with the ability to kill with its gaze coffee (Coffea arabica, p. 192). In light of
or breath. research, green tea is recognized as being a
Medicinal Actions & Uses Calamint stimulates much healthier drink than black tea.
sweating, and hence helps lower fevers. It also settles Research Green tea’s strong antioxidant
gas and indigestion. It is expectorant, and is a good activity is due to polyphenols, which give the
cough and cold remedy. This range of applications leaf potential as a cancer preventative.
makes it a good medicinal herb for mild respiratory The high intake of green tea in China and
infections. It should preferably be mixed with other Japan is thought to be partly responsible for
herbs such as yarrow (Achillea millefolium, p. 56) and the low incidence of cancer in these countries.
thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143). Clinical trials indicate that green tea may help to
Caution Do not take during pregnancy. promote weight loss and treat hepatitis, and
there is the suggestion that it helps to prevent
Calluna vulgaris (Ericaceae) tooth decay. A recent clinical trial indicated that
green tea has a genoprotective action, helping to
Heather, prevent degenerative changes within the body, and
potentially slowing the aging process. A 2013 clinical
Ling trial found that green tea extract taken by women
for 4 months successfully shrank uterine fibroids.
Description Small, branched shrub growing
to 2 ft (60 cm). Has tiny leaves and white or pink Camellia sinensis syn. Thea sinensis
to pale-purple flowers growing on spikes. (Theaceae)
Habitat & Cultivation Heather grows in
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Tea
It is found on heaths, moors, bogs, and in open
woods. The herb is gathered when in flower in Description Evergreen shrub clipped to 5 ft Tea leaves are picked throughout the year and used both 181
late summer. (1.5 m) in cultivation, with leathery, dark green as a beverage and medicinally.
Parts Used Flowering tips.
Constituents Heather contains flavonoids, leaves and fragrant white flowers.
arbutin, tannin, and an alkaloid, ericodin. This Habitat & Cultivation Cultivated principally in
constituent has a strongly disinfectant effect India, Sri Lanka, and China, tea has been grown
within the bladder and urinary tubules.
History & Folklore If the “erica” that since the earliest times.
Dioscorides discusses in his 1st century ce Materia
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Cananga odorata
other medicinal plants Cananga odorata syn. Canangium Cannabis sativa (Cannabinaceae) dietary supplement to provide a balanced and
odoratum (Annonaceae) healthy supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Marijuana, Research Modern research shows marijuana to
Ylang-Ylang be a sedative, an anti-inflammatory agent, and an
Huo Ma Ren (Chinese) analgesic as effective as codeine. Research has
Description Evergreen tree growing to 80 ft focused on the constituent THC, but it is clear that
(25 m). Has lance-shaped leaves and strongly Description Erect, branching annual growing to the complex of constituents within marijuana has a
scented yellow-green flowers. significantly wider range of applications. Clinical
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Indonesia 13 ft (4 m). Has fine, serrated, segmented leaves. studies from 1975 onwards have shown that the
and the Philippines, ylang-ylang is cultivated in cannabinoids are powerfully antiemetic, especially
tropical Asia and Africa. Both male and female plants flower; the female in those having chemotherapy. To varying
Parts Used Flowers, essential oil. degrees, clinical trials indicate that marijuana or its
Constituents The essential oil contains plant produces seeds. cannabinoids relieves symptoms in multiple
linalool (11–30%), safrole, eugenol, geraniol, and sclerosis (such as tremor, muscle spasm, and poor
sesquiterpenes (including 15–25% germacrene). Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Caucasus, coordination), in spinal cord injuries, epilepsy,
History & Folklore The flowers are a traditional glaucoma, chronic pain, and loss of appetite. Now
adornment in the Far East. Their scent is thought to China, Iran, and northern India, marijuana is culti-
have aphrodisiac qualities. that medical marijuana is legally available
Medicinal Actions & Uses The flowers vated the world over, both legally (for the fiber and in a number of U.S. states, there is
and essential oil are sedative, antimicrobial, and accumulating evidence of just how
antioxidant. The oil has a soothing effect, and its seeds) and illegally (for use as a recreational drug). effective the herb, and extracts of it, are in
main therapeutic uses are to slow an excessively relieving pain. A 2015 article in the Journal of
fast heart rate and to lower blood pressure. With Parts Used Flowering tops of female plants, seeds. the American Medical Association found “30%
its reputation as an aphrodisiac, ylang-ylang may be Constituents Marijuana contains
helpful in treating impotence. or greater improvement in pain with
QCaution Do not take the essential oil over 60 different types of cannabinoids, cannabinoid compared to placebo,”
internally without professional supervision. i.e., marijuana extracts on average
including THC (delta produced a 30% or more improvement
Canella winterana syn. C. alba when compared to an inert substance. It also
(Canellaceae) 9-tetrahydrocannabinol). found that availability of medical-grade marijuana
was associated “with a 15–35% decrease in
Canella, It also contains flavonoids, substance abuse admissions.” Not only is medical
marijuana a valuable analgesic, it also helps to
Wild Cinnamon volatile oil, and alkaloids. It prevent addiction to other painkillers, in particular
opioids, such as codeine and morphine.
Description White-barked tree growing to is the only plant to contain Caution Marijuana is a controlled substance in
North America. Research your local laws.
THC, one of the main
psychoactive
constituents. The
seed oil contains
approximately 55%
linoleic acid, 20% alpha-
linolenic acid and 1.5% gamma-
linolenic acid. Marijuana leaf
History & Folklore
In ancient Egypt, marijuana was used to treat
inflammations of the eye and “to cool the uterus.”
First records of marijuana’s use in India date back
to about 800 bce, where it is recommended
for congestion. Famously, Queen Victoria took
marijuana as an analgesic—in the 19th century
49 ft (15 m). Has elliptical leaves, red flowers, and the plant was a standard painkiller for menstrual
purple-black berries. pain and cramps. From 1840 to 1900, over 100 Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae)
papers were published recommending marijuana
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the as a medicine. Caper
Caribbean and Florida, canella is found in coastal
swamps and scrubland. The bark is collected by Medicinal Actions & Uses In view of its Description Shrub growing to 3 ft (1 m), with
long history as a medicinal treatment, it is hardly spiny trailing stems, fleshy oval leaves, green buds,
gently beating the branches. surprising that marijuana has, at one time or another, large white flowers, and red berries in autumn.
Part Used Bark. been recommended for almost every illness. As Habitat & Cultivation Native to the
Constituents Canella contains about an analgesic, it appears to relieve pain with minimal Mediterranean region, caper thrives in open
1% volatile oil (including eugenol, alpha-pinene, and side effects, being particularly helpful for cancer and areas, often growing on stony terrain. The buds
AIDS patients undergoing chemotherapy. For those are harvested before the flowers open and are
caryophyllene), alpha-aldehydes (including canellal), suffering from multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and pickled for culinary use.
other muscular illnesses, marijuana can reduce Parts Used Root bark, bark, flower buds.
resin, and mannitol. neurological overactivity and muscle spasm. The Constituents Contains phenolic compounds.
History & Folklore Canella has for a long plant provides effective treatment for glaucoma, History & Folklore Though much favored as a
time been used as a flavoring for tobacco (Nicotiana in which pressure within the eye is abnormally piquant food by the ancient Greeks, capers were
high, and is hypotensive, lowering blood pressure. said to disagree with the stomach. They remain a
tabacum, p. 240).
Medicinal Actions & Uses Canella is cytotoxic
(kills cells), antifungal, and repels insects. It is also
aromatic, stimulant, and antiseptic. Canella is often
used in the West Indies and Latin America as a Marijuana relieves asthma, menstrual pains, the pain popular condiment to this day.
substitute for cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp., of childbirth, and of arthritis and rheumatism, and Medicinal Actions & Uses The unopened
p. 81). The infusion is drunk for its pleasant flavor may have value as an antidepressant. It encourages flower buds are laxative and, if prepared correctly
and tonic effect (the bark is considered a sexual and induces sleep. The seeds are used in Chinese with vinegar, are thought to ease stomach pain.
stimulant). Canella is also used for stomach problems medicine as a strong but well-tolerated laxative, The bark is bitter and diuretic and can be taken
182 and indigestion. especially for constipation in the elderly; and as a immediately before meals to increase the appetite.
CariCa papaya
for staunching blood—goldenseal (Hydrastis Constituents Most Cardiospermum species other medicinal plants
contain cyanogenic glycosides.
canadensis, p. 105) and ergot (Claviceps History & Folklore Native Amazonians string
balloon vine seeds into armbands that are worn to
purpurea)—were unobtainable in Britain, ward off snakes.
Medicinal Actions & Uses In Indian herbal
shepherd’s purse was used as an alternative. medicine, balloon vine root is used to bring on
Medicinal Actions & Uses One of the best delayed menstruation and to relieve backache and
remedies for preventing or arresting hemorrhage, arthritis. The leaves stimulate local circulation
and are applied to painful joints to help speed
shepherd’s purse has long been a specific treatment the clearing of toxins. The seeds are also thought
to help in the treatment of arthritis. The plant as
for heavy uterine bleeding. While weaker-acting in a whole has sedative properties.
Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
this respect than ergot, shepherd’s purse has none
Carica papaya (Caricaceae)
of ergot’s toxicity and is better tolerated by the body.
Papaya
It may be used for bleeding of all kinds—from
nosebleeds to blood in the urine. An astringent herb,
it disinfects the urinary tract in cases of cystitis, and
is taken for diarrhea. It is used in Chinese medicine
to treat dysentery and eye problems.
Research Reports suggest that the plant is
anti-inflammatory and reduces fever.
Caution Do not take during pregnancy.
Self-help Use Heavy menstrual bleeding, p. 315.
Caper’s buds pickled Cardiospermum spp. (Sapindaceae) Description Herbaceous tree growing very 183
with vinegar have been rapidly to 26 ft (8 m). Has segmented leaves,
used as a condiment Balloon Vine yellow flowers, and large, black-seeded yellow
since ancient times. to orange fruits weighing up to 11 lb (5 kg).
Description Deciduous perennial climbers Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical
The root bark is purifying and stops internal growing to 10 ft (3 m), with compound leaves, America, papaya is now cultivated in tropical regions
bleeding. It is used to treat skin conditions, small white flowers, and black seeds. throughout the world.
capillary weakness, and easy bruising, and is also Habitat & Cultivation Balloon vine is found Parts Used Fruit, latex, leaves, flowers, seeds.
used in cosmetic preparations. A decoction of the growing in tropical regions around the world. Constituents The fruit contains proteolytic
plant is used to treat yeast and vaginal infections Parts Used Root, leaves, seeds. enzymes (papain and chymopapain), and traces
such as candidiasis. of an alkaloid, carpaine. Papain, which is found in
Related Species A decoction of the North Balloon vine leaves are the milky white latex that flows from incisions
American C. cynophallophora is taken to encourage applied to relieve aching joints. in the unripe fruit, is a protein-dissolving enzyme
the onset of menstruation, and is used as a gargle that aids digestion.
for throat infections. History & Folklore Papaya juice, shoots,
and latex were used in Mayan herbal medicine. In
Capsella bursa-pastoris syn. Thlaspi tropical Latin America, the leaves are used as a
bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) meat tenderizer.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Papaya’s main
Shepherd’s Purse medicinal use is as a digestive agent. The leaves
and the fruit can both be used (the unripe fruit is
Description Annual or biennial with an erect especially effective). The latex from the trunk of
stem, rosette of basal leaves, 4-petaled white the tree is applied externally to speed the healing
flowers, and heart-shaped seed pods. of wounds, ulcers, boils, warts, and cancerous
Habitat & Cultivation Thought to be native tumors. The seeds are used as a gentle purgative
to Europe and Asia, shepherd’s purse is now found for worms. The latex has a similar but more violent
throughout most temperate regions, and grows effect. The flowers may be taken in an infusion to
profusely as a weed. It is harvested throughout induce menstruation, and a decoction of
the year. the ripe fruit is helpful for
Parts Used Aerial parts. treating persistent
Constituents Contains flavonoids, polypeptides, diarrhea and
choline, acetylcholine, histamine, and tyramine. dysentery in
History & Folklore This herb’s name derives children. The ripe
from the appearance of the seed pods, which fruit is mildly
resemble heart-shaped purses. During the First laxative and the
World War, when the standard herbal medicines leaves are used
to dress wounds.
