सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा मानव मुल्य शिक्षा कक्षा ४

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnodf /x]sf] afnSnan] ug{ ;Sg] ultljlwx¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .
;f] ;"rLdf ePsf ultljlwx¿sf] k|fyfldstf j|md to u/L sfo{jm| dx¿ ug{sf
nflu lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ jflifs{ sfo{ofh] gf lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf 5nkmn
ug'{xf;] \ .

@= afnSnadf ;xefuL afnaflnsfx¿n] kf| Kt ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifdtfx¿ s] s] xg'
;S5g eGg] zLif{sdf ljrf/ sfo{j|md ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ . kf| Kt ljrf/x¿
l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ afnSna egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ afnSnasf] dxŒj pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] klxnf] afnSna s'g xf] < o;sf] :Yffkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ afnSnan] l;hg{ fTds l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ s;/L ;3fp5F <
-ª_ afnSnax¿n] ug'k{ g{] ;ae} Gbf d'Vo sfd s] xfn] f <sf/0f;lxt n]Vgx' f;] \ .

44 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

PsfO
tLg gful/s rt] gf, clwsf/ / st{Jo

l;sfO pknlAw

• /fHosf cfwf/e"t tŒjx¿ klxrfg ug{
• Nffs] tflGqs ;+:sf/sf] kfngf ug{
• ;l+ jwfgsf] kl/ro lbO{ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;l+ jwfgsf]

ljzi] ftf pNn]v ug{
• Dffgj clwsf/ / Dff}lnsxsx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
• dlxnf clwsf/sf] kl/ro lbg
• Kf|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf sfo{x¿ pNn]v ug{
• ;'/Iff lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf atfpg

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 45

kf7
! /fHosf cfwf/e"t tŒj

-s_ /fHosf] cy{

JolSt JolSt ldn/] ;d'bfo aGb5 . ;d'bfo ;d'bfo ldn/] ;dfh xG' 5 . ;dfh ;dfh
ldn]/ /fHo lgdf0{ f x'G5 . /fHonfO{ ;dfhsf] klg ;dfh elgG5 . lglZrt e"efudf
km}lnPsf] ;ª\ul7t /fhgLlts PsfO g} /fHo xf] . /fHoleq ljleGg hfthflt, j0f,{
lnªu\ , :jefjsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; x'G5 . /fHosf cfˆg} ;:+ sf/ / klxrfg xG' 5 .

Oltxf;df /fHosf] ;'?cftsf] olsg ltlyldlt e]l6Psf] kfObF g} . o;Yf{ dfgj
;d'bfosf] pTklQb]lv g} /fHosf] pTklQ ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . dfgjsf] /fhgLlts
/ ;fdflhs cfjZostfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ /fHosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . /fHo lglZrt
ef}ufl] ns ;Ldfdf cfa4 dflg;x¿sf] OR5f k/" f ug]{ /fhgLlts :j¿ksf] ;ª\u7g
klg xf] . ;fdfGo cyd{ f /fHo ;jfR]{ r zlSt ePsf] lgsfo xf] . /fHon] cfˆgf
cªu\ x¿dfkmt{ zlStsf] k|of]u ub{5 .

/fHon] cfˆgf] ;Ldfleq rfxs] f] Jojxf/ ug]{ xl} ;ot /fVb5 . To;}n] /fHo cfˆgf]
;Ldfleq ljsf;sf nflu ;wF} ko| TgLzn /xG5 . ;dud| f /fHo lglZrt e"efudf
km}lnPsf], hg;ª\Vof, ;/sf/, ;fje{ fl} dstf / ;+ljwfgn] ;';lHht /fhgLlts PsfO
g} xf] .

;l+ jwfg ;fj{ef}ldstf

e"ld ;/sf/

hgª\Vof /fHosf tŒj

46 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

-v_ /fHosf cfwf/et" tŒj

/fHoaGgsf nflu lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ clgjfo{ xg' 'kb5{ M

-c_ e"ld -cf_ hg;ª\Vof -O_ ;/sf/ -O_{ ;fj{ef}ldstf -p_ ;l+ jwfg

-c_ e"ld

/fHosf] hdLg jf km}nfj6 ePsf] Ifq] e"ld xf] . o;nfO{ e"uf]n klg elgG5 . of]
/fHosf nflu clgjfo{ tŒj xf] . el" dljxLg /fHosf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFbg} . o;y{ x/]s
/fHo;uF el" d clgjfo{ x'g'k5{ . el" d /fHosf] ef}lts cfwf/ xf] . el" dn] gful/s
ultljlwsf nflu :yfg k|bfg ub5{ . ;/sf/nfO{ :jfldTj k|bfg ub{5 . el" d /fHosf]
z/L/ xf] . e"ldsf] kof{Kttf ePdf /fHon] hg;ª\ofnfO{ ljm| ofzLn agfpg ;S5 .
/fHon] el" dnfO{ ;DklQ dfGb5 .

-cf_ hg;ª\Vof

hg;ªV\ of /fHosf] dxŒjk0" f{ tŒj xf] . hg;ª\Vof / el" d ePkl5 dfq /fHon] :j¿k
k|fKt ub5{ . /fHosf] k|ult hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, Ifdtf / lj|motfdf e/ kb{5 .
hg;ª\Vof /fHonfO{ ult k|bfg ug]{ dfgj ;|f]t xf] . o;n] /fHosf] ;f| ]t;fwgsf]
kl/rfng ug{] sfo{ ub5{ . bz] ljsf; dfgj ;|f]tljgf ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;}n]
hg;ªV\ of /fHosf] dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] . bz] sf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ hgtf klg elGfG5 .
plrt ;ª\Vofdf / ;Ifd hg;ªV\ of ePdf dfq /fHosf] ljsf; l56f] xG' 5 .

-O_ ;/sf/

;/sf/ /fHo ;~rfng ug{] ;+:yf xf] . ;/sf/ /fHosf] kl/rfns klg xf] . /fHodf
hgtfsf] OR5fnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] sfd ;/sf/n] g} ub5{ . /fHodf pknAw ;f| ]t;fwgx¿sf]
pkof]u, /Iff, Joj:yfkg / gLltlgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/af6 g} xG' 5 . hgdtcg;' f/
;/sf/sf] u7g tyf ;~rfng xG' 5 . ;/sf/n] /fHosf] zlSt k|of]usf nflu sfg'g
agfpg], ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf ofh] gfx¿ tof/ kfg{] sfd ub{5 . hgzlSt Joj:yfkg
ug],{ ;f| t] ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{n] ufotsf sfdx¿ klg ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qleq
kb{5g\ . j}b]lzs ;DaGw / ;xofu] h6' fpg] sfd klg ;/sf/sf] xf] . ;/sf/ ljleGg
txdf xg' ;S5g\ . ;/sf/n] /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ s/' fx¿df sfgg' adf]lhd lgodg /
lgoGq0f ub5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 47

-O_{ ;fj{efl} dstf

;fje{ f}ldstf /fHosf] :jtGqtf jf ;jf{]Rrtfsf] clwsf/ xf] . /fHo;uF hldg,
hg;ª\Vof / ;/sf/ dfq eP/ xF'b}g . /fHo;Fu cfˆgf] l;dfgfleqsf] x/]s s/' fdf
lg0fo{ ug]{ ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] clwsf/ klg x'G5 . /fHon] OR5fg;' f/ zf;g ug,]{ ;|ft]
;fwg / hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng ug{] :jtGq xl} ;ot /fVb5 . of] g}
;fj{ef}ldstf xf] . ;fj{efl} dstflagf /fHosf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFbg} .

-p_ ;+ljwfg

;l+ jwfg bz] sf] d"n sfgg' xf] . o;df /fHosf cªu\ x¿lar zlStsf] af8F kmf8F /
kl/rfng Pjd\ ;/sf/sf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . /fHozlStsf] Gofof]lrt
ljt/0f Pjd\ ;/sf/ / hgtfsf clwsf/ klg tf]lsPsf] xG' 5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgnfO{
/fHosf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ tŒjsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= rf/cf6] f ;d"xdf ljefhg x'g'xf];\ . klxnf] ;dx" n] e"ld, bf;] |f] ;dx" n] hg;ª\Vof
/ t];f| ] ;dx" n] ;/sf/ / rfy} f] ;d"xn] ;l+ jwfg ;DaGwdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cWoog
/ ;fw] vfh] u/L d'Vo dV' o a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ugx{' f];\ / sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ /fHo egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ lsg el" d /fHosf] clgjfo{ tŒj xf], :ki6 ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ hg;ª\VofnfO{ dfgjLo ;DklQ eGgs' f] sf/0f nV] g'xf];\ .
-3_ ;/sf/ /fHosf] kl/rfns klg xf] . pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .
-ª_ lsg ;fj{ef}ldstflagf /fHosf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g < cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't

ug'x{ f];\ .
-r_ ;l+ jwfgnfO{ b]zsf] d"n sfg'g lsg elgG5 <

48 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
@ nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/

nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/ egs] f] ;/sf/, ;dfh / JolStn] k|bz{g ug]{ c;n Jojxf/ jf
ljm| ofsnfk xf] . of] nfs] tflGqs Jojxf/ klg xf] . o;n] nfs] tflGqs dN" o dfGotfsf]
ljsf; ug{ dbt ub{5 .

xfdLn] ;al} ;t c;n / ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug'k{ 5{ . ;a}l;t ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug'{
/ c¿sf] ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{' nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/ xf] . xfdLn] hft, wd{ lnª\usf
cfwf/df s;k} l| t klg eb] efj ug'x{ 'Fbg} . c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ . ;a}
ldn]/ ;fdflhs ;DklQsf] ;/+ If0f ug{'k5{ . xfdL ;a}n] sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{'k5{
o;af6 ;dfhdf nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/ sfod xG' 5 .

cGwljZjf;, s/' Lltn] ;dfhdf nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/ sfod x'bF }g . ;fdflhs s/' Llt,
cGwljZjf;n] c¿sf] ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ afwf k'¥ofpF5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf
nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/ sfod x'g ;Sbg} . xfdLn] To:tf s'/Lltsf] lj/fw] ug{'k5{ .
s;}NffO{ lje]b ug'{xFb' g} . c;n cfr/0f kb| z{g ug{k' 5{ . xfdLn] s;}sf] klg xs
clwsf/sf] ko| f]u, pkof]udf afwf, cj/fw] k'¥ofpg' xFb' g} .

nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/n] zf;g Joj:yfdf gful/ssf] ;xeflutf ;l' glZrt u5{ .
nfs] tGqdf gful/såf/f lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ xG' 5 . lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 hgk|ltlglwx¿
5flgg] u5{g\ . of] gful/sx¿n] u/]sf] nf]stflGqs cfr/0fsf] cEof; xf] . o:tf]
;/sf/ gful/ssf] xslxtk|lt lhDdj] f/ xG' 5 . nfs] tflGqs ;/sf/n] ug{] c;n
Jojxf/, lhDdj] f/L, gful/ssf] xslxt, nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/leq k5{ .

nfs] tflGqs ;/sf/ gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL xG' 5 . o;n] gful/ssf] df}lns xs
;'lglZrt u5{ / sfg'gL zf;g sfod u5{ . df}lns xssf] pkof]u Pjd\ ;+/If0f ug'{
xfdL ;as} f] stJ{ o xf,] nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/ xf] . lghfdtL k|Zff;g, ;/' Iff lgsfo tyf
cGo Ifq] df ljleGg hflt, wd{, efiff, lnªu\ sf] ;xeflutf x'g ;s]df nfs] tflGqs
;:+ sf/ sfod xG' 5 . zf;g;Qfsf] d"nk|jfxdf ;xefuL ePsf] cgE' "lt x'G5 . o;n]
c;n gful/ssf] kl/ro lbG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 49

lj|mofsnfk

!= nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ jf Jojxf/af6 ;dfhdf kfg]{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] ;"rL
tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

@= tkfOs{F f] sIffdf nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] cEof; s;/L ub{} cfpge' Psf] 5 <
;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .

#= tnsf dWo] s'g s'g nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/ xg' \ / sg' sg' xfO] gg,\ 56' \ofO{
tflnsfdf eg'x{ f];\ M

c¿sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ ug{], afN] bf kfnf] kv{g,] sIffgt] f 5fGbf ef6] xfNg,] ;fyLx¿;Fu
emu8f ug{,] cfˆgf] s'/f ;fyLx¿n] dfg]gg\ egL l/;fpg,] ;NNffxdf 6fn] L g]tf 5fGg,]
sdhf]/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ x]Kg] ysf{pg,] c¿nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df 3[0ff ug,]{ 5nkmnaf6
lg0f{o ug,]{ c¿sf] /fd|f] s/' fsf] ;dy{g ug]{

nf]stflGqs ;:+ sf/ xg' \ nfs] tflGqs ;:+ sf/ xf]Ogg\

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

!= Nff]stflGqs ;+:sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= tkfOnF{ ] cEof; ug{'ePsf] nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/sf pbfx/0fx¿sf] ;"rL

agfpg'xf];\ .
#= tkfO{sF f] sIffdf ;fyLx¿af6 nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/ kfngf gePdf tkfOF{

pxfxF ¿nfO{ s;/L ;Demfpgx' G' 5, pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .

50 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
# xfdf| ] ;l+ jwfg

tkfO{F k9\g] ljBfno sfgg' adf]lhd :yfkgf ul/Psf] ;:+ yf xf] . tkfOFx{ ¿sf] xs
tyf clwsf/ klg sfg'gåf/f g} Jofj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} u/L tkfO{sF f] 3/kl/jf/
tyf 5/l5d]sLn] ljleGg Jofj;fo uge'{ Psf] xfn] f . tL Jofj;fox¿ klg lgod
sfgg' adf]lhd ;DalGwt sfofn{ odf btf{ eP/ ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . tkfO{sF f] j8f jf
:yfgLo lgsfodf cfwf/et" :jf:Yo sG] b|, s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| h:tf ;/sf/L
sfofn{ o klg xf]nfg\ . oL ;a} sfgg' adfl] hd ;~rfng xG' 5g\ . /fHo / gful/ssf]
cfjZostfcg;' f/ sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ b]zsf] d"n sfg'g
elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg xfd|f] bz] sf] dn" sfgg' xf] . b]zdf zf;g ;~rfng ugs{ f
nflu agfOPsf dV' o lgod / sfgg' x¿sf] cfwf/ ;+ljwfg xf] . b]zsf ;a} sfgg'
;+ljwfgadfl] hd lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ .

;l+ jwfgdf zf;g ;~rfngsf cfwf/et" s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g\ . bz] df
s:tf] zf;g Joj:yf xg' ,] ;/sf/sf] u7g s;/L ug]{ / ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ s] s] x'g]
egL ;l+ jwfgdf tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . gful/ssf df}lns xs / clwsf/ klg tf]lsPsf]
x'G5 . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf o:t} lgodcg;' f/ /fHo ;~rfng ul/g] xF'bf sg' } klg bz] sf]
;l+ jwfg x/] /] Tof] bz] s:tf] 5 eGg] s/' f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;l+ jwfg /fd|f] ePdfq
bz] sf] zf;g Joj:yf /fdf| ] xG' 5 . ;l+ jwfg bz] sf] P]gf klg xf] .

ljZjsf ;a} b]zsf] cfcfˆg} ;+ljwfg xG' 5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] h:t} w/] } b]zx¿df lnlvt
;l+ jwfg 5 . s'g} bz] sf] ;+ljwfg clnlvt klg x'G5 . lnka4 u/L lstfasf ¿kdf
k|sfzg ul/Psf] ;l+ jwfg lnlvt ;+ljwfg xf] . lnlka4 lstfasf ¿kdf geO{
k/Dk/fut lgodsf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;l+ jwfg clnlvt ;+ljwfg xf] . an] fotsf] ;l+ jwfg
clnlvt ;+ljwfg xf] . sg' } klg b]zn] cfˆgf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] dn"
cfwf/ dfgs] f] xG' 5 . To;n} c] fˆgf] bz] sf] dn" sfgg' sf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lng' /
;f]sf] kfngf ug'{ ;a} gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 51

-s_ ;+ljwfgsf ljzi] ftf

gk] fnsf] jt{dfg ;l+ jwfg laj|md ;+jt\ @)&@ ;fn cflZjg tLg ut]b]lv nfu'
ePsf] xf] . ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ePsf] Tof] lbg gk] fnLx¿sf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ lbg xf] .
To;}n] kT| o]s jif{ cflZjg tLg ut]sf lbg g]kfndf ;+ljwfg lbj; dgfOG5 . xfdf| ]
;l+ jwfgsf d'Vo ljz]iftf lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

-c_ ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 lgldt{ M gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg
;efn] lgdf{0f u/s] f] ;l+ jwfg xf] . gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf0{ fsf nflu ljj|md ;+jt\
@)^$ ;fndf bz] df ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg eof] . tfl] sPsf] cjlwdf
;l+ jwfg lgdf{0fsf sfo{ k"/f gePkl5 lj=;+ @)&) df ;+ljwfg ;efsf] bf;] f| ]
k6s lgjfr{ g eof] . o; ;l+ jwfg ;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eof] .

-cf_ ;ª\3Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL M of] ;l+ jwfgn] g]kfndf
/fhtGqsf] cGTo u/L hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt /fi6k« d| 'v /xg] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . xfn
xfdf| ] b]zdf /fi6« k|dv' sf ¿kdf /fi6«klt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{
u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf elgG5 . of] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo nfs] tflGqs
u0ftGqfTds zf;g Jofj:yf ePsf] d'n'ssf ¿kdf klxrfg lbPsf] 5 .

-O_ tLg txsf] ;/sf/ M gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;ª\3, Kf|bz] / :yfgLo txdf tLg
txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] s'/f pNnv] u/s] f] 5 . oL tLg} txsf clwsf/ / ;femf
lhDdj] f/L klg tf]lsPsf 5g\ .

-O{_ dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt M o; ;+ljwfgdf dfgj clwsf/x¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
hgtfsf] dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . gful/ssf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unufot ljleGGf ;j+ w} flgs cfof]ux¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 gful/sn] kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xofu] kU' 5 .
To;}n] of] ;+ljwfgn] dfgj clwsf/sf] kT| ofe"t u/]sf] 5 .

-p_ dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf M o; ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿nfO{
dfl} ns xssf ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfB;DaGwL,
dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ckfªu\ / blntsf] xsnufot #! cf]6f df}lns xssf]
Joj:yf 5 . o;af6 ;dfjz] L ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf 6]jf k'us] f] 5

52 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

-pm_ cfjlws lgjfr{ g M d'n'sdf nfs] tflGqs ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{ cfjlws
lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]cg';f/ :yfgLo, k|bz] tyf ;ª3\ df lglZrt
cjlwdf hgkl| tlglwsf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o;af6 lglZrt cjlwdf
hgtfn] rfxs] f / hglxtdf sfd ug{] hgk|ltlglw lgjfl{ rt xg' ] / ljsf;df
;xofu] k'Ug] s/' fsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

-C_ ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fdf hf8] M ;+ljwfgdf ;a} ks| f/sf] ljeb] tyf hftLo
5j' f5'tsf] cGo u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf] ;ªs\ Nk ul/Psf] 5 . o;
lsl;dsf] JoJf:yfn] ;dfhsf ;a}] ju,{ hflt tyf ;d'bfosf] ;dfg ljsf;df
an kU' 5 .

-P_ ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg M ;l+ jwfgn] ljljwtflarsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f:+ sl[ ts
PS] oa4tf, ;lxi0ft' f / ;be\ fjsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;af6
b]zdf ;fdflhs ;b\efj jl[ 4 eO{ lbuf] zflGt sfod x'G5 .

-P_] ;fje{ fd} ;Qf hgtfdf lglxt M ;fj{efd} tyf zf;gsf] clwsf/ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf] d'Vo ;|f]t g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 .
hgtfn] 5fgs] f] kl| tlglwaf6 zf;g ;~rfng xG' 5 .

-cf]_ /fli6«o klxrfgdf hf8] M gk] fnsf] /fli6o« emG8f / /fli6«o lrxg\ sf] s/' f klg
;l+ jwfgd} pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] klxrfg / uf}/j oL dxŒJfk"0f{ s'/fnfO{
ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .

-cf_} wd{ lg/k]Iftf M ;a} gful/sn] dfGg] wd{sf] ;Ddfg ub{} g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If
/fi6« dflgPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;a} wd{sf] ;Ddfg / :jtGq ¿kn] cfˆgf] wd{ dfGg
kfpg] s/' fdf an k'us] f] 5 . o;n] wfld{s :jtGqtf / ;lxi0ft' f b'a} sfod xG' f]
s'/fdf ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgnfO{ ;d"xdf cWoog u/L ;l+ jwfgsf yk ljif]ztfx¿ vfh] L
ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't / 5nkmn ug{x' f];\ .

@= ;l+ jwfgsf] cg;' "lr ! df Joj:yf ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] /fli6o« emG8f agfpg]
tl/sf cWoog ug'{xf];\ / ;d"xut ¿kdf Ps Pscf6] f emG8f tof/ ug{x' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 53

#= ;+ljwfgdf afnaflnsfsf] xscGtut{ s] s] s/' fx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\, vf]hL u/L
sIffdf k:| t't ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;+ljwfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;+ljwfgnfO{ lsg b]zsf] d"n sfgg' elgG5 <
-u_ lnlvt / clnlvt ;+ljwfglar km/s 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ .
-3_ s:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf elgG5 <
-ª_ gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgnfO{ lsg ;dfjz] L ;+ljwfg elgG5 <
-r_ cfjlws lgjfrg{ k|0ffnLn] s;/L nf]stflGqs k0| ffnLnfO{ dhat' agfp5F <
-5_ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf dV' o ljzi] ftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .

54 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
$ dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns xs

sx] L ;do klxn] l;Dn] ufpFdf 36s] f] cdfgjLo 36gfdf w]/} dflg; 3fOt] eP .
sj' fsf] kfgL eg]{ lgxFd' f kfgL 5fO] Psf] egL b'O{ kIfsf dlxnfx¿lar emu8f /
xftxfnxfn ePsf] lyof] . kLl8tx¿n] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf ph/' L u/] . o;}
36gfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lng /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfofu] sf ;b:o To;
ufpFdf k'Ug'ePsf] lyof] . kmlsg{ ] j|mddf af6fdf s]xL] ljBfyL;{ Fu pxfFsf] e6] eof] .
pxfnF ] dfgj clwsf/sf] nfu] f] nufPsf] b]v]/ ljBfyL{x¿ sfgv] ';L ug{ yfn] . of] b]v]/
pxfFn] eGge' of] M

cfof]usf ;b:o M tkfOF{x¿n] d;uF sx] L s/' f ;f]Wg rfxg'ePsf] xf] <

uf}/j M xh'/ ;/ . s]xL lbg klxn] xfdf| ] ufpFdf bMv' b 36gf eof] . o;n]
xfdL ;an} fO{ bMv' L agfPsf] 5 . o; 36gfdf dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg
ePsf] elgG5 . xfdLnfO{ afn clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf t hfgsf/L 5
t/ dfgj clwsf/ ;aGwdf xh'/af6 hfgsf/L kfpg kfP x'GYof]
;/ .

cfof]usf ;b:o M P, eOxfN5 lg . vf;df ljZjsf ;a} dflg;x¿n] ;dfg ¿kdf
kfpg] clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . of] dfgj ePs} sf/0f k|fKt
x'g] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ dflg;sf] cfwf/et"
clwsf/ klg dflgG5 .

