सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा मानव मुल्य शिक्षा कक्षा ४

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;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 5

hl' abf M -;fdflhsLs/0f t ;wF} rln/xg] kl| j|mof kf] /x5] . xfO] g t u'?cfdf <

u?' cfdf M xf,] tkfOn{F ] l7s eGg'eof] . of] afFrG' hn] rln/xG5 . of] Pp6f k:' tfaf6
csf]{ k:' tfdf x:tfGt/0f x'g] k|ljm| of xf] .

lzjfgL M -JolStdf ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{ s]n] ;xofu] u5{ t u?' cfdf <

u'?cfdf M ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{ JolStnfO{ ;xofu] ug{] ljleGg kIfx¿ /xs] f
5g\ . p;nfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fdf kl/jf/, ldq, ;fyL ;dx" , l5d]sL,
gftb] f/ cflbn] ;xofu] ub{5g\ . logLx¿ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf ky| d
dfWod x'g\ . To:t} ljjfx, xf6, kj{, d]nf klg ;fdflhsL/0fsf nflu
dbt k'¥ofpg] dfWod xg' \ . oL klg ;fdflhsLs/0fsf k|yd dfWod
g} x'g . logn] JolStnfO{ cgfk} rfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f xg'
;xofu] k¥' ofp5F g\ . To:t} ;fdflhsLs/0fsf nflu dbt ug{] ljBfno,
;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿, cfdf ;d"x, 6fn] ;w' f/ ;d"x cflb låtLo
dfWod xg' \ . Snax¿, /fhgLlts bn, Jofkfl/s jf Jofj;flos ;d"x,
a}ªs\ ;xsf/L, wfld{s tyf ;:+ s[lts :ynx¿ Klg låtLo dfWod
xg' \ . logn] JolStnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g ;xofu]
k'¥ofpF5g\ .

ldªdf/ / ;fyLx¿ M ;fdflhsLs/0fsf af/d] f k:| 6 kfl/lbg' ePsfdf wGojfb,
u?' cfdf .

-3G6L nfU5 . ;a} hgf sIffsf]7ftkm{ nfU5g\ ._

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{Fn] ljBfnodf kj| z] ubfs{ f] klxnf] lbgdf lzIfs tyf ;fyL;uF 3'nldn
xbF' fsf] cge' j b'O{ bO' { hgfsf] ;dx" df /xL ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

@= JolStsf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ePsf] s;/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

#= ;fdflhsLs/0fn] JolSt / ;dfhdf kfg]{ ;sf/fTds ke| fjx¿ Vff]hL u/L
sIffdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ .

6 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

$= tnsf] tflnsfdf cfwfl/t eO{ cfˆgf] dN" ofªs\ g ug'{xf;] \ M

s=;= Jojxf/ Uf5'{ Uflb{gF

!= ;fyLx¿;Fu ldn]/ a:g]

@= cfk;df ;xof]u ug{]

#= Rff8kj{ ldn]/ dgfpg]

$= l5ds] LnfO{ bMv' kbf{ ;fGTjgf lbg] /

;xof]u ug{]

%= ;fyLnfO{ ;xofu] ug]{

^= ;dfhdf 3'nldn eO{ a:g]

&= cfˆgf] /fdf| ;:+ sf/sf] kfngf

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;fdflhsLs/0f egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] dxŒj pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljz]iftfx¿ nV] g'xf;] \ .
-3_ …;fdflhsLs/0f hLjge/ rNg] kl| jm| of xf]Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'x{ f];\ .
-ª_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWod s] s] x'g\ <
-r_ kl/jf/nfO{ lsg ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|fylds dfWod elgPsf] xf] <
-5_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf kf| ylds dfWod / låtLo dfWodlar leGgtf b]vfpgx' f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOF{sf] ;db' fodf ;fdflhsL/0fsf s] s] lj|mofsnfk x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf cg'ej
Pjd\ cleefjs jf l5d]sL;Fu ;f]wvfh] u/L l6kf]6 ug{'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 7

kf7
# ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/M lzIff / :jf:Yo

ljsf; ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] . kl/jt{g ljBdfg cj:yfdf x'g] ;w' f/;Fu ;DalGwt
xG' 5 . ljsf;n] JolSt,;dfh / bz] nfO{ cl3 a9\g dbt ub{5 . ljsf;n] cfly{s
dfq} geO{ ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts kl/jt{gnfO{ klg hgfpF5 . d'ns' sf] cflys{ /
;fdflhs ljsf; ugs{ f nflu geO gx'g] ;j] f / ;l' jwfnfO{ ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/ x'g\ .
lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljBt' \ cflb ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ xg' \ . kj" f{wf/sf]
ljsf;n] cGo ;fdflhs cfly{s ;l' jwf lj:tf/sf nflu dbt ub5{ .

-s_ lzIff

s]xL jif{ klxn] bp] /fnL ufpFdf
;fIf/ dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ of sd
lyof] . lr7L kq k9\g / nV] g;dt]
k9]nv] s] f dflg;x¿ kfpg d'l:sn
kbY{ of] . clxn] ufpdF f ljBfno
v'ns] f] 5 . ;a} afnaflnsfx¿
ljBfno hfG5g\ . ufpFsf ;a}
dflg; ;fdfGo s/' f k9g\ , nV] g /
x/lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . clxn] df]afOn kmfg] / SofNs'n6] / rnfpg klg
;Ifd 5g\ . lzIffn] ufpFdf hgr]tgf a9s] f] 5 . ufpFdf pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{sf]
;ªV\ of klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . sx] L dflg;x¿n] cfˆg} Jofkf/, Joj;fo, ;fgf pBf]u
vf]n/] a;s] f 5g\ . ufpdF f r]tgf j[l4 xF'b} uPsf] 5 . ¿l9jf9L / cGwljZjf;df sdL
cfPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;d:of sd ePsf 5g\ . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf
dflg;n] ;xeflutf hgfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ToxfsF f dflg;x¿sf] cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4
ePsf] 5 . /f]huf/L cj;/x¿ jl[ 4 ePsf 5g\ .

lzIffn] 1fg / r]tgfsf] ljsf; u/fp5F . JolStdf /x]sf] kl| tefnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
;xofu] u5{ . o;n] dflg;nfO{ hLjgdf ljleGg cj;/sf] vfh] L ug{ dbt ub5{ .
JolStnfO{ pko'St ;dodf ;xL lg0fo{ ug,{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ dbt ub{5 .
lzIffn] l;k / Jojxf/ l;sfpF5 . lzIffn] b]z ljsf;sf nflu ;Ifd hgzlSt tof/
ub5{ . To;n} ] lzIff ljsf;sf] kj" fw{ f/sf] xf] .

8 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

JolStn] lzIff cf}krfl/s / j}slNks cgf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 lzIff k|fKt
ub{5 . ljBfno, SofDk; / ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|fKt xg' ] lzIff cfk} rfl/s lzIff xf] .
v'nf lzIff, b/" lzIff, lg/Gt/ lzIffsf dfWodaf6 kf| Kt x'g] js} lNks lzIff xf] .
To:t} ljleGg cgfk} rfl/s dfWod / k4ltaf6 k|fKt xg' ] lzIff cgf}krfl/s lzIff xf] .

Gfk] fndf lzIffsf] jtd{ fg cj:yf

;fIf/tf b/ Dflxnf ;fIf/tf k?' if ;fIf/tf egf{df kxFr' ljZj ljBfno

^%=( %&=$ &%=! (*=$ !!

;|f]t /fli6«o hgu0fgf s]Gb|Lo tYofªs\ ljefu @)^*

-v_ :jf:Yo

xfn;fn} /D3f ufpsF L kmn" dfofn] cfˆg} ufpsF f] :jf:Yo rfs} Ldf aRrf hGdfOg\ . :jf:ysdL{
/ :jf:Yo pks/0fsf] /fdf| ] Joj:yfkgn] pkrf/ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . kfrF jif{ cufl8 o;}
:jf:yo rfs} Ldf /fDff| ] pkrf/ gkfP/ pgsf] l5ds] Lsf] dT[ o' ePsf] lyof] . kfrF jifd{ f
:jf:Yo rfs} Ldf w/] } ;w' f/ ePsf 5g\ . 8fS6/ a:g gdfGg] o; :jf:Yo ;:+ Yffdf clxn]
8fS6/ / cGo :jf:Yo sdL{ klg lgoldt ;j] f kb| fg ul//xs] f 5g\ . cfˆg} 7fpdF f :jf:Yo
;j] f ;l' jwf xbF' f ufpdF } pkfrf/ ug{ kfPsfdf kmn" dfof v;' L l5g\ .

;Gt'lnt efh] g, /f]usf] ;ªj\ m| d0fsf] sdL, la/fdL x'Fbf cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] ;'ljwf
ePdf, lgoldt Jofofd / of]u u/d] f gful/sx¿ lg/fu] L eO{ cf;} t cfo' a9L x'G5 .
gk] fndf xfn :jf:Yo ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ufpF ;x/df pk:jf:Yo rfs} L, :jf:Yo rfs} L,
:jf:Yo s]Gb| tYff c:ktfnx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . sfl] e8 !( /fu] sf] dxfdf/L cfPkl5
bz] el/ g} c:ktfnx¿ Vff]Ng] jm| d a9]sf] 5 . :j:y hgzlStn] dfq} bz] ljsf;df
ke| fjsf/L el" dsf vN] g ;S5 .

:jf:Yo ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] wg xf] . :j:Yf JolStn] dfq sg' } klg sfo{ ug{ ;S5 . ljsf;
lgdf0f{df nflu :j:y hgzlStsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . JolSt :j:y /xgsf nflu
;Gtl' nt efh] g, /fu] sf] ;ª\jm| d0fsf] sdL, la/fdL x'bF f cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] ;'ljwf,
:jf:Yo lzIff, lgoldt Jofofd / ofu] sf] cfjZostf kb5{ . :jf:Yo kj' f{wf/sf]
ljsf; ug{ ;sd] f ;dodf pkrf/ kf| Kt ug]{ x'bf dT[ o'b/ sd x'G5 .

xfn g]kfndf :jf:Yo k"jfw{ f/sf] ljsf; la:tf/} xb'F } uO/x]sf] 5 . kT| os] :YffgLo
txdf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;l' jwfsf] kx'rF k'¥ofpg] nIo /flvPsf] . clxn] w]/} :yfgLo
txx¿n] cfˆgf] dftxtdf cfwf/et" c:ktfn ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . h;af6
gful/sn] cfwf/e"t :jf:y ;'ljwf kfpg yfns] f 5g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 9

Gfk] fndf :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] jtd{ fg cj:yf

c:ktfn Kf|fylds x]Ny kf]:6 ;x/L ;fd'bflos cGo 8fS6/sf] ;ªV\ of
!@% !^$#@
:jf:Yo x]Ny :jf:Yo s]Gb| :jf:Yo
pkrf/ s]Gb| s]Gb| ;l' jwf

!(* #*)* #&$ @(( %(

;|ft] M :jf:Yo ;j] f ljefu, @)&$÷@)&%

lj|mofsnfk

!= cfˆgf] ljBfno glhs /x]sf] :jf:Yo s]Gb|÷rf}sL÷c:ktfndf uO{ ToxfFsf]
ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf eg{'xf];\ M

jm| =;= :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] 7]ufgf 8fS6/sf] ;ªV\ of g;{ / cGo
gfd :jf:YosdL{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof

@= :jf:Yo;DaGwL hgrt] gf kmn} fpg] Pp6f Kn]sf8{ tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .
#= lzIffsf] dxŒj pNn]v ub{} alxgLnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/ egs] f] s] xf] <
-Vf_ lzIffn] s;/L bz] ljsf; ug{ dbt ub{5 <
-Uf_ ljsf;sf k'jfw{ f/ dWo] :jf:Yo Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ kj" fw{ f/ xf] . o; egfOnfO{

k'li6 ugx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ lsg lzIffnfO{ ljsf;sf] k"jfw{ f/ dflgG5 <
-ª_ :j:y /xg ckgfpg'kg{] pkfox¿ s] s] x'g\, ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .

10 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
$ ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/M oftfoft / ;~rf/

cfˆg} ufpFdf df6] / af6f] hf]l8Psfdf uªu\ fdfof w]/} v;' L l5g\ . klxnf klxnf
bO' { lbgsf] af6f] lx8F /] dfOt hfg] pgL ufpFdf df]6/ k'u]kl5 tLg 306f uf8Ldf
lxF8]kl5 dfOt k'Ubf cf}wL v';L l5g\ . lxhf] aflx/ s'g} ;x/ 3'Dg jf sfd ljzi] fn]
hfbF f klg lxF8/] hfg'kg]{df cfh df6] / r9]/ hfFbf pgnfO{ cfgGbsf] cg'ej eof] .
lxhf] ufpaF F];L ubf{ ds} wfg af]ss] f], psfnf] af6f] lx8F s] f] Hofg cfh uf8L r9\g]
cj:yfdf ku' s] f] 5 . pgsf] xftdf :df6k{ mf]g 5 . o;af6 pgL km];a's rnfpg,]
;dfrf/ k9g\ ] cflb ul5{g\ . ufpFdf 6l] nkmf]g, dfa] fOn, OG6/g]6 ;as} f] ;l' jwf
lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

oftfoftsf] ;'ljwfn] ubf{ ;x/df a;]/ klg dflg;n] ufpFdf pTkflbt t/sf/L
kmnkm"n vfg kfPsf 5f}F . oxfF pTkfbg ul/Psf j:t'n] ahf/ kfPsf 5g\ .

s'g} Ps 7fpFsf ;fdfg/ dflg; csf]{ 7fpFdf nh} fg oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf x'gk' 5{ . ;8s
oftfoft, xjfO{ oftfoft, hn oftfoft, sa] nsf/ cflb oftfoftsf kj" f{wf/ x'g\ .
;8sdfu,{ hndfu{, /Hhd' fu,{ /]ndfu{ h:tf oftfoftsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsof] eg]
Ps 7fpFdf pTkfbg ePsf ;fdfg jf j:t' csf]{ 7fpFdf k¥'ofpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
pBfu] wGbf, Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] ljsf; ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . pBfu] sf nflu sRrf kbfy{
Nofpg, pTkflbt j:t' laj|mL ljt/0f ug{ klg ;xh x'G5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf
nflu klg oftfoftsf] cfjZostf kb5{ .

;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{
;~rf/ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; x'g'
cfjZos 5 . ;~rf/df kx'rF gx'Fbf
klg xfdLn] sx] L s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf+}F . dflg;n]
cfkm;" Fu ePsf] efjgf ljrf/, va/,
;"rgfx¿ cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sof]
eg] sfd ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] xG' 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 11

6l] nkmf]g, df]afOn, ˆofS;, /l] 8of,] kqklqsf, OG6/g6] sf] ;l' jwf xFb' f xfdLn] ;lhn}
;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . OG6/g6] sf] ljsf;n] 3/d} a;]/ k9g\ / c¿ sfd
ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;+;f/e/sf] va/ Ps}l5gdf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . gofF
gofF 1fg / kl| jlwsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfOG5 . sfd ug{ l56f] / ;lhnf] xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= OG6/g6] sf] k|ofu] n] JolStsf] b}lgs hLjgdf k¥' ofPsf] ;xofu] sf] ;r" L tof/
kfg{x' f;] \ .

@= dfa] fOn kmfg] / OG6/g]6lagfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] xfn] f < 5nkmn u/L
nV] gx' f;] \ .

#= oftfoftsf] ljsf;n] ;d'bfodf Nofpg] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf ;d"xdf
5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ / lgisif{ sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .

$= tkfOF{sf] lhNnfaf6 ks| fzg / k|;f/0f x'g] kqklqsf, Pkm=\ Pd=\ , 6]lnlehg
cflbsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ / logLx¿n] s] s:tf ;dfrf/, hfgsf/L / dgf]/~hg
k|bfg u5{g,\ ;f]wvfh] u/L n]Vgx' f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ tkfO{Fn] ko| f]u ug'{ePsf ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .
-v_ oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf xbF' f kfOg] kmfObfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
-u_ s;/L oftfoft ljsf;sf] kj" f{wf/ xf] <

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfOF{sf] :yfgLo If]qdf ePsf oftfoftsf] jt{dfg cj:yf ;f]wvfh] u/L k|fKt
ljj/0f sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

12 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
% lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt

gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txdf ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf
;dGjo ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . gful/sn] 5fg]sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 ;ª\3, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/ u7g xG' 5 .

gk] fnsf] x/s] lhNnfleqsf ufpkF flnsf / gu/kflnsfx¿lar ;dGjo ug{ Ps lhNnf;ef
/xG5 . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] kd| v' / kbflwsf/Lx¿ lhNnf ;efsf ;b:odWoa] f6
lgjfl{ rt xG' 5g\ . lhNnf ;efdf lhNnfleqsf ufpkF flnsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/
sfok{ flnsf kd| v' / pkkd| v' ;b:o /xG5g\ . ufp;F ef / gu/;efsf] lgjfr{ gsf] clGtd
kl/0ffd kf| Kt ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq lhNnf ;efsf] klxnf] a7} s a:b5 . lhNnf
;dGjo ;ldltsf] el" dsfnfO{ tn tflnsfdf k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M

Kf|b]z lhNnf lhNnf :yfgLo lhNnf ;dGjo lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf

;ef / tx ;ldltsf k|ltlglw e"ldsf

lhNnf

;dGjo

;ldlt

& && && &%# -s_ lhNnf ;efaf6 -s_ lhNnfleqsf ufpFkflnsf

lgjfl{ rt Ps / gu/kflnsflar

hgf kd| v' Ps ;dGjo ug]{

hgf pkkd| v' -Vf_ ljsf; tyf

-Vf_ sDtLdf tLg lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfod{ f

hgf dlxnf ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ ;fs] f]

;b:o cg'udg ug{]
-Uf_ lhNnfdf /xg] ;ª3\ Lo /
-Uf_ Ps hgf ;b:o k|bz] ;/sf/L sfof{no
blnt jf
/ ufpkF flnsf /
cNk;ª\Vos
gu/kflnsflar ;dGjo
;d'bfoaf6
ug]{

-3_ cGo tLg hgf -3_ sfgg' adfl] hd cGo

;b:o sfox{ ¿ ug]{

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 13

lj|mofsnfk

!= tn lbOPsf] lhNnfsf] ljsf;sf] ;DefJotfsf] cj:yf cWoog ugx'{ f];\ /
lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

ljsf;sf ;Defjgf

u08sL kb| ]zdf cjl:yt uf]/vf lhNnfdf ljsf;sf ;Defjgf lgs} /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;

lhNnfdf s[lif, pBf]u, ko6{ gnufotsf Ifq] df ljsf;sf ;Defjgf /x]sf 5g\ . dgf:n'
lxdfn 6]l« sª, uf]/vf b/af/, l;/fgrp/, lnulnu sf]6, led;]g yfkfsf] ufpF afn] fª{ ,
af/kfs, nfk|fs If]qdf ko6{ g pBf]usf] ;Defjgf /xs] f] 5 . dgsfdgf dlGb/, uf]/vsfnL
uf/] vgfy, js]Zj/L, csnfdfO{, gf/b kf]v/L, /fh]g uD' af cflbnfO{ tLy:{ ynsf ¿kdf
ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . a'9Lu08sL, b/fb} L, r]k] gbLdf aGhL hDksf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
lxdfnL lhNnf ePsf] sf/0f h8La8' L kz| :t kfOG5 . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] vfh] L u/L
k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

lqzn" L, b/f}bL, a'9Lu08sL, dof{:ª\bL cflb gbLaf6 hn ljBt' \sf] ;D\efjgf /xs] f] 5 .
a9' Lu08sL hn ljBt' \ cfof]hgf lgdf0{ f x'g] jm| ddf 5 .

dgsfdgf dlGb/ kU' gsf nflu sj] nsf/sf] ;'ljwf 5 . o; lhNnfsf s]xL e"efu kY[ jL
/fhdfu{;uF klg hf]l8Psf 5g\ . w/] h} ;f] :yfgLo lgsfodf ;8s oftfoft ku' s] f] 5 .
oxfsf lxdfnL Ifq] df hf}, cfn' / kmfk/sf] pTkfbg xG' 5 eg] sd prfO ePsf] Ifq] df ds,}
ux'F, wfg, sf]bf] cflb cGgafnLsf] pTkfbg x'G5 .

-s_ tkfOsF{ f] lhNnfdf ljsf;sf ;Defjgf s] s] 5g\ < vf]hL u/L n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ cfˆgf] lhNnfdf xfn ePsf l;FrfO, ko6{ g, h8La6' L, vfg]kfgL, ;8s lj:tf/

sfo{jm| daf/] n]Vg'xf];\ .

@= sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g u/L sfo{ ljefhg;dt] ugx'{ f;] \ .
#= olb tkfO{F lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/L x'ge' P cfˆgf] lhNnfsf]

ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf lgdf0{ f ubf{ s;/L ;dGjo ug{'xG' 5 <

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g kl| j|mof pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ lhNnf ;ef s;/L u7g xG' 5 < u7g k|lj|mof n]Vg'x{ f];\ .
-v_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf sfox{ ¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .

14 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

PsfO xfd|f dfgj dN" o dfGotf
b'O{

l;sfO pknlAw

• dfgjdN" o cfTd;ft\ u/L dfgj ;]jfsf] efjgf hfu[t
ug{

• xfdf| ;fdflhs tyf wflds{ ;+:sf/x¿;uF kl/lrt
eO{ ;f]cg¿' k Jojxf/ ug{

• xfdf| ;f+:sl[ ts /Lltl/jfhx¿sf] vfh] L / ;+/If0f ug{
• /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf ljifokl| t ;r]t /xg / /fi6s« f]

;Ddfg / /fli6o« tfsf] hug] f{ ug{
• gk] fnsf k]/| 0ffbfos /fli6«o JolStTjx¿sf] vfh] L

u/L ;Ddfg ug{ / pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6 k]|/0ff lng
• rl/q lgdf{0fdf afnSnasf] e"ldsf vf]hL ug{ /

;xefuL x'g

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 15

kf7
! dfgj d"No / ;]jf

x/]s JolStnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf hLjg lhpgsf nflu csf]{ JolStsf] ;xof]u cfjZos
xG' 5 . cfk;L ;xof]ulagf dfgjn] cfˆgf cfjZostf k/" f ug{ ;Sbg} . ;dfhdf
dn] ldnfk / ;be\ fj ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] cfbfg kb| fgsf] ;+:sl[ t ljsf; ugk{' 5{ .
xfdLn] c¿af6 ;xof]u lng]dfq xfO] g c¿nfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] an] fdf ;xof]u
lbgklg ;Sgk' 5{ . ;xofu] L efjgfn] xfdLnfO{ Pscfk;df dn] ldnfk u/fpF5 . o;n]
;fdflhs ;be\ fj ljsf;df ;xof]u u5{ . ;d:ofnfO{ Pstfa4 eP/ ;dfwfg ug{
dbt u5{ . c¿sf] enf] lrtfpg,' bofefj /fVg', Odfgbf/ aGg', k/fk] sf/L x'g',
cfˆgf] st{Jodf lgi7fk"j{s nfUg' dfgj d"No xg' \ . o:tf dfgjLo dN" on] ;]jfefjnfO{
k|fyldstf lbG5g\ . lg:jfy{ ;j] f dfgj dN" osf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
dfgj dN" osf s]xL KfIfnfO{ tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ cfk;L ;b\efj

xfdLn] ;a} JolStkl| t ;sf/fTds efj /fv/] ;a}nfO{ lxt xg' ] Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{ .
;a}kl| t ;sf/fTds efjgf /fVg' cfk;L ;b\efj xf] . cfk;L ;b\efjn] ;dfhdf
zflGt, Pstf, dfof, kd]| , ljZjf; / ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ . o;sf nflu
;a}n] ;w}F ;befjk0" f{ Jojxf/ ug{k' 5{ . JolStn] sg' } klg sfd ubf{ glhs / 6f9f,
wgL / ul/a, cfˆgf] / k/fO egL e]befj ug'x{ F'b}g . ;a}kl| t ;defj /fVf]/ Jojxf/
ug{ ;s]df cfk;L ;be\ fj ljsf; x'G5 .= xfdL tgfj/lxt eO{ afRF g ;S5f}F . o;f]
xbF' f V'f;L / ;V' fL dfgj ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] k'U5 .

