विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि कक्षा ९

!% /f;folgs k|ltljm| of
(Chemical Reaction)

sfutLsf] /; ld;fpbF f bw' kmf6\g,' kmnfddf lvof nfUg', sf7 bfp/f hnfpbF f v/fgL aGg',
bw' af6 bxL aGg' cflb /f;folgs kl/jt{g xg' \ eGg] s/' f xfdLn] cluNnf] sIffdf kl9;SofF} .
oL ;a} /f;folgs kl/jtg{ kl5 Pp6f kbfya{ f6 leGg u'0f;lxtsf] gofF kbfy{ lgdf0{ f xG' 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu tnsf lj|mofsnfk u/f}F .

ljm| ofsnfk 15.1
cfwf lunf; hlt bw' lngx' f;] \ . pSt bw' df bO' r{ f/ yf]kf sfutLsf] /; /fv]/ sx] La]/ rDrfn]
3fN] gx' f];\ . ca klxns] f] bw' df / clxns] f] b'wdf s] kl/jtg{ eof] /fd|f;] Fu x]//] eGg'xf];\ .
pSt bw' sf] b'O{rf/ yfk] fnfO{ rDrfdf /fv]/ rfVgx' f;] \ . s] klxns] f] b'wsf] / clxn]sf] b'wsf]
:jfb p:t} 5, atfpgx' f;] \ .

/f;folgs kl/jt{g x'g] jm| ddf kbfys{ f k/df0fx' ¿lar ;f6km] /, ;ªu\ 7g jf lj36g kl| jm| of x'G5 .
oxL k|ljm| ofnfO{ /f;folgs kl| tljm| of elgG5 . ctM /f;folgs kl/jt{gsf] j|mddf kbfy{x¿sf
k/df0fx' ¿lar x'g] ;ªu\ 7g, ;f6km] / jf lj36g kl| jm| ofnfO{ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof elgG5, h:t} M

1. xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F + clS;hg UofF; → kfgL

-xfO8«f]hg / clS;hgsf k/df0fx' ¿lar ;ª\u7g_

2. SoflN;od sfafg]{ 6] → SoflN;od cS;fO8 ± sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8

-SoflN;od sfafg{] 6] sf] lj36g_

3. DofUg]l;od ± xfO8f« S] nf]l/s cDn → DofUg]l;od Snf/] fO8 ± xfO8f« h] g Uof;F

-DofUg]l;od / xfO8«fS] nf]l/s cDnlar ;f6k]m/ _

k|ltljm| of/t kbfy{x¿ / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿ (Reactants and products)

tnsf] /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof x/] f}F / sg' sg' kbfy{ ldn/] sg' kbfy{ ag]sf] 5, 5nkmn u/fF} M

xfO8f« ]hg UofF; + clS;hg Uof;F → kfgL

dflysf] /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofdf xfO8«fh] g / clS;hg Uof;F nfO{ k|ltljm| of u/fpbF f kfgL ag]sf] 5 .
pSt /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofdf efu lng] xfO8«fh] g / clS;hg Uof;F x¿ k|ltljm| of/t kbfy{ xg' \ .
o;} u/L pSt /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofaf6 aGg] kfgLnfO{ pTkflbt kbfy{ elgG5 . ctM /f;folgs
kl| tljm| ofdf efu lng] kbfyn{ fO{ kl| tljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿ (reactants) elgG5 eg] k|ltljm| ofsf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k k|fKt kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿ (products) elgG5 .

248 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

;f]l8od ± Snf]l/g → ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8

-kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿_ -pTkflbt kbfy_{

/f;folgs ;dLs/0f (Chemical equation)

ljm| ofsnfk 15.2
Pp6f kl/If0f gnLdf cfwfeGbf yf]/} lkmSsf xfO8f« S] nf]l/s cDn lngx' f];\ . pSt xfO8f« S] nfl] /s
cDndf Pp6f ;fgf] lhª\ssf] 6j' |mf /fv/] x]gx'{ f];\ .

1. o; kl| tljm| ofdf kl| tljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿ sg' s'g x'g\ <

2. /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof kl5 s] s] kbfy{ { aGb5g\ / pSt kl| tljm| ofnfO{ s;/L k:| tt'
ul/G5, lzIfsnfO{ ;f]Wgx' f;] \ .

lhª\ssf] 6j' m| fnfO{ lkmSsf xfO8«fS] nfl] /s cDndf /fVbf lhª\s Snf/] fO8 / xfO8f« h] g UofF; aGg]
s'/f lj|mofsnfk 15.2 af6 yfxf xG' 5 . pSt /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofnfO{ lgDgks| f/n] k:| tt' ug{
;lsG5 M

lhªs\ ± xfO8f« S] nfl] /s cDn → lhª\s Snf/] fO8 ± xfO8«fh] g Uof;F

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
/f;folgs kl| tlj|mof hgfpg] ;dLs/0fnfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 . /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf
k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿ af0f lrx\gsf] afofFlt/ n]lvG5 eg] pTkflbt kbfy{x¿ af0f lrxg\ sf]
bfoflF t/ nl] vG5 . dfly lhª\s / xfO8f« S] nfl] /s cDnlarsf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f b]vfOPsf] 5 .
oxfF lhªs\ / xfO8f« ]Snf]l/s cDn kl| tljm| of/t kbfy{ xg' \ eg] lhªs\ Snf/] fO8 / xfO8f« h] g Uof;F
pTkflbt kbfy{x¿ xg' \ . /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf ;+nUg xg' ] / k|ltlj|mof kl5 aGg] kbfyx{ ¿nfO{
zAb jf ;q" x¿åf/f k|:tt' ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f (chemical equation) elgG5 .

zAb ;dLs/0f (Word equation)

tnsf /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofnfO{ x]/f}F M

xfO8f« ]hg ± clS;hg → kfgL

o; /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf xfO8«f]hg / clS;hg ldn/] kfgL ags] f] 5 . pSt k|ltlj|mofnfO{
zAbaf6 k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 . ctM /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofdf ;+nUg x'g] / k|ltljm| ofkl5 aGg]
kbfy{x¿nfO{ zAbåf/f k:| t't ug{] tl/sfnfO{ zAb ;dLs/0f (word equation) elgG5 .

;q" ;dLs/0f (Formula equation)
tnsf] /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofnfO{ x]/fF} M
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
o; /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofdf DofUgl] ;od / clS;hg ldn/] DofUg]l;od cS;fO8 ags] f] 5 . pSt

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 249

kl| tlj|mofnfO{ tŒj tyf ofl} ussf ;ª\s]t;lxtsf] ;q" af6 k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 . ctM /f;folgs
k|ltlj|mofdf ;n+ Ug xg' ] / k|ltljm| of kl5 aGg] kbfy{x¿nfO{ ;ªs\ t] / ;"qaf6 k:| t't ug{]
tl/sfnfO{ ;"q ;dLs/0f (formula equation) elgG5 .

c;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f (Unbalanced chemical equation)

tn lbOPsf /f;folgs ;lds/0fdf kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{sf k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof / pTkflbt
kbfy{df ;f]xL tŒjsf k/df0fx' ¿sf] ;ªV\ of u0fgf u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M

1. Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

tŒj kl| tlj|mof/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
lhª\s
xfO8«f]hg 11
Snfl] /g
12

12

o; ;dLs/0fdf afoflF t/ / bfoflF t/ lhª\ssf] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ 5 t/ xfO8f« h] g / Snfl] /gsf]
;ªV\ of a/fa/ 5}g .

2. Mg + O2 → MgO

tŒj k|ltljm| of/t kbfy{df pTkflbt kbfyd{ f
k/df0f' ;ªV\ of k/df0f' ;ªV\ of
DofUg]l;od
clS;hg 1 1

2 1

o; ;dLs/0fdf afoflF t/ / bfoflF t/ DofUgl] ;odsf] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ 5 t/ clS;hgsf]
;ªV\ of a/fa/ 5g} .

3. KClO3 → KCl ± O2

tŒj kl| tlj|mof/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
kf6] fl;Pod
Snf]l/g 1 1
clS;hg
1 1

3 2

o; ;dLs/0fdf afofFlt/ / bfoflF t/ kf6] fl;Pod / Snf]l/gsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5 t/
clS;hgsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ 5g} . o:tf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ c;Gt'lnt /f;folgs
;dLs/0f elgG5 .

250 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

ctM kl| tlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿df efu lng] k|To]s tŒjsf k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ªV\ of / pTkflbt
kbfy{x¿df ;f]xL tŒjsf k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ u/L n]lvPsf] 5}g eg] o:tf] /f;folgs
;dLs/0fnfO{ c;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 . o:tf /f;folgs ;lds/0fx¿nfO{
;Gt'lnt ugk'{ 5{ .

;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f (Balanced chemical equation)

tn lbOPsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ k'gM x]/f}F . oxfF k|ltlj|mof/t kbfys{ f k/df0fx' ¿sf] ;ª\Vof
/ pTkflbt kbfyd{ f ;f]xL tŒjsf k/df0fx' ¿sf] ;ªV\ of u0fgf u/f}F .

1. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

tŒj kl| tljm| of/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfyd{ f
k/df0f' ;ªV\ of k/df0f' ;ª\Vof
lhª\s
xfO8«fh] g 1 1
Snfl] /g
2 2

2 2

o; ;dLs/0fdf afoflF t/ / bfofFlt/ lhªs\ , xfO8«f]hg / Snfl] /g k/df0f'sf] ;ªV\ of a/fa/
5 .

2. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

tŒj k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ªV\ of

DofUgl] ;od 2 2
clS;hg 2
2

o; ;dLs/0fdf afoflF t/ / bfoflF t/ DofUgl] ;od / clS;hg k/df0f'sf] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ 5 .

3. 2KClO3 → 2KCl ± 3O2

tŒj kl| tljm| of/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ªV\ of
kf]6fl;Pod
Snfl] /g 22
clS;hg
22

66

o; ;dLs/0fdf afofFlt/ / bfoflF t/ kf]6fl;Pod, Snf]l/g / clS;hgsf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/
5 . o:tf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 251

ctM k|ltljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿df efu lng] kT| os] tŒjsf k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿df
;fx] L tŒjsf k/df0fx' ¿sf] ;ª\Vof a/fa/ u/L nl] vPsf] 5 eg] o:tf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{
;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f elgG5 . c;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gtl' nt u/L nV] g]
tl/sf tn lbOPsf] 5 M

;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]Vg] tl/sf (method to write balanced chemical equation)

/f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf jm| ddf kbfy{x¿sf] lk08 gi6 x'Fb}g / pTkfbg klg xbF' }g . o;nfO{ lk08
;/+ If0fsf] l;4fGt elgG5 . o;} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt
ul/G5 . /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ;Gtn' g ug{] ;fdfGo ljlw lx6 / 6f« on ljlw (hit and trial method)
xf] . o; ljlwaf6 /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gtl' nt ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M

-s_ ;a}eGbf klxn] /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofnfO{ zAb ;dLs/0fsf ¿kdf JoSt ugk{' b5{ .

-v_ k|ltljm| of/t / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿ kT| os] sf c0f';"q;lxt ;q" ;dLs/0f n]Vg'k5{ .

-u_ /f;folgs ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;Gtn' g ubf{ ;al:j|mK6 (subscript) df ePsf c0f';"qnfO{ kl/jtg{
ug'{x'Fb}g .

-3_ cGTodf b'j}lt/ k/df0f'x¿ a/fa/ x'g] u/L cfjZostfcg;' f/ c0f';"qsf] l7s cufl8
pkoS' t u0' ffªs\ /fv]/ ;dLs/0f ;Gtl' nt ug{'k5{ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu tnsf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f x/] f}“ M

xfO8f« h] g ± clS;hg → kfgL

lbOPsf] zAb ;dLs/0fnfO{ ;"q ;dLs/0fdf n]Vbf,

H2 ± O2 → H2O
o; ;dLs/0fdf ePsf kT| o]s k/df0fn' fO{ uGtL u/]/ sg' rflxF k/df0f'sf] ;ª\Vof c;Gtn' g 5,
kQf nufpg]

tŒj k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyd{ f pTkflbt kbfy{df
k/df0f' ;ª\Vof k/df0f' ;ªV\ of
xfO8f« ]hg
clS;hg 2 2

2 1

oxfF xfO8«f]hgsf] ;ªV\ of afoflF t/ / bfofFlt/ a/fa/ /xs] f] 5 . clS;hgsf] ;ªV\ of afoflF t/ 2
5 eg] bfofFlt/ 1 /x]sf] 5 . afoflF t/ / bfofFlt/ clS;hgsf] ;ªV\ of a/fa/ agfpg kfgLnfO{ 2
n] u'0fg ugk{' b5{ . o;f] ubf{ xfO8«f]hgsf] ;ªV\ of km]l/ c;Gt'lnt x'G5 . kg' M o;nfO{ ;Gtl' nt
ug{ afofFlt/sf] xfO8«fh] gnfO{ 2 n] u'0fg ugk'{ b5{ . o;kl5 /f;folgs ;dLs/0f o;/L n]lvG5 .

2H2 ±O2 → 2H2O

252 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

ca dflysf] /f;folgs ;dLs/0fdf k/df0f'sf] ;ª\Vof lgDgfg;' f/ ePsf] 5 M

tŒj afofFlt/ -kl| tlj|mof/t bfofFlt/ -pTkflbt kbfy{_
kbfy_{ ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof
xfO8f« h] g
clS;hg 4 4

2 2

ca /f;folgs ;dLs/0f ;Gtl' nt ePsf] 5 . ;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0fsf sx] L pbfx/0fx¿
tn lbOPsf 5g\ M

1. SoflN;od sfaf{g] 6] → SoflN;od cS;fO8 ± sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8

CaCO3 → CaO ± CO2
2. xfO8f« h] g k/] f]cS;fO8 → kfgL ± clS;hg

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

3. ;fl] 8od ± Snfl] /g → ;fl] 8od Snf/] fO8

2Na ± Cl2 → 2NaCl
4. Pnl' dlgod ± gfO6f« ]hg → Pnl' dlgod gfO6f« O8

2Al + N2 → 2AlN
5. ;fl] 8od ± clS;hg → ;fl] 8od cS;fO8

4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0faf6 k|fKt xg' ] hfgsf/Lx¿ (information obtained from balanced

chemical equation)

ljm| ofsnfk 15.3
tn lbOPsf] ;Gt'lnt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f cWoog ugx{' f];\ / tnsf kZ| gx¿sf ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
-s_ /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿ / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿ s] s] x'g\ <

-v_ kl| tlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿df slt sltcf6] f k/df0f'x¿ /xs] f 5g\ <

-u_ ;Gtl' nt /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofaf6 yk s] s] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5, xfn] f <

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 253

;Gtl' nt /f;folgs ;dLs/0faf6 lgDglnlvt hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ M

-s_ k|ltljm| of/t kbfyx{ ¿ / pTkflbt kbfyx{ ¿sf] gfd / c0f;' q"

-v_ k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿sf] c0f' / k/df0f'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof

-u_ k|ltlj|mof/t kbfyx{ ¿ / pTkflbt kbfy{x¿sf] c0fx' ¿sf] tf}nsf] cgk' ft

-3_ /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofsf] k|sf/

bl} gs hLjgdf /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofsf] dxŒj (importance of chemical reaction in our daily life)

xfdLn] b}lgs hLjgdf b]v] ef]us] f sx] L 36gfx¿ dfly s]xLa/] ljrf/ u/f,F} h:t} M xfdLn] vfPsf]
vfgf s;/L kR5 xfn] f <, xfdL la/fdL kbf{ vfPsf] cf}ifwLn] s;/L sfd u5{ xf]nf <, bw' af6
bxL s;/L aG5 xf]nf cflb . dflysf ;a} ljm| ofsnfkx¿ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofaf6 ;Dej ePsf
x'g\ . /f;folgs kl| tljm| oflagf xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjg ;Dej x'b}g . xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf k6] df uP/
kRg', pSt vfgfaf6 z/L/sf] a[l4 ljsf; x'g', la/fdL kbf{ cf}ifwL vfP/ l7s x'g', Zjf;kZ| jf;
lj|mofaf6 phf{ lg:sg,' kmf6] f];G] y]l;; ljm| ofaf6 af]6la?jfn] vfgf agfpg,' OGwg hn]/ phf{
lgl:sg', b'waf6 bxL aGg' h:tf cglulGt b}lgs lj|mofsnfkx¿df /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof ePsf]
kfOG5 . olb /f;folgs kl| tljm| of gxg' ] xf] eg] o:tf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ;Dej lyPgg\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofsf] s] dxŒj 5, ;"rL tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

tfkbfos kl| tlj|mof (Exothermic reaction)

ljm| ofsnfk 15.4
-s_ Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf kfgL lngx' f];\ . pSt kfgLdf SoflN;od xfO8«f]cS;fO8 jf ;f]l8od

xfO8f« c] S;fO8sf sx] L 6'jm| fx¿ /fVgx' f;] \ / aflx/af6 5fDgx' f];\ . tftf] jf lr;f] s:tf]
cg'ej ug'e{ of] <

-v_ rg' 9'ªu\ fnfO{ kfgLdf /fVg'xf];\ / s] x'G5 cjnf]sg ug'{xf;] \ . To;kl5 xftn] 5g' 'xf];\ .
tftf] jf lr;f] s] kl/jt{g kfpg'eof,] atfpg'xf];\ .