/f3j M ljZjsf ;a} dflg;n] s;/L ;dfg clwsf/ kfp5F g\ t <

cfof]usf ;b:o M ljZjsf ;a} dflg;x¿ ;dfg xG' 5g\ . /fHo / ;dfhn] klg ;ak} |lt
;dfg Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{ . /fHo / ;dfhn] JolStkl| t ug{] Jojxf/
dfgjLo d"No, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / Gofodf cfwfl/t x'g'kb5{ .
o;s} f nflu dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff rrfd{ f cfPsf] xf] .

gLltM dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff s;/L ;?' cft eof] t ;/ <

cfof]usf ;b:o M ljZjel/sf dflg;x¿n] ef]us] f] ljeb] sf] cGo ug{ ;g\ !($*
l8;]Da/ !) tfl/sdf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ff kq hf/L

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 55

ePsf] xf] . of] ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3n] u/s] f] dxŒjk0" f{ sfd xf] .
o;nfO{ ljZjJofkL sfgg' ;/x dflgG5 . o;n] ljZjsf ;a}
dflg;sf nflu ;dfg clwsf/sf] kT| ofel" t u/]sf] 5 . pSt 3fi] f0ff
kq sfofG{ jog ug{ gk] fndf klg ;f];DaGwL sfgg' agfOPsf]
5 . ;fx] Ladf]lhd g} /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] .

gLlt M dfgj clwsf/cGtu{t s] s] s'/f kb5{ g\ t ;/ <

cfof]usf ;b:o M ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqdf d'Vo
u/L tL;cf]6f clwsf/sf s/' f ;dl] 6Psf] 5 . o;df s;n} fO{ s'g}
klg cfwf/df e]befj gug,{] ufF;af;, lzIff tyf :jf:Yonufotsf
cfwf/et" s/' fx¿ ;a}n] kfpg'kg{] elgPsf] 5 . gful/stf kfpg],
dtbfg ug{ kfpg] tyf cfˆgf] s/' f cleJoSt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ klg
;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

uf}/L M xfdLnfO{ t lzIfsn] ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnf, lglZrt
sfdsf] ;dokl5 lj>fd / dgf]/~hg ug'{kg]{ s'/f klg eGge' Psf]
lyof] lg .

cfof]usf ;b:o M xf] n, ;dfg sfddf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf] Hofnfdf eb] efj ug{
x'Fb}g . ;a}sf nflu sfd, dgf]/~hg / cf/fdsf] Joj:yf xg' k' 5{ .
cfˆgf] bz] leq :jtGqtfk"j{s lxF8\8n' ug{ kfpg] tyf sfx] L s;}nfO{
cGofo ePdf sfg'gL ;xfotf kfpg] eGg] klg Joj:yf 5 . s;n} fO{
oftgf lbg gkfOg,] JolStsf] ;DklQsf] clwsf/ tyf ufk] lgotfsf]
clwsf/ /xg] s/' f dfgj clwsf/leq kg{] s'/f x'g\ .

/f3j M s;n} ] c¿sf] clwsf/sf] xgg / dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª3\ g ug{
gkfOg] eGg] klg ;'gs] f] lyPF . xfdf| ] ufpFdf oL ba' } s/' fsf] pNnª3\ g
eof] h:tf] 5, xf]Og t ;/ <

cfof]usf ;b:o M xf,] c¿kl| t ljeb] ug'{ / 5'jf5't ug'{ dfgjclwsf/sf] xgg xf] .
kfgL h:tf] dfgjLo cfjZostfaf6 jl~rt ul/g' h3Go ck/fw

56 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

xf] . tkfOFx{ ¿n] eg] h:t} Tof] dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL 36gf ePsfn]
bfi] fLn] sfg'gadf]lhd ;hfo kfpg] 5g\ .

uf/} j M To:tfnfO{ ;hfo t ldNg} k5{ lg . clg dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns
xs p:t} s/' f xf] ls km/s xf] ;/ <

cfof]usf ;b:o M dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns xsdf sx] L leGgtf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/
ljZjJofkL dfGotf xf] eg] dfl} ns xssf] If]q ;Lldt xG' 5 . dfgj
clwsf/ ljZjsf ;a}sf nflu ;dfg / ;an} ] dfGgk' g{] sfg'g
xf] . dfl} ns xs sg' } b]zsf gful/ssf nflu To; bz] sf] sfg'gn]
tf]ss] f] clwsf/ xf] . dfgj clwsf/ h:t} u/L df}lns xssf]
pkef]u cGo dn' s' df klg ug{ kfOG5 eGg] xb'F }g . of] cfˆgf] bz] df
dfq ;Lldt xG' 5 . dfgj clwsf/s} cfwf/df dfl} ns xsx¿sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 eg] dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/
kf| lKtdf ;xof]u kU' b5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] xggdf cGt/fl{ i6«o
sfgg' ;d]t cfslift{ xG' 5 .

gLlt M xfdf| ] bz] sf] sfgg' n] klg dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, ;/ <

cfof]usf ;b:o M xf], cl3 TfkfO{Fx¿n] afn clwsf/sf] s'/f ug{e' Psf] lyof] . Tof]
klg xfdf| ] bz] sf] sfgg' n] Joj:yf u/]sf] df}lns xs xf] . o:t} u/L
gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, ;Ddfgk"js{ afRF g kfpg,]
vfB, cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xsnufot #!
cf6] f dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

uf/} LM o;df t dlxnf, Ho]i7 gful/s / blntsf] xs klg k5{ lg xf]Og
;/ <

cfof]usf ;b:o M xf], o;u} /L ;r" gf / ;~rf/sf] xs, Gofo;DaGwL xs, 5j' f5't
tyf eb] efj lj?4sf] xs, ;DklQsf] xs, wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs
klg df}lns xss} ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

gLlt M g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/
cfofu] sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf], ;/ <

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 57

cfof]usf ;b:o M xf], o;n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePcg'¿k dfgj clwsf/sf]
;'lglZrttf u/fpg] k|of; u5{ . of] dfgj clwsf/ ;/+ If0f /
;j+ wg{ sf nflu ul7t :jtGq / :jfoQ lgsfo xf] . o;n] dfgj
clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf bf]ifLx¿nfO{ sf/jfxLsf nflu l;kmfl/; ub5{ .
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;r]tgfd"ns sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ub5{ .

uf/} j M dfgj clwsf/sf] Ifq] df sfd ug{] cGo ;+:yfx¿ klg 5g\ ls ;/ <

cfofu] sf ;b:o M xf], o:tf ;:+ yfx¿ 5g\ . PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn, cgfk} rfl/s If]q
;]jf sG] b| -OG;]s_ h:tf ;+:yfx¿ klg gk] fndf dfgj clwsf/
Ifq] df sfo{/t 5g\ . logLx¿n] dfgj clwsf/ kl| t ;/sf/ /
hgtfnfO{ ;rt] u/fpg] sfo{ u5g{ \ .

ljBfyL{M cfh tkfOF{;uF e]6 eP/ xfdLn] w/] } s'/f hfGg] cj;/ kfof}F . olt
w/] } hfgsf/L lbge' Psfdf wGojfb 5 .

cfof]usf ;b:o M tkfO{Fx¿ w/] } lh1f;' xg' x' bF' f/] x]5 . e]6 eof,] s'/f ug{ kfOof] . af6f]
klg sfl6of] . tkfOF{x¿nfO{ klg wGojfb Û

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOFs{ f cleefjsnfO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zg ;fw] L ;fs] f cfwf/df ljj/0f tof/
kfgx'{ f];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f];\ M
-s_ cleefjsdf s;sf] gfddf 3/ hUuf 5 <
-v_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnf 5 5}g <
-u_ ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsfn] k9\g] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ ls 5g} g\ <

@= dfgj clwsf/ dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf uLt,sljtf jf
;j+ fb tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .

#= ;dx" ut ¿kdf kf7df plNnlvt dfgj clwsf/x¿sf] ;"rL rf6{kk] /df tof/
kf/L sIffdf 6f:F gx' f;] \ .

58 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ dfgj clwsf/ egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ lsg ljZjJofkL clwsf/ elgG5 <
-u_ dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns xslar km/s 5'6\ofpgx' f;] \ .
-3_ ;l+ jwfgdf df}lns xssf] Joj:yf lsg ul/Psf] xfn] f < cfˆgf] ts{ k:| t't

ug{'xf];\ .
-ª_ tkfOn{F ] pkefu] u/s] f df}lns xsx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
-r_ tkfOn{F ] dfgj clwsf/sf] sfofG{ jogdf s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ;Sgx' 'G5 <ab'F fut

¿kdf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 59

kf7
% dlxnf clwsf/

hful[ t cfwf/et" ljBfnosf ;ft sIffsf ljBfYfL{x¿lar sIffdf jSt[Tjsnf
kl| tof]lutf x'bF } 5 .

hfg'sf M cfb/0fLo u?' tyf sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ d]/f] gd:sf/ 5 .

xfdL dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf dlxnf clwsf/

5nkmn ub{} 5fF} . ljifosf] p7fg d/] f] • lzIff kfpg] clwsf/
sIffsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ ug{ rfxG5' . dlxnf lx;+ f / eb] efjsf] cGTo
xfdLhDdf $@ hgf ljBfyLd{ Wo] @% hgf • dft[ :jf:Yo tyf kh| gg clwsf/
5fqf 5f}F . xfdLn] 5fq ;fYfL;/x k9g\ ] •

l;Sg] cj;/ kfPsf 5f}F . of] cj;/ • ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnf

kfP/ xfdL w/] } v';L 5f}F . of] dlxnf • kt} [s ;DklQdfly dlxnfsf] ;dfg

clwsf/sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] . nª} l\ us clwsf/

cfwf/df dlxnfdfly sg' } lx;+ f / e]befj • ljjfxsf nflu :jlg0fo{ sf] clwsf/
ug{ kfOFbg} . ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg • afn ljjfx tyf bfOhf] ky| fsf] cGTo
Hofnf / kt} s[ ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/

dlxnfnfO{ x'G5 . pd]/ k'uk] l5 cfˆgf] :jlg0fo{ df ljjfx ug{ kfpg' / dft[ tyf k|hgg

:jf:ysf] clwsf/ klg dlxnf clwsf/s} kf6f xg' \ . d clxn] d/] f] 3/sf] cj:yf

;DemFb} 5' . d/] f xh'/a'af kG] ;gjfnf lzIfs xg' x' 'G5 . xh/' cfdfn] k9\g] pd/] df cIf/

lrGg klg kfpg'ePg . pxfsF f] bz jif{s} pd]/df ljjfx eof] . d]/L cfdf 5 sIffdf

k9\b} ubf{ yfx} gkfOljjfx eof] . To;kl5 pxfFsf] k9fO aGb eof] . pxfF !& jif{df

g} b'O{ 5f/] LsL cfdf aGg'eof] . To;kl5 5f]/f] kfpg] bafadf clglR5t uew{ f/0f

eof] . w]/} ;Gtfg hGdfpg'kbf{ pxfFsf] :jf:Yo lalubF| } uof] . 3/df dn} ] xh/' cfdfsf]

eGbf d]/L cfdfsf] emg} bogLo cj:yf b]v]sL 5' . o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/n] dlxnf

sdhf]/ / lg0fo{ ljxLg xg' ] s'/f d}Nf] b]vF] . d/] L cfdfn] dlxnf eP/ kfpgk' g]{ s'g} klg

clwsf/ kfPsf] d}n] bl] vgF . o;} pbfx/0faf6 dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfjZostf kl' i6 ug{

rfxG5' . d}n] klg d/] L cfdf / xh/' cfdfn] h:t} lg/Lx eP/ afRF g gk/f];\ . dlxnf

60 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

clwsf/n] dlxnfnfO{ sfg'gL / ;fdflhs ;dfgtfsf] l:yltdf k'Ug ;xof]u ub5{ g\ .
t;y{ o:tf clwsf/ k|fKt u/L ;Ifd / :jtGq JolSt aGgsf nflu g]kfndf dlxnf
clwsf/sf] cfjZostf 5 . dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ugs{ f nflu w/] } kxnx¿
ePsf klg 5g\ . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf g} dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ dfl} ns xssf ¿kdf
/flvPsf] 5 . dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ klg ;~rfng ulPsf 5g\ .
dlxnfnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, /fh] uf/sf ;fy} x/s] Ifq] df ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ kb| fg
u/L ;an / ;Ifd agfpg] k|ljm| of dlxnf ;zStLs/0f xf], wGojfb Û

uhgf/fo0f M cfb/0Lfo u?' tyf d]/f ;xb[ oL ;fyLx¿, ;ad} f gd:sf/ Û

dlxnf clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/sf] Ps c+z xf] . dlxnfn] k?' if;/x ljsf;sf] cj:yf
gkfP;Dd dlxnf clwsf/sf nflu xfdL ;an} ] kxn ul//xg'kb5{ . k|Tos] jif{
bfOhfs] f sf/0f dlxnf lx;+ f / xTofsf 36gf 3l6/xs] f5g\ . xfdf| ] b]zsf] sfg'gn]
lnªu\ sf] cfwf/df eb] efj ug{ lbbF g} . o;}] u/L bfOhf] lngl' bg' b'a} jlh{t 5g\ t/
klg Jojxf/df sfod} 5g\ . oL s'/fn] dlxnf clwsf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf]
5 . dlxnfn] k?' if;/x w/] } /fd|f / 7n' f sfd ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] w/] } pbfx/0f 5g\ /
klg x/]s Ifq] df dlxnf k5fl8 k/s] f 5g\ . dlxnfn] sfgg' / ;l+ jwfgn] lbPsf]
dlxnf;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ lgafw{ ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ kfpg'k5{ . /fHon] o;sf nflu
ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf Hoi] 7 gful/s dGqfnosf]
Joj:yf u/L dlxnf ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt th{'df / sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . ;l+ jwfgn]
Joj:yf u/c] g';f/ dlxnfdflysf] ;av} fn] eb] efj cGTosf nflu dlxnf cfof]usf]
u7g ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] dlxnfdflysf] eb] efj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw ;g\ !(&(
df klg x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ dlxnf ;dfg ¿kdf cufl8 al9/xs] f] cj:yf
5 . dlxnf cfkm}Fn] klg o:tf clwsf/sf] vfh] L / pkof]udf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .
dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / sfof{Gjogdf ;an} ] kxn ugk{' b{5 . To;n} ] n}ª\lus
ljeb] sf] cGTo u/L ;dtfd"ns, ;Gt'lnt / ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf nflu dlxnfsf
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu xfdL ;a}n] kxn u/fF} . ;Eo / c;n
gful/ssf] klxrfg lbcf},F wGojfb Û

ljBfyL{x¿sf s/' f ;l' g;sk] l5 u'?n] pgLx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbbF } eGge' of] M tkfOxF{ ¿n]
dlxnf clwsf/ / o;sf] dxŒjsf] ;DaGwdf w/] } /fdf| s'/fx¿ eGg'eof] . d klg Ps
dlxnf g} xF' . d}n] kl/jf/df ;fg}bl] v g} s'g} klg eb] efj ef]Ugk' /g] . bfhe' fO;/x