-v_ Odfgbf/L

Odfgbf/L eg]sf] tfl] sPsf] lhDdj] f/L ;dodf k/" f ug{] Jojxf/ xf] . of] st{Jolgi7f
/ ljZjf;l;nf] sfo;{ Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . Odfgbf/L JolStsf] JolStut / ;fdflhs
;DklQ xf] . ljZjfl;nf] Jojxf/n] JolStnfO{ ;a}sf] lko| agfp5F . cfˆgf] stJ{ onfO{
;jf{]k/L 7fg/] tf]lsPsf] lhDdj] f/L axg ug{] JolSt g} Odfgbf/ JolStxf] . cgz' fl;t
Pjd\ dofl{ bt eP/ cfˆgf] pQ/bfloTj axg ug{ ;Sbf xfdL Odfgbf/ aGg
;S5fF} . Odfgbf/L ;fdflhs ;b\efj ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] .

16 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

-u_ efOrf/f

;;+ f/sf ;a} JolSt Ps} kl/jf/sf bfh'efO÷lbbLalxgL h:t} ;dfg ;b:o x'g\ eGg]
7fg]/ Jojxf/ ug{' g} efOrf/f xf] . efOrf/fn] ;dfhdf ;dfgtf / ef| tT[ jsf] efjgf
ljsf; u/fpF5 . Pstf / ;dgftfsf] cg'el" t u/fp5F . o;af6 ;dfhdf Pstf,
zflGt / ;d[l4sf] jftfj/0f lgdf0{ f xG' 5 .

-3_ lgikIftf

lgikIftf eg]sf] kIfkft/lxt Jojxf/ xf] . hft, wd,{ lnªu\ , gftf, Ifq] , pd]/, ju{
k;] f, /ª cflb cfwf/df s;n} fO{ klg e]befj gul/g] Jojxf/nfO{ lgikIftf elgG5 .
lgikIf Jojxf/af6 of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] plrt sb/ xg' ] xbF' f :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'G5 . o;f] xbF' f ;dfhdf ZfflGt / ;b\efjsf] ljsf; eO{ ;fdflhs
Pstf bl/nf] aG5 .

-ª_ ;lxi0f'tf

c¿sf] cl:tTjnfO{ l:jsfg{] / ;a}k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ sfo{af6 cfk;L ljZjf;
cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;dembf/L / ;xcl:tjsf] efjgf ljsf; xG' 5 .
kf/:kl/s d]nldnfk / ;xcl:tjaf6 g} ;lxi0ft' f sfod x'G5 . ;lxi0f'tf eg]sf]
;a};uF ul/g] ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ xf] . c¿sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ cfk;L ;dembf/L
sfod ug{ ;s]dfq ;dfhdf zflGt / ;be\ fjsf] ljsf; xG' f ;S5 .

-r_ lhDd]jf/L

lhDdj] f/L JolStnfO{ tfl] sPsf] sfo{ xf] . lhDd]jf/L k/" f ug'{ x/]s JolStsf] stJ{ o
xf] . o;nfO{ ;r]t JolStsf] klxrfgsf ¿kdf klg lng] ul/G5 . tf]lsPsf] bfloTj
dn} ] k"/f ugk'{ 5{ eGg] af]w tyf Jojxf/ lhDd]jf/L xf] . lhDdj] f/Ln] JolStnfO{ bfloTj
af]w u/fpF5 . xfdLn] k|s[ltdf /xs] f ;a} hLjhGt' / ;+/rgfk|lt lhDd]jf/ eP/
Jojxf/ ug'k{ 5{ . cfˆgf] cfjZostf, OR5f, rfxgf k/" f ubf{ c¿nfO{ xflg gfS] ;fgL
k¥' ofpg' xbF' }g . lhDdj] f/ eP/ ul/Psf] sfdn] ;kmntf lbnfpF5 . o;af6 JolStdf
;Gtl' i6 / :jfledfgsf] efjgf ljsf; xG' 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 17

-5_ ;j] f

ljgf :jfy{ ;3fpg] sfd ;j] f xf] . d"ntM ;Dk0" f{ kf| 0fL hut\sf] lxtdf ul/g] sdn{ fO{
;j] f elgG5 . ;j] fnfO{ c;n dfgjLo wd{ eg]/ klg rrf{ ug{] ul/G5 . sdhf/] ,
czSt, Goi] 7 gful/s, ul/a, bLgbv' L, ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolSt h:tf c¿sf] ;xofu]
rflxgn] fO{ ;3fpg' ;j] f xf] . ;j] f efjn] xfdLnfO{ k/fk] sf/L sfod{ f nfUg pTkl]| /t ub5{ .

-h_ Pstf

JolSt JolStlarsf] xfdL eGg] efjgf Pstf xf] . k/:k/sf] ldqefjaf6 ul/g]
Jojxf/n] Pstfefj a9fpg ;xofu] ub5{ . ;dfhsf Jojxf/nfO{ ;f´f bfloTj
7fg]/ cufl8 a9\bf ;dfgtfsf] efj a95\ . cfk;L dn] ldnfk sfod x'G5 . o;af6
;xsfos{ f] efjgf a9g\ uO{ ;fdflhs lhDdj] f/Lk"/f ug{ dbt k'U5 . cfk;L Pstfaf6
;dfhsf] cflys{ ljsf; / ;'/Iff sfod ug{ klg dbt kU' 5 . cfOkg{] ;d:ofsf]
lg/fsf/0fdf klg Pstfa4 cleofgn] ;3fpF5 .

lj|mofsnfk

tkfO{sF f] ;d'bfodf c¿sf] ;xofu] cfjZos kg]{ bO' { hgf JolSt;Fu e]6 ug{x' f];\ .
pxfxF ¿nfO{ cfkmn" ] ;Sg] ;xofu] ug{'xf];\ / ;xof]u ubf{ tkfOn{F ] u/s] f] cg'el" t
sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ dfgj dN" o eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ cfk;L ;b\efjaf6 kf| Kt x'g] kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ ;dfhsf] ljsf; / Pstfsf nflu xfdLn] ckgfpgk' g{] dxŒjk"0f{ dfgjLo

Jojxf/x¿sf] rrf{ ug'x{ f];\ .
-3_ JolStsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk0" f{ lhDdj] f/L klxrfg u/L pbfx/0f;lxt k|:t't

ugx{' f];\ .
-ª_ dfgj d"Nox¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ s'g} bO' {sf] pbfx/0f;lxt aofg ug{x' f];\ .

18 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

;fd'bflos sfo{

!= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfosf JolStx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug'x{ f;] \ . cjnf]sgkZrft\ dfgj

dN" osf] cEof;sf] cj:yf tnsf] tflnsfdf e/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ M

dfgj dN" o 5÷5}g

cfk;L ;b\efj

Odfgbf/L

efOrf/f

;lxi0ft' f

Pstf

lhDdj] f/L

;]jfefj

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 19

kf7
@ xfd|f ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿

g]kfn ljljwtfoS' t bz] xf] . oxfF ljleGGf hflt / efiffefifLsf] a;f]af; 5 . efu} fl] ns
ljljwtf;uF } ;+:sf/ / ;+:sl[ tdf klg ljljwtf b]Vg ;lsG5 . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOd{ f
a:g] JolStx¿sf lardf klg /xg;xg, efiff, rfnrng / dN" odfGotfdf km/skg
kfOG5 . hfthfltsf cfwf/df klg km/s km/s ;:+ sf/ cl:tTjdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL
ljljwtfoS' t ;:+ sf/x¿ hfltut / ef}uf]lns ;d'bfosf nflu klxrfg ag]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnL ;dfhsf clwsf+z ultljlwx¿ wflds{ tyf hfltut ;+:sf/af6 lgb]l{ zt
5g\ . ;gfTfg j}lbs dfGotfaf6 k|efljt xg' ] hfthfltsf] ;+:sf/df lxGb' wd{sf]
ke| fj b]lvG5 . af}4 wdfn{ DaLx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/ af4} wd{af6 lgb{l] zt 5 .
ljleGg wdd{ f ljZjf; ug{] ;db' fox¿sf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ klg pgLx¿n] dfGg]
wda{ f6 k|efljt 5 . sltko hfthfltdf eg] Pp6} wd{ dfGg] eP tfklg wd{eGbf
hfltut cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . xfd|f ;fdflhs
;:+ sf/x¿ hfthflt, wd,{ efif, eu" fn] cflb cfwf/df lgwf/{ 0f /x]sf bl] vG5g\ .

x/]s ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ljleGg ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf / Jojxf/ /xG5g\ .
hGd, d[To', ljjfx cflb ljleGg ;+:sf/x¿sf nflu lglZrt\ dN" o / dfGotfnfO{
cfwf/ agfOPsf] xG' 5 . ;dfhdf /xs] f ltg} dN" o dfGotfx¿ ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/x¿
x'g\ . ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/x¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ hGd ;:+ sf/

;Gtfgsf] hGd kl| j|mof ;?' ePkl5 kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ / ;dfhdf kl/lrt
u/fpgsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf sd{ ul/G5g\ . aRrf ue{df cfPkl5 uej{ tL
dlxnfnfO{ /fd|f] x]/ljrf/ ug,]{ ;dfhdf ;r" gf lbg], ;dfhn] gofF aRrfsf] cfudgnfO{
:jfutsf] tof/L ug{,] uej{ tLnfO{ ldi7fGg v'jfpg] cflb u5{g\ . gk] fn ax'hftLo /
ax';f+:s[lts dn' s' ePsfn] cfˆgf] hftLo, wfld{s ;+:sf/cg';f/ aRrfsf] gfds/0f
ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] 5 . aRrfsf] gfds/0f ;:+ sf/ cfˆgf] ;:+ sl[ tcg';f/ tLg, kfFr,
;ft jf P3f/ lbgdf ul/G5 .

20 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kl/jf/df ;Gtfgsf] hGd ePsf] 5 dlxgfleq kf:gL -aRrfnfO{ cGg v'jfpg ;'?
ug{]_ ul/G5 . ;Gtfg x'sFb{ } hfbF f 5f/] f ePdf hftLo ;:+ sf/cg;' f/ r8" fsd{ -5]j/ /
j|taGw_ ug],{ 5f/] L ePdf u'Go"rf]nL lbg]nUffotsf sd{ ug{] ul/G5 . o:tf ;:+ sf/x¿
cfcfˆgf hfltut ;:+ sf/cg;' f/ ;DkGg ul/G5g\ . oL sd{ aRrfnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f
ug{ ckgfOg] tl/sfx¿ x'g\ . o:tf ;:+ sf/ ubf{ ldtJolotf ckgfpbF } ;d;fdlos
;'wf/ ug{tkm{ nfUgk' 5{ .