Fruit
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Carthamus tinCtorius
Carthamus tinctorius (Asteraceae) History & Folklore Caraway seed is Castanea sativa (Fagaceae)
Safflower, “conducive to all the cold griefs of the head and Sweet Chestnut
other medicinal plants stomach… and has a moderate quality whereby
Hong Hua (Chinese) it breaketh wind, and provoketh urine” (Nicholas Description Deciduous tree growing to a height
of 100 ft (30 m). Has smooth silver-grey bark,
Description Annual herb growing to 3 ft (90 Culpeper, The English Physitian, 1652). The seeds
cm). Has long spiny leaves with 6 oblong-oval lance-shaped dark green leaves, male and female
leaflets, and groups of yellow flowers arising from are commonly used in cooking.
the leaf axils. Medicinal Actions & Uses Caraway is similar catkins, and spiny yellow-green seed cases containing
in action to anise (Pimpinella anisum, p. 248)
2–3 glossy brown nuts.
and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212). Being
Habitat & Cultivation Thought to be native antispasmodic, the seeds soothe the digestive tract,
acting directly on the intestinal muscles to relieve
to Iran and northwestern India, this herb is also
found in North America and the Far East. It grows colic and cramps as well as bloating and flatulence.
in open areas and is gathered in summer. They sweeten the breath, improve appetite, counter
Parts Used Flowers, seeds, seed oil. heart irregularity caused by excess digestive gas,
Constituents Safflower contains lignans, and ease cramping period pain. In addition, the
polysaccharides and a volatile oil. The seeds seeds are expectorant and tonic and are frequently
contain a fixed oil, up to 80% linoleic acid. used in bronchitis and cough remedies, especially
History & Folklore In 19th century North those for children. Caraway has a reputation for
increasing breast-milk production. The diluted
American herbal medicine, safflower was used
to induce sweating, to promote the onset of a essential oil is useful for scabies.
menstrual period and as a treatment for measles. Research In a German clinical trial (1999),
Safflower flowers are falsely sold as saffron patients with dyspepsia were given a combination
(Crocus sativus, p. 89). of peppermint and caraway essential oils. Overall,
Medicinal Actions & Uses In Chinese patients experienced a significant reduction
herbal medicine, the flowers are given to stimulate in symptoms.
menstruation and to relieve abdominal pain. The Caution Do not use the essential oil internally Sweet chestnut nuts are a nutritious food and the leaves are
flowers are also used to cleanse and heal wounds except under professional supervision. useful for treating coughs.
and sores and to treat measles. In the Anglo- Habitat & Cultivation Native to the
Mediterranean, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus,
American herbal tradition, the flowers are given
sweet chestnut grows freely across Europe,
as a treatment for fever and skin rashes. The
including Britain. It is cultivated for its timber and
unpurified seed oil is purgative.
Research Chinese research indicates that for its nuts, which are collected in the autumn.
safflower flowers can reduce coronary artery Parts Used Leaves, bark.
Constituents Sweet chestnut contains tannins,
disease, and lower cholesterol levels. Safflower plastoquinones, and mucilage.
History & Folklore Tradition has it that the
contains a polysaccharide that has been shown to sweet chestnut tree was carried from Turkey to
stimulate immune function in mice. Safflower oil Sardinia and from there it subsequently spread
also lowers cholesterol levels. through Europe, arriving in Britain with the
Caution Do not take the flowers or seeds during
pregnancy (seed oil is safe).
Romans. The nuts are a nutritious foodstuff that
Carum carvi (Apiaceae) can be roasted, candied, or made into a flour.
The flowers are sometimes added to blends of
Caraway aromatic tobaccos.
Medicinal Actions & Uses An infusion of
Description Aromatic annual growing to 2 ft
sweet chestnut leaves is taken to treat whooping
(60 cm). Has ridged stem, feathery leaves, and cough, bronchitis and bronchial congestion. The
umbels of white flowers in midsummer. Exploding preparation tightens the mucous membranes and
capsules each contain 2 small narrow seeds. inhibits racking coughs. A decoction of leaves or bark
Habitat & Cultivation Caraway grows wild Caraway is is also valuable as a gargle for sore throats, and may
in Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It prefers sunny antispasmodic, be taken for diarrhea. The leaves are used in the
treatment of rheumatic conditions, to ease lower
sites up to 6,600 ft (2,000 m) above sea level. It diuretic, and back pain and also to relieve stiff joints or muscles.
expectorant. It is Related Species The Mohicans in North
is cultivated in Europe, Russia, North Africa, and
a mild remedy,
the US, and the seeds are harvested ripe in suitable for children.
late summer. America used an infusion obtained from American
Parts Used Seeds, essential oil. chestnut leaves (C. dentata) to treat whooping
Constituents Caraway contains a volatile oil cough. In his Natural History of North Carolina (1737),
high in carvone (about 50%) and limonene. It also John Brickell reports that the “leaves or bark of the
contains a fixed oil, flavonoids, polysaccharides, tree boiled in wine are good against the bloody
184 proteins, and furanocoumarins. flux [excessive bleeding].”
Centaurea Cyanus
Catha edulis (Celastraceae) into the skin, it treats congestion, chest infections, other medicinal plants
and cystitis. It is used to treat skin wounds and ulcers.
Khat, Caution Do not take essential oil of cedar
internally except under professional supervision.
Catha
Celtis australis (Ulmaceae)
Description Tree growing to 49 ft (15 m). Has Blue cohosh is mainly wild-harvested but is also 185
reddish twigs, oval leathery leaves, and small yellow cultivated commercially. European Nettle Tree
or white flowers.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Middle Medicinal Actions & Uses Current Description Dome-shaped deciduous tree
East and the Horn of Africa, khat prefers grassland medicinal uses of blue cohosh are not that growing to 80 ft (25 m). Has lance-shaped leaves,
and arid conditions. It is cultivated in Ethiopia, different from the past—the root is still valued green flowers, and small round purple-black fruits.
Somalia, East Africa, and the Arabian peninsula. as a women’s remedy. It is often prescribed as Habitat & Cultivation Native to the
Parts Used Leaves, twigs. a uterine tonic, bringing relief from uterine and Mediterranean region and southwestern Asia,
Constituents Khat contains alkaloids similar to ovarian pain, while regulating to improve menstrual European nettle tree is also planted as a border
those in Ephedra species—norpseudoephedrine blood flow. The herb also has anti-inflammatory tree in Italy and France.
(up to 1%) and ephedrine, tannins, and a volatile activity and may be used in treatments for Parts Used Leaves, fruit.
oil. Ephedrine-type alkaloids strongly stimulate arthritic and rheumatic conditions. Constituents European nettle tree contains
the central nervous system, are antiallergenic, QCautions Only take under professional tannins and mucilage.
and suppress the appetite. supervision. Do not take during pregnancy or while Medicinal Actions & Uses Due to their
History & Folklore Khat is taken in some breastfeeding. The plant can cause contact dermatitis. astringent properties, both the leaves and the fruit
African and Middle Eastern countries as a stimulant, of European nettle tree may be taken as a decoction
tonic, and appetite suppressant. Infused, smoked, Cedrus spp. (Pinaceae) to reduce heavy menstrual and intermenstrual
or chewed, khat produces an effect somewhat uterine bleeding. The fruit and leaves may be used
similar to that of coca leaves (Erythroxylum coca, Cedar to astringe the mucous membranes of the gut in
p. 206). Whether khat is addictive is unclear, but peptic ulcers, diarrhea, and dysentery.
withdrawal can produce lethargy. Description Cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) is a
Medicinal Actions & Uses Mainly used as a majestic flat-topped tree growing to 130 ft (40 m). Centaurea cyanus (Asteraceae)
social drug, khat is also chewed fresh or taken in an It has dark green needle-like leaves and oval cones.
infusion to treat ailments such as malaria. In Africa, it African cedar (C. atlantica) grows to 115 ft (35 m). Cornflower
is taken in old age, stimulating and improving mental Habitat & Cultivation Cedar of Lebanon
function. Khat is used in Germany to counter obesity. is native to mountain forests of Lebanon, Israel, Description Annual or biennial plant growing
QCautions Khat may cause headaches, raised and southwest Turkey. Atlas cedar is native to to 3 ft (90 cm). Has a multi-branched stem, a basal
blood pressure, and general overstimulation if used the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, growing from rosette of leaves, and sky-blue flowers in summer.
more than a few weeks at a time. Do not take 4,600–7,200 ft (1,400–2,200 m) above sea level. Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Near
during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Parts Used Leaves, wood, essential oil. East, cornflower grows wild in all temperate regions,
Constituents The essential oil of Atlas cedar often in cornfields. The flowers are gathered just
Caulophyllum thalictroides wood contains mainly alpha-pinene (up to 79%). after they open.
(Berberidaceae) History & Folklore Cedar of Lebanon is Parts Used Flowers, seeds, leaves.
thought to have been used in building Solomon’s Constituents Cornflower contains flavonoids,
Blue Cohosh Temple and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. sesquiterpene lactones (including cnicin), acetylenes,
The oil has been used for thousands of years in and coumarins. Cnicin is slightly antibiotic.
Description Upright perennial growing to 3 ft incense, perfumes, and embalming. History & Folklore Cornflower’s medicinal
(1 m) with large, 3-lobed leaves, yellow to purple Medicinal Actions & Uses Cedar of Lebanon properties were first mentioned in the 12th-century
flowers, and striking blue berries. is antiseptic and expectorant, acting to disinfect the writings of Hildegard of Bingen. Later, the herbalist
Habitat & Cultivation Blue Cohosh grows respiratory tract. Cedarwood essential oil has been Pierandrea Mattioli (1501–1577) recommended it
wild in much of eastern North America from used for thousands of years for perfumes and for on the basis of the Doctrine of Signatures, which
Manitoba to Alabama, preferring woodland valleys embalming. It is most commonly distilled from Atlas held that a plant’s appearance indicated the ailments
and damp, north-facing slopes. It is mainly wild- cedar and eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginicus). it would cure. Cornflower’s deep blue color
harvested but is also cultivated commercially. The oil is strongly antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, symbolized healthy eyes, and for this reason it
Parts Used The root and rhizome are harvested expectorant, and sedative. Diluted and massaged became a treatment for eye ailments. (In France,
in the autumn. the plant is called casse-lunette, or “break glasses.”)
