सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा मानव मुल्य शिक्षा कक्षा ४

$= u08sL
%= n'lDagL
^= sgf{nL
&= ;b' "/

klZRfd

-v_ gk] fnsf ;ft k|b]zx¿sf] ljj/0fsf nflu ljm| ofsnfk -s_ df lbPsf] tflnsf
x]g{x' f];\ . ;f] tflnsfdf s] s] Yfk ljj/0fx¿ ;+nUg Ufg{ ;lsPnf < sIffdf
5nkmn u/L lg0fo{ lng'xf];\ . lg0f{ocg;' f/ tflnsfnfO{ kg' {;/+ rgf ug'x{ f;] \ .
cfjZos ljj/0fx¿ e/]/ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L sIffsf]7fdf 6f:F g'xf];\ .

-u_ cfkm" a:g] kb| z] sf] ljzi] ftfx¿ vfh] L u/L k|fKt tYox¿ tflnsfdf pNNfv]
ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ k|bz] g= ! df a:g] bO' { hftLx¿sf] gfd nV] g'xf;] \ .
-v_ k|b]z g= @ sf] ;fdflhs ljz]iftfx¿ pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ n'lDagL kb| z] sf gbLx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .
-3_ ;ft} k|b]zsf efu} fl] ns ljzi] ftfx¿ vfh] L u/]/ tflnsfdf n]Vgx' f];\ .
-ª_ kf7sf] cWWoog u/L gk] fnsf] Ifq] kmn / hg;ªV\ ofsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf ;fgf]

/ ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] kb| ]z klxrfg ug'{xf;] \ .

144 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
* hnjfo' kl/jt{g

;dosf] cGt/fndf kY[ jLsf] jfod' 08nsf] tfkj|md, xfjfsf] axfj / ;~rfng\df
36a9sf] cj:yf eO/xG5 . o:tf] 36a9sf sf/0f k[YjL tyf o;sf] s'g} efudf
cf;} t df;} ddf xg' ] dxŒjk0" f{ kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 .

hnjfo' kl/jtg{ eGgfn] kY[ jLsf] jfo'd08nsf] tfkj|mdsf] jl[ 4n] hn / jfo' tyf
jftfj/0fdf x'g] gsf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g lgoldt / nfdf] ;do nufO{ x'g] ks| [lts ultljlw klg xf] . o;nfO{
/f]Sg ;lsbF }g . ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿ ko| f]u ubf{ c;/x¿nfO{ s]xL sdL ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g u/fpg] dV' o sf/0f g} dfgjLo ultljlw xf] . xl/tu[x
Uof;F sf] pT;hg{ ug]{ pBf]uwGbfx¿f] ;~rfng, ad] f};dL v]tLkftLsf] kj" fW{ ff/x¿af6
lgl:sg] xl/tu[x Uof;F sf] ke| fj g} hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf dV' o sf/0fx¿ x'g\ . hnjfo'
kl/jt{g jt{dfg ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf hNbfa] Nbf] ;d:of xf] .

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/

!= cltj[li6 cgfjl[ i6 x'g uO{ s[lif rjm| df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 .
cGgafnL pTkfbgdf gsf/fTds ke| fj kg{ ;S5 . o;af6 a9b\ f] hg;ª\VofnfO{
vfB ;s6 x'g;S5 .

@= tfkjm| d a9\g uO{ lxpF If]qx¿df tLj| dfqfdf lxpF klUnP/ ;d›' L ;tx a9g
uO{ lsgf/L Ifq] / 6fkx' ¿ 8'afgdf kg{] 5g\ . o;af6 dflg;nfO{ af;:yfgsf]
;d:of x'G5 .

#= lxdtfnx¿ klUnP/ km6' \g] / cfsl:ds af9L / 8j' fgsf] 8/ xG' 5 .
$= tfkjm| d kl/jt{g x'gfn] jg:klt rjm| , jg:kltsf] If]qdf ljgfz b]vfkg]{ 5 .

hLjhGt'sf] af;:yfgdf ;ªs\ 6 pTkGg eO{ ljgfzdf kg]{ 5g\ .
%= gofF /fu] x¿ bv] f kg{] 5g\ .
^= h}ljs ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ 5, ;du|df dfgj cl:tTj g} ;ªs\ 6df

kg{] ;Defjgf 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 145

o;y{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿af6 aRg dfgjn] tTsfn g} Jofks ;fjwfgLsf
pkfo ckgfpg h?/L 5 .
dfgjn] jftfj/0fd}qL Jojxf/ u/] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
jtd{ fg ljZjdf j}1flgs ljsf;af6 6fl9g ;Dej geP klg, xl/tux[ UofF;sf]
pT;h{g sd ug{' h?/L 5 . /;fogsf] k|ofu] nfO{ 36fpg], k|sl[ tdq} L hLjgzn} L
ckgfpg], ljBt' Lo pmhfs{ f] ko| f]u a9fpg,] Co2 pT;hg{ sd ug]{ k/' fgf ;jf/L
;fwg, oGq pks/0fx¿sf] lj:yfkg ug,]{ jg / jg:kltsf] dfqf a9fpg,] k|fªu\ fl/s
vt] L k|0ffnLnfO{ hf]8 lbg]nufotsf sfo{x¿ u/]df c;/nfO{ 36fpg ;lsg] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx¿, c;/x¿ / c;/ Gog" Ls/0f ug{ :yfgLo :t/af6
ug{ ;lsg] ultljlwx¿sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L ;"rL agfO{ kb| {zg ug'x{ f];\ .

@= ljBfnodf æhnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/ / ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hLÆ
ljifos 5nkmn sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ugx'{ f];\ . 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt ;e' mfjx¿nfO{
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] cy{ n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fx¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
-u_ lsg hnjfo' kl/jtg{ nfdf] ;do nufO{ x'g] kf| s[lts ultljlw xf] <
-3_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 gk] fndf kg{ ;Sg] c;/x¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < nV] gx' f;] \ .

146 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
( ljkt\

cfsl:ds ¿kdf sg' } klg 36gfx¿af6 wghgsf] Iflt x'gn' fO{ ljkt\ elgG5 . ;;+ f/df
lbglbg} so} f}F ljkts\ f 36gfx¿ 3l6/xs] f xG' 5g\ . Hjfnfdv' L, es" Dk, af9Lklx/f,]
;g' fdL, cfunfuL dxfdf/L cflb ljkts\ f 36gfx¿ x'g\ . gk] fndf klg w/] } ks| f/sf
ljkt\sf hf]lvdx¿ 5g\ . es" Dk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL oxfF xg' ] d'Vo ljkt\
hfl] vdx¿ xg' \ .

-s_ g]kfndf x'g] sx] L ljkt\sf 36gf

-c_ es" Dk M k[YjLsf] leqL efudf x'g] xnrnaf6 t/ pTkGg eO{ kY[ jLsf] ;tx
xNnfpg] lj|mofnfO{ es" Dk elgG5 . k[YjLsf] lelq efudf /xs] f 7n' f 7n' f
r66\ fgL Kn]6x¿ cfk;df wl:;P/ jf ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf] sfo{ ubf{ ul/Psf]
lj:kmf6] sf] sf/0f hldgsf] ;tx ysg{ ] ub5{ . gk] fn es" DkLo hf]lvd ePsf]
d'ns' df k5{ . gk] fndf lj= ;+ !(() df3 @ ut,] @)$% ebf} % / @)&@ j}zfv
!@ uts] f e"sDkx¿ Oltxf;sf 7n' f e"sDkLo 36gfx¿ xg' \ . tL e"sDkn]
lgs} 7'nf] wghgsf] Iflt u/]sf lyP . o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg e"sDk kl| t/f]lw
;/+ rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f / pkof]u ug,{] cfktsfnLg p4f/ pkrf/sf nflu
bIf hgzlSt / ;fduL| x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ugk'{ 5{ . es" Dk;DaGwL rt] gdn" s
sfoj{ m| dx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ul//xgk' 5{ . e"sDk hfFbf vn' f 7fpFdf

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 147

hfg] ug{'k5{ . 3/leq 5 eg] xtf/ xtf/df aflx/ lgl:sge] Gbf klg 3/leq
g} ;/' lIft xg' ] :yfg vf6dl' g jf cGo 7fpFdf 6fpsf] n'sfP/ a:g ;lsG5 .
To:t} sIffsf]7fdf xb'F f aG] r 8]:ssf] d'lg 6fpsf] n'sfP/ a:g] / es" Dk cfpg
5f8] k] l5 dfq aflx/ lgl:sg] ug'{k5{ . e"sDk /fl] sPkl5 ;/' lIft 7fpFdf hfg,]
kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] cj:yf ae' mg\ ] ug'k{ 5{ . s'g} JolSt ;d:ofdf eP t?' Gt}
/]:So' ugk{' 5{ . e"sDkkl5 kLl8tx¿sf nflu p4f/ / /fxtsf sfdnfO{ cl3
a9fpgk' 5{ . 3fOtn] fO{ pkrf/ ug{'k5{ . Ifltsf ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ug{k' 5{ .
kg' :yfk{ gf ugk{' 5{ .

-cf_ dxfdf/L M sg' } klg /fu] sf] tLj| / Jofks kmn} fj6nfO{ dxfdf/L elgG5 . g]kfndf
ul/aL / clzIffsf] sf/0faf6 :jf:Yo r]tgfsf] cefjn] dxfdf/Lx¿n] a9L c;/
ul//xs] f] 5 . ljz]iftM gk] fndf ;~rfngs\ f] ;dodf dxfdf/Lx¿ km}lnPsf]
bl] vG5g\ . ljutdf klg lakm/, cf}nf] / xfn cfP/ sf]/f]gfsf] ;ª\jm| d0fn]
g]kfnLnfO{ k|efljt kf/s] f] 5 . o;af6 ;/' lIft /xg :jf:Yo k"jf{wf/ /
;/+ rgfx¿sf] lgdf0{ f / pkof]u ug{,] cfktsfnLg p4f/ pkrf/sf nflu bIf
hgzlSt / kf| yflds pkrf/fTds sfos{ f nflu ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
ugk{' 5{ . dxfdf/L;DaGwL rt] gd"ns sfo{jm| dx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng
ul//xgk' 5{ .

-O_ r6o\ fª M kf| oM ;~rfngsf] ;dodf gk] fnL a:tLx¿ r6\ofªaf6 kLl8t 5g\ .
cfsfzdf d]3 uh{gsf ;fy lgl:sg] r6\ofªaf6 gk] fnsf a:tLx¿df a;]{lg w]/}
dflg;x¿ 3fOt] / d[To' xg' ] u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 ;/' lIft /xg r6o\ fª kl| t/f]wL
kl| jlw -Lightening rod_ sf] k|of]u ug{k' 5{ . r6o\ fª k|lt/fw] L ;+/rgfx¿sf]
lgdf0{ f / pkof]u ug{'k5{ . 36gf ePdf cfktsfnLg p4f/ pkrf/sf nflu
bIf hgzlSt / ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ugk{' 5{ . r6o\ fª;DaGwL r]tgd"ns
sfoj{ m| dx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng ul//xg'k5{ .