/f;folgs kl| tlj|mof x'Fbf jl/kl/af6 tfk kf| Kt ug]{ jf tfk pTkGg x'g] cfwf/df logLx¿nfO{ bO' {
efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} Mlj|mofsnfk 15.4 -s_ / -v_ df /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof x'Fbf
tfk pTkGg xG' 5 . o:tf /f;folgs k|ltlj|mofnfO{ tfkbfos k|ltlj|mof (exothermic reaction)
elgG5 . ctM /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof xbF' f tfk pQkGg x'g] kl| tlj|mofnfO{ tfkbfos kl| tlj|mof
elgG5 . vfgfsf] kfrg, sfi] fLo Zjf;kZ| jf;, d}g aQL aNg], kfgL / r'gf ld;fpFbfsf] kl| tljm| of
cflb tfkbfos kl| tljm| of x'g\ .

254 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (

tfkbfos k|ltljm| ofsf yk pbfx/0fx¿

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 + Heat
C + O2 → CO2 + Heat

tfkzf]ifs k|ltlj|mof (Endothermic reaction)

ljm| ofsnfk 15.5

Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf kfgL lng'xf;] \ . pSt k/LIf0f gnLdf a/fa/ dfqfdf Pdfl] god
Snf]/fO8 / ;fl] 8od gfO6«fO8 /fv/] sx] La/] kl5 k/LIf0f gnL] aflx/af6 5fDgx' f;] \ . tftf]
jf lr;f] s:tf] cge' j ug{'eof], atfpg'xf];\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 15.5 df /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof x'Fbf jl/kl/af6 tfkzf]if0f xG' 5 / xfdLn] 5'bF f lr;f]
cge' j u5f}F{ . o:tf /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofnfO{ tfkzfi] fs kl| tlj|mof (endothermic reaction)
elgG5 . ctM /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof xFb' f jl/kl/af6 tfkzf]if0f xg' ] kl| tljm| ofnfO{ tfkzf]ifs
kl| tljm| of elgG5 . kf6] fl;Pod Snf/] 6] af6 clS;hg aGg,] Pdf]lgod Snf/] fO8 / SoflN;od
xfO8«f]cS;fO8af6 Pdf]lgof aGg] cflb tfkzf]ifs k|ltljm| ofsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

tfkzfi] fs k|ltlj|mofsf yk pbfx/0fx¿

2NaCl Heat 2Na + Cl2
N2 + O2 Heat 2NO2

cEof;

!= tn lbOPsf ljsNkx¿af6 ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] sg' ;d"xdf s]jn /f;folgs kl/jt{gsf pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\ <
-c_ sfutLsf] /; ld;fpbF f b'w kmf6\g,' kmnfddf lvof nfUg', kfgLaf6 a/km aGg'
-cf_ sf7 bfp/f hnfpFbf v/fgL aGg', kfgLaf6 afkm aGg', b'waf6 bxL aGg'
-O_ rfdnaf6 eft aGg', d/s] f] hLj sl' xg,' k6] df vfgf kRg'
-O_{ sf7 jf df6faf6 vn] fg} f agfpg,' kmnfddf lvof nfUg,' sfuh hnfpbF f v/fgL aGg'
-v_ /f;folgs kl| tljm| ofsf jm| ddf tnsf dWo] s] s] xG' 5 <
-c_ k/df0f'sf] ;f6km] / -cf_ k/df0fs' f] ;ª\u7g
-O_ c0f'x¿sf] lj36g -O{_ k/df0fl' ar 3if0{ f

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 255

-u_ tnsfdWo] sg' lasNkn] /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof xg' ] kl| jm| ofx¿ hgfpF5 <

-c_ (i), (iii) / (iv) -cf_ (i), (ii) / (iv)

-O_ (ii), (iii) / (iv) -O{_ (i), (ii) / (iii)

-3_ tnsf ck"0f{ /f;folgs k|ltljm| ofdf k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{x¿ s] s] x'G5g\ <

Zn + ……………. → ZnCl2 + H2

-c_ lhª\s / ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8

-cf_ lhª\s / Snf]l/g

-O_ lhª\s / kfgL

-O{_ lhª\s / xfO8«fS] nfl] /s cDn

-ª_ kbfy{ s / v nfO{ cnu cnu k/LIf0f gnLdf /fVbf ;lhn} xftn] ;dfpg ;lsG5
t/ b'j} kbfy{nfO{ Pp6} k/LIf0f gnLdf /fVbf k/LIf0f gnL tft/] xftn] 5g' ;lsbF g} .
o:tf] s] sf/0fn] ePsf] xf]nf <

-c_ tfk zf]ifs k|ltlj|mofsf sf/0fn]

-cf_ tfk bfos kl| tlj|mofsf sf/0fn]

-O_ tfkzf]ifs / tfkbfos b'j} kl| tljm| ofsf sf/0fn]

-O_{ tfkzf]ifs kl5 tfkbfos kl| tlj|mofsf sf/0fn]

@= cGt/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;Gt'lnt / c;Gtl' nt /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof

-v_ tfkbfos / tfkzfi] fs /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof

#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ /f;folgs kl/jtg{ s:tf] ks| f/sf] kl/jtg{ xf] < pSt kl/jtg{ / /f;folgs
kl| tlj|mofsf] kl/efiff lbgx' f];\ .

-v_ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < s'g} Ps pbfx/0faf6 k|:6 kfg'{xf;] \ .

-u_ bO' c{ f6] f las/leq /f;folgs k|ltlso| f eO/xs] f 5g\ . klxnf] las/ 5b'F f w/] } tftf] 5
eg] bf];|f] las/ 5bF' f w/] } lr;f] 5 . pSt las/x¿df s] s:tf /f;folgs kl| tlso| f
eO/xs] f 5g\ pbfx/0f;lxt kl/eflift ugx'{ f;] \ .

-3_ /f;folgs k|ltlj|mof geP xfd|f] bl} gs hLjg c;Dej k|foM xg' ] lyof] eGg] egfOnfO{
/f;folgs kl| tlj|mofsf] dxŒj;uF hf8] /] JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ Pp6f dflg;n] rn' fdf bfp/f afn]/ eft ksfpFb} 5g\ . oxfF ePsf tfkbfos /
tfkzfi] fs /f;folgs k|ltljm| of sg' s'g x'g\ <

256 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (

$= tn lbOPsf zAb ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ ;Gt'lnt ;"q ;dLs/0fdf abNg'xf;] \ M

-s_ gfO8f« ]hg + xfO8«f]hg → Pdfl] gof

-v_ ;f]l8od + clS;hg → ;f]l8od cS;fO8

-u_ SoflN;od + gfO6«f]hg → SoflN;od gfO6«fO8

-3_ SoflN;od sfaf{g] ]6 → sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 + SoflN;od cS;fO8

-ª_ lhª\s + xfO8«fS] nf]l/s Pl;8 → lhª\s Snf/] fO8 + xfO8f« ]hg

-r_ Pnl' dlgod + gfO6«fh] g → Pnl' dlgod gfO6f« O8

-5_ kf]6fl;od + Snfl] /g → kf]6fl;od Snf/] fO8

-h_ xfO8f« ]hg + Snf]l/g → xfO8f« h] g Snf/] fO8

%= tn lbOPsf c;Gt'lnt ;q" ;dLs/0fx¿nfO{ ;Gtl' nt ;"q ;dLs/0f agfO{ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ Na+ O2 → Na2O

-v_ Hg +O2 → HgO

-u_ Ca + N2 → Ca3N2

-3_ Fe + O2 → Fe2O3

-ª_ Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

-r_ HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

-5_ HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O

-h_ HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2+ H2O

^= tn lbOPsf ;q" ;dLs/0fnfO{ k/" f u/L ;Gtl' nt ug'{xf;] \ M

-s_ Fe + CuSO4 → ................ + Cu
-v_ HCl + .............
→ NaCl + H2O
-u_ H2SO4 + NaOH → ............. + H2O
-3_ Na + ............ → Na2O
→ ............
-ª_ Ca + O2
-r_............ + O2 → HgO
-5_ Fe + ...........
→ Fe2O3
-h_...........+ Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
-em_ Al + N2 → .............

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 257

!^ sx] L Uof;“ x¿
(Some gases)

k[YjLnfO{ jl/kl/af6 xfjfn] 9fss] f] txnfO{ jfod' 08n elgG5 . jfo'd08ndf ljleGg lsl;dsf
Uof;“ x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . tnsf] kfOrf6{ x]/f“} / jfo'd08ndf kfOg] ljleGg k|sf/sf Uof“;x¿sf]
cfotgsf] t'ngf u/f}“ M

lrq 16.1 Uof;“ x?sf] rf6{

dflysf] kfOrf6a{ f6 xfdLn] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;S5f} ls jfod' 08nsf] nueu 99 k|ltzt lx:;f
gfO6«f]hg / clS;hgn] cfu] 6s] f] 5 . oL UofF;x¿afx]s sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, xfO8«fh] g, cfu{g,
cfh] fg] cflb Uof;F x¿ klg /x]sf x'G5g\ .

jfod' 08ndf dfq geO{ jg:klt, hLjhGt,' kfgL, vfgf, vlgh kbfy{ cflbdf klg ljleGg
ks| f/sf Uof;F x¿ of}lussf ¿kdf /xs] f xG' 5g\ . oL Uof;F x¿ :jf;kZ| jf;, ks| fz ;+Zni] f0f,
ljleGg ks| f/sf ofl} ussf] lgdf{0f cflbdf ko| fu] x'G5g\ . ef/sf cfwf/df dfgj z/L/sf] nueu
(^ kl| tzt lx:;f hDdf rf/cf6] f tŒjx¿ clS;hg, xfO8f« ]hg, gfO6«f]hg / sfag{ ldn/] ag]sf]
xG' 5 h;dWo] clS;hg, xfO8«f]hg / gfO6«fh] g UofF;x¿ xg' \ . To;sf/0f Uof;F x¿ xfd|f nflu
clt dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . xfdLnfO{ rflxg] UofF;x¿ l;wf jfo'd08naf6 jf cf}Bf]lus lgdf0{ faf6 k|fKt
ub{5f}F . j1} flgs cWoogsf nflu UofF;x¿nfO{ ko| fu] zfnfdf klg lgdf{0f ug]{ ul/G5 .

xfO8f« ]hg Uof;“ (Hydrogen gas)

s] tkfOF{n] ljleGg k|sf/sf dxf]T;jx¿df cfsfzdf p8fPsf a]n'gx¿ b]Vge' Psf] 5 < s] xfdLn]
d'vn] kmn' fPsf an'gx¿ o;} u/L cfsfzdf p85\ g\ < olb p8b\ g} g eg] pSt an'gleq s'g
Uof;F el/Psf] xG' 5, xfn] f <

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIff M sIff ( 261

aD| xf08df kfOg] ;ae} Gbf xn'sf tŒj xfO8f« ]hg xf] . kfgLdf xfO8«fh] g / clS;hg ljleGg
ks| f/sf ofl} usx¿ h:t}M cDn, Iff/, xfO8f« s] fag{ , sfaf{x] fO86] , k|f]l6g cflbsf ¿kdf kfOG5g\ .
;o" n{ ufot tf/fx¿df k;| :t dfqfdf xfO8f« ]hgsf cfO;f6] K;x¿ kfOG5g\ .

k/df0f' ;ª\Vof ;dfg t/ k/df0f' ef/ leGg ePsf tŒjx¿nfO{ cfO;f6] K; elgG5, h:tM}

1H1, 1H2, 1H3

/;fog zf:qL x]g/L Sofel] G8h -Henry Cavendish) n] ;g\ 1893 df xfO8«fh] gnfO{ …kH| jng xfjfÚ
eg]sf lyP . t/ o; Uof;F nfO{ clS;hg;uF aNbf kfgL aGg] ePsfn] NofefO] h/ -Lavoisier) n]
pSt UofF;nfO{ xfO8f« h] g gfdfs/0f u/]sf xg' . xfO8f« ]hgsf] cy{ …kfgL agfpg]Ú cyf{t\ water
producer xf] .

xfO8f« ]hgaf/] sx] L tYo o;ks| f/ lbOPsf] 5 M

;ªs\ ]t kf/df0fljs ;ªV\ of kf/df0fljs ef/ c0f;' "q 3gTj

H 1 1 H2 0.09 kgm-3

k|ofu] zfnfdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; agfpg] tl/sf (Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Gas)

h:tf -Zn_, DofUgl] ;od -Mg_ nufotsf ;lj|mo wft'x¿n] cDndf ePsf] xfO8f« h] gnfO{ lj:yflkt
u/L xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F agfp5F g\ . o;} tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ko| fu] zfnfdf h:tf -Granulated
zinc_ / lkmSsf xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDnlar kl| tljm| of u/fO{ xfO8«fh] g Uof;F agfOG5 . z4' lhª\ssf]
k|ofu] n] kl| tljm| of l9nf] xG' 5 . To;n} ] cz4' lhªs\ ko| f]u ul/G5 . cz'4 lhª\sdf ePsf] cz'4tfn]
pTk]|/ssf] sfd u/L /f;folgs k|ltljm| of l56f] xg' dbt ub{5 .

Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2↑

(zinc) (dil. hydrochloric acid) (zinc chloride) (hydrogen)

ljlw (Method)

k|ofu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk M 1

xfO8«f]hg UofF; agfpg] tl/sf

-s_ Pp6f ;kmf pNkm af]tndf lhª\ssf 6j' |mfx¿ /fVg'xf];\ .

-v_ lrqdf bv] fOP h:t} u/L af]tnsf] Pp6f d'vdf ly;n kmg]n / csf]{ d'vdf 8l] ne/L 6\o'a h8fg
ugx{' f;] \ .

-u_ d'vdf ss{ /fVbf xfjf glgl:sg] u/L aGb ugx'{ f;] \ .

-3_ 8l] ne/L 6\oa' sf] csf{] 5]pnfO{ kfgL ePsf] 6k« mdf 8A' g] u/L /flvPsf] ljxfOe ;]Nkmdf
hf]8g\ 'xf];\ .

-ª_ Pp6f UofF; hf/nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf kfgL e/]/ ljxfOe ;N] km dfly 3fK] 6o\ fpg'xf;] \ .

262 lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIff M sIff (

-r_ ly;n kmg]naf6 lkmSsf xfO8«fS] nf]l/s cDnnfO{ lj:tf/} vGofpg'xf];\ .

lhªs\ ;Fu cDnsf] ;Dks{ xg' f;fy xfO8«fh] g Uof;F lgl:sg yfN5 . o;/L lgl:s]sf] UofF;n]
hf/df /xs] f] kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yfkg u/L hDdf x'G5 . xfO8«fh] g kfgLeGbf xn'sf ePsf
sf/0fn] kfgLnfO{ tnlt/ lj:yflkt ub{5 .

xfO8«f]hg Uof“;sf] k/LIf0f (Test of hydrogen gas)

ko| f]uzfnfdf agfPsf] UofF; xfO8«f]hg g} xf] egL kQf nufpg k/LIf0f ul/G5 . o;sf nflu Uof;F
hf/nfO{ pN6f] cj:yfdfg} lj:tf/} aflx/ lgsfnL aln/xs] f] d}gaQL UofF; hf/sf] d'vdf nh} fbF f
d}gaQL lgE5 / 'pop' cfjfh;lxt lgnf] Hjfnfdf aN5 .

;fjwfgLx¿ (Precautions)

1. ;a} pks/0fx¿ ;kmf;Fu wfP] sf] xg' 'kb{5 .

2. cz4' lhª\ssf] ko| f]u ug{'kb5{ .

3. pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g{] x'gk' 5{ .

4. lkmSsf cDnsf] ko| fu] ug{'kb5{ lsgeg] uf9f cDnn]
xfO8«fh] g Uof;F lbFbg} .

5. ly;n kmg]nsf] 6K' kf] 8A' g] / 8l] nel/ 6o\ a' sf] 6'Kkf] g8A' g] lrq 16.3
u/L cDn /fVgk' b5{ .

6. Uof;F hf/ kfgLn] 6Dd e/s] f] x'g'kb5{ cyf{t\ xfjfsf kmfs] fx¿ x'gx' F'bg} .

xfO8«fh] g Uof“;sf efl} ts u0' fx¿ (Physical Properties of hydrogen gas)

1. xfO8f« h] g Uof;F /ªxLg, uGwxLg / :jfbxLg xG' 5 .

2. xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F xfjfeGbf xn'sf xG' 5 .

3. xfO8f« h] g Uof;F kfgLdf 3N' bg} .

4. xfO8f« h] g Uof;F n] ln6d;df sg' } c;/ kfbg{} , To;n} ] of] t6:y Uof;F xf] .

5. xfO8«f]hg UofF; 253°C df t/n / -259°C df 7f]; cj:yfdf kl/0ft x'G5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lzIff M sIff ( 263

xfO8«fh] g Uof;“ sf /;folgs u0' fx¿ (Chemical properties of hydrogen gas)

1. xfO8«fh] g clS;hg;Fu /f;folgs k|ltljo| f ubf{ kfgL aG5 .

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2. pRr tfkjm| ddf xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F n] kf| oh;f] cwft'x¿;Fu kl| tljm| of u5{ .

C + 2H2 → CH4 ldyg]

S + H2 → H2S xfO8f« h] g ;NkmfO8

3. ;fl] 8od, kf6] fl;od, SoflN;od cflb wftx' ¿ xfO8«f]hg;uF /f;folgs k|ltljm| of u/]/
cl:y/ xfO8f« O8 agfp5F g\ .

2Na + H2 2NaH ;f]l8od xfO8f« O8

2K + H2 2KH kf6] fl;od xfO8«fO8

Ca + H2 CaH2 SoflN;od xfO8«fO8

4. xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F nfO{ sd ;ljm| o wfts' f] /ftf] tftf] cS;fO8df k7fpFbf wft' / kfgL

agfp5F . wfts' f] cS;fO8af6 wft' lgsfNg of] k|ljm| of ckgfOG5 . of] k|ljm| ofnfO{ l/8S;g

k|ltlj|mof (reduction reaction) elgG5 . o;df xfO8«f]hgn] wft'sf] cS;fO8df /x]sf]

clS;hg;Fu k|ltljm| of u/L kfgL agfpF5 / wft'nfO{ :jtGq u/fOlbG5 . To;}n] o;

k|ltljm| ofnfO{ l/8S;g kl| tlj|mof elgPsf] xf] .