Constituents Blue cohosh contains alkaloids, Medicinal Actions & Uses Cornflower is still
steroidal saponins, and resin. used in French herbal medicine as a remedy for the
History & Folklore “Cohosh” is an Algonquin eyes (the strained infusion is used as an eyewash,
name, and blue cohosh was a popular herb with and the petals applied as a poultice), but opinion
many Native American tribes. Though it was taken differs as to its efficacy. The petals are also taken as
by both sexes to treat genitourinary problems, it a bitter tonic and stimulant, improving digestion
was primarily considered a women’s herb.
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Cephaelis ipeCaCuanha
other medicinal plants and possibly supporting the liver as well as improving climates; it is said to “want sight of the sea.” It is Medicinal Actions & Uses Strongly demulcent,
resistance to infection. The seeds have been used cultivated for its fruit, and harvested in late summer Iceland moss soothes the mucous membranes of
as a mild laxative for children. A decoction of the or autumn. the chest, counters congestion, and calms dry and
leaves is used to treat rheumatic complaints. Parts Used Fruit, bark. paroxysmal coughs, being particularly helpful as a
Related Species Greater knapweed (C. scabiosa) Constituents The fruit contains up to 70% treatment for elderly people. Iceland moss is also
formed part of the medieval salve, an ointment sugars, fats, starch, proteins, vitamins, and tannins. very bitter and, within the gut, has both a
applied to heal wounds and to treat skin infections. History & Folklore In ancient Egypt, carob demulcent and bitter tonic effect—a combination
Self-help Use Conjunctivitis, p. 310. pods were combined with porridge, honey, and almost unique in medicinal herbs. It is thus of value
wax as a remedy for diarrhea. They also featured in in all kinds of chronic digestive problems, for
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Rubiaceae) recipes for expelling worms, and treating poor instance irritable bowel syndrome.
eyesight and eye infections.
Ipecac Medicinal Actions & Uses Carob pods are Chamaelirium lutea (Liliaceae)
nutritious and, due to their high sugar content,
Description Small shrub with a slender stem sweet-tasting and mildly laxative. A decoction of Helonias,
growing to 1 ft (30 cm). Has a few oblong leaves, the pulp can be used as an antidiarrheal, gently
small white flowers, and purple-black berries. helping to cleanse and relieve irritation within False Unicorn Root
Habitat & Cultivation This herb grows mainly the gut.
in Brazil. Cultivation has been attempted in Southeast Description Herbaceous perennial growing to
Asia with limited success. The root of 3-year-old plants Seeds 3 ft (1 m) with large, green leaves forming a basal
is unearthed when the plant is in flower. rosette from which emerges a tall spike of green-
Parts Used Root, rhizome. Carob seeds were used to white flowers.
Constituents Ipecac contains isoquinoline weigh gold and gave rise Habitat & Cultivation Native to North
alkaloids, tannins, and glycosides. The alkaloids are to the word “carat.” America, helonias grows in low, moist, well-drained
expectorant and, at a larger dose, cause vomiting ground east of the Mississippi river. In view of its
and diarrhea. They are also strongly amebicidal. Cetraria islandica (Parmeliaceae) rarity in the wild, it is best to use alternative herbs
History & Folklore Ipecac came to Europe such as black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa, p. 79)
in 1672, and achieved fame as a cure Iceland Moss and wild yam (Disocorea villosa, p. 91).
for dysentery. But the cure was not without Parts Used Rhizome (lifted in autumn).
controversy. It appeared to work well in some cases Description Yellow-green lichen growing in
but to have no effect in others. Now it is possible undulating, leathery tufts up to 3 in (8 cm) across. Helonias root was chewed
to see why. There are two types of dysentery— Habitat & Cultivation Iceland moss is native by Native American women
amebic and bacillary. While the herb is strongly to northern and alpine areas of Europe. It flourishes
amebicidal, it has little effect against bacilli. in sub-Arctic and mountainous regions on rocks to prevent miscarriage.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Though a highly and on the bark of trees, especially conifers. It is
effective emetic (even moderate doses of ipecac will harvested throughout the year.
stimulate vomiting until the contents of the stomach Part Used Whole plant.
are cleared), it is now rarely used in conventional Constituents Iceland moss contains lichen acids
medicine as safer substitutes have been developed. (including usnic acid) and about 50% polysaccharides.
Ipecac continues to be a common ingredient in patent Usnic acid and the other lichen acids are powerfully
over-the-counter cough medicines, as its strong antibiotic. The polysaccharides are antiviral.
expectorant action helps to clear phlegm and ease History & Folklore Iceland moss has been
irritable coughs. It is used in the treatment of used since ancient times as a cough remedy, and
bronchitis and whooping cough. Ipecac is also still used has also been used in European folk medicine as
for amebic dysentery. a cancer treatment.
QCautions Do not use the root or rhizome.
Take formulations containing ipecac carefully and
only as instructed on the label. Several deaths have
resulted from overdose.
Ceratonia siliqua (Fabaceae) Iceland moss is used Constituents Root contains steroidial saponins
to ease coughs and (up to 9%), including chamaelirin and diogenin.
Carob treat congestion. It History & Folklore A traditional Native
also has a soothing American medicine, Helonias was prized as
Description Evergreen tree growing to a height and bitter tonic effect
of 30 ft (10 m). Has compound leaves, green on the digestive tract. a woman’s herb and used to treat a range of
flowers, and large violet-brown fruit (bean pods). gynecological problems. There is some confusion
Habitat & Cultivation Native to south-
eastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, about its precise use since several herbs share the
186 carob flourishes in poor soil in warm temperate
same (or similar) name.
Chelidonium majus
Medicinal Actions & Uses In Western Chamaenerion angustifolia Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern other medicinal plants
herbal medicine, helonias has been valued as a key syn. epilobium angustifolium Europe, wallflower is now found throughout the
remedy for conditions affecting the uterus and (Onagraceae) continent. It grows on cliffs and old walls, and is
ovaries. It is thought to have a “normalizing” effect a common garden plant.
on the female reproductive system. It is thought to Rosebay Willowherb Parts Used Leaves, flowers.
regulate the release of hormones by the ovaries Constituents The herb contains cheiranthin and
and encourage a regular menstrual cycle. It has Description Perennial growing to 61⁄2 ft (2 m). other cardioactive glycosides.
also been used to treat conditions such as Has an erect stem, narrow leaves, and long spikes History & Folklore In 1735, the Irish herbalist
endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and menopausal of pink-purple flowers. K’Eogh described wallflower thus: “It provokes
problems. As it is now an endangered species, Habitat & Cultivation This herb is found in urination and menstruation and expels a stillborn
other herbs (notably black cohosh) are routinely Europe and western Asia, and grows in clearings, child, and the afterbirth if a decoction of the dried
used in its place. along roads, and in open areas. It is picked flowers or a little seed is drunk in wine.”
Caution Do not take during pregnancy. when in flower in late summer. Medicinal Actions & Uses Although
Parts Used Aerial parts. wallflower was formerly used as a diuretic, there
Chamaemelum nobile syn. Constituents Rosebay willowherb contains was no understanding of its powerful effect on
anthemis nobilis (Asteraceae) flavones and tannins. the heart. In small doses it is cardiotonic, supporting
History & Folklore In Siberia, an alcoholic a failing heart in a manner similar to foxglove
Roman Chamomile drink has been made from this herb and the fly (Digitalis purpurea, p. 202). In more than small
agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria). doses it is toxic, and is therefore rarely used in
Description Aromatic perennial growing to Medicinal Actions & Uses Demulcent and herbal medicine.
20 in (50 cm). Has feathery leaves and daisy-like astringent, rosebay willowherb treats diarrhea, RQCautions Use only under professional
mucous colitis, and irritable bowel syndrome. It has supervision. Do not take during pregnancy.
flower heads. also been made into an ointment to soothe skin
problems in children. Rosebay willowherb is used Chelidonium majus
Habitat & Cultivation Native to western to treat prostate problems. (Papaveraceae)
Europe, Roman chamomile is now cultivated
Cheiranthus cheiri (Brassicaceae) Greater Celandine
across Europe, and also in other temperate regions.
Wallflower Description Thin-stemmed perennial herb
The flowers are harvested as they open in summer. growing to a height of 3 ft (90 cm). Has indented
Description Evergreen perennial growing yellow-green leaflets and 4-petaled flowers, which
Parts Used Flowers, essential oil. to 18 in (45 cm). Has lance-shaped leaves and appear in clusters in late spring.
Constituents Roman chamomile contains up yellow-orange flowers appearing in spring. Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe,
to 1.75% essential oil (including tiglic and angelic western Asia, and North Africa, greater celandine
The Greek physician Dioscorides (1st century ce) used flourishes close to human habitation, preferring
acid esters, chamazulene and other sesquiterpene wallflower roots to treat gout. open areas, the banks of roadsides, and damp
places. The aerial parts of the herb are collected
lactones), flavonoids, coumarins, in late spring or early summer.
Parts Used Aerial parts, latex.
and phenolic acids. Constituents Greater celandine contains
isoquinoline alkaloids, including allocryptopine,
History & Folklore berberine, chelidonine and sparteine. Several
Though called Roman of these alkaloids are analgesic. Chelidonine is
antispasmodic and also lowers blood pressure.
chamomile, this herb was Sparteine, by contrast, raises it.
History & Folklore In folk medicine, greater
not cultivated in Rome celandine has often been viewed as a cure-all. It
has also been used for thousands of years to treat
until the 16th century, and clear the eyesight, especially cataracts. According
to Pliny and Dioscorides (both writing in the
probably arriving there Dried flower heads 1st century ce), swallows used the latex that
from Britain. flows from cuts in the stems or leaves as a
means to sharpen their eyesight. In 1598, Gerard
Medicinal Actions & Uses A remedy for recommended the herb for eye disorders “for it
the digestive system, Roman chamomile is often clenseth and consumeth awaie slimie things that
cleave about the ball of the eie.”
used interchangeably with German chamomile Medicinal Actions & Uses Greater celandine
acts as a mild sedative, relaxing the muscles of the
(Chamomilla recutita, p. 77). However, an infusion bronchial tubes, intestines, and other organs.
of Roman chamomile has a more pronounced bitter
action than its German namesake. It is an excellent
treatment for nausea, vomiting, indigestion, and
loss of appetite. It is also sedative, antispasmodic,
and mildly analgesic, and will relieve colic, cramps,
and other cramping pains. By stimulating digestive
secretions and relaxing the muscles of the gut,
it helps normalize digestive function. Roman
chamomile may also be taken for headaches
and migraine, even by children. Its marked anti-
inflammatory and antiallergenic properties make
it helpful when applied to irritated skin.
Cautions Do not use the essential oil
internally except under professional supervision.