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 61

g} lzIffsf] cj;/ kfPF . pd]/ k'uk] l5 cfˆg} lg0fo{ df ljjfx u/]F . o;n] ubf{ cfh
d o; cj:yfdf 5' . clxn] d /fh] uf/ 5' . dn} ] kfpg] tnadf klg ;dfgtf 5 .
3/kl/jf/sf] x/s] lg0fo{ df d]/f] ;xeflutf 5 . ddf cfTdljZjf; a9s] f] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= dlxnf clwsf/ zLifs{ df Ps lgaGw tof/ u/L sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
@= gk] fndf dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf nflu ePsf ko| f;x¿ ;DaGwdf ;d"x 5nkmn

/ vfh] L u/L k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .
#= dlxnf clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt lrq, kmf]6f, ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo cflb ;dx" ut

¿kdf ;ª\sng u/L a'nl] 6g af]8d{ f 6fF:g'xf;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s dlxnf clwsf/cGtut{ s] s] s/' f kb5{ g,\ nV] g'xf];\ .
-v_ dlxnf clwsf/sf] dxŒj pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:osf] clwsf/ pkef]usf nflu tkfO{Fn] s;/L ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg ;Sg'xG' 5 < cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

62 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
^ Kf|b]z ;/sf/sf sfo{

b]zdf /xs] f ljleGg ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt afF8kmf8F / kl/rfng u/L ;a} Ifq] sf] ;dfg
ljsf; ug{ g]kfndf ;ª3\ Lo k0| ffnLsf] cEof; ul/Psf] 5 . bz] df ;ª3\ , k|bz]
/ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;/sf/ 5g\ . oL ;/sf/sf sfo{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf pNnv]
ul/Psf] 5 .

gk] fnnfO{ ;ft kb| ]zdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . kb| z] df k|bz] ;/sf/ /xG5g\ .

-s_ kb| z] Joj:yflksf

k|bz] df k|bz] Joj:yflksf /xG5 . o;df ;DalGwt kb| ]zaf6 kl| tlglw ;efdf klxnf]
x'g] lgjf{lrt xg' ] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd x'g] ;b:o ;ªV\ ofsf] bf]Aa/ ;ª\Vofdf
x'g cfpg] ;b:o klxnf] x'g] lgjfl{ rt xg' ] lgjf{rg k0| ffnLaf6 sfod x'g] ;b:o
;ªV\ of hDdf ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] ;f7L kl| tzt x'g] 5 . afFsL $) k|ltzt ;b:ox¿
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjfl{ rt x'g] 5g\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu s0ffn{ L k|bz] ;efsf] u7g ug{ @$ hgf ;b:o klxnf] x'g] lgjfl{ rt
x'g] lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLaf6 5flgG5g\ . hxfF k|ltlglw ;efdf !@ hgf klxnf] xg' ] lgjfl{ rt
xg' ] lgjfr{ g k|0ffnLaf6 5flgG5g\ . To:t} !^ hgf ;dfg'kflts lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLaf6
lgjf{lrt x'g5] g\ . o;/L s0ffn{ L k|b]z ;ef rfln; ;b:oLo x'G5 . g]kfndf ;ftcf6] }
k|b]zdf kb| z] ;ef /xg] ;j+ }wflgs Joj:yf 5 .

gk] fnsf] gful/s, ;DalGwt If]qsf] dtbftf /xs] f], klRr; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
g}lts ktg bl] vg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfo gkfPsf] JolSt dfq kb| z] ;ef
;b:osf nflu of]Uotf ku' ]sf] dflgG5 .

-v_ k|bz] sfok{ flnsf

kb| z] sf] sfos{ f/L clwsf/ k|b]z dGqLkl/ifb\df lglxt /xG5 . kb| z] dGqLkl/ifbn\ fO{
k|b]z sfo{kflnsf klg elgG5 . kb| z] k|d'vn] kb| ]z ;efdf axd' t k|fKt ;;+ bLo
bnsf] gt] fnfO{ d'VodGqLdf lgo'St ul/G5 . d'VodGqLsf] cWoIftfdf dGqLkl/ifb\sf]
u7g xG' 5 . dV' odGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df cGo dGqLx¿ lgoS' t xG' 5g\ . dGqLkl/ifb\ u7g

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 63

ubf{ ;dfjz] L l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . d'VodGqL;lxt k|b]z ;efsf s'n
;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] la; k|ltzteGbf a9L gxg' ] u/L k|b]z sfok{ flnsfsf] u7g xG' 5 .
kb| ]z sfok{ flnsfdf dV' odGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqL /xG5g\ .

Kfb| ]z Joj:yflksfsf sfo{ Kf|b]z ;/sf/sf sfo{

-s_ Kf|b]z Joj:yflksfn] kb| ]z ;/sf/ lgdf0{ f -s_ Kf|bz] kx| /L k|zf;g / zflGt

ug{] sfo{ ub5{ . k|bz] Joj:yflksfdf ;'/Iff

ax'dt kf| Kt jf axd' t h'6fpg ;Sg] -v_ Kf|bz] :t/sf] ljB't, l;FrfO,
bnsf] gt] fnfO{ d'VodGqLdf lgo'St ul/G5 / vfgk] fgL
/ pgn] cGo dGqL, /fHodGqL / ;xfos
dGqLx¿ lgo'St ug{ ;S5g\ -u_ :jf:Yo ;j] f

-v_ kb| z] Joj:yflksfsf] dV' o sfd eg]sf] -3_ Kf|b]z nf]sdfu{

kb| ]z sfg'gsf] lgdf0{ f xf] . -ª_ el" d Joj:yfkg, hUufsf]

-u_ k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;Dkfbg u/s] f sfd clen]v
sf/jfxLsf] lgu/fgL ug{] sfd klg k|bz] -r_ U'f7L Joj:yfkg

;efsf] xf] . -5_ k|b]z ljZjljBfno, pRr

-3_ k|bz] ;uF ;/f]sf/ /fVg] hg;/f]sf/sf lzIff, k:' tsfno, ;ª\uf| no

ljifodf kb| ]z ;efdf 5nkmn, cGt/lj|mof

ug{' klg o;sf] sfd xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg eO{ Pp6f ;dx" n] k|b]z Joj:yflksf / csf{] ;d"xn] kb| ]z
sfok{ flnsfsf] u7g kl| j|mof tflnsf agfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ Kf|bz] Joj:yflksfsf] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ Kfb| ]z sfok{ flnsfsf] u7g kl| j|mofaf/] 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ k|b]z sfo{kflnsfsf sfdx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ kb| z] Joj:yflksfsf sfo{x¿ pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ .

64 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
& ;'/Iff lgsfo

xfd|f ;'/Iff lgsfon] xfdLnfO{ ;/' Iff ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . xfd|f] lhpwgsf] ;'/Iff,
ljkt\af6 ;/' Iff, b]zsf] ;/' Iff cflb ug{] sfd ;/' Iff lgsfon] u5{g\ . oL lgsfox¿
bz] / hgtfsf] ;'/Iffdf a9L lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . g]kfnL ;g] f, ;z:q k|x/L, g]kfn
kx| /Ln] zflGt ;/' Iffdf k'¥ofPsf of]ubfgnfO{ tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ gk] fnL ;]gf M gk] fnL ;g] f b]zsf] ;g] f xf] . o;n] b]zsf] ;/' Iff ub5{ . cGo
b]zn] cfjm| d0f u/d] f cfˆgf] bz] sf] ;/' Iffsf g]kfnL ;g] fn] 86/] d'sfljnf
ub{5 . ;g] fn] ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo;{ dt] ub{5 . ljleGg :jf:Yo lzlj/
;~rfng / ljkts\ f a]nf dflg;sf] vfh] tyf p4f/;dt] g]kfnL ;]gfn]
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu ljleGg bz] df uO{ zflGt
:yfkgf sfo{df ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg /fli6«o / cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/sf
vn] s'bdf;d]t g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fdf| ] v]n kb| z{g ub}{ cfO/xs] f] 5 .

-v_ gk] fn k|x/L M gk] fn kx| /Ln] hgtfsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] sfd ub5{ . lhpwgsf]
;'/Iff / hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod /fVg dbt ub5{ . rf]/L 8st} L,
;fdflhs ck/fw ug]{ dfly kjm| ]/ g]kfn kx| /Ln] sf/afxL ub5{ . zflGt
;'Joj:yf / sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{ g]kfn k|x/L nflu/xs] f] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 65

-u_ ;z:q kx| /L M ;z:q k|x/Ln] bz] sf] ;Ldf ;/' Iff / ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u
k¥' ofpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] cftªs\ jfbL ultljlw, bª\uf / ;z:q ljbf| ]x
lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ ub5{ . To:t} b}jLks| f]k / dxfdf/Laf6 kLl8tx¿sf] p4f/df
o;n] dbt ub{5 . ljleGg eG;f/, /fh:j / cfB} f]lus ;/' Iff Pjd\ k"jf{wf/sf]
;/' Iffdf klg ;z:q kx| /L ;+nUg /xs] f] 5 .

PlkPkm 6f]nLåf/f rf]/Lk7} f/Lsf] ;fdfg a/fdb

dxf]Q/L, dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf] ;D;L ufpFkflnsf ^ l:yt ;Ldf Onfsfaf6 jz} fv @)
ut] PlkPkm 6f]nLn] sl/a @ nfv ( xhf/ ?lkofF a/fa/sf] rf/] Lk}7f/Lsf] OnS] 6f« l] gS;
;fdfg / dfa] fOn kf6\{; a/fdb u/s] f] 5 . ef/taf6 eG;f/ 5nL gk] fntkm{
NofpFb} u/s] f] pSt ;fdfg ;z:q kx| /L an gk] fn af8] {/ cfp6 kf:] 6 ;D;Laf6
vl6Psf] PlkPkm 6f]nLn] a/fdb u/s] f] xf] . a/fdb ;fdfg eG;f/ sfofn{ o
hn]Zj/df a'emfOPsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

gk] fn kx| /Lsf] ;lj|motfdf clS;hg l;lnG8/ ;ªs\ ng u/L sfl] e8 c:ktfndf
pknAw u/fOPsf]
sf7df8fF}, @)&* jz} fv @^ ut]
g]kfn kx| /Lsf] ;lj|motfdf bz] e/sf ljleGg :yfgaf6 zlgaf/ ;feF m;Dd ;ª\sng
ul/Psf @ xhf/ & ;o *! cf]6f clS;hg l;lnG8/ g]kfn kx| /Ln] sfl] e8 c:ktfn
/ ;DalGwt clS;hg KnfG6 pBf]unfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . tLdWo] ( ;ocf6] f
l;lnG8/ c:ktfnnfO{ / ! xhf/ * ;o *! cf6] f l;lnG8/ clS;hg pBfu] nfO{
pknAw u/fOPsf] xf] .
o; ljifd kl/l:yltdf cGo ko| fh] gsf nflu :6s gug{ tyf ljleGg sDkgL,
;ª3\ ;+:yf tyf JolStx¿;Fu cfjZostfeGbf a9L l;lnG8/ 5g\ eg] To:tf
l;lnG8/x¿ pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug{ gk] fn kx| /Ln] cg'/f]w;dt] u/]sf] 5 .

