सामाजिक अध्ययन तथा मानव मुल्य शिक्षा कक्षा ४

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$ /fli6o« lje"lt M uft} d a4'

g]kfnsf] Oltxf; w/] } jL/jL/fªg\ fx¿ / dxfg\ JolStx¿sf
ufyfn] el/Psf] 5 . oL JolStx¿n] ljutdf lx8F ]sf] af6fn]
jt{dfgdf xfdLnfO{ dfub{ z{g u/]sf 5g\ . oL JolStx¿ ljZj
/ ;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;db' fosf cd"No lglwsf ¿kdf kl| tli7t
ePsf 5g\ . To:tf JolStTjnfO{ /fi6n« ] ljel" tsf ¿kdf
klxrfg lbPsf] 5 .

;ld{nf /;fOnL zf/bf cfwf/et" ljBfno rp/hxf/Lsf]
;ft sIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{ x'gx' 'G5 . pxfnF ] ljleGg
k':ts tyf OG6/g6] af6 vf]hL ubf{ /fli6o« ljel" t uf}td
a'4sf] ;DaGwdf o:tf] hfgsf/L kfpge' of] M

uf}td a4' sf] hGd O;fk"j{ %^#, jz} fv kl" 0f{dfsf] lbg nl' DagLdf ePsf] xf] . n'lDagL
clxn]sf] ¿kGb]xL lhNnfdf k5{ . uft} d a'4sf afa'sf] gfd z4' f]bg / cfdfsf] gfd
dfofb]jL xf] .

uf}td a4' /fhfsf 5f/] f lyP, pgnfO{ gk'u sx] L lyPg . pgL Ps lbg b/jf/af6
aflx/ lg:ss] f] a]nf j4[ j[4f bv] ] . la/fdL dflg; bv] ] . d/s] f] nf; bv] ] . oL 36gfx¿n]
pgnfO{ b'MvL agfof] . o:tf bM' v lg/fw] sf pkfox¿ vfH] g pgL b/jf/af6 lg:s] . w]/}
7fpF 3'Dbf 3D' b} pgL ef/tsf] uof k'u] . ToxfF 7n' f] b'Mv ;x]/ s7f]/ tk:of ubf{ klg
pgn] 1fg kf| Kt ug{ ;sg] g\ . pgL emg\ emg\ sdhf]/ eP . uofsf jgdf cjl:yt
Pp6f lkknsf] ?vdl' g a;/] Wofg ul//x]sf] ;dodf pgn] 1fg kfP .

a'4n] rf/ cfo{;Tosf af/]df :ki6 kf/s] f 5g\ . ;:+ ff/df bM'v 5 . bv' sf] sf/0f 5 .
b'vsf] lg/fw] ug{ ;lsG5 .bM' v lg/fw] sf pkfox¿ 5g\ . jz} fv k"l0fd{ fsf lbg pgn]
1fg kfPsf lyP . 1fg kfPkl5 pgnfO{ a'4 eGg yflnof] .

a'4sf] cy{ a'emg\ ' jf hfu[t xg' ' xf] . uofdf a4' n] 1fg kfPsfn] cfh To; 7fpFnfO{
afw] uof elgG5 . ?vd'lg 1fg kfPsfn] Tof] ?vnfO{ af]wL j[If elgG5 . a4' n] cfˆgf

94 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

;fyLx¿nfO{ 1fgsf] klxnf] pkbz] lbP . j4' sf pkb]z

pgn] lbPsf] klxnf] pkb]znfO{ wdr{ j|m != ;wF} ;To afN] g', em6' f] slxNo} gafN] g'
kj| {tg elgG5 . a4' sf pkb]zx¿n] @= nf]e gug'{
k|efljt dflg;x¿n] tL pkb]zx¿nfO{ #= c¿sf] j:t' jf ;DklQ grf]g{'
cfˆgf] hLjgdf ptfg]{ ko| f; ug{ yfn] . $= ;a} kf| 0fLnfO{ bof ug{'
o;n] ubf{ ;;+ f/df Pp6f gofF wds{ f] %= z'4 cfr/0f /fVg'
;?' cft eof] . a4' n] kmn} fPsf] wd{nfO{ … ^= ;fgf] eg]/ s;}nfO{ x]nf gug'{
af}4 wd{Ú /o; wd{ dfGgn] fO{ af}4dfuL{ &= 7n' fsf] cf1fkfng ug{'
elgG5 . a'4sf pkbz] , cfrf/, ljrf/n]

dflg;x¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ yfNof] . af4} wds{ f] dn" cfbz{ clx;+ f tyf

df/sf6 / emu8f gug'{ xf] . a4' sf pkbz] x¿nfO{ ;‘ ld{nfn] k9\b} u/s] f] k':tsdf

o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] M

a'4 *) jif{sf] pd]/df j}zfv kl" 0f{dfsf] lbg s;' Lgu/ -ef/t_ df k/nf]s eP .
o;nfO{ dxfkl/lgjf{0f elgG5 . a4' sf pkbz] x¿ ;;+ f/sf ;ah} ;f] bz] df km}lnPsf
5g\ . xfdf| ] bz] df a4' wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ 5g\ . lxGbw' d{n] a4' nfO{ lji0f'sf
cjtf/sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . To;}n] lxGb' / af}4wd{ dfGgx] ¿df d]nldnfk 5 .
af4} dfuL{ lxGbx' ¿sf dlGb/df hfG5g\ . lxGb'x¿ af4} u'Daf / ljxf/df hfG5g\ .

uf}td a4' hlGdPsf] :yfg nl' DagL ljZje/sf af4} dfuL{x¿sf] kljq tLy:{ yn xf] .
;a} g]kfnLx¿n] o;nfO{ zflGt, ;be\ fj / cf:yfsf] sG] b| dfG5g\ . oxfF dfofbj] Lsf]
dlGb/ 5 . oxfF a4' sf] kfOnf ePsf] lznfnfO{ ;+/If0f u/L /flvPsf] 5 . dfofbj] L
dlGb/ glhs} ;d|f6\ czf]sn] lgdf{0f u/s] f] czfs] :tDe 5 . To;df uft} d a4' oxL
:yfgdf hGds] f xg' \ egL nl] vPsf] 5 . nl' DagLdf ljZj a4' ;Dd]ng x'g] u/s] f] 5 .
nl' DagLnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;r" Lst[ ul/Psf] 5 .

cWoogkl5 ;ld{nfn] o:tf] lgisif{ lgsflng\ M

uf}td a'4sf pkb]zx¿ dflg;sf] lglDt ;wF} pkof]uL 5g\ . c;n+ Ug cfGbf]ng
/ ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª\3 b'jn} ] k~rzLnsf] d"n ddn{ fO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf 5g\ . ;o+ 'St
/fi6;ª3\ n];d]t a4' sf] ofu] bfg / klxrfgnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . j}zfv k"l0fd{ fsf]
lbgnfO{ ;o+ 'St /fi6;ª3\ n] cGt/f{li6o« zflGt lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o u/s] f]
5 . uf}td a'4nfO{ Pl;ofsf tf/f (The Light of Asia) klg elgG5 . dfgj dfqsf]

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 95

cd"No lglw uf}td a'4sf] g]kfndf hGd ePsf] tYo xfdf| nflu 7n' f] uf/} j xf] . o;
Pl] txfl;s tYon] gk] fnnfO{ ljZj ;d'bfodf a4' sf] b]z / zflGt If]qsf ¿kdf;d]t
kl/lrt / k|ltli7t tN' ofPsf] 5 . a'4sf] hGd:yn ePsfn] g]kfnsf] gfd ljZje/
kml} nPsf] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{ ljZje/ kl/lrt u/fpg] Ps ljel" tsf] hLjgL / ofu] bfg
vfh] L u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

@= uft} d a'4sf pkb]zsf] ;fGbles{ tfsf ljifodf Ps jSt[tfsf] gd'gf tof/
kfg{'xf;] \ .

#= gk] fnsf /fli6«o ljel" tx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kf/L sIffsf7] fdf jf ;"rgf kf6Ldf
6fF:g'xf];\ .

$= …clx;+ f / zflGtM af4} wds{ f] dn" cfbzÚ{ zLifs{ df ;dx" ut 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;
tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ /fli6«o ljel" t s:fnfO{ elgG5 <
-v_ xfdLn] /fli6o« ljel" tx¿nfO{ lsg ;Ddfg ugk{' 5{ < pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \ .
-u_ uf}td a4' sf pkbz] x¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-3_ uf}td a4' sf pkb]zx¿n] tkfO{s+ f] hLjgdf kf/s] f] ;sf/fTds k|efjx¿ pNn]v

ugx'{ f];\ .
-ª_ uf}td a4' nfO{ Pl;ofsf] tf/f lsg elgG5 < cfˆgf ljrf/ nV] gx' f;] \ .

96 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

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% /fli6«o ljel" t M c/lgsf]

eujtL cfwf/et" ljBfnosf ;ft sIffsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ …snfsf/ c/lgsfs] f b'ne{
d"ltÚ{ k|bzg{ L x]g{ uPsf lyP . pSt cj;/df ;f] kb| zg{ Lsf ;+ofh] sn] pxfFsf] hLjgL
/ ofu] bfg ;DaGwdf k|:6 kfge'{ Psf] lyof] M

c/lgsf]sf] hGd lj= ;=+ !#)) -O{=;=+ !@$$_ df gk] fndf ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf]
jf:tljs gfd anafx' lyof] . pgL a'l4dfg / ldlxgt] L lyP . c/lgsf] ;fyLsf]
dbtn] snfsf/ eP . pgsf Ps ;fyL d"lt{ agfpFy] . ;fyLn] agfPsf] dl" t{ pgL
Wofg lbP/ xy] {] / ghfgs] f] ;f]Wy] . o;/L la:tf/} c/lgsfn] ] /fd|f /fdf| d"lt{ agfpg
l;s] . pgL d"lt{sf/ eP . pgn] agfPsf d"lts{ f] ;an} ] tfl/km ug{ yfn] . d"lts{ f/
c/lgsfs] f] d"lt{snfsf] l;k;Fu tTsfnLg g]kfnsf /fhf klg kl/lrt lyP .

k|bz{gLsf ;o+ fh] s eGgx' G' 5 M c/lgsf]n] rLgdf;d]t gk] fnL snfsf] k|rf/ u/]sf
lyP . To; ;dodf rLgsf /fhfn] Pp6f dlGb/ agfpg rfx]sf lyP . rLgdf /fdf|
/fd|f dl" t{ agfpg ;Sg] dl" t{sf/sf] vfh] L x'gyfNof] . pgn] gk] fnsf /fhf ceo
dNnnfO{;d]t /fd|f dl" ts{ f/x¿ k7fOlbg cg/' f]w u/] . rLg ;/sf/sf] cg/' f]wdf
c/lgsf]sf] g]t[Tjdf *) hgf snfsf/x¿ lrg uP . ToxfF c/lgsf] / pgsf
;fyLx¿n] Ps af}4 rT} o klg agfP . Tof] af4} rT} o w]/} /fd|f] eof] . r}Tosf] k|lti7f
eof] . k|lti7fdf b]z ljbz] sf dflg;x¿ cfPsf lyP . gk] fnL snfsf/x¿n] agfPsf]
r}Tosf] ;an} ] 7n' f] kz| ;+ f u/] . rLgdf To;nfO{ Miyaoying Temple elgG5 .

c/lgsf]sf] snfsfl/tfnfO{ cGo pbfx/0faf6 klg :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . rLgsf
/fhfl;t Pp6f km'6]sf] 9nf]6sf] dl" t{ lyof] . /fhfn] Tof] dl" t{ hf]8\g c/lgsf]nfO{ lbP .
pgn] Tof] dl" t{ ;lhn} hf]l8lbP .

lrgsf /fhfn] Pp6f lrqsnf k|ltofl] utf u/fP . c/lgsfn] ] pSt kl| tofl] utfdf
gf}cf6] f xfQLsf] lrq agfPsf lyP . pSt lrqsnf kl| tofl] utfdf c/lgsf] k|yd eP .

Ps lbgsf] 36gf xf] . /fhfn] c/lgsfn] fO{ glhs /fv]/ s'/f ubf{ c/lgsfn] ] ws
gdfgL hjfkm lbP . Tof] b]v]/ /fhfn] eg] ltdL snfsf/ eP klg d rLgsf] afbzfx

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 97

x'F . ltdL d;uF slQklg gx8a\ 8fpgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] < c/lgsf]n] hjfkm lbP,æxfd|f]
b]zdf /fhfl;t kh| f 8/fpg] afgL 5g} , xfdL /fhfnfO{ lktf;/x dfG5f}F .Æ pgsf] of]
:jefjn] pgsf] lg8/tf / ;/ntfnfO{ b;fp{ F5 .
kb| zg{ L ;o+ f]hs eGg'xG' 5 M lrlgofF /fhfn] c/lgsfn] fO{ rLgsf d"lts{ f/x¿sf] gfOs]
agfP/ /fvs] f lyP . c/lgsfs] f] snfsf] rLgdf 7'nf] k|efj k/]sf] bl] vG5 .
c/lgsf]n] rLgdf gk] fnL snfsf] k|rf/ tyf ljsf; u/s] fn] lrlgofF snf / g]kfnL
snfsf w/] } s/' f ldN5g\ .
lrgdf c/lgsf]sf] kl| ;l4 j9b\ } uPkl5 /fhfn] pgnfO{ 7n' f] bhf{ / OHht lbP . o;n]
ubf{ gk] fnsf];d]t OHht a9\of] . pgn] rLg / g]kfnsf] ;DaGw /fd|f] agfpg dbt
u/] . pgsf] sf/0fn] gk] fnL snf ljb]zdf k|rf/ k;| f/ eof] . c/lgsf]sf] clåtLo
l;ksf] sf/0f lrlgofxF ¿ gk] fnnfO{ dl" t{snfsf] bz] eG5g\ . g]kfnL snfnfO{ ljZj
;db' fodf kl/lrt u/fPsf xg' fn] c/lgsf]nfO{ /fli6«o ljel" tsf] ;Ddfg lbOPsf] xf] .

lj|mofsnfk

!= c/lgsf]sf] of]ubfg ;DaGWfdf ljleGg ;f| ]t ;fdu|L, lzIfs jf kfl/jfl/s
;b:oaf6 hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

@= gk] fn / rLg ;DaGw ljsf;df c/lgsf]sf] snfsfl/tfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ 5
eGg] zLifs{ df jStT[ jsnf kl| tofl] utf cfof]hgf ug{x' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ c/lgsfn] ] d"lt{snfsf] l;k s;/L l;s] <
-v_ c/lgsfa] f6 lrgLofF afbzfx ke| fljt xg' fsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ c/lgsfn] ] g]kfnnfO{ s;/L lrgfP <
-3_ c/lgsf]nfO{ lsg /fli6o« lje"lt elgPsf] xf] <

98 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
^ /fli6o« lje"lt M k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx

…/fli6o« Pstf lbj;Ú sf] cj;/df si[ 0ff>d dfWolds ljBfno sGofdn] k|jrg
sfo{j|md cfofh] gf u/s] f] lyof] . o;sf] ljifo …gk] fn PsLs/0f / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
of]ubfgÚ lyof] . pSt kj| rg sfo{j|mddf kd| 'v cltly dfgl;+x nfKrfn] cfˆgf
ljrf/x¿ ljBfyL;{ dIf o;/L JoSt ug'{eof] M

gd:sf/, cfb/0fLo ;efWoIfHo", kw| fgfWofksHo", u'?ju{ / ljBfyLx{ ¿

cfh k'; @& ut,] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGdhoGtL xf] . o; cj;/df d kY[ jLgf/fo0f
zfx / gk] fn PsLs/0fdf pgsf] of]ubfg ;DaGwdf sx] L s/' fx¿ /fVb} 5' .