The essential oil is subject to legal restrictions in
some countries. 187
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Chelone glabra
In both Western and Chinese herbal traditions, it Habitat & Cultivation Balmony is native henricus), a species that is native to Europe, is
other medicinal plants has been used to treat bronchitis, whooping cough, to eastern North America, balmony thrives in both eaten as a vegetable and used medicinally
and asthma. The herb’s antispasmodic effect habitats such as marshland, wet woodland, and to treat anemia.
extends to the gallbladder, where it helps to riverbanks. It is harvested when in flower during RQCautions Use only under professional
improve bile flow. This would partly account for its summer or autumn. supervision. Wormseed is toxic when taken in
use in treating jaundice, gallstones, and gallbladder Parts Used Aerial parts. overdose. Do not take during pregnancy. The herb
pain, as well as its longstanding reputation as a Constituents Contains resins and bitters. is subject to legal restrictions in some countries.
detoxifying herb. Greater celandine’s sedative History & Folklore Balmony’s genus name,
action does not, however, extend to the uterus— Chelone, means “tortoise” in Greek, referring to
it causes the muscles of this organ to contract. the flower head’s supposed resemblance to the Chimaphila umbellata (Pyrolaceae)
The herb is applied externally to soothe and
encourage the healing of skin conditions such as head of the tortoise. Pipsissewa
Medicinal Actions & Uses A strongly bitter
eczema. The yellow latex of greater celandine is
remedy, balmony is principally used to treat Description Evergreen plant with several stems,
applied to warts, ringworm, and malignant skin gallstones and other gallbladder problems. It growing to 8 in (20 cm). Has shiny wedge-shaped
stimulates bile flow and has a mildly laxative action.
tumors, which are slowly broken down by the It can be taken to relieve nausea, vomiting, and leaves and small flat-topped clusters of white flowers
intestinal colic, and to expel worms. It may also
effect of its protein-dissolving enzymes. be antidepressant. Balmony is a suitable remedy tinged with red.
QCautions Use only under professional for children. Habitat & Cultivation Native to North
supervision. Can cause liver damage in rare cases. America, Europe, and Asia, pipsissewa grows in
It is subject to legal restrictions in some countries. woods and shady places, in sandy soils. The leaves
are gathered in summer.
Chelone glabra (Scrophulariaceae) Chenopodium ambrosioides Parts Used Leaves.
(Chenopodiaceae) Constituents Pipsissewa contains hydroquinones
Balmony (including arbutin), flavonoids, triterpenes, methyl
Wormseed
Description Perennial herb growing to 2 ft (60 salicylate, and tannins. The hydroquinones have
cm). Has narrow leaves and short spikes of Description Annual herb growing to 3 ft (1 m)
creamy-white to purple double-lipped flowers. with toothed lance-shaped leaves. Yellow-green a pronounced disinfectant effect within the
urinary tract.
History & Folklore Pipsissewa was much used
flowers in round clusters bloom in summer, by Native North Americans to induce sweating
producing small black seeds in autumn. and treat fevers, including typhus. European settlers
Habitat & Cultivation Wormseed is native used the herb for rheumatism and for urinary and
to Central and South America and the Caribbean. kidney problems. It was listed in the Pharmacopoeia
It has been extensively cultivated in Maryland, and of the United States from 1820 to 1916.
in China. Medicinal Actions & Uses Astringent, tonic,
Parts Used Aerial parts, flowering tops. and diuretic, pipsissewa is mainly used in an infusion
Constituents Wormseed contains a volatile for urinary tract problems such as cystitis and
oil (up to 90% ascaridol, plus geraniol and methyl urethritis. It has also been prescribed for more
salicylate), and triterpenoid saponins. Ascaridol is serious conditions such as gonorrhea and kidney
a powerful worm expellent. stones. By increasing urine flow, it stimulates the
History & Folklore An herbal remedy that removal of waste products from the body, and is
has been used for centuries, wormseed was used therefore of benefit in the treatment of rheumatism
by the Maya in Central America to expel worms. and gout. The fresh leaves of pipsissewa may be
In the eastern U.S., European settlers employed it applied externally to rheumatic joints or muscles,
for the treatment of worms, especially in children. as well as to blisters, sores, and swellings.
The Catawba made a poultice from the plant, Research In tests on animals, pipsissewa leaves
which they used to detoxify snake bite and appear to lower blood-sugar levels.
other poisonings.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Wormseed is
principally known for its ability to expel worms, Chionanthus virginicus (Oleaceae)
especially roundworm and hookworm. It is also
used in the Americas as a digestive remedy, the Fringe Tree
leaves being taken to settle colic and stomach pains.
Wormseed’s muscle-relaxing action has led to its Description Deciduous shrub or tree growing
use in the treatment of spasmodic coughs and to a height of 33 ft (10 m). Has elliptical dark green
asthma. Externally, juice expressed from the whole leaves and long flowering stems with spikes of white
herb is applied as a wash for hemorrhoids. flowers. Produces dark blue oval fruits.
Related Species Many species of Chenopodium Habitat & Cultivation Native to the U.S.,
Balmony’s bile-inducing are used as foods, and some medicinally. The seeds fringe tree grows from Pennsylvania south to
property makes it useful of C. rhadinostachyum are used as food by Aborigines Florida and Texas. It is also now found in eastern
in central Australia. Good King Henry (C. bonus- Asia, and thrives on riverbanks and in damp
188 for gallbladder problems.
CiChorium intybus
Fringe tree Habitat & Cultivation Pareira grows wild amino acids, iodine, and bromine, plus many other other medicinal plants
is a valuable in rainforests in the upper Amazon region and in minerals. The polysaccharides become jelly-like and
tonic for the Panama. It is collected from the wild as available. demulcent when the plant is immersed in water. 189
liver, gallbladder, Parts Used Root, stem. History & Folklore Irish moss is used
and pancreas. Constituents Pareira contains alkaloids, extensively in the food and pharmaceutical
including delta-tubocurarine and L-curarine. industries as an emulsifying and binding agent,
shrubby areas. The root is Tubocurarine is a potent muscle relaxant. for example in toothpastes.
unearthed in spring or autumn, History & Folklore Pareira and similar species Medicinal Actions & Uses A useful
mostly in Virginia and North Carolina. demulcent and emollient, Irish moss is mainly
Parts Used Root bark, bark. are famous for being the source of curare, taken for coughs and bronchitis. Its expectorant
Constituents Contains saponins (including the paralyzing arrow poison used by effect encourages the coughing up of phlegm, and
chionanthin) and glycosides (including phyllirine). Amazonian and other South it soothes dry and irritated mucous membranes. It
History & Folklore Fringe tree was American Indians to catch their is of value for acid indigestion, gastritis, and urinary
commonly used by Native Americans and infections such as cystitis. For these conditions it is
European settlers to treat inflammations of the prey. A dart or spear tipped with normally combined with other appropriate herbs.
eye, canker sores, and spongy gums. The Choctaw curare causes instantaneous paralysis Mucilaginous in texture and slightly salty in taste,
of Louisiana applied the mashed bark to cuts and Irish moss makes a valuable nutrient in
bruises. Native Americans in Alabama used the on entering the bloodstream of the convalescence. Applied externally, this emollient
bark as a treatment for toothache. In the 19th animal. Traditional recipes for toxins herb soothes inflamed skin. Irish moss also acts
century Anglo-American Physiomedicalist usually involve blending 10 or more different to thin the blood.
tradition, fringe tree was valued as a bitter tonic, plants, but pareira or a plant with similar action Caution Due to its blood-thinning property,
and the bark was often used to aid recovery from is always present in the mix. carragheen should not be used by people taking
long-term illness. Medicinal Actions & Uses Pareira’s notoriety anticoagulant medicines.
Medicinal Actions & Uses The root bark is as a poison hinges on the effect of its toxic derivative
a liver tonic, stimulates bile flow, and acts as a mild entering directly into the bloodstream. Provided Cichorium intybus (Asteraceae)
laxative. It is prescribed mainly for gallbladder pain, there are no cuts or sores in the mouth, the plant is
gallstones, jaundice, and chronic weakness. While it reasonably safe taken orally as a medicinal remedy. Chicory
appears to be of benefit to liver and gallbladder The bitter and slightly sweet-tasting roots and stems
function, there is as yet no research to substantiate are mildly laxative, tonic, and diuretic, and also act Description Deep-rooted perennial growing to
its effects. The root bark also appears to strengthen to induce menstruation. The plant is chiefly used to 5 ft (1.5 m). Has a hairy stem, oblong leaves, and
function in the pancreas and spleen. Anecdotal relieve chronic inflammation of the urinary tubules. blue flowers.
evidence indicates that it may substantially reduce In Brazil, it is also used for snake bite.
sugar levels in the urine. Fringe tree also stimulates Research Pareira’s powerful ability to paralyze Chicory leaves make a settling digestive tea.
the appetite and digestion and is an excellent has led to its being extensively researched.
remedy for chronic illness, especially where the Tubocurarine–one of the many alkaloids within Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe,
liver has been affected. For external use, the the plant–is now used (as tubocurarine chloride) chicory also grows in North Africa and western
crushed bark may be made into a poultice for as an anesthetic to paralyze the muscles Asia. It flourishes along paths and roadsides, and
treating sores and wounds. during operations. in banks and dry fields. The root is unearthed in
Related Species At least four other closely spring or autumn.
Chondrodendron tomentosum related species of Chondrodendron are used to Parts Used Root, leaves, flowers.
(Menispermaceae) produce the traditional poison known as curare. Constituents The root contains up to 58%
RCautions Use only under professional inulin, caffeic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, polyynes,
Pareira supervision. Pareira and/or curare are subject an essential oil including sesquiterpene lactones,
to legal restrictions in some countries.
Description Vine climbing to a great height in
tropical rainforests. Reaches 100 ft (30 m). Has Chondrus crispus (Gigartinaceae)
large leaves up to 1 ft (30 cm) long and trailing
clusters of flowers. Irish Moss,
Carragheen
Description Reddish-brown seaweed growing
to10 in (25 cm). Plant body is flat and forked, with
a fan-shaped outline.
Habitat & Cultivation Irish moss is found on
the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America.
It grows just below the waterline, attached to rocks
and stones. In summer in North America, and in
autumn in Ireland, it is pulled up by hand or with a
rake at low tide and dried in the sun.
Part Used Whole herb.
Constituents Irish moss contains large
amounts of polysaccharides, proteins (up to 10%),
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Cinnamomum Camphora
and vitamins and minerals. There is now significant Citrullus vulgaris (Cucurbitaceae)
evidence to show that chicory root protects the Watermelon
other medicinal plants liver from damage.
History & Folklore According to Pliny Description Annual vine with hairy, 3–5 lobed
(23–79 ce), chicory juice was mixed with rose oil leaves, yellow flowers, and green fruit typically
and vinegar as a remedy for headaches. The roasted growing to 10 in (25 cm) across.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical
root is commonly used as a coffee substitute. The Africa, watermelon is grown throughout warm
young root can be boiled and eaten like parsnips. temperate to tropical regions. The fruit is gathered
Medicinal Actions & Uses Chicory is an
excellent mild bitter tonic for the liver and digestive when ripe.
Parts Used Fruit, seeds.
tract. The root is therapeutically similar to dandelion Constituents Watermelon contains citrullin
and arginine, both of which are thought to
root (Taraxacum officinale, p. 141), supporting the
increase urea production in the liver, so
action of the stomach and liver and cleansing the
increasing the flow of urine.
urinary tract. Chicory is also taken for rheumatic History & Folklore Watermelon species have
been used in Egypt for more than 4,000 years,
conditions and gout, and as a mild laxative, one
figuring in wall paintings dating to the Old Kingdom
particularly appropriate for children. An infusion
(2686–2181 bce). They appear to have been a
of the leaves and flowers also aids digestion.
Related Species The endive (C. endiva) has
similar though milder effects.
component in remedies for trembling fingers,
Cinnamomum camphora constipation, and expelling disease brought on Bitter orange has
syn. Laurus camphora (Lauraceae) by demons. Egyptian myth recounts that the a wide range of
watermelon originated from the semen of medicinal uses.