2Fe2O3 + 6H2 → 4Fe + 6H2O

CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

PbO + H2 → Pb + H2O

xfO8f« h] g Uof;“ sf] pkofl] utf (Uses of Hydrogen Gas)

1. wft'sf cS;fO8af6 wft' lgsfNg xfO8f« h] g Uof;F k|ofu] ul/G5 .

2. xfO8«f]hg UofF;nfO{ gfO6f« h] g;uF k|ltlj|mof u/L Pdfl] gof Uof;F agfOG5 .

3. jg:klt tn] df xfO8«fh] g Uof;F k7fP/ jg:klt l3p agfOG5 . o; k|ljm| ofnfO{
xfO8«f]lhg;] g elgG5 .

4. /s]6x¿df OGwgsf ¿kdf xfO8f« ]hg Uof;F sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . xfO8«f]hg / clS;hglar
kl| tljm| of xbF' f kz| :t zlSt lgl:sG5 / To;n] /s6] kI| f]k0f ug{ dbt ub{5 .

5. clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf xfO8«f]hg afNbf sl/a 3000°C ;Ddsf] tfkjm| d lgl:sG5 .
clS;hg / xfO8f« h] g aNbf lgl:sg] pSt HjfnfnfO{ oxy-hydrogen flame elgG5 . o;nfO{

wft'x¿ sf6\g / hf8] \g k|of]u ul/G5 / ;f] k|ljm| ofnfO{ welding elgG5 .

264 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lzIff M sIff (

clS;hg Uof“; (Oxygen gas)

hLjx¿nfO{ :jf;k|:jf; ug{ clS;hg Uof;F cfjZos k5{ . cfotgsf lx;fan] jfod' 08ndf
clS;hg UofF; nueu 21% kfOG5 . sfaf{]xfO86]« , k|f]l6g, af;] f], sf7 cflb kf| ª\ufl/s of}uLsx¿df
/ rg' 9ª' \uf, l;lnsf, kfgL cflb k|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿df clS;hg tŒj kfOG5 .

;g\ 1774 df lal| 6; j}1flgs hf];k] m lk:| 6n] (Joseph Priestley) n] kf/fs] f] /ftf] cS;fO8 (HgO)
nfO{ ttfP/ klxnf] k6s clS;hg Uof;F agfPsf lyP eg] NofefO] ;/ -Lavoisier) n] clS;hg
gfds/0f u/]sf lyP . log} j1} flgsn] xfjfsf] kfFr efudf Ps efu clS;hg xG' 5 egL kQf
nufPsf lyP .

clS;hgaf/] s]xL tYox¿ tn lbOPsf] 5 M

;ªs\ ]t kf/df0fljs ;ªV\ of kf/df0fljs ef/ c0f';"q 3gTj

0 8 16 O2 1.43 kgm-3

ko| f]uzfnfdf clS;hg agfpg] tl/sf (Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen gas)

-s_ tfksf] ko| fu] u//]

cS;fO8 nj0fnfO{ ttfpbF f clS;hg Uof;F lgl:sG5 . o; tYosf cfwf/df k|ofu] zfnfdf

kf]6fl;od Snf]/6] (KClO3) nfO{ DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8 (MnO2) pTk|/] ssf] pkl:yltdf
ttfpbF f clS;hg UofF; aG5 .

2KClO3 Heat and MnO2
2KCl + 3O2

ljlw (Method)

lrq 16.4

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIff M sIff ( 265

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk M 2

-s_ Pp6f ;kmf s8f sfrF sf] k/LIf0f gnL (hard glass testube) df rf/ efu kf6] fl;od
Snf]/6] / Ps efu DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8 /fVgx' f;] \ .

-v_ lrqdf bv] fOP h:t} u/L k/LIf0f gnLsf] 8l] ne/L 6\o'a h8fg ug'x{ f];\ .

-u_ dv' df ss{ /fVbf xfjf glgl:sg] u/L aGb ug{x' f;] \ .

-3_ k/LIf0f gnLsf] dv' lt/sf] efu s]xL tn ems' fP/ :6o\ fG8df h8fg ugx{' f;] \ .

-ª_ 8]lne/L 6o\ a' sf] csf{] 5p] nfO{ kfgL ePsf] 6k« mdf 8'Ag] u/L /flvPsf] ljxfOe ;]Nkmdf
hf]8\g'xf;] \ .

-r_ Pp6f UofF;hf/nfO{ k0" f{ ¿kdf kfgL e/]/ ljxfOe ;N] kmdfly 3fK] 6o\ fpgx' f];\ .

-5_ aG;]g ag/{ cyjf l:kl/6 NofDksf] ;xfotfn] ld>0fnfO{ ttfpg'xf;] \ .

k/LIf0f gnLdf ePsf] ld>0fnfO{ sl/a sf] tfkj|mddf ttfpFbf clS;hg UofF; lgl:sG5 .
o;/L lg:s]sf] Uof;F nfO{ kfgLdfly 3fK] 6\ofOPsf] UofF; hf/df kfgLnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L hDdf
ul/G5 . clS;hg UofF; kfgLeGbf xn'sf / cfl+ zs 3'ngzLn x'g] ePsfn] kfgLnfO{ tnlt/
lj:yfkg u/L clS;hg UofF; hDdf xG' 5 .

;fjwfgL (Precautions)

1. xf8{ Unf; 6:] 66\oa' nfO{ lrqdf b]vfP h:t} wf/] } 9NsfP/ h8fg ug{k' b{5 . o;nu] bf{
/f;folgs k|ltljm| of xF'bf ags] f] kfgL k|ltlj|mof/t kbfy{df ldl;g lbbF }g .

2. pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g]{ x'gk' b5{ .

3. Uof; hf/ kfgLn] 6Dd e/s] f] x'g'kb{5 cyft{ \ xfjfsf kmfs] fx¿ xg' ' x'bF g} .

-v_ tfk ko| fu] gu/Lsg

ko| fu] zfnfdf xfO8«fh] g k]/f]S;fO8 (H2O2) n] DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8 (MnO2) pTk]/| ssf]
pkl:yltdf ljefhg eO{ clS;hg Uof;F lbG5 .

2H2O2 MnO 2 2H2O + O2

ljlw (Method)

ko| fu] fTds lj|mofsnfk M 3

-s_ ;jk{ |yd Pp6f ;kmf sf]lgsn km\ nf:s (conical flask) df DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8
/fVgx' f];\ .

266 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lzIff M sIff (

-v_ lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} u/L sfl] gsn k\mnf:s, ly;n kmg]n 8]lne/L 6o\ 'a cflbnfO{
h8fg ugx{' f;] \ .

-u_ ly;n kmg]nsf] ;xfotfn] xfO8f« h] g k]/fS] ;fO8nfO{ la:tf/} sfl] gsn k\mnf:sdf ly;n
kmg]nsf] 5p] 8'Ag] u/L vGofpg'xf;] \ .

ha xfO8f« ]hg k]/fS] ;fO8 DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8sf] ;Dks{df cfp5 ta /f;folgs
kl| tljm| of eP/ clS;hg UofF; lgl:sG5 . o;/L lg:ss] f] Uof;F nfO{ kfgLdfly 3f]K6\ofOPsf]
Uof;F hf/df kfgLnfO{ lj:yflkt u/L hDdf kfl/G5 .

lrq 16.5

;fjwfgL (Precautions)

1. Uof;F lgdf0{ fsf] bf/} fg ko| f]uzfnfdf pks/0fx¿ h8fg ubf{ xfjf gl5g{] (air tight)
u/L hf]8g\ 'k5{ .

2. ly;n kmgn] sf] 6'Kkf] 8'Ag] u/L xfO8«fh] g k]/f]S;fO8 /fVgk' b5{ .

3. z'4 DofUoflgh 8fOcS;fO8sf] ko| f]u ugk'{ b5{ .

clS;hg Uof“;sf] k/LIf0f (Test of oxygen gas)

ko| f]uzfnfdf agfPsf] UofF; clS;hg xf] egL k/LIf0f ug{ Uof;F hf/nfO{ pN6f] cj:yfdf
lj:tf/} aflx/ lgsfnL aln/x]sf] dg} aQL Uof; hf/sf] d'vdf n}hfFbf dg} aQL emg\ rlDsnf]
eP/ aNof] eg] pSt UofF; clS;hg xf] egL kl' i6 xG' 5 .

lrq 16.5

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIff M sIff ( 267

clS;hg Uof“;sf u0' fx¿ (Properties of Oxygen gas)

ef}lts u'0fx¿ (Physical Properties)

1. clS;hg UofF; /ªxLg, uGwxLg / :jfbxLg xG' 5 .

2. clS;hg Uof;F xfjfeGbf sx] L uxf| }F x'G5 .

3. clS;hg Uof;F kfgLdf cf+ lzs ¿kdf 3'N5 .

4. clS;hg Uof;F t6:y x'G5 . To;n} ] o;n] ln6d; k]k/df sg' } kl| tlj|mof bv] fpFbg} .

5. clS;hg Uof;F -183°C df t/n cj:yfdf / -219°C df 7f;] cj:yfdf kl/jtg{ xG' 5 .

/f;folgs u0' fx¿ (Chemical properties)

1. sx] L wft'x¿nfO{ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf afNbf wft' cS;fO8x¿ aGb5g\ .

4Na + O2 2Na2O -;fl] 8od cS;fO8_
4K + O2 2K2O -kf6] fl;od cS;fO8_
2Mg + O2 2MgO -DofUgl] ;od cS;fO8_

lso| fsnfk

Pp6f DofUg]l;od l/agsf] 6'j|mf lngx' f];\ . pSt l/ag afn]/ DofUgl] ;od cS;fO8 aGg]
lj|mofsf] cjnf]sg ugx{' f;] \ .

2. wftx' ¿nfO{ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf afNbf cwft' cS;fO8x¿ aGb5g\ .
2H2 + O2 Mn O2 2H2O -kfgL_
C + O2 MnO2 CO2 -sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8_

S + O2 MnO2 SO2 -;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8_

4P + 5O2 M nO2 2P2O5 -k:kmf]/; k]G6fcS;fO8_

3. xfO8«f]sfa{gx¿ clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf aNbf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt
lbG5g\ .

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + zlSt
2CO2 + 2H2O + zlSt
-ldyg] _

C2H4 + 3O2

-Olyg_

268 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lzIff M sIff (

4. clS;hgn] Uns' fh] ;uF k|ltlj|mof u/L sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt lbG5 . ;hLjx¿sf]
Zjf;k|Zjf; k|lj|mofdf o; k|sf/sf] /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofåf/f zlSt pTkGg x'G5 .

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + -zlSt_

-Un'sf]h_

5. clS;hgn] cNsf]xn;Fu kl| tlj|mof u/L sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlSt lbG5 .

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + -zlSt_

-OyfOn cNsfx] n_

clS;hg Uof;“ sf] pkofl] utf (Uses of Oxygen Gas)

1. hLjhGt'x¿n] Zjf;k|Zjf; k|lj|mofdf clS;hg UofF;sf] k|of]u u/L zlSt pTkfbg u5g{ \ .

2. wftx' ¿ sf6\g jf hf]8\g (welding) clS;hgsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 . o;sf nflu oxy-acetylene
flame jf oxy-hydrogen flame sf] ko| f]u x'G5 .

3. Zjf;k|Zjf; ug{ sl7g ePsf la/fdLx¿nfO{ s[lqd Zjf;kZ| jf; ug{ clS;hg l;lnG8/sf]
k|ofu] ul/G5 .

4. jfod' 08nLo clS;hg kof{Kt gxg' ] cj:yf h:t} M vfgL, kj{tf/fx] 0f, cGtl/If ofqf,
kfgLleq sfd ubf{ clS;hg l;lnG8/sf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .

5. l:6n pTkfbg ubf{ clS;hgsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 .

cf]hf]g (Ozone)

cf]hf]g tLgcf6] f clS;hgsf k/df0f' ldn]/ ag]sf] lgnf] /ªsf] Uof;F xf] . t/n cj:yfdf eg] of]
Uof;F uf9f lgnf] b]lvG5 . ;"oa{ f6 cfpg] k/fj}hgL ls/0fn] clS;hg c0fn' fO{ 6'jm| fP/ clS;hg
k/df0f' (nascent oxygen) x¿ aG5g\ . clS;hgsf] Pp6f c0f' / Pp6f k/df0f' (nascent
oxygen) ldn/] cf]hf]g c0f' (O3) aG5 .

O2 k/fjh} g L ls/0f O + O (nascent oxygen)
O2 + O k /fjh} g L ls/0f O3 (ozone)

o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf] cf]hfg] cTolws dfqfdf jfo'd08nsf] ;dtfk d08ndf hDdf eO{ afSnf]
tx lgdf0{ f x'G5 . jfo'd08nsf] ;dtfk d08ndf ags] f] o; txnfO{ cfh] fg] tx elgG5 . of] tx
k[YjLsf] ;txbl] v nueu 25 b]lv 40 km ;Dd k}mlnPsf] x'G5 .

cf]hf]g txsf] dxŒj (Importance of ozone layer)

jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] cf]hfg] txn] ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] clwsfz+ k/fjh} gL ljls/0fnfO{ ;f]:5 . h;n]
ubf{ ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] xflgsf/s ljls/0fx¿ k[YjLsf] ;tx;Dd cfpg kfpFb}gg\ . To;n} ] o;
txnfO{ /Iff d08n (protective layer) elgG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIff M sIff ( 269

-s_ cfh] fg] txn] kY[ jLsf] df;} d / tfkjm| d ;Gtn' g /fVg dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] xG' 5 .

-v_ cfh] fg] txn] kY[ jLdf ePsf hnLo / :ynLo kfl/l:ylts k4ltnfO{ hfu] fpg ;xofu] u5{ .

-u_ cfh] f]g txn] kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLx¿ lj36g x'gaf6 arfpF5 / ;Gtl' nt cj:yfdf /fVg
;xofu] u5{ .

-3_ cf]hf]g txn] ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] clwsf+z k/fj}hgL ljls/0fnfO{ ;f];]/ dfgjnufot cGo
hLjx¿df xflgsf/s ljls/0faf6 x'g ;Sg] /fu] x¿af6 arfpF5 .

cfh] fg] txsf] x|f; (Depletion of ozone layer)

;dtfk d08ndf cf]hfg] tx kftnf] x'bF } hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{ cfh] f]g txsf] xf| ; elgG5 . cf]hfg]
txnfO{ ljgfz ug{] d'Vo /;fog Snf/] fk] m\nf]/f]sfa{g (CFCs) xf] . o;sf ;fy} ldyfOn Snf]/f]kmd{
(methyl chloroform), sfag{ 66] «fSnf]/fO8 (carbon tetrachloride), ldyfOn a|fd] fO8 (methyl
bromide), gfO6f« h] gsf cS;fO8 (oxides of nitrogen) cflb /;fogx¿ klg o;sf] ljgf;sf
sf/s tŒjx¿ xg' \ . cfwl' gs pks/0fx¿df ko| f]u ul/g] ljleGg lsl;dsf /;fogx¿ jfo'd08ndf
ldl;O{ ;dtfk d08ndf k'U5g\ / k/fj}hgL ls/0fsf] pkl:yltdf ljR5]bg eP/ Snfl] /g, af| ]ldg
tŒjsf k/df0fx' ¿ lgl:sG5g\ . o;/L lgl:sPsf k/df0fx' ¿n] w/] } ;ªV\ ofdf cfh] f]gsf c0f'x¿nfO{
6j' m\| ofP/ clS;hgdf kl/0ft u/L cfh] fg] txnfO{ g:6 u5g{ \ . cfh] f]g txsf] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf x|f;
xbF' } hfFbf cfh] f]g txdf Kjfn (ozone hole) k5{ .

Snf/] f]km\nf/] f]sfa{g (CFCs) n] cfh] fg] txsf] ljgf; ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 M

CFCl3 uv rays CFCl2 + Cl

Cl + O3 ClO + O2

2ClO 2Cl + O2

cfh] fg] tx xf| ;sf c;/x¿ (Effects of ozone layer depletion)

cfh] fg] txsf] x|f;n] ubf{ ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] clwsfz+ k/fjh} gL ljls/0fx¿ k[YjLsf] ;txdf
cfOkU' 5g\ . o;n] h}ljs tyf ef}lts kIfx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] c;/ k'¥ofpF5 .

-s_ dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{] c;/ M k/fjh} gL ljls/0fsf] c;/n] dflg;sf] cfFvf kfN] g,] lrnfpg
x'gs' f ;fy} df]tLlaGb' u/fpF5 . o;n] hLjhGt'sf] z/L/ kfN] g,] z/L/ lrnfpg], 5fnf km'6\g]
cflb x'G5 . o;sf] c;/n] 5fnfsf] SofG;/ x'g] ;Defjgf klg a9/] hfG5 . dflg;sf]
k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ xF'b} hfG5 eg] hLjhGt'sf] k|hgg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 .

-v_ af]6 la?jfdf kg]{ c;/ M k/fjh} gL ljls/0fsf] c;/n] af6] la?jfsf] j[l4df afwf k¥' ofp5F .
af6] la?jfsf] ks| fz ;+Zni] f0f kl| j|mofdf klg cj/fw] NofpF5 . h;n] ubf{ s[lif pTkfbgdf
sdL cfpF5 .