-v_ ljjfx ;+:sf/

pd]/n] jo:s ePsf dlxnf / k?' ifnfO{ hLjg;fyLsf ¿kdf :jLsl[ t k|fKt ug{]
kl| jm| of ljjfx xf] . of] 3/hd / ;Gtfg pTkfbgsf nflu ul/g] ;:+ sf/ut kl| j|mof
xf] . dfuL ljjfx, efuL ljjfx, k|]d ljjfx, cbfntL ljjfx cflbljjfxsf k|sf/ x'g\ .
dfuL ljjfx k/Dk/fut ljjfx ;:+ sf/ xf] eg] k|]d ljjfx cfwl' gs kr| ng xf] . dfuL
ljjfx wflds{ / Jojxfl/s lx;fan] lgs} dxŒjk0" f{ dflgG5 . oftfoft, lzIff, ;"rgf,
;~rf/, kl| jlw / ;Dks{sf] sf/0fn] jt{dfg ;dodf dfuL ljjfxeGbf k]d| ljjfx lgs}
kr| ngdf 5 . sltko hfthfltdf clxn] klg afnljjfx k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
afnljjfx sfg'gL, dgfj] }1flgs / :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] cg'koS' t xg' ] xF'bf o:tf unt
cEof;nfO{ x6fpg cfjZos 5 . cfhefl] n lzIffsf] ke| fjn] afnljjfxdf s]xL
sdL cfP klg k0" f{ ¿kdf /f]lsPsf] cj:yf eg] 5g} . jt{dfg sfg'gL kf| jwfgcg;' f/
g]kfndf ljjfxsf nflu s6] fs6] Lsf] pd/] @) jif{ ku' s] f] xg' 'k5{ . ;:+ sf/sf gfddf
ul/g] afnljjfx h:tf u/} sfgg' L sfo{ aGb ug{ rt] gfd"ns ultljlwx¿nfO{ yk
z;St agfpg cfjZos 5 . ljjfx ;:+ sf/ ubf{ xfdLn] bfOhf], kmhn' vr{ h:tf
s/' fx¿nfO{ lg?T;fxg ug'k{ 5{ .

-u_ dT[ o' ;:+ sf/

hGdkl5 dg{k' g]{ ks| [ltsf] lgod xf] . kY[ jLdf hGd lng] ;a} kf| 0fLx¿sf] ks| [ltn] cfo'
to u/s] f] 5 . dflg; d/k] l5 hftLo / wflds{ ;+:sf/cg;' f/ km/s km/s lsl;dn]
dT[ o' ;:+ sf/ ul/G5 . d[To' ;:+ sf/df hftLo / wfld{s k/Dk/fcg';f/ lsl/of sd{
ug],{ cfzfr} afg,{] gg' gvfg,] c¿nfO{ g5g' ], skfn vf/} g] / ;t] f nu' f nufpg] rng
5 . d[t z/L/nfO{ hnfpg,] uf8g\ ] of 6'jm| f kf/]/ hLjhGtn' fO{ v'jfpg] h:tf ljljw
;:+ sf/x¿ gk] fnL ;dfhdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . of] gk] fnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtf / klxrfgsf]
kd| f0f xf] .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 21

g]kfnL ;dfhsf s]xL wflds{ tYff ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/x¿

jm| =;= hfthflt hGd ;+:sf/ ljjfx ;:+ sf/ dT[ o' ;+:sf/

!= Ifq] L a|fxd\ 0f !! lbgdf Gjf/fg ;uf]qL ljjfx !# lbgd\ f lsl/of sd{

ug{], kfrF 5 dlxgfdf gug],{ dfuL / k]|d ug]{, skfn vf/} g], ;]tf]

kf:gL ug{], k/' f]lxtn] ljjfx b'a} xg' ] sk8f nufP/ Ps jif{

sd{ u/fpg] cfzfr} afg{]

@= dUf/ ;ftb]lv P3f/ kf| oMcfˆg} hfltleq !) bl] v !# lbgdf lsl/of

lbgleq Gjf/fg lax] ug]{, Dffdf sd{ ug]{

ug],{ k'/fl] xtn] sd{ r]nL / kmk' " rn] flar

u/fpg] ljjfx ug{ ldNg],

dfuL / k|]d ljjfx

#= gj] f/ rf/b]lv P3f/ an] ,dfuL / kd]| lxGb' jf af4} k/Dk/fcg;' f/

$= tfdfª lbgleq Gjf/fg ljjfx k/' f]lxtn] sd{ u/fpg]
ug,]{ k/' fl] xtn] sd{
%= /fO{
^= lnDAf' u/fpg]
&= yf?
*= zk] f{ tLgb]lv P3f/ Dffdf rn] f] / !) b]lv !# lbgdf lsl/of

lbgleq Gjf/fg ug{] km'k" rn] Llar ljjfx sd{ ug{]

ug{ ldNg], dfuL

/ k|d] , hf/L ljjfx

rNg]

tLgbl] v 5 lbgleq dfuL / kd]| ljjfx Zfj uf8\g]

Gjf/g ug]{ rNg]

5f/] Lsf] tLg lbg / dfuL / kd]| ljjfx tf]lsPsf] jf k|rlnt

5f/] fsf] rf/ lbgdf If]qdf zj uf8g\ ]

Gjf/g ug{]

5b]lv gf} lbgleq dfuL / kd]| ,hf/L Zfj hnfpg] / uf8g\ ]

Gjf/fg ug]{ ljjfx rNg]

kfrF b]lv lbgleq dfuL, hf/L / k|]d af4} ;:+ sf/adfl] hd

Gjf/g ug{] ljjfx tLgb]lv P3f/ lbgleq

;dflw ug{]

22 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

(= lwdfn 5f]/Lsf] tLg lbg / dfuL / k]d| ljjfx, tfl] sPsf] If]qdf zj
!)= u?' ª
5f]/fsf] rf/ lbgdf ljwjf ljjfx rNg] uf8g\ ]

Gjf/fg ug]{

klxnf] ;Gtfgsf] dfuL / k]d| ljjfx Zfj hnfpg] / uf8\g], !#

hGddf ljzi] f rNg] lbg h7' f] afg{]

gfrufg u/L v;' L

dgfpg]

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO+{Fsf] ;d'bfodf sg' s'g hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] a;fj] f; 5 < pgLx¿;uF e6]
u/L sg' } bO' { ks| f/sf hfltsf hGd / dT[ o' ;+:sf/sf km/s km/s ljzi] ftfx¿
l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf ;a}nfO{ ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

@= tkfO{s+F f] ;db' fodf s:tf s:tf jj} flxs ;:+ sf/x¿ b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < ltgsf
ljzi] ftfx¿ l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ / sIffdf ;fdflhs lzIfs;uF cGt/ljm| of ugx{' f;] \ .

#= tkfO+sF{ f] ;d'bfosf aRrfsf] gfds/0f ug{ kr| lnt ;+:sf/ / d'Vo ljm| ofsnfk

pNnv] ub}{ sIffdf ;fYfLx¿nfO{ ;G' ffpgx' f;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljjfxnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ dT[ o ;+:sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/sf] ljljwtf x'gs' f sf/0fx¿

klxNofpgx' f];\ .
-ª_ yf¿ hfltsf] d[To' ;+:sf/ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 23

kf7
# xfdf| wflds{ ;:+ sf/

wd{ egs] f] cf:yf / ljZjf; xf] . ljleGg JolSt, hfthflt of ;db' fodf km/s
km/s wflds{ ljZjf; /x]sf] x'Gf ;S5 . ljleGg wd{x¿n] km/s km/s lsl;dsf
wfld{s ;:+ sf/x¿nfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/s] f xG' 5g\ . lxGb' wdfn{ DaLx¿ O{Zj/df ljZjf;
u5{g\ . cnfl} ss zlStnfO{ OZ{ j/sf ¿kdf k"hf ug{], bfgwd{, tLyj{ t| ug{] sfo{x¿
lxGb' wds{ f wflds ;:+ sf/x¿ x'g\ . clx+;f af}4 wds{ f] dV' o ljzi] ftf xf] . af4}
wdf{nDaLx¿ k/fs] f/, dn] ldnfk, zflGt / ;+od h:tf ;:+ sf/x¿nfO{ dxŒj lbG5g\ .

;[li6sf ;a} kIfn] cfkgf] lhDd]jf/L k/" f ug'{ wd{ xf] . df6fdf s'g} lap /f]k]kl5
To;nfO{ pdfg'{ k|s[ltsf] wd{ xf] . x/s] JolStn] o; wtL{df hGd lnPkl5 cfˆgf]
bfloTj k"/f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fvL ;ak} |lt lhDdj] f/ eP/ Jojxf/
ugk'{ 5{ . k"jh{ x¿n] ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;do / :yfgcg;' f/ ljz]if gfd;lxtsf
wd{ ;:+ sf/ ljsf; u/]sf xg' \ .

;a} wds{ f] ;femf ;f/

elSt

cf/fwgf kf| y{gf

wflds{
kh" f ultljlw clx+;f

bLgb'MvL c;xfosf] ;j] f

j|t bfg

elSt ug{' Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ wflds{ Jojxf/ xf] . elSt cf/fwgf egs] f] cf:yf xf] . elSt
ugfn{ ] dg / lrQ Psfu| eO{ hLjgnfO{ ;Gdfud{ f lx8F fpg ;xofu] kU' 5 . dg :j:y /
zfGt /fVg ;xofu] kU' 5 . dlGb/, uD' af, dl:hb, rr{ h:tf wflds{ :ynx¿df ul/g]
kh" fkf7, kf| yg{ fnufotsf Jojxf/x¿af6 xfdLnfO{ cflTds zflGt ldN5 .

24 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

ljZf]if ltlyx¿df jt| , pkjf; ug,{] bfg ug{,] bLgbM' vLnfO{ ;]jf, ;xofu] ug{] sfdx¿
klg xfdf| wflds{ ;+:sf/ x'g\ . c¿sf] dg gb'vfpg', lx+;f gug'{ h:tf c;n
;:+ sf/x¿sf] kfngfaf6 ;dfhdf zflGt sfod xG' 5 . xfd|f] ;fgf] bof, k/f]ksf/ /
;be\ fjaf6 c¿nfO{ ;xofu] kU' 5 eg] Tof] wd{ xf] . cg'zfl;t eP/ gLltk"js{ ljsf;,
;'/Iff / bz] sf] k|ultdf ;xofu] ug{] h:tf wfld{s ;+:sf/x¿sf] cª\uLsf/ ugf{n]
;dfhdf dn] ldnfksf] jftfj/0f sfod ug{;dt] ;xofu] k'U5 .

ljleGg wdd{ f cfwfl/t dV' o wflds{ ;:+ sf/x¿nfO{ tn tflnsfdf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M

wd{ d'Vo wflds{ ;:+ sf/
lxGb' k"hf cf/fwgf ug{], jt| j:g], dl" t{ kh" f ug],{ ehgsLtg{ ug{]
af4} lx;+ f gug],{ Wofg ug]{, a'4 dGq nl] vPsf tf/] 0f 3/df /fVg]
O;fO{ kf| yg{ f ug{], Sof/fn] ufpg,] d}gaQL afNg,] pkxf/ ;f6f;f6 ug]{
ls/ft k|s[ltsf] kh" f ug,{] dG' w'd kf7 ug],{ ;l' Dgdf / kf?xfªsf] kh" f ug]{
O:nfd gdfh kf7 ug,{] xh ug],{ bfg ug{,] /dhfgsf] j|t a:g]

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{+Fn] cg'ej u/]sf] ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk"0f{ wfld{s lj|mofsnfk s'g lyof] <
To;cGtut{ ul/Psf sfox{ ¿ l6kf6] u/L sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