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd lj=;=+ !&&( ;fn k'; @& ut] uf]/vfdf ePsf] lyof] .
pgsf afa' g/ek" fn zfx / cfdf sfz} NofjtL xg' \ . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx @) jifs{ f]
pd]/df /fhf ePsf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx /fhf ePsf] ;dodf gk] fn cfhsf]
h:tf] PsLs[t / ljzfn lyPg . To;an] f g]kfn ;;fgf /fHodf aflF 8Psf] lyof] . tL
;;fgf /fHox¿sf] cfk;df dn] ldnfk lyPg .

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ;;fgf /fHo lht/] Pp6} agfpg] OR5f eof] . pgsf] dV' o p2]Zo
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ljho k|fKt u/L g]kfn PsLs/0f ug{'lyof] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn]
lj=;+= !*@^ df pkTosf / jl/kl/sf ;a} /fHo lht]/ g]kfnnfO{ Ps zlStzfnL
/fHodf kl/0ft u/] . To;}n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ gofF gk] fn /fHo v8f ug{] /fhf
elgG5 . pgn] gofF g]kfn gagfPsf] eP gk] fndf ljbz] Lx¿ k:g ;Sby] . sf7df8f}F
snfsf}zn / Jofkf/sf] s]Gb| ePsfn] ljbz] Lx¿af6 cfj|md0fsf] 8/ eO/xGYof] . xfdf|
snfsf}zn;d]t gi6 xg' ;Sg] lyP . xfdf| ] ;+:sl[ t ;ª\s6df kg]{ lyof] .

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx pbf/ efjsf dfG5] lyP . …d]/f] /fHo rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] ;femf
kmn" af/L xfÚ] eGg] logsf] dfGotf lyof] . pgnfO{ cfˆgf] b]zsf] Jofkf/ a9fpg] OR5f
lyof] . gk] fnsf] Jofkf/ g]kfns} xftdf x'gk' 5{ eGg] logsf] gLlt lyof] . ljb]zdf
;fdfg k7fP/ ToxfaF f6 gub lvr/] Nofpgk' 5{ eGg] dfGotf lyof] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx
k|hfsf] enfO ugn{' fO{ cfˆgf] d'Vo stJ{ o ;DemGy] .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 99

d k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJo pkb]zsf ;DaGwdf s]xL atfpF5' . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
cfˆgf] hLjgsf] clGtd ;dodf cfˆgf efOef/bf/nfO{ pkbz] lbPsf lyP . tL
pkb]znfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0fsf lbJo pkb]z elgG5 . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn bO' {
9'ªu\ fsf] lardf /xs] f] t?n h:tf] 5 eg]sf lyP . gk] fnn] cfˆg} :jtGq gLlt
ckgfpg ;sg] eg] o;sf] :jtGq cl:tTj x/fp5F eGg] pgsf] ;f]r lyof] .

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLnfO{ dfgs] f lyP . pgL kw| fgdGqLsf] lgo'lSt
ubf{ k|hf;Fu ;Nnfx lnGy] . hgtfn] rfxs] f] dflg;nfO{ g} k|wfgdGqL agfpFy] . o;/L
bz] sf] zf;gdf sg' } g sg' } ¿kdf k|hfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpgk' 5{ eGg] kh| ftflGqs
zf;g k|0ffnLsf] dfGotfnfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] Jojxf/df ptf/]sf lyP . pgn]
3;' lng] / lbg] bj' }nfO{ zq' dfg]sf lyP . pgn] dgf/] ~hg ubf{ :jb]zL gfr xg] {
/ uLt ;G' g;d]t ;e' mfj lbPsf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0fn] cfheGbf w/] } cufl8 lbPsf
oL pkb]zx¿ cfhsf] ;dodf klg dxŒjk"0f{ / pkofu] L bl] vG5g\ . oL pkbz] sf]
kfngf ug{ ;sd] f b]zsf] pGglt x'g] b]lvG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f
u/s] f x'gfn] xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ gk] fnLsf ¿kdf ljZj;fd' lrgfpg ;kmn ePsf 5fF} .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx gk] fn / gk] fnLsf] cl:tŒj /xbF f;Dd cd/ /xg]5g\, wGojfb

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf s]xL lbJo pkb]zsf ;f/

-c_ b]zsf hgtfx¿ :jfjnDaL xg' k' 5{ .
-cf_ gk] fn bO' { 9'ª\ufsf] lardf /xs] f] t?n xf].
-O_ 3'; lng] / lbg] bj' } /fi6«sf zq' x'g\ .
-O{_ hgtf hf;] uF /fhL /xG5g\, p;}nfO{ sfhL lbg" .
-p_ vfgL ePsf] 7fpdF f ufpF eP ufpFnfO{ c¿ hUufdf ;f/L vfgL rnfpg" .
-pm_ sk8f aG' g hfGg]nfO{ gdg' f agfO{ bv] fOlbg" .
-C_ k|hf df]6f eP b/af/ alnof] /xG5 . /fhfsf e08f/ eg]sf /t} fgx¿ x'g\ .
-P_ hfO{ s6s gug"{ lemsL s6s ug{" .
-P]_ /futfgdf a8f] 7'nf] dfx] x'G5 . wgbf}nt klg logn] n}hfG5g\ . b]zsf] e]b;d]

t vfN] 5g\ .

100 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJo pkbz] ;DjGwdf e"ldsf clego k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \ .
@= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / j}bl] zs ;DaGwsf ljifodf lbJofk] bz] df

pNn]v u/s] f ljrf/x¿ ;fw] vf]h u/L Ps n]v tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ lsg /fli6«o ljel" t elgPsf] xf], k|:6 kfgx'{ f;] \ .
-v_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx k|hftflGqs zf;g k0| ffnLdf ljZjf; uy{] . o; egfOnfO{

k'li6 ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ bz] cflys{ cj:yf alnof] agfpg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kb]zdf pNnv]

ePsf dxŒjk"0f{ s/' fx¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-3_ tkfO+n{ fO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kb]zsf s'g sg' pkb]z cfh klg ;fGbles{

nfU5g\ < sf/0f;lxt ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 101

kf7
& xfd|f] l;hF f M xfdf| ] ;Eotf

hgljsf; cfwf/et" ljBfno, rGbggfydf cWoog/t ;ft sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{
…xfdf| ] l;hF f M xfd|f] ;EotfÚ ljifos jQ[ lrq (Documentry) b]vfOPsf] lyof] . pSt
j[Qlrq x]/]kl5 / cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cWoog u/k] l5 ljBfyL{x¿n] tof/ kf/]sf]
k|ltjb] g cWoog u/f}F M

-s_ zLifs{ Mxfdf| ] l;Fhf M xfdf| ] ;Eotf

-v_ p2Z] o

-c_ l;Fhf pkTosfsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt hfgsf/L lng]
-cf_ l;hF f pkTosfsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s cj:yf cjut ug]{
-O_ l;Fhf ;Eotfn] hghLjgdf k/]sf] k|efj kQf nufpg]

-u_ cWoog ljlw

-c_ jQ[ lrq cjnfs] g
-cf_ ;Gbe{ ;fduL| cWoog
-O_ lzIfs;uF 5nkmn

-3_ kQf nufOPsf s'/f

l;Fhf hD' nf /fHosf] /fhwfgL
lyof] . of] v; /fHo tyf l;hF f
/fHo eg]/;dt] lrlgG5 .
l;hF f /fHo lj=;+= !!%) lt/
v; /fhf gfu/fhn] :yfkgf
u/s] f xg' \ . pgL ltAatsf]
uu' a] f6 cfPsf xg' \ . l;Fhf
/fHosf] l;dfgf :ki6
5}g . tyflk k"j{df lqz"nL,

102 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

klZrddf n2fv, pQ/df ltAatsf] u'u] gbL / blIf0fdf efuL/yL gbL;Dd kml} nPsf]
cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 .

l;Fhf /fHodf Gffu/fh, j|mfrNn cZff]srNn, lhtf/L dNn, l/k' dNNfnufotsf v;
/fHffx¿n] /fHo u/]sf lyP . /fhf czf]s rNnsf] kfnfdf lj=;=+ !#@% df ;'v]{tdf
sfFjm| ljxf/ ags] f] lyof] . lj=;+ !*() sf] e'OrF fnfn] ubf{ of] ;Dkbf elTsg uPsf]
lyof] . clxn] o;nfO{ hL0ff4{] f/ ul/Psf] 5 . cf7fF} /fhf k[YjL dNnsf] zf;gsfnkl5
ef/bf/x¿df zlSt ;ª3\ if{ ;?' eof] . clGtd v; /fhf ceo dNnn] lgoGq0f ug{
;sg] g\ . lj= ;=+ !$%) df of] ljzfn ;fdf| Ho ljleGg /fHox¿df 6'lj|mg kU' of] .
o;af6 afO:fL rf}la;L /fHo :yfkgf eP .

cfhsf] g]kfnL ;Eotfdf l;Fhf ;Eotfsf] ulx/f] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . l;hF f pkTosfsf
/fhfx¿n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cEof; u/]sf lyP . s0ffn{ L kb| z] eGbf cGoqsf Ifq] x¿df
:yfgLox¿sf] lhDdf nufOPsf] lyof] . /fhsfhdf ;xof]u k¥' ofpg dxfcdfTo,
cdfTo cflb lgo'St ul/Gy] . u|fd kz| f;g ;~rfng ug{ nflu kI|] fs, clwsf/L,
sfl/s -sfsL_{ , /f]sfof, dxtf/f cflb kbx¿ l;hg{ f ul/Psf lyP . xfnsf] g]kfnsf]
/fhsfhdf ;xof]u ug]{ /fhgLlts kb, k|zf;lgs kbx¿, tTsfnLg l;hF f ;Eotfaf6
;?' cft ePsf lyP . oL kbx¿ xfn gk] fnL ;dfhdf y/sf ¿kdf k|ofu] ePsf 5g\ .

l;Fhf /fHonfO{ v; /fHo klg elgGYof] . oxLaF f6 v; efiffsf] pTklQ ePsf] dflgG5 .
xfn v; efiff g]kfnL efiffsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f l;FhfnfO{ g]kfnL
efiffsf] pbu\ d :yfgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . l;Fhf ;Eotfdf lxGb' tyf af4} wd{;Fu
;DalGt wd{;:+ sf/ /Lltl/jfh k|rlnt lyP . o; ;Eotfdf ljsf; ePsf] wflds{
;lxi0ft' f cfhsf] gk] fnL ;dfhdf;dt] sfod 5 . sn' k"hf, b;},F ltxf/, a'4hoGtL,
rt} ] b;F}, gofF jif{ h:tf rf8kj{ tyf pT;jx¿ k|rlnt lyP / xfnsf] gk] fnL
;dfhdf plQs} dxŒjsf ;fy dgfOG5g\ .

l;hF f ;Eotfdf s[lif, kzk' fng, 3/]n' pBf]u tyf l5d]sL /fi6«x¿l;tsf] Jofkf/
kd| v' cflys{ lj|mofsnfkx¿ lyP . l;Fhf /fHosf bfª, ;'vt]{ , lbkfon pkTosfx¿ …

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 103

cGgsf] e08f/Ú dflgGy] . lxdfnL eu] df s[lifofU] o el" dsf] sdLn] ubf{ kzk' fng kd| 'v
Joj;fo lyof] . bw' , df;', oftfoftsf ;fwg / ef/L afS] gsf nflu nflu rfF}/L, e8] f,
afvf| , 3f]8f, vRr8 kflnGy] .
l;hF f v; /fHosf] uL| idsfnLg /fhwfgL lyof] . To:t} v; /fHosf] lxpFb] /fhwfgL
b'Nn'df lyof] . g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] lznfn]v bN' nd' f 5 . lznfn]v ePsf 7fpdF f
sLlt:{ tDex¿ klg 5g\ . sLlt:{ tDedf l;Fhf /fHosf v; /fhfx¿sf] j+zfjnL
s'lF bPsf] 5 . sLlt:{ tDe zfs] ;+jt\ !@&( df tTsfnLg v; /fhf k[YjL dNnn]
lgdf{0f u/s] f lyP . b}n]vdf /x]sf] k~rbj] n klg v; zf;gsfndf pTsi[ 6 gdg' f
xg' \ .
l;Fhf ;Eotf snfn] klg ;DkGg lyof] . oxfF /xs] f kf08a u'kmf, lj/f6\ b/af/
/ ljleGg d7 dlGb/df slF' bPsf af3, l;+xsf d"ltx{ ¿n] tTsfnLg l;Fhf ;Eotfsf]
;d[l4sf] pbfx/0f k|:tt' u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} tL 7fpxF ¿df slF' bPsf lrqsnf, ;ª\st] ,
cIf/ / cªs\ x¿ nl] vPsf lznfnv] x¿n] To; ;dosf] snfsf] phfu/ ub{5g\ .
sltko lznfnv] x¿ clxn] klg ;+/If0fsf] cefjdf /xs] f 5g\ .

-ª_ lgisif{

l;hF f /fHosf] :yfkgf afxf| }F ztfAbLdf ePsf] lyof] . l;hF f pkTofsfsf] ;Eotf
g]kfnsf] xfnsf] efiff, ;:+ s[lt, /Lltl/jfhsf] cfwf/lznf xf] . zf;g ;~rfngdf
kz| f;lgs kbx¿ l;h{gf, ltgsf] el" dsf ;DaGwdf klg o; ;Eotfaf6 ofu] bfg
ePsf] kfOG5 . oxfF k|fKt ljleGg b]jn, sLlt{:tDe / lznfn]vn] / snfn] l;hF f
;Eotf ;d4[ / ljsl;t /x]sf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFdf a:g] v; cfo{
;d'bfosf w]/} y/x¿ oxL l;hF f ;Eotfsf :yfg, kbx¿l;t hf]l8g k'U5g\ .

104 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= l;hF f ;Eotfn] ljsf; u/s] f ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts kIfx¿n] clxns] f] gk] fnL
;dfhdf kf/s] f] ;sf/fTds k|efjsf] vf]lh u/L ;d"xut ¿kdf 5nkmn
ug{'xf];\ .