270 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lzIff M sIff (

-u_ tfkjm| ddf jl[ 4 M cfh] f]g txsf] ljgfzn] ubf{ k/fj}hgL ljls/0fx¿ a9L dfqfdf k[YjLdf
cfpF5g\ . kmn:j¿k k[YjLsf] tfkj|md j[l4 x'g hfG5 .

-3_ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnLdf c;/ M cfh] fg] txsf] ljgfzn] kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf tŒjx¿nfO{
c;/ kfg]{ xF'bf kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL c;Gtl' nt x'G5 .

5nkmn u/f}“ M
tnsf ;d:ofx¿ s] slt sf/0fn] ePsf xf]nfg\ < cfcfkm\gf] ts{;lxt sIffdf 5nkmn u/fF} M
-s_ klxn]eGbf clxn] lxdfndf lxpsf] dfqf 36b\ } uO/xs] f] 5 / lxp kg]{ 7fFp sfnf 8f8F fdf
kl/0ft eO/xs] f 5g,\ lsg xf]nf <
-v_ dflg;sf cfvF fdf dfl] tlaGb', cfgj' fl+ zs cGt/ h:tf /fu] x¿ lsg al9/xs] f 5g\ xf]nf <

cf]hfg] txsf] ;+/If0f ug{] tl/sf (Ways to protect ozone layer)
-s_ cfh] fg] tx ljgfzsf] k|d'v sf/0f Snf/] fk] m\nf/] f] sfag{ ePsfn] o;sf] ko| f]u xg' ] oGq tyf

;fwgx¿sf] k|ofu] sd ugk{' 5{ .
-v_ Snf/] fk] mn\ f]/f] sfag{ k|ofu] x'g] oGqdf xfO8f« ]km\nf/] f] sfa{g k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'k5{ .
-u_ gfO6f« ]hg dnaf6 gfO6«f]hgsf cS;fO8x¿ lgl:sg] ePsfn] o;sf] ko| f]u sd ug{'k5{ .
-3_ k6] f« l] nod kbfyx{ ¿af6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu] sd u/L ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf]

ko| f]u a9fpbF } hfg'k5{ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

cf]hf]g txnfO{ ;o" {af6 cfpg] k/fj}hgL ljls/0f /fS] g] /Iff txsf ¿kdf dflgG5 . o:tf] dfGg'sf]
sf/0f s] xf]nf < cf]hfg] tx x|f;sf w]/} c;/x¿ 5g\ . To;n} ] cfh] f]g txsf] ;+/If0f ug{ clt
cfjZos 5 . s] s] ubf{ cfh] fg] txsf] ;/+ If0f x'G5 < OG6/g]6, kqklqsf tyf cGo ljleGg
ks| f/sf ;f| ]tx¿ ko| fu] u/L Pp6f l/kf6] { tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

!= ;xL pQ/ 5fGg'xf;] \ M
-s_ ko| f]uzfnfdf tnsf dWo] sg' kbfyn{ fO{ ttfP/ clS;hg UofF; agfOG5 <
-c_ KClO3 -cf_ CaCO3
-O_ H2O2 -O{_ Fe2O3

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIff M sIff ( 271

-v_ DofUgl] ;odnfO{ clS;hg;uF afNbf s'g ofl} us aG5 <

-c_ DofUgl] ;od gfO66]« -cf_ DofUg]l;od gfO6«fO6

-O_ DofUgl] ;od cS;fO8 -O{_ DofUg]l;od gfO6f« O8

-u_ ;'Vvf xfO8f« h] gnfO{ tftf] wfts' f] cS;fO8df k7fpFbf wft' / kfgL aGb5 . o;
k|ljm| ofnfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ xfO8«fl] hg;] g -cf_ l/8S;g

-O_ clS;8;] g -O{_ sfaf{]g];g

-3_ cfh] f]g tx ljgfz ug{] d'Vo Uof;F sg' xf] <

-c_ Snf]/f]km\nf]/f]sfa{g -cf_ ldyg]

-O_ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 -O{_ ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8

-ª_ vfnL 7fpF k/" f ug{ sg' of}lus pko'St x'G5 <

C6H12O6 + O2 …….. + H2O + -zlSt_

-c_ CO -cf_ CO2

-O_ CaO -O_{ CaCO3

@= sf/0f n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ cfh] f]g txnfO{ /Iff tx elgG5 .

-v_ xfO8f« ]hg / clS;hg Uof;F nfO{ kfgL lj:yfkg ljlwaf6 hDdf kfl/G5 .

#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ko| f]uzfnfdf xfO8«f]hg UofF; agfpg ko| fu] x'g] /f;folgs ;dLs/0f n]Vgx' f];\ .

-v_ ko| f]uzfnfdf xfO8f« h] g Uof;F agfpg ;fdu|L h8fg ul/Psf] ;kmf lrq agfO{ pSt
UofF; agfpg] ljlw;d]t r/0fa4 ¿kdf n]Vgx' f];\ .

-u_ xfO8«f]hg Uof;F sf sg' } rf/cf]6f ef}lts u'0fx¿ / s'g} rf/cf6] f pkof]lutfx¿
nV] gx' f;] \ .

-3_ tkfO{FnfO{ s'g} UofF; hf/df lbOPsf] Uof;F xfO8«f]hg xf] jf xfO] g kQf nufpg lbOPdf
s;/L kQf nufpg'xG' 5, n]Vgx' f;] \ .

-ª_ lgDg kbfy{x¿;uF xfO8f« ]hgsf] kl| tlj|mof x'Fbf s'g sg' kbfy{ aGb5g\ < ;Gt'lnt ;q"
;dLs/0f;lxt n]Vgx' f];\ .

-c_ ;f]l8od -cf_ clS;hg -O_ SoflN;od -O{_ kml] /s cS;fO8

272 lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lzIff M sIff (

-r_ k|of]uzfnfdf tfklagf clS;hg agfpg] ljlw ;lrq j0fg{ ugx'{ f];\ .

-5_ k|of]uzfnfdf tfk lbP/ clS;hg agfpg] ljlw lrq;xlt j0fg{ ug{x' f];\ .

-h_ clS;hgsf] sg' } rf/cf]6f efl} ts u0' f / rf/cf]6f pkofl] utf nV] g'xf;] \ .

-em_ tkfO{FnfO{ s'g} UofF; hf/df lbOPsf] UofF; clS;hg xf] jf xf]Og kQf nufpg lbOPdf
s;/L kQf nufpgx' 'G5, nV] g'xf;] \ .

-`_ lgDglnlvt kbfy{x¿;uF clS;hg UofF;sf] kl| tlj|mof x'bF f sg' sg' kbfy{ aGb5g\ <
;Gt'lnt ;"q ;dLs/0f;lxt nV] g'xf;] \ .

-c_ DofUgl] ;od -cf_ sfa{g -O_ ldy]g -O_{ Un'sfh]

-6_ cfh] fg] tx s] xf] < o;sf] lgdf0f{ / IfoLs/0f s;/L xG' 5, ;dLs/0f;lxt nV] g'xf;] \ .

-7_ k[YjLdf hLjg /Iffsf nflu cf]hf]g txsf] el" dsf nV] g'xf];\ .

-8_ kY[ jLdf a9\b} uPsf] ljls/0fsf] dfqfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/ dflg; xf] . o; egfOnfO{
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'x{ f];\ .

-9_ k[YjLsf] sg' } efudf ;"o{af6 cfOk'Ug] ljls/0fx¿sf] dfqf a9s] f] dfkg ul/of] . o;sf]
sf/0f / k|efjx¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \ .

$= tnsf /f;folgs ;dLs/0fx¿ k"/f ug{'xf];\ M

(i) 2H2 + ………… 2H2O

(ii) Na + H2 ……………..

(iii) ……….. KCl + 3O2↑

(iv) ………+ O2 CO2 + 2H2O + energy

(v) C6H12O6 + O2 ………….+ ……… + energy

(vi) 3Mg + O2 ………………..

(vii) 4P + 5O2 ………………..

lj1fg tyf kl| jlw lzIff M sIff ( 273

!& wft' / cwft'
(Metals and Non-metals)

xfdf| ] jl/kl/ ljleGg ks| f/sf kbfyx{ ¿ kfOG5g\ . oL kbfyx{ ¿dWo] s]xL kbfy{x¿ tŒj x'g\ .
tŒjnfO{ wft', cw{wft' / cwft' u/L tLg ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] wft', cw{wft' /
cwft' ;a}sf] ko| f]u ul//xs] f 5fF} . t/ oLdWo] wft'x¿sf] ko| f]u ;ae} Gbf w/] } ePsf] kfOG5, h:t}M
bl} gs pkefu] sf efF8fs8F' f, oftfoftsf ;fwg, ljBt' Lo pks/0f cflb agfpg wfts' f] k|ofu]
x'G5 . wft'x¿ z4' ¿kdf jf cGo ofl} usx¿df ldl;P/ klg /xs] f] xG' 5g\ . xfdf| ] /utdf klg wft'
-kmnfd_ kfOG5 eg] af]6la?jfsf] Snf/] f]lkmn (chlorophyll) df klg wft' -DofUgl] ;od_ kfOG5 .
To;n} ] wft'sf] cWoog dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk 17.1
lbOPsf lrqx¿ cjnf]sg u/L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

!= dflysf lrqdf bv] fOPsf j:tx' ¿ sg' sg' wfta' f6 ags] f x'g,\ lrg/] gfd
atfpgx' f];\ .

@= tkfOn{F ] b]vs] f ljleGg k|sf/sf wft'x¿sf] gfd / ltgsf] ko| fu] pNnv] ug'x{ f];\ .

274 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (

wfts' f ;fdfGo u'0fx¿ (General properties of metals)
wfts' f u'0fx¿nfO{ efl} ts u0' f / /f;folgs u'0f u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/G5 M
-s_ wfts' f ef}lts u0' fx¿ (Physical properties of metals)
wft'sf s]xL ef}lts u'0fx¿nfO{ tnsf] lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M

s8f 6Nsg] ;'rfns

Hard and Lusture Good
Britle condctor
wfts' f
pRr plDng] / ef}lts ;fg] f/] ; WjgL
kUng] ljGb' u'0fx¿
Sonorous sound
High Mp and Bp

tfg]/ tf/ h:tf] ;r' fns
agfpg]
Good
Ductile condctor

1. wftn' fO{ lk6/] kftf agfpg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk 17.2

tkfO“s{ f jl/kl/ kfOg] sf7sf] 6'j|mf, g/d kmnfdsf] lsnf jf tf/, tfdfsf 6'j|mf, l;Ssf,
Pn'ldlgodsf] 6j' |mf, ;Nkm/, sfO] nf cflb j:t'x¿ hDdf kfgx{' f];\ . lzIfs jf cleefjssf]
lgu/fgLdf pSt j:t'x¿nfO{ j|mdzM sg' } s8f j:t'dfly /fv]/ Pp6f xyf8} f (hammer) sf]
dbtn] lxsf{pgx' f;] \ . sg' s'g j:t' kftf h:tf eP / sg' s'g j:t' 6'lj|mP < cjnf]sg u/L
tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{x' f];\ M

lk6\bf kftf h:tf] x'g] j:t'x¿ lk6b\ f 6'lj|mg] j:t'x¿

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 275

dflysf ljm| ofsnfkaf6 xfdLnfO{ yfxf xG' 5 ls kmnfd, tfdf, Pnl' dlgod, l6g, rfbF L,
;'g h:tf wftx' ¿ lk6b\ f kml} nP/ kftf xG' 5g eg] ;Nkm/, sfag{ h:tf cwft'x¿
lk6\bf 6l' j|mG5g\ . lk6]/ kftnf] kftf h:tf] x'g] wft'sf] u'0fnfO{ dl] noflaln6L (malleability)
elgG5 . dl] noflaln6Lsf] d'Vo sf/0f wfts' f k/df0f'x¿lar nfUg] d6] flns aG8 (metallic
bond) g6l' 6sg Pp6f k/df0f' csf{] k/df0fd' fly ;b{} / klN6b} hfg' xf] .

2. wft'nfO{ ttfP/ tfGbf nfdf] tf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .

lj|mofsnfk 17.3

tkfO{“n] s'g sg' wfts' f tf/ b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < cjnf]sg u/L ;r" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

xfdLn] kmnfd, tfdf, Pn'ldlgod cflbsf nfdf nfdf tf/ b]vs] } 5f}F xf]nf < tL ;a} tf/x¿
wft'nfO{ tGsfP/ agfOPsf xG' 5g\ . o;f] ubf{ wft'sf u'0fdf sx] L km/s b]lvbF g} . cwft'nfO{
o;/L tfg]/ nfdf] tf/ agfpg ;lsbF g} . ctM tGsfP/ tf/ agfpg ;lsg] wft'sf] o;
u'0fnfO{ 8lS6lnl6 (ductility) elgG5 . 8lS6lnl6sf] d'Vo sf/0f wfts' f k/df0fx' ¿lar
nfUg] d]6flns aG8 (metallic bond) g6l' 6sg Pp6f k/df0f' csf]{ k/df0fd' fly ;b{} / klN6b}
hfg' xf] .

3. wft'x¿ ljB't\sf ;r' fns x'G5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 17.4

Pp6f 8f| O;n] , tf/sf 6'j|mf / Pp6f ;fgf] lrd lng'xf;] \ . tnsf lrqdf b]vfP h:t} u/L
;a}nfO{ hf]8\gx' f;] \ . hf8] \g afs“ L /xs] f] vfln 7fFpdf j|mdzM Pnl' dlgodsf] tf/, sf7sf]
6'j|mf, sfuhsf] 6j' |mf, ;Nkm/sf] 6j' |mf, tfdfsf] tf/, kmnfdsf] lsnf cflb j:tx' ¿nfO{
kfn}kfnf] /fvL kl/kynfO{ k"/f ugx'{ f];\ . s'g sg' j:t' hf]8\bf aNa aN5, cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .
h'g j:tx' ¿ hf]8\bf aQL aN5, tL wft' xg' \ eg] hg' j:t'x¿ hf]8\bf aQL aNbg} tL cwft' xg' \ .

Pnl' dlgodsf] tf/, tfdfsf] tf/, kmnfdsf] lsnf, l;Ssf, h:tfsf 6j' m| f cflb /fv]/ k"/f
u/s] f] ljBt' \ kl/kydf aNa aN5 eg] sf7sf 6'j|mf, sfuhsf 6j' m| f, ;Nkm/sf 6'jm| f,
sf]Onf cflb /fv]/ ag]sf] ljBt' \ kl/kydf aNa aNbg} . o;af6 lgisif{ lgl:sG5 ls wft'
ljB'ts\ f ;'rfns x'G5g\ eg] cwft' ljBt' \sf s'rfns xG' 5g\ . wft'sf k/df0fx' ¿df :jtGq
/ ultzLn OnS] 6«fg] x'G5g\ . h;sf sf/0fn] wft'x¿ ljB't\sf ;'rfns x'G5g\ .

4. wft'x¿ tfksf ;'rfns x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk 17.5

kmnfdsf lsnf, l:6nsf] rDrf, Pnl' dlgodsf] kftf, k]lG;n, sf7sf] 6j' m| f cflb j:t'x¿
hDdf kfgx'{ f];\ . lzIfs jf cleefjssf] lgu/fgLdf oL j:t'x¿nfO{ kfnk} fnf] u/L Pp6f
5p] df ;dftL aln/xs] f] cfufdf xNsf ttfpgx' f];\ . o;/L Ps 5]pdf ttfpb“ f csf{] 5]pdf
tftf] eof] ls ePg 5fP] / x]g{'xf;] \ .

276 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

wft'af6 tfk Ps 7fpF af6 csf]{ 7fpF ;Dd ;5{ eg] cwft'x¿af6 tfk ;b}{g . To;n} ] wftn' fO{
tfksf ;'rfns elgG5 eg] cwftn' fO{ tfksf s'rfns elgG5 . wfts' f k/df0fx' ¿df
:jtGq / ultzLn OnS] 6«f]g xG' 5g\ . h;sf sf/0fn] wft'x¿ tfksf ;'rfns xG' 5g\ .

5. wft'x¿nfO{ lk6b\ f ljzi] f ks| f/sf] Wjlg pTkGg x'G5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 17.6

wft'af6 ags] f] Pp6f yfn / sf7sf] 8G8L lngx' f;] \ . yfnnfO{ 8G8Ln] lxsfp{ g'xf];\ . s:tf]
cfjfh cfof] ;'Ggx' f;] \ . of] cfjfhnfO{ dlGb/ / ljBfnodf ahfOg] 3G6Lsf] cfjfh;Fu t'ngf
u/L sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .

wft'af6 ag]sf ljleGg ks| f/sf j:tx' ¿ h:t} M 8G8L, kftf, 3G6L cflbnfO{ lxsf{pFbf l6ªu\
cfjfh cfpF5 . wfts' f] o; u0' fnfO{ ;f]gf]/; (sonorous) elgG5 .

6. kf| oh;f] wft'x¿ s8f xG' 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk 17.7

Pp6f kmnfdsf] kftf, Pn'ldlgodsf] kftf, tfdfsf] efF8f, sf]Onf, ;Nkm/ cflb j:tx' ¿
hDdf kfgx{' f];\ . tL j:t'x¿nfO{ j|mdzM 5fd]/, sf6/] jf kmnfdsf] lsnfn] sf]tf//] s8fkg /
g/dkgsf] k/LIf0f ug{x' f];\ . k'gM tL j:tx' ¿nfO 6j' m|\ ofpg] sfl] ;; ug'{xf;] \ . o;/L k/LIf0f
ubf{ tkfO{n“ ] s] s:tf] kl/0ffd kf| Kt ug'e{ of], tflnsf agfO{ k:| t't ug'{xf;] \ .

ljm| ofsnfkaf6 xfdLnfO{ :ki6 xG' 5 ls k|foh;f] wft'x¿ s8f x'G5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ ;lhn}
sf6g\ , sft] fg{ / 6j' \|mofpg ;lsFb}g . o;u} /L cwft'x¿ g/d xG' 5g\ eg] lognfO{ ;lhn}
sf6g\ , sf]tfg{ / 6'j\m| ofpg ;lsG5 .

gf6] M ;a} wftx' ¿ s8f xF'b}gg,\ h:t} M ;f]l8od / kf6] fl;od . oL wftx' ¿ g/d xG' 5g\ /
rSs'n] ;lhn;} Fu sf6g\ ;lsG5 .