@= tkfOF+{sf] ;db' fodf /xs] f] kl| ;4 wfld{s :yndf uO{ pSt wfld{s :yndf
eSthgx¿ cfpgfsf sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpgx' f;] \ / tL sf/0fx¿ cfˆgf sIffsf
;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ s:tf Jojxf/nfO{ wfld{s ;+:sf/ elgG5 <
-v_ s'g} kfrF wfld{s ;Dkb| fox¿n] ug]{ dV' o wfld{s ultljlwx¿sf] ;"rL

agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;as} f] wd{sf] ldNbf ultljlwx¿nfO{ abF' fut ¿kdf n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ tkfOn{F ] dfGb} cfPsf] wflds{ ;+:sf/n] ;dfhdf kf/s] f] ;sf/fTds ke| fj

pNnv] ug{x' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 25

kf7
$ xfdf| rf8kjx{ ¿

xfdLn] ljleGg ks| f/sf rf8kj{x¿ dgfpFb} cfPsf 5fF} . rf8kjx{ ¿ P]ltxfl;s,
wflds{ / ;f+:sl[ ts kIfdf cfwfl/t xG' 5g\ . x/]s rf8kjs{ f] cfˆg} ljlzi6 kl/j]z /
klxrfg /xs] f] x'G5 . b;}nF fO{ xfdL c;Todfly ;Tosf] ljho ePsf] ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf
dfG5fF} . a4' kl" 0f{df -a'4 hoGtL_ zflGtsf b"t uf}td a4' hGd]sf] ltlysf ¿kdf
dfG5f}F . b;,F} ltxf/, 57, Nxf];f/, pwF fn} L, pFef}nL, kmfuk' "l0f{df, df3] ;ª\j|mflGt,
jz} fv kl" 0fd{ f cflb xfdf| kd| v' rf8kj{ x'g\ . wfld{s ;db' fo, ef}uf]lns If]qcg;' f/
rf8kj{x¿ km/s km/s xG' 5g\ . rf8kja{ f6 ;:+ sf/ / ;+:sltaf/d] f yfxf kfOG5 .
rf8kjn{ ] Ct' / df};dsf] klg hfgsf/L lbG5g\ . rf8kj{ dfgj ;DaGWf / ;b\efjsf
;t] ' klg x'g\ h;n] cfk;L dn] ldnfk / ;xsfon{ fO{ k>| o lbG5g\ .

rf8kj{n] cfkmGt e]63f6, ld7f] vfg,] /fdf| ] nu' f nufpg] gfrufg ug{n] ufotsf
ultljlwsf nflu cj;/ lbG5 . rf8kj{ ;+:sf/ / ;:+ s[lt ;+/If0fsf cfwf/ klg xg' \ .
xfdLn] rf8kj{ dfGbf cgfjZos vr{ ug],{ clzi6 Jojxf/ bv] fpg], b]vfl;sL ug]{
h:tf cjfl~5t ultljlwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'k{ 5{ .

wdfj{ nDaLx¿sf cfwf/df g]kfndf dgfOg] sx] L rf8kj{ / :j¿k

lxGb' wdf{nDaLx¿sf af}4 O:nfd O;fO{ cGo
wdf{ nDaLx¿sf
rf8kj{ wdf{ nDaLx¿sf rf8kj{ wdfn{ DaLx¿sf wdfn{ DaLx¿sf

rf8kj{ - ;f]a|ft rf8kj{ rf8kj{
-Obpn lkmq_
- b;}F -zlStsf] - a'4 k"l0f{df -cf:yf_ - ljm| ;d; - pwF fn} L

cf/fwgf_ -cf:yf_ - Obpnchfx -pT;j_ -pT;j_
-as/ Ob_
- ltxf/ -ef| t[kd|] _ - Nxf;] f/ -cf:yf_, - O:6/ - pFefn} L
dfx] /d
- df3] ;ª\j|mflGt -Ct' -pT;j_ -pT;j_ ;G8] -cf:yf_ -pT;j_

kl/jt{g_ - dlgl/Db' - /j} n -cf:yf_ - ;dfrv]jf

- kmfu' kl" 0fd{ f -pNnf;_ -cf:yf_ -ef| t[ kd]| _

- OGb|hfqf -cf:yf_

- hgk} l" 0fd{ f -;+:sf/_

26 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

- s'z] cf;F} L -;:+ sf/_ - lthL kj{ - df3L
dftflty{ cfF;} L -pT;j_ -pT;j_
-cf:yf_
- of/tª' - tf/] 0fNjx
- lzj/fqL -wflds{ _ -pT;j_ -pT;j_
- 57 -cf:yf_
- uf}/f -cf:yf_ - ;sfbfjf - ed' ] k"hf
- gfu k"hf -cf:yf_ -cf:yf_ -cf:yf_

- a/fxLk"hf
-cf:yf_

lj|mofsnfk

!= cfˆgf] sIffdf k9\g] ;fyLx¿sf] gfd, y/, 7]ufgf l6kf6] ug{'xf;] \ . k|To]s
;fyLx¿n] dgfpg] u/]sf dV' o dV' o rf8kj{x¿ / dgfOg] ;do rf6{kk] /df
;r" Lst[ u/L ;an} ] bV] g] u//] sIffsf] leQfdf 6f:F g'xf];\ .

@= ljleGg rf8kj{ dgfPsf] clego ugx{' f;] \ .

#= ljleGg rf8kj;{ Fu ;DalGwt lrq tyf kmf6] fx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L PNad tof/
kfg{x' f;] \ / PNadsf] gfd;d]t nV] g'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ xfd|f rf8kjx{ ¿ ;fdflhs ;DaGWfsf ;]t' xg' \ eGg] s/' fnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt
k:| 6o\ fpg'xf];\ .

-v_ rf8kjx{ ¿af6 s;/L dfgjn] k'gtf{huL kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ rf8kjs{ f] dxŒj pNnv] ug'x{ f];\ .
-3_ rf8kj{x¿n] s;/L ;dfhsf] lrgf/L u/fp5F g,\ nV] g'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 27

kf7
% xfd|f ;f:+ sl[ ts /Lltl/jfh

;dfhdf ljutbl] v rlncfPsf Jojxf/x¿ /Lltl/jfh x'g\ . gfRg], ufpg], k"hf
cf/fwgf ug]{, d]nfkft ug,{] P]Frfk] r}F f ug{], hfltut tyf ;:+ sf/ut klx/g nufpg] cflb
kr| ngx¿ xfdf| /Lltl/jfh xg' \ . o:tf /Lltl/jfh ;dfhsf klxrfg x'g\ . ;f+:s[lts
/Lltl/jfhcGtut{ nfs] uLt, nf]safhf, nf]sgT[ o, u/uxgf, klx/g, nf]sw'g k5{g\ .

-s_ xfd|f nf]suLt

!= klZrd aUg] sgf{nL t kj" { aUg] e]/L
lardf xfdL /dfpg] bfe] fg x]l/x/] L -´ofp/] 6S' sf_
@= jxLF hGDofsf] jxLF x'Sof{sf] emNsf emNsf emNsf lxdfn

pxL af]nL hfGofsf] s7} sde{ "ld hfF eoflg hGdel" d xf] d/] f] klZrd
gk] fn -bp] 8f_
#= /fd /fd /fd, /fdsf] ze' gfd hkf}F ;an} ]
hkf}F ;a}n] x//] fd hkf}F ;a}n]===gf/fo0f xl/xl/-r'6sf ehg_
$= /fDbL kn' t/g] lalQs}
afFr] e6] d/] Tf olts} -;fnh} f] 6S' sf_
%= dflyt dfnL8fF8fdf nfdfn] efld{g r9fsf]
cfKkfsL 5f/] L dR} ofªnfO{ dgdf cr]n w8\sg a9]sf] -tfdfª ;]nf_]
^= jf/L t'jfFnf] sd} kf/L t'jfnF f]

cfuF fgd} f gfrLgfrL nfpnL kj' fFnf] -kj' ]{nL df?gL efsf_
&= rn' ;vL lxnldn hgss] cfFug

bn' xf agn5L >L/fd x] . -d}lynL ljjfx uLt_
plNnlvt nfs] uLtsf 6'Ssfx¿ gk] fnL ;db' fodf k|rlnt nf]suLtsf cz+ xg' \ .

nf]shLjgsf] nofTds Pjd\ snfTds cleJolSt nfs] uLt x'g\ . nf]suLt cfˆgf]
/y} fg] ;:+ sf/ Pjd\ ;+:sl[ t cleJoSt ug]{ ;zSt dfWod xf] . o;af6 dflg;n] cfˆgf

28 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

efjgf, ;+j]u, v';L Pjd\ kL8fnfO{ uLtsf dfWodaf6 ks| 6 u5g{ \ . o:tf uLtx¿
rf8kj{, k"hfcfhf, dn] fkft, pT;j, dxf]T;jnufotdf ufpg] ul/G5 . nf]suLt
dfl} vs ¿kdf k|rlnt uLt xg' \ . oL nfs] kl/j]zdf cfwfl/t xG' 5g\ .

k|ofu] sf] cfwf/df nf]suLtnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ a‰' g ;lsG5 M

;+:sf/df ko| fu] k|fyg{ fdf k|ofu] xg' kj{x¿df k|ofu] cGo cj:yfdf
xg' ]
hGd, dT[ o,' O{Zj/Lo elStsf x'g] k|of]ux'g]
ljjfx cflbdf nflu ufOg], h:t} M
ufOg,] h:t} M ehg, dfun uLt rf8kj{df ufOg], kl/:YflthGo ¿kdf
/Tof}nL uLt
h:t} M tLh, dflg;sf dgdf

kmfu', uf/} f kb} f eP/ ufpg],

ltxf/df ufpg,] h:t} M aRrfnfO{

h:tM} bp] ;L, en} f] ;t' fpg ufOg]

nf]x/L

-v_ nf]safhf

;dfhdf k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf nfs] uLtnfO{ ;'/, tfn / no lbg] jfBoGqnfO{
nfs] afhf elgG5 . k'j{hx¿sf l;hg{ f oL nf]safhfx¿ ;dfhsf lrgf/L xg' \ .
:yfgLotfsf] klxrfg;uF ufFl;Psf nf]safhfx¿ df}lns x'G5g\ .

gk] fnL ;dfhdf ko| fu] df /x]sf dfbn, d'r‘u{\ f, afF;/' L, ;f/ª\uL, d'/nL, ;xgfO,{ 6D] sf],
bdfx, 9f]ns, lwd] cflb nfs] afhf x'g\ . tanf, x'8s\ f], Zfª\v, ‰ofD6f, lagfof],
8d?, v}h8] Lnufotsf afhfx¿ klg g]kfnL nfs] afhf xg' \ . sltko afhfx¿ k"hf

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 29

ubf{ ahfpg] ul/G5 . sltko afhfx¿ dgf/] ~hg ug]{ jm| ddf gfrufg ubf{ ahfpg]
ul/G5 . dn] fkj{x¿df klg jfBoGqx¿ ahfpg] ul/G5 . o;af6 dflg;n] cfˆgf]
efsf / zAbx¿nfO{ ;fªu\ Llts :j¿k lbg] u5{g\ . g]kfnsf] :yfg ljzi] f km/s km/s
nfs] afhfx¿sf] k|ofu] ul/P tfklg dfbn eg] w/] } 7fpFdf pkofu] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

-u_ nfs] wg'

k/Dk/fb]lv kj{ cj;/nfO{ hgfpg ;ªs\ t] ul/g] jf ahfOg] wg' x¿nfO{ nf]sw'g
elgG5 . b;dF} f ahfOg] dfn>L, ljjfxdf ahfOg] dªu\ n wG' f, kh" fdf ahfOg] :j:tL,
zªv\ Wjlg cflb xfd|f nfs] wg' x'g\ . logn] df;} d, rf8kj{ / kl/jz] sf] k|s[ltnfO{
;ª\st] u5{g\ . kl/jz] sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg nfs] w'gsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .

nf]swg' ;dfh / :yfgcg';f/ km/s k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . nfs] w'g ;dfhsf ;DklQ x'g\ .
cfwl' gs uLt, ;ªu\ Lt tyf w'gsf] k|efjn] sltko nf]swg' nfk] eO/xs] f] cj:yf 5 .
;"rgf kl| jlwsf] ljsf; tyf klZrdf ;:+ sl[ tsf] k|efjn] klg xfd|f nf]swg' cfe] m]ndf
kb}{ uPsf 5g\ . xfd|f] ;+:sf/, ;:+ s[lt / klxrfg;uF uflF ;Psf nfs] uLt, nfs] afhf
tyf nfs] w'gsf] ;+/If0fdf lj|mofzLn xg' ' x/]s gk] fnLsf] bfloTj xf] .