@= l;hF f ;Eotfn] xfnsf] k|zf;lgs Ifq] df 7n' f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 < ;fw] vfh] u/L
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ l;Fhf /fHosf] efu} fl] ns kl/ro lbg'xf;] \ .
-v_ l;Fhf /fHo 6l' j|mg'sf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ug'x{ f];\ .
-u_ gk] fnL ;dfhsf] wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] cfwf/lznf l;hF f ;Eotf xf] . pbfx/0f;lxt

k'li6 ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ l;Fhf ;Eotfaf6 jtd{ fg ;dfhdf k/s] f] ke| fj pNnv] ugx'{ f];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 105

PsfO
5 xfd|f cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk

l;sfO pknlAw

• gk] fnsf cflys{ lj|mofsnfksf] jt{dfg cj:yf,
;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo atfpg

• sl[ if, pBfu] / Jofkf/larsf] cGt/;DaGw pNnv] ug{
• j:ts' f] u0' f:t/ klxrfgsf cfwf/ vfh] L u/L

pkefS] tfsf clwsf/kl| t ;r]t /xg
• ;/sf/L cfosf] kl/ro lbg / ;f| t] x¿ atfpg
• ;/sf/L vr{sf] kl/ro lbg / Ifq] x¿ pNn]v ug{

106 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
! cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ M s[lif / pBf]u

ljsf; k'g /fdk/' gu/kflnsf– %, kfNkf lgjf;L ls;fg xg' x' G' 5 . pxfnF ] !%
/f]kgL af/Ldf dsa} fnL nufpg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg;' f/ /fdk/' df clxn] w/] }
ls;fgx¿n] Jofj;flos ds} vt] L ;?' u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo dfx] g kFug] L eGg'xG' 5
M dn} ] a}ª\saf6 Ps nfv C0f lnP/ bz /f]kgLdf ds} vt] L u/]sf] 5' . kfNkfsf
cGo ufpFkflnsfdf;dt] ds}afnLsf] Jofj;flos vT] fL ug{] rng a9\bf] 5 . oxfF
dnvfb ;dodf gkfOg] / hªu\ nL hgfj/n] afnL gi6 ug{] ;d:of a9L 5 .
oLafx]s pGGft lapsf] cefj, ahf/ d"Nodf ljljwtf x'g' klg xfdf| k|dv' ;d:of
x'g\ .

af/f, k;fn{ ufotsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ bnxg afnL leœofpg] r6f/f] k/]sf] 5 . t/fOd{ f
klg bnxg afnLk|lt ls;fgsf] cfsif0{ f a9s] f] 5 . ls;fg k|jz] s'zjfxfsf]
ug' f;f] 5 M af/f, k;f{df bnxg afnLsf] ;Defjgf 5 . ;dodf pGgt lap
gkfOg], ljiffbL gkfOg] /f]uJoflwsf] a9\bf] k|sf]ksf sf/0f oxfF cfzftLt ¿kdf
bfnafnLsf] Jofj;foLs/0f xg' ;s]sf] 5}g . lgsf;Ldf;d]t emGem6 ax] fg] {'k/s] f]
5 . ;/sf/n] ls;fgsf ;d:of ;dod} ;dfwfg ug]{ 5 . gk] fndf pTkflbt d';'/f]
bfnsf] ef/t, aª\unfbz] df dfu a9bf] 5 . t/fO{df s[lif kj| w{gsf nflu :yfgLo
txx¿n] kf| ]T;fxg sfo{j|md klg ;~rfng ul//xs] f 5g\ .

kl5Nnf] ;dodf vt] LofU] o hldg ljleGg sf/0fn] afFemf] x'g] jm| d a9s] f] / ;/sf/
n];d]t afeF mf] hldg /fVg gkfOg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . afFemf] hldgsf] ;bk' ofu]
/ sl[ if k|jwg{ sf nflu s[lifzfvf, gjnk/' gu/kflnsfn] kf| ]T;fxg sfoj{ |md
;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . afFemf] hldgdf v]tL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] p2]Zon] of] sfoj{ m| d
NofOPsf] :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwn] atfPsf 5g\ . gu/kflnsfsf cg;' f/ sDtLdf
tLg jif;{ Dd afFemf] /xs] f] hldgdf Jofj;flos vt] L ug{ rfxg]nfO{ kf| T] ;fxg
sfoj{ m| ddfkm{t k|lt /fk] gL tLg xhf/ ?lkofF pknAw u/fOg] 5 . si[ fsn] afFemf]
hldgdf cfkm"n] rfx]sf] hg' ;s' } s[lif vt] L ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 107

gu/kflnsfn] Jofj;flos kmnkm"n vt] L kf| T] ;fxg / lap pTkfbg ;xofu]
sfoj{ m| d;d]t ;~rfng u/s] f] 5 . gu/kflnsfn] lap pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos
kg{] lap, ljiffbL, kf| ª\ufl/s dn, s[lif cfh} f/sf ;fdu|Ldf;d]t ;xof]u ug{]
sfoj{ m| d 5 . o;n] o; kf| T] ;fxg sfoj{ m| ddfkmt{ sl[ ifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, :yfgLo
txdf /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/ tyf cyfk{] fhg{ sf ultljlw ;~rfng xg' ] ckI] ff u/s] f] 5 .

ul/vfg 5s] g] ckfª\utfn]

g/g} fk'/ (, afsF ] . s63/fsf afbn lu/L ;fdfGo ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt x'g\ .
^( jifL{o lu/L @) jif{bl] v t/sf/L Joj;fodf ;ljm| o xg' \ . ;?' df pxfF ;fOsndf
t/sf/L cf];f/k;f/ uy{] . 6f]n 6fn] df 3'd/] t/sf/L a]Ry] . clxn] pgn] a}ª\saf6
s]xL /sd C0f lnP/ Pp6f t/sf/L k;n vf]ns] f 5g\ . g/g} fk/' df nfUg] ;fKtflxs
xf6df t/sf/L a]R5g\ . ahf/ gnfUg] lbgdf pxfsF L >LdtLn] k;naf6 t/sf/L
aR] 5g\ eg] lu/L afsF ]sf blIf0f k"jL{ ufpFx¿df 7n] fuf8fdf t/sf/L aR] g lx8F \5g\ .
t/sf/L Joj;foaf6 bl} gs tLg rf/ xhf/ ?lkofF cfDbfgL ug]{ lu/L w]/} h;f]
:yfgLo 6f]nl5d]sdf pTkfbg ePsf t/sf/L ;ª\sng u/L laj|mL u5g{ \ . pgL
eG5g\ M dn} ] o; Jokf/ Joj;fosf] cfDbfgLaf6 kfFr s77\ f hldg vl/b u/s] f]
5' . ca cfˆg} hldgdf Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] 5' .

vKt8df a9\b} ko{6s

;'b/" klZrdsf] ko6{ sLo
If]q vKt8df ko{6ssf]
rxnkxn a9\g yfns] f]
5 . vKt8 Ifq] sf] kf| sl[ ts
dgf]/d bZ[ o cjnf]sg ug{
ko{6s cfpF5g\ . cfhsn
vKt8 If]q / vKt8
afafsf] s6' L] bz{gsf nflu ko6{ ssf] ;ª\Vof x\jfQ} a9]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s Pjd\
afxo\ ko6{ ssf] ;ªV\ of a9\g yfnk] l5 xf]d:6s] f] ;ªV\ of a9fOPsf] s/' f vKt8
ko6{ g Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;+ofh] s eLd]Zj/ P/] n] atfpg'eof] . pxfsF f cg;' f/
oxfF sl/a %) cf6] f xf6] n tyf bh{gf}F xfd] :6]x¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . ko6{ sn]

108 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

vKt8sf] dgf]/d bZ[ ofjnfs] g dfq} xfO] g :yfgLo dfl} ns kl/sf/sf] :jfb lng]
5g\ . ko{6ssf] a;fO cjlw a9fpg, gofF ko6{ g uGtJo klxrfg ug{ :yfgLo
o'jfnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ l;hg{ f x'g] 5 . :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] kr| f/ k;| f/ xg' ] 5 . oxfF lgoldt
¿kdf oftfot ;~rfng x'g g;Sbf :YffgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f xg' ;ss] f]
5g} . afxo\ tyf cfGtl/s ko6{ s ;fr] ]cg;' f/ leœofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . o:tf
;d:ofsf] lbuf] ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;s] :yfgLo cfuGts' nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf
k'¥ofpg ;lsg] 5 . oxfsF f :yfgLo pWff]ux¿sf] kj| wg{ xg' ] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOs{F f] 6f]n, l5ds] jf ;d'bfodf ljleGg s[lif Joj;fodf ;+nUg JolStx¿sf]
cge' j tyf ;kmntf vfh] L ug{'xf];\ / sIffsf] an' l] 6g af]8d{ f 6f:F gx' f];\ .

@= tkfOF{sf] ufpF jf gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt ;fgf tyf 3/n] ' pBfu] cjnf]sg
ug{x' f];\ / ltgsf] pTkfbg ultljlw, ;j] f ;l' jwf, /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf ;ªs\ ng
ug{'xf;] \ / ;d"xut ¿kdf sIffdf 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

#= tkfOsF{ f] ;db' fodf Jofkf/, Joj;fo jf ;]jfdn" s sfo{df ;+nUg JolSt x'g'k5{ .
pxfFsf] cge' j, ;kmntf / ;d:of ;ª\sng u/L Ps ;dfrf/sf] gd'gf tof/
kfgx{' f;] \ .

$= tnsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

l8l8;L (DDC) sf] wn' f] bw' ahf/df

sf7df8fF,} rq} !$, @)&& . ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu nlIft ub}{ b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg
(DDC) n] pTkfbg u/]sf] 8]/L x\jfO6g/ -wn' f] bw' _ ahf/df k7fPsf] 5 . o;cl3
pTkflbt ;a} wn' f] b'w (SMP) 8/] L pBfu] , ld7fO k;n, rsn]6 / la:s6'
sf/vfgfdf vkt xg' ] u/s] f] lyof] . DDC n] klxnf] k6s ;j;{ fwf/0fsf nflu
;fgf] Kofs]6df ahf/df k7fPsf] xf] . DDC n] *)) / $)) uf| dsf] Kofs
ahf/df k7fPsf] 5 . xfn DDC n] cfˆgf lajm| L sIfaf6 8]/L xj\ fO6g/ lajm| L
;'? u/]sf] 5 . gofF jif;{ uF } bz] e/sf ;a} l8kf6{d]G6 :6f/] b]lv cGo ;fgf ls/fgf
tyf vfBfGg k;ndf k7fpg] tof/L eO/x]sf] DDC n] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 109

k|Zgx¿
-s_ of] ;dfrf/n] s'g s'g cfly{s lj|mofsnfknfO{ ;d6] s] f] 5 <
-v_ b'Uw pBf]uaf6 s] s] kmfObf xG' 5g\ <
-u_ kzk' fng / pBf]ularsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ tkfOsF{ f] If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] bw' sf] pkofu] s;/L ug{] ul/Psf] 5 <

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ cfly{s ultljlwx¿sf] pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ sl[ ifsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] pkfox¿ pNnv] ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf ;d:of pNnv] ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ tkfOF{ a;]sf 7fpdF f pBf]usf] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ugx{' f];\ .
-ª_ g]kfndf ;]jf / pBfu] sf] jt{dfg cj:yf pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .
-r_ g]kfndf kxf8L / lxdfnL kb| z] sf sl[ ifsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ .
-5_ t/fO{ If]qdf s[lifsf If]qdf cfpg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNnv] ugx{' f];\ .

110 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
@ xfd|f] hn ;Dkbf

hn;|f]t kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] / ;fwgdWo] Ps ;|f]t xf] . ljleGg gbL, tfn, s'08, lxdgbL,
kf]v/L cflb hn ;Dkbfsf ;|ft] x¿ x'g\ . gk] fn hn ;Dkbfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d4[ dn' 's
dflgG5 . gk] fndf sl/a ^ xhf/eGbf a9L gbLgfnfx¿ 5g\ . hn;f| t] axc' foflds,
axp' kof]uL kf| s[lts ;f| t] xf] . bz] sf] ljsf; / ;dl[ 4sf nflu hn;f| ]t axp' kof]uL
x'G5 . hn ;Dkbfsf] ;dl' rt Joj:yfkg / ljsf;dfkm{t g} hnljB't,\ l;rF fO,
vfgk] fgL, hn oftfoft h:tf kj" fw{ f/sf] ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 .

hnljB't\ cflys{ j[l4 / cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] dxŒjk0" f{ ;fwg xf] . g]kfnsf] ljB't\
ljsf;sf] ofqf lj=;=+ !(^* bl] v ;?' ePsf] xf] . cf=j=@)&%| ÷&^ ;Dd s'n !,!@*=&!
d]ufjf6 hnljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf ku' ]sf] 5 . sl/a &*Ü hg;ª\Vofdf ljB't\sf]
kxrF' ku' ]sf] 5 .

-;|f]t cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f @)&^÷&&_

hnljBt' \sf] ljsf;df :jbz] L tyf ljb]zL nufgLsf] cfsif{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n]
hnljB't\sf] ;Defjgf a9g\ uO{ yk cfofh] gf lgdf{0fdf ;xofu] k'Ug] b]lvPsf] 5 .
gk] fndf hnljBt' \sf] kr| /' ;Defjgf eP tfklg cfof]hgf lgwf{l/t ;do / nfutdf
;DkGg xg' g;Sg', ;/fs] f/jfnf lgsfolar ;dGjosf] cefj /xg' h:tf r'gf}tL
/xs] f 5g\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 111

hn;f| ]tsf] s[lif Ifq] df;d]t pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f tyf
ljljwLs/0fdf l;rF fOsf] 7'nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . ;Lldt v]tLof]Uo hldg / a9b\ f]
hg;ªV\ ofsf sf/0f sl[ if pTkfbsŒj a9fpg l;rF fOsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf xg' 'kb5{ .
;/sf/n] l;FrfOsf nflu sn' f,] gx/, l8k af]l/ª, kfv] /L cflb h:tf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df
hf8] lbbF } cfPsf] 5 .
gk] fndf hn oftfoftsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . 7n' f 7'nf gbLx¿ sf];L, u08sL,
s0ff{nLdf hn oftfoftsf] ;'?cft ePsf] 5 . dflg;sf] cfjfthfjt, ko{6g /
dgf]/~hgsf nflu of] pkofu] L ePsf] 5 . jb} l] zs Jofkf/sf nflu hn oftfoft
;~rfngsf dfWodaf6 ;db' |;Dd kxFr' df ;xhtf cfpg,] gk] fnaf6 lgoft{ xg' ]
;fdfgsf] 9j' fgL cem ;'/lIft / ;xh x'g] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{sF f] :yfgLo tx / k|bz] df cjl:Yft hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf jf l;FrfO
cfof]hgfsf] ;"rL agfO{ ltgsf] Ifdtf tflnsfdf k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

@= tkfOF{sf] ;d'bfodf hn;f| ]tsf] pkofu] af6 s] s] kmfObfx¿ ePsf 5g\ <

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ g]kfndf hnljBt' \sf] ljsf;sf ;Defjgf a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .
-v_ l;FrfOaf6 sl[ ifsf] ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u k'Ub5, n]Vgx' f];\ .
-u_ gk] fndf …hn oftfoftsf] ;DefjgfÚ zLif{sdf Ps ;j+ fb tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .

112 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
# sl[ if, pBfu] / Jofkf/sf] ;DaGw

tn lbOPsf] bl} gs klqsfsf] ;DkfbsLo cWoog ugx'{ f;] \ M

kzh' Go pTkfbgdf cfTdlge/{ tf

sl[ if tyf kz'kfng Ifq] df u/s] f] nufgLsf ;v' b kl/0ffd b]lvg yfns] f 5g\ .
s[lif tyf kzk' G5L dGqfnon] g]kfn w'nf] bw' , df;,' cG8f pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/
/x]sf] 3fi] f0ff u/]sf] 5 . xl/of t/sf/L, kmnkm"n v]tL dT:okfng, sv' /' fkfng
Pjd\ kz'kfngdf oj' f hgzlStsf] cfsif0{ f a9b\ f] 5 . To:t} ;/sf/L tyf lghL
If]qn] klg o;df nufgL a9fpFb} nu]sf] 5g\ . dn' 'sdf jm| dzM sl[ ifhGo pTkfbgdf
ePsf] j[l4n] ld7fO{ Joj;fo, 8/] L, rsn]6 tyf la:s'6, as] /L pBf]ux¿sf]
;ª\Vofdf pNn]vgLo jl[ 4 ePsf] 5

gk] fnsf] ;x/L Ifq] df s'v/' f, v;L, aªu\ '/, df5f, df;s' f] ahf/ dfu a9\bf] 5 .
;x/L Ifq] sf /]:6/' G] 6, xf6] ndf df;s' f] cem a9L vkt xg' ] ePsfn] dT:okfng,
aª\u/' kfng, afvf| kfng Joj;fo km:6fPsf] 5 . …skmLÚ, …a]s/LÚ tyf bU' whGo
pTkfbgsf] vkt xg' ] Jofkf/ Joj;fon] bw' sf] Jofkf/ jl[ 4 ePsf] 5 .

/fli6«o cy{tGqsf] d'Vo cfwf/ sl[ ifnfO{ /f]huf/L, cfDbfgL tyf sn' ufx{:y
pTkfbgsf] ljz]if If]q agfpg] nIosf ;fy ljleGg gLlt sfo{jm| dd nfu' u/]sf]
5 . s[lif tyf kzk' fngdf lap, dnvfb, cfxf/, cfi} fwL ;xh pknAw xg'
g;Sg,' ljZjfl;nf] ladf nfu' gx'g', ahf/ dN" o gtf]lsg' h:tf ;d:of b]lvPsf
5g\ . efl] uPsf ;d:of / bl] vPsf ;Defjgflar pko'St /0fgLlt cjnDag u//]
s[lifhGo pBf]usf] lg/Gt/tfaf6 oL If]qnfO{ ;dl[ 4sf] cfwf/ agfpg ;lsG5 .

plNnlvt ;DkfbsLon] s[lif, pBf]u Pjd\ Jofkf/sf] cGt/ ;DaGwnfO{ k|:6 kf/s] f]
5 . s[lifhGo pTkfbg h:t} xl/of t/sf/Lsf] Jofj;flos v]tLkl| t dflg;sf] cfsif{0f
a9]sf] 5 .

sl[ if pBfu] Jofkf/

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 113

;g' ;/L, dxfQ] /L, ;nf{xL, af/f, /ft} x6 tyf gjnk/f;L pv' vt] L ul/g] 7fpF xg' \ .
ToxfF :yflkt lrgL pBf]ux¿n] ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf] pv' vl/b u5{g\ / lrgL
pTkfbg u5g{ \ .

emfkf / Onfddf w/] } lrof aufg
/xs] f 5g\ . g]kfnsf] kj" L{ If]qdf
lrof, cn}FrL h:tf guba] fnLsf]
pTkfbgdf ls;fgsf] nufgL a9\bf]
5 . :jbz] L pBfu] df ltgsf] pkof]u
Pjd\ lgoft{ sf] ;Defjgf klg plQs}
5.

g]kfnL ahf/df clxn] klg h'6sf
af]/f, emfn] f, 8f]/L h:tf ;fdu|Lsf] dfu 5 . tL j:ts' f nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy{
:jb]zdf sdL 5 . tL j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿ ?U0f cj:yfdf 5g\ . s'g} ;do
gk] fnsf] k"jL{ t/fO{df kz| :t h6' vt] L ul/GYof] . h6' vl/bsf nflu ef/t Pjd\
aª\unfb]zsf Jofkf/Lx¿ gk] fn cfpFy] . gk] fnsf] k"jL{ t/fO{ ;'g;/L df]/ª cfB} fl] us
sf]l/8/df :yflkt pBf]ux¿ Pjd\ g]kfnsf] klxnf] pBf]u /3k' lt h6' ldN;n] h6' hGo
pTkfbg ub{Yof] . xfn /3'klt h6' ldN; rfn' cj:yfdf gxbF' f h'6vt] Lsf] sdL ePsf]
5 . h'6sf af/] f, 8f/] Lsf] pTkfbgdf sdL cfPsf] 5 .

gk] fndf ux'F, hf,} ds} h:tf vfBfGg afnL tyf bnxg afnLsf] pTkfbg a9fpg
;s] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf / demfn} f pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf]
ahf/Ls/0f xg' ] 5 . g]kfndf sl[ if ladf ug{] ls;fgsf] ;ªV\ of a9b\ f] 5 . s[lifsf]
hfl] vd Go"g ug{ sl[ if ladfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ bl] vG5 . s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 ug{
:jbz] d} dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf ePdf ls;fgn] ;dodf g} dn kfpF5g\ . o;n] s[lif
pTkfbg a9fpg dbt ub5{ . s[lif, pBfu] / Jofkf/sf] cGt/;DaGw cem dhat'
kfg{, sl[ if pTkfbgsf] ljljwLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f ug'{kb5{ . To:t} pBf]u :yfkgfdf
;xhLs/0f, C0f ;xl' not Pjd\ ahf/df :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ k|>o / ahf/ kj| w{gn]
klg logLx¿larsf] cGt/;DjGw cem ku| f9 xg' ] 5 .

114 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{sF f] ;d'bfodf s[lifsf] Jofj;flos vt] L ePsf] xg' 'k5{ . pTkflbt sl[ if
pkhx¿sf] lajm| L ljt/0f sxfF sxfF xG' 5 < ;f]wvfh] ugx{' f;] \ / lgisifd{ f
sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

@= s[lif, pBfu] / Jofkf/larsf] cGt/;DaGw bv] fpg To;;DaGwL lrqx¿
;ªs\ ng u/]/ kf:] 6/ agfO{ sIffdf kb| z{g ug{x' f];\ / 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f egs] f] s] xf], nV] g'xf;] \ .
-v_ sl[ ifsf] pTkfbsŒj jl[ 4n] Jofkf/ / pBfu] df s;/L dbt kU' 5, pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ sl[ if / pBf]usf] ;DaGw k|:6 kfg{] Ps ;dfrf/sf] gdg' f tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 115

kf7
$ xfdL pkef]Stf M xfdf| ] clwsf/

ljZj pkef]Stf clwsf/ lbj; -dfr{ !%_ sf] cj;/df lgsflnPsf] k|rf/ ;fdu|L
cWoog u/f}F M
— …pkefS] tfÚ eGgfn] s;nfO{ a'emfp5F <
pkefS] tf eGgfn] pkof]Uo j:t' jf ;]jf pkofu] jf k|ofu] ug]{ ;j;{ fwf/0f JolSt,
;dx" jf ;+:yfnfO{ a'emfpF5 .
— pkofU] o j:t' eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
pkofU] o j:t' eGgfn] pkef]Stfn] pkefu] jf k|of]u ug]{ j:t' jf j:tx' ¿sf]
;lDd>0fn] ags] f] :jf:YonfO{ xflg, gf]S;fgL jf gsf/fTds k|efj gug{] j:t'nfO{
a'emfpF5 .
— pkefS] tfsf] clwsf/ egs] f] s] xf] <
pkef]Stfsf] clwsf/ egs] f] pkef]Uo j:td' f pkef]Stfsf] ;xh} kxr'F xg' ] clwsf/
xf] . pkef]StfnfO{ k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df j:t'sf] d"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jf 5gf]6
ug]{ clwsf/ xG' 5 . xfdLn] j:t'sf] d"No, kl/df0f, ;lDd>0f, z4' tf, u'0f:t/
cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpgk' 5{ . xfdLnfO{ sg' } j:t' jf ;j] fsf] ko| fu] af6 xflg
gf]S;fgL ePdf Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ xG' 5 .
— u'0f:t/Lo j:t' eg]sf] s] xf] <
xfdf| ] :jf:Yodf kl| ts"n c;/ jf xflg gf]S;fgL gk'¥ofpg] pkef]Uo j:t' g}
u0' f:t/Lo j:t' xf] . u'0f:t/Lo j:t'df j:ts' f] pTkfbg ubf{ ko| fu] ePsf] sRrf
kbfy,{ e08f/ ljlw, pTkfbg ldlt, pkofu] ug{] tl/sf pNnv] ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fYf}
j:t' pkefu] ug]{ tl/sf / To:tf] j:t'sf] pkef]u u/a] f6 xg' ;Sg] ke| fj;dt]
pNnv] ul/Psf] x'G5 . pTkfbsn] j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ u0' f:t/df sg' } lsl;dsf]
x|f; gcfpg] u/L ;/' IffTds pkfo ckgfO{ ;~ro jf e08f/0f ul/Psf] x'gk' 5{ .

116 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

— pkefS] tf clwsf/sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf ;DaGwdf s:tf] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 <

xfdL pkef]StfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tYff ;]jf k|fKt ug{] xs x'G5 . pkefS] tfsf]
clwsf/ / lxt ;+/If0fdf j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbs, ljj|mt] f, clwsf/sdL{, gful/s
;dfh, ;/sf/ tyf pkefS] tf :jod\sf] el" dsf dxŒjk0" f{ x'G5 . pgLx¿
;dGjosf/L / lhDd]jf/;dt] xg' 'k5{ . ;o+ 'St /fi6«;ª\3af6 kfl/t pkef]Stf
;/+ If0f cga' Gw !(*% tyf pkef]Stf ;+/If0f P]g, @)&% n] j:t' jf ;]jf vl/b
pkefu] ug]{ k|To]s pkefS] tfnfO{ ljleGg clwsf/ k|bfg u/s] f] 5 . gk] fnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $$ df df}lns xssf ¿kdf pkefS] tfnfO{ u0' f:t/Lo j:t' /
;j] f kfpg] xs kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 . u0' f:t/xLg j:t' jf ;j] faf6 s;n} fO{ Iflt
k'ud] f sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltkl" t{ kfpg] xssf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

pkef]Stf jud{ f cg'/f]w

-s_ sf/f]af/ :yndf ;fOgaf8] {, dN" o;r" L ePg ePsf] x/] f}F, Koflsªdf clwstd
v'b|f d"No (MRP) eP gePsf] x]/f}F .

-v_ Koflsª ;fdfgdf na] n pTkfbssf] gfd, 7]ufgf, j:t'sf] Aofr gDa/, tf}n,
pTkfbg ldlt, pkefU] o ldlt x]/]/ dfq ;fdfg vl/b u/fF} .

-u_ pTkfbg ldlt, pkef]Uo ldlt gePsf] jf s/] d]6 u/s] f] jf kg' M n]jlnª
u/s] f j:t' vl/b gu/fF} .

-3_ j:ts' f] pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] sRrf kbfy,{ e08f/ ljlw, pkof]u ug]{
tl/sf 5 5g} x]/f}F .

-ª_ ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf Kofg jf Eof6 lan lng] u/fF} .
-r_ sd;n pkef]Uo j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ko| f]uaf6 xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf ;DalGwt

lgsfodf ph/' L u/fF} .
-5_ pkefU] o Dofb ;dfKt ePsf / u'0f:t/xLg j:t'sf] lajm| L ljt/0f gu/f}F,

Dofb gf3s] f j:tx' ¿ cnUu} /fvf},F Dofb ;lsPsf ;fduL| x¿ pTkfbsn]
lkmtf{ lng] Joj:yf u/fF} .
-h_ u0' f:t/Lo j:t' jf ;j] f pTkfbg, lajm| L ljt/0f u/fF} .
-em_ dfgj :jf:Yodf xflg k¥' ofpg] vfnsf kbfy{sf] n]jndf rt] gfdn" s ;Gb]z,
lrq jf lrx\gsf] ko| f]u u/f}F .
-`_ pkef]Stf :jod\ ;rt] xfF} . Joj;foL Odfgbf/ agfF} .

;|ft] M :jR5 ahf/, jf=cf=p=;+ ljefu

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 117

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOsF{ f] sIffdf ;fyLx¿ ;d"xut ¿kdf ljefhg xg' 'xf;] \ . cfcfˆgf] kl/jf/,
;db' fo, 5/l5d]s gful/sx¿df pkef]Stf clwsf/ ;DaGwdf s] s] hfgsf/L
/x]5 < vf]hL u/L ;d"xut ¿kdf sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

@= tnsf] cj:yf cWoog u/]/ lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pt/ lbgx' f];\ M
Kfl| dnf abj{] f ljBfnoaf6 kmsk]{ l5 vfhf vfgsf nflu k;ndf kfp/f6] L lsGg hfge' of] .
k;nn] ] Kffp/f6] L lbO;sk] l5 pxfnF ] kfp/f6] L cfN] 6fOkN6fO{ u//] xg] { YffNge' of] . pxfsF f]
of] pT;s' tfn] k;nn] ] lh1f;f /fVge' of] M gfg' lsg olt w/] } cfN] 6fOkN6fO{ uge{' of] <
kl| dnfsf] eGgE' fof,] sfsf xfdLn] sg' } klg ;fdfg jf vfBfGg lsGbf j:t' slxn]
ags] f] < slxn;] Dd pkofu] ul/;Sgk' g{] xf] < oL j:t' agfpg s] s] ld>0f ePsf] 5
cflb ljifodf k:| 6 xg' k' 5{ lg < of] t xfdf| ] pkefS] tf clwsf/ xf] lg Û

kl| dnfn] k;n]nfO{ eGg'eof], sfsf, xh/' n] klg Dofb ;lsPsf, :jf:Yodf
gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ vfnsf j:t' gaR] g'xfn] f x} Û

k|ldnfsf] s/' f ;g' ]/ k;n] 5Ss kg{e' of] . v;' L klg xg' 'eof] / eGg'eof] M xf] gfg,'
xfdL ;a} hgf ;rt] eP pkefS] tfsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ ;r]t pkefS] tf eg]sf] s] xf] <
v_ ;rt] pkef]Stfn] s] ug{'kb5{ <
v_ kl| dnfsf] s'g sg' afgL tkfOFn{ fO{ /fdf| ] nfUof] <

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ pkef]Stf clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf], k:| 6 kfg{x' f;] \ .
-v_ pkefS] tf clwsf/leq s] s] kb{5g,\ nv] gx' f];\ .
-u_ tkfOsF{ f] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] s;/L cfˆgf] clwsf/ pkofu] uge{' Psf] 5, pNn]v

ug'x{ f];\ .
-3_ pkefS] tfsf] clwsf/nfO{ lsg df}lns xssf ¿kdf /flvPsf] xfn] f <
-ª_ pkefS] tf clwsf/;DaGwL Ps ;r]tgfdn" s ;Gb]z jf gf/f tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

118 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
% ;/sf/L cfo tyf Joo

-s_ ;/sf/L cfo

;/sf/n] /fHo ;~rfngsf jm| ddf ;8s, hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf, vfgk] fgLnufotsf
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfox{ ¿ ub{5 . b]zdf zflGt ;/' Iff sfod ug'{kb5{ . b}lgs
k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug'{k5{ . gful/sx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ;/' Iff h:tf sfo{ ug{k' 5{ . /fi6«
;j] ssf nflu tna eQf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf hgtfsf nflu ;]jf
;l' jwf, ;fdflhs ;j] fsf sfo{x¿, ;~rfngsf u5{ . oL ;a} sfo{df vr{ ug{sf nflu
;/sf/n] gful/saf6 ljleGGf s/, ZfN' s cflbsf dfWodaf6 /sd ;ª\sng u5{ .
;/sf/n] sfgg' sf] pnª3\ g ug]{ JolStnfO{ b08, hl/jfgf ug]{ u5{ . o;/L b08,
hl/jfgfafkt kf| Kt /sd klg ;/sf/L cfocGtu{ t kb5{ . o;/L ;/sf/n] cfDbfgL
ug{] cfonfO{ ;/sf/L cfo elgG5 . ;/sf/L cfonfO{ /fh:j jf ;/sf/L ljQ klg
elgG5 .