66 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

!= dfly lbOPsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog u/L tn lbPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ gk] fn k|x/Ln] sg' Ifq] df ;xofu] sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ plNnlvtafxs] gk] fn kx| /Ln] cGo s'g s'g If]qdf sfd ul//xs] f] 5 <
-u_ dxfdf/Ldf k|x/Ln] k'¥ofpg ;Sg] cGo ;xofu] s] s] xg' ;S5g\ <

@= ljleGg ;/' Iff lgsfon] u/s] f sfox{ ¿ ;dl] 6Psf] ;dfrf/, lrq jf ;DkfbsLo
;ª\sng u/L sIffsf] a'n]l6g af]8{df 6fF:gx' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ g]kfnsf k|dv' ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-v_ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ug{] sfox{ ¿ pNNf]v ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ g]kfn kx| /Ln] hgtfnfO{ k¥' ofpg] ;j] fx¿ pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ ;Ldf ;/' Iffdf ;z:q kx| /Ln] s:tf] el" dsf vn] ]sf] xG' 5 <

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 67

PsfO
rf/ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

l;sfO pknlAw

• ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:ofsf sf/0f / c;/k|lt
;rt] eO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{

• ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfno / /fli6o«
;ª3\ ;:+ yfn] vN] g ;Sg] el" dsf vfh] L ug{

• 5/l5d]s / ljBfnodf xg' ;Sg] åGå Joj:yfkgdf
cfˆgf] el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{

• zflGtsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu kl/lrt eO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k
Jojxf/ kb| zg{ ug{

68 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
! ;Eo ;dfh

sIffdf ;Eo ;dfh ;DaGwdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿lar ePsf] 5nkmnsf s]xL c+z
tn k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M

cho M ;dfhsf af/d] f t xfdLn] cluNNff sIffdf 5nkmn u/]sf lyof}F . cfh rflxF
;Eo ;dfhsf] ;DaGwdf atfOlbg'xf];\ g ;/ <

lzIfs M ;De ;dfh egs] f] cgz' fl;t tyf ku| ltkydf nlDsbF } u/s] f,] lzlIft /
dfgjLo u'0f tyf cfr/0fo'St ;dfh xf] . ;fdflhs s'/Llt / ljsl[ t sd
ePsf / ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{] ;fdflhs k4lt ljsf; ul/Psf]
;dfh ;Eo ;dfh xf] . o:tf] ;dfh ;fdflhs ;+:sf/oS' t Pjd\ ;xof]uL
x'G5 .

cho M xfdLn] ;De ;dfh ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L t /fVofF} . ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf sg'
sg' s/' fx¿ afwfsf ¿kdf /xG5g\ < o; ljifodf ;/n] :k:6 kfl/lbgx' G' 5 ls <

lzIfs M xfd|f] ;dfhdf c;dfgtf, lg/If/tf, ;fdflhs lje]b / zf]if0f h:tf
;fdflhs ;d:of 5g\ . logn] ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf afwf pTkGg u5{g\ .

ljdn M c;dfgtf ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fdf s;/L afwfsf ¿kdf /xG5 t ;/ <

lzIfs M c;dfgtfn] ;dfhdf ad] n] sf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u5{ . x'g] / gxg' ] lardf
ljjfb / åGåsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'G5 . c;dfgtfdf k/]sf] JolStn]
cfkm"nfO{ cGofo ePsf] dx;;' u5{ . o;n] ;dfhdf emu8f, ck/fw,
ljs[lt cflb a9fpg ;S5 . To;n} ] c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf]
afwfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . To;n} ] xfdLn] ;a}kl| t ;defj k|s6 ug{'k5{ . ;fyL
/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ / ;Ddfg k|s6 ugk'{ 5{ .

ljjs] M dnfO{ t lg/If/tf klg ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] afws h:tf] nfU5 ;/ .

lzIfs M /fd|f] lh1f;f /fVge' of] . ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf] afwssf ¿kdf lg/If/tfnfO{
klg lng ;lsG5 . lg/If/tfn] rt] gf ljsf;df afwf kfb5{ . rt] gfsf]
sdLsf sf/0f s;' :+ sf/ / cGwljZjf; 56' \ofpg uf/f] k5{ . cGwljZjf;

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 69

/ s/' LltnfO{ k5o\ fpg] cj:yf /xG5 . ;Eo ;dfhdf o:tf s/' fx¿ ;fR] g klg
;lsbF g} . To;n} ] lg/If/tf ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf] afws xf] .
/~hg M ;fdflhs ljeb] / zfi] f0f klg ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf nflu afws xg' t\ ;/ <
lzIfs M xf,] ;Eo ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ljeb] / zf]if0f xg' x' b'F g} . hfltut, eflifs,
nª} l\ us lje]b ePsf] ;dfh ;Eo ;dfh xg' ;St}g . wgLn] ul/anfO{,
dflnsn] dhb/' nfO{, zlStdf xg' n] ] gxg' n] fO{ zf]if0f ug{] s'/f ;Eo ;dfhdf
sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsbF g} .
ljlg;f M ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf afwf k'¥ofpg ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;d:of
/ ljs[lt klg t lhDd]jf/L xG' 5g\ lg xf]Og / ;/ <
lzIfs M xf] /fd|f] s/' f ug{'eof] . ;fdflhs ;d:ofn] ;dfhdf emu8f, ad] n] , lje]b,
zfi] f0fsf] jftfj/0f aGg] x'Fbf oL s/' fx¿ ;dfh ljsf;sf afws x'g\ . ;Eo
;dfh lgdf0{ fsf r'gf}tL xg' \ .
ljBfyL{x¿ Mcfh w/] } gofF s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfOof], wGojfb ;/ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf afwfx¿nfO{ rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf 6fF:gx' f;] \ .
@= clzIff ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] afws xf] eGg] zLif{sdf jStT[ jsnf k|ltof]lutf

;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .
#= ;Eo ;dfh lgdf0{ fdf tkfOFn{ ] s] s] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L

lgisif{ k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;Eo ;dfh eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf afwfx¿ pNnv] ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ;fdflhs eb] efj egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ ;fdflhs eb] efj lsg ug'{ x'bF }g <cfˆgf] ts{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

70 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
@ ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:of ;dfwfg

j/lkkn 6f]n ;w' f/ ;+:Yffn] kmh'n vr{ lgoGq0f, n}ªl\ us lje]b / 3/n] ' lx;+ f ;DaGwdf
;rt] gf / hgr]tgfd"ns sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; ;:+ yfn] cfˆgf]
:yfkgf lbj;sf] cj;/ kf//] cfˆgf] 6fn] df ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf sx] L sfoj{ m| dx¿
;fjh{ lgs u¥of] . tLdWo] ;dfhdf xg' ] kmhn' vr{ ;DaGwdf dxŒjk0" f{ lg0fo{ u/s] f]
lyof] . o; ;:+ yfn] kmh'n vr{ lgoGq0fdf JolSt / ;d'bfonfO{ a9LeGbf a9L
lhDd]jf/ agfpg e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{];dt] lg0f{o u/s] f] lyof] . x/s] jif{ x'g] tLhsf]
b/vfg] sfoj{ m| ddf utljutsf tLhsf] ljsl[ tnfO{ lnP/ 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . tLh
;?' xg' 'eGbf cl3bl] v 6f]ndf ug{] ul/Psf efh] et]/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ lg0fo{ ePsf]
lyof] . ljjfx, jt| aGw, c3f,{] 5j] /, 3j] f, a]n ljjfxnufotsf wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts
pT;jx¿df;dt] kmh'n vr{ gug{ ;:+ yfsf ;a}n] k|lta4tf hgfPsf lyP . c¿sf]
bv] fl;sL gu/L cfˆgf] cflys{ cj:yfcg';f/ o:tf sfo{ ;DkGg ugk{' g{] o; ;:+ yfsL
cWoIf cle;/f 3tLs{ f] ljrf/ 5 . ;lsg;sL ljleGg ef]het]/ ug],{ ;fgf ;fgf
pT;j ug{;d]t kf6L{ Kofn]; g} hfg'kg{] ljs[lt ;w' f/ ug{ klg pxfFn] ;'emfj lbg'eof] .
ltxf/df bp] ;L e}nf] vN] bf jf b;dF} f blIf0ff lbFbf cyjf ljm| ;d;df pkxf/ lbFbf
k;} f w]/} lbg gkfOg] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . xfdLn] ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/nfO{ nfu'
ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ ug'{k5{ . ;s;] Dd ljnfl;tfsf ;fdfgeGbf cfjZos kg{]
;fdfgsf] ko| fu] nfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ . pSt ;+:yfsf pkfWoIf ljdnf g]kfnLn] ;ak} |lt
plNnlvt cg/' f]w ug{e' Psf] lyof] .

;:+ yfsf ;b:ox¿n] 5f/] f / 5f]/LnfO{ ljeb] gu/L kf]if0f, lzIff, ;xeflutf, :jf:Yo
cflbdf ;dfg cj;/ kb| fg ugk'{ g]{ lgod agfPsf 5g\ . n}ªl\ us lje]b ug{]nfO{
;+:yfsf] ;b:oaf6 jl~rt ug{] / ;:+ yfaf6 s'g} klg ;xofu] gug]{ ;+:yfsf] lgod
/xs] f] 5 . To:t} 6f]ndf dBkfg lgoGq0f ug{] lg0fo{ klg ePsf] lyof] . 3/]n' tyf
nª} l\ us lx;+ f ug]{dfly ;o+ 'St cfjfh p7fpg], lx+;f ug]{nfO{ sfgg' sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg
;xof]u ug]{ h:tf lg0fo{ pSt ;:+ yfn] u/]sf] lyof] . nª} l\ us lx;+ f;DaGwL k/fdz{
;]jf / ax; k/} jL;d]t ;do ;dodf ;~rfng ug{] lg0f{o pSt ;+:yfsf] lyof] .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 71

pxfxF ¿sf lg0f{o / ljrf/nfO{ xfdL ;a}n] ;Ddfg u/f}F . pxfxF ¿n] Hf:t} xfd|f]
;db' fodf klg o:t} lg0f{o u/f}F / sfofG{ jog klg u/fF} .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tnsf] 36gf cWoog u/fF} / 5nkmn u/fF} M

u/} L ufpFdf srx/L a;s] f] 5 . ufpaF f6 ;fe] mf;fem r]nLnfO{ ;x/sf Soflag,
/:] 6'/]G6df sfd ug{ afWo kfg]{ bnfnnfO{ ufpnF ]n] kj|m]/ kx| /LnfO{ ae' mfpg nfu]sf
5g\ . ut jif{ klg ufpaF f6 kfFr ;ft hgf r]nL x/fPsf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{
;:tf] kfl/>ldsdf ljb]zdf sfd ug{ k7fPsf] xNnf rn]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿n]
ljb]zdf bM' v kfPsf] va/ ;dfrf/df cfPkl5 oL dfgj t:s/nfO{ sf/afxL ug{
ut jifb{ ]lv g} ufpnF ]x¿ tfts] f lyP . o:tf ultljlw ;fdflhs ck/fw xg' \ .
o:tf ultljlwdf ;n+ Ug JolStx¿sf lj?4 ufpsF f ;a} ;r]t / rgfvf] x'gk' g]{
cfjfh srx/Ldf p7s] f] lyof] . ufpFdf sg' } gf}nf] dflg; bv] ]df cleefjsnfO{
va/ ug]{ ug'{k5{ . kx| /LnfO{ va/ ug'k{ 5{ . hgkl| tlglwnfO{ va/ ugk{' 5{ .
dlxnf j8f ;b:on] srx/Ldf atfpge' of] . s;n} ] kmsfof] eg] cfkm" ;r]t x'g]
/ cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] ug'{k5{ . pgn] ylkg\ . z/L/sf cªu\ a]rlavg
ug{] sfo{ klg dfgj ar] lavg g} xf] . j8fWoIfn] ;dfhdf lduf{n} f aR] g] sfo{
df}nfPsf] klg atfpg'eof] . o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ j8fdf l56\6} hgr]tgfdn" s
sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{] s/' f atfpge' of] . ;fy} pxfnF ] o:fsf] d'Vo sf/0f ul/aL
ePsfn] j8fdf cfocfhg{ sf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf] atfpge' of] .

@= dflysf 36gf cWoog u/L tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ dfgj ar] lavg eg]sf] s] xf] <lsg ugx{' 'bF g} <
-v_ dflg;nfO{ sd Hofnf / lgsi[ 6 >ddf nufpFbf s] s] ;d:of cfpF5g\ <
-u_ dfgj cª\u a]rlavgdf dV' o u/L z/L/sf s'g sg' cªu\ ar] lavg xg' ]
u/]sf] 5 <
-3_ dfgj ar] lavg /fS] g cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] sg' } tLg pkfox¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .

#= tkfOFs{ f] kl/jf/df kmhn' vr{ xg' ] u/]sf] 5 ls 5g} < olb 5 eg] o:tf] vr{
36fpg] pkfox¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g\ < cleefjs;uF ;fw] vfh] u/L nV] gx' f];\ .

72 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

$= nª} \lus lje]bsf sf/0fx¿ vfh] L u/L o;nfO{ x6fpg] pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ / kf| Kt lgisif{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

%= dfgj ar] lavg lj?4sf] uLt, sljtf, syf, lgaGw, Kn]sf8{, lrq cflb dWo]
s'g} Ps tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .

^= kmh'n vr{n] lgDTofpg] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo emlNsg] gf6s k|:tt'
ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ dfgj ar] lavg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ dfgj a]rlavgdf sg' sg' s'/fx¿ k5g{ \ <
-u_ dfgj a]rlavgn] ;dfhdf kfg]{ c;/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .
-3_ kmh'n vr{ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-ª_ tkfOF{ kmh'n vr{ sd ug{ s] ugx{' 'G5 <
-r_ dfgj ar] lavgaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-5_ nª} l\ us ljeb] egs] f] s] xf] / lsg ug'x{ bF' }g <

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 73

kf7
# ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofaf6 aRg] pkfo

;fdflhs ljsl[ t / o;af6 aRg] pkfox¿nfO{ zn} f / pgsf ;fyLx¿n] sIffdf
uLtdfkm{t k|:t't u/] . pgLx¿sf k:| tl' t cWoog u/f}F / 5nkmn u/fF} .

;fdflhs ljs[ltnfO{ x6fpgk' 5{
b]vfl;sL afgL 8f8F f s6fpg'k5{
cfˆgf] cj:yfnfO{ ;WfF} ugk'{ 5{ Vofn
kmhn' vr{ ubf{vl] / xG' 5 x} a]xfn
eb] efj ug'{xG' g, ug{x' 'Gg x]nf
;dfg Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{, hg' ;'s} an] f
xfdf| ;+:sf/ ;:+ s[ltnfO{ hfu] fpg' /fd|f]
;:+ sf/n] lbG5g\ ;w}F klxrfg xfdf| ]
cfoftLt ;:+ sl[ tn] ;dfh tn k5{
klxrfg x/fP/ lz/ lgx'l/G5
lzIff tflnd /f]huf/L lbFb} hfgk' 5{
kl5 kg{] ju{ o;n] ;w{}F tn kf5{ .
rt] gfsf] lbof] afnfF,} ;rt] agfF} cfh
st{Josf] kfng u/fF} ;fyLefOsf] dfem
sfgg' dfg] ;d:of t 36\b} hfg] /5}
ljs[lt / lj;ªu\ lt x6b\ } hfg] /5} .

74 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ;d6] L uLt, syf, sljtfdWo]
sg' } Ps tof/ kf/L sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .

@= tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfodf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tsf] ;r" L agfO{ lg/fs/0fsf
pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

#= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ n]lvPsf Kn]sf8{x¿ tof/ ug{'xf];\ /
ljBfno j/k/ ;rt] gfdn" s ¥ofnL lgsfNg'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t ;dfwfgsf s'g} b'O{ pkfox¿ nV] g'xf;] \ .
-v_ lsg c¿sf] g/fdf| ] afgL Jojxf/ / rngsf] bv] fl;sL ug]{ afgLnfO{ xfdLn]

x6fpg'k5{, sf/0f pNnv] ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ lzIff / r]tgfn] ;fdflhs ljsl[ t / ;d:of ;dfwfgdf s;/L dbt u5g{ \ <
-3_ sfgg' sf] kfngfn] ;fdflhs ;d:of lg/fs/0fdf s;/L dbt k'Ub5 <

n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 75

kf7 ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf
$ ;ª3\ ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf

;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljleGg lgsfosf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfno
klg ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf lhDd]jf/ lgsfo xf] . To:t} cGo lgsfox¿df
/fli6o« :t/df ljm| ofzLn ;fdflhs ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿ k5{g\ . ljleGg ;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yf
/ u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿n] klg ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
ljBfno / tL ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf v]ns] f] e"ldsfnfO{ tn
pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ ljBfnosf] el" dsf

ljBfno lzIffsf] s]Gb| xf] . JolStsf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf ljBfnosf] 7'nf] el" dsf /xs] f]
xG' 5 . :jfjnDagsf] kf7 l;Sg', cgz' f;gdf /xg', sn' t lj?4sf] ;rt] gf hfu[t
ug{,' cfˆgf] k/Dk/f / /Lltl:yltsf] 1fg kfpg' ljBfnodf lbOg] c;n lzIffsf
pbfx/0f x'g\ . vlr{nf] /xg;xgaf6 ;dfhdf kg{ ;Sg] s'ke| fjkl| t ;hutf ckgfpg
klg c;n lzIff g} rflxG5 . Tof] ljBfnoaf6 g} ;Dej xG' 5 .

ljBfnodf ul/g] cltl/St ljm| ofsnfk / /rgfTds ultljlwsf dfWodaf6 klg
cfk;df d]nldnfksf] efjgf hfu[t xG' 5 . cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 ;fd"lxs sfd ug]{
afgLsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . o;af6 ;dfgtfsf] efjgf hfu[t eO{ ;fdflhs ljs[lt l;h{gf
xg' kfpbF }g . ;fdflhs ljsl[ t lj?4 ¥ofnL, jSt[Tjsnf kl| tof]lutfdfkm{t klg
ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;r]t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;8s gf6s, uLt, sljtf, gf6sdfkmt{ klg o:tf
cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljBfno ;fdflhs ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf] cu0| fL ;:+ yf xf] . ljBfnosf lzIfs /
ljBfyLs{ f] cfgLafgL / cg'zf;g cg's/0fLo ePdf o;sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj ;dfhdf
k5{ . To;n} ] ;fdflhs ;Df:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfnosf] dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf /xG5 .

-v_ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf /fli6«o ;ª3\ ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf

;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf /fli6o« ¿kdf sfo{/t wfld{s, ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts
;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjKf" 0f{ xG' 5 . o:tf ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] u'7L, d7, dlGb/, r}To,

76 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

uD' af, ljxf/, dl:hb, Sna;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿ ;]jfsf]
efjgfn] sfd u5{g\ . k];fut ;ª3\ ;ªu\ 7gn] klg ul/aL lgjf/0f, lzIffsf] ljsf;,
hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f h:tf sfo{x¿df ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5g\ . logLx¿n] ;dfhdf x'g] /
eO/x]sf ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿ x6fpg ljleGg r]tgfd"ns tyf ;Gbz] dn" s sfo{j|md
u5{g\ .

;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ ljm| ofzLn 5g\ . ljleGg
;/sf/L lgsfo / ;+:yfx¿n] o;df el" dsf v]ln/xs] f 5g\ . ;/sf/sf sG] bL| o
lgsfox¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljleGg gLlt / sfgg' lgdf{0f u5g{ \ .
g]kfn kx| /L, cbfnt cflbn] sfgg' sfof{Gjog ug{ nufP/ / ;d:of kLl8tx¿nfO{
Gofo lbP/ klg ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{g\ . gk] fn /]8j|m;, :sfp6 h:tf /fli6«o :t/sf
;+:yfx¿n] ;j] f, ;xofu] , :jod;\ ]jf, ;r]tgfdfkm{t ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf
ofu] bfg k¥' ofO/]sf x'G5g\ . x/]s kflnsfdf /x]sf] Goflos ;ldltn] :yfgLo ;d:of
/ ljjfbsf 36gfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df ;dfwfg ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ljs[lt x6fpg ljleGg sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . oL
;:+ yfx¿n] cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf ;'emj, ;Nnfx / lgbz{] gsf ;fy ;f| ]t / ;fwg
lbO{ ;xof]u klg u5g{ \ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfodf /xs] f ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t lj?4 sfo{ ug]{ JolStnfO{
ljBfnosf] tkm{af6 lbOg] kz| ;+ f kqsf] gd'gf tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

@= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljBfnosf] el" dsfaf/] 5nkmn u/L ljj/0f k:| t't
ug'x{ f];\ .

#= tkfOsF{ f] ljBfnon] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf s:tf] el" dsf v]Nb} cfO/xs] f]
5 < k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ;f]wL kf| Kt hfgsf/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .

$= tnsf 36gf cWoog ug'{xf;] \ / tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

dflnsf o'jf ;dfhn] ufpdF f ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
o; ;dfhn] ufpFdf ljsl[ t / lj;ªu\ ltsf ¿kdf /xs] f] h'jftf; / dfbs
kbfy{sf] ;j] gnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;8s gf6s, ¥ofnL, cGt/ljm| of sfo{jm| d
;~rfng ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . 5f/] LnfO{ ljBfno egf{ ug{] cleofgbl] v Hoi] 7

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 77

gful/s ;Ddfg sfoj{ |mddf;dt] o; ;dfhsf] e"ldsf pNnv] gLo lyof] . o;
;dfhn] dxfdf/Ldf;dt] >lds, dhb/' / ljkGg dflg;x¿nfO{ vfgfsf] k|aGw
u/s] f] lyof] . es" Dk / dxfdf/Ldf;dt] o; ;:+ yfn] /fxt ljt/0f u/s] f] lyof] .
o; ;+:yfsf sfdnfO{ ;d'bfosf cuj' fx¿n] d'Sts07n] kz| ;+ f ub}{ cfPsf
5g\ . xfdL klg o:tf dfgj sNof0fdf ;n+ Ug ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / ;xofu]
u/fF} .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ dflnsf o'jf ;dfhn] u/]sf /fd|f sfdx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .
-v_ pSt ;dfhn] u/s] f] sg' sfd tkfOF{nfO{ ;ae} Gbf a9L dgk¥of], lsg <
-u_ tkfO{sF f] ;d'bfodf ljm| ofzLn ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs ;d:of

;dfwfgdf s] s:tf sfdx¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ < ;f]wvf]h u/L sIffdf
k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ tkfO{Fsf] ;dfhdf sfo/{ t ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .
-v_ ljBfno ;fdflhs ;Eotfsf] kt| Ls xf] . o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ug{'xf;] \ .
-u_ ljBfnon] s;/L ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k¥' ofp5F , nV] gx' f];\ .
-3_ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu /fli6«o ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] ;r" L tof/ kf/L sg' }

Pssf] el" dsfaf/] n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOsF{ f] ljBfno j/k/ jf ;db' fodf ePsf ;ª3\ ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ /fvL ;fdflhs
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ePsf ko| f;x¿ ;ªs\ ng u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

78 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
% åGå Joj:yfkg

åGå egs] f] JolSt JolSt / ;d"x ;dx" lar ljrf/, sfo;{ Dkfbg cflb ubf{ pTkGg
x'g] ljjfbsf] cj:yf xf] . ;xL ;"rgf cfbfgkb| fg gxbF' f jf unt ;dfrf/ k|;f/0fn]
klg åGå l;h{gf u5{ .