-O_{ lxpF klx/f] M lxdfnL If]qdf hd]/ a;]sf] lxpFsf] yk' f| ] jf kfxf8 cfsl:ds
¿kdf Ps} k6s tNnf] efult/ emg]{ lj|mofnfO{ lxd klx/f] elgG5 . o;af6
lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x¿ / ofqf ug]{ kbofqL kjt{ f/fx] Lx¿
lxdklx/f]sf] c;/df kl//xs] f 5g\ . a;l{] kR5] o:tf 36gfn] dfgjLo Iflt
eO/xs] f] 5 . ;dod} df;} dsf] ;r" gfdf kxFr' k'Ug ;sd] f o:tf 36gfdf

148 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

sdL cfpg] 5 . lxdklx/fa] f6 ;'/lIft /xg hfgsf/L / rt] gfd"ns s/' fx¿
;a;} dIf k¥' ofpg'k5{ . 36gf ePdf cfktsfnLg p4f/ pkrf/sf nflu bIf
hgzlSt / ;fduL| x¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{k' 5{ . p4f/ / pkRff/ ;/+ rgfx¿sf]
lgdf0{ f / pkof]u ugk'{ 5{ . lgoldt ¿kdf lxpF klx/f;] DaGwL r]tgdn" s
sfoj{ m| dx¿;~rfng ul//xgk' 5{ .

-p_ e"Ifo M df6fsf l9Ssfx¿ Psk} 6s v;/] kfgLdf 3n' /] jf cGo sg' } sf/0faf6
lrKn/] axg] lj|mofnfO{ eI" fo elgG5 . le/fnf] / sdhf]/ hldg jiff{sf] ;dodf
kfgLn] lehk] l5 df6fsf s0fx¿ kfgL;uF } au]/ v/] hfgfn] s[lif el" dsf] ljgfz
eO/xs] f] 5 . le/fnf] Ifq] df v]tL ugfn{ ], cfsfzaf6 kfgL kbf{, ;S' vf, v8]/L
/ xfjfx/' Lsf] sf/0faf6 klg a;{l] g 7n' f] dfqfdf pTkfbgzLn df6f] gfz eP/
hfG5 . df6f] ljgfzn] pTkfbgdf sdL xg' ] / d?el" ds/0f a9b\ f] 5 . g]kfndf
a;l]{ g x'g] eI" foaf6 7n' f] dfqfdf pTkfbgzLn df6f] v]/hfg] u/s] f] 5 .
e"Ifo x'Fbf o; cf;kf;sf hldgx¿ aUg,] efl;g] xFb' f To:tf 7fpFx¿ glhs
hfg' xFbg} . eI" fo hfg] :yfg j/k/ la?jfx¿ /fK] g'k{5 . h;n] e"Ifo x'gaf6
/f]S5 . xfdLn] sfd ug]{ zn} L / s[lif k|0ffnLdf kl/jtg{ ubfd{ fq o;af6 hfl] ug
;lsG5 .

-v_ ljkt\ M ljkt\ ePkl5 dfq Joj:yfgdf gnfuL kj" fg{ 'dfg u/L k"j{ ;fjwfgLdf
/xg'k5{ . kj" { ;fjwfgLdf /xg /fHo / gful/s / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf ljleGg
;ª3\ ;+:yflardf ;xsfo{ xg' 'k5{ . ljkt\ Joj:yfgdf kj" t{ of/ aGg' g} ljkta\ f6
hfl] ug' xf] . To:t} ljkt\ eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg ljkt\nfO{ ;'/lIft /xg w/] }
pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . ljktk\ Zrft\ klg ljkt;\ DaGwL w/] } sfdx¿
ug{k' g]{ xG' 5 . tL tof/L / ;fjwfgLsf kIfx¿nfO{ tn pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M

ljkt\kj" { lgDglnlvt tof/L ugk'{ 5{ M

-c_ ljkt;\ DaGwL ofh] gf lgdf{0f ug{k' 5{ .

-cf_ ;r]tgfsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .

-O_ ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf lglZrt dfkb08 tf]sL To;nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy sfofG{ jog
ug{'k5{ .

-O{_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos tflnd k|fKt / l;koS' t hgzlSt
tof/L ug{'k5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 149

-p_ ljleGg ;/' Iff / ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ugk'{ 5{ .
-pm_ k"j{;"rgf k0| ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{'k5{ .
ljkt\sf an] fdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df Wofg lbgk' 5{ M
-c_ vfh] / pBf/sf sfon{ fO{ kf| yldstf lbg'k5{ .
-cf_ 3fOt]x¿sf] pkrf/sf] tTsfn Joj:yf ldnfpgk' 5{ .
-O_ ;xL ;"rgf k|jfx ug{k' 5{ .
-O{_ kLl8tsf nflu a:g] ;]N6/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{k' 5{ .
-p_ plrt k/fdz{ k|bfg ug{'k5{ .
-pm_ cfkt\sfnLg ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{k' 5{ .
-C_ ;'/Iffsf] ka| Gw ldnfpg'k5{ .
ljkt\ eO;sk] l5 lgDglnlvt s'/fnfO{ dxŒj lbgk' 5{ M
-c_ /fxt / k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{x¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpgk' 5{ .
-cf_ Ifltsf] cfsng ug'{k5{ .
-O_ kLl8t JolSt / kl/jf/nfO{ k/fdz{ ;j] f pknAw u/fpgk' 5{ .
-O{_ kg' M lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ ug'k{ 5{ .

-v_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo tx / /]8jm| ;nufotsf ;fdflhs
;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿sf] el" dsf

ljkt\sf] cj:Yffdf ;xof]uL dflg;, ;+:yf / ;/sf/L lgsfon] ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf
lgjfx{ ug'k{ 5{ . o;df :yfgLo txx¿sf] e"ldsf a9L dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . :yfgLo
txx¿n] p4f/stf{, bftf, :jf:YosdL{ / ;DalGwt lgsfo;uF ;xsfo{ u/L ljkt\
Joj:yfkg ke| fjsf/L agfpgk' 5{ . ;dod} ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf sfdx¿ gePdf
kLl8tdf ;d:of ylkg ;S5 . :yfgLo txn] k"j{ tof/Lsf] sfo{ ubf{, ljkts\ f]
cj:yfdf / ljkt\ eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljleGg ;ª3\ ;+:yf / lgsfox¿;uF ;dGjo
u/L dfly elgPsf ljleGg sfo{x¿ ugk{' 5{ .

ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf /8] jm| ;, :sfp6 h:tf ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 .
/]8j|m;n] kj" { tof/Lsf] cj:yfdf rt] gfdn" s sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug]{ ub5{ . To:t}
ljkt\ eO/xs] f] a]nf vf]h tyf pBf/ / cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub5{ . Ifltsf]

150 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ug]{ sfddf klg o; ;+:yfn] ub5{ . /fxt ljt/0f sfo{df;dt] o;
;+:yf ljm| ofzLn /xG5 . /St ;ª\sng sfo{df;d]t o; ;:+ yfn] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf
lgjfx{ ub}{ cfO/xs] f] 5 . o;afx]s ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf
sfod{ f ;xof]u ug]{ k5{g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ljut kfrF jifd{ f s] s:tf ljkts\ f 36gfx¿ eP,
cleefjsnfO{ ;fw] ]/ ltgLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ .

@= r]tgfsf] cefjn] g]kfndf dxfdf/Lx¿n] 7'nf] c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] zLifs{ df
;+jfb agfpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ljkt\ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f];\ .
-v_ lsg es" DkLo ljkt\ cGo ljkt\eGbf vt/gfs dflgG5, sf/0f lbgx' f];\ .
-u_ dxfdf/L eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < o;n] kfg{] c;/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
-3_ gk] fndf kf| sl[ ts ljkts\ f 36gfx¿sf] hfl] vd w/] } xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf tLgcf6] f cJf:yfdf ul/g] d'Vo dV' o sfdx¿ nV] g'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 151

kf7
!) gS;f sfo{

gS;fdf ljleGg tYox¿nfO{ eg]{ sfdnfO{ gS;f sfo{ elgG5 . ljBfyLn{ ] gS;f
agfpg tyf gS;fsf] cWoog ug{] l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . gS;fsf dfWodaf6
ljleGg ks| f/sf ;"rgfx¿ lng / lbg ;lsG5 . xfn ljZjdf ljleGg tl/sfaf6
gS;f agfpg] l;kx¿ ljsf; eO{ k|ofu] df cfO/xs] f 5g\ . gS;f agfpg] lj1fgnfO{
sf6f]u{ f| kmL (cartography_ elgG5 . ljutdf gS;fsf] cWoog ug]{ ljBfyLx{ ¿n]
cfˆgf] xftsf] l;kaf6 gS;f tof/ ug'{kYof{] . lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] cfhefl] n
gS;f tof/ ug{ sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u x'gfn] lgs} ;xHf ePsf] 5 .

-s_ gS;fsf] cWoog

gS;f ;r" gfsf] ;f| ]t xf] . gS;faf6 ;"rgf kf| Kt ug{ gS;fsf] ulx/f] cWoog ug{'k5{ .
gS;f cWoog ug'{kj" { gS;fdf ko| fu] xg' ] ;ªs\ ]t, lrxg\ x¿af/] yfxf kfpg'k5{ .
gS;fn] ljleGg ;ªs\ ]taf6 ef}uf]lns tyf ;fdflhs tYox¿sf] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
gS;fdf ;ª\st] lrGg / cy{ lbOPsf] xG' 5 . gS;fdf k|of]u ePsf ;ª\s]t lrx\gx¿sf]
cfwf/df ef}ufl] ns tyf ;fdflhs tYox¿sf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
gS;fdf b/' L atfpgsf nflu :sn] sf] k|ofu] ul/Psf] x'G5 . :sn] n] gS;fdf b'/L
b]vfpg] sfd ub5{ . gS;fsf] dflyNnf] efUfdf pQ/ lbzf ;ªs\ ]t ul/Psf] x'G5 .
x/s] gS;fdf zLifs{ /flvPsf] x'G5 .
ofqf ubf{ gS;fsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 . ;/' Iff lgsfox¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf tflndx¿df
tYox¿ kQf nufpg gS;fsf] cWoog k5{g\ . gS;fn] pTkfbg Ifq] , cfB} fl] us Ifq] ,
a:tLx¿, gbLgfnf, jg Ifq] , vlgh Ifq] , oftfoft cflbsf] ;"rgf kb| fg ug]{ xg' fn]
gS;f k9g\ ] l;k ;ad} f x'g' h?/L 5 .

152 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

gS;fdf ko| fu] ul/g] sx] L ;ªs\ ]t lrx\gx¿

gS;f sf]g{ / ;ª\s]t lrxg\ x¿sf] ko| fu] u/L gS;fªs\ g ug{] ;Ifdtf kf| Kt ug{ tn
lbPsf] vfnL gS;fdf lbPsf tYox¿nfO{ pkoS' t ;ªs\ t] ko| f]u u/L eg'x{ f];\ .

gS;fdf tYo eg'c{ ufl8 tn lbOPsf lgb]z{ gx¿nfO{ /fdf| ;] Fu cWoog ugx'{ f;] \ .

-s_ lbOPsf] gS;fnfO{ l;;fsndsf] ;xfotfn] ;t] f] sfuhdf h:tfsf] t:t} ptfgx{' f;] \ .

-v_ dflysf] gS;fdf gk] fnsf ;ftcf]6} kb| ]zx¿ 5'6\l6g] u/L ;Ldfª\sg ePsf]
bV] g ;Sgx' G' 5 . ;f] gS;faf6 kg' M csf{] ;fbf sfuhdf tkfOsF{ f] cfˆgf] kb| ]zsf]
gS;fnfO{ dfq h:tfsf] t:t} ptfg'{xf];\ . ca tkfOs+{ f] kb| ]zdf ePsf] Pp6f
d'Vo gbL, Pp6f /fhdfu,{ Pp6f ;x/, Pp6f k|l;4 wflds{ :ynnfO{ pkoS' t
;ªs\ t] lrxg\ k|of]u u/L bv] fpg'xf;] \ .