;/sf/nfO{ ljleGGf /fi6,« ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 /sd, cg'bfg jf kf| ljlws ;xofu] kf| Kt
x'G5 . To:tf ;xofu] , cg'bfgnfO{ klg ;/sf/L cfo dflgG5 . ;/sf/n] cfˆg}
b]zleqaf6 / ljleGg bz] / ;ª3\ ;:+ yfaf6 cfGtl/s tyf afxo\ C0f lng] ub{5 .
o:tf C0f klg ;/sf/L cfosf lx:;f xg' \ . plNnlvt ;/sf/L cfosf ljleGg
;|f]tdWo] s/ g} ;/sf/L cfosf] kd| 'v ;f| t] xf] . s/ eg]sf] gful/sn] ;/sf/nfO{
clgjfo{ ¿kdf ae' mfpgk' g]{ /sd xf] . xfdLn] ljleGg ;fdfgx¿ lsGbf /fHonfO{
s/ ltl//x]sf x'G5f}F . 3/df k|ofu] ul/g] 6]lnlehg / dfa] fOn lsGbf /fHonfO{ s/
ltg'{kb5{ . s/ ltg'{kg]{ xfdL ;a} gful/ssf] bfloTj xf] .

-v_ ;/sf/L vr{

;/sf/n] cfkmgf] cfDbfgL zflGt, ;'/Iff, kz| f;lgs sfo,{ ljsf; cflbdf vr{ ug'k{ g{]
x'G5 . ;/sf/n] ljBt' \, ;~rf/, ;8s, ljBfno, c:ktfn cflbdf ug]{ vr{nfO{
;/sf/L vr{ elgG5 . ;/sf/L cfosf] k|of]u jf afF8kmf8F / vr{sf zLifs{ x¿ g}
;/sf/L Joo jf vr{ xf] .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 119

;/sf/L vrs{ f] kd| 'v p2]Zo dfgj ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs If]qdf ;j] f lj:tf/
ug{' xf] . ;/sf/L cfosf] ke| fjsf/L af8F kmf8F ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;j] fdf gful/s kxFr'
a9\5 . kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]t / ;fwgsf] ;dl' rt ljsf; ugk{' g]{ ;/sf/L Joosf] p2]Zo
/xs] f] xG' 5 .
;/sf/L vrs{ f Ifq] x¿ M ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] cfonfO{ ljleGg Ifq] df vr{ ub{5 . o:tf
dV' o If]qx¿ tn k:| t't ul/Psf 5g\ M

zflGt;/' Iff gk] fnL ;g] f, gk] fn kx| /L / ;z:q kx| /L cflb
ljsf; lgdf0{ f ;8s, kn' ,l;FrfO, :jf:Yo rf}sL, ljBfno ejg, ljB't\ ux[

cflb
;fdflhs ;/' Iff j[4 eQf, lbjf vfhf, 5fqjl[ t, ckfªu\ eQf cflb
kz| f;lgs sfo sd{rf/L, lzIfs, kf| Wofks cflbsf] tna / jl[ Qljsf; / gful/s

;j] f, b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf l5ds] Ll;t pxfxF ¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ sg' sg' s/
ltg'{xG' 5, ;fw] ]/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

@= ;/sf/Ln] tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf sg' s'g ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;j] f ;l' jwfdf vr{
u/s] f] 5 < ;db' fosf] hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ ;fw] L vrs{ f If]qx¿ vfh] L ug{x' f];\
/ kf| Kt hfgsf/L sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;/sf/L cfosf ;|ft] x¿ pNnv] ug{x' f;] \ .
-v_ ;/sf/L vrs{ f] p2Z] o k|:6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .
-u_ s/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ s/ ltg'{ xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf]. o; zLif{sdf Ps ;+jfb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

120 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

PsfO xfd|f] kY[ jL
;ft

l;sfO pknlAw

• kY[ jLsf bl} gs / jflifs{ ultsf] kl/ro lbg / dxŒj
atfpg

• w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbO{ o;df kl/jtg{
Nofpg] tŒjx¿ atfpg

• g]kfnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, cfly{s ultljlw
/ ;fdflhs /xg;xglarsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug{

• gk] fnsf ;ft k|b]zx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
• hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf sf/0fx¿

pNnv] ug{ / o;n] hghLjgdf kfg{] c;/ klxrfg
ug{
• gk] fndf 36g\ ] ljleGg ljkts\ f] kl/ro lbO{ ljkt\
Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg pkfox¿ vfh] L ug{
• gk] fnsf] gS;f sf]g{ / ef}ufl] ns tYo eg{

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 121

kf7
! k[YjLsf] bl} gs ult / jflifs{ ult

xfdL b}lgs ¿kdf lbg / /ftsf] cge' j ul//x]sf x'G5fF} . /ft ;lsPkl5 lbg clg
lbg ;lsPkl5 /ft cfpF5 . lsg o:tf] ePsf] xfn] f <

-s_ lbg / /ft

xfdL a;s] f] k[YjL ;fo} { kl/jf/sf] Pp6f ux| xf] . o;n] ;o" {af6 tfk / ks| fz k|fKt
u5{ . kY[ jL ;fdfGotof ufn] fsf/ ePsfn] ;"o{af6 cfPsf] k|sfz kY[ jLsf] ;a} efudf
Ps} k6s kb{}g . Ps k6sdf ;o" t{ km{ kmlsP{ sf] cfwf efudf dfq k|sfz k5{ . ks| fz
k/s] f] efudf lbg x'G5 . ks| fz gk/s] f] afFsL cfwf efudf /ft x'G5 .

k[YjL kªv\ f jf lkmlkm/{ ] 3'dh] :t} Ps} 7fpFdf cl8P/ kmgkmgL 3'ld/xs] f] x'G5 . o;nfO{
k[YjLsf] b}lgs ult elgG5 . o;/L kY[ jL 3l' d/xg] ePsfn] kY[ jLsf] ;a} 7fpdF f
kfn}kfnf] pHofnf] kb}{ hfG5 / lbg x'Fb} hfG5 . lbg ePsf 7fpdF f /ft xF'b} hfG5 .
k[YjLnfO{ Ps kmGsf] 3'Dg @$ 306f ;do nfU5 . xfdL sl/a !@ 3G6fsf] lbg / !@
3G6fsf] /ft ePsf] cg'ej u5f{F} . k[YjLn] Ps kmGsf] 3'Dbf Ps lbg / Ps /ftsf]
;do xG' 5 .

xfdLn] ;o" { lbglbg} kj" {af6 pbfP/ klZrddf c:tfPsf] bV] 5fF} . em66\ xb] f{ cfsfzdf
/xs] f ;o" {, rGb|df / tf/fx¿n] kj" a{ f6 klZrdtkm{ hfbF } kY[ jLnfO{ 3'ds] f] h:tf]
b]lvG5 t/ To:tf] xf]Og . k[YjL cfkm}F 3D' bf ltgLx¿n] 3'd]sf] h:tf] bl] vPsf] xf] .
k[YjL klZrdaf6 kj" {tkm{ 3D' g] xg' fn] kj" a{ f6 ;o" { pbfPsf] b]lvPsf] xf] . rGbd| f /
tf/fx¿ klg k"j{df pbfP/ klZrddf g} c:tfPsf] b]lvG5 . uf8L ul' 8/xbF f lsgf/fsf
?v tyf vDafx¿ k5fl8lt/ uP;/x kY[ jL 3'ld/xbF f ;"o,{ tf/f / rGbd| fn] 3'ds] f]
h:tf] b]lvPsf] xf] .

k[YjL w/] } 7'nf] ePsf] xg' fn] k[YjL] 3d' ]sf] xfdLnfO{ ofb xF'bg} . kY[ jL 3'ld/xFbf xfdL
hxfsF f] ToxLF x'G5fF} . k[YjL 3'ld/x]sf] xG' 5 t/ xfdLn] eg] k[YjL 3'd]sf] cg'ej ug{
;Sb}gf}F .

122 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

k[YjLn] b}lgs Ps kmGsf] 3D' g] cfwf/nfO{ cIf elgG5 . k[YjL cIfdf cl8P/ 3D' g]
sfdnfO{ kl/e|d0f jf k[YjLsf] b}lgs ult elgG5 . kY[ jLsf] oxL b}lgs ultsf sf/0fn]
kj" t{ km{ klxn] laxfg xG' 5 eg] klZrdtkm{ sx] L ;dokl5 dfq laxfg x'G5 . gk] fnsf]
kj" d{ f /x]sf] d]rLdf laxfg 3fd e'mlNsFbf klZrddf /xs] f] dxfsfnLdf em'Ns]sf]
xFb' g} . ToxfF sx] L ;dokl5 dfq 3fd eml' NsG5 . k"jd{ f l56f] laxfg x'G5 / klZrddf
l9nf] laxfg x'G5 . To;n} ] kj" s{ f] ;do rf8F f] x'G5 / klZrdsf] ;do l9nf] xG' 5 .
k[YjLsf] b}lgs ultn] ubf{ ;dosf] lx;fa ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

s'g} dlxgfdf hf8f] x'G5, sg' } dlxgfdf udL{ x'G5 . o:tf] lsg ePsf] xfn] f <

-v_ Ct' kl/jt{g

;"on{ fO{ kl/jm| df ug{] ux| / tf/fx¿sf] ;d"x ;fo} d{ 08n xf] . k[YjL klg ;f}o{d08nsf]
;b:o xf] . k[YjLn] ;o" {nfO{ jl/kl/af6 kl/jm| df u5{ . o;/L k[YjLn] ;o" {nfO{ kl/jm| df
ubf{ hyfefjL glx8F /] Pp6} af6fdf dfq lx8F \5 . ;"o{nfO{ kl/jm| df ug{] o:tf] af6fnfO{
kY[ jLsf] sIf elgG5 . k[YjLn] cfˆgf] sIfdf lxF8b\ } ;"o{nfO{ Ps kmGsf] nufpg #^%lbg
/ ^ 3G6f ;do nfU5 . o;/L kY[ jLn] ;o" n{ fO{ Ps jif{sf] ;do nufP/ kl/jm| df
ub{5 . kY[ jLn] ;o" {nfO{ jl/kl/af6 kl/jm| df ug]{ o; sfo{nfO{ kl/jm| d0f jf k[YjLsf]
jflifs{ ult elgG5 . kY[ jLsf] oxL ultsf sf/0fn] jif{sf] u0fgf ug{ ;lsPsf] xf] .
Ps jifn{ fO{ !@ dlxgfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . Ps dlxgfdf sl/a #) lbg xG' 5 .
kY[ jLsf] bl} gs ultn] ubf{ jif,{ dlxgf, lbgsf] lx;fa ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

k[YjLsf] jflif{s ultaf6 b]vfkg]{ csf]{ k|efj Ct' kl/jtg{ xf] . Ct' kl/jtg{ egs] f]
Ps jif{el/ xfjfkfgLn] cfˆgf] df;} dL :j¿kdf bv] fpg] kl/jt{g xf] . slxn] udL{,
slxn] jiff{, slxn] ;'Svf / slxn] hf8f] xg' ' Ct' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] xf] . g]kfndf
c;f/, ;fpg / ebf} dlxgfdf jiff{ x'G5 . cluNnf] jif{ h:t} x/]s jif{ pxL dlxgfdf
jiff{sf] df;} d bv] f k5{ . gk] fndf Ps jifs{ f] cjlwleq 5 k|sf/sf CTf' dfGg] ul/G5
t/ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf eg] lxpbF , j;Gt / uL| id / z/b\ u/L rf/ Ct' dfGg] ul/G5 .

g]kfndf dflgg] Ctx' ¿

dlxgf Ct' ljzi] ftfx¿

j;Gt r}q, j}zfv ktem/ jg:kltdf kfnj' f cfpg,]

hf8f] udL{ a/fa/ x'g]

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 123

uL| id h]7, c;f/ udL{ x'g]
jiff{ ;fpg, ebf} w/] } jiff{ xg' ]

udL{ xg' ]
z/b\ c;f]h, sflQs kmn" km"Ng]

hf8f] udL{ a/fa/ xg' ]
xd] Gt dªl\ ;/, k'; ktem/ jg;:kltsf kft emg]{, hf8f] xg' ]

lzlz/ df3, kmfu'g lgs} sd jiff{ x'g]
w]/} hf8f] xg' ]

Aff6'nf] cfsf/sf] kY[ jL hlxn] klg cfˆgf] cIfb]lv @#=% l8u|L 9lNsPsf] xG' 5 . ;fy}
;"on{ fO{ kl/j|mdf ubf{ Ps} lbzftkm{ 9lNsP/ cl3 a95\ . To;}n] ;"os{ f] ls/0f slxn]
pQ/L ufn] fw{df l;wf k5{ t slxn] blIf0fL ufn] fw{df l;wf k5{ . pQ/L uf]nfw{df
;"os{ f] ls/0f l;wf k/]sf] an] fdf ToxfF uL| id Ct' xG' 5 . To;} ;dodf blIf0fL
ufn] fwd{ f lxpFb Ct' x'G5 . To;sf] 5 dlxgfkl5 ;o" {sf] ls/0f blIf0fL uf]nfw{df l;wf
k5{ . o;an] f blIf0fL uf]nfwd{ f uL| idCt' x'G5 eg] pQ/L ufn] fw{df lxpbF Ct' x'G5 .

-u_ kY[ jLdf Ct' kl/jt{gsf dV' o lbg

hg' @! Dff ;o" { pQ/L ufn] fws{ f] ss6{ /]vfdfly l;wf k5{ . o;an] f pQ/L uf]nfw{sf]
clwsf+z efu ;o" s{ f] ;fdG' g] kg]{ x'gfn] oxfF lbg nfdf] / /ft 5f]6f] x'G5 . of] an] f
pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f xfjfkfgL Gofgf] xG' 5 . o; lbgb]lv ;"o{sf] ls/0f ed" Wo]/v] ftkm{
l;wf kb{} hfg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ss6{ jm| flGt jf pQ/fo0f klg elgG5 . o; lbg pQ/L
uf]nfw{df ;a}eGbf nfdf] lbg x'G5 . o; lbgbl] v pQ/L ufn] fwd{ f lbg j|mdzM 5f]6f]
xg' yfN5 .
;K] 6D] a/ @# sf] lbgDff ;"o{ e"dWo/]vfdfly l;wf /xG5 . o;n] ubf{ bj' } ufn] fwd{ f
;"os{ f] k|sfzsf] ljt/0f ;dfg xG' 5 . To;n} ] o; lbgdf lbg / /ftsf] nDafO a/fa/
x'G5 . xfdL a;s] f] 7fpFdf w/] } udL{ jf w/] } hf8f] gx'g] l7Sssf] xfjfkgL kfOG5 . o;
;dodf pQ/L uf]nfwd{ f z/b\ Ct' x'G5 eg] blIf0fL uf]nfwd{ f j;Gt Ct' x'G5 .