7. kf| oh;f] wft'x¿sf] kUng] tfkjm| d (melting point) / pDng] tfkjm| d (boiling point) w/] }
x'G5 .

wft'sf k/df0fx' ¿lar alnof] cfsif0{ f an xG' 5 . To;}n] k|foh;f] wftx' ¿ alnof / s8f
xG' 5g\ eg] logsf] kUng] tfkjm| d (melting point) / pDng] tfkjm| d (boiling point) w]/}
xG' 5 . o;u} /L kf| oM cwft'x¿sf] kUng] tfkj|md (melting point) / pDng] tfkj|md (boiling
point) sd x'G5 .

wft'sf /f;folgs u'0fx¿ (Chemical properties of metals)

1. kf| oh;f] wft'x¿n] xfjf;“u k|ltljm| of u/]/ Iff/Lo cS;fO8 agfp5“ g\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 277

ljm| ofsnfk 17.8

lrD6fsf] ;xfotfn] DofUg]l;dsf] Pp6f 6j' m| fnfO{ ;dft]/ ag{/df afNgx' f;] \ . ans] f] DofUgl] ;dsf]
wft'af6 lgl:sPsf] v/fgLnfO{ Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf hDdf kfg{'xf;] \ . pSt v/fgLsf] /ª /
uGw cjnfs] g u/L yf]/} kfgL /fvL k/LIf0f gnLnfO{ xNnfpg'xf];\ . pSt v/fgLsf] 3f]ndf
jm| dzM /ftf] / lgnf] ln6d; kk] / 8a' fP/ cDn / Iff/sf] k/LIf0f u/L sIffdf 5nkmn
ug'x{ f];\ .

wftx' ¿n] clS;hg;Fu k|ltljm| of u//] wfts' f cS;fO8x¿ agfp5F g\ . tL cS;fO8x¿
Iff/Lo x'G5g\ .

4Na + O2 2Na2O ;fl] 8od cS;fO8

2Mg + O2 2MgO DofUg]l;od cS;fO8

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 Pn'ldlgod cS;fO8

4Fe +3O2 2Fe2O3 cfO/g cS;fO8

2Cu + O2 2CuO sk/ cS;fO8

2 . ;ljm| o wftx' ¿n] lkmSsf cDn;“u /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof u/]/ wfts' f nj0f / xfO8«f]hg Uof“;

agfp“5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk 17.9

Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf lkmSsf xfO8«f]Snf]l/s cDn lng'xf;] \ . pSt cDndf DofUg]l;od
l/agsf] Pp6f 6'j|mf /fVg'xf];\ . sx] La/] sf] /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof kl5 k/LIf0f gnLaf6
xfO8f« h] g Uof;“ lg:sG5 eg] k/LIf0f gnLdf DofUg]l;od Snf/] fO8sf] nj0f /xG5 . o:t}
ljm| ofsnfk cfndfl] god, kmnfd cflb wft;' u“ u//] xg] {x' f;] \ . k|ltljm| ofaf6 lg:s]sf] xfO8«f]hg
Uof;“ sf] k/LIf0f ugx{' f];\ .

Mg + dil.2HCl MgCl2 + H2

2Al + dil.6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

2Fe + dil. 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H2

Zn + dil. H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

Mg + dil. 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2

278 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

3. ;lj|mo wft'x¿n] kfgL;“u /f;folgs kl| tlj|mof u/]/ wft' xfO8f« ]S;fO8 / xfO8f« ]hg Uof;“
agfp“5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk 17.10

Pp6f k/LIf0f gnLdf sx] L kfgL lng'xf];\ . pSt kfgLdf ;f]l8od, kf6] fl;od jf SoflN;odsf]
Pp6f ;fgf] 6'jm| f /fVg'xf;] \ . sx] La/] sf] /f;folgs kl| tlj|mofkl5 k/LIf0f gnLaf6 xfO8f« ]hg
Uof;“ lgl:sG5 eg] k/LIf0f gnLdf wfts' f] xfO8f« ]S;fO8 /xG5 . ;f]l8od / kf6] fl;o
h:tf ;ljm| o wftx' ¿nfO{ gfª\uf] xftn] 5'gx' “'bg} . k|ltlj|mofaf6 ags] f wft' xfO8f« ]cS;fO8 /
xfO8f« h] gnfO{ k/LIf0f ug'{xf];\ .

lnlyod, ;f]l8od, kf6] fl;od, SoflN;od h:tf ;ljm| o wft'x¿n] kfgLaf6 xfO8«fh] gnfO{
lj:yflkt ub5{ g\ / wft'sf] xfO8f« ]S;fO8 agfp5F g\ .

2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

wft' / cwftl' ar km/s (Differences between metals and non-metals)

wft' / cwftl' arsf] leGgtfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ aF'bfut ¿kdf cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M

j|m=;= u0' f wft' cwft'

1. lk6]/ kftf agfpg] u'0f lk6/] kftf agfpg ;lsG5 . lk6/] kftf agfpg ;lsbF g} .

2. Tffg/] nfdf] tf/ agfpg] tfg/] nfdf] tf/ agfpg tfg/] nfdf] tf/ agfpg
u0' f ;lsG5 . ;lsFbg} .

3. ljB't\sf] rfnsTj ljBt' s\ f] ;'rfns xG' 5 . ljB'ts\ f] sr' fns x'G5 .

4. tfksf] rfnsTj tfksf] ;'rfns xG' 5 . tfksf] sr' fns x'G5 .

5. pDng] / kUng] laGb' bj' } pRr x'G5 . tn' gfTds ¿kdf sd x'G5 .

6. s8fkg k|foh;f] s8f xG' 5g\ / k|foh;f] g/d xG' 5g\ /

6S' |ofpg ;lsFbg} . 6'S|ofpg ;lsG5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 279

lj|mofsnfk 17.11
dfly kf7df cWoog u/s] f cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf k"/f ug'{xf;] \ M

kbfy{ ef}lts u0' f /f;folgs u0' f

clS;hg;uF sf] kl| tljm| of kfgL;uF sf] kl| tljm| of cDn;uF sf] kl| tljm| of

wft'

cwft'



dfgj z/L/sf nflu rflxg] s]xL wftx' ¿

dfgj z/L/leq xg' ] ljleGg ks| f/sf h}ljs lj|mofsnfkx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
s]xL wft'x¿ clt cfjZos xG' 5g\, h:t} ;fl] 8od, kf6] fl;od, DofUgl] ;od, SoflN;od, kmnfd,
h:tf cflb . oL wftx' ¿ ljleGg ks| f/sf vfB kbfys{ f dfWodaf6 xfd|f] z/L/df k'Ug] ub{5g\ . oL
wft'x¿sf] cfefjdf dfgj z/L/sf ljm| ofsnfkdf c;/ k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu /utdf kmnfdsf]
sdL x'bF f /StcNktf x'G5, /utdf ;f]l8od / kf6] fl;odsf] sdL xbF' f d'6'sf] w8s\ g clgoldt
xG' 5 . To;n} ] xfdf| ] b}lgs vfgfaf6 cfjZos wft'x¿ kfpgsf nflu ltgsf ;f| t] x¿sf] hfgsf/L
x'g'k5{ . o; kf7df xfdLn] ;fl] 8od, kf6] fl;od, DofUg]l;od, SoflN;od / kmnfdsf ;|f]t, logn]
dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf / sdLn] xg' ] c;/sf af/]df 5f6] s/Ldf hfgfsf/L k|fKt ug]{ 5fF} .

wft'sf] gfd ;|f]t dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] sdLn] dfgj z/L/df xg' ]
kmfObf c;/
1. skfn emg]{
1. la?jfsf lapx¿ 1. dfgj
2. uGw / :jfbdf sdL
h:t} km;L{sf] lap, z/L/df k|lt/f]wfTds cfpg]

cfn;sf] lap, Ifdtf a9fpF5 . 3. dfgj zl//df cN5L
kg cfpg]
;"o{d'vLsf] lap, 2. z/L/leq AofS6l] /of /
u8] fu'8L, RofpF, efO/; la?4 n8g\ ] Ifdtf 4. kvfnf nfUg] / tf}n
abfd, sfh,' cfv] /, 36g\ ]
lhª\s cflb . a9fp5F .
5. 3fp tyf rf]6 lgsf] x'g
3. z/L/sf sfi] fdf kf| l] 6g, w/] } ;do nfUg]
2. b'Uw hGo kbfy,{ DNA, cfgj' fl+ zs kbfy{
df5fdf;', cG8f cflb cflbsf] lgdf0{ f u5{ .

4. ujf{j:yfdf ujs{ f] jl[ 4
ljsf;df ;xofu] u5{ .

280 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

1. kfns, 1. /utdf kmnfd x'G5 1. kmnfdsf] sdLn]

u8] fu'8Lx¿, h;n] z/L/df clS;hg Anemia gfds /f]u

af| ]sfpnL, la?jfsf :yfgfGt/0f u5{ . nfU5 .

lapx¿ cflb 2. kmnfdn] z/L/df DNA 2. o;sf] sdLn] z/L/df
kmnfdsf ;f| ]tx¿
lgdf{0f u5{ . ysfg pTkGg x'G5 eg]

kmnfd x'g\ . 3. o;n] :jf;k|:jf;df :jf;k|Zjf;df klg

2. df5fdf;'af6 klg ;xof]u u5{ . sl7gfO x'G5 .

kmnfd k|fKt x'G5 . 4. o;n] z/L/sf]

k|lt/f]lw Ifdtf /fd|f] agfO{

/fV5 eg] phf{ pTkfbgdf

;xof]u u5{ .

1. vfg] gg' dfgj 1. ;f]l8odn] dfgj 1. ;f]l8odsf] sdLn]

z/L/df cfjZos z/L/sf] sf]ifleq / Hyponatremia gfds /fu]

;fl] 8od kl' ts{ f] sfi] faflx/ kfgL / nj0fsf] nfU5 .

k|d'v ;|ft] xf] . dfqf ;Gtl' nt 2. o;sf] sdLn]
;f]l8od 2. o;sf cltl/St agfO{ /fV5 . df+zk;] Ldf P]7g x'G5 .

df;,' cG8f cflbaf6 2. ;f]l8odn] :gfo' / 3. o;sf] sdLn] pN6L
kfgL ;f]l8od kf| Kt df;+ kz] Lsf] sfo{ Ifdtf x'g,] l/ª\u6f nfUg,] crt]
xG' 5 . lgoldt agfpF5 . x'g] / d[To';dt] xg' ;S5 .

1. xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ 1. xfd|f] z/L/df 1. kf]6fl;odsf] sdLn]

rflxg] kf]6fl;od kf6] fl;odn] t/n kbfy{sf] Hypokalemia gfdsf]
kmnkm" n, ;fo] flag,
t/sf/L, bU' whGo dfqf, df;+ k]zL / :gfo' /f]u nfU5 .
kbfy{af6 k|fKt ug{
kf]6fl;od ;lsG5 . k0| ffnLsf] sfo{ Ifdtf 2. o;sf] sdLn] /St
lgoldt agfO{ /fV5 . rfk a95\ , slAhot x'G5,
2. s]/f, Pef]sf8f,]
af;F sf] tfdf, b'w, 2. o;n] x8\8L sdhf]/ x'g z/L/df sdhf/] L cfp5 /

lbFbg} eg] lduf}n{ fdf kTy/L df+zk]zL sdhf/] x'G5g\ .

x'gaf6 /f]S5 .

bxL cflbaf6 klg

kf6] fl;od kf| Kt ug{

;lsG5 .



lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 281

ljm| ofsnfk 17.12
dfly kf7df cWoog u/]sf] cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsf k/" f ug{x' f;] \ M

dfgj :jf:Yosf nflu rflxg] vlgh kmnfd h:tf ;f]l8od kf]6fl;od
;f| ]t
dfgj z/L/df k'¥ofpg] kmfObf
sdLn] dfgj z/L/df x'g] c;/

n8] (Pb) / kf/f] (Hg) n] kfg]{ gsf/fTds c;/ (Harmful Effect of Mercury and Lead)

ljm| ofsnfk 17.13

ds{/L / n8] sf] k|ofu] xg' ] j:tx' ¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ . tL wft'x¿ dfgj z/L/df k|j]z ubf{
s:tf c;/ kfb5{ g\ < c;/x¿sf] vf]hL u/L ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ . pSt ;"rLnfO{ 5nkmnsf
nflu sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\ .

n]8 (Lead)

n8] sf] k|ofu] uf8Lsf] Aof6«L, /ª, k]6f« ]lnod kbfy{, ln8 ljm| :6n Unf;, /]l8of]wdL{ ;/' Iff kftf
cflbdf xG' 5 . xfd|f] z/L/df o;sf y'k}| gsf/fTds c;/ 5g\ . n8] n] z/L/sf kf| oh;f] ;a}
cª\udf Iflt k'¥ofpF5 .

afnaflnsfx¿df o;sf] c;/ c¿sf] eGbf a9L x'G5 . n8] sf] sf/0fn] 6fpsf] b'Vg], k]6 b'Vg,]
:jefjdf kl/jt{g cfpg,] Plgldof x'g] -/St cNktf_ dl:tis ljsf; gx'g] cflb ;d:ofx¿
bl] vG5g\ . n]8 ;a}eGbf a9L xf8df y'lk|G5 . h;n] ubf{ /utsf sf]ifx¿ aGg / SoflN;odnfO{
;f];]/ lngaf6 al~rt ub{5 . n8] n] xf8x¿ clt sdhf/] agfp5F .

kf/f] (Mercury)

kf/f]sf] ko| f]u ydf{l] d6/, Aof/f]ld6/, 6o\ a' nfO6 cflbdf xG' 5 . xfd|f] z/L/df o;sf y'k|} gsf/fTds
c;/ 5g\ . kf/f]sf] ljiffSt c;/nfO{ xfO8«f/lhl/of (hydrargyria) cyjf d/Sol'[ /oflnHd
(mercurialism) elgG5 .

1. kf/f]sf] Ps yf]kfn] /utsf g;fx¿ aGb u/fOlbG5 / dflg;sf] d[To';d]t xg' ;S5 .

2. kf/fs] f of}lusx¿n] dl:tisdf Iflt k'¥ofpF5g\ . h;n] ubf{ dflg;sf] xg] ]{, ;G' g] / af]Ng]
zlSt lgs} sdhf]/ xG' 5 .

3. kf/fs] f ofl} usx¿n] lduf{}nf / kmf]S;f]nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpF5g\ .

4. kf/fs] f of}lusx¿n] ue{df /x]sf lzz'x¿nfO{ c;/ k¥' ofpF5g\ lsgeg] kf/f]sf ofl} usx¿
Knf;G] 6f (placenta) af6 ;lhn} l5b5{ g\ / lzz'sf] j[l4 ljsf;df g/fdf| ] c;/ k¥' ofp5F g\ .

5. kf/fs] f of}lusx¿n] lzz'x¿sf] dl:tis ljsf;df klg gsf/fTds c;/ kfb5{ g\ .

282 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (

cEof;

!= ;xL pQ/ 5fGg'xf];\ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] sg' cwft'sf] pbfx/0f xf] <
-c_ kf/f ] -cf_ a|fl] dg
-O_ kmnfd -O_{ tfdf
-v_ tnsf dWo] sg' cwfts' f] u0' f xf] <
-c_ tfksf] ;'rfns -cf_ ;lhn} 6l' jm| g]
-O_ tfg]/ tf/ h:tf] agfpg ;lsg] -O_{ lk6/] kftf h:tf] agfpg ;lsg]
-u_ tnsf dWo] s'g wft' xfdf| ] z/L/sf nflu xflgsf/s 5 <
-c_ Fe -cf_ Ca
-O_ Zn -O_{ Pb
-3_ kf/f]sf] ljiffSt c;/nfO{ s] elgG5 <
-c_ xfO8f« lhl/of -cf_ Plgldof
-O_ lxdf]lkmlnof -O{_ :sjL{
-ª_ wftn' ] s/G] 6sf] kj| fx ug{ ;S5 . wfts' f] o; u0' fsf] dV' o sf/0f tnsf dWo] sg' xf] <
-c_ wftd' f :jtGq On]S6f« g] x'g ' -cf_ wft'df On]S6f]«g lng] Ifdtf xg' '
-O_ wft'sf] k/df0fs' f] aflx/L ;]n k0" f{ xg' ' -O{_ wfts' f k/df0fx' ¿ rfndf xg' '
@= km/s 56' o\ fpgx' f];\ M
-s_ ef}lts u'0fsf cfwf/df wft' / cwft'
-v_ dl] noflaln6L / 8lS6ln6L

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 283

#= sf/0f n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ wft'nfO{ lk6/] kftf / tfg/] tf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .

-v_ wft'sf] kUng] / pDng] laGb' pRr x'G5 .

-u_ s6] fs6] LnfO{ kf/fo] 'St xfO8«fd] 6/ dv' df /fVg lbgx' 'bF g} .

$= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ wftx' ¿sf ef}lts u'0fx¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f;] \ .

-v_ …wftx' ¿ ljB't\sf ;"rfns xg' Ú\ eGg] s/' f s;/L kd| fl0ft ug{ ;lsG5, k|:6 kfg{x'[ f];\ .