-u_ tkfOF{ a;s] f] kb| z] sf] gS;fdf tkfOsF{ f] a;f]af; ePsf] lhNnf klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ .
;f] lhNnfsf] gS;f klg :ki6 xg' ] u/L ;fbf sfuhdf ptfgx'{ f;] \ . ca gS;fleq
tkfO{nF ] cfˆgf :yfgLotx sxfF k5{ < lglZrt u/L 3]/fn] ;ª\st] ug{'xf;] \ .

-3_ tkfOF{ a;s] f] k|bz] sf] vfnL gS;fdf pkoS' t ;ª\s]t lrxg\ x¿sf] ko| fu] u/]/
tn lbOPsf tYox¿nfO{ eg'{xf;] M\

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 153

egk{' g]{ tYox¿ M Ps k|l;4 wfld{s :yn, Ps kl| ;4 ko{6g:yn, Ps dV' o
Jofkfl/s :Yfn, Ps d'Vo ;8s, sg' } Ps c:ktfn

lj|mofsnfk

!= gS;fdf k|of]u xg' ] bzcf]6f ;ª\st] lrx\gx¿ agfpgx' f;] \ / sIffdf 6f:F gx' f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ sf6f{]uf| kmL eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ gS;fsf] dxŒj n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ lsg gS;fdf ;ªs\ ]t lrx\gx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5, sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ lsgdflg;df gS;f cWoog l;k x'g'k5{, nV] gx' f;] \ .

154 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

PsfO
cf7 hg;ªV\ of / o;sf] Joj:yfkg

l;sfO pknlAw

• gk] fnsf] hg;fª\lVos agf]6 pNnv] ug{
• hg;fª\lVos kl/jtg{ sf sf/0f / kl/0ffdx¿ pNnv]

ug{
• hg;fª\lVos cj:yf / u0' f:t/Lo hLjglarsf]

;DaGw atfpg
• hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ klxrfg

u/L hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf k|b]z ;/sf/ /
;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug{

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 155

kf7
! hg;fªl\ Vos agf6]

sg' } lglZrt :yfgdf/ ;dodf a;fa] f; u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{
To; :yfgsf] hg;ªV\ of elgG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6, ef}ufl] ns ljt/0fsf]
cWoognfO{ hg;fªl\ VosL elgG5 . of] hg;ªV\ ofsf] j1} flgs cWoog xf] . o;cGtu{t
hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, ljt/0f agf]6 / kl/jtg{ af/] cWoog ul/G5 . hg;fª\lVos
agf]6n] b]z, ;dfh / ;d'bfosf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] l:ylt b]vfp5F . o;n] pd]/, lnªu\ ,
hflt, wd,{ k];f, efiff cflbsf cfwf/df slt hg;ªV\ of 5g\ egL b]vfp5F .

-s_ pd]/sf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6

pd]/sf cfwf/df hg;ªV\ ofsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cWoog
ul/G5 . gk] fndf hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ !$ jif;{ Dd,
!% bl] v %( jif;{ Dd / ^)jif{ / ;f]eGbf dfly
u/L tLgcf6] f pd/] ;dx" df juL{s/0f ul/Psf]
5 . oL dWo] !$ jif;{ Ddsf afnaflnsf / ^) /
;fe] Gbf dflysf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ cfl>t hg;ª\Vof
elgG5 . ;fdfGotof hLljsf]kfhg{ sf nflu c¿df

156 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

e/ kg'k{ g{] hg;ª\VofnfO{ cfl>t hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . !% b]lv %( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;lj|mo hg;ªV\ of elgG5 . lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/
gk] fndf cfl>t hg;VofeGbf ;ljm| o hg;ª\Vof a9L b]lvG5 .

;|f]t M sG] b|Lo tYofª\s ljefu,, @)^*

-v_ lnªu\ cg;' f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6]

lnªu\ leq dlxnf, k?' if / n}ªl\ us tyf ofl} gs cNk;ªV\ os k5g{ \ . lnªu\ sf cfwf/df
hg;ªV\ ofsf] tYofª\s lngfn] n}ªl\ us cg'kft slt 5 eGg]af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt
xG' 5 . of] nª} \lusd}qL sfoj{ |md tyf ofh] gf agfpg cfwf/ aG5 .

hg;ªV\ ofsfn] }ª\lus agf]6

३००००००० पु�� मिहला ��ा
२५०००००० २६४९४५०४

२३१५१४२३

२००००००० ११५६३९२१ १२८४९०४१

१५०००००० ११५८७५०२ १३६४५४६३
१०००००००

५००००००

5

० २०६८
२०५८

;|f]t s]GbL|o tYofs ljefu, @)^*

;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*

lj!l=j,@=;*;=,+ $=+ (@@,)))^^$**! ;/;fnDffsnlxfns] hff]g!h,u#0^gf,g$uf%c0,f$gg';^fc#f/g5g;'gk] \ff/.nksg?' f]ik] fhsfngf] ;s;ªªf\V] \Vohoffge@;G,^bª$f V\,d(ol$xf,n%@f)s,$^f]$;/,xª(]sV\ $of] ,f%5a)9.$Lhb;l]/vdxGfs]5Kff?']. i5f .
h-;ud_ wf dKf{c?' gif;' f!/,@h*g,;$ª(V\ ,o)fs$f!] ag/f6] Dflxnf !,#^,$%,$^# 5g\ . k?' ifsf] ;ªV\ ofeGbf dlxnfsf]
;wxªfdV\doc{ f| ] fgb';z]afd9/sfL flb]xhl]Gvbg',G;5aªf}4\V.o, fO:angffd6] , O;fOn{ ufotsf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
Wfd{ ;f| ]tHfgs;G]ªb\V|Loof kt|ltYzotfª\s ljefu, @)^*

-u_ wdc{ g;' f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
lj= ;+=@)%* lj= ;+= @)^*
xfdf| ] b]zdf lxGb,' af}4, O:nfd, O;fOn{ ufotsf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿
/xlx]sGbf' 5g\ . *)=^@ *!=#

Aff}4 !)=&$ (=#

O:nfd $=@ $=$

;flsdf/lfhts cWoog tyf dfgj d"No#=^lzIff, sIff & #=! 157

wdc{ g';f/sf] hg;ªV\ of agf6] lj= ;=+ @)^*

Wfd{ Hfg;ª\Vof k|ltzt
lj= ;=+ @)%*

lxGb' *)=^@ *!=#

Aff}4 !)=&$ (=#

O:nfd $=@ $=$

ls/ft #=^ #=!

O;fO{ )=$% !=$

cGo )=@( )=%

;|ft] M sG] b|Lo tYofª\s ljefu,@)^*

lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf lxGb' wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ of
*!=# kl| tzt, af4} wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ of (=# kl| tzt, O:nfd wd{ dfGg]
dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof $=$ kl| tzt, ls/ft wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ of #=!
kl| tzt, O;fO{ wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof !=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ks| [lt,
hg} , lzv, axfO{ / cGo wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ klg g]kfndf /xs] f 5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= cfˆgf] sIffsf 5fq, 5fqf / hDdf ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ :tDe lrqdf
bv] fpg'xf];\ .

@= lj ;+= @)%* / @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ wd{cg';f/sf] hg;ªV\ of agf]6nfO{
t'ngf ugx'{ f;] \ .

158 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ hg;fªl\ VosL eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfndf lnªu\ sf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 s:tf] 5 <
-u_ lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ pd]/cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of agf]6

s:tf] /xs] f] 5 <
-3_ lj ;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fnsf] wd{cg';f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf]

agf6] nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug{x' f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

;d'bfosf] tLgcf]6f kl/jf/df uO{ ;lj|mo / cfl>t hg;ª\Vof kQf nufpgx' f;] \ /
tflnsfdf k|:t't ug{x' f];\ M

cfl>t hg;ª\Vof ;lj|mo hg;ª\Vof

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 159

kf7
@ g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6

-s_ efiffcg;' f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6

b]zdf af]lng] efiffsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fnfO{ efiffcg';f/sf]
hg;ªV\ of agf]6 elgG5 . lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\sdf gk] fndf hDdf
!@# dfte[ fiff klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

Dffte[ fiff Hfg;ªV\ of Dfft[efiff Hfg;ª\Vof kl| tzt
kl| tzt
Gfk] fnL $$=^ lnDa' !=@(
Df}lynL !!=& Uf'?ª !=@#
Effh] k'/L ^=) Eff6] ] z]kf{ )=$%
Yff? %=* ;Gyfn )=!(
tfdfª %=! bgj' f/ )=!*
Gfj] f/L #=@ ;g' j' f/ )=!%
Dfu/ #=) ysfnL )=)@
8f]6]nL #=) /fhjz+ L )=)!
alHhsf #=) lxGbL )=@#
pb{' @=^ cGo #=#%
cjwL !=(

;|f]tM sG] bL| o tYofª\s ljefu, @)^*

lj ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf dfte[ fiff g]kfnL afN] g] dflg;sf]
;ª\Vof$$=^ kl| tzt, d}lynL !!=& k|ltzt, efh] k/' L ^ kl| tzt, yf? %=^ k|ltzt,
tfdfª %=! k|ltzt, g]jf/L #=@ k|ltzt, du/ # k|ltzt, 8f]6n] L # kl| tzt, alHhsf
# kl| tzt, / pb{' @=^ k|ltzt /xs] f 5g\ . /fO{, lnDa', u?' ª, z]kf,{ ;Gyfn, /fhjz+ L
cflb dft[efiff afN] g] dflg;sf] ;ªV\ of klg /xs] f 5g\ .

160 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

-v_ hfthfltcg';f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6

hftHffltsf cfwf/df ul/g] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fnfO{ hfthfltut hg;ªV\ of agf6]
elgG5 . lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfndf hDdf !@% hfthfltx¿
Af;f]af; k5g{ \ .

Hfflt ;d"x Hfg;ªV\ of kl| tzt Hfflt ;dx" Hfg;ª\Vof k|ltzt
If]qL !^=^
Aff| x\d0f !@=@ u'?ª !=(&
Dfu/ &=!
Yff? ^=^ bdfO{ !=&*
tfdfª %=^
Gfj] f/ % 7s/' L !=^!
sfdL $=*
D'f;ndfg $=$ lnDa' !=$^
ofbj $=)
/fO{ @=# ;fsL{ !=$!

Tf]nL !=#(

Rfdf/ !=@^

sfO] /L !=!^

/fhj+zL )=$$

Zfk] f{ )=$#

cGo !*=@&

;|f]t M sG] bL| o tYofª\s ljefu, @)^*

lj ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfndf If]qL !^=^ k|ltzt, a|fx\d0f !@=@ k|ltzt,
du/ &=! k|ltzt, yf? ^=^ k|ltzt, tfdfª %=^ kl| tzt, gj] f/ % kl| tzt, sfdL $=*
kl| tzt, d';ndfg $=$ k|ltzt, ofbj $=) k|ltzt / /fO{ @=# kl| tzt a;f]af;
ub5{ g\ . To:t} u?' ª, bdfO,{ 7s'/L, lnDa', ;fsL{ cflb hfthfltx¿ Af;fa] f; 5g\ .