-3_ nfs] tyf zf:qLo gT[ o

nf]suLt / nfs] afhfx¿sf] w'gdf cfwfl/t eO{ z/L/sf] xfpefp k:| tt' ug'{nfO{ nfs]
gT[ o elgG5 . ;a} ;dfhsf cfˆg} klxrfg lbg] nf]sg[Tox¿ x'G5g\ . nfs] g[Tox¿
;dfhsf klxrfg / uxgf xg' \ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf /Tofn} L, ehg / dGqx¿df cfwfl/t
eO{ gflrg] k/Dk/fut gT[ ox¿ xfd|f ;dfhsf ljzi] f ;DklQ x'g\ . g]kfndf gflrg]
‰ofp/,] VofnL, r6' \sf, df?gL, wfg gfr, tfdfª ;]nf,] afng, ;/fo, ;f]/7L, lemlemof
cflb nf]slko| g[To xg' \ . gk] fnL ;dfhdf b]p8f, x8' \s] gfr, sf}/f gfr, nfv] gfr
klg lgs} k|l;4 5g\ .

wdz{ f:q tyf bj] Lb]jtfsf] rl/q j0fg{ ub}{ lglZrt lgoddf /x/] ul/g] g[To zf:qLo
g[To x'g\ . rof{ g[To, k~ra'4 g[To cflb zf:qLo gT[ osf pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ . dv' ,
cfFvf, cfFn} fx¿, zf/Ll/s nrstf tyf ljleGg cª\ux¿sf] xfpefpnfO{ zf:qLo
;ª\uLtsf nodf cfa4 u/L zf:qLo gT[ o ul/G5 .

30 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

nfs] tyf zf:qLo g[To dgf]/~hg / cf:yfsf] k|:t'lt ug{ ul/G5 . jtd{ fgdf nfs]
tyf zf:qLo gfr y/] fkL / zf/Ll/s cEof;sf nflUf;dt] pkofu] ug{ yflnPsf] 5\ .
nfs] tyf zf:qLo gT[ ox¿sf] df}lnstf / klxrfg hfu] fpg jtd{ fg k':tfn] ofu] bfg
ugk'{ 5{ .

-ª_ u/uxgfx¿

JolStn] z/L/ ;hfpg jf cfˆgf] klxrfg
bv] fpg k|of]u ug{] ;fdu|LnfO{ uxgf
elgG5 . o:tf ;fdu|L sg' } ljzi] f wft,'
kTy/ jf cGo s'g} j:t'af6 lgdf0{ f
ul/G5 . ljleGg :j¿k / cfs[ltoS' t
o:tf uxgf JolSt / dl" t{x¿df ko| fu]
ul/G5 . gk] fnL ;dfhdf axd' N" o wft'x¿sf]
k|ofu] u/L uxgfx¿ lgdf0{ f ug]{ rng
5 . bj] Lbj] tfsf dl" t{x¿df ko| fu] ul/g]
d's6' , JolStn] lz/, gfs sfg, 3fF 6L xft
v6' 6\ fdf klxl/g] ljleGg ;fgf7n' f j:t'x¿ uxgf x'g\ . dlxnfn] nufpg] lz/aGbL,
9ª' u\ L| , d'Gb|L, an' fsL, kft] ], ltnx/L, cf}F7L, afnf, r/' f, kfph' cflb uxgf x'g\ .
gk] fndf k?' ifsf] tn' gfdf dlxnfx¿n] w/] } k|sf/sf u/uxgfsf] ko| f]u u5g{ \ . o:t}
hfqfkj{x¿ / d7dlGb/df klg u/uxgfx¿sf] ko| f]u eO/xs] f] b]lvG5 . u/uxgfx¿
;dsfnLg ;dfhsf] hLjGt klxrfg x'g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOs{+F f] ;d'bfodf kfOg] ljleGg nf]safhfx¿sf] gfd ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

@= tkfO+{sF f] ;db' fosf Ho]i7 gful/s;Fu e6] u/L u/uxgfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf

hfgsf/L lngx' f];\ . k|fKt tYox¿ lbOPsf] tflnsfdf eg{x' f];\ M

jm| =;= uxgfsf] gfd ko| fu] ug{] ;db' fo uxgf agfpg ko| fu] ePsf]
wft' jf j:t'

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 31

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;f:+ sl[ ts /Lltl/jfh egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ s;/L nf]suLt, nf]safhf / nf]sg[To Pscsf{df cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ <
-u_ nf]suLt tyf nf]swg' ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿ atfpg'xf;] \ .
-3_ nfs] wg' n] kl/jz] nfO{ ;ªs\ t] u5{g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfˆgf ts;{ lxt kl' i6

ug{x' f];\ .
-ª_ nfs] k/Dk/f ;fdflhs ;Dkbf xf] . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6o\ fpgx' f;] \ .
-r_ u/uxgf ;dfhsf klxrfg x'g\ . o; egfOnfO{ k:| 6\ofpg'xf;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

nf]suLt, nfs] afhf / nf]swg' ;/+ If0fdf :yfgLo o'jfx¿sf] e"ldsf zLif{sdf Pp6f
;dfrf/ tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ / lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf];\ . lzIfssf] ;e' mfjnfO{ ;d]6L
;dfrf/ kl/dfh{g u/L :yfgLo klqsfdf k7fpg'xf];\ .

32 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
^ xfdf| klx/g / kl/sf/

-s_ xfdf| klx/g

JolStn] lz/, kfp / z/L/df klxl/g] jf nufpg] n'uf hQ' f u/uxgf cflbnfO{ klx/g
elgG5 . klx/g ljz]if cj;/, ;do, hfthflt / :yfg cg;' f/ km/s km/s xG' 5g\ .
klx/gn] JolSt, hflt, ;db' fo / :yfgsf] klxrfgnfO{ klg emNsfp5F .

g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfˆgf] hftLo, Ifq] Lo, efu} fl] ns ljz]iftf;UF f hf]l8Psf kj{ pT;j
Df]nfx¿df ;fx] Lcg;' f/sf] klx/g k|of]u ug]{ rng 5 . lxdfnL Ifq] df zk] f{ ;d'bfosf
dflg;n] aSv' bf]rf, cfªL, kfªb\ ]g k|ofu] u5g{ \ . o:t} t/fOs{ f dflg;x¿n] st' f,{
sldh, ;'?jfn wft] L, ;f8L, nª' \uL, uD5f, ko| f]u u5{g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf
donkfz] , xfs' k6f;L, rfn] f] kml/of nufOG5 . kxf8L ee" fudf bf/} f ;?' jfn, ef]6f],
s5f8, kml/of / uG' os' f] a9Lk|ofu] xG' 5 . wfdL emfFj|mLn] ku/L, ef]6f] / hfdf k|of]u
u5{g\ . lxGb' k'/f]lxtx¿n] sldh / wft] Lsf] ko| f]u u5{g\ . kf;] fs;Fu ldnfP/ ko| fu]
ul/g] u/uxgf 9'ªu\ |L, d'GbL| , an' fsL, kft] ,] ltnx/L, cf7F} L afnf, r'/f, kfph' klg
klx/g x'g\ . xfdLn] cfˆgf] ;:+ sf/ / klxrfgnfO{ lhpbF f] /fVg klx/gnfO{ hfu] fpg'
cfjZos 5 . klx/gn] ;fdflhstf / xflb{stfnfO{ dxŒj lbgk' 5{ . c:j:y k|lt:kwf{
/ bv] fl;sLnfO{ xfO] g eGg] s'/fdf eg] xfdL rgfvf] x'gk' 5{ .

-v_ xfdf| dfl} ns kl/sf/

cfˆgf] Ifq] df pknAw ePsf cGg, kmnkm"n, jg:klt, d;nf, t/sf/L cflbsf] pkof]u
u/L agfOPsf] vfgs] '/fnfO{ kl/sf/ elgG5 . xfdLn] an] favt ljleGg lsl;dsf
kl/sf/x¿ agfP/ k|ofu] ul//x]sf] xG' 5f}F . ltxf/df ;n] /f6] L, df3] ;ªj\ |mflGtdf afa/,
lvr8L, kmn' f}/f, hg}k"l0fd{ fdf SjfF6L, 57 kjd{ f 7]sj' f, e;' j' f, ljjfxdf s;f/ cflb
vfOG5 . lv/, af/f, l98F f], of]d/L, l9ls/L, eSsf, uG' b|'s, d:of/} f klg kl| ;4 g]kfnL
kl/sf/ xg' \ . jt| aGw, ljjfx, d]nf pT;j / rf8kj{x¿df ljzi] f lsl;dsf kl/sf/
agfP/ vfg] / af8F g\ ] ul/G5 . kl/sf/ ;fdflhs ;b\efjsf cfwf/ xg' \ . kl/sf/n]
xfd|f] :yfg ljzi] fsf] klxrfg afs] s] f] xG' 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 33

kl/sf/x¿ :yfg, ;do, hflt, wd{ cg;' f/ km/s km/s xG' 5g . dV' otof kxf8L
If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] w/] } hfltx¿df ljjfxsf] ;dodf ;n] /f]6L, s;f/ k|ofu] ug]{ rng
5 . cGo cj:yfdf df;} dcg;' f/ bfneft, crf/, /f6] L / uG' ›s' , l9F8f] vfg] ul/G5 .
lxdfnL If]qdf a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿ lrof, ;fts' f] klg k|ofu] u5{g\ . k"jL{ t/fO{df
eg] rfdnsf] lk7faf6 eSsf agfpg] ul/G5 . klZrd t/fOd{ f klg rfdnsf] lk7faf6
l9s/L eGg] kl/sf/ agfOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOF{+sf] sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿sf] b'O{ ;dx" agfpgx' f;] \ . Ps ;d"xn] klx/g
kb| {zgL / csf]{ ;dx" n] kl/sf/ k|bz{ gLsf] Ps lbg] sfos{ d| ljBfno xftfdf
cfofh] gf ug'x{ f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ klx/gcGt{ut kg{] s/' fx¿ s] s] xg' < ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .
-v_ lsg kl/sf/x¿ :yfg, ;do, hflt, wd{cg;' f/ km/s km/s xG' 5g\ <
-u_ klx/g / kl/sf/sf] dxŒjnfO{ abF' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .

34 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
& /fi6«sf] ;Ddfg / /fli6«otfsf] hu]gf{

/fi6« JolStsf] klxrfg;Fu hfl] 8Psf] efjgfTds kIf xf] . /fHo ¿k xf] eg] /fi6«
efjgf xf] . /fHo / /fi6k« l| tsf] nufj g} /fli6o« tf xf] . JolSt cfˆgf] b]z 5f8/] csf{]
b]zdf /x]sf] eP tfklg p;sf] /fli6«otf eg] sfod /lx/x]s} xg' ;S5 . g]kfnaf6
ljb]zdf uP/ a;s] f] JolSt cfkmn" fO{ gk] fnL eGg ?rfpg' /fli6«otfsf] efjgfn] ubf{
xf] . /fi6«efiff, klx/g, /fli6«o emG8f, /fi6«ufg, rf8kj{, kl/sf/, ;+:sf/ / b]zsf
lrx\gx¿, 5fk cflb /fli6«otfsf cfwf/ x'g\ . logsf] ;+/If0f / ;j+ wg{ ofu] bfg ug{'
gful/ssf] stJ{ o xf] . /fi6« / /fli6o« tfkl| tsf] ;Ddfg klg xf] .

x/s] JolStsf] klxrfg /fi6« / /fli6o« tfsf] cl:tTj;uF uflF ;Psf] x'G5 . d]nldnfk,
;defj, ;be\ fj, ;xcl:tTj, efOrf/f, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfjl] ztf h:tf kIfx¿nfO{
cjnDag ug{ ;s] /fli6«o Pstf bl/nf] aG5 . o;f] xFb' f x/]s JolStdf /fli6o« tfsf]
efjgf hfut[ xG' 5 . cfˆgf] efiff ;+:sf/ hfu] fpg', /fi6«sf] gful/s ePsfdf uf/} j
ug'{, /fi6«sf] :jfledfgnfO{ sfod /fVg' / ;Ddfg ug{', x/s] gful/ssf] stJ{ o
xf] . b]zsf] ;fje{ fl} dstf hf]ufpg' ;Rrf gful/ssf] k|dv' bfloTj ePsfn] /fi6« /
/fli6«otfkl| t xfdL lhDd]jf/ xg' cfjZos 5 . o;n] /fi6«k|ltsf] ;Ddfg klg sfod
xG' 5 .