-s_ kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5ds] df åGå xg' fsf dV' o sf/0f

kl/jf/ / 5/l5ds] df slxns] fxLF åGå x'g ;S5 . åGåsf sg' } g sg' } sf/0fx¿
x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf sf/0fnfO{ ;dod} lrg/] åGå Joj:yfkg ug{k' 5{ . ;dod} åGå
Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPdf o;n] g/fdf| ] c;/ kfg{;S5 . oxfF åGåsf sf/0fx¿sf]
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-c_ unt ;"rgf jf ;Gbz] kj| fx xg' '
-cf_ jf:tljstf yfxf geO{ unt ;Gb]z aflx/ hfg'
-O_ kl/jf/ jf 5/l5d]sdf ljjfb x'g hfg'
-O{_ Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;Ddfg gug{' jf x]Kg vf]Hg'
-p_ ;r" gfdf cj/f]w jf unt ae' \mg'
-pm_ :jfy{ aflemg'
-C_ lhDdj] f/L k"/f gug'{
-P_ kIfkftk0" f{ Jojxf/ ug'{
-P]_ an ko| f]u ug{'
-cf]_ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf sfod /xg'
-cf_} ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] cefj x'g'
-c+_ c;n /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] cefj xg' '
-cM_ sfg'gsf] kfngf gug'{

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 79

-v_ åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfo

åGå Joj:yfkg ljleGg tl/sfaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . åGå Joj:yfkgdf dWo:tstfs{ f] el" dsf
dxŒjk0" f{ xG' 5 . ;fdfGo åGådf cGo pkfox¿af6 klg lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . åGå
Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

-c_ åGå/t kIfx¿sf ljrf/ jf s'/fx¿ ;G' g]
-cf_ ga'em]sf / c:ki6 /xs] f s'/fx¿ ;NNffx, 5nkmn Pjd\ cfk;L ;xdltdf

6ª' u\ f] nufpg]
-O_ dWo:tstf{ dfkm{t b'j} kIfnfO{ ;xdltdf cfpg nufpg]
-O_{ bj' } kIfnfO{ dfGo xg' ] u/L ;xdltsf] nIo pGd'v kU' g]
-p_ åGå/t kIflar ;Demft} f ug{]
-pm_ kl5;Dd klg åGå xg' glbg] pkfo cjnDag ug{]

lj|mofsnfk

!= tnsf] 36gf cWoog ug'{xf;] \ / lbPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

u}/L ufpFsf w/] } dflg;x¿ Ps xKtfcl3b]lv ?ufvf]sL / Hj/fn] ] la/fdL k/s] f
lyP . pgLx¿dWo] sx] L t w]/} l;ls:t eO{ c:ktfn;dt] egf{ ePsf lyP .
s'g} Pp6f cgnfOg va/n] ToxL s/' fnfO{ gae' mL u/} L ufpFdf w/] }df sfl] e8sf]
;ªj\ m| d0f /x]sf] / w/] } dflg;x¿ o;af6 ke| fljt ePsf] ;dfrf/ ;fj{hlgs
u¥of] . o;n] ubf{ ufpF / j/k/sf dflg;x¿ cflQP . emg\ sfl] e8 g} ePsf] eGb}
dflg;x¿ xNnf ug{ yfn] . dflg;x¿ e]6g\ hfg / ;xofu] ug{ hfg 5f]8] . ;Fu}
/xs] f ufpsF f dflg;x¿ klg ufpF3/sf] cj:yf a'emg\ klg hfg 5f8] . ufpFsf]
cj:yf cem ljs/fn eof] . kNNff] ufpsF f dflg; To; ufpFdf cfpg hfg aGb
u/] . c¿ klg ghfgsf nflu cfphfp /fs] ] . u}/L ufpFsf dflg;x¿ Psflt/
8/qf;df lyP / cgnfOgsf] unt ;"rgfn] ubf{ ufpdF f 8/ lrGtf, åGåsf]
l:ylt l;hg{ f eof] . o:tf unt ;"rgf lbg] ;dfrf/sf dfWodnfO{ sf/jfxL
cl3 a9fOof] .

80 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

-s_ ufpdF f åGå lsg l;hg{ f eof] <

-v_ åGån] ufpdF f s:tf] c;/ kf¥of] <

-u_ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ul/of] <
-3_ tkfOs{F f] ;d'bfodf s:tf s:tf åGåsf 36gf ePsf lyP < ltgsf] ;"rL

agfO{ s'g} Ps 36gf s;/L ;dfwfg ul/of] < ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNnv]
ugx[' f];\ .
-ª_ unt ;r' gf jf ;dfrf/ klg åGåsf] sf/0f aGg ;S5 eGg] s/' fnfO{
dflysf] 36gfn] s;/L k'li6 u/s] f] 5 <

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ åGå eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ åGåsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ åGå ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-3_ tkfOsF{ f] ljBfnodf s] s:tf åGå xG' 5g\ < ltgsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{] ul/Psf]

5<

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 81

kf7
^ zflGt :yfkgf

-s_ zflGtsf] cjwf/0ff

xfx] Nnf, sfn] fxn, qf; / eo/lxt :j:y dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s l:ylt zflGt xf] .
s;n} fO{ s'g} sfdljgf cj/f]w :jtGqkj" {s ug{ kfpg] cj:yf zflGt xf] JolStn]
:jtGq / cfgGbkj" s{ cfˆgf ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ zflGtsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
zflGtsf] cj:yfdf lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ xG' 5g\ M

-c_ cfgGbdf /xg', /dfpg'
-cf_ c¿nfO{ afwf gk¥' ofO{ rfx]sf s/' f k"/f ug{'
-O_ Gofo kfpg'
-p_ dfof / ddtf kfpg'
-pm_ cfk;df ;Ddfg ug{'
-C_ cGofo, 8/, lx;+ f, o'4 jf n8fOFsf] l:ylt gxg' '
-P_ lx;+ fsf] cjzi] f g/xg'
-P]_ ;fdflhs Gofo ljBdfg /xg'

-v_ zflGt lzIffsf] pbZ] o

-c_ JolStdf ljZj zflGtsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L k|bfg
ug]{

-cf_ lx;+ f, snx, dgd'6fj åGån] JolSt / ;dfhdf kfg]{ gsf/fTds ke| fjsf]
hfgsf/L kb| fg ug{]

-u_ zflGt :yflkt x'g] Jojxf/

zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu cfGtl/s zflGt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . tgfj/lxt /xg,'
;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg', ofu] Wofg ug{] s/' fn] cfGtl/s zflGt :yflkt ug{ dbt
ldN5 . c¿sf] ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg ug,]{ c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, c¿kl| t ;defj /fVg]
sfo{n] zflGt ;+:s[ltsf] jl[ 4 u5{ . ;fdflhs Gofosf] cefjdf ;dfhleq ck|ToIf

82 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

¿kdf lx+;f df}nfpg k'U5 . cfTd;Ddfg ug{,] c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug,{] kf/bzL{ x'g],
c;n ;f]r, efj / Jojxf/ ug]{ h:tf s'/fn] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu dbt k'Ub5 .
c¿nfO{ afwf gk'¥ofpg,' c¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf 7;] gk'¥ofpg' / ;dfhsf] clxt x'g]
sfo{ gug'{ klg zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . ;d:of zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn]
;dfwfg ug,]{ gd| afn] L / c;n Jojxf/ ug]{ sfd klg zflGt :yflkt ug{] sfo{ x'g\ .

ljBfnodf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ eod'St jftfj/0f l;h{gf ugk'{ 5{ . e]befj/lxt
jftfj/0f agfpgk' 5{ . ljBfnosf ultljlwdf ;a}n] ;xeflutf hgfpg'k5{ . lx;+ fTds
ultljlw ;~rfng gug]{ / ljBfnosf] lgod / cgz' f;gsf] kfngf ug]{ ugk{' 5{ .
;an} fO{ cfb/, ;Ddfg / dfof Pjd\ afndq} L lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{'k5{ .
o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'bF f dfq ljBfno zflGt If]q aGg ;S5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= zflGt ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] zLifs{ df jsT[ jsnf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ugx{' f;] \ .
@= sIffdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 < ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{

k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ zflGt eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ zflGt lzIffsf] p2]Zodfly k|sfz kfg{x' f];\ .
-u_ zflGt :yflkt ug{ s] s] ug'k{ 5{ <
-3_ zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu cfGtl/s zflGt dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6

ug{x' f];\ .
-ª_ ljBfno zflGt Ifq] lsg x'gk' 5{ <
-r_ tkfOF{sf] ljBfnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] sfod ug{ s] s] ul/Psf] 5 <

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfOF{sf] sIffdf zfGt jftfj/0f sfod /fVg s] s] ug{'k5<{ ;f]sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/
ugx'{ f];\ / sIffdf 6f;F L kfngf;d]t ug{x' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 83

PsfO xfdf| ] ljut
kfr“

l;sfO pknlAw

• dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cflys{
cj:yfsf] kl/ro lbg

• l;hF f ;Eotfsf] hfgsf/L lng / ;Eotfn] dfgj
hLjgdf kf/]sf] k|efj atfpg

• xfd|f /fli6o« lje"ltx¿sf] klxrfg / pgLx¿sf]
ofu] bfgsf] vf]hL ug{

84 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
! dWosfnLg gk] fn

/fdl;+x bgj' f/ zf/bf dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfs x'gx' G' 5 . pxfF cfh sIff & df
…xfd|f] ljutÚ cGtu{t …dWosfnLg g]kfnÚ kf7 cWofkg ug]{ tof/Ldf xg' 'x'G5 .

gd:sf/ Û cfh xfdL xfd|f] ljut ljifodf 5nkmn ub5{} f}F . cfh xfdL dNnsfnLg g]
kfnsf] zf;gsfn ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{5] fF} . o;;uF ;DalGwt :nfO8x¿sf] k|:t'tL
/ JofVof klg ug]{5fF} . tkfO{xF ¿ oL :nfO8x¿ (Slide) x]g{'xf;] \ t Û

kl/ro

1. g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;nfO{ kf| rLgsfn, dWos
fn / cfwl' gssfndf ljefhg ul/G5 .

2. kf| rLgsfn eGgfn] uf]kfn, dlxifkfn tyf lnR5lj
sfnnfO{ ae' mfp5F .

3. lj=;=+ (#^ df …g]kfn ;j+ tÚ\ ;?' ePkl5 gk] fnsf]
Oltxf;df dWosfn ;?' ePsf] dflgG5 .

1. lj=;=+ (#^ bl] v lj=;=+ !*@% ;Ddsf] sl/a ())
jifs{ f] ;donfO{ dWosfn elgG5 .

dWosfnLg g]kfn slxn] PsLst[ , slxn] 6j' |mf 6'jm| f / slxn] 7'nf] /fHo ag]sf] kfOG5 .
dWosfndf gk] fn v; /fHo, 8f]o/fHo / g]kfnd08ndf ljeflht lyof] . 8fo] /fHonfO{
lt/x'tsf] gfdn] lrlgGYof] . o;sf] /fhwfgL l;df| }gu9 lyof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosfnfO{
gk] fnd08n elgGYof] . xfdL sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] ljifodf o; :nfO8af6 hfgsf/L
lncfF} x} M

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 85

sf7df8fFs} f] dWosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf

1. dWosfndf sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf dNnj+zsf]
zf;g lyof] .

2. dNnx¿ ef/tsf] s';Lgu/ / cf;kf;af6 g]kfn
kj| ]z u/]sf xg' \ .

3. lnR5lj zf;g sdhf/] ePkl5 cl/bj] dNnn] dNn
/fHo :yfkgf u/s] f xg' \ .

4. cl/bj] s':tL vl] n/x]sf an] f pgsf] kq' hlGdPsfn]
…dNnÚ pkflw u|x0f u/]sf x'g\ elgG5 . s:' tL
v]nnfO{ …dNn o4' Ú elgG5 .

5. dWosfndf gk] fn d08nsf] /fhwfgL eStk'/
lyof] .

6. oIf dNnsf] zf;gsfnkl5 gk] fn d08n sflGtk/' ,
kf6g / efbufpFsf ¿kdf ljefhg eof] .

oIfdNn wflds{ , ljåfg / b/" bzL{ lyP . pgsf] lgwg lj=;=+ !%#* df eof] . pgsf
5f/] fx¿ /fHo ljv08g ug]{ sfddf nfu] . oxL sf/0fn] pkTosfdf tLg /fHo :yfkgf
eP .
sf7df8fFs} f] k'/fgf] gfd sflGtk'/ xf] . sflGtk'/sf klxnf] /fhf /TgdNn lyP . clGtd
/fhf hok|sfzdNn lyP . To:t} xfnsf] nlntk'/ dWosfndf kf6g eg]/ lrlgGYof] .
oIfdNnsf] lgwgkZrft\ pgsL 5f]/Lsf] xftdf kg{ cfPsf] kf6g /fHo nfdf] ;do;Dd
:jtGq ¿kn] rNg ;sg] . kl5 l;l4g/l;x+ dNnn] :jtGq /fHosf ¿kdf kf6gdf
zf;g u/s] f lyP .
gk] fnd08nsf] /fhwfgL] eStk/' nfO{ dWosfndf efbufpF elgGYof] . oxfF /fodNnbl] v
/0flht dNn;Dd !) hgf dNn /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/]sf lyP .

86 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= g]kfndf dNnx¿sf] kj| ]z, pgLx¿sf] ;Qf kf| lKt, zf;g Joj:yf ;DaGwdf
vfh] L u//] sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf];\ .