Camphor the god Seth.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Watermelon is
Description Evergreen tree growing to 100 ft best known as a thirst-quenching fruit that comes Parts Used Fruit, peel, leaves, flowers, seeds,
(30 m). Produces red leaves that turn dark green into season when temperatures are at their hottest. essential oil.
In traditional Chinese medicine it is used precisely Constituents Bitter orange peel contains a
as they mature, small fragrant yellowish flowers, to counter “summer heat” patterns—characterized volatile oil with limonene (around 90%), flavonoids,
by excessive sweating, thirst, raised temperature,
and oval red berries. scanty urine, diarrhea, and irritability or anger. coumarins, triterpenes, vitamin C, carotene, and
Habitat & Cultivation Native to China Watermelon fruit and juice soothe these symptoms,
and Japan, this tree is cultivated in tropical and increasing urine flow and cleansing the kidneys. The pectin. The flavonoids are anti-inflammatory,
fruit’s refreshing properties extend to the digestive
sub-tropical regions for its wood, from which system, where it clears gas. Watermelon may also antibacterial, and antifungal. The composition of
be used in the treatment of hepatitis. In hot, stifling
camphor oil is derived. weather it is helpful for those suffering from the volatile oils in the leaves, flowers and peel varies
Parts Used Stems, root, wood, leaves, twigs, bronchitis or asthma. The cooling fruit pulp may
volatile oil. be applied to hot and inflamed skin and to soothe significantly. Linalyl acetate (50%) is the main
Constituents The plant contains a volatile oil sunburn. The seeds can be mashed and used to
comprising camphor, safrole, eugenol, and terpineol. expel worms. constituent in oil from the leaves (petitgrain) and
Related Species The watermelons of Egypt
It also contains lignans. Camphor is irritant and (C. lanata and C. colocynthoides) are very similar linalool (35%) in oil from the flowers (neroli). The
species. The colocynth (C. colocynthus), native to
antiseptic; safrole is thought to be carcinogenic. dry areas of Africa and Asia, is extremely bitter unripe fruit of the bitter orange contains cirantin,
and contains a cucurbitacin glycoside with
A white crystalline substance derived from the antitumor properties. which reportedly is contraceptive.
History & Folklore The bitter orange has
stems, root, and other parts of the tree, also called provided food and medicine for thousands of
camphor, has powerful antiseptic, stimulant, and years. It yields neroli oil from its flowers, and the oil
antispasmodic properties. known as petitgrain from its leaves and young
History & Folklore In the 13th century,
Marco Polo noted that camphor oil was highly shoots. Both distillates are used extensively in
valued by the Chinese as a medicine, scent, and perfumery. Orange flower water is a by-product
embalming fluid. of distillation and is used in perfumery and to
flavor candies and cookies, as well as being
used medicinally.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Camphor is most Medicinal Actions & Uses The strongly acidic
commonly applied externally as a counterirritant and Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae) fruit of the bitter orange stimulates digestion and
analgesic liniment to relieve arthritic and rheumatic relieves flatulence. An infusion of the fruit is
pains, neuralgia, and back pain. It may be applied to Bitter Orange thought to soothe headaches, calm palpitations,
skin problems, such as cold sores and chilblains, and and lower fevers. The juice helps the body
used as a chest rub for bronchitis and other chest Description Evergreen tree growing to 30 ft eliminate waste products and, being rich in vitamin
infections. Though the oil has been taken for (10 m). Has leathery, dark green leaves, delicately C, helps the immune system ward off infection. If
various complaints, internal use is not advised. perfumed white flowers, and orange fruit. taken to excess, however, its acid content can
Related Species See also cinnamon Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical Asia, exacerbate arthritis. In Chinese herbal medicine,
(Cinnamomum spp., p. 81). this tree is now grown throughout the tropics and the unripe fruit, known as zhi shi, is thought to
Cautions Do not take internally. Camphor oil is subtropics. Orchards of bitter orange are found “regulate the qi,” helping to relieve flatulence and
190 subject to legal restrictions in some countries.
along the Mediterranean coast, especially in Spain. abdominal bloating, and to open the bowels. The
CoChlearia offiCinalis
essential oils of bitter orange, especially neroli, are History & Folklore In the Middle Ages, other medicinal plants
sedative. In Western medicine, these oils are used holy thistle was thought to cure the plague. In his
to reduce heart rate and palpitations, to encourage Chou wu tong has been herbal of 1568, Nicholas Turner wrote: “There 191
sleep, and to soothe the digestive tract. Diluted neroli shown by research to lower is nothing better for the canker [ulcerous sore]
is applied as a relaxing massage oil. The distilled flower high blood pressure.
water is antispasmodic and sedative. and old rotten and festering sores than the
Related Species The lime (C. aurantiifolia) Medicinal Actions & Uses In Chinese herbal leaves, juice, broth, powder, and water of
and lemon (C. limon, p. 82) have nutritional medicine, chou wu tong is prescribed for joint pain, holy thistle.”
properties that are similar to those of bitter numbness, and paralysis, and occasionally for Medicinal Actions & Uses Holy thistle
orange. See also bergamot (C. bergamia, eczema. Traditionally regarded as a plant that is a good bitter tonic, stimulating secretions
following entry). “dispels wind-dampness,” it is now also being used within the salivary glands, stomach, gallbladder,
Caution Do not take the essential oils internally to help lower blood pressure. The plant is mildly and intestines, and thereby improving digestion.
except under professional supervision. analgesic and, when used with the herb It is taken, generally as a tincture, for minor
Siegesbeckia pubescens, is anti-inflammatory. digestive complaints. It has also been a treatment
Citrus bergamia syn. C. aurantium Research In a Chinese trial, 171 people with high for intermittent fevers. Holy thistle is mildly
var. bergamia (Rutaceae) blood pressure were given chou wu tong. In 81% expectorant and antibiotic. It makes a healing balm
of those tested, blood pressure levels dropped for wounds and sores.
Bergamot significantly. This effect was reversed when the
treatment was stopped. Cautions In excessive doses, holy thistle
Description Evergreen tree growing to 30 Related Species C. serratum is commonly used may cause vomiting. It is subject to legal
ft (10 m). Has pointed oval leaves, scented in Ayurvedic medicine for respiratory conditions. restrictions in some countries.
white flowers, and fruit with aromatic peel.
Habitat & Cultivation Native to tropical Cnicus benedictus syn. Carbenia Holy thistle was a
Asia, bergamot is cultivated in sub-tropical regions, benedicta, Carduus benedictus 16th-century remedy for
especially in southern Italy. (Asteraceae) migraine headaches.
Part Used Essential oil.
Constituents Bergamot contains a volatile Holy Thistle Cochlearia officinalis (Cruciferae)
oil including linalyl acetate (30–60%), limonene
(26–42%), and linalool (11–22%), bergapten, Description Erect, red-stemmed annual growing Scurvy Grass
and a diterpene. to 26 in (65 cm). Has spiny leathery leaves, a spiny
History & Folklore Bergamot oil, expressed stem, and yellow flowers in summer and autumn. Description Low-growing perennial with
from the peel, provides the distinctive flavor of Habitat & Cultivation This Mediterranean fleshy heart-shaped leaves, dense clusters of white
Earl Grey tea. The oil (or constituents of it) is plant flourishes on dry stony ground and in open 4-petaled flowers, and rounded swollen seed pods.
sometimes added to suntanning oils. areas. The leaves and flowering tops are collected Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe
Medicinal Actions & Uses Bergamot is in summer. and temperate regions of Asia and North America,
little used in herbal medicine, but it can be used Parts Used Leaves, flowering tops. but now rare, scurvy grass thrives in the salty
to relieve tension, relax muscle spasms, and Constituents Holy thistle contains lignans, soil of coastal areas and salt marshes. It is
improve digestion. sesquiterpene lactones (including cnicin), volatile occasionally cultivated.
Caution Do not take bergamot essential oil, polyacetylenes, flavonoids, triterpenes, Parts Used Leaves, aerial parts.
oil internally. phytosterols, and tannins. Cnicin is bitter and anti- Constituents Scurvy grass contains glucosilinates,
inflammatory; the volatile oil is thought to have a volatile oil, a bitter principle, tannin, vitamin C,
Clerodendrum trichotomum antibiotic properties. and minerals.
(Verbenaceae) History & Folklore As the common name
suggests, this plant has long been used for its high
Chou Wu Tong vitamin C content. It was used by sailors and others
Description Upright, deciduous shrub growing
to 10 ft (3 m). Has large leaves, clusters of white
flowers, and blue berries.
Habitat & Cultivation This herb grows
in central and southern China. The leaves are
harvested just before it flowers.
Parts Used Leaves.
Constituents Chou wu tong contains clerodendrin,
acacetin, and mesoinositol.
History & Folklore Chou wu tong was first
documented in the Illustrated Classic of the Materia
Medica (1061 ce).
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CoCos nuCifera
to prevent the onset of scurvy, a potentially Constituents Coconut oil is about 90%
other medicinal plants fatal vitamin C deficiency marked by bleeding saturated fat, mostly medium-chain fatty acids
of the gums. (lauric, myristic, caprylic, and capric acids). Coconut
Medicinal Actions & Uses Besides having a water contains significant levels of minerals, notably
high vitamin C content, scurvy grass has antiseptic potassium. Virgin coconut oil is entirely non-toxic.
and mild laxative actions. The young plant, which History & Folklore The coconut palm is
has a general detoxicant effect and contains a wide described as “Kalpavriksha” (meaning “the all-giving
range of minerals, is taken as a spring tonic. Like tree”) in ancient Indian texts.
watercress (Nasturtium officinale, p. 239), it has Medicinal Actions & Uses Coconut oil
diuretic properties and is useful for any condition and cream have established antimicrobial and
in which poor nutrition is a factor. It can be used in immunostimulant activity. With antibacterial,
the form of a juice as an antiseptic mouthwash for antifungal, and antiviral properties, the oil and
canker sores, and can also be applied externally to cream can be used to counter many commonly
spots and pimples. occurring infections, such as influenza, cold sores,
shingles, and fungal problems. Coconut has a
Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae) beneficial action on the gut flora and can prove Coffee, native to East Africa, can be used to
useful (alongside other treatment) in clearing relieve headaches.
Coconut, intestinal worms and parasites. Coconut oil and
Coconut Palm cream aid digestion and the absorption of nutrients the popular stimulant drink that we know
(notably calcium and magnesium), and may be today, spreading to Europe in the 17th century.
Description Too familiar to need description, taken as part of a regimen to prevent or treat By 2015, the annual trade in coffee exceeded
the coconut is a large palm reaching up to 100 ft osteoporosis. Coconut water is reported to lower $10 billion.
(30 m) in height with a single, smooth trunk and blood pressure, in part due to its high potassium Medicinal Actions & Uses Coffee is an
long-ribbed leaves up to 20 ft (6 m) in length. content, while the oil helps prevent arteriosclerosis. effective and much-loved stimulant of central
Habitat & Cultivation Thought to have It is also thought to lower cholesterol levels, aid nervous function, aiding mental alertness and
originated in Southeast Asia, coconut is now found weight loss, and lower blood glucose levels. perception. Coffee (and extracts) increase physical
throughout the tropics. It thrives in sandy, salty soils Coconut oil helps keep skin and hair healthy and is performance and heart output, stimulate digestive
(typically coastal) and requires abundant sun and a common ingredient in skin creams and shampoos. juices, and act as a powerful diuretic. It can be taken
rain. Propagated by seed, the one-seeded nut Coconut merits its name of “all-giving tree.” to counter drowsiness and to relieve headaches and
grows out through one of the three germinating migraines. It is non-addictive, although excess intake
pores at its base. In 2009, coconut was grown Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) or sudden withdrawal from coffee may cause
commercially in 80 countries, with a total production headaches. Many natural medicine practitioners
of 61.7 million tons. A coconut palm can produce Coffee consider overuse of coffee to be unhealthy as it is
up to 10,000 nuts during its lifetime. associated with nervous and endocrine exhaustion.