-u_ Hfg;fª\lVos agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cflys{ hghLjgdf kg]{ ke| fj

hg;fªl\ Vos agf6] n] b]zsf] ;fdflhs / cflys{ cj:yfdf ke| fj kfb{5 . hg' bz] sf]
hg;ª\Vofdf oj' f cyjf ;lj|mo hg;ªV\ of a9L 5 To; bz] sf] ljsf; lgdf0{ fdf
;lhnf] x'G5 . cfl>t hg;ª\Vof a9L ePdf bz] df sfd ug]{ hgzlStsf] sdL
eO{ b]z ljsf;df sl7gfO x'G5 . hfthflt / efiffcg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ of agf]6n]
sg' } klg Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug{] hfthflt / efiffefifLsf] l:ylt kQf nufpg dbt

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 161

ub{5 . o;af6 hfthflt / dft[efiff af]Ngx] ¿sf] ;ª\Vof, nfk] x'g nfu]sf hflt
/ Effiffx¿sf af/d] f hfgsf/L k|fKt xG' 5 . k5fl8 k/]sf hfthfltx¿sf] ;fdflhs
/ cflys{ l:ylt kQf nufpg klg ;lhnf] k5{ . /fHosf gLlt tyf sfoj{ |md tof/
kfgd{ f dbt ub5{ . wd{cg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof agf6] n] sg' s'g wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿
a;fa] f; u5{g\ / pgLx¿sf] wflds{ ;fdflhs ultljlwsf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt
x'G5 . lnªu\ cg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof agf6] n] dlxnf / k?' iflarsf] nª} l\ us cg'kft kQf
nufpg dbt ub{5 . o;/L hg;fªl\ Vos agf]6n] s'g} klg bz] sf] ;fdflhs / cflys{
cj:yfdf ke| fj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOs{F f sIffdf sg' s'g hfthfltsf ;fyLx¿ xg' 'x'G5 < ;f] tYofªs\ nfO{
j[Qlrqdf k:| tt' ugx{' f];\ .

@= lzIfssf] ;xofu] df tkfO{sF f] ljBfnodf ePsf ljleGg efiffefifLsf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ hft hfltcg;' f/sf hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
-v_ lj ;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ w]/} hg;ªV\ ofn] afN] g] kfFrcf]6f efiffsf]

gfd n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-u_ hg;fª\lVos agf6] n] b]zsf] cflys{ cj:yfdf s;/L k|efj kf/s] f] x'G5 <

162 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
# hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gsf sf/0f

sg' } klg 7fpsF f] hGf;ª\Vof ;w}F Psgf;sf] /xbF }g . of] 36a9 eO/xG5 . s'g} 7fpsF f
dflg;x¿sf] dT[ o' ePdf / a;fOF ;//] cGoq uPdf To; 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof 36\5 .
s'g} 7fpdF f dflg;x¿sf] hGd ePdf / a;fOF ;//] cfPdf To; 7fpFsf] hg;ªV\ of
a9g\ ;S5 . hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ ug]{ tŒjx¿df hGd, dT[ o' / j;fO;/fOFx¿ k5{g\ .

hg;ªV\ of
kl/jt{gsf lgwf/{ s

tŒjx¿

hGd dT[ o' a;fO;F /fO
hg;ªV\ of agf]6, Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpdF f
hGd :jf:Yofk] rf/sf c;l' jwf, ljleGg sf/0fn] a;fOF
hg;ªV\ ofsf] pd]/cg';f/sf] pd/] , sk' fi] f0f cflb
agf]6, ljjfxsf] pd/] , lzIff, sf/0fn] d[To' b/df k|efj ;bf{ hg;ª\Vofdf
k];f, wd{ cflbn] hGdb/nfO{ kf5{ . dT[ o' b/n] kl/jtg{ x'G5 .
hg;ªV\ of agf6] df
ke| fj kfb5{ . kl/jt{g Nofp5F .
o;n] s'gk} lg 7fpsF f]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ kl/jt{g ub{5 .

hg;ª\Vof kl/jtg{ sf kl/0ffd 163
lhggDg;lªnV\ lov;ftsfdfa] fkF'blhlf/xsj¿tdcg{ fWnop]osNgng' v]t} 7yuffpl/dFsPffgs] jhf] g5d;N" Mªo\Volzf Iaff9, \gs] I/ff3&6g\ ] x'G5 . h;nfO{

!= hg;ª\Vof a9L x'bF f ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] pkofu] ug{ sl7gfO xG' 5 .

hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ sf kl/0ffd

hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/jt{gn] s'g} 7fpFsf] hg;ªV\ of a9\g] / 36g\ ] x'G5 . h;nfO{
lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx¿df pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M
!= hg;ªV\ of a9L x'Fbf ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ sl7gfO x'G5 .
@= hg;ª\Vof sd xFb' f b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos hgzlStsf] sdL xG' 5 .
#= hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 x'Fbf vfBfGg, /f]huf/L / cfjf;sf] sdL x'G5 .
$ s'g} Ps 7fpdF f a;fOF;/fO u/L hfbF f To; 7fpFdf Joj:yfkg ug{ ufxf| ] xG' 5 .
% hg;ª\Vof j[l4 xF'bf dxfdf/L kmn} g ;S5 .
^= hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 xb'F f jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f a9g\ ;S5 .
&= hg;ª\Vof sd x'bf b]zdf pknAw ;f| ]t;fwgsf] pkofu] ug{ sl7gfO xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| tt'
ugx{' f;] \ .

@= ;db' fosf] cf7 3/df uO{ kl5Nnf] Ps jifl{ eq ePsf hGd / d[To'sf] 36gf
ljj/0f ;fw] L :tDelrqdf bv] fpgx' f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ hg;ª\Vofsf lgwf/{ s tŒjx¿ s] s] x'g\ < 5f]6f] JofVof ug'x{ f;] \ .
-v_ a;fO;F /fOn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ s;/L kl/jt{g ub{5 <
-u_ s'g} klg bz] df hg;ªV\ of sd x'Fbf s] c;/ kb5{ , abF' fdf nV] gx' f];\ .
-3_ hg;ª\Vof j[l4 tLj| x'bF f kg]{ ke| fjx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

164 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
$ hg;fª\lVos cj:yf / u0' f:t/Lo hLjg

zlgaf/sf] lbg ;ft sIffdf k9\b} u/s] L 8fN] df, bLlksf, lgNhf / g'j,'{ ;fdflhs
cWoog ljifosf] u[xsfos{ f nflu 5nkmn ul//x]sf 5g\ . 8fN] dfsL lbbLufpFsf]
cfwf/et" ljBfnosf lzIfs xg' 'x'G5 . 8f]Ndf / pgsf ;fyLx¿n] u[xsfo{ ug]{
l;nl;nfdf lbbL;Fu u/s] f] s/' fsfgL tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

8fN] df M lbbL xfdLn] hg;ªV\ ofsf af/]df t w/] } 5nkmn klxnf g} ul/;s]sf 5f}F .
clxn] rflxF u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf ;DjGwdf atfOlbg;' \ g .

lbbL M n ;g' , dflg;n] hLjg latfpgsf nflu p;nfO{ kf| Kt xg' ] cfjZos :t/Lo
;]jf / ;'ljwfu0' f:t/Lo xg' k' 5{ . JolStsf] cfDbfgL j[l4 xbF' }df hLjgsf]
u'0f:t/df j[l4 eof] eGg ;lsFb}g . p;n] k|ofu] ug{] j:t'sf] u'0f, kl/df0f
/ hLjgz}nLn] p;sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 .

gj' '{ M hLjgsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ lgwf/{ 0f ug{] cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g\ lbbL <

lbbL M kf]l;nf] vfg]s/' f, :jf:Yos/ cfjf;, df;} dcg';f/sf nQfsk8f, u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff, ;'ne :jf:Yo ;]jf u'0f:t/ lgwf/{ 0fsf dV' o cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . o;sf
;fy} :jR5 lkpg] kfgL, ;~rf/ / ljBt' df ;xh kxrF' , cfDbfgLsf] e/kbf{]
;|f]t cflb klg u0' f:t/ lgwf/{ 0fsf cfwf/ x'g\ .

gj' '{ M hg;fªl\ Vos cj:yf / u0' f:t/Lo hLjglar s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <

lbbL M hg;fªl\ Vos cj:yf / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglar 3lgi7 ;DaGw xG' 5, h:t}
hg;ª\Vof a9L x'Fbf dflg;sf] hLjgsf] u0' f:t/df km/s k5{ . hg;ª\Vof
tLj| jl[ 4 xF'bf dflg;n] ko| fu] ub{} cfPsf ;]jf;'ljwf, u0' f / kl/df0fdf
sdL x'Fb} hfG5 . dflg;sf nflu cfjf;, vfBfGg, /fh] uf/L, :jf:Yo ;]jf,
lzIff, cflbsf] cefj xg' ;S5 . dflg;n] ;lhn};uF ;j] f ;'ljwf lng sl7g
xG' 5 . To:t} hg;ªV\ of sd xF'bf ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlStsf]
cefjn] b]z ljsf; x'g g;sL ;'ljwfx¿af6 jl~rt cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .

lgNhf M u0' f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ c¿ s] s] s/' fn] k|efj kfb{5 lbbL <

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 165

lbbL M kl/jf/sf] cfsf/n] klg u0' f:t/Lo hLjgnfO{ ke| fj kfb5{ . kl/jf/sf]
cfsf/ ;fgf] ePdf ;b:ox¿sf] kfngkfi] f0f ug,{ :j:y / tGb?' :t /fVg,
/fd|f] lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;Lldt cfDbfgLaf6 klg ;xh xG' 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ ;'v ;Gtl' i6sf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{
;S5g\ . kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ 7'nf] ePdf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ sl7g xG' 5 /
kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ Gog" x'G5 .

lgNhf M cfx] f] Û u'0f:t/Lo hLjg lhpgsf nflu t kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] kf] xg' k' g]{
/x]5 x} <

lbbLM xf,] ltdLn] l7s} eGofF} . xfdLn] u'0f:t/Lo hLjg / o;sf cfwf/et" tŒjx¿sf
af/d] f hfgsf/L lnFb{} ToxLcg';f/ sfox{ ¿ ug{'kb5{ .

8f]NdfM u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf klg s]xL atfOlbg'xG' 5 ls <

lbbLM u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu ;Gtl' nt efh] gsf] k|r'/tf / lgoldt pkef]udf
hf]8 lbgk' b{5 . cfocfh{g / /fh] uf/Lsf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ug{'kb5{ . ;fYf}
:jf:Yo ;j] fsf] ;j;{ n' etf / :t/Lo / hLjgofk] ofu] L lzIffsf] Joj:yf
ul/g'kb5{ .

lgNhfM dnfO{ t lzIff / l;kd"ns tflndn] klg u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu dbt
k'¥ofpF5 h:tf] nfU5 .

lbbL M xf] lg, u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu cfjZostf c¿ s/' fx¿ klg 5g\ . d
eGb} hfG5' x} t . lzIff / l;k ljsf;n] cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 ug,{ :jf:Yo /
;/' Iffdf ;r]t /xg dbt ub5{ . o;sf cfjf; / ;~rf/sf] ;l' jwf pkefu]
/ kmf]xf/] dn} fsf] plrt Joj:yfkgn] klg u0' f:t/Lo hLjg lhpg dbt
k¥' ofpF5g\ . kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] agfpgk' 5{ . kh| gg / ofg} lzIff
ljBfno :t/af6 lbgk' 5{ . ;/' lIft / lx+;f/lxt 3/fo;L jftfj/0fn] tof/
ugk'{ b5{ . :jtGqtf pkef]u / ;fdflhs ;xeflutfn] klg u0' f:t/Lo hLjg
lhpg dbt k'¥ofO/xs] f x'G5g\ .