-u_ wft'sf s'g} tLgcf]6f /f;folgs u0' fx¿ /f;folgs ;dLs/0f;lxt nV] g'xf;] \ .

-3_ dfgj z/L/df kf/f] / n8] n] kfg{ ;Sg] bO' {÷b'Oc{ f6] f gsf/fTds c;/ n]Vgx' f];\ .

-ª_ dfgj z/L/df rflxg] lgDglnlvt wfts' f ;|f]tx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ M

wft' kmnfd -Fe_ h:tf -Zn_ ;f]l8od -Na_ kf]6fl;od -K_
;|ft] x¿


284 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (

!* sfag{ / o;sf of}lusx¿
(Carbon and its Compounds)

sfag{ sf] kl/ro

s] tkfOn{“ ] sfO] nf, Wjf;“ f], ufn] cflb bV] ge' Psf] 5 < b]vs] f] eP logLx¿sf] /ª s:tf] xG' 5 <
logLx¿ sa] f6 ag]sf xG' 5g\, 5nkmn u/f“} .

sf]Onf, Wjf;F f], uf]n cflbsf] /ª sfnf] xG' 5 . logLx¿ sfa{gaf6 ags] f xG' 5g\ . …sfag{ Ú zAb
Nofl6g efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf], o;sf] cy{ uf]n xG' 5 . ;fwf/0ftof sfa{gsf] /ª sfnf] xG' 5 /
xfjfdf ;lhn;} Fu aNb5 . sfag{ aNbf sfnf] d':nf] jf wjF' fsf ;fy} tfk / ks| fz klg lgl:sG5 .
olb sg' } j:t' afNbf sfnf] d:' nf] jf wFj' f lgl:sG5 / an]/ afFsL ePsf] 7f]; kbfy{ sfnf] xG' 5
eg] To; kbfyd{ f sfag{ 5 egL yfxf x'G5 . xfn dflg;x¿ sfa{gaf6 dfq} ag]sf ljleGg
k|sf/sf kbfy{x¿ h:t}M lx/f, u|fkmfO6 cflbsf] cTolws ko| f]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;u} /L sfag{
;a} kf| ª\uf/Ls of}lusx¿sf] d'Vo tŒj ePsfn] o;sf] cWoog / pkof]u klg Jofks ePsf] 5 .
ctM sfa{g Pp6f c;fdfGo sfnf] /ªsf] cwft' xf] h;sf] k/df0fljs ;ªV\ of 6 / k/df0fljs
ef/ 12 xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk 18.1

sf]Onf, Wjf“;f], ufn] , k]lG;nsf] ln8, ;n] leq /fvs] f] sfnf] 58 cflb hDdf u/L sfa{gsf]
/ª tyf cGo u'0fx¿sf af/]df cWoog ug'x{ f;] \ .

sfag{ sf ;f| t] x¿ (Sources of Carbon)

tnsf pbfx/0fx¿df s]xLa/] ljrf/ u/fF} .

bfp/f afNbf sfnf] wjF' f lgl:sG5, d}gaQL afNbf klg sfnf] w'jF fsf] d:' nf] cfpF5, lrgL 89fpbF f
sfnf] cFuf/ aG5 cflb . To;f]eP s] w'Fjf, Wjf;f], cFuf/ cflb sfa{gsf ;f| ]t xg' \ t < oL
pbfx/0fx¿sf cfwf/df sfa{gsf ;f| ]tx¿sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/f}F .

;a} ks| f/sf hLjhGt'sf] z/L/df sfag{ ljleGg ks| f/sf ofl} ussf ¿kdf kfOG5 . To;}n]
sfag{ nfO{ ;hLj j:tx' ¿sf] agf]6sf] cfwf/ elgG5 . xfdLn] vfg] vfgf, nufpg] sk8f, k|ofu]
ug{] 6a] n' s';L,{ k]g, k]lG;n cflbdf sfag{ sf ofl} usx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . sfag{ sf s]xL ;f| ]tx¿
tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf 5g\ M

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 285

sfag{ tŒjsf ¿kdf sfa{g ofl} ussf ¿kdf sfa{g Uof;“ sf ¿kdf

sfO] nf (coal) ckf| ª\ufl/s of}lus k|fª\ufl/s of}lus

WjfF;f] (sooty) sfafg{] 6] ;\ x¿, sfafx]{ fO8«]6, kf| l] 6g, sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8,
afOsf]Og6] ;\ x¿ lrNnf] kbfy{ -t]n, sfag{ df]gf]S;fO8,
ufn] (charcoal) sfafO{ 8\;x¿ -h:t}M l3p_, k6] f« n] , o'l/g, xfO8f« ] sfa{g Uof;F x¿
le6fldg cfi} fwLx¿, -h:t}M ldy]g, Oyg] ,
lx/f (diamond) CaC2, SiC) l;Ns, sfuh, ;fag' LPG cflb_
u|fkmfO6 (graphite) cflb .
uf| lkmg (graphene) vlgh kbfyx{ ¿,
9ª' u\ fx¿, Uof;F x¿
CO2, CO cflb

lj|mofsnfk 18.2
sf7 / lrgLdf sfa{g x'G5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft u/f}“ .

Pp6f sf7sf] 6j' m| fnfO{ afn/] cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \ . s] tkfO{“n] sfnf /ªsf ufn] kf| Kt ug'e{ of] <
o;}u/L rDrfdf clnslt lrgL /fv/] ttfpb“ } cjnf]sg ug'{xf;] \ . tftL /x]sf] lrgLsf] /ª /
af:gfdf s:tf] kl/jt{g cfof] cjnf]sg ug{x' f;] \ . lrgLsf] /ª s:tf] xb'“ f ld7f] af:gf cfof] <
lrgLsf] ld7f] af:gf cfpg] cj:yfnfO{ Sof/fdn] (caramel) elgG5 . lrgL ttfp“b} hf“bf
afs“ L /xs] f] sfnf] / gld7f] uGwsf] kbfy{nfO{ ;'u/ rf/sfn] (sugar charcoal) elgG5 .
o;/L sf7 / lrgLdf sfa{g x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 .

sfa{gsf] :jefj (Nature of carbon)

sfa{g Ps ljz]if ks| f/sf] c;fdfGo cwft' xf] . o;sf] k/df0fd' f /x]sf 5cf6] f On]S6«f]gdWo]
rf/cf]6f On]S6f« g] ;+oH' otf ;r" s sIfdf /xs] f x'G5g\ . sfag{ n] cS66] agfpg rf/}cf6] f On]S6f« ]g
;femb] f/L ub{5g\ / rf/cf6] f sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 agfp5F . To;n} ] sfa{gsf] ;+o'Hotf rf/ x'G5 .
o;n] xfO8«fh] g, sfa{g, clS;hgnufotsf cGo tŒjx¿;Fu ldn/] ;lhn} sf]EofnG] 6 ofl} usx¿
agfp5F . sfag{ sf] o;} u0' fsf sf/0f xfn;Dd nfvf}F sfa{goS' t ofl} usx¿ kQf nfus] f 5g\ .

-s_ Sofl6g;] g ( )

k|foh;f] tŒjx¿n] cfkm" h:t} tŒjx¿;Fu lrq 18.1
sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 agfpbF f w]/}cf6] f k/df0fx' ¿;Fu
OnS] 6«fg] x¿ ;fem]bf/L u/]sf] kfOFbg} . t/
sfag{ df eg] o:t} k|sf/sf] ljz]if u0' f x'G5 .
h;nfO{ Sofl6g];g (catenation) elgG5 . Pp6f
sfa{gsf] k/df0f'n] csf]{ sfag{ sf] k/df0f;' Fu
sfE] ofnG] 6 aG8 agfpFb} nfdf] l;j|mL (chain)
agfpg] cgf}7f] u0' fnfO{ Sofl6g];g elgG5 .
sfa{gsf] o;} u0' fsf] sf/0fn] Ao'6]g, k]G6]g,

286 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

kfl] nlyg, kf]lnlegfOn Snf]/fO8 cflb cgluGtL of}lus ag]sf x'G5g\ .

sfa{gdf ePsf] Sofl6g];g u0' fn] ubf{ olt w]/} sfa{go'St ofl} usx¿ kQf nfus] f xg' \ .
To;n} ] /;fog zf:qdf sfag{ sf of}lusx¿sf] cWoog ug{ 56' \6} zfvf 5, h;nfO{ cuf{lgs
s]d:] 6«L (organic chemistry) elgG5 .

-v_ Pnf]6f« K] ; (allotrops) / Pnf]6f« ]kL (allotropy)

xfdLn] sfa{gsf ;|ft] x¿df sfa{g tŒjdfq} ePsf sx] L kbfy{x¿ bV] ofF,} h:t}M sf]Onf,
ufn] , WjfF;f,] u|flkmg, lx/f, uf| kmfO6 cflb . oL ;a} kbfy{x¿ sfa{gsf ljleGg ¿k xg' \ .
h;nfO{ Pnf]6f« K] ; (allotrops) elgG5 . cnu cnu ef}lts u0' f ePsf Pp6} tŒjsf ljleGg
¿kx¿nfO{ Pnf6] «fK] ; elgG5 eg] Pnf6] «f]K; aGg] k|ljm| ofnfO{ Pnf6] «fk] L (allotropy) elgG5 .

sfag{ sf Pnf6] f« K] ;

dl0fe Pnf]6f« K] ; w'nf] Pnf]6«f]K;

lx/f uf| kmfO6 alSdlg:6/ kmn' l/g sfO] nf ufn] WjfF;f]

sfa{gsf ef}lts u0' fx¿ (Physical properties of carbon)
1. sfag{ 7f]; cj:yfdf kfOg] tŒj xf] . lx/f, u|fkmfO6 / alSdlg:6/ km'nl/g dl0fe
(crystalline) cj:yfdf kfOG5g\ eg] sf]Onf, uf]n / rf/sf]n w'nf] cj:yfdf (amorphous)
kfOG5g\ .
2. sfa{g kfgLdf c3'ngzLn tŒj xf] .
3. clt pRr tfkj|mddf ttfpFbf sfag{ 7f];af6 Ps}rf]6L Uof;F df ¿kfGt/ xG' 5 .
4. sfag{ sfnf] /ªsf] x'G5 t/ lx/f /ªxLg Pjd\ kf/bzL{ x'G5 .
5. sfag{ df 6ns xF'b}g . lx/f eg] 6lNsG5 .
6. sfag{ ljBt' \ / tfksf] sr' fns xf] t/ uf| kmfO6 ljBt' s\ f] ;'rfns xf] .

7. o;sf] 3gTj Pnf6] f« ]kcg;' f/ 1.5 g/cm3 bl] v 3.5 g/cm3 ;Dd xG' 5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 287

sfag{ sf /f;folgs u'0fx¿ (Chemical properties of carbon)

1. aNg] u'0f (combustion):

kz| :t clS;hgsf] pkl:yltdf sfa{g an/] sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 lbG5 t/ yf/] } clS;hg
ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] sfag{ dfg] f]cS;fO8 lbG5 .

w]/} clS;hgdf afNbf C + O2 CO2 + tfk
yf/] } clS;hgdf afNbf 2C + O2 2CO + tfk
2. wft;' u“ kl| tljm| of (Reaction with metal)

sfag{ n] ;ljm| o wft;' uF k|ltljm| of u/L wft' sfafO{ 8 agfpF5 .

4Al + 3C heat Al4C3 -Pn'ldlgod sfafO{ 8_
-cfO/g sfafO{ 8_
3Fe + C heat Fe3C -lnlyPd sfafO{ 8_

2Li + 2C heat Li2C2

Ca + 2C he at CaC2 -SoflN;od sfaf{O8_

3. l/8\ol' ;ª u'0f (reducing property)

tŒjsf cS;fO8af6 clS;hg cnu ug{] /f;folgs kl| j|mofnfO{ l/8o\ l' ;ª u0' f elgG5 .

-s_ sfa{gn] sd ;ls|o wfts' f cS;fO8af6 wft' lgsfNg dbt ub{5 .

Fe2O3 + 3C heat 2Fe + 3CO
ZnO + C h ea t Zn + CO

PbO + C he at Pb + CO

-v_ sfag{ n] s]xL cS;fO8x¿;Fu k|ltljm| of u/L sfaf{O8 agfp5F .

SiO2 + 3C heat SiC + 2CO

-l;lnsg sfafO{ 8;_

CaO + 6C h eat 2CaC2 +2 CO

4. afkm;u“ k|ltljm| of (Reaction with Steam)

kfgLsf] afkmnfO{ sl/a 1000°C tfkj|mddf ttfPsf] sfag{ df k7fof] eg] sfa{g
df]gfS] ;fO8 / xfO8f« h] g Uof;F aGb5, pSt ld>0fnfO{ water gas elgG5 .

C + H2O CO + H2

288 lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff (

k|fªu\ fl/s / ckf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ (Organic and inorganic compounds)

xfdf| ] j/k/ ljleGg k|sf/sf of}lusx¿ kfOG5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL of}lusx¿df sfag{ tŒj x'G5 eg]
s]xLdf sfa{g tŒj xb'F g} . ofl}usx¿nfO{ sfa{gsf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg
ul/G5 .

k|fª\ufl/s ofl} usx¿ (organic compounds)

ldyg] , Oyg] , ldyfgf]n, Snf/] fk] md,{ o'l/of, OG;'lng, k|fl] 6g, sfafx]{ fO86«] , t]n cflb k|fª\ufl/s
of}lussf pbfx/0f x'g\ . xfO8f« s] fa{g / o;af6 ags] f ofl} usx¿nfO{ k|fªu\ fl/s of}lus elgG5 .
;fdfGotof k|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿df sfa{g tŒj xG' 5 / ofl} usdf ePsf ljleGg tŒjx¿lar
sfE] ofnG] 6 aG8 ags] f] xG' 5 . k|fª\ufl/s of}lusdf k|foh;f] sfag{ n] sfa{g;Fu / xfO8f« h] g;Fu
sfE] ofn]G6 aG8 agfp5F eg] cGo tŒjx¿ h:t} clS;hg, gfO6«fh] g, x]nf]hg, ;Nkm/ km:kmf/] ;
cflb klg sf]Eofn]G6 aG8åf/f hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . sg' } sg' } kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿df wftx' ¿ klg
alG8ª eP/ a;]sf x'G5g\ .

sfag{ eP tfklg sx] L ofl} usx¿ h:t}M sfa{g 8fOc{ S;fO8, sfa{g dfg] f]S;fO8, sfaf]{g6] ,
afOsfaf{g] ]6 sfaf{O6;\ cflb of}lusx¿ ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} us x'g\ .

w/] }h;f] k|fªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ kfgLdf 3N' b}gg\ lsgls logLx¿n] kfgL;Fu xfO8«f]hg aG8 agfpg
;Sb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu l3p, d}g, k6] f« n] , dl6t]n cflb . t/ kfgL;Fu xfO8f« ]hg aG8
agfpg] k|fª\ufl/s ofl} usx¿ eg] kfgLdf 3N' 5g,\ h:t} M lrgL, cNsfx] n . kf| ª\ufl/s ofl} usx¿
k|fª\ufl/s 3f]nsx¿ (organic solvents) df 3'N5g\ . Oy/, sfa{g 6]\6«fSnf/] fO8, a]lGhg cflb
k|fªu\ fl/s 3fn] sx¿ xg' \ .

ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿ (Inorganic compounds)

sfag{ ;Fu xfO8f« ]hg ghf]l8Psf ;a} of}lusx¿nfO{ ckf| ª\ufl/s of}lus elgG5 cyf{t\ kf| ª\ufl/s
of}lusx¿ afx]ssf ;a} ofl} usx¿nfO{ ck|fªu\ fl/s ofl} us elgG5 . ckf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿df
sfag{ cTofjZos tŒj xfO] g . ljleGg tŒjx¿ ldn/] ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} usx¿ aG5g\ . ck|fªu\ fl/s
of}lusx¿df dV' otof OnS] 6«fE] ofnG] 6 aG8 x'G5 eg] s]xLdf sf]EofnG] 6 jf b'j} aG8x¿ xg'
;S5g\ . ckf| ª\ufl/s cDnx¿, Iff/x¿, nj0fx¿ cflb ck|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿ xg' \ . ;fy} sfag{ sf
cS;fO8x¿, sfafg]{ 6] , afOsfaf]{g]6 / sfaf{O8x¿ klg ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿ xg' \ .

w/] }h;f] ck|fªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ kfgLdf 3N' 5g\ lsgls logLx¿ kfgLdf cfofg] fh];g eP/
cfof]gx¿df 5'\l6G5g,\ h:tM} ;f]l8od Snf/] fO8 -NaCl_, xfO8«fS] nfl] /s cDn -HCl_, DofUg]l;od
xfO8«fc] S;fO8 -Mg(OH)2_ cflb . kfgLdf cfof]gx¿ 56' \l6g g;Sg] ckf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ eg]
kfgLdf 3'Nb}gg,\ h:t} M l;Ne/ Snf/] fO8 -AgCl_, a]l/od ;Nkm]6 -BaSO4_, SoflN;od sfafg{] 6]
-CaCO3_ cflb .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 289

ljm| ofsnfk 18.3

cfˆgf] 3/df jf ljBfnosf] k|ofu] zfnf kfOg] kf| ª\ufl/s / ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿ ;ªs\ ng
u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .

k|fª\ufl/s ofl} us / ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿lar leGgtf (Difference Between Organic and

Inorganic Compounds)

lj|mofsnfk 18.4
lrgL, t]n, l3p, ol' /of h:tf k|fª\ufl/s of}lus / cDn, Iff/, nj0f, sfafg{] ]6, afOsfaf{]g6]
h:tf ckf| ª\ufl/s of}lusx¿lar /ª, uGw, efl} ts cj:yf, 3n' gzLnt, HjngzLn cflbdf
s] leGgtf kfOG5, cjnf]sg ug{'xf];\ .

leGgtfsf kf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} us ck|fª\ufl/s of}lus

cfwf/

1. ef}lts 7f];, t/n / Uof;F ltg} cj:yfdf k|foh;f] 7f;] cj:yfdf xG' 5g\ eg]

cj:yf kfOG5g\ . sx] L t/n -kfgL, xfO8f« S] nfl] /s

cDn cflb_ / s]xL Uof;F cj:yfdf

-sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, xfO8f« h] g

;NkmfO8 cflb_ xG' 5g\ .