124 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

l8;]Da/ @@ df ;o" { blIf0fL ufn] fws{ f] ds/ /v] fdfly l;wf kg{ k/s] f] a]nf ;"o{
blIf0f uf]nfw{sf] clwsfz+ efu ;o" {tkm{ k5{ . To;n} ] oxfF lbg nfdf] / /ft 5f]6f]
xG' 5 . of] an] f blIf0fL uf]nfw{s]f xfjfkfgL Gofgf] xG' 5 . pQ/L uf]nfwd{ f ;o" {sf] ls/0f
58\s] k5{ . o; lbgnfO{ ds/jm| flGt jf blIf0ffo0f klg elgG5 . o; lbgaf6 pQ/L
uf]nfw{df lbg 5f6] ]f / blIf0fL uf]nfw{df lbg nfdf] xg' yfN5 .

dfr{ @! df ;"o{ e"dWo/]vfdfly l;wf cfOkU' 5 . o; ;dodf b'j} ufn] fwd{ f ;o" s{ f]
ks| fzsf] ljt/0f ;dfg x'G5 . To;n} ] lbg / /ftsf] nDafO a/fa/ x'G5 . xfdL a;]sf]
7fpFdf w/] } udL{ jf w/] } hf8f] gx'g] xfjfkgL kfOG5 . o; ;dodf kY[ jLsf] pQ/L
uf]nfwd{ f j;Gt Ct' xG' 5 eg] blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f z/b\ Ct' xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;fo} d{ 08nsf] lrq sfg] 'x{ f];\ / ;fyLx¿sf] lrq;Fu t'ngf ug'x{ f];\ .

@= lzIfssf] ;xofu] df ko| f]u ug'x{ f;] \ M

-s_ 6]andf Unfa] /fVg'xf;] \ . sf]7fsf emo\ fn 9fs] f aGb u//] cFWof/f] kfg'{xf];\ .
clns k/ d}gaQL jf 6r{nfO6 afn/] Unf]atkm{ bv] fpg'xf;] \ . k|sfz
k/]sf] efudf lbg / gk/]sf] efudf /ft xG' 5 . Unfa] sf] sg' } 7fpFdf
dfs{/n] lrgf] nufpgx' f];\ . Unf]asf] :6o\ fG8nfO{ l:y/ /fv]/ la:tf/}
Unf]a 3'dfpgx' f];\ . lrgf] nufPsf] 7fpdF f la:tf/} pHofnf] k/s] f,] 3D' b}
hfbF f pHofnfsf] cufl8 k/s] f] / cFWof/ftkm{ uPsf] x]/L k[YjLdf ;dosf]
kl/jtg{ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

-v_ sf]7fsf em\ofn 9f]sf aGb u/]/ cWF of/f] kfg{x' f];\ . 6]ansf] lardf dg} aQL
afn]/ /fVg'xf;] \ . To;sf] clns k/ Unf]a /fv]/ dg} aQLsf] jl/kl/ la:tf/}
lxF8fpg'xf];\ . Unfa] lxF8fpFbf Unfa] sf] 9NsfO Ps} lbzftkm{ kg]{ u/L
lx8F fpg'k5{ . Ps k6s Unf]asf] pQ/L ufn] fw{df, To;kl5 ed" Wo/]vfdf
clg blIf0fL ufn] fwd{ f / kml] / e"dWo/]vfsf] l;wf d}gaQLsf] pHofnf] k/]sf]
b]Vgx' g' ] 5 . k[YjLdf Ct' kl/jtg{ s;/L x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
ugx'{ f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 125

#= Ct' kl/jt{gn] xfd|f] vfgkfg / kf;] fsdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 < sIffdf
5nkmn u/L a'bF f l6kf6] ugx{' f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ kl/e|d0f / kl/j|md0fsf] egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ k[YjLdf lbg / /ft s;/L xG' 5 <
-u_ k[YjL uf]nfsf/ geP/ kmNofs h:tf] rK] 6f] ePsf] eP s] x'GYof] xf]nf <
-3_ Ct' sltcf]6f x'G5g\ <
-ª_ Ct' kl/jt{g x'g'sf dV' o sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-r_ kY[ jLsf] b}lgs ult / jflifs{ ult eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <

;fd'bflos sfo{

jg:kkltdf Ct' kl/jtg{ sf c;/x¿ s] s] x'G5g,\ 5nkmn u//] tflnsfdf
b]vfpgx' f];\ .

126 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
@ k[YjLsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k

-s_ dV' o w/ftnLo :j¿kx¿

k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txnfO{ w/ftn elgG5 . oxfF kfgLsf] efu / hldgsf] efu /x]sf]
5 . kfgLsf] efunfO{ dxf;fu/ elgG5 . hldgsf] efudf dxflåk tyf låkx¿ /xs] f
5g\ . hldgsf] ;tx Psgf;sf] 5}g . :yn ;txdf ;dtn db} fg, kxf8, lxdfn,
a;F] L, pkTosf, pRr ;d:ynL /xs] f 5g\ . logsf] lgdf0{ f / :j¿k o;ks| f/ /xs] f] 5 M

-c_ kxf8 M k[YjLsf] ;txdf dfly p7s] f] cUnf] hldgsf] :j¿knfO{ kxf8
elgG5 . ;a} kxf8x¿ Ps} k|sf/sf xF'bg} . :j¿k / lgdf0{ f kl| jm| ofsf cfwf/df
kxf8x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf 5g\ M

-!_ df8] bf/ kxf8 M z[ªv\ nfa4 eO{ km}lnPsf] kxf8nfO{ df]8bf/ kxf8
elgG5 . g]kfnsf kxf8x¿ df8] bf/ kxf8 xg' \ . pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] /SsL
kjt{ zª[ \vnf, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] PlG8h/ o/' f]ksf] cfNk; kxf8 klg
df8] bf/ kxf8 xg' \ .

kY[ jLsf] aflx/L kqdf 7'nf 7'nf l9Ssf -Plate) x'G5g\ . tL l9Ssf la:tf/}
;l//x]sf x'G5g\ . tL l9Ssf ;g{] j|mddf hldg RoflkP/ dfly p7\g
hfG5g\ . nfvfF} jif{ klxn] o;/L g} hldg RoflkP/ df8] bf/ kxf8x¿sf] lgdf0{ f
ePsf] xf] .

-@_ l9Ss] kxf8 M kY[ aLsf] leqL efudf tftf] / n]bf] kbfy{ 5 . o;sf sf/0f
hldgsf] leqL efudf xnrn k}bf xG' 5 . o:tf xnrnaf6 hldgsf] ;tx

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 127

PSsfl; dfly p7\g] jf efl;g] xG' 5 . bfofaF fofFsf] hldgeGbf dfly p7d] f
l8Ss] kxf8 aG5 . To;} u/L bfofF afofFsf] hldg efl;Pdf larsf] hldg
kxf8sf ¿kdf /xg kU' 5 . To;}n] l9Ss] kxf8df rr' '/f] k/s] f] xF'bg} g\ .
o:tf kxf8x¿ 6fpsf] sfl6Psf] h:tf] :j¿kdf bl] vG5g\ . ef/tsf] gd{bf
gbL a;]F Lsf ;tk'/f / ljGWofrn kjt{ l9Ss] kxf8sf pbfx/0f xg' \ .
-#_ Hjfnfd'vL kxf8 M k[YjLsf] ;txdf Hjfnfdv' L lj:kmf6] g x'bF f aflx/
lg:ss] f nfef, v/fgL, kUn]sf r6\6fg h:tf kbfy{x¿ ;txdf y'lkG| 5g\ .
o:tf kbfy{ ;n] fPkl5 ag]sf] kxf8nfO{ Hjfnfdv' L kxf8 elgG5 . nfef
lgl:sg 5f]8k] l5 o:tf kxf8sf] 6K' kfdf vfN8f] afFsL /xG5 . o;nfO{ j]|m6/
elgG5 . o:tf] kxf8df ljleGg ks| f/sf vlgh kbfyx{ ¿ kfOG5g\ .
-$_ cjlZfi6 kxf8 M g/d r66fgn] ags] f] kxf8 lvOP/ ag]sf] kxf8nfO{
cjlzi6 kxf8 elgG5 . kxf8sf] ;txnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd gbL, lxdgbL,
jiff{sf] kfgL, jfo' cflbn] la:tf/} lvofpbF } hfG5g\ . xhf/fF} jifk{ l5 lvOg
g;s]sf] s8f efu afsF L /xG5 . oxL g} cjlzi6 kxf8 xf] . o:tf kxf8
xfr] f x'G5g\ .
-cf_ k7f/ -pRr ;d:ynL_ M j/k/sf] hldgeGbf cUnf] t/ dfly km/flsnf] ;dtn
ePsf] e"efunfO{ k7f/ jf pRr ;d:ynL elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf ef/tsf]
8S] sgsf] k7f/ / ltAatsf] k7f/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
-O_ db} fg M cUnf] xfr] f] gePsf] ;dy/ hldgnfO{ d}bfg elgG5 . o:tf] db} fg k|foM
dlnnf] df6fn] ag]sf] x'G5 . gbL lsgf/df gbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] df6f] yl' kP| /
klg db} fg aG5 . gk] fnsf] blIf0f efusf] leqL dw;] / t/fO{sf] d}bfg o;sf
pbfx/0f xg' \ . ;db' L| lsgf/df klg db} fgx¿ x'G5g\ . tL db} fgx¿ ;d'bd| f rNg]
kfgLsf 5fnsf] sf/0fn] ags] f x'G5g\ .
-O{_ gbLsf aF;] L M kxf8L If]qdf gbLn] aufP/ NoPsf kbfy{x¿ yl' k|P/ ;fgf
7'nf a;]F Lx¿ ags] f xG' 5g\ . o:tf a];F Lx¿ dlnnf] df6fn] ag]sf x'G5g\ . of]
vt] LkftLsf nflu pko'St x'G5 .

128 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

lj|mofsnfk

!= 7n' f] cfsf/sf] ;t] f] sfuhdf l;;fsndsf] ko| f]u u/L k[YjLsf] w/ftnLo
:j¿kx¿sf] :ki6 lrq sfg] x{' f;] \ / lZfIfs;UF f lrqsf ;DaGwdf ;e' mfj lngx' f;] \ .

@= tkfOs{F f] a:g] 7fpF j/k/ /xs] f] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] lrq agfpgx' f];\ .
#= lunf] df6faf6 df8] bf/ kxf8, l9Ss] kxf8, Hjfnfdv' L kxf8, pRr ;d:ynL,

vfFr] , db} fg h:tf e:" j¿ksf] gd'gf agfpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ lsg k[YjLsf] ;tx Psg} f;sf] 5g} , sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ kxf8sf ks| f/x¿ nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ db} fgsf kmfObf atfpg'xf;] \ .
-3_ cjlZfi6 kxf8sf] kl/ro n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ lsg cUnf xfr] f bl] vP tfklg l9s] kxf8 rr' /' f] k/s] f xb'F g} g,\ sf/0f lbgx' f;] \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 129

kf7
# w/ftnLo :j¿kdf kl/j{tg Nofpg] tŒj

w/ftndf /xs] f kxf8, d}bfg, pRr ;d:ynL ;w}F Psgf;n] /lx/xFbg} g\ . cfh kxf8
jf pRr ;d:ynL ePsf] 7fpdF f nfvfF} jif{ klxn] d}bfg ePsf] x'g ;S5 . To;} u/L
cfh db} fg ePsf 7fpdF f nfvf}F jifk{ l5 kxf8 aGg ;S5 . o;/L w/ftndf kl/jt{g
Nofpg] sfddf ljleGg tŒj lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ljm| ofzLn x'G5g\ . kY[ jLsf] ;txdf
kl/jt{g Nofpg] cfGtl/s / afx\o b'O{ ks| f/sf tŒj x'G5g\ .

-s_ cfGtl/s tŒj M k[YjLsf] leqL efudf ;lj|mo tŒjnfO{ cfGtl/s tŒj elgG5 .
o:tf] tŒjdf cfPsf] xnrnn] aflx/L ;txdf kl/jtg{ u/fpg] dbt kU' 5 .
es" Dk / Hjfnfdv' L cfGtl/s tŒj xg' \ .
-c_ e"sDk M k[YjLsf] leqL efudf sDkg pTkGg eO{ To;sf t/ª\u k[YjLsf]
;txdf cfOku' /] hldg xlNng' e"sDk xf] . e"sDksf sf/0f hldg lr/f
kg]{, vf8nx¿ aGg], klx/f] hfg/] hldgsf] ;tx dfly p7g\ ] h:tf kl/jtg{
b]vf k5{ .
-cf_ Hjfnfd'vL M kY[ jLsf] leqL efudf ljleGg kbfy{x¿ tftf] / klUnP/ nb] f]
cj:yfdf /xs] f 5g\ . To;nfO{ DofUdf elgG5 . DofUdf cToGt tftf] ePsf]
x'gfn] an] favt k[YjLsf] sdhf/] ;tx km6' fP/ hf]8n] aflx/ lgl:sG5 .
o;nfO{ Hjfnfd"vL elgG5 . Hjfnfd"vL ljikmf6] xb'F f hldgdl' gaf6 kUns] f]
r6\6fg, v/fgL, / wj' fF lg:sG5 . o;/L Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf6] xbF' f aflx/
lg:ss] f kbfyx{ ¿ y'lk|P/ kxf8sf] lgdf0{ f xg' k'U5 . o:tf] DofUdfn]
gbLsf] af6f] yl' glbPdf tfnsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;fy} xf]rf] e"efu tyf
vfrF] x¿ k/' /] cUnf] agfOlbG5 .

-v_ afxo\ tŒj M k[YjLsf] aflx/L efudf ;lj|mo /x/] ;txdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg]
tŒjx¿nfO{ afxo\ tŒjx¿ elgG5 . gbL, xfjf, lxdgbL, jiff,{ jg:klt /
hLjhGt'sf utLljlw k[YjLsf] ;txdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] afx\o tŒjx¿ xg' \ .
-c_ gbL M gbL cUnf] :yfgaf6 ;'¿ eP/ xf]rf] :yfgtkm{ aU5 . le/fnf]
;txaf6 aUbf gbLn] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] dfud{ f ePsf r6\6fgnfO{

130 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

la:tf/} lvofpbF } aufp5F . gbLsf] o:tf] lvofpg] sfon{ ] ubf{ gbL lsgf/df
klx/f] nfU5 . hldg lvOP/ ulx/f uN5L / aF];Lx¿ aG5g\ . ;dy/ ;txdf
ku' k] l5 gbLsf] j]u sd x'G5 . gbLn] NofPsf j:t'x¿ aufpg ;Sbg}
/gbLn] ;uF } aufO{ NofPsf kbfy{nfO{ ToxL 5f]l8lbG5 . h;n] ubf{ ToxfFsf]
e"efu cUnf] xb'F } hfG5 . gbLn] dlnnf] df6fsf ljzfn d}bfg klg agfpF5 .