8f]Ndf / pgsf ;fyLx¿ -Ps} :j/df_ M xfdLnfO{ yfxf gePsf w]/} s/' fsf] hfgsf/L
lbge' Psfdf lbbLnfO{ w]/} w]/} wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F .

lbbL M n cfdfn] vfhf vfg afn] fpge' of] . hfcfF} efG5flt/ . -;a} efG5flt/ nfU5g\ ._

166 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= u0' f:t/Lo hLjg lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ jI[ flrqdf tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt'
ug{x' f];\ .

@= sIffsf ldNg] sg' } tLg ;fyLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ sqf] /x5] ;fw] /] nV] gx' f;] \ .
#= yf]/} eP k'lu;/L eGg] egfOnfO{ hf8] L hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| tt'

ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ u0' f:t/Lo hLjg sn] fO{ elgG5 <
-v_ kl/jf/sf] cfsf/n] hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df s] ke| fj kb5{ <
-u_ hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4 xb'F f u'0f:t/Lo hLjgdf s] s] ke| fj k5{g\ <

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 167

kf7
% hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg

s'g} klg 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof ;w}F kl/jtg{ eO/xG5 . sg' } 7fpFsf] hg;ªV\ of tLj|
jl[ 4 eof] eg] ToxfF cefj l;h{gf xG' 5, emF} emu8f xg' ,] efs] d/L nfUg,] a]/f]huf/L
jl[ 4 xg' ] cflb ;d:ofx¿ b]vf k5g{ \ . To;}n] o:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfpg glbg ;dod}
hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f ug'k{ b5{ . sg' } 7fpFdf hgzlSt sd ePsf sf/0f pknAw
;|ft] ;fwg kl/rfng ug{ g;ss] f] cj:yf 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf hg;ª\Vof j[l4
ug{] gLlt xg' k' b{5 . o;/L hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f / jl[ 4 ug{] b'j} pkfox¿af6 hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f| ]t ;fwg tyf ;j] f ;l' jwfsf] pknAw u/fP/ klg
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg elgG5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df xfdf| ] bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4b/
36\b} uPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ xfd|f] bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/
!=#% kl| tzt 5 .

-s_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf pkfo

-c_ pkoS' t pd]/df ljjfx / ue{wf/0f ug{' M dlxnfsf] / k'?ifsf] pd]/ @)
jif{ k'u]kl5 dfq ljjfx ug{' pkoS' t x'G5 . /fh] uf/ eP/ cfDbfgL ePkl5
dfq ljjfx ug'{ / aRrf hGdfpg' pkoS' t x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ aRrfsf] x/] rfx
/ lzIffbLIffsf nflu ;lhnf] x'G5 .

-cf_ hGdfGt/ /fVg' M bO' c{ f]6f aRrf hlGdgl] arsf] cjlwnfO{ hGdfGt/ elgG5 .
of] cjlw sDtLdf kfFr jif{sf] x'Fbf cfdf / aRrf b'j}sf] :jf:Yo /fdf| ] x'G5 .
o;/L plrt hGdfGt/ sfod ubf{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf dbt k'U5 .

-O_ dlxnfnfO{ lzIff / /f]huf/sf] cj;/ lbg' M g]kfnL dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf
kl| tzt k'?ifsf] eGbf sd 5 . dlxnf lzlIft eP eg] kh| gg :jf:Yodf
;r]t eO{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'U5 . To;}n] dlxnf lzIffsf]
cj;/df j[l4 ug'k{ b{5 . dlxnf lzlIft / /fh] uf/ kf| Kt ePdf slt aRrf,
slxn] hGdfpg] egL k|hgg;DaGwL lg0f{o cfkmF} lng ;S5g\ / hg;ªV\ of
Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u kU' 5 .

168 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

-O_{ n}ªl\ us ;dfgtf sfod ug'{ M xfdf| ] ;dfhdf n}ª\lus eb] efj k"0f{ ¿kdf
xl6;s]sf] 5}g . 5f]/f hGdfpg] rfxgfdf w]/} aRrfaRrL hlGd/x]sf 5g\ .
To;}n] 5f]/f / 5f]/L b'js} f] dxŒj ;dfg 5 egL n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod
ug{ ;Sof] eg] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] eO{ ;fgf] kl/jf/ ;'vL kl/jf/
x'g;S5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf klg ;xofu] kU' b5 .

-p_ :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/df hf]8 M ;dod} ;xh 9ª\un] :jf:Yo ;]jf
k|fKt ug{ ;sd] f dflg; :j:Yf /xg dbt ub5{ . o:tf ;j] fx¿ c:ktft,
:jf:y rfs} Ldfkmt{ pknAw xG' 5 . o;n] dT[ o'b/ 36fpg dbt ub{5 .
afn d[Tob' / sd eof] eg] dflg;n] cfkm"n] hGdfPsf] aRrf dg{] ;Defjgf
b]lvFb}g / sd aRrf hGdfO{ k|hgg b/ klg sd x'G5 . o;n] hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 .

-pm_ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]udf hf]8 M kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf
ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]un] cfkm"n] rfxs] f] a]nfdf dfq aRrf hGdfpg]
/ grfx]sf] an] fdf ghGdfpg dbt ub5{ . o;n] ;fgf] kl/jf/ sfod ug{
dbt ub{5, h'g u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 .

-C_ ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf M bz] sf ;a} a:tLx¿df :jf:Yo,
lzIff, oftfoft cflb ;l' jwf k¥' ofO{ ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf
Nofpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf tLj| a;fOF;/fOaf6 cfpg] ;d:of sd
eO{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xh x'G5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\
/ sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf;] \ .

@= 1flgdfof clxn] v;' L l5g\ . cfkm"n] To; a]nf ;xL lg0fo{ lnPsfdf pgsf]
kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;'vL 5 . afcfdfn] @) jif{ gku' L lax] ulb{g vf]Hbf d
pRr lzIffsf] k9fO g;sL lax] ulb{gF eg]/ lnPsf] c8fg clxn] ;'vL hLjgsf]
cfwf/ ePsf] 5 . cfkm" hflu/] ePkl5 dfq klxnf] aRrf hGdfPsLn] pgnfO{
hflu/ / aRrf bj' n} fO{ ;do ldnfpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . bf];f| ] aRrf klg
kfFr jif{sf] km/sdf hGd]sfn] b'j} aRrfnfO{ x/] rfx / /fd|f] :ofxf/;;' f/ ug{

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 169

;lsPsf] pgL atfpFl5g\ . hflu/ vfg'kg{] / sfdsfhL JolStnfO{ klxnf] aRrf
x's]{kl5 dfq csf]{ aRrf hGdfpFbf /fdf| ] x'g] ;e' mfj pgL lblG5g\ . pgn] klg
l56\6} ue{ /xg glbg w]/} c:yfoL ;fwgx¿ k|ofu] u/]sL lyOg\ . To;n] bO' {
aRrfsf] hGdfGt/nfO{ a9fpg dbt u/]sf] lyof] . pgL c¿nfO{ klg @) jif{
k"/f u/k] l5 ljjfx ug{ / aRrfx¿sf] hGdfGt/ a9L ug{ k/fdz;{ dt] lbg]
ul5{g\ .
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-s_ 1fgLdfofn] lnPsf] c8fgn] pgsf] hLjgdf s] s] ;sf/fTds cj:yf

l;hg{ f eP <
-v_ hGdfGt/sf nflu s] s:tf pkfox¿ k|efjsf/L xG' 5g\ <
-u_ dflysf] 36gfdf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf sg' s'g pkfox¿ cjnDag

ul/Psf 5g\ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ tLj| hg;ªV\ of j[l4 xFb' f kg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-v_ pkoS' t pd/] df dfq ljjfx u/L aRrf hGdfpFbf s] kmfObf x'G5 <
-u_ dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ugs{ f nflu s] s] pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 <
-3_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg / u0' f:t/Lo hLjglarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

170 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7 hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg
^ lgsfox¿sf] el" dsf

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] el" dsf dxŒjk0" f{ /xG5 .
/fli6o« :t/sf lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of dGqfno
c:ktfnx¿n] ljleGg sfo{j|md ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . /]8jm| ;, kl/jf/
lgof]hg ;ª3\ , :jf:Yo ;ª\3;:+ yfnufot u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿n] klg hg;ªV\ of
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;]jf lbFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

-s_ :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno

ljj|md ;j+ t\ @)%@ ;fndf hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePaf6}
o;n] :jf:Yo tyf hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL ljifodf gLlt lgdf0{ f ug]{ sfd ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
;fy} o; dftxtsf ljleGg sfof{ nox¿n] gLltsf] sfofG{ jog ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o;n]
hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfolar ;dGjo / cgu' dg
u/L d"Nofª\sg klg ub{5 .

-v_ lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

o'jf, dhb/' tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL r]tgf km}nfpg cgf}krfl/s
hg;ª\Vof lzIff sfoj{ m| d nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . ;fgf] kl/jf/ ;'vL kl/jf/sf] efjgf
hufpg] p2]Zon] hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ul/G5g\ . o:tf sfo{jm| dn]
hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xofu] k'¥ofpF5 . tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4n] hLjg:t/df kfg]{
c;/af/] pgLx¿nfO{ rt] gf hufpF5 . pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jtg{
Nofpg o;af6 dbt k'U5 .

>d ljefu, ;xsf/L ljefu, 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pBf]u, :yfgLo ljsf; kl| zIf0f
k|lti7fg, gk] fn kl/jf/ lgofh] g ;ª3\ g]kfn h:tf ;+:yf tyf lgsfon] hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ PsLst[ ¿kdf ;~rfng ub{} cfO/xs] f 5g\ .

-u_ kb| z] ;/sf/

k|bz] ;/sf/n] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ljleGg ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf
5g\ . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|fbl] zs gLlt lgodx¿ agfpg,] ;rt] gf sfoj{ |md,

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 171

a:tL ljsf;, sl[ if ks]6 Ifq] 3fi] f0ff / ;xofu] dfkm{t hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf
;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ .
c:ktfnx¿df hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ePsf xG' 5g\ .
c:ktfndf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf :yfoL aGWofs/0f sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ug]{, kl/jf/
lgof]hgsf c:yfoL ;fwgsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf r]tgfd"ns hfgsf/L / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
cflb k5g{ \ . bDktL tyf JolStsf] kh| gg clwsf/ ;'lgZlrt ug{ gk] fn ;/sf/sf
kf| bl] zs tyf sG] b|Lo c:ktfn / lghL  If]qåf/f ;~rflnt ;dfg :t/sf c:ktfn
tyf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df afeF mfk] gsf] (infertility) pkrf/ ;]jf kb| fg ub}{ cfPsf
5g\ .
:jf:Yo rf}sLn] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg sfdx¿ u5{ . kl/jf/ lgof]hgk|lt
rt] gfdn" s sfoj{ |md ;~rfng u5{ . sG8d, vfg] rSsL ljt/0f, :ofoL aGWofs/0f
h:tf lSnlgsn tyf gglSnlgsn sfo{ ub5{ . u|fdL0f :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ / /
dftl[ zz' sfo{stfd{ fkm{t ufpFdf tLg dlxg] ;O' { pknAw u/fp5F .