2. /f;folgs kf| ª\ufl/s of}lusx¿df ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} usx¿df k|foh;f]

aG8 sf]Eofn]G6 aG8 xG' 5 . OnS] 6f« ]EofnG] 6 aG8 xG' 5 eg] sx] Ldf

sfE] ofn]G6 aG8 klg xG' 5 .

3. cfof]gLs/0f kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿ ck|fªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ cfof]gLs/0f

cfofg] Ls/0f xF'bg} g\ . xG' 5g\ .

4. 3n' gzLntf w/] }h;f] k|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿ w/] }h;f] ckf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿

kfgLdf 3N' b}gg\ t/ k|fª\ufl/s kfgLdf 3N' 5g\ t/ k|fª\ufl/s

3f]nsx¿df 3N' 5g\ . 3fn] sx¿df 3'Nbg} g\ .

5. klUng] / k|fª\ufl/s ofl} usx¿sf] klUng] / ck|fªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿sf] klUng] /
plDng] tfkjm| d plDng] tfkjm| d sd xG' 5 . plDng] tfkj|md a9L xG' 5 .

6. HjngzLntf kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿ ;lhn};uF ckf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ kf| oM aNbg} g\,

aNb5g,\ h:t} M l3p, t]n, k]6«f]n, h:t}M g'g, r'g 9'ª\uf cflb .

LPG, cflb .

290 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

b}lgs hLjgdf k|fª\ufl/s of}lussf pkof]lutfx¿ (Uses of organic compounds in our daily life)

lj|mofsnfk 18.5
xfd|f] bl} gs hLjgdf k|ofu] x'g] ljleGg ks| f/sf kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿sf] vfh] L u/L ;"rL
tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ . pSt ofl} usx¿ s] s:tf sfddf ko| fu] xG' 5g,\ atfpg'xf;] \ .

xfdLn] b}lgs hLjgdf w/] } ks| f/sf kf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} usx¿ pkofu] ul//xs] f xG' 5f“} . tLdWo] s]xL
tn lbOPsf 5g\ M

1. vfgf M xfdLn] xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf bfn, eft, t/sf/L, df5f, df;', bw' , bxL, kmnkmn"
cflb vfG5f} . oL ;a} vfg]s/' fx¿df sfaf{x] fO8«]6, k|fl] 6g, le6fldg cflb kf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} us
xG' 5g\ .

2. nQf sk8f M xfdLn] nufpg] nQf sk8f ljleGg ks| f/sf kbfy{x¿ h:tM} skf;, l;Ns,
h'6, pmg cflbaf6 ag]sf x'G5g\ . oL kbfy{x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf k|fªu\ fl/s of}lusx¿af6
ags] f xG' 5g\ .

3. cfi} fwL M xfdL la/fdL kbf{ vfg] tyf nufpg] clwsf+z cf}ifwLx¿ kf| ª\ufl/s of}lusaf6
ags] f x'G5g\ .

4. phf{ pTkfbg M l8h]n, k]6f« ]n, dl6tn] , l:k6| cflb k|fª\ufl/s of}lusaf6 ags] f kbfy{ xg' \ .
oL kbfyx{ ¿ phf{ pTkfbg ug{ tyf ;jf/L ;fwgdf xfNg k|of]u x'G5g\ .

5. s[lif pTkfbg tyf s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] vfB kbfy{ M ljleGg ks| f/sf sl[ if pTkfbg h:t}M bfn,
rfdn, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cflbdf sfaf{x] fO8«]6, kf| ]l6g, le6fldg cflbdf kf| ªu\ fl/s of}lus
xG' 5g\ . o;}u/L s[lifdf ko| f]u xg' ] ljleGg k|sf/sf vfB kbfy{, ls6gfzs cf}ifwL, le6fldg
cflb kbfy{x¿df klg k|fª\ufl/s ofl} us x'G5g\ .

6. ;f}Gbo{ ;fdfuL| M ;fG} bo{sf nflu k|of]u xg' ] clwsf+z s:dl] 6S;x¿df k|fª\ufl/s of}lus
xG' 5g\ .

cEof;

!= ;xL pQ/ 5fGgx' f];\ M
-s_ tnsf dWo] sg' sfa{gsf] u'0f xf] <
-c_ 7f];, t/n / Uof;F cj:yfdf kfOg] -cf_ kfgLdf 3n' gzLn xg' ]
-O_ pRr tfkj|mddf 7f];af6 Uof;F df ¿kfGt/0f xg' ] -O{_ 6ns x'g]
-v_ sfag{ o'St ofl} ussf] ko| fu] af6 kf]lnlyg aGg' tnsf dWo] sg' sfa{gsf] u0' f;Fu

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 291

;DalGwt 5 <
-c_ Pnf]6«kL -cf_ Sofl6g;] g
-O_ l/8o\ 'l;ª u0' f -O_{ aNg] u0' f
-u_ s'g kf| ª\ufl/s ofl} usx¿sf] ;d"x xf] <
-c_ kf| l] 6g, sfaf{x] fO8]6« , Pdf]lgof, ldy]g
-cf_ lUnl;l/g, lkmgfn] , cNsfx] n, sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8
-O_ ldyg] , ldyfgfn] , Snf/] f]kmd,{ ol' /of
-O_{ Oy/, Pdf]lgof, ldy]g, OG;'lng
-3_ bfp/f afn/] vfgf ksfpFbf ef8F fsf] aflx/L ;txdf sfnf] df];f] hDdf xg' n' ] s]
kd| fl0ft xG' 5 <
-c_ efF8f] hn]sf ] -cf_ bfp/fdf sfag{ ePsf]
-O_ bfp/f lr;f] ePsf ] -O_{ bfp/f afNbf k|b'if0f ePsf]
@= km/s n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ uf| kmfO6 / 8fodG8
-v_ k|fª\ufl/s ofl} us / ck|fªufl/s ofl} us
#= sf/0f n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ hf8f] ofddf sf7] fsf] em\ ofn 9f]sf y'g]/ leq sfO] nf÷bfp/f hnfpg' x'bF g} .
-v_ u|fkmfO6sf] wn' f]nfO{ 8f« O n'las| G] 6sf ¿kdf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ uf| kmfO6 / 8fOdG8 bj' } sfa{gsf Pnf6] «k x'g\ . u|fkmfO6df ljB't\ kj| fx x'G5
t/ 8fOdG8df x'Fb}g .
-3_ ck|fª\ufl/s of}lusx¿sf] kUng] / pDng] tfkj|md k|fªu\ fl/s ofl} ussf] eGbf a9L
x'G5 .
-ª_ r'nf]df bfp/f afNbf slxn] sfnf] w'Fjf cfp5F eg] slxn] sd wFj' f cfP/ cfuf] /fd|f];Fu
aN5 .
$= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ sfag{ df x'g] Sofl6g;] g / Pnf]6k« L u0' fnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt kl/eflift ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ lrgLnfO{ lg/Gt/ ttfpbF } hfbF f Ps sfnf] kbfy{ kf| Kt xG' 5 . o;af6 s] lgisif{ lgsfNg
;lsG5 <

292 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

-u_ dl0fe x'g] tyf w'nf] xg' ] sfag{ sf Pnf6] k« x¿sf pbfx/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .

-3_ sfa{g hNbf sfag{ df]gf]cS;fO8 jf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 aGg] cj:yf pNn]v
u/L ;DalGwt /f;folgs ;dLs/0f nV] g'xf];\ .

-ª_ jf6/ Uof; egs] f] s] xf] <

-r_ sfa{gnfO{ kfgLsf] afkm;Fu kl| tlso| f u/fpFbf s] aG5 < pSt kl| jm| ofsf] /f;folgs
;dLs/0f n]Vg'xf];\ .

-5_ /f]xgsf n'ufdf nfu]sf] lu|hnfO{ ;fa'gkfgLn] ;kmf ug{ ;sg] . cfdfn] /fx] gnfO{ lu|h
ePsf] 7fpdF f clnslt k6] f« ]n /fVg ;e' mfpg' eof] . s] /fx] gsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg xG' 5 <
/f]xgsf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf] pkfonfO{ ;DalGwt j1} flgs tYox¿sf
cfwf/df JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

-h_ tkfOF{sf] bl} gs hLjgdf k|ofu] xg' ] rf/cf6] f kf| ªu\ fl/s ofl} ussf pbfx/0f n]Vg'xf;] \ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 293

!( s[lif If]qdf ko| fu] x'g] kbfy{x¿
(Carbon and its Compounds)

xfdLn] vfg] w]/h} ;f] vfB kbfyx{ ¿ af6] la?jfx¿af6 k|fKt x'G5g\ . af]6la?jfx¿n] df6faf6
kfi] fs tŒjx¿ kf| Kt u5{g\ . df6fdf dnhnlagf nuftf/ vt] L ub}{ hfFbf df6f] ?vf] x'Fb} hfG5 .
af]6la?jfx¿df df};dcg;' f/ cg]s k|sf/sf /fu] x¿ nfU5g\ . ;dud| f df6fsf] pa{/f zlSt
365\ . df6fsf] pa/{ f zlSt a9fpg / cg]s k|sf/sf /fu] x¿ g:6 ug{ ljleGg ks| f/sf
/f;folgs kbfy{sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . af]6la?jfx¿sf] jl[ 4 ljsf;sf nflu /f;folgs dn / /fu]
tyf ls/fx¿af6 ltgsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ls6gfzs ljiffbL ko| f]u ul/G5g\ . oL /f;folgs
kbfyx{ ¿ pkof]uL eP tfklg logsf gsf/fTds c;/x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .

xs{axfb'/sf] v]tLls;fgL ubf{sf] cg'ej

Ps k6s xsa{ xfb'/sf af/Ldf /fk] s] f] pGgt hftsf] dss} f] lap nfdf] ;dodDd pldP| g .
nfdf] ;dokl5 pd]|sf la?jf xs' {Fb} hfFbf ltgsf 8fF7, kft, km" nsf] ;fOhdf 7fpFcg';f/ leGgtf
b]lvof] . sx] L la?jfx¿df h/f sdhf/] eP/ 9Ng], kft kxFl] nP/ emg{] tyf ;s' /] hfg] h:tf
;d:of klg bl] vP . pgn] l5d]sLsf] ;Nnfxcg;' f/ vt] df ol' /of dn /fv] . ol' /of /fv]sf] s]xL
lbgkl5 s'g} s'g} 7fpFsf la?jfx¿ xn{Ss a9] . la?jfx¿df b]lvPsf ;a} ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
ePgg\ . tL la?jfx¿df nfu]sf ds} sf;] f Pjd\ lapsf] ;Ohdf klg Ps¿ktf cfPg . To;kl5
pgn] sl[ if sfof{nosf lj1sf] ;e' mfjcg;' f/ vt] af/Lsf] ljleGg 7fpFsf] df6f] hfrF u/fP . df6f]
hfrF af6 ljleGg 7fpsF f] df6fdf ljleGg ks| f/sf tŒjx¿sf] sdL tyf clDnokgfdf leGgtf
/xs] f] kQf nfUof] .

csf{] k6ssf nflu xsa{ xfb/' n] df6fsf] l/kf6] {cg;' f/ ljleGg 7fpFdf cjZos tŒjo'St
/f;folgs dn -sxLF ol' /of, sxLF Pdf]lgod kmf]:km6] , sxLF kf6] fl;od ;Nkm6] _ k|ofu] u/]/ afnL
nufP . To:t} vt] af/Lsf] sx] L 7fpdF f rg' ko| fu] u/] eg] s]xL 7fpFdf SoflN;od Snf/] fO8
ko| f]u u/] . bf;] f| ] k6sdf ;a} 7fpFsf] afnL /fdf| ;] Fu x'lsP{ / cfP tfklg afnLdf ls/fsf] k|sf]kn]
xs{axfb'/nfO{ bM' v lbof] . To;kl5 pgn] lj1sf] ;Nnfxdf ;fjwfgLkj" {s ls6gfzs ljiffbL
5//] cfk\mgf] afnL ;'/lIft u/] .

!= pGgt lsl;dsf] lap nufpFbf klg ;?' df xs{axfb/' sf] afnL lsg /fd|f] ePg <

@= ol' /ofn] vt] sf sg' } afnL ;lk|P klg cGo afnLdf lsg ;w' f/ xg' ;sg] xfn] f <

#= v]tsf] ljleGg 7fpdF f ol' /of, Pdf]lgod kmf:] km6] / kf]6fl;od ;Nkm6] ko| f]u ug{'kgf{sf] sf/0f
s] xfn] f <

$= xs{axfb'/n] v]tdf r'g / SoflN;od Snf/] fO8 k|of]u ugs'{ f] sf/0f s] xfn] f <

294 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kfi] fs tŒjx¿ (Necessary nutrients for plants)

df6fdf la?jfsf] lap pd|G5 . gofF la?jf xs' {b} Ps jo:s la?jf aG5 . pSt la?jfdf
km" naf6 kmn x'bF } gofF lap tof/ x'G5 . o;/L la?jfsf] hLjg rjm| lg/Gt/ rln/xs] f] xG' 5 .
af6] la?jfnfO{ jl[ 4 ljsf; tyf hLjg rjm| k/" f ugs{ f nflu rflxg] ;a} tŒjx¿ cfjZos tŒj
xg' \ . la?jfx¿n] hLjg kl| j|mofsf nflu rflxg] tŒjx¿ df6fa] f6 kf| Kt u5{ .

la?jfx¿sf nflu cfZos 17 tŒjx¿

sfag{ -C_, xfO8«f]hg -H_, clS;hg -O_, gfO6f« ]hg -N_, km:kmf/] ; -P_, kf]6fl;od -K_, ;Nkm/
-S_, SoflN;od -Ca_, DofUgl] ;od -Mg_, af/] f]g -B_, Snfl] /g -Cl_ , sk/ -Cu_, kmnfd -Fe_,
DofGulgh -Mn_, dfl] nA8g] d -Mo_, lgs]n -Ni_, / h:tf -Zn_

la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kf]ifs tŒjx¿nfO{ kd| v' kf]ifs tŒjx¿ / ;xfos kf]ifs tŒjx¿ u/L b'O{
;d"xdf ljefhg ul/G5 M

-c_ kd| 'v kf]ifs tŒjx¿ -Primary nutrients_ M la?jfnfO{ w/] } dfqfdf rflxg] gfO6f« ]hg -N_,
km:kmf/] ; -P_ / kf]6fl;od -K_ k|dv' kf]ifs tŒjx¿ x'g\ . af]6 la?jfsf] /fd|f] al[ 4
ljsf;sf nflu df6fdf oL tŒjx¿sf] Joj:yfkg cTofjZos x'G5 .

-cf_ ;xfos kfi] fs tŒjx¿ -Secondary nutrients_ M

la?jfnfO{ kd| v' kf]ifs tŒjeGbf sd dfqfdf cfjZos xg' ] tŒj ;xfos tŒjx¿ xg' \ .
SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od, ;Nkm/, af]/fg] , kmnfd, lhª\s, cflb ;xfos kf]ifs tŒjx¿ x'g\ .
df6fdf logsf] cfefjn] af6] la?jfsf] jl[ 4 ljsf;df tyf ltgsf] pTkfbg 36\5 .

df6fdf cjZos kfi] fs tŒjx¿ k|fsl[ ts ¿kdf k|fªu\ fl/s kbfy{x¿ sl' xP/ lgdf{0f eO/xs] f
xG' 5g\ . vt] af/Lx¿df lg/Gt/ v]tL ubf{ x'g] kf]ifs tŒjsf] cfefj kl" ts{ f nflu dnsf
¿kdf tL tŒjo'St /f;folgs kbfy{ df6fdf /fVg'kg{] xG' 5 .

dn (Fertilizer)

la?jfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] kfl} i6s tŒjx¿ df6faf6 lng] u5g{ \ . la?jfnfO{ cfjZos kf]ifs
tŒjx¿ k'¥ofpg] ofl} usx¿nfO{ dn elgG5 . sl[ qd ¿kdf df6fdf la?jfsf nflu cfjZos
tŒjx¿sf] cefj k/" f ug{ dnx¿ k|of]u ul/G5 . dnsf] k|ofu] u/L df6fsf] pj{/fzlSt a9fpg
;lsG5 . dnn] af6] la?jfx¿sf] jl[ 4 tyf ljsf; u5{ / /fu] af6 ;/' Iff kb| fg u5{ .

dnsf lsl;d -Types of fertilizers_

dnx¿ kf| ªu\ fl/s / ck|fª\ufl/s u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ hg' lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

-c_ kf| ªu\ fl/s dn M

hLjx¿af6 pT;hg{ x'g] dndq" tyf dt[ z/L/sf efux¿ s'xfP/ agfOPsf] dnnfO{

kf| ª\ufl/s dn elgG5 . o; cGtu{t sDkfi] 6 dn, xl/of] dn, v/fgL, lkgfsf] w'nf], x8\8Lsf]

w'nf] cflb dnx¿ kb{5g\ .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 295

sDkf]i6 M hgfj/n] pT;hg{ u/]sf] dnd"q,
?v, la?jfsf kft kltªu\ /, d/]sf hgfj/sf]
l;gf], k/fn, 3fF;kft, ;f]t/ cflb j:tx' ¿
sl' xP/ ag]sf] dnnfO{ k|fª\ufl/s dn elgG5 .
uf]a/ dn klg Ps lsl;dsf] kf| ªu\ fl/s dn
g} xf] .

xl/of] dn M k|dv' afnL nufpg' cufl8
vt] af/Ldf l56f] sl' xg] la?jfx¿ xs' f{pg]
ul/G5 . o:tf la?jfx¿ df6fdf k/' /] s'xfpbF f lrq 19.1 xl/of] dnsf nfuL ul/g] 9r}“ f v]tL
dn aG5 . bnxg afnLsf af6] x¿nfO{ hldgdf s'xfP/ dn agfpbF f df6fdf la?jfx¿sf
nflu cfjZos gfO66«] sf] dfqf pknAw x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} slkto la?jfsf efux¿ klg
vt] af/Ldf s'xfP/ dn agfOG5 . o;/L xl/of] la?jfx¿nfO{ l;w} v]taf/Ldf s'xfP/ agfOg]
dnnfO{ xl/of] dn elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf kftL, c;'/f], lv/f{], ufhF f, cflb xl/of] dnsf
nflu v]tdf nfufOg] la?jfx¿ xg' \ .

kf| ªu\ fl/s dnsf kmfObfx¿ (Advantages of Organic Fertilizers)

k|fª\ufl/s dnn] df6fsf] pj/{ fzlSt a9fpF5 . o;sf] ko| f]un] df6fsf] kfgL ;~ro ug{]
Ifdtf a9fpF5 . of] dn k|ofu] ubf{ bL3{sfn;Dd klg df6fdf sg' } gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{}g .
o;n] jftfj/0fLo kb| "if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f

ub{5 . kf| ª\ufl/s dnsf] k|of]un] t/sf/L / kmnkm" nnfO{ :jflbnf], kfl] ;nf] / :jf:Yojws{
agfpF5 . o:tf] dndf plAhPsf t/sf/L / kmnk"mn vfbF f dfgj :j:Yodf s'g} gsf/fTds
c;/ kbg}{ .