Parts Used Kernel (fresh or dried), water. Every Description Evergreen shrub or small tree Decaffeinated green coffee bean extract is taken
part of coconut is useful. growing to 30 ft (9 m). Has dark green, shiny oval to promote weight loss.
leaves and white star-shaped flowers. Produces Research Regular coffee drinking is associated
small red fruit, each containing 2 seeds (beans). with a significantly decreased risk of colon cancer.
Habitat & Cultivation Coffee is native Coffee may have a protective effect against
to tropical East Africa, and is now cultivated in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
tropical areas worldwide. The best-quality beans Cautions Percolated or boiled coffee is thought
are produced by fermenting, sun-drying, and to have potentially harmful effects on the heart
roasting the seeds. and circulation and to raise cholesterol levels.
Parts Used Seeds. Caffeine can increase pre-menstrual symptoms
Constituents Coffee contains chlorogenic and period pains.
acids, tannins, and xanthines–caffeine (0.6–0.32%),
theobromine, and theophylline. Caffeine is a strong
stimulant. Theophylline is a stimulant and smooth Cola acuminata (Sterculiaceae)
muscle relaxant. Chlorogenic acids are anti- Kola Nut,
inflammatory.
Cola NutHistory & Folklore Native to the plateaus of
central Ethiopia, where it is thought to have
originated, coffee spread to Yemen in the 6th Description Evergreen tree growing to 65 ft
century ce and then on into the Arabian (20 m) with dark green leaves and yellowish-white
peninsula. The Arabian physician Rhazes first flowers. Large woody seed pods contain 5–10
recorded coffee’s use in the 10th century ce. white or red seeds (nuts).
While coffee drinking formed part of Sufi prayer Habitat & Cultivation Native to West
Coconut palms have spread across the tropical regions of the rituals, being taken to enable longer, more ecstatic Africa, kola nut is cultivated widely in the tropics,
192 globe. The oil has antimicrobial properties. prayer through the night, coffee gradually became especially in Nigeria, Brazil, and the West Indies.
Commiphora mukul
The seeds are harvested when ripe and dried been used to reduce back pressure in the veins, other medicinal plants
which in turn helps prevent the formation or
in the sun. Meadow saffron is an worsening of hemorrhoids and varicose veins.
Parts Used Seeds. attractive yet highly toxic As an astringent, stone root contracts the inner
Constituents Kola nut contains up to lining of the intestines, and can be helpful in treating
2.5% caffeine (generally higher than coffee), herb, requiring great disorders of the digestive system such as irritable
caution in usage. It is a bowel syndrome and mucous colitis. The fresh leaves
theobromine, tannins, phlobaphene, and an well-established remedy or roots of stone root are applied as a poultice to
bruises and sores.
anthocyanin. for treating gout.
History & Folklore Chewed for their Commiphora mukul (Burseraceae)
digestive, tonic, and aphrodisiac properties, kola
Guggul
nuts have been an integral part of western and
Description Spiny shrub or tree, growing to 61⁄2
central African life for thousands of years. Kola ft (2 m), with oval, serrated leaves, brownish-red
flowers, and red fruits. Guggul, the gum resin
nuts are used in huge quantities today to flavor obtained from the bark, forms pale yellow to
brown “tears” on the stems.
soft drinks. Habitat & Cultivation Guggul thrives in dry,
Medicinal Actions & Uses Kola nut semi-arid and desert environments across much
stimulates the central nervous system and the body of the Indian sub-continent and the Middle East.
Parts Used Gum resin.
as a whole. It increases alertness and muscular Constituents Guggul is an oleo-gum resin, its
main active constituents being fat-soluble steroids
strength, counters lethargy, and has been used (guggulipids), in particular guggulsterones E and Z.
History & Folklore Early Ayurvedic texts
extensively both in western African and Anglo- describe guggul as being effective in treating
obesity. This has led to research into whether the
American herbal medicine as an antidepressant, gum resin might be useful for problems associated
with fat metabolism, such as raised blood
particularly during recovery from chronic illness. cholesterol levels.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Guggul has
Like coffee (Coffea arabica, preceding entry), kola anti-inflammatory, blood-thinning, and
cholesterol-lowering activity, and—true to
is used to treat headaches and migraine. It is ancient understanding of the herb—can be
helpful in treating obesity. In Ayurveda, guggul
diuretic and astringent, and may be taken for is principally used to treat arthritic problems, such
as osteoarthritis, though it is also considered to
diarrhea and dysentery. have tonic and rejuvenating properties. As a result
Related Species C. nitida, which grows in of research in the 1980s and 1990s, guggul is
Africa, Brazil, and the West Indies, is used in the now most commonly used to lower raised blood
cholesterol levels and to improve blood fat
same fashion. profiles in general. It reduces the stickiness of
Cautions Do not take if suffering from high platelets and thins the blood, and may have a
blood pressure, peptic ulcers, or palpitations. protective activity on the heart. Guggul is also
useful in the treatment of acne. The normal dose
Colchicum autumnale (Liliaceae) been successfully treated with meadow saffron, of guggulipid extract is 1–1.5 g a day (equivalent 193
and the plant has also been used with some to 50–75 mg of guggulsterones).
Meadow Saffron success to treat Behcet’s syndrome, a chronic Research Extensive research has shown that
disease marked by recurring ulcers and leukemia. the guggulipids have anti-inflammatory and
Description Attractive perennial growing from Taken internally, the herb has significant side effects antiarthritic activity and prevent or reverse raised
a bulb-like corm to 4 in (10 cm). Has pointed even at low dosage. Externally, it is applied to blood cholesterol levels. In several clinical trials,
relieve neuralgia and itchiness. patients showed an average fall in cholesterol
lance-shaped leaves and tubular 6-petaled pink RQCautions This herb is highly toxic. Use levels of about 12%, and in triglycerides of about
only under professional supervision. Do not use 14%. The overall blood-fat profile was also shown
flowers in autumn. during pregnancy. Meadow saffron is subject to to improve. Some clinical trials recorded weight
Habitat & Cultivation Common in Europe legal restrictions in some countries. loss for patients taking guggulipids.
and North Africa, meadow saffron grows wild in Caution Avoid if breastfeeding.
Collinsonia canadensis (Lamiaceae)
woods and damp meadows. It is also cultivated.
Stone Root
The corm is gathered in early summer, the seeds
Description Perennial herb growing to 3 ft
in late summer. (1 m). Has a square stem, oval leaves, and clusters
Parts Used Corm, seeds. of greenish-yellow flowers.
Constituents Meadow saffron contains Habitat & Cultivation This herb is native
alkaloids (including colchicine) and flavonoids. to moist woodlands of eastern North America.
The root is dug up in autumn.
Colchicine is anti-inflammatory and is used in Parts Used Root, leaves.
Constituents Stone root contains a volatile oil,
conventional medicine for acute attacks of gout. tannins, and saponins.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Stone root
As it affects cell division it can cause fetal has diuretic and tonic properties, and is chiefly
employed in the treatment of kidney stones. It is
abnormality. It has been used in the laboratory also prescribed to counteract fluid retention. It has
to create new genetic strains.
History & Folklore Meadow saffron was not
used in classical times due to its poisonous nature.
Arabian physicians used it in the Middle Ages to
treat joint pain and gout, but otherwise herbalists
disregarded the plant until the 19th century.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Despite its
toxicity, meadow saffron is considered one of the
best remedies for acute gout pain. Leukemia has
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Conium maCulatum
Conium maculatum (Apiaceae)other medicinal plants Convallaria majalis (Liliaceae) in cases of heart failure, whether due in the long
term to a cardiovascular problem, or to a chronic
Hemlock Lily of the Valley lung problem such as emphysema. Lily of the valley
encourages a failing heart to beat more slowly and
Description Graceful biennial growing to a Description Attractive perennial growing to regularly, and to pump more efficiently, thereby
height of 8 ft (2.5 m). Has slender, red-speckled 9 in (23 cm). Has a pair of elliptical leaves, clusters improving blood flow to the heart itself via the
stems, finely divided leaves, small clusters of white of bell-shaped white flowers on one side of the coronary arteries. It is also diuretic and lowers
flowers, and small seeds that have beaded ridges. stem, and red berries. blood volume. The herb is better tolerated than
Habitat & Cultivation Native to Europe, foxglove, as it does not accumulate within the body
Hemlock is highly poisonous and this herb is also distributed over North America to the same degree. Relatively low doses are
was used for capital punishment. and northern Asia. It is widely cultivated as a required to support heart rate and rhythm, and to
garden plant. The leaves and flowers are increase urine production.
Habitat & Cultivation Commonly found in gathered in late spring as the plant comes QCautions Use only under professional
Europe, hemlock also grows in temperate regions into flower. supervision. Lily of the valley is subject to legal
of Asia and North America. It flourishes in damp Parts Used Leaves, flowers. restrictions in some countries.
meadows, on riverbanks, and in open areas. The Constituents Lily of the valley contains cardiac
seeds are gathered when almost ripe in summer. glycosides, including the cardenolides convallotoxin, Conyza canadensis syn. Erigeron
Parts Used Leaves, seeds. canadensis (Asteraceae)
Constituents Hemlock contains alkaloids, convalloside, convallatoxol, and others, and
mainly coniine, and a volatile oil. Coniine is extremely Canadian Fleabane
toxic and causes congenital deformities. flavonoid glycosides. The cardiac glycosides
History & Folklore Hemlock is notorious Description Erect annual herb growing to 3 ft
as the poison administered as a capital punishment act to strengthen a weakened heart. (1 m). Has narrow, dark green, lance-shaped leaves
in ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher Socrates History & Folklore The herbalist Apuleius, and clusters of small white flower heads that
died in 399 bce after drinking hemlock juice. writing in the 2nd century ce, records that Apollo quickly fade into silky white tufts.
According to an old English tradition, the stems Habitat & Cultivation Native to North
took their color in sympathy with the mark placed gave lily of the valley as a gift to Asclepius, the America, Canadian fleabane is now common
on Cain’s forehead after he murdered Abel. In the in South America and Europe. It thrives on
19th century, hemlock was used in conventional god of healing. In the 16th century, the herbalist uncultivated and recently cleared land, often
medicine as a painkiller. invading in large swaths. It is gathered from
Medicinal Actions & Uses In extremely John Gerard had the following to say about its the wild when in flower.
small quantities, hemlock is sedative and analgesic; Parts Used Aerial parts.
in larger doses it causes paralysis and death. Rarely therapeutic value: “The flowers of the valley lillie Constituents Canadian fleabane contains
used today, it has been prescribed in the past as a a volatile oil (including limonene, terpineol,
treatment for epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and distilled with wine, and drunke to the quantitie of and linalool), flavonoids, terpenes, plant
Sydenham’s chorea. Hemlock has also been used acids, and tannins.
to treat acute cystitis. a spoonful, restore speech unto those that have
RCautions Do not take internally. Use externally
only under professional supervision. Hemlock is the dumb palsie and that are fallen into apoplexy,
194 subject to legal restrictions in many countries.
and are good against the gout, and comfort
the heart.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses Lily of the
valley is used by European herbalists in
place of common foxglove (Digitalis
purpurea, p. 202). Both herbs
have a profound effect
Lily of the valley encourages
a regular heartbeat and
acts as a strong diuretic.