-s_ /fli6«o cv08tf

g]kfn ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, axw' fld{s tyf ;f+:sl[ ts ljljwtf ePsf] b]z xf] .
ljljwtfdf Pstf gk] fnL /fli6«o cv08tfsf] cfwf/ xf] . /fHosf] ´G8f, lrx\g, 5fk,

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 35

/fli6o« ufg, kf];fs, v]n, efiff cflb /fi6«sf klxrfg x'g\ . /fi6s« f] efiff, ;+:sf/,
sfg'g, Jojxf/sf cfwf/df xfdL ;a} gk] fnL Ps xfF} . xfdL Pp6} el" dsf afl;Gbf
xfF} . xfd|f] ;femf rfxgf Pstf xf] . xfdL Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;b:o xfF} .

/fHosf] l;dfleq a;f]af; ug]{ xfdL h'g;'s} hft, wd{,k;] f, If]q, ju{sf eP klg
Pp6} /fi6s« f ;dfg xl} ;otsf gful/s xf}F . xfdL gful/s ;w}F ldn/] a:g' g} /fli6o«
cv08tf xf] . gful/s Pstfn] b]znfO{ 6l' j|mg lbFbg} . o:tf] x'Fbf xfdLnfO{ s;n} ]
km'6fpg ;Sbg} . /fli6«o Pstflj/f]wL tŒjx¿n] hft, wd{, k;] f, If]q, ;:+ sf/, clwsf/,
cj;/ cflbsf cfwf/df Pstf km6' fpg] ko| f; ul//xs] f xG' f;S5g\ . /fHodf km6'
Nofpg] of]hgf ;kmn ePdf /fHo / /fi6s« f] cl:tTj ;dfKt xg' ;S5 . ;a} kIfsf
hfoh cfjfhx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ub{} ;dfgtf, ;dfjl] ztf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] kT| ofel" t
g} /fli6«o cv08tfsf] cfwf/ xf] .

-v_ cfTd;Ddfg

/fHosf gful/sn] cfkmn" fO{ uf/} j ug{ ;Sg] kl/l:yltsf] ljsf; xg' ]' cfTd;Ddfg
xf] . ljZj Oltxf;df cfˆgf] klxrfg u'Dg glbPsf g]kfnL of]4fx¿sf] jL/tf xfdf| ]
cfTd;Ddfgsf] hLjGt pbfx/0f xf] . /fHosf ;a} gful/snfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u/L
/fli6«o d"Nfwf/df ;dflxt ug{ ;s] ;a} kIfn] ;Ddflgt ePsf] cg'el" t ug{ ;S5g\ .
o;af6 /fHok|ltsf] ljZjf; / ;Ddfg a9\5 . cfˆgf] cfTd;Ddfg ljsf;sf nflu
xfdLn] /fHosf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;df of]ubfg ug'{ h?/L 5 .

/fi6s« f] ljsf; / ku| lt;Fu /fHosf gful/ssf] ;wF} ;/f]sf/ / uf/} j xg' k' 5{ . o;sf
nflu /fi6n« ] plrt jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ h?/L 5 . gful/sn] cfˆgf] /fi6s« f] ;Gbed{ f
s'g} lxgtfafw] ug'{ gkg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePdf ;a}sf] cufl8 lz/ 7f8f] kfg{ ;lsG5 .
o;sf nflu xfdL gful/sn] ;wF} ;/sf/nfO{ ;xofu] u/]/ bz] sf] ljsf; / gful/ssf]
cfTd;Ddfgsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

sfgg' sf] kfng u//] , ;/sf/sf] of]hgfx¿df ;xof]u u/]/, gful/s clwsf/x¿
sfod u/fP/, xfdLn] /fHokl| t uf/} j ug{ ;S5f}F . gful/ssf] of]ubfgaf6 /fHon]
k|ult ug'{ xfd|f] nflu uf/} jsf] ljifo aGg] 5 . o;af6 xfd|f k"j{hx¿n] Oltxf;sf]
sfnv08df sdfPsf] ;Ddfgdf yk ofu] bfg xg' ] 5 .

36 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

-u_ :jfledfg

cfTduf}/j JolStsf] :jfledfg xf] . cfˆgf] lz/ gem'sfO{ cfˆg} kl/>d / ldlxg]tdf
lgwS{ s lhpg ;Sg' xfdf| ] :jfledfg xf] . xfdLn] cfkmn" fO{ ;we}F l/ uf/} j ug{;Sg]
l:ylt ljsf; x'g] u/L Jojxf/ ug{k' 5{ . cfˆgf] l;k, Ifdtf, al' 4, ljj]ssf] k|of]u
u/L cfˆg} kf}/vdf afFRg ;s] xfdL :jfledfgL gful/s aGg ;S5fF} . xfdLn] cfˆgf]
;:+ sf/, ;:+ sl[ t, k/Dk/f, d"NodfGotf Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s / kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfk|lt uj{ ug{
;Sg'k5{ . xfdLn] xfdf| k'vfx{ ¿sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cfˆgf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;SofF} eg] xfdf| ]
:jfledfg jl[ 4 xG' 5 . afxo\ x:tIf]ksf] ;fd"lxs k|ltjfb ub}{ /fli6o Pstf sfod
ug{ xfdL ljm| ofzLn aGgk' 5{ . /fi6«n] klg gful/ssf] ;xof]udf ax'kIfLo ljsf; /
;Defjgfsf] vf]hL u/L bz] nfO{ cflys{ , ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, wflds{ , ;f:+ sl[ ts
kIfaf6 pGgt agfpg'k5{ .

-3_ ;fje{ fl} dstf

/fHosf] :jtGq x}l;ot g} ;fje{ fl} dstf xf] . b]zn] :jtGq lg0fo{ u/L zf;g k4lt
/ Jojxf/ cl3 a9fpg] xl} ;ot ;fj{efd} clwsf/ xf] . an] fotn] ef/tdf pklgj]z
sfod u/s] f] cj:yfdf ef/t 5'6\6} /fi6« eP klg p;n] cfˆgf] cgs' n" :jtGq eP/
s'g} klg lg0fo{ ug{] clwsf/ /fVb}gYof] . Tolta]nf ef/t ;fje{ f}d lyPg t/ klg
ef/t 56' \6} /fi6« lyof] . c¿af6 pklgjz] aGg' ;fje{ fl} dstfsf] klxrfg u'dfpg'
xf] . o:tf] ePdf /fHosf] OHht / :jtGqtf sfod xg' ;Sb}g . /fHosf] k"0f{
:jtGqtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}ldstf eGg ;lsG5 . xfdf| ] bz] g]kfn Oltxf;bl] v xfn;Dd
cfˆgf] ;fj{efl} dstfsf] /Iff ug{ ;kmn / ;Ifd /fi6« xf] . ljZjsf w/] } d'ns' ljutdf
ljleGg ;fd|fHox¿sf] clwg:y /xs] f 5g\ . Tolta]nf pgLx¿sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf
lyPg . pgLx¿ :jtGq ePkl5 dfq ;fj{efd} /fi6«sf ¿kdf klxrfg agfpg ;kmn
eP . gk] fnsf] ;fj{efl} dtf gk] fnL hgtfdf lglxt /xs] f] 5 .

-ª_ ;xcl:tTj

;xcl:tTj eGgfn] c¿sf] x}l;ot, klxrfg / pkl:yltnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ xf] . jtd{ fg
;dodf cfkmn" fO{ 7'nf] 7fg/] c¿sf] klxrfg / pkl:yltnfO{ ;Ddfg gug]{ kj| [lt a9s]\ fn]
ljZjdf dflg;x¿lar lgs} 7n' f] åGå b]vfk/]sf] e]l6G5 . o;n} ] ljZj zflGt / dfgj
;dl[ 4sf nflu ;an} ] ;an} fO{ cfkm" ;/xg} dxŒj / :yfg lbg'k5{ . ;a} JolSt cfˆgf]

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 37

xl} ;otdf aflF r/xs] f x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] snf ;+:s[lt ;Eotf / klxrfgnfO{ ;Ddfg
ug{' dflg;sf] stJ{ o xf] . xfdLn] c¿nfO{ xf]Rofpg' en' xf] . o;af6 dflg;x¿lar
c;dembf/L a9]/ ljjfb xG' 5 . To:tf] ePdf ljZjdf zflGt, ;dembf/L / ;d[l4sf]
;Defjgf /xbF }g . dflg;x¿lar a9s] f] åGån] ljgfz lgDTofpF5 . k~rzLndf klg
;xcl:tTjsf] Jojxf/ ug'{kg{] s'/f pNn]v 5 . ;xcl:tTjsf] Jojxf/n] ljZjdf
zflGt / ;dembf/L sfod ug{] ;xof]u kU' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljBfyLx{ ¿ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg x'gx' f;] \ . cfkgf lZfIfsx¿nfO{ lg0ffo{ s
agfO{ tn plNnlvt ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug'x{ f];\ M
-s_ klxnf] ;d"xn] /fli6«o cv08tf zLif{sdf jSt[Tjsnf kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ bf];f| ] ;d"xn] cfTd;Ddfg zLif{sdf lgaGWf nV] fg k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng
ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ t];f| ] ;dx" n] ;fj{ef}ldstf zLifs{ df ;j+ fb nV] fg k|ltofl] utf ;~rfng
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ rfy} f] ;dx" n] ;xcl:tTj zLifs{ df cGt/ljm| of sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ cfTd;Ddfg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5, nV] g'xf;] \ .
-v_ s;/L ljZjdf zflGt / ;dembf/L sfod ug{ ;xcl:tTjsf] Jojxf/n] ;xof]u

ub5{ <
-u_ gful/s larsf] Pstf g} cv08tfsf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ ;fj{efl} dstfsf] cYf{ :ki6 ugx'{ f;] \ .

38 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
* xfdf| k]/| 0ffbfoL /fli6«o JolStTj

-s_ ofu] dfof Gofk} fg]

of]udfof Gofk} fgs] f] hGd g]kfnsf] xfn kb| ]z

g= ! sf] ef]hk/' lhNnfsf] if8fgGb gu/kflnsf

gk] fn8] f8F fdf lj=;+= !(@$ df ePsf] lyof] . wflds{

JolStTj / Pl] txfl;s dlxnf clwsf/ of]4fsf

¿kdf pgsf] gfd k|l;4 5 . wfld{s

:jefjsL pgn] tTsfnLg ;dfhdf xg' ] dlxnf

ljeb] / s/' Llt lj?4 ;ª3\ if{ u/s] L lYfOg\ . pgL

:jcWoogaf6 g} cWofTd, ;fdflhs / ;f+ sl[ ts

kIfx¿sf] 1fg kfpg ;kmn ePsL lyOg\ . pgn]

g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] ;fdflhs cl:tTj, OHht /

;Ddfgsf nflu /f0ffsfndf cfˆgf] alnbfgL lbPsL

lyOg . lj=;=+ !(@$–!((* ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ pgsf] hLjgsfn dflgG5 . pgsf]

sljtf k':ts æ:jfy{ of]ujf0fLÆ klg ks| fzg ePsf] lyof] .

pgn] cfˆgf] g]t[Tjdf lj=;=+ !(&$ df gf/L ;ldlt u7g u/L tTsfnLg ;dfhdf
dlxnf lj?4sf] ;tLk|yf, afnljjfx, nª} l\ us ljeb] lj?4df hf]8bf/ cfjfh p7fPsL
lyOg\ . ;tLky| f h:tf] unt ky| fnfO{ x6fpg pgn] /f0ff zf;s;dIf dfu /fv]sL
lyOg\ . pgsf] s'/fnfO{ zf;sn] dxŒj lbPgg\ . tTsfnLg zf;sx¿n] pgsf]
dfunfO{ a]jf:tf u/]kl5 pgn] cwd{ cGTosf] sfdgf ub}{ ^* hgf cgo' foL;lxt

c¿0f gbLdf hn;dfwL lnPsL lyOg\ .

-v_ efg'eSt cfrfo{

efge' St cfrfo{ tgxF' lhNnfsf] /D3f ufpFdf hGds] f lyP . pgsf] hGd lj=;=+ !*&!
Dff ePsf] lyof] . pgn] gk] fnL efiffdf /fdfo0f nv] s] f lyP . /fdfo0fnfO{ g]kfnLx¿n]
3/3/df efsf xfn/] ufpg yfnk] l5 tTsfnLg g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ eflifs Pstfsf] ;q" df
ufl;g ;xh ePsf] lyof] . pgL gk] fnL efiffsf cflbslj klg x'g\ . pgs} of]ubfgn]
ubf{ v; efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff aGg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . pgn] /fdfo0fafx]s

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 39

awl' zIff, eStdfnf, kZ| gf]Q/Lnufotsf k:' tsx¿
klg g]kfnL efiffdf n]Vf]sf lyP . pgsf s[ltdf
tTsfnLg ;dfhdf k|rlnt ljleGg bi[ 6fGtnfO{
emNsfOPsf] 5 . ;flxTo / b]zsf] eflifs Pstfdf
gk] fnL efiffnfO{ dxŒj lbPsf efge' St g]kfnLsf
;dfhsf cdN" o lglw x'g\ .

-u_ slj ljBfklt

d}lynL dxfslj ljBfkltsf] hGd lj=;=+ !#(& df
ldlynf k|bz] sf] lj;kmL ufpdF f ePsf] lyof] . pgn]
ldlynf If]qsf] efiff, ;flxTo, ;ª\uLt, /fhgLltsf]
pTyfgdf ljzi] f ofu] bfg u/]sf lyP . dl} ynL efiffdf
ljzi] f lsl;dsf ;flxTox¿ tof/ kfg{ cfˆgf] hLjg
pT;u{ u/s] f slj ljBfklt ldlynfsf dxfslj klg
xg' \ . plg slj dfq geO,{ ;ªu\ Lt1 / /fhgLlt1 klg
lyP . pgsf l;h{gfx¿sf] ke| fj aªu\ fn / cf;fd;Dd
lyof] . pgsf] of]ubfgn] d}lynL ;EotfnfO{ prf]
agfpg uxg ofu] bfg ku' ]sf] lyof] . jtd{ fgdf klg pgsf ;flxTox¿sf] sf/0faf6
d}lynL ;flxTon] ljZfi] f :yfg kf| Kt ul//x]sf] 5 . pgs} ofu] bfgn] d}lynL efiff /
;flxTonfO{ ljZjd lrgfpg ;Dej ePsf] lyof] .

-3_ ofu] L g/xl/gfYf

sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] nfnu' fpdF f lj=;=+ !(&! df
hGd]sf anjL/ l;+ xl/ls;g yfkf g} ofu] L g/xl/gfy
xg' \ . pgL gk] fnsf P]ltxfl;s vfh] cg';Gwfgstf{,
nv] s / wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs ;'wf/ssf ¿kdf
lrlgG5g\ . k/' tflŒjs Oltxf;, k"jLo{ jfªd\ o,cfo{j' b]
/ of]uljBfsf w/' Gw/ ofu] L g/xl/gfy g]kfnsf
ljz]if JolStTj x'g\ . pgsf] vfh] cWoogaf6 g]kfnL
;dfhn] ljleGg Pl] txfl;s tYosf b:tfjh] x¿

40 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

a6'Ng ;ss] f] 5 . pgn] Pl] txfl;s tYox¿sf] vfh] L ul/ ´G8} ^)) hlt k:' ts /
b:tfj]h tof/ kf/s] f lyP . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] efiff, ;+:sl[ t / ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df
pgsf] ljZfi] f of]Ufbfg /xs] f] 5 .

-ª_ kmfNug' Gb lnª\bg]

dxfu?' kmfNug' Gbsf] hGd g]kfnsf] ! g= kb| z] sf]
Onfd lhNnfsf] Oefª r'lSrgfDaf kfª\us| df ePsf]
lyof] . lj=;=+ !($@ hGds] f kmfNu'gGbnfO{ ls/ft
;d'bfosf] wd{u?' elgG5 . pgL g]kfnsf /fli6«o
ljel" t x'g\ . lj=;=+ !($@—@))% ;DDfsf] cjlwnfO{
dxfu?' kmfNug' Gbsf] hLjgsfn dflgG5 . kj" L{ g]kfndf
kf| rLg ls/ft wds{ f] lg/Gt/tf / k|rf/k;| f/df pgsf]
ljzi] f ofu] bfg /x]sf] 5 . pgn] ls/ft ;d'bfonfO{
cfˆgf] bzg{ af6 Jojl:yt agfPsf lyP . pgn] ls/ft
;db' fodf dlb/fsf] k|of]unfO{ Jojl:yt u/fPsf
lyP . o:t} ljzi] f k|jrgx¿ u/L ls/ft ;db' fonfO{ ;Eo / Jojl:yt agfPsf lyP .
pgn] tTsfnLg ls/ft ;db' fon] ;fdflhs sfox{ ¿df ug{] kz'anL, dlb/f ;j] g /f]sL
;dfhnfO{ kmh'n vra{ f6 d'St u/]sf lyP . pgsf] of]ubfgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k jtd{ fg
ls/ft ;db' fonfO{ cfˆgf] uf}/j / Odfgbf/L sfod ug{ of]ubfg k'us] f] lyof] .

-5_ zªv\ w/ ;fVjf

zªv\ w/ ;fVjf gk] fnsf /fli6«o ljel" t xg' \ .
lsj+ bGtLcg;' f/ tTsfnLg /fhf /f3jbj] sf kfnfdf
/fhhf]ltifn] tf]s]sf] ljz]if ;fOtdf lemlsPsf]
lji0f'dltsf] afn'jf af]sL kms]{sf el/ofx¿n] NofPsf
ef/L cfˆgf] 3/df nuL To;af6 tof/ ePsf ;g'
a]r]/ wg k|fKt u/]sf lyP . ;f]xL wgaf6 tTsfnLg
pkTosfdf C0fdf 8'la/x]sf afl;GbfnfO{ C0fd'St
u/fpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . pgn] lj=;=+ (#^ df
gk] fn pkTosfdf a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿nfO{ C0f

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 41

dS' t u/fPsf lyP . To;sf] vl' ;ofnLdf pgn] gk] fn ;+jt\ :yfkgf u/L k|rngdf
NofPsf] egfO 5 .
;dflhs klxrfg sfod ug{ / ;:+ s[lt hf]ufpg gofF ;+jts\ f] :yfkgf u/]sf zª\vw/
;fVjfsf] hLjgaf6 ;dfhk|lt dfgjsf] bfloTjnfO{ a‰' g ;lsG5 . ;dfhsf] ;Ifdtf
sfod ug{ ;an} ] cfˆgf]tkm{ af6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'k5{ eGg] s'/f xfdL zª\vw/
;fVjfaf6 l;Sg ;S5f}F .

lj|mofsnfk

!= dl} ynL ;flxTosf dxfslj ljBfkltsf] ;DaGWfdf yk tYox¿ vf]hL u/L sIffdf
k|:t't ug'x{ f];\ .

@= kmfNug' Gbsf] lrq / ofu] bfg plNnlvt rf6{ tof/ u/L sIffdf kb| zg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
#= of]udfof Gofk} fgs] f ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / ;f| ]tx¿sf] cWoog u/L]

tYox¿sf] vfh] L ug'x{ f];\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ of]udfofsf] ofu] bfgsf] rrf{ ugx'{ f;] \ .
-v_ dxfu?' kmfNug' Gbn] ;dfh ;w' f/sf nflu u/s] f ko| f;x¿sf] dN" ofªs\ g ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ zª\vw/ ;fVjfsf] ofu] bfg pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .
-3_ Pl] txfl;s vf]h cg';Gwfgstf{, nv] s / wflds{ / ;fdflhs ;'wf/ssf ¿kdf

of]uL g/xl/gfysf] ofu] bfgsf] rrf{ ug'x{ f];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

! tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfodf ;dfhsf nflu pNnv] gLo of]ubfg u/]sf JolSt 5g\
xfn] f, ;d'bfosf cuh| x¿;uF ;fw] k'5 u/L ;dfhdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] sg' } Ps
JolStTjsf] of]ubfg ;d6] /] Pp6f hLjgL tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .

42 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
( afnSna

cfhsf afnaflnsfx¿ efl] nsf nflu /fHosf vDaf xg' \ . /fdf| ];uF xs' {g] k9g\ ]
jftfj/0f lbPdf pgLx¿df ;Ifdtf a9\g]5 . o;n] ubf{ efl] n b]znfO{ cl3 a9fpg
pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] >d, l;k, 1fg / Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{] 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ofu] bfgaf6
bz] n] ;kmntf kfpg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ cfhsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;sf/fTds
¿kdf x'ls{g] a9\g] cj;/ lbg'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] :jtGqtfdf c;/ k¥' ofpg' xFb' g} .
plrt lzIff, ;+:sf/, d"NodfGotf, cfr/0f, cgz' f;g, st{Jo h:tf s'/fx¿sf af/]df
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;;' l' rt u/fpFb} pgLx¿sf] JolStTj ljsf;df ;3fpgk' 5{ .

afnaflnsfx¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;ªu\ l7t u/fpgk' 5{ . pgLx¿nfO{
v]n vN] g,] l;k l;Sg,] n]vk9 ug,{] cfk;L efjgf cfbfg k|bfg ugn]{ ufotsf
l;hg{ fTds sfdx¿df nufpgk' 5{ .

gk] fndf afnaflnsfx¿sf] rft} kmL{ ljsf; ug]{ kljq p2Z] on] lj=;+=@)$* df
gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] b]jrn' Ldf hful[ t afnSnasf] :yfkgf ePsf] Oltxf; el] 6G5 .
of] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] afnSna xf] .

afnaflnsfsf] xs clwsf/, JolStTj ljsf;, bIftf k|jw{g ug{ afnSnax¿ lgs}
k|efjsf/L ags] f 5g\ . pgLx¿df pd/] g;' f/ ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{, cWoog cWofkgdf
k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg, l;h{gfTds l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ o:tf Snax¿ kmnbfoL
x'G5g\ . cfk;L ;~rf/ l;ksf] kj| wg{ , kl| jlwsf] pkof]u, ;fdl" xstfsf] efjgf
a9fpg afnSnax¿ ke| fjsf/L ags] f 5g\ .

cfhefl] n ufpF ;x/ htftt} JolStut, /fhgLlts, sfgg' L, ;fdflhs / ;+:sl[ t
;r]tgf lgs} a9s] f] kfOG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf b]Zfe/ afnSnax¿ klg :yfkgf
eO{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5g\ . ljBfnox¿df klg afnSna :yfkgf eO{ art ug,{]
;/;kmfO / jI[ f/fk] 0f ug{] ultljlwdf ;ljm| o 5g . cfhefl] n sltko :yfgdf ;lj|mo
afnSnax¿n] afnljjfxsf] /f]syfd tyf afn clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f / pkof]udf lgs}
dxŒjk"0f{ ultljlwx¿ u/s] f 5g\ . afnaflnsfdf g]tT[ j ljsf; u/fpgdf afnSnax¿
pkofu] L ag]sf 5g\ . ljBfnodf klg afnSna u7g u/L afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f
ljsf; x'g] vfnsf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{sf] klg yfngL ePsf] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 43