@= kf| rLgsfndf PsLs[t ePsf] gk] fnd08n dWosfndf lsg vl08t ePsf]
xfn] f < lzIfs jf Oltxf;sf hfgsf/ JolSt;Fu ;fw] vf]h u/L sf/0fx¿sf]
;"rL tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ dWosfnsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfnd08n ljvl08t x'gs' f dV' o sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ .
-u_ dWosfnsf] tTsfnLg kf6g /fHosf] zf;g cj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] ljrf/

pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .
-3_ g]kfnd08n jf sf7df8fF} pkTosf ljeflht x'gc' l3sf] /fhgLlts cj:yfsf

ljifodf Ps cg'R5b] tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 87

kf7 dWosfnLg g]kfn M
@ afO;L, rf}la;L / ;g] /fHox¿

hgtf cfwf/e"t ljBfnosf ;ft sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿n] cluNnf] kf7df dWosfnLg
g]kfnsf af/]df cWoog u/s] f lyP . dWosfndf g]kfn -v;/fHo, lt/x't/fHo
/ gk] fnd08ndf ljeflht ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPsf lyP . ljBfyL{nfO{ dWosfnLg
gk] fnsf cGo /fHox¿sf ljifodf klg cWoog / vf]hug{ ljBfnosf] k':tsfnodf
nluPsf] lyof] . ljBfyL{nfO{ bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg ul/of] . klxnf] ;d"xn] afO;L,
rfl} a;L /fHosf af/d] f vf]hL u/] . bf;] |f] ;d"xn] ;g] /fHosf af/]df vf]hL u/] .
ljBfyLx{ ¿n] plNnlvt /fHox¿sf ljifodf vf]hL u/s] f, hfgsf/L kfPsf ljifoj:t'
cfcfˆgf] ;dx" sf 6f]nL kd| v' n] sIffdf o;/L k|:t't u/] M

;d"x …sÚ

afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHox¿

1. /fKtL gbLb]lv klZrd / dxfsfnL gbLkj" {sf] efudf cjl:yt /fHonfO{
afO;L /fHo elgG5 .

2. u08sL k|bz] / cf;kf;df cl:tŒjdf /x]sf ;;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ rfl} a;L
/fHo elgG5 .

3. s0ffn{ L kb| ]zsf] l;hF fnfO{ /fhwfgL agfO{ v; dNn /fhfx¿n] nueu #))
jif{ /fHo u/] . v; /fHo jm| dzM sdhf/] aGof] . l;hF fnL /fhfx¿n] 7fpF
7fpdF f v6fPsf ;fdGt / zf;sx¿ :jtGq aGb} uP / cfkmF} /fhf ePsf] 3fi] f0ff u/] .

4. s0ff{nL kb| ]zsf] l;hF f tyf gk] fnd08nsf] cwLgsf ;;fgf ;fdGt /fHo jf
lhNnfx¿ u08sL kb| ]zdf lyP . dWosfnsf] cGTolt/ v;, g]kfn d08n
/ 8fo] /fHox¿ sdhf/] ePsf a]nfdf tL ;;fgf /fHox¿n] cfkmF} :jtGq
ePsf] 3fi] f0ff u/] / rf}la;] /fHox¿ :yfkgf eP .

5. afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHox¿ 3/w/' Lsf cfwf/df ;fgf tyf 7n' f egL lrlgGy] .

6. h'Dnf, hfh/sf6] , ?sd' afO;L /fHosf pbfx/0f xg' \ eg] kfNkf, Ko'7fg, vfRF fL
h:tf rfl} a;L /fHox¿ lyP .

88 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

;d"x …sÚ sf] 6f]nL kd| 'v ljBfyLn{ ] afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHosf ljifodf k:| tt' u/]sf
;fduL| df lzIfsn] yk hfgsf/L lbFb} eGg'eof,]

tkfOFx{ ¿sf] ;dx" n] vfh] ]sf] ;fdu|L pkoS' t 5 . To;an] f s0ff{nL If]qdf afO; /
u08sL If]qdf rf}la; /fHo ePsf sf/0fn] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df afO;L rfl} a;L /fHo
elgPsf] xf] . /fHox¿sf] ;ªV\ of 36a9 eO/xGYof] . sltko /fHox¿ slxn] afO;L
;dx" t slxn] rfl} a;L ;dx" df kby{ ] .

/f]rs s/' f hD' nf /fHonfO{ klxnb] ]lv g} P3f/ gbL / P3f/ kjt{ x¿n] agfPsf] …afO;
kfvf hD' nfÚ elgGYof] . l;Fhf -h'Dnf_ sf] cwLgdf /xs] f /fHox¿nfO{ …afO;L /fHoÚ
elgPsf] xf] egL Oltxf;df k9g\ kfOG5 .

bf;] |f] ;d"xn] …;g] /fHoÚ sf ljifodf vf]hL tyf ;ª\sng u/]sf ;fdu|L ;'gf}F t M

;dx" …vÚ

;]g /fHo

1. P3f/fF} ztfAbLdf d;' ndfg cfjm| d0faf6 hfl] ug ;g] x¿ aªu\ fnaf6 gk] fn
k|jz] u/s] f lyP

2. lj=;=+ !%%) df ?b| ;g] n] kfNkf /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
3. ?b| ;]gsf pQ/flwsf/L d'sG' b ;]gn] kfNkf /fHosf] l;dfgf kj" {df sf;] L

gbL;Dd lj:tf/ u/] .

4. d's'Gb ;g] n] cfˆgf 5f/] fx¿nfO{ /fHo ljefhg ul/lbP . ;do jm| ddf kfNkf
rf/ 56' \6f56' \6} ;]g /fHodf ljefhg eof] .

5. dsjfgk/' , rf}bG8L / ljhok'/ k"j{sf ;g] /fHo sxlnP .
6. nf]xfª ;]g dsjfgk/' sf] ky| d ;g] /fhf x'g\ . o; /fHosf] :yfkgf lj=;=+

!^!) df ePsf] lyof] . pgn] cfˆgf] /fHonfO{ k"j{ / blIf0flt/ lj:tf/ u/] .

7. dsjfgk/' sf] b/af/df cfGtl/s snxn] ubf{ of] /fHo 6l' jm| P/ lhok'/ /
rfb} G8L /fHo ag] .

;dx" …vÚ sf] k|:t'ltkl5 lzIfsn] eGge' of] M tkfO{x+ ¿sf] ;dx" n] vfh] u/]sf] ;fdu|L
w]/} hfgsf/Ld"ns 5 . xfdLn] dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df /fHox¿ slxn]
PsLst[ x'g] t slxn] vl08t ePsf /x]5g\ eGg] yfxf kfof}F .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 89

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;dx" df a;L afO;L / rfl} a;L /fHodWo] kfrF kfFrcf6] f /fHosf] gfd vfh] L u/L
tflnsfdf bv] fpgx' f;] \ M

afO;L /fHo rfl} a;L /fHo

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ afO;L /fHo s;/L ag]sf lyP <
-v_ ;g] /fHo 6'ljm| gs' f sf/0f pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ .
-u_ u08sL Ifq] sf /fHox¿nfO{ lsg rf}la;L /fHo elgPsf] xf] <

90 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7 dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts,
# ;fdflhs / cflys{ cj:yf

xfdL cfh dWosfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yfsf] ljifodf 5nkmn
ub}{5f}F M

/fhgLlts cj:yf

!= dWosfndf /fhtGqfTds zf;g lyof] .
@= ;dfg cfsfª\Iff ePsf /fHox¿lar dn] ldnfk x'GYof] .
#= sltko /fHox¿sf] l5ds] L;uF sf] eGbf 6f9fsf /fHox¿;Fu ;DaGw /fdf| ] lyof] .
$= g]kfnd08ndfly an] f an] f l;hF f / 8fo] /fHon] cfj|md0f uy]{ . 8fo] /fHon]

cfj|md0f ubf{ g]kfnd08nn] l;hF fsf] ;fy ;xof]u lnGYof] .
%= l;hF f / gk] fnd08nn] ltAatl;t ldn]/ Jofkf/ uby{ ] .
^= pkTosfsf /fhfx¿lar /fdf| ] ;DaGw lyPg . tLgcf6] f /fHodWo] kfnk} fnf] b'O{

/fHo ldNg] / csf{] pk/ cfjm| d0f ug{] uby{ ] . csfn{] fO{ bafpg ;g] jf uf]/vf
/fHosf] ;xof]u lng] uby{ ] .
&= rfl} a;L /fHox¿dWo] kfNkf, kjt{ / ndhª' lgs} zlStzfnL lyP . logLx¿nfO{
…lqzlStÚ elgGYof] . uf/] vf rfl} a;L /fHoleq kb{g} Yof] .
*= afO;L /fHox¿dWo] h'Dnf / 8f6] L lgs} zlStzfnL lyP t/ logLx¿lardf
/fdf| ] ;DaGw lyPg .

;fdflhs cj:yf

1. dWosfnLg gk] fnL ;dfhnfO{ k;] f tyf hfthfltsf cfwf/df juLs{ /0f u/]sf]
kfOG5 .

2. dWosfndf ax'ljjfx, afnljjfx kr| lnt lyP . kg' ljj{ fx, ljwjf ljjfx tyf
8fn] fhLky| f kr| ngdf lyP . ;tL ky| f klg sfod lyof] .

3. lj:s]6 hfqf, dT:o]Gbg| fysf] hfqf, OGb| hfqfnufotsf hfqf kr| ngdf lyP .
l;7L gv, u7]dªu\ n, b;F,} ltxf/ h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ rf8kjx{ ¿ dgfOGYof] .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 91

4. dNn /fhfx¿ lzIffdf hf8] lbGy] . b/af/df kl08tx¿ /fvL lzIff lbg] rng
lyof] . gf/Lx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|fKt lyPg . dlGb/ ljxf/x¿ lzIffsf dV' o
sG] bs| f ¿kdf /x]sf lyP . u?' sn' lzIff k4lt kr| ngdf lyof] . af}4 lzIff
lbg ljxf/x¿ vn' ]sf lyP .

5. dNn /fhfx¿ l;l4g/l;x+ dNn, k|tfk dNn, huHof]lt dNn lzIffdf ljzi] f
?lr /fVy] . pgLx¿ ;:+ st[ , g]jf/L, dl} ynL efiffdf gf6s tyf sljtf nV] y] .

6. j]b, k'/f0f, wdz{ f:qsf cltl/St hLjg;uF ;DalGwt sltko ljifodf cWofkg
u/fOGYof] .

cflys{ cj:yf

!= dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] cyJ{ oj:yfsf] dV' o cfwf/ s[lif tyf kz'kfng lyof] .
@= To; avt 9'ªu\ f, wft' / sf7sf dl" t{ agfpg] rng lyof] . lrqsnfsf] klg

ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . gk] fndf tof/ ePsf snfs[ltx¿ ljb]zdf;dt] lgoft{
xG' Yf] .
#= g]kfndf ags] f 9nf}6sf d"ltx{ ¿ ltAat lgsf;L x'GYf] . ltAataf6 ;'grfbF L
gk] fndf cfoft xG' Yof] .
$= g]kfnsf] ltAatl;tsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw /fd|f] lyof] . Jofkf/nfO{ cem} ke| fjsf/L
agfpg tTsfnLg /fhfx¿n] 7n' f] of]ubfg u/]sf lyP .
%= dWosfnLg ;dodf sk8f a'Gg,] /ª\Uofpg] h:tf pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngdf lyP .
^= To; avt rfbF Lsf l;Ssfx¿ 8an, df]x/, ;'sL, bfd rngrNtLdf lyP .
gk] fnL l;Ssf ltAatdf;dt] rNy] .
&= dWosfnLg gk] fnsf] zf;g Joj:yf s]GbL| st[ lyof] . ;;fgf ;fdGt
/fHox¿n] s]Gb|nfO{ s/ a'emfpyF ] . of] To; a]nfsf] /fHosf] d'Vo cfo;f| ]t
lyof] .
*= s[lif pTkfbgdf s/ nfUbYof] . dWosfnLg gk] fn cfly{s ¿kdf ;an lyof] .
nQf sk8f, efF8fs8F' f tyf vfBfGg :jbz] d} pTkfbg xG' Yof] . gk] fnsf] dV' o
Jofkf/ ltAat / ef/t;Fu x'GYof] . g]kfnsf afO;L rf}la;L /fHolar klg
cfGtl/s ¿kdf Jofkf/ xg' ] ubY{ of] .

92 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= dWosfnLg gk] fnsf ;fdflhs cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;r" L
tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .

@= dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] lzIff / xfnsf] lzIffdf s:tf] leGgtf kfpge' of] <
sIffdf ;d"x agfO{ 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;tL k|yfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \ .
-v_ dWosfnsf] cflys{ cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <
-u_ dWosfndf ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ s;/L lzIff lbOGYof] <
-3_ dNnsfnsf sg' s'g k/Dk/fx¿ clxn] klg kr| ngdf 5g\ <

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 93