-3_ kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;ª3\

ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yosf] Ifq] df o; ;:+ yfn] w]/}
sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(%( df :yflkt o;
;+:yfn] PrcfOeL P8;\ nufot ;+jb] gzLn :jf:Yo
;j] f rflxg] ul/a, dhb/' / ;fdflhs ¿kdf
k5fl8 k/s] f ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿df ;j] f kj| fx ub}{
cfO/xs] f] 5 .

-ª_ :jf:Yo :jod;\ ]js

:yfgLo txdf :jf:Yo :jo+;j] sx¿nfO { kl/rfng u/L pgLx¿Dffkm{t kl/jf/
lgof]hg;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf k]i| f0f ;]jf, sG8d ljt/0f / lkN; k|of]u u/L /x]sL
dlxnfnfO { yk lkN; ljt/0fsf nflu kf| T] ;fxg ug{ ul/Psf] 5 .

172 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffsf ;fyLx¿ bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg xg' 'xf];\ . Ps ;d"xn] hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkgdf k|b]z ;/sf/ / csf]{ ;dx" n] ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] vn] s] f]
e"ldsfsf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .

@= hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4sf sf/0f cfˆgf] 6f]n tyf l5d]sdf pTkGg xg' ] ;d:of
;dfwfgsf nflu tkfO{nF ] v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsf n]Vg'xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLlt lgdf0{ f / cgu' dg dN" ofªs\ g s;n] ub5{ <
-v_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;ª3\ sf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug{x[' f;] \ .
-u_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf kb| ]z ;/sf/sf] sfo{x¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 173

PsfO
gf} xfd|f] cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u

l;sfO pknlAw

• e"kl/jl] i6t /fi6«sf] kl/ro lbO{ e"kl/j]li6t

/fi6«sf ¿kdf gk] fnn] efU] gk' /]sf ;d:of tyf
;Defjgf / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ atfpg

• ;fs{sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf p2Z] o / ultljlw atfpg
• ;"rgf kl| jlwsf] ;dl' rt k|ofu] ug{ / b'?kofu] af6 x'g]

c;/ atfpg

• ;d;fdlos ultljlw / 36gf atfO{ o;n] ;dfhdf

kfg{] k|efj atfpg

174 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
! ek" l/j]li6t /fi6«

k[YjLsf] tLg efudf bO' { efu kfgL / Ps efu hldg /x]sf] 5 . olt w]/} kfgL eP/
klg ;;+ f/df sltko b]zx¿df d?el" dsf] efu w]/} 5g\ . sltko bz] x¿ ek" l/jl] i6t
5g\ . ek" l/j]li6t bz] eg]sf] cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;Ldf jl/kl/ hldgn] 3]l/Psf] bz] xf] .
;fdl' ›s l;dfgf ghfl] 8Psf] / hndfu{sf] kx'Fr klg gePsf] b]z ek" l/j]li6t bz]
xf] . g]kfn klg Ps ek" l/jl] i6t b]z xf] . g]kfnsf] pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] l;dfgf k5{ .
k"j,{ klZrd / blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] l;dfgf k5{ . gk] fn jl/kl/af6 gk] fn hldgn]
3]l/Psf] 5 . glhssf] ;db' ;| Dd kU' g ef/t / aªU\ fnfbz] sf] l;dfgf kf/ ug'k{ b{5 .
;fsd{ f gk] fn, e6' fg / ckmuflg:tfg e"kl/jl] i6t /fi6«x¿ xg' \ . ljZjdf g]kfnh:t}
e"kl/j]li6t b]zx¿sf] ljj/0f o;ks| f/ 5 M

j|m=;= dxfb]z ek" l/j]li6t b]zsf] gfd
!= Pl;of bz] sf] ;ªV\ of
!) Gfk] fn, nfcf;] , ckmuflg:tfg, dª\uf]lnof,

@= o'/fk] !( sfhls:tfg, pHj]ls:tfg, tfhls:tfg,
lslu{:tfg, ts' l{ dlg:tfg
#= clkm| sf !^ cl:6«of, xª\u]/L, l:jh/NofG8, an] f?;,
nShDau{, cG8f]/f, dfNbfe] f, lnr]6G] 6fOg,
$= blIf0f @ df]gfsf,] ;fgdfl/gf], Eofl6sg l;6L,
cdl] /sf :nf]eflsof, cfd{]lgof, ch/a}hfg,
d];f]8fl] gof, rs] u0ftGq, ;la{of, sf;] fe] f]
dfnL, ou' fG8f, dWo clkm| sL u0ftGq, blIf0f
;8' fg, rf8, afT] :jfgf, a'?G8L, ?jfG8f,
:jflhNofG8, hflDaof, dnfjL, gfOh/,
a'lsg{ f kmf;f,] n];y] f], lhDafj,] Olyof]lkof
Aff]lnleof, kf/fUj]

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 175

-s_ e"kl/jl] i6t b]zx¿n] efU] g' k/]sf ;d:ofx¿
-c_ ;w}F l5d]sL /fi6«sf] e/ kg{'kg]{
-cf_ ;Ldf ;/' Iff Hofb} vlrn{ f] x'g]
-O_ ljsf; / lgdf0{ fsf sfddf a9L vr{ nfUg]
-O{_ ;fdfg 9j' fgL ug{ lgs} sl7gfO xg' ] / dxFuf] xg' ]
-p_ ;fd'l›s ;f| t] sf] pkofu] ug{ gkfpg]
-pm_ cGt/fl{ i6«o Jofkf/df c;xhtf xg' ]
-C_ ;:tf] hn oftfoftsf] ;l' jwfaf6 jl~rt /xg'kg{]
-P_ l5d]sL /fi6«x¿;uF jd} g:o xg' uPdf gfsfaGbL klg xg' ;Sg]
-P_] Jofkf/df l5ds] L d'n's;uF a9L dfqfdf e/ kg{'kg{]

176 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

-v_ e"kl/j]li6t bz] n] efU] g' k/s] f ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug]{ pkfo
-c_ l5d]sL b]z;uF ldqtfsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{k' 5{ .
-cf_ l5ds] L b]z;uF :j:y / ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw sfod /fVg'k5{ .
-O_ b'j} bz] n] cj}w Jofkf/ lgoGq0f ug{'k5{ .
-O{_ l5d]sL b]z;uF sf] gfsf / l;dfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{k5{ .
-p_ cGt/f{li6o ¿kdf e"kl/jl] i6t bz] n] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ lgjfw{
¿kdf k|ofu] ug]{ jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ugk{' b{5 .

-u_ ek" l/j]li6t /fi6« x'g'sf kmfObf / clwsf/

ek" l/jl] i6t /fi6«n] ;d:of dfq geO{ e'hl8t cj;/ kf| Kt ug{ ;S5g\ . gk] fn b'O{
7n' f /fi6x« ¿ rLg / ef/tsf lardf cjl:yt 5 . g]kfnn] bj' } bz] ;uF ;xofu] sf]
bfo/f a9fpg ;S5 . Jofkf/sf ultljlwx¿df jl[ 4 ug{ ;lsG5 . bO' { b]zlarsf]
Jofkfl/s sG] bs| f ¿kdf kmfObf lng ;S5 .

;fd'lbs| ;|ft] sf] ko| fu] ug{ sl7g x'g] eP klg e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« x'g'sf sx] L /fdf| kIf
klg 5g\ . ek" l/jl] i6t /fi6n« ] ;fd'lbs| cfwL t'kmfg cflbsf] ;fdgf ugk'{ b}{g . ;'gfdL
h:tf ljklQaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .

;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\ n] e"kl/jl] i6t /fi6«sf] clwsf/ ;/+ If0fsf nflu lgDglnlvt Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . s'g} /fi6«n] oL clwsf/x¿sf] pkofu] ug{ gkfPdf ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\ df
cfjfh p7fpg ;S5 .

-c_ e"kl/jl] i6t /fi6«n] ;d'G›df kxF'rsf] clwsf/ k|fKt ug{] 5 .
-cf_ ek" l/j]li6t /fi6«n] If]qLo ;fdl' ›s / kl/jxgsf] :jtGqtf k|fKt ug]{ 5 .
-O_ ek" l/jl] i6t /fi6«n] klg kg8'AaL sa] 'nx¿ /fVg,] kfOknfOgx¿ la5o\ fpg]

/ s[lqd 6fkx' ¿ :yfkgf ug{] cg'dlt 5 .
-O_{ ;db' d| f j}1flgs cg';Gwfg ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 177

lj|mofsnfk

!= P6n; jf gS;fdf ljZjsf ek" l/j]li6t /fi6«x¿ ktf nufpgx' f;] \ / ;"rL
lgdf0{ f ug{x' f];\ .

@= g]kfn h:t} e"kl/jl] i6t bz] ;;+ f/df w/] } 5g\ . tL bz] dWo] s]xL bz] x¿ Hofb}
;DkGg / ljsl;t 5g\ . tL bz] s] sf/0fn] ;DkGg eP xf]nfg\ < xfdf| ] bz] df
lsg To:tf] x'g g;s]sf] xf]nf < ;f]wvf]h jf cWoog u/L sIffdf k|:tt'
ug'{xf;] \ .

#= e"hl8t /fi6«sf] lx;fan] g]kfnn] s] s] kmfObf lng ;S5 < ;d"xdf 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ e"kl/j]li6t b]z egs] f] s] xf] < s'g dxfb]zdf ;ae} Gbf a9L e"kl/j]li6t bz] x¿
5g\ .

-v_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; ck]lIft ¿kdf xg' g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿ nV] g'xf;] \ .
-u_ ;d'›Ls dfu{ / ;8s dfu{af6 ;fdfg 9'jfgL ubf{ x'g] leGgtfx¿ pNn]v

ug{'xf;] \ .
-3_ gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf; ckl] Ift ¿kdf x'g g;Sgd' f e"kl/jl] i6t cj:yf klg

Ps sf/0f xf] k'li6 ug'x{ f;] \ .
-ª_ ek" l/j]li6t /fi6«sf ;d:ofx¿ nV] g'xf];\ .
-r_ gk] fn h:tf] ek" l/j]li6t /fi6«n] efU] gk' /s] f ;d:ofx¿nfO{ sd ugs{ f nflu s]

s] pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5, nV] gx' f;] \ .

178 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
@ ;fss{ f ultljlw

Gffd :yfkgf ;lrjfno ;b:ox¿ p2]Zo
blIf0f ;g\ g]kfnsf] gk] fn, ef/t, != blIf0f Pl;ofsf
Pl;ofnL sf7df8f}F kfls:tfg,
Ifq] Lo !(*% hgtfsf] sNof0f /
;xof]u l8;]Da/ aªn\ fb]z, pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/
;ª\u7g * >Lnªs\ f, ;w' f/ ug'{
dflNbE;, @= o; If]qdf cflys{
jl[ 4, ;fdflhs ku| lt
e6' fg / / ;f:+ sl[ ts ljsf;sf]
ckmuflg:tfg ultnfO{ tLj| kfg'{
#= blIf0f Pl;ofsf
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & b]zx¿df ;fdl" xs
cfTdlge{/tfnfO{
kj| wg{ u/L alnof]
agfpg'
$=cflys{ , ;fdflhs,
;f:+ sl[ ts, k|fljlws /
j1} flgs Ifq] df ;lj|mo
;xofu] / kf/:kl/s
;xofu] kj| wg{ ug'{
%= ljsf;zLn
bz] x¿;uF sf]
;xsfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{'

179

;g\ !(&& df sf7df8fF}df a;s] f] sfn] Daf] ofh] gfsf] k/fdz{bft[ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf
tTsfnLg /fhf jL/G] ›n] gk] fndf ePsf] w/] } hn;f| ]tsf] pkofu] ug{ Ifq] Lo ;xofu] sf
nflu k:| tfj /fvs] f lyP . oxL l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !(*) df aª\nfb]zsf /fi6«klt
lhofpn /xdfgn] ;fs{sf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/s] f lyP . log} ljrf/x¿sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ;fs{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;fs{sf] :yfkgfbl] v g} g]kfnsf] rf;f]
/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fss{ f] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*% l8;D] a/ * df ;DkGg 9fsf ;Dd]ngaf6
ePsf] xf] . o;sf] a8fkqdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 tTsfnLg /fhf :juLo{ jL/]G›n]
x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP .

Gf]kfn ;fs{sf] ;+:yfks ;b:o /fi6« xf] . o;n] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} ;fs{sf ultljlwx¿df
dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf vn] ]sf] 5 .

gk] fnn] ;fsd{ f lgjfx{ u/]sf] el" dsf lgDglnlvt 5 M

-s_ ;fs{sf] ;lrjfno sf7df8fFd} f :yfkgf ePsf]
-v_ gk] fnsf] eStk/' sf] l7dLdf Ifo/fu] sG] b|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf]
-u_ ;fs{ ;r" gfsG] ›sf] ;lrjfno klg sf7df8fd}F f /x]sf]
-3_ t/] f}F P3f/fF} / c7f/f}F ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn] g g]kfndf cfofh] gf ul/Psf]
-ª_ sl[ if, :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ lgof]hg, oftfoft, xn' fs, hnjfo' h:tf ljljw kIf df

kf/:kl/s ;xofu] a9fPsf]
-r_ ;fss{ f] kt| Ls lrxg\ -nfu] f]_ gk] fnsf z}nG] › dxh{gåf/f tof/ eO{ :jLs[t

ePsf]
-5_ ljleGg ;fs{ :t/Lo v]nsb' ;~rfng u/s] f]
-h_ ljleGg ;fy} :t/Lo lbj;sf sfo{j|md sfofG{ jogdf ;lj|motf bv] fPsf]
-em_ ;fs{sf] sn' vr{df !)=&@ kl| tzt vr{ g]kfnn] a]xf]

b{} cfPsf]

clxn];Dd !* cf6] f ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng eO;ss] f 5g\ .
!* cf}F ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng gk] fnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}dF f
@^ / @& gfe] D] a/ @)!$ -@)&! D+f;L/ !) / !!_ df
;DkGg eof] . g]kfnsf tkma{ f6 tTsfnLg kw| fgdGqL

180 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] g]t[Tj ug'{ePsf] lyof] . !* cf}F ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] Ifq] Lo
;xofu] , ul/aL lgjf/0f / ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf sfo{j|mdnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] kl| ta4tf
hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ljleGg /fi6«x¿ ldn/] ;fs{ h:tf cGt/f{li6o« / Ifq] Lo ;ª\u7g lsg :yfkgf
ug{'k/]sf] xf] < ;fyL;uF 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f;] \ .

@= ;fs{n] gk] fndf s] s:tf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 < ljleGg k':ts kqklqsf jf
OG6/g6] df vf]hL u/]/ ;"rL tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;fs{sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;fs{sf] :yfkgf lsg ul/Psf] xf] < j0f{g ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ ;fss{ f dV' o cª\ux¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-3_ ;fs{sf s'g} bO' {cf6] f sfo{If]q nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ ;fs{sf sltcf]6f lzv/ ;Dd]ng eP / ca x'gl] zv/ ;Ddn] g sxfF x'g] ofh] gf

5<
-r_ ;fs{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] gfd / /fhwfgL tflnsfdf b]vfpgx' f;] \ .
-6_ ;fs{df gk] fnn] k¥' ofPsf] ofu] bfgx¿ a'bF fdf nV] g'xf;] \ .

Kfl/of]hgf sfo{

cf7cf6] f ;fs{ /fi6«sf ¿kdf cf7 ;d"xdf ljefhg eO{ kT| os] ;dx" n] Ps Ps ;fs{
/fi6«sf af/d] f cWoog u//] kf]:6/ tof/ kf/L k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 181

kf7
# ;"rgf / k|ljlw

dfa] fOn kmfg] rnfpg, cgnfOg va/ k9g\ / cgnfOg sIffdf ;xefuL x'g
tkfO{FnfO{ ;r" gf kl| jlwsf ljleGg ;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . ;"rgf / kl| jlwn]
dflg;sf] hLjgdf dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] x'G5 . ;"rgf / kl| jlwaf6 ;+;f/sf
w/] } bz] x¿sf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k'u]sf] 5 . ;r" gf kl| jlwn] ljleGg ;j] f;l' jwf
k|bfg u/s] f] 5 . 5f]6f] ;dodf ;~rf/ ug{ ;lsg], cgnfOgaf6 ;'ljwfx¿ kf| Kt ug{
;lsg,] cfly{s sf/fj] f/ ug{ ;lsg] xG' 5 . o;n] r]tgf hufpg], ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug,{]
l;sfOsf nflu ljleGg ljifoj:t' / ;fdu|L pknAw x'g] h:tf kmfObf lbG5 .
;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwcGtut{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;"rgfx¿sf] l;h{gf ug]{,
e08f/g ug],{ kg' M kf| Kt ug{] sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg ug],{
Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f ;"rgf k7fpg] sfo{ klg ul/G5 . o:tf k|ljlwleq /l] 8of,]
6l] nlehg, lel8of,] sDKo6' /, l8lh6n Sofd]/f, df]afOn kmfg] cflb kb{5g\ . To:t}
e"pkux| k0| ffnL, Od]n, OG6/g]6, cgnfOg a}7s, er{'cn sIff cflb klg o;
k|ljlwdf k5g{ \ .
OG6/g6] ;j] fn] ;:+ ff/sf ljleGg 7fpF / JolStnfO{ hf]8\5 . o;sf] dbtn] ljZjsf]
s'g} Pp6f s'gfdf a;/] csf{] sg' fsf] xfnva/ tyf 1fgsf s/' f ;xh} xfl;n ug{
;lsG5 . cfˆgf kl| tlj|mofx¿ klg t?' Gt} kb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjsf] sg' } klg 36gf
jf ;r" gfx¿ log} ;r" gf k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 Ps} l5gdf ljZjJofkL aGg kU' 5g\ .

;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿
dlN6ldl8of

PseGbf a9L cleJolSt jf ;~rf/sf dfWod ko| f]u u//] snf, lzIffcflbsf] k|:t'lt
ug{' jf ldl8ofsf] ax¿' kx¿sf] PsLs/0f ug'{ dlN6ldl8of xf] . dlN6ldl8ofcGtu{t
lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿ k5g{ \ M

182 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

-s_ cgnfOg ;j] f

cgnfOg ;]jfdf OG6/g]6, /]l8of,] 6]lnlehg h:tf l;w} k;| f/0f xg' ] dfWox¿
k5g{ \ . o;af6 va/ ;r" gf, hfgsf/L dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . /l] 8of] tyf
6l] nlehg sfo{jm| dx¿ hxfF;'sa} f6 ;G' g / xg] { ;lsG5 . OG6/g6] af6 k|fKt xg' ]
;fdu|LnfO{ rfxs] f] an] f x]g,{ ;G' g / pkofu] ug{ klg ;lsG5 . /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgsf
sfo{j|mdx¿ klg cgnfOgdf pknAw xg' yfnk] l5 eg] hxfF;'s}, hlxn];s' } / h'g;s' }
:yfgsf] ;f| t] df klg JolStsf] kxr'F k'Ug yfn]sf] 5 .

-v_ ;fdflhs ;~hfn

;fdflhs ;~hfn OG6/g6] df cfwfl/t PlKns;] g x'g\ . km];a's, Dof;G] h/, 6\lj6/,
o'6o\ 'a, OG:6fuf| d, efOa/, Odf], :sfOk, x\jf6\; ck, l6s6s o:tf PlKns];g x'g\ .
sDKo'6/, :df6k{ mfg] , cfOkmfg] , 6o\ fa cflbaf6 o;sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6
;r" gf cfbfg kb| fg ug{, lel8of] sn, cl8of] sn ug{ / cfˆgf egfO /fVg ;lsG5 .

-u_ ;"rgf kl| jlwaf6 x'g] kmfObf

lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{n] z}lIfs cfjZostfsf nflu 5flkPsf k':tsx¿df dfq e/
kg{'kg{] cj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] cfjZostfsf] kl" t{sf nflu
OG6/g6] tyf j]a;fO6x¿sf] pkofu] ug;{ S5g\ . o;af6 ;ofF} JolStx¿n] Ps} k6s
sg' } klg ;do, s'g} klg 7fpaF f6 sg' } klg ;fduL| x¿ kf| Kt ug{ ;xh ePsf] 5 .

;r" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cgnfOg l;sfOn] ljBfyL{x¿ Ps} 7fpFdf en] f
geP klg l;Sg ;lsg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu /]l8of], 6l] nlehg,
erc{' n sIff cflbsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

;r" gf k|ljlwsf kmfObf
-s_ 1fg a9fpF5 .
-v_ gofF gofF ljifoj:tx' ¿sf] vfh] L ug{ dbt u5{ .
-u_ ljleGg ;]jf ;l' jwf kfpg dbt u5{ .
-3_ ljZjnfO{ glhs agfpF5 .
-ª_ ;:tf,] l56f], sz' n tl/sfn] ;"rgf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .
-r_ tTsfn cfjfh, ;'Gg lel8of] sn ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 183

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{Fn] sg' } ;fdflhs ;~hfn ko| fu] ug{' ePsf] 5 < 5 eg] sg' / s]
ko| fh] gsf nflu ko| f]u ug'{ePsf] 5, nV] gx' f;] \ .

@= tkfO{sF f] 3/df ;r" gfsf s] s] ;fwgx¿ 5g\ < tkfO{FnfO{ dg kg]{ ;"rgfsf]
;fwg s] xf] < Tof] dg kgs{' f] sf/0f klg pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;"rgf kl| jlw egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ;"rgfsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
-u_ dlN6ldl8ofsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ gk] fndf ;ae} Gbf a9L kr| lnt ;fdflhs ;~hfn sg' xf] < vfh] L u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ ;r" gf kl| jlwaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ nV] g'xf];\ .