-cf_ lxdgbL M cUnf kxf8x¿df ;w}F lxpFn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . dflysf] lxpFsf]
tx afSnf] xb'F } uPkl5 To;sf] bafan] tnsf] lxpF lrlKnP/ la:tf/}
aUg yfN5 . o;/L lgoldt aUg] lxpFsf] k|jfxnfO{ lxdgbL elgG5 .
lxdgbL lbgdf ! b]lv @ ld6/ dfq aUg] xg' fn] lxdgbL au]sf] bl] vbF }g .
lxpsF f] bafan] ubf{ lxdgbLn] cfˆgf] dfud{ f /xs] f r6\6fg, df6f] Hf:tf
j:tx' ¿nfO{ ;fx] f/] ]/ tNnf] ;txdf Nofp5F . o;/L lxpF vf8n / vfrF] x¿
aG5 . lxdgbL kxf8sf] tNnf] ;txdf cfOkU' bf lr;f] sd x'G5 / lxpF
klUng yfN5 . oxfF lxdgbLn] NofPsf j:t' aufpg ;Sbg} / ;uF } NofPsf
j:t'x¿ yk' fg{ yfN5 . o;n] r6\6fgsf 6j' |mfx¿ ePsf] lxd au/ agfpF5 .
h;n] ubf{ ToxfF ljleGg e":j¿ksf] lgdf0{ f x'G5 .

-O_ jfo' M ultlzn xfjfnfO{ jfo' elgG5 . d?el" d Ifq] df lgs} hf8] n] jfo' axg]
u5{ . d?e"ldsf w]/h} ;f] ;txdf afn'jfsf] kxf8 x'G5 . hf8] n] ax]sf]
jfo'n] ;txsf] afn'jfnfO{ p8fP/ nh} fG5 / csf]{ 7fpFdf y'kfl/lbG5 .
o;/L kxf8 ePsf] 7fpdF f xfr] f] hldg / ;dy/ 7fpFdf afn'jf yk' f//]
kxf8x¿ agfOlbG5 . jfo' jxg] lbzfdf kg{] r6\6fgx¿df afn'jfsf s0fn]
lvofP/ ljleGg cfs[lt agfpF5 .

-O_{ jiff{ M jiff{sf] kfgLn] hldgdf wn' f] / g/d r66\ fgnfO{ aufP/ gbL;Dd
k¥' ofpF5 . o;n] la:tf/} hldg sdhf]/ agfpF5 . wfhF fx¿df jiff{sf] kfgL
l5/]/ klx/f] hfG5 . o; lj|mofn] kY[ jLsf] w/ftnsf] :j¿kdf lgoldt
kl/jt{g u/fO/x]sf] x'G5 .

-p_ hgfj/ / jg:klt M d;' f, v/fof,] ;k{, r/fx¿ cflbn] hldgdf b'nf]
agfpF5g\ . o;sf sf/0f kxf8df klx/f] klg nfUg ;S5 . pgLx¿n] vg]/
df6f] lgsfNbf / klx/f] hfbF f ;f] hldg xf]rf] xb'F } hfG5 . To;} u/L ?v
lj?jfsf h/f r66\ fgsf wfhF fleq l5b{} hfbF f r6\6fgx¿ 6'lj|mP/ sdhf]/
xg' kU' 5g\ . To;nfO{ jiffs{ f] en] , gbL, xfjfn] csf]{ 7fpdF f nu/] yk' f5g{ \ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 131

IfoLs/0fsf o:tf ;fwgx¿sf ultljlw nuftf/ eO/xbF f sfnfGt/df
cUnf e"efux¿ xfr] f / ;dtn aGg kU' 5g\ . ulx/f] ee" fux¿ kl' /P/ cUnf]
efudf kl/jt{g xbF' } hfG5g\ . o;n] ubf{ gofF e":j¿kx¿ bv] f k5g{ \ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= Hjfnfd'vLsf] lrq agfpgx' f;] \ / /ª nufpg'xf];\ .
@= lzIfssf] ;xof]udf ko| fu] u/]/ x]/fF} M

-s_ rp/df lunf] df6fsf] ;fgf] l9:sf agfpgx' f;] \ . cfwf ;'s]kl5 6K' kfdf
la:tf/} kfgLsf] wf/f aufpgx' f;] \ . s] xG' 5 x/] ]/ 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ .

-v_ df6f] jf lk7fnfO{ clns ;f/f] ;f/f] xg' ] u/L d5' g\ 'xf;] \ . nfDrf] vfnsf]
8Nnf agfP/ b'O{ xftn] b'O{lt/af6 RofKb} Nofpg'xf;] \ lardf s] x'G5 x]/]/
5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

-u_ eO' Fdf sx] L wn' f] df6f] jf afnj' f lkmhF fpg'xf];\ . To;sf] dflyaf6 xhf/Ln]
la:tf/} kfgL xfNgx' f;] \ . ToxfFsf] df6f] sxfF uof] / lsg 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ IfoLs/0fsf] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ kY[ jLsf] ;txsf] e:" j¿kdf gbLn] s;/L kl/jtg{ NofpF5 <
-u_ e"sDkn] kY[ jLsf] w/ftndf s] s:tf] kl/jtg{ x¿ Nofpg ;S5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ k[YjLsf] w/ftnLo :j¿kdf kl/j{tg Nofpg lj|mofzLn cfGtl/s / afxo\

tŒjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ .

132 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

kf7
$ w/ftnLo :j¿k / dfgjlarsf] ;DaGw

ks| l[ t / dfgjlar kT| oIf ;DaGw xG' 5 . kf| s[lts cj:yfcg;' f/ dfgjn]
cfkmn" fO{ cgs' "n agfpbF } uPsf] x'G5 . kY[ jLsf] ljleGg Ifq] df a;fa] f; ul//xs] f
dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg ToxfFsf] hldg / xfjfkfgL cgs' n"
agfpFb} nu]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fx] Lcg¿' k ;f+:s[lts ultljlwsf] ljsf; u/s] f x'G5g\ .
xfjfkfgLcg'sn" n'uf nufpg,] vfgkfg ug,{] 3/ agfpg] tyf cfgLafgL ckgfPsf]
kfOG5 . cfˆgf] a;fa] f; Ifq] df pknAw kl/l:ylt / ;|f]t;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf bIftf
k|fKt u/s] f xG' 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu d?e"ld Ifq] sf dflg;x¿n] ToxfFsf] anf6} ]
hldgdf lx8F g\ ] zn} L hfgs] f x'G5g\ . kxf8L If]qsf dflg;x¿ psfnf] cf]/fnf] lxF8g\
;S5g\ . hf8f] 7fpFsf dflg;n] afSnf] n'uf nufpF5g\ . ;db' ,| 7'nf gbL / tfn Ifq] df
a:g] dflg;x¿n] kf8} L vN] g, 8'ªu\ f rnfpg / df5f dfg{ hfgs] f xG' 5 .

w/ftncg';f/ hldgsf] xfr] f] ;txdf udL{ / pRr Ifq] df lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
o;n} ] dfgj hLjgdf w/ftnLo :j¿k;uF } xfjfkfgLsf] ke| fj klg plQs} k/s] f] xG' 5 .
lr;f] Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿ lr;fa] f6 aRg lg/Gt/ tftf]kfgL / lrof lkpg,]
afSnf] n'uf nufpg] u5{g\ . udL{ 7fpFdf a:gx] ¿ lr;f] kbfy{ vfG5g\ / kftnf] n'uf
nufp5F g\ . d}bfgL Ifq] df 3gf a:tL xG' 5 eg] kxf8L If]qdf 5l/Psf] a:tL x'G5 .

gk] fnsf] ;Gbe{df klg w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] k|efjx¿ k:| 6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . 3/sf]
;+/rgf / lgdf0{ f ;fdu|Ldf klg k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg, w/ftn / xfjfkfgLn] ke| fj
kfb5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu t/fOs{ f 3/x¿ sf7 a9L pknAw xg' ] sf/0fn] sf7 /
af;F af6 lgdf0{ f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;k{, nfdv6' 6\ ] / 8a' fgaf6 aRg 3/x¿ vDaf

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 133

p7fP/ cUnf] agfpg] ul/G5 . To:t} kxf8L Ifq] df w/] } kfgL kg]{ ePsfn] 5fgf]
le/fnf] /fVg], 9ª' \uf df6f] a9L kfOg] x'Fbf ltgLx¿sf] ko| f]u u/L 3/ agfpg] cflb sfo{
k5g{ \ . To:t} lxdfnL e]udf kfgL sd kg,]{ lxpF kg]{ sf/0f 3/df 5fgfx¿ df6fn]
5fpg], hf8f] xg' ] ePsfn] 3/sf] uf/f] afSnf] agfpg,] emo\ fnx¿ sd / ;fgf agfpg]
cflb k5{g\ . lxdfnL If]qsf zk] fx{ ¿ lxdfn r9g\ sf nflu ljZjk|l;4 5g\ . t/fOs{ f
dflg;n] 6fpsfdf ef/L af]sL ;xh} lx8F \g ;S5g\ . kxf8L eu] sf afl;Gbfx¿ ;lhn}
lk7o\ 'dF f ef/L afs] ]/ lxF8\g ;S5g\ . o;/L dflg;x¿ cfjZostfcg;' f/ w/ftnLo
cj:Yff / xfjfkfgLcgs' "n cfkmn" fO{ cgs' "ng ug{ ;S5g\ .
w/ftnLo :j¿kn] dfgjsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf klg ke| fj kfb5{ . gbL lsgf/sf
dlnnf] kmfF6df a:g] dflg;x¿sf] d'Vo k];f s[lif x'G5 . 3fF;] e"lddf a:g]x¿n] kf| oM
kzk' fng Joj;fo u5{g\ . ;d'b|L lsgf/df a:g] dflg;x¿n] df5f dfg]{ Joj;fo
u5{g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

! gk] fnsf] lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ Ifq] sf] e":j¿k / ToxfF a:g] dflg;sf] efh] g
tyf cfjf;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ug'{xf;] \ .

@= ;d"xdf a;L ljleGg w/ftnLo If]qsf hghLjgsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \
/ sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ e:" j¿kcg;' f/ dflg;sf] hLjgz}nL km/s xG' 5 eGg] s'/f pbfx/0f;lxt
:ki6kfg{'xf];\ .

-v_ xfjfkfgLn] dfgj hLjgdf s:tf] ke| fj kf5,{ pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ z]kf{x¿ lxdfn r9g\ sf nflu ljZjkl| ;4 xg' s' f] sf/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .
-3_ lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOd{ f 3/sf :j¿kx¿ km/s km/s x'gs' f sf/0fx¿ pNNfv]

ugx'{ f;] \ .

134 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7
% g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL

g]kfn dg;'gL xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] df k5{ . dg;'gL xfjfkfgLcg';f/ oxfF lxpbF df hf8f]
/ ;S' vf tyf uL| iddf udL{ / jiff{ x'G5 . g]kfndf uL| id Cts' f dlxgfx¿ c;f/,
;fpg / ebf}df w]/} kfgL k5{ . lxpFb Cts' f k;' , df3 / kmfu'g dlxgfdf eg] lgs}
sd jiff{ xG' 5 . csf{]tkm{ t/fO{ kb| ]zdf udL,{ kxf8L If]qdf l7Sssf] / lxdfnL If]qdf
lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o;/L g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFdf / ljleGg ;dodf km/s
km/s xfjfkfgL kfOg'sf sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ .

-s_ dg;g' L jiff{

u|Lid Ct'df ;"o{ pQ/L uf]nfw{sf] ss{6 /v] f ;fd'Gg] k5{ . o;n] ubf{ udL{ dlxgfdf
hldgsf] If]qdf xfjfsf] rfk sd xG' 5 . To;n} ] blIf0fdf /xs] f] lxGb dxf;fu/af6
afbn afs] ]sf] jfo' gk] fntkm{ cfp5F . o;nfO{ dg;'gL jfo' elgG5 . To;nfO{ xfd|f]
bz] sf] pQ/df /xs] f] lxdfno kjt{ n] 5s] /] cufl8 hfg lbFbg} . To;n} ] pSt afbnn]
oxfF kfgL kf5{ . o;nfO{ dg;g' L jiff{ elgG5 . gk] fnsf] sn' jiff{dWo] nueu *)
k|ltzt jiff{ dg;g' L jfos' f] sf/0fn] x'G5 . dg;' 'gL jiff{ wfg v]tLsf nflu lgs}
pkofu] L xG' 5 . o; jiffs{ f sf/0f v]tLkftL /fdf| ] x'G5 . w/] } jiff{ xFb' f vfn] fdf e]n
af9L cfpg], kxf8L If]qdf klx/f] hfg] / t/fO{df a:tLx¿ 8a' fpg] ;d:of klg x'G5 .

lxpFbdf ;o" { blIf0fL uf]nfws{ f] ds/ /]vfsf] ;fd'Gg] kg]{ xb'F f Pl;ofaf6 6f9f k5{ .
To;n} ] oxfF hf8f] xG' 5 . hf8f] dlxgfdf Pl;ofaf6 lxGb dxf;fu/lt/ jfo' hfg] x'Fbf
g]kfntkm{ afbn cfpg kfpbF g} . To;}n] oxfF jiff{ Ct'sf] h:tf] kfgL kg{ ;Sbg} .
o;n] ubf{ lxpFbdf gk] fndf ;'Svf xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; ;dodf cfsfz v'nf x'G5 .
lxnf] lrKnf] gx'g] xF'bf ofqf ug{ ;lhnf] klg x'G5 . of] ;dodf w/] } w'nf] p8g\ ] / 7G8f
x'g] x'Fbf sxLF sxLF laxfgLkv s'lx/f] nfU5 . t;' f/f] k5{ . lxdfnL / pRr kxf8L Ifq] df
lxpF k5{ . t/fO{ Ifq] df eg] sx] L lbg;Dd x':;' nfu]/ zLt nx/ rN5 .

-v_ lxpbF ] jiff{

lxpFb Ct'df klZrdlt/af6 axg] klZrdL jfo' cfpF5 / sx] L kfgL kf5{ . of] jfon' ]
e"dWo ;fu/af6 hnjfikoS' t afbn lnP/ cfp5F . e"dWo;fu/ w]/} 6f9f ePsfn]

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff & 135

kfgL kb{} cfpbF f g]kfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf o;n] yf/] } dfq jiff{ u/fpg ;S5 . slxns] fxLF
xfjf x/' L;lxt jiff{ x'g klg ;S5 . of] jfo'sf] sf/0f g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf
a9L jiff{ x'G5 / k"jt{ km{ jm| dzM jiff{ sd x'Fb} hfG5 . lxpbF df xg' ] o:tf] jiff{ lxpbF ]
afnLx¿ / kmnkm"n v]tLsf nflu lgSs} pkof]uL x'G5 . ;'Svf ;dodf dflg;,
hgfj/ / r/fr?' ª\uLsf nflu klg kfgL pknAw xG' 5 .

-u_ prfOcg;' f/ tfkj|mddf km/s

g]kfn vf;df udL{ xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf k5{ . oxfF blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ prfO a9\b}
uPsf] xg' fn] xfjfkfgL 7G8f x'bF } hfG5 . k[YjLsf] ;txdf prfO a9\b} hfFbf tfkjm| d
eg] 36\b} hfG5 . gk] fnsf] lxdfnL kb| ]zdf hf8f] x'gs' f] d'Vo sf/0f o; If]qsf] prfO
w/] } ePsfn] xf] . kxf8L Ifq] lxdfnL Ifq] eGbf clns sd prfOdf /x]sf] 5 . To;n} ]
ToxfF w/] } hf8f] klg gxg' ] / w/] } udL{ klg gx'g] l7Sssf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF
lxpbF df cln a9L hf8f] xG' 5 eg] uL| iddf s]xL udL{ x'G5 . kxf8L If]qdf klg prfO
sd ePsf a;F] L / pkTosfx¿df udL{ xfjkfgL kfOG5 . t/fO{ / leqL dw]; If]q xf]rf]
ePsf] x'gfn] oxfF kf| oM jif}e{ l/ udL{ x'G5 . lxpbF df sx] L 7G8f xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgLsf] uL| idsfnLg cj:yf / lxpFbsfnLg cj:yfsf ljZfi] ftfx¿
tflnsfdf bv] fpgx' f;] \ .

@= Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf u|LidsfnLg dg;g' L jfo' / klZrdL jfo'sf] axfjsf] cj:yf
bv] fpgx' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] sl[ if pTkfbgdf dg;'gL jfon' ] s:tf] ke| fj kf5{ <
-v_ w/ftnLo :j¿kcg;' f/ gk] fndf xfjfkfgLsf] :jefj km/s xg' fsf sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf lxpbF ] vt] LkftL /fdf| ] xg' s' f] sf/0f s] xf] <

136 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

kf7 w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL / cflys{
^ ultljlwx¿ Pjd\ ;fdflhs /xg;xg

w/ftncg';f/ dflg;sf] hLjgz}nL, a;f]af;, ultljlw, cfly{s kIfx¿, k];f /
/xg;xgdf ke| fj kf/s] f] x'G5 .

kxf8L e":j¿ksf] ax'ntf ePsf] b]Zf g]kfnsf] s'n Ifq] kmnsf] !& kl| tzt t/fO{n],
dWokxf8L Ifq] n] ^* kl| tzt / pRr lxdfnL If]qn] !% kl| tzt If]qkmn cf]u6s] f] 5 .

-s_ lxdfnL k|bz]

gk] fnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !% k|ltzt e"efu cfu] 6\g] o; kb| ]zdf cUnf cUnf kxf8x¿
5g\ . oxfFsf %))) ld= eGbf dflysf If]qx¿df a;}e{ l/ lxpnF ] 9fs]sf] xG' 5 .
u|Lidsf] ;dodf sx] L Gofgf] eP tfklg jife{ l/ lr;f]x'G5 . e":j¿k pa8vfa8oS' t
5 . lxdkft xb'F f hghLjg kf| oM 7Kk /xG5 . ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/x¿sf] sdL xg' fn] dfgj
ultljlwsf nflu sl7gfO 5 . ljZjsf clwstd prfO ePsf lxdrr' /' fx¿ /xs] f of]
Ifq] , dfgj ;db' fosf nflu lgs} sl7g 5 . efu} fl] ns ljs6Tff / xfjfkfgLsf] ljifdtfn]
ubf{ gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] lgs} ;fgf] efu dfq o; kb| z] df a;fa] f; ub5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 137

g]kfnsf ;a} 7n' f gbLx¿ oxL If]qaf6 pTkGg eP/ aU5g\ . of] Ifq] df ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r
lzv/ ;u/dfyf, s~rghª3\ f, dsfn', dgf;n,' cGgk0" ff,{ lgnlul/, wfn} flul/, clk,
;}kfnnufotsf pRr lxdfnL r'r'/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . 7n' f / ulx/f lxdfnL vfr]F x¿
klg 5g . ;fxl;s ko6{ sLo ultljlwsf nflu ljZjkl| ;4 of] Ifq] kbofqf, kjt{ f/fx] 0f,
bZ[ ofjnfs] g, ;fxl;s vn] x¿ / kzk' fngsf nflu lgs} pkoS' t /xs] f] 5 .

ljleGg k|sf/sf lxdfnL h8La6' Lx¿ kfOg], kzk' fng / :ofp v]tLsf nflu lgs}
dxŒjk0" f{ of] Ifq] , cGgafnLsf nflu eg] cg's"n 5g} . PsafnL cGg tof/ x'g
sDtLdf klg !) dlxgfsf] ;do nfUb5 . oxfF hf,} pjf, kmfk/, sfb] f], s?nufotsf
afnLx¿ kmNb5g\ .

o; kb| ]zdf vfgs] /' fx¿df hf,} s? / pjfsf] ;ft' vfg] ul/G5 . g'g, l3p / bW' f
ldnfO{ agfPsf] kf]l;nf] lrof lkpg] ul/G5 . df;', l9F8f,] ;fukft vfg] ul/G5 .
lr;f] x'gfn] a;{}el/ afSnf] n'uf nufpgk' g]{ x'G5 .

lxdfnL If]qsf] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfksf] d"n cfwf/ h8La'6L ;ª\sng, kz'kfng xf] .
cfhefl] n oxfF ko6{ g Joj;fo klg a9b\ f] 5 .

-v_ kxf8L kb| z]

kxf8L kb| z] n] gk] fnsf] sn' Ifq] kmnsf] ^* kl| tzt el" d cfu] 6s] f] 5 . ;/' Do xfjfkfgL
/ dWod prfOoS' t kxf8L ea' gf6] ePsf,] k/' fgf dfgj a:tL /xs] f] of] Ifq] a;fa] f;sf
nflu lgs} pkoS' t 5 . of] Ifq] kzk' fng, kmnkmn" vt] L, cGgafnL vt] Lsf nflu klg lgs}
pkoS' t 5 . ;fxl;s vn] x¿ / lxn :6;] g, vn] sb' tflndsf nflu klg lgs} pkoS' t /
cfsifs{ 5 . ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf nflu of] Ifq] lgs} rg' ft} Lk0" f{ / vlrn{ f] 5 .

oxfsF f gbLx¿sf] a;]F Ldf kz| :t afnLgfnL vt] L ul/G5 . le/fnf] kxf8L If]qdf klg
u/f agfO{ vt] L ul/G5 . dr] Lb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd kml} nPsf] o; kb| z] sf 8f8F fx¿nfO{
lxdfnL gbLx¿n] 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . pkTosf, 6f/, a;]F L / 8f8F fx¿ of] Ifq] sf ef}ufl] ns
:j¿k xg' \ . kf]v/f, sf7df8f},F kfrF vfnnufotsf pkTosfx¿ o;} Ifq] df 5g\ .
hflu/, Jofkf/, s[lif, kzk' fng, kmnkm"n v]tL, ko6{ g oxfsF f cfly{s lj|mofsnfk x'g\ .

of] kb]zdf bfneft, df;', l9F8f] ;fukft, u8] fu'8Lx¿ vfg] ul/G5 . u'lnof] lrof
lkpg] ul/G5 . lxpFb lr;f] / uL| id udL{ x'gfn] cfjZostfg;' f/ afSnf kftnf
n'ufsk8f ko| f]u x'G5 .

138 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff, sIff &

-u_ t/fO{ kb| ]z

gk] fnsf] kj" {bl] v klZrd;Dd g} ;dtn e} kml} nPsf] e"ldnfO{ t/fO{ elgG5 . ;dy/ /
sd prfOsf] of] If]q a;e}{ l/ udL{ / Gofgf] /xG5 . gk] fnsf] cGge08f/ eg/] lrlgg]
of] Ifq] a;fO;F /fOsf] rk6] fdf 5 . dlnnf] df6f,] Gofgf] xfjfkfgL, k|z:t jiff{ xg' ]
/ l;rF fOsf] ;'ljwfoS' t of] Ifq] df ljljw k|sf/sf afnLgfnLsf] k|z:t vt] L x'G5 .
a;fOF ;/fOsf] rfkn] ubf{ sl[ if e"ld 36g\ uO{ pTkfbg 36\bf] 5 .

g]kfnsf clwsf+z pBf]uwGbf / 7'nf ;x/x¿ of] If]qdf g} 5g\ . cGgafnL vt] L,
Jofkf/, kzk' fngnufotsf ultljlwx¿ o; kb| z] sf dV' o cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿ xg' \ .

;fn, l;;f}, vo/nufot jg:klt ePsf] hª\un /x]sf] of] If]qsf] cflys{ dxŒj lgs}
5 . t/fOs{ f] jg g]kfnsf] ljzi] f ;DklQ xf] . hflu/, Jofkf/, s[lif, kz'kfng, kmnkm"n
v]tL, ko{6g oxfsF f cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk xg' \ .

xl/of 3f;F ] emf8Lx¿ kfOg] xg' fn] ljljw k|sf/sf hª\unL hLjhGtx' ¿ lgs}
dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . of] Ifq] df xfQL, af3, u}8F f, lrt'jf, cgf{, ;kx{ ¿ ljljw ks| f/sf
r/fr?' ªu\ Lx¿ klg k|z:t kfOG5g\ .

o; k|b]zdf bfneft, df5fdf;,' ;fukft, u]8fu8' L vfg] ul/G5 . ul' nof] lrof lkpg]
ul/G5 . a;}e{ l/ udL{ x'gfn] kf| oM kftnf nu' fsk8f ko| f]u xG' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= gk] fnsf] lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ k|b]zsf ef}uf]lns ljZfi] ftfx¿ Vff]hL u/L
tflnsf bv] fpg'xf;] \ .

@= g]kfnsf] gS;f agfO{ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ kb| ]zsf] cjl:ylt bv] fpgx' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ jg g]kfnsf] 7n' f] kf| s[lts ;Dkbf xf], aofg ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfnsf] kxf8L kb| ]z ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf nflu lgs} rg' ft} Lk0" f{ / vlrn{ f] 5,

sf/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ lsg g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdfgj ultljlwsf nflu ;xh 5g} <
-3_ gk] fnsf clwsfz+ k/' fgf a:tLx¿ kxf8L Ifq] df g} /x]sf 5g\, sf/0f nV] g'xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 139

kf7
& gk] fnsf ;ft kb| ]z

lj=;=+ @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngdfkm{t ;3\ Lotfdf kj| z] u/sf] gk] fn kg' ;{+/rgf
eO{ xfn ;ft k|bz] df ljeSt 5 .

-s_ k|b]z g= !M of] k|b]z g]kfnsf] k'jL{ efudf k5{ . o; k|b]zn] nueu@)=#
kl| tzt e"efu cfu] 6s] f] 5 . o; kb| ]zsf] k"jt{ km{ ef/tsf] klZrd aª\ufn
/fHo / blIf0ftkm{ laxf/ /fHo k5{g\ . o;} u/L pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t
Ifq] ltAat / klZrdtkm{ kb| ]z g= @ / afUdtL k|bz] k5{g\ . lj=;+=@)^*
sf] hgu0fgfg';f/ o; k|bz] sf] hg;ª\Vof g]kfnsf] sn' hg;ª\Vofsf] !&=!
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf !$ lhNnf ;dl] 6Psf] o; k|b]zsf]
/fhWffgL lj/f6gu/ xf] . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; kb| z] df d'Vo
¿kdf a|fx\d0f, Ifq] L, /fO,{ lnDa," yf¿, nK] rf, tfdfª, u?' ª, d]r], sfr] ,] ofbj,
/fhj+zLnufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;fa] f; /x]sf] 5 . oxfF d'Vo ¿kdf g]kfnL,
lnDa," n]Krf, du/ d}lynL / yf¿ efiff af]lnG5g\ .

ljZjs} ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf, s~rghª\3f, dsfn,' rfo] ,' NxfT] ;,] lxdfnx¿
o; kb| z] sf uf/} j xg' \ . oxfF ;u/dfyf /fli6o« lgs~' h, dsfn' j?0f
/fli6o« lgs'~h, sf;] L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If, s~rghª3\ f ;+/If0f If]q /x]sf
5g\ . o; kb| z] df cGt'8fF8f, sGofd, e8] ]6f/, gfDr] ahf/, ;u/dfyf cfwf/
lzlj/nufotsf ko6{ sLo :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} tfKn]h'ªsf] kflye/f,
Onfdsf] dfOkfv] /L, ;'g;/Lsf] a/fxIf]q, bGtsfnL, lk08]Zj/, a'9f;'Aaf dlGb/,
vf] 6fªsf] xn;] L, emfkfsf] ;tfIfL wfd, wgs'6fsf] l5Gtfª eujtL oxfFsf
k|l;4 wflds{ :ynx¿ xg' \ .

-v_ k|bz] g= @ M of] k|bz] gk] fnsf] blIf0f k"jL{ efudf k5{ . o; kb| z] n] nueu
^=% k|ltzt ee" fu cfu] 6]sf] 5 . o; k|bz] sf] k"j{tkm{ ! gDa/ kb| ]z, pQ/tkm{
! gDa/ kb| z] / afUdtL kb| z] , klZrddf afUdtL kb| z] / blIf0fdf ef/tsf]
ljxf/ /fHo k5{g\ . lj=;+=@)^* sf] hgu0fgfg';f/ o; kb| z] sf] hg;ª\Vof
g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] @)=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t/fOs{ f cf7 lhNnfx¿
;d6] /] :yfkgf ul/Psf] o; k|bz] sf] /fhWffgL hgsk/' xf] . hftLo tyf

140 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

eflifs ljljwtf /xs] f] o; kb| z] df d'Vo ¿kdf t/fO{ af| x\d0f, ofbj, yf?,
tfdfªnufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . d}lynL, tfdfª, efh] k/' L,
g]kfnL, yf¿ o; k|b]zdf af]lng] d'Vo efiff xg' \ .

k;f{ /fli6o« lgs'Gh o;} k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5g\ . o; kb| ]zdf hgsk'/wfd,
l5Ggd:tf, ul9dfO{, ;xn;] b/af/sf] aurF} f oxfsF f k|l;4 wfld{s :ynx¿
xg' \ . hgsk'/ / l;df| }gu9 kl| ;4 Pl] txfl;s / ko{6sLo :yn x'g\ .

-u_ afUdtL k|b]z M of] k|bz] n] g]kfnsf] sn' If]qkmnsf] !#=* k|ltzt e"efu
cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; kb| ]zsf] kj" {tkm{ ! gDa/ k|bz] / blIf0ftkm{ @ gDa/ k|bz]
/ ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHo k5g{ \ . pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat /
klZrdtkm{ u08sL k|b]z k5g{ \ . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfg;' f/ o; kb| ]zsf]
hg;ª\Vof g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ªV\ ofsf] !&=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lxdfn, kxf8,
t/fO{sf !# lhNnfx¿ ;d6] ]sf] o; kb| ]zsf] /fhWffgL x]6f}F8f xf] . hftLo tyf
eflifs ljljwtfo'St o; k|bz] df d'Vo ¿kdf If]qL, af| xd\ 0f, tfdfª, gj] f/,
yfdL, lh/n] yf¿, rk] fªnufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL,
tfdfª, g]jf/L, rk] fªo; k|bz] df af]lng] dV' o efiff x'g\ .

nf86fª /fli6o« lgs'~h, lZfjk/' Lgfufh'{g /fli6o« lgs~' h, lrtjg /fli6o«
lgs~' h, uf}/Lzªs\ / ;+/If0f Ifq] o; kb| z] df 5g\ . /;j' fsf] uf];fOsF '08,
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf /x]sf kz'kltgfy, :joDe'gfy, af4} gfy, a'9flgns07,
rfug' f/fo0f, hfd] dl:hb, s[i0fdlGb/, bfn] vfsf] sfnLGrfs] , sfes|] f] knfGrfs]
eujtLo; kb| ]zsf dxŒjk"0f{ wfld{s :ynx¿ x'g\ .

-3_ u08sL kb| z] M of] kb| z] g]kfnsf] nueu dWo efudf cjl:yt 5 . o;n]
gk] fnsf] s'n Ifq] kmnsf] sl/j !$=% kl| tzt e"efu cfu] 6s] f] 5 . o; k|bz] sf]
kj" {tkm{ afUdtL kb