-cf_ ck|fª\ufl/s dn (Inorganic fertilizer)

df6fdf la?jfnfO{ rflxg] kf]ifs tŒjx¿ ko| fKt gePdf o;sf] pj{/fzlSt xf| ; x'G5 .
o;sf nflu kfi] fs tŒjo'St /f;fogx¿ df6fdf /flvG5 . df6fdf ld;fpbF f la?jfsf
nflu cfjZos kf]ifs tŒjx¿ h:tM} gfO6f« h] g -N_, km:kmf/] ; -P_, kf6] fl;od -K_ cflb
lbg] ckf| ªu\ fl/s kbfy{x¿nfO{ ck|fª\ufl/s dn elgG5 . logLx¿ vlghx¿sf] /f;folgs
kl| tlj|mofaf6 lgdf0{ f ul/G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf Pdf]lgof -NH3_ / sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8
-CO2_ lar /f;folgs kl| tljm| of u/fO{ o'l/of [CO(NH2)2] tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . ck|fª\uf/Ls
dnnfO{ /f;folgs dn (Chemical fertilizers) klg elgG5 .

/f;folgs dn kfgLdf ;lhn} 3N' g] ePsfn] logsf] ko| f]usf] c;/ la?jfdf rf8F } cjnf]sg
ug{ ;lsG5 . logdf lglZrt kf]ifs tŒjsf] dfqf al9/x]sf] x'G5 . la?jfnfO{ cfjZos k|dv'
kf]ifs tŒjsf cfwf/df /f;folgs dnnfO{ gfO6«f]hgo'St, km:kmf/] ;oS' t / kf6] fl;odoS' t
u/L tLg lsl;dn] juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

296 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

gfO6«f]hgo'St dn (Nitrogenous fertilizer)

la?jfsf nflu cfjZos gfO6«f]hgsf ;f| tsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ul/g] ck|fªu\ fl/s ofl} us -nj0fx¿_
gfO6f« g] o'St dn x'g\ . Pdfl] god ;Nkm]6
[(NH4)2SO4], Pdfl] god gfO6]«6 [NH4NO3]
/ ol' /of [CO(NH2)2] gfO6«f]hgoS' t
/f;folgs dnsf pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ .

gfO6f« ]hgoS' t dnsf] dxŒj (Importance

of Nitrogen Fertilizer)

gfO6f« ]hgn] la?jfsf] tLj| jl[ 4 ljsf;sf lrq 19.2 o'l/of dn
;fy} pTkfbg jl[ 4df ;xofu] u5{ . o;n]
la?jfsf] xl/ts0f ;+Zni] f0f, k|f]l6g /
kf| 6] f]KnfHd lgdf0{ fdf a9fjf lbG5 .

la?jfdf gfO6«f]hg sdLsf c;/x¿ (Effects due to Nitrogen Deficiency in Plants)

gfO6f« h] gsf] sdLn] la?jfsf] jl[ 4 ljsf;sf ;fy} pTkfbgdf sdL NofpF5 . la?jfsf kftx¿
kx]Fnf xg' 'sf ;fy} kmn" , kmn / lapsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] xG' 5 .

km:kmf/] ;o'St dn (Phosphetic fertilizers)

la?jfsf nflu cfjZos km:kmf/] ;sf ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
k|of]u ul/g] ckf| ª\ufl/s ofl} us -nj0fx¿_ km:kmf]/;oS' t dn
x'g\ . Pdf]lgod kmf:] km6] [(NH4)3PO4], SoflN;od ;'k/ kmf:] k]m6
[Ca(H2PO4)2CaSO4], l6k« n ;k' / kmf]:km6] [3Ca(H2PO4)2],
/ Pdf]km; [NH4(H2PO4)] km:kmf/] ;oS' t /f;folgs dnsf
pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

lrq 19.3 l6«kn ;'k/ km:km] 6 dn

km:kmf]/;oS' t dnsf] dxŒj (Importance of Phosphorous fertilizer)

kmf:] kmf]/;n] la?jfsf h/fx¿sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;df ;xof]u ub5{ . o;n] afnLgfnL / lapdf
l56f] kl/kSjtf NofP/ bfgfx¿ ki' 6 agfp5F . o;n] la?jfnfO{ /fu] af6 arfpg ;xof]u u5{ .

la?jfdf km:kmf]/;sf] sdLaf6 xg' ] sdLsf c;/x¿ (Effects due to Phosphorus Deficiency

in Plants)

km:kmf/] ;sf] sdLn] la?jfsf h/fx¿ /fd/| L ljsf; x'g kfpFbg} g\ . o;sf] sdLn] la?jfsf] sfi] f
ljefhgdf dGbtf cfpF5 / la?jfx¿ b'Anf / kftnf bl] vG5g\ . km:kmf]/;sf] sdLn] afnLgfnL
/ lapdf l9nf] kl/kSjtf cfp5F eg] bfgfx¿ rfpl/Psf x'G5g\ . o;sf] sdL eO/xbF f la?jfdf
/f]u kl| t/fw] fTds Ifdtfdf 36b\ } hfG5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff ( 297

kf]6fl;odo'St dn (Potassium Fertilizer)

la?jfsf nflu cfjZos kf6] fl;odsf] ;f| ]tsf lrq 19.4 kf]6fl;od Snf]/fO8 dn
¿kdf ko| fu] ul/g] ck|fªu\ fl/s of}lus -nj0fx¿_
kf]6fl;odoS' t dn x'g\ . kf]6fl;od Snf]/fO8 [KCl],
kf6] fl;od ;Nkm]6 [K2SO4], kf6] fl;od gfO6]6« [KNO3]
/ kf6] fl;od sfaf{]g]6 [K2CO3] kf]6fl;odo'St dnsf
pbfx/0f x'g\ .

kf]6fl;odoS' t dnsf] dxŒj

(Importance of Potassium fertilizer)

v/fgLdf klg kf6] fl;od kfOG5 . kf]6fl;odn] la?jfsf] sf08 / h/fx¿nfO{ alnof] agfp5F
/ /f]u;Fu n8g\ ;Sg] Ifdtf a9fpF5 . o;n] la?jfdf kmn" sf] jl[ 4 ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
kf6] fl;odn] la?jfdf k|f]l6g, :6frn{ ufot cGo j:ts' f] lgdf{0fdf klg ;xofu] ub{5 .

la?jfdf kf6] fl;od sdLsf c;/x¿ (Effects due to Potassium Deficiency in Plants)

kf]6fl;odsf] sdLn] la?jfdf k|f]l6g, :6frn{ ufot cGo j:t'sf] lgdf{0fdf sdL cfpg'sf ;fy}
sf]if ljefhgdf klg sdL cfpF5 . h;n] ubf{ la?jfsf] a[l4 ljsf; sdhf/] xb'F } hfG5 . o;sf]
sdLn] la?jfsf kft ;fgf x'G5g\ / l56f] em5{g\ . kf]6fl;odsf] sdLn] ubf{ ;fgf la?jfx¿ ;S' g]
jf dg]{ ;Defjgf w/] } x'G5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 19.1

tkfO{“sf] j/k/ /x]sf] vt] af/Ldf /fd|f;] “u x's{g g;s]sf la?jfx¿sf nIf0fx¿ cWoog
ug{'xf];\ . tL nIf0fx¿ gfO6«f]hg, km:kmf]/; jf kf6] fl;oddWo] sg' sf] sdLn] ubf{ b]vf k/]sf
xf]nfg\, 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ .

/f;folgs dnsf kmfObfx¿ (Advantages of Chemical Fertilizers)

-s_ /f;folgs dndf af6] la?jfx¿sf nflu rflxg] ljzi] f k|sf/sf kf]ifs tŒjx¿ x'G5g\ . o;n]
ubf{ /f;folgs dnn] df6fsf] pj{/fzlSt a9fpg] sfd ub{5 .

-v_ /f;folgs dn ;lhn;} Fu kfgLdf 3'ngzLn x'G5g\ . To;sf/0fn] af6] la?jfx¿n] cfkmn" fO{
cfjZos kg]{ kfi] fs tŒjx¿ df6fa] f6 ;lhn} ;f;] /] lnG5g\ .

-u_ /f;folgs dnx¿nfO{ hDdf ug,{ Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f nh} fg / ko| fu] ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk 19.2
ljleGg ks| f/sf /f;folgs dnx¿ ;ª\sng u/L ltgsf] kfgLdf 3n' glzntf cjnfs] g ugx{' f;] \ .

298 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (

/f;folgs dnsf ak] mfObfx¿ (Disadvantages of Chemical Fertilizers)
/f;folgs dn pkof]uL eP tfklg o;sf] cTolws k|ofu] sf y'k}| a]kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . o;sf sx] L
a]kmfObfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
-s_ /f;folgs dnx¿ g;8g\ ] ePsfn] jftfj/0fnfO{ kb| "lift agfp5F g\ .
-v_ /f;folgs dnx¿n] df6fsf] cDnLokg jf Iff/Lokg a9fpg] sfd u5{g\ .
-u_ df6fdf /f;folgs dnx¿ k|of]u ug{ yfnk] l5 lgoldt ugk'{ g{] xG' 5 . cGoyf df6f] ?vf] xbF' }
hfG5 / pAhfp lgs} 36\5 .
-3_ /f;folgs dnsf] ko| fu] n] t/sf/L tyf kmnk"mnsf] kfl] ;nf] / :jflbnfk] g 36]/ hfG5 .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

la?jfdf kf]ifs tŒjsf] sdLn] b]lvg] nIf0fx¿sf] cWoog ugx{' f;] \ . s]xL gd'gfx¿sf] kmf]6f] ;ªs\ ng
ug'x{ f];\ / tnsf] tflnsf lbOPcg';f/sf] kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ M

kf]ifs tŒj kfi] fs tŒj kf| Kt df6fdf x'g] sdLsf]

xg' ] dn nIf0f ;ª\slnt gd'gfsf] lrq 6f“:gx' f;] \

gfO6«f]hg Pdfl] god ;Nkm6] , kftx¿ kx]nF f , kmn" ,
Pdf]lgod gfO66«] , kmn / lapsf] cfsf/
ol' /of ;fgf]

km:kmf]/; ================== ============= ===============

kf6] fl;od ================= ============ =================

df6fsf] u'0f:t/ ;+/If0f (Conservation of soil quality)

vt] Laf6 pAhgL k|fKt ug{ df6fsf] lg/Gt/ u'0f:t/ sfod /fVgk' 5{ . pAhgL a9fpg cTolws
¿kdf k|ofu] u/L /;folgs kbfyx{ ¿n] o;sf] u'0f:t/ laufg{] ;Defjgf x'G5 . df6fsf] u0' f:t/
;/+ If0f ug{ bx] fPsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ df6fsf] u0' f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{ M an] fa]nfdf df6fsf] u0' f:t/ k/LIf0f ugfn{ ] df6fnfO{ sg'
kfi] fs tŒj cfjZos 5 eGg] s/' f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} df6fsf] agf]6cg';f/
s'g ks| f/sf] vt] L pkoS' t xG' 5 eGg] s'/f klg df6f] k/LIf0faf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .

-v_ pkoS' t v]tL k|ljlwsf] ko| fu] M df6fsf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg rjm| Lo v]tL, ldl>t v]tL, sl[ if
rg' sf] k|ofu] , kf| ªu\ fl/s dnsf] w/] } ko| fu] , /f;folgs dnsf] sd k|of]u, pko'St l;FrfO{
k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] cflb sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

-u_ hldgsf] plrt ko| f]u ug]{ M v]taf/L afhF f] /fVbf jm| dzM o;sf] pa{/fzlSt xf| ; xbF' } hfG5 .

lj1fg tyf kl| jlwM sIff ( 299

kft kltª\u/ 89fpgfn] df6fdf x'g] pkofu] L ;I" dhLjx¿ g:6 xG' 5g\ . le/fnf] hldgdf
u/f gagfO{ vt] L ubf{ df6fdf ePsf dnx¿ aufP/ n}hfG5 . To;n} ] df6fsf] u'0f:t/
sfod /fVg vt] af/L afFemf] g/fVg,] v]taf/Ldf kft kltª\u/ g89fpg,] le/fnf] hldgdf u/f
agfP/ v]tL ug]n{ ufotsf sfo{x¿ ug{k' 5{ .

sL6gfzs ljiffbL (Insecticide)

ljleGg xflgsf/s ls/fx¿n] afnLgfnL pTkfbg 36fpF5 . o:tf xflgsf/s ls/fx¿ dfg{ jf
lgoGq0f ug{ ljleGg ks| f/sf sL6gfzs /f;fogx¿sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . xfdf| ] afnLgfnLsf nflu
xflgsf/s ls/fx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ / dfg{ ko| f]u xg' ] /f;folgs ofl} usx¿ sL6gfzs ljiffbL xg' \ .
sL6gfzs ljiffbLx¿nfO{ wn' fsf ¿kdf 5s{g] jf t/nsf ¿kdf 5g]{ ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
dfnflyg ls6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|ofu] n] t/sf/L afnL, kmnk"mn, cflbdf cfj|md0f ug{] ls/fx¿
gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk 19.3
tkfOs{“ f] j/k/sf] vt] af/L jf auF} rfdf nfUg] xflgsf/s ls/fx¿ dfg{ jf lgoGq0f ug{ s] s:tf
sL6gfzs ljiffbL ko| fu] eO/xs] f 5g\, cjnfg] , ;f]wvfh] / 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .
-s_ sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] k|ofu] n] xfdLnfO{ s] kmfObf xf]nf <

-v_ ls/fx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ sg' s'g 3/n] ' pkfox¿ k|ofu] ePsf /x]5g\ <

-u_ s] sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] ko| fu] sf gsf/fTds c;/x¿ klg xf]nfg\ <

sL6gfifs ljiffbLsf k|sf/ (Types of insecticides)

ljiffbLx¿nfO{ hl} js ljiffbL -bioinsecticides_ / /f;folgs ljiffbL -chemical insecticides_
u/L bO' { lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ hl} js ljiffbL (Bio-insecticides)

:yfgLo ¿kdf kfOg] ls/fx¿n] dg gk/fpg] af6] la?jfx¿sf efux¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L hl} js
ljiffbL agfpg ;lsG5 . emfn] df]n Ps h}ljs ljiffbLsf] pbfx/0f xf] . u|fdL0f eu] sf
ls;fgx¿n] af/Ldf 5g{] u/]sf] v/fgL klg hl} js ljiffbLsf] k|ofu] sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] .
u|fdL0f e]udf cfn' /fK] g' cufl8 c;/' f] /fVg], cGg e08f/0fdf lgdsf] kft /fVg,] p8';
dfgs{ f nflu lttk] ftL / lgdsf] emfn] k|of]u ug]{ hl} js ljiffbLsf] ko| fu] sf pbfx/0fx¿
x'g\ .

ljleGg ks| f/sf sL6gfzs cfi} fwLx¿sf] cgl' rt k|ofu] n] efl} ts Pjd\ h}ljs jftfj/0fnfO{
k|b"lift u/fp5F . ltgsf] k|ofu] sf] ;6\6f h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . h}ljs
ljiffbLn] af]6la?jfdf nfUg] ls/fx¿nfO{ eufpg tyf /f]uaf6 hf]ufpg dbt u5{ . o;sf]
k|of]un] df6f] tyf cGo hLjx¿nfO{ c;/ ub{g} . h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Psf ;fukft
t/sf/Lx¿nfO{ /fd|f];uF ;kmf u/]/ vfg ;lsG5 . o;n] dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/ kfbg}{ .

300 lj1fg tyf k|ljlwM sIff (