Canadian fleabane was used both ritually and medicinally by
Native North Americans.
Coriandrum sativum
History & Folklore In traditional North Coptis chinensis (Ranunculaceae) problems and also to treat ulcers and tumors other medicinal plants
American herbal medicine, Canadian fleabane in the mouth.
was boiled to make steam for sweat lodges, Huang Lian (Chinese), Medicinal Actions & Uses A strongly bitter 195
taken as a snuff to stimulate sneezing during tonic, goldthread has been prescribed in the North
the course of a cold, and burned to create a Chinese Goldthread American tradition principally for indigestion and
smoke that warded off insects–hence its stomach weakness, though it has also come under
common name. Description Perennial herb growing to 20 in consideration as a treatment for peptic ulcers, and
Medicinal Actions & Uses An astringent (50 cm). Has basal leaves and small whitish-green has been applied as a wash for vaginal yeast
herb, Canadian fleabane is taken for flowers. infection. Goldthread has been used as a
gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea and Habitat & Cultivation This herb is native mouthwash, gargle, or lotion for mouth ulcers,
dysentery. A decoction of Canadian fleabane is to the mountains of China, and is most commonly sore lips, and throats. The herb’s constituents (and
reportedly a very effective treatment for bleeding cultivated in Szechwan province. The root is dug to some degree its actions) are similar to those of
hemorrhoids. The herb is occasionally used as a up in autumn. goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, p. 105) and it has
diuretic for bladder problems, to clear toxins in Part Used Root. been used as a substitute for this herb.
rheumatic conditions, and to treat gonorrhea and Constituents Huang lian contains isoquiniline Related Species Huang lian (C. chinensis,
other genitourinary diseases. alkaloids, including berberine, coptisine, and preceding entry) is a close relative that has
Related Species The Philadelphia fleabane worenine. Berberine is antibacterial, amebicidal, similar actions.
(E. philadelphicus) was used by the Houma as and antidiarrheal. QCautions Use only under professional
a treatment for menstrual problems. E. affinis, a Medicinal Actions & Uses A bitter-tasting supervision. Do not take during pregnancy.
Mexican relative, is used to make a tooth powder herb, huang lian is given in the Chinese herbal
and to treat toothache. tradition as a decoction to “clear heat” and “dry Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae)
dampness,” relieving fever, red and sore eyes, and
Copaifera spp. (Fabaceae) sore throats. The herb is particularly helpful for Coriander,
diarrhea and dysentery, and has been used to quell
Copaiba vomiting. Skin problems such as acne, boils, Cilantro
abscesses, and burns are also treated with huang
Description Evergreen trees growing to lian. Like the root of goldthread (C. trifolia, see Description Strongly aromatic annual growing
59 ft (18 m). Have compound leaves and small following entry), huang lian is taken as a gargle for to 20 in (50 cm). Has finely cut upper leaves
yellow flowers. mouth and tongue ulcers, and for swollen gums (known as cilantro), small white or pink flowers,
Habitat & Cultivation Copaiba is native to and toothache. and rounded seeds (coriander) in beige seed coats.
tropical South America, and also found in southern Research In a Chinese trial, 30 patients with
Africa. Oleoresin, a blend of volatile oil and resin tuberculosis were given huang lian, and all of them Coriander was used as a digestive aid and a treatment for
often also referred to as copaiba, is obtained by showed marked improvement in their symptoms. measles in 6th-century China.
drilling holes in the trunk. QCautions Use only under professional
Part Used Oleoresin. supervision. Do not take during pregnancy. Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern
Constituents The oleoresin contains a volatile Europe and western Asia, the herb is cultivated
oil (30–90%), which in turn contains alpha- and beta- Coptis trifolia (Ranunculaceae) throughout the world. The seeds are gathered
caryophyllene, sesquiterpenes, resins, and ripe in late summer.
terpenic acids. Goldthread Parts Used Seeds, essential oil, leaves.
History & Folklore Copaiba was used by Constituents Coriander contains up to
native Brazilians long before the arrival of Description Perennial growing to 6 in (15 cm). 1.5% volatile oil, consisting mainly of delta-linalool
Europeans. In 1625, the Portuguese monk Manoel Has a slender golden root, 3-lobed leaves, and single (at around 70%), alpha-pinene and terpinine. It
Tristaon observed that it was employed to heal small white flowers. also contains flavonoids, coumarins, phthalides,
wounds and remove scars. Habitat & Cultivation Native to eastern and phenolic acids.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Antiseptic, North America from Labrador to Tennessee,
diuretic, and stimulant, copaiba is still used this herb prefers damp sites. The rhizome is dug
extensively in Brazil. Chiefly employed to counter up in autumn.
mucus in the chest and genitourinary system, it Part Used Rhizome.
irritates the mucous membranes and promotes Constituents Goldthread contains isoquiniline
the coughing up of mucus. A solution or tincture alkaloids (including berberine and coptisine).
of copaiba may be taken for bronchitis, chronic History & Folklore Though little used in
cystitis, diarrhea, and hemorrhoids. Eczema herbal medicine today, goldthread was once highly
and other skin diseases reportedly benefit valued. In a book recounting his travels in North
from its application. America, published in 1779, Jonathan Carver states
Related Species Several of the 40 Copaifera that the plant “was greatly esteemed both by the
species yield a medicinal oleoresin. Indians and the colonists as a remedy for any
QCaution Copaiba is toxic in overdose. Use soreness in the mouth.” The Montagnais used
only under professional supervision. a decoction of the root for problems associated
with the mouth, lips, and eyes. The Menominee
used the plant as a gargle for children’s throat
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Cornus offiCinalis
History & Folklore Coriander has been used and the bark of common dogwood (C. sanguinea) Croton spp. (Euphorbiacea)
throughout Asia, northern Africa, and Europe for are used as astringents and to relieve fever. The Dragon’s Blood,
other medicinal plants well over 2,000 years. It is listed in the Ebers papyrus American boxwood (C. florida) was used by
(dating to about 1500 bce), and apparently was Native Americans as a fever remedy. Sangre de Drago
much employed in ancient Egypt. The herb reached
China during the Han Dynasty (202 bce–220 ce). Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) Description Fast-growing tree reaching 49 ft
Pliny (23–79 ce) describes its use “for spreading (15 m) in height. It has large, heart-shaped leaves
sores … diseased testes, burns, carbuncles, and Sea Fennel,
sore ears, fluxes of the eyes, too, if woman’s milk and greenish-white flowers.
be added.” Samphire Habitat & Cultivation Dragon’s blood
Medicinal Actions & Uses Coriander is is a rainforest tree native to northwestern
more often used as a spice than as a medicine. Description Maritime herb growing to a height
Nevertheless, an infusion of the herb is a gentle of 2 ft (60 cm). Has long, succulent, bright green Amazonia (from Bolivia to Colombia), preferring
remedy for flatulence, bloating, and cramps. It leaves and clusters of small yellowish-green flowers.
settles spasms within the gut and counters the Habitat & Cultivation Sea fennel grows on riverbanks and sites with disturbed soil. It is
effects of nervous tension. Coriander is also the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea coasts of
chewed to sweeten the breath, especially after Europe and Asia Minor. It is found on rocks and cliffs cultivated by the indigenous peoples there as
consumption of garlic (Allium sativum, p. 59). close to the sea, and gathered in early summer.
Coriander seed has been used as an expectorant Parts Used Aerial parts. an environmentally sustainable crop.
to treat coughs and bronchitis, and in traditional Parts Used Latex, sap, resin (fresh or dried), bark.
Middle Eastern medicine it is taken to calm Constituents Key constituents within dragon’s
anxiety and aid sleep. The ground seed is blood include proanthocyanidins, mono- and
applied externally as a rub for rheumatic pain.
In Europe, it has traditionally been thought diterpenes, an alkaloid (taspine), and a lignan
to possess aphrodisiac properties.
Caution Do not take coriander essential (dimethylcedrusine). Many constituents, notably
oil internally.
taspine and dimethyldedrusine, have potent
anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties.
Taspine also has cancer-fighting and antiviral activity.
History & Folklore Dragon’s blood derives its
name from the deep red sap or latex that oozes
from the tree when the bark is cut. A prized
rainforest medicine, the latex is applied to wounds,
fractures, skin infections, and insect bites. Internally,
it is taken to treat diarrhea and dysentery,
Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) Sea fennel is rich in vitamin C and minerals. stomach ulcers, viral infections, and as a vaginal
bath before and following childbirth. The first
Shan Zhu Yu Constituents Sea fennel contains a volatile oil, written record of its use was in 1653 (Bernabe
pectin, vitamins (especially vitamin C), and minerals. Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo).
Description Deciduous tree reaching 13 ft (4 m) History & Folklore A much-valued herb in Medicinal Actions & Uses Dragon’s blood is
with glossy elliptical leaves and bright red oval the past, sea fennel fell into disfavor but is slowly a first-rate wound healer and has been described
becoming popular again as a vegetable, either as a “liquid bandage.” Tissue healing and repair is
berries. pickled or eaten fresh. The English herbalist John strongly stimulated, while the chances of infection
Habitat & Cultivation Native to China, Gerard described it in 1597 as “the pleasantest developing in open wounds and sores is minimized
Japan, and Korea, this tree is cultivated in central sauce, most familiar, and best agreeing with man’s due to the marked antiseptic action of the latex
body, both for the digestion of meates, breaking of and its ability to seal off the wound from the open
and eastern China. The fruit is harvested when stone, and voiding of gravel.” air. The latex (fresh or dried) is a key remedy for
Medicinal Actions & Uses Though it is herpes, including shingles and genital herpes, and
ripe in autumn. currently little used in herbal medicine, sea fennel is a fungal skin infections. Taken internally, it helps to
Part Used Fruit. good diuretic, and it has potential as a treatment for treat and prevent gastrointestinal infection and
Constituents Shan zhu yu contains an iridoid obesity. Sea fennel has a high vitamin C and mineral peptic ulcers, and to control diarrhea in conditions
glycoside (verbenalin), saponins, and tannins. content, and is thought to relieve flatulence and such as ulcerative colitis. A patent U.S. medicine
soothe the digestion. In this, the plant resembles its (Crofelemer) derived from dragon’s blood is
Verbenalin produces a mild tonic effect on the licensed for the treatment of chronic diarrhea,
typically in patients with HIV.
involuntary nervous system, especially that Related Species C. lecheri is most commonly
used to make dragon’s blood, although similar
governing the digestive system. Croton species grow in Central America. C. flavens
History & Folklore Listed in the 1st-century ce (Yellow balsam), a traditional Mayan and Aztec
Divine Husbandman’s Classic (Shen’nong Bencaojing), remedy, is used for fever and infections, and as a
wound salve. Dragon trees, such as the Socotra
shan zhu yu is one of the constituents of the “Pill of
Eight Ingredients,” used to “warm up and
invigorate the yang of the loins.”
Medicinal Actions & Uses As an herb that
“stabilizes and binds,” shan zhu yu is used principally
to reduce heavy menstrual bleeding and unusually
active secretions, including copious sweating,
excessive urine, spermatorrhea (involuntary
discharge of semen), and premature ejaculation. inland namesake, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, p. 212). dragon tree (Dracaena cinnabari), are desert trees
Related Species Several Cornus species are Glasswort (Salicornia europeae), also known as and unrelated to dragon’s blood, though some also
used medicinally around the world. In Europe, samphire, is an unrelated coastal plant with a high produce a red latex.
196 the fruit and bark of the cornelian cherry (C. mas) mineral content and is commonly eaten as a vegetable. Caution Can permanently stain clothing.
Cupressus sempervirens
Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) relatively high levels of selenium, a mineral with Cupressus sempervirens other medicinal plants
important antioxidant and anticancer activity in (Cupressaceae)
Pumpkin the body. Cucurbitin repels intestinal worms, and the
sterols are anti-inflammatory. Research suggests Cypress
Description Annual plant with twining stems, that pumpkin seed is effective in helping reduce
lobed leaves, yellow flowers, and large orange fruit. benign enlargement of the prostate gland (BPH), Description Evergreen tree growing to 100 ft
Habitat & Cultivation Probably native to due to both the hormonal influence of the sterols (30 m). Has tiny dark green leaves, and male and
North America, pumpkin is now found worldwide. and this anti-inflammatory activity. In one clinical female cones.
It is harvested in autumn. trial pumpkin seeds were combined with saw Habitat & Cultivation Native to Turkey
Parts Used Seeds, pulp. palmetto (Serenoa repens, p. 136) to treat BPH: and cultivated in the Mediterranean, this herb
Constituents Pumpkin seeds contain a fixed oil those taking the herbal extract showed improved is gathered in spring.
(30–50%), which is mostly linoleic acid (43–56%) urine flow and reduced frequency of urination. Parts Used Cones, branches, essential oil.
and oleic acid (24–38%). The oil also contains Constituents Cypress contains a volatile oil
protein (31–51%), sterols, cucurbitin, vitamin E, Cuminum cyminum (Apiaceae) (with pinene, camphene, and cedrol) and tannins.
beta-carotene, and minerals (4–5%), including History & Folklore Ancient Greeks took
significant levels of iron, zinc, and selenium. Cumin the cones, mashed and steeped in wine, to treat
History & Folklore The pumpkin has been dysentery, the coughing up of blood, asthma,
much used as a medicine in Central and North Description Small annual growing to 1 ft and coughs.
America. The Maya applied the sap of the plant Medicinal Actions & Uses Applied
to burns, the Menominee used the seeds as a (30 cm). Has long, narrow segmented leaves, externally as a lotion or as a diluted essential oil,
diuretic, and European settlers ground and mixed cypress astringes varicose veins and hemorrhoids,
the seeds with water, milk, or honey to make a clusters of pink or white flowers, and small tightening up the blood vessels. A footbath of
remedy for worms. This practice became so the cones is used to cleanse the feet and counter
widespread in homes across North America that oblong ridged fruits. excessive sweating. Taken internally, cypress acts
the medical profession eventually adopted it as a as an antispasmodic and general tonic, and is
standard treatment. Habitat & Cultivation Cumin is native to prescribed for whooping cough, the spitting up
Medicinal Actions & Uses Pumpkin has of blood, and spasmodic coughs.
been used mostly as a safe and effective deworming Egypt and widely cultivated in southern Europe Colds, flu, and sore throats,
agent, particularly in children and pregnant women and rheumatic aches and
for whom strong-acting and toxic preparations are and Asia. The seeds are gathered when ripe in pains, also benefit from
inappropriate. It is thought most effective in this remedy.
removing tapeworms. The seeds are diuretic and late summer. Caution Do not take
tonic to the bladder, and they have distinct value in the essential oil internally
treating the early stages of prostate enlargement. Parts Used Seeds. without professional
The fruit pulp is used as a decoction to relieve Constituents supervision.
intestinal inflammation and is applied as a poultice
or plaster for burns. Cumin seeds contain Cypress has properties
Research Pumpkin seeds’ range of medicinal and similar to those of
nutritional compounds ensures that they have great 2–5% volatile oil, witch hazel.
value as a “natural” food supplement. A good
dietary source of zinc, the seeds also contain which consists of
Pumpkin was a popular medicinal plant in the Americas; 25–35% aldehydes,
its seeds are still used to treat worms.
pinene, and alpha-
terpineol. The seeds
also contain flavonoids. Seeds
History & Folklore
A popular spice and medicinal herb in ancient
Egypt, cumin was used for illnesses of the
digestive system, for chest conditions and coughs,
as a painkiller, and to treat rotten teeth. The
herb is mentioned in the Old Testament and was
widely used in the Middle Ages. It has declined
in popularity since that time, although it is still
frequently used in contemporary Egyptian
herbal medicine. In cooking, cumin is an
ingredient that is found in many Chinese,
Indian, and Middle Eastern recipes, especially
curries and pickles.
Medicinal Actions & Uses Cumin, like
its close relatives caraway (Carum carvi, p. 184)
and anise (Pimpinella anisum, p. 248), relieves
flatulence and bloating, and stimulates the entire
digestive process. It reduces abdominal gases and
distension and relaxes the gut. In Indian herbal
medicine, cumin is used for insomnia, colds and
fevers, and, mixed into a paste with onion juice,
has been applied to scorpion stings. The seeds
can be taken to improve breast-milk production–
a role it shares with fennel seeds (Foeniculum
vulgare, p. 212). 197
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CurCuma zedoaria
Curcuma zedoaria Culpeper similarly recommended it “to purge Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae)
other medicinal plants (Zingiberaceae) black or burnt choler.” Culpeper further states Quince
that dodder plucked off thyme is the most
Zedoary efficacious, making the interesting point that the Description Deciduous tree growing to 26 ft
parasite’s medicinal benefits are determined in (8 m). Has green-grey oval leaves, pink or white
Description Perennial herb with large, tapering, part by its host.
elliptical leaves, pink or yellow flowers, and an Medicinal Actions & Uses In line with its flowers, and yellow, pear-shaped sweet-smelling fruit.
traditional use to purge black bile, dodder is still Habitat & Cultivation Native to southwest
aromatic, pale yellow root. considered a valuable, though little-used, herb for and central Asia, quince has become naturalized
Habitat & Cultivation Zedoary is a common problems affecting the liver and gallbladder. It is
Indian and East Asian plant. It is cultivated in India, thought to support liver function and is taken for in Europe, especially in the Mediterranean region.
jaundice. Dodder has a mildly laxative effect, and is
Bangladesh, Indonesia, China, and Madagascar. also taken for urinary problems. It grows in damp, rich soils in hedges and copses.
Part Used Rhizome. Related Species Greater dodder (C. europaea)
Constituents Zedoary contains a volatile oil, and flax dodder (C. epilinum) may be used in the The fruit is harvested when ripe in autumn.
sesquiterpenes, curcumemone, curcumol, and same way as C. epithymum. C. reflexa is employed in Parts Used Fruit, seeds.
Ayurvedic medicine to treat difficulty in urinating, Constituents The fruit contains tannin,
curdione. Curcumol and curdione have cancer- jaundice, muscle pain, and coughs. pectin, and fruit acids; the seeds contain about
fighting properties. 20% mucilage, cyanogenic glycosides (including
Medicinal Actions & Uses An aromatic,
bitter digestive stimulant, zedoary is used in much amygdalin), fixed oil, and tannins.
History & Folklore The quince has long been
the same way as ginger (Zingiber officinale, p. prized as a fruit and medicine in Greece and the
155)—to relieve indigestion, nausea, flatulence, eastern Mediterranean. It was used as an astringent
and bloating, and generally to improve digestion. Cyanopsis tetragonoloba in the time of Hippocrates (460–377 bce).
(Fabaceae) Dioscorides (40–90 ce) records a recipe for quince
The rhizome is used in China to treat certain types oil, which was applied to itchy and infected wounds
Guar Gum and spreading sores. In northerly climates, quince is
of tumors. often cooked to make a preserve. The English word
Research In trials carried out in China, zedoary
was found to reduce cervical cancer, and
increase the cancer-killing effects of radiotherapy Description Erect annual growing to 2 ft (60 cm), “marmalade,” meaning citrus fruit jam, comes from
and chemotherapy. with hairy 3-lobed leaves, small purple flowers, and the Portuguese word for quince, marmelo.
Related Species In Chinese herbal medicine, fleshy seed pods. Medicinal Actions & Uses The great
zedoary is often substituted for turmeric Habitat & Cultivation Native to the Indian astringency of the unripe fruit makes it useful as
(C. longa, p. 90). subcontinent, guar gum is cultivated extensively a remedy for diarrhea, one that is particularly
in India and Pakistan. The seed pods are harvested safe for children. The fruit and its juice can also
Cuscuta epithymum when ripe in summer. be taken as a mouthwash or gargle to treat canker
(Convolvulaceae) Parts Used Pods, seeds. sores, gum problems, and sore
Constituents Guar gum contains about throats. When cooked,
Dodder, 86% water-soluble mucilage, comprising much of the fruit’s
mainly galactomannan. astringency is lost;
Hellweed, Devil’s Guts History & Folklore Guar gum is a quince syrup is
viscous substance made from ground guar recommended as a
Description Leafless parasitic plant. Has pleasant, mildly astringent,
seed mixed with water. It has been
threadlike stems, which are usually yellow-red in used as a filter in the mining digestive drink. The seeds contain
color, and small, scented, pale pink flowers. industry, in paper manufacturing, significant quantities of mucilage
Habitat & Cultivation Dodder grows and in cosmetics. and are helpful both in
throughout Europe, Asia, and southern Africa. It Medicinal Actions & treating bronchitis and
prefers coastal and mountainous regions, and is Uses Guar gum is an
gathered in summer. effective bulk laxative, as a bulk laxative.
Caution Do not use the
Parts Used Aerial parts.
similar in action to seeds except under
Constituents Dodder contains flavonoids psyllium (Plantago professional supervision.
(including kaempferol and quercitin), and ovata, p. 123). It delays Quince
hydroxycinnamic acid. the emptying of the
History & Folklore Dodder has always stomach and thus slows down absorption of Cymbopogon citratus
been an unpopular country plant. It is also known carbohydrates. As this appears to help stabilize (Graminaceae)
blood-sugar levels, guar gum may prove useful in
as hellweed and devil’s guts, due to its tendency to prediabetic conditions and in the early stages of Lemon Grass
type 2 diabetes. Research also indicates that
overrun and strangle the plant on which it feeds.
This host can be thyme (Thymus vulgaris, p. 143),
gorse (Ulex europeaus), or a crop such as beans. guar gum lowers cholesterol levels. In Indian Description Sweetly scented grass growing in
Dodder does, however, have medicinal benefits. medicine, guar seed is a laxative and a large clumps up to 5 ft (1.5 m). Has narrow leaf
In his Materia Medica, Dioscorides (1st century ce) digestive tonic. blades and branched stalks of flowers.
notes its use in classical times in combination Caution Do not exceed the dose. Guar gum Habitat & Cultivation Native to southern
with honey to purge “black bile” and to lift a can cause flatulence, abdominal distension, and India and Sri Lanka, lemon grass is now cultivated
198 melancholy humor. In 1652, the herbalist Nicholas intestinal obstruction. in tropical regions around the world.
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Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine
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