184 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
$ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] plrt k|of]u

;r" gf k|ljlw, dlN6ldl8ofsf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn ePkl5 RfGb|, ;l/:df, /fd:jfy{
/ kD] aflar vfhf vfg] ;dodf ePsf] 5nkmn o;k|sf/ 5M

rGb| M cfh d}n] pRr kb:y JolStnfO{ km];as' af6 ufnL u/]sf] lgx'Fdf Ps
hgf dflg;nfO{ ;fOa/ ck/fw u/s] f] egL kjm| fp ul/Psf] ;dfrf/
;g' s] f] lyPF . ;fOa/ ck/fw eg]sf] s] xf] < yfxf 5 ;fyLx¿ <

;l/:df M ;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿ jf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ko| fu] u//] g/fdf|
ultljlwx¿ ug{] sfon{ fO{ ;fOa/ ck/fw elgG5 . c¿nfO{ ufnL unf}h
ug{,] ckdfg ug],{ cZnLn ;fdu|Lx¿ k7fpg], wDsL lbg,] dflg;sf]
tl:a/ hgfj/sf] tl:a/;uF hf]8/] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf ;fj{hlgs ug]{
cflb sfd ;fOa/ ck/fwsf pbfx/0f xg' \ .

k]Daf M ;l/:dfsf] s/' f lrQ ae' m\of] . d klg sx] L eG5' x} t . ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] cg'lrt ko| fu] u/L u}/sfg'gL sfd ug{' klg ;fOa/ ck/fw
xf] . c¿sf] gfddf vftf vf]n/] bM' v lbg,' c¿sf uf]Ko ;"rgf rf]/L ug,'{
OG6/g]6dfkmt{ 7uL ug',{ xo\ flsª ug{', sDKo6' / efO/;dfkm{t ;"rgf
kl| jlwdf cfj|md0f ug'{ klg ;fOa/ ck/fw g} x'g\ .

rGb| M o:tf ultljlw ug{n] fO{ sf/jfxL rflxF x'Fb}g / <

/fd:jfy{M xG' 5 lg, lsg gx'g' . g/fd|f ultljlwsf] s;/' x]//] hl/jfgf jf h]n jf
bj' } ;hfo x'g;S5 .

rGb| M o:tf ultljlwaf6 hfl] ug lgs} ;hu kf] xg' k' g]{ /x]5, xf]Og t <

/fd:jfy{ M xf] t, cl:t Pp6f glrgs] f] dfG5]af6 km| G] 8 l/Sj:] 6 cfPsf] lyof] dn} ] t
:jLsf/ ul/gF . o;af6 hf]lug cfˆgf] kf;j8{ uf]Ko /fVg'k5{ . c¿n]
;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg] kf;j8{ h:t} cfˆgf] gfd, ;x/, hGdldlt cflb
/fVgx' 'Fbg} . sfd ;lsPkl5 sDKo6' / jf OG6/g]6 nu cfp6 ug{'k5{ .
;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfˆgf uf]Ko ljj/0fx¿ /fVg] sfd ug{' xb'F }g .
km];as' , Odn] slxNo} klg nuOg u//] 5f8] g\ ' xF'bg} .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 185

rGb| M d}n] ;dfrf/df k9]sf] nlntk'/df Ps hgf o'jtLn] 3/df PSn} /x]sf]
cj:yf egL km;] as' df :6f6; kf:] 6 ul/g\ . Ps} l5gdf s]xL v/fa
s]6fx¿ cfP / pgnfO{ lh:sfP/ b'Joj{ xf/ u/] . To;}n] s'g} O:6f6;
kf]:6 ug{' klxn] o;n] kfg{] c;/ ;DaGwdf /fd/| L ;f]rljrf/ ug{k' 5{ .
of] 7fpFdf 3'Db5} ', otf hfbF }5' h:tf hfgsf/Lx¿ Kff]:6 ug'x{ 'bF }g . s;n} ]
g/fd|f] Jojxf/ u/]df tTsfn cfˆgf cleefjs, lzIfs jf k|x/Lsf]
;xofu] lngk' b{5 .

;l/:df M ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] b'?kofu] ubf{ JolSt / ;dfh b'j}nfO{ c;/ kg{]
/x]5, xf]Og <

/fd:jfy{ M xf] lg, ;fdflhs ;Ghfnsf] b?' kof]un] d/] f] dfdfsf] 5f/] f] 6fn] fO/xg,]
;a;} Fu l/;fpg,] xfdL;uF klg gaf]Ng] ePsf] lyof] . ;r" gf kl| jlwsf
;fwg w/] } rnfpbF f JolSt Psf]xf]/f] x'g], kl/jf/af6 6fl9g,] nt nfUg]
xG' 5 . To:t} cfvF f sdhf/] xg' ,] JolSt tgfjdf k/L l8k;|] gdf hfg ;Sg,]
dfgl;s ;d:of bl] vg], cfTdxTofsf 36gfx¿ Af9g\ ] ;Defjgf xG' 5 .

rGb| M cfx] f] Û ;"rgf kl| jlwnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s] kmfObf / b'?kofu] ubf{
g/fdf| ] c;/ kf] kg{] /x5] . o;sf] k|of]udf xfdL ;wF} ;r]t /xgk' g{] /x5]
x} ;fyLx¿ .

rGbs| f] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfpFb} ;a} hgf sIfflt/ nfu] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;fyLx¿lar tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg x'gx' f;] \ . Ps ;dx" n] ;fOa/ ck/fwdf s]
s] k5g{ \ < bf;] |f] ;dx" n] ;fdflhs ;~hfn b?' kofu] sf c;/x¿/ csf{] ;d"xn]
;fOa/ ck/fwaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ nv] L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\ .

@= tflnsfdf cfwfl/t eO{ cfˆgf] d"Nofª\sg ug{x' f;] \ M

s=;= Jojxf/ Uf5'{ Uflbg{ F

!= ;fdflhs ;~hfndf Wf/] } ;do latfpg]

@= Gflrgs] f] JolStsf] k|mG] 8 l/Sj:] 6 :jLsf/

ug{]

186 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

#= JolStut ;r" gf ;fdflhs ;~hfndf
kf]:6 ug{]

$= c¿sf ufK] o ;"rgf rf]/L ug{]
%= c¿nfO{ ufnLunf}h ug{]
^= Dffa] fOn jf sKo'6/df w/] } ;do u]d v]Nf/]

latfpg]
&= cZnLn ;fduL| x]g]{ jf k7fpg]

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;fOa/ ck/fw egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fOa/ ck/fwleq s] s] s'/f k5g{ \ <
-u_ ;fOa/ ck/fwaf6 aRg tkfOF{ s] s] s/' fdf ;r]t x'g'x'G5 <
-3_ ;wF} ;fdflhs ;~hfndf Jo:t /xg] / ;fgf] s'/f klg kf]:6 ug{] ;fyLnfO{ tkfOF{

s] eg]/ ;Demfpgx' 'G5 <
-ª_ ;r" gf k|ljlwsf] b'?kofu] sf c;/x¿ nV] g'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 187

kf7
% ljZjsf ;d;fdlos 36gf

;d'bfo tyf bz] ljb]zdf Jft{dfg ;dodf 36s] f dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf jf ultljlw
;d;fdlos 36gfx¿ xg' \ . o:tf 36gfx¿ km/s km/s k|sl[ tsf x'G5g\ . o:tf
36gfx¿n] ;dfh, b]z / ljZjdf ljleGg vfnsf k|efjx¿;d]t kfb{5g\ .

-s_ sf]le8 !(

;g\ @)!( l8;D] a/df rLgsf] ax' fg
;x/df Pp6f lgdf]lgof h:tf] nIf0f
ePsf] /f]u b]vf k¥of] . o;nfO{
WHO n] sf]le8 !( -gf]a]n sf]/fg] f
efO/;_ eg]/ gfd lbof] . rLgsf]
Tof] ;x/ g} ns8fpg ul/of] .
ToxfsF f dflg;x¿ sxLF ghfg] / Tof]
;x/df cGo 7fpsF f dflg;x¿ hfg
gkfpg] eof] . ;a} Jofkf/, Joj;fo aGb eP . la:tf/} Tof] /f]u ;;+ f/sf cGo b]zdf
kml} nof] . g]kfnnufot ljZjsf clwsfz+ b]zx¿ o;af6 ke| fljt eP . ;+;f/e/df
w/] } dflg;x¿sf] dT[ o' eof] . o; /f]unfO{ km}lng glbg ;fdflhs b'/L sfod
ugk'{ g{] ePsfn] g]kfndf klg ns8fpg ul/of] / snsf/vfgf, ljBfno, sfof{no
aGb eP . w]/} dflg;sf] /f]huf/L u'Dof] . w]/} dflg;nfO{ b}lgs hLjg lhpg klg
uf/f] eof] . b]zsf] cfDbfgL 36o\ f] . b]znfO{ 3f6f k¥of] . JolStsf] cfDbfgL gePkl5
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ aGb eP . j1} flgsx¿n] sf/] fg] f lj?4sf] vf]k kQf nufP
/ vf]k nufpg ;'? ul/of] .

-v_ cdl] /sfdf /fi6«klt lgjfr{ g

;g\ @)@) df ePsf] ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt r'gfj %( cf}F /fi6«klt r'gfj
lyof] . h'g # gf]eD] a/, @)@) df eof] . 8d] f]j|ml6s kf6L{sf hf] la8g] l/klAnsg
kf6Ls{ f /fi6k« lt 8f]gfN8 6D« knfO{ r'gfjdf x/fP/ @) hgj/L @)@! df ;o+ S' t /fHo
cd]l/sfsf] $^ cfF} /fi6«klt / sdnf Xofl/; pk/fi6«klt ag] .

188 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

-u_ Gff]an] zflGt k'/:sf/ @)@)

;g\ @)@) sf] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf]
;:+ yf j8{ km'8 k|fu] f| d -WORLD FOOD PROGRAM) Nf]
k|fKt u¥of] . k|efljt If]qdf efs] d/L x6fpg / zflGt
sfod u/s] f sf/0f ;Ddflgt ePsf] lyof] .

-3_ lkmkmf dlxnf ljZj sk @)!(

@)!( lkmkmf dlxnf ljZjsk lkmkmf dlxnf ljZj sksf] cf7f}F
;+:s/0f lyof] . rf}wf}F cGt/fl{ i6«o km'6an RoflDkogl;k @$
dlxnf /fli6«o l6dn] lkmkmfsf ;b:o ;ª3\ x¿sf] kl| tlglwTj
ug{] k|lt:kwf{ u/] . of] & hg' bl] v & h'nfO{ @)!( df
k|mfG;df ;DkGg eof] . RoflDkoG; ;+oS' t /fHo cd]l/sf
-rf}yf] zLifs{ _, pkljht] f g]b/NofG8\;, t;] |f] :yfg l:j8]gn]
kf| Kt u¥of] .

-ª_ dª\un ux| af6 kmf6] f k7fpg rLg ;kmn

rLgn] k7fPsf] emf?] ª /f]e/ (Zhurong rover) n] dª\un u|xdf cfˆgf] klxnf]
tl:a/ lvr]/ !% d] @)@! Dff lkmtf{ k7fPsf] lyof] . of] dªu\ n u|xsf nflu klxnf]
:jtGq cg;' Gwfg xf] . rLg g];gn :k]; P8ldlg:6];« g -l;PgP;P_ n] dªu\ n
u|xdf lnOPsf tl:a/x¿ hf/L u¥of] .

emf]?ª /f]e/n] k7fPsf s]xL tl:a/x¿ 189
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= xfn ljZjdf s] s] 36gfx¿ 36]sf 5g\ < vfh] L u/L nV] g'xf];\ .
@= ;d;fdlos 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt an' l] 6g af]8{ lgdf0{ f jf xflh/L hjfkm

kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng ug{x' f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ sf/] f]gf efO/; sxfaF f6 ;?' eof] <
-v_ sfl] e8 !( dxfdf/Ln] g]kfnnfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf¥of] <
-u_ sf]/f]gf efO/;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-3_ cdl] /sfsf] jt{dfg /fi6«kltsf] gfd s] xf] <
-ª_ lkmkmf dlxnf ljZjsk @)!( sxfF ;DkGg eof] <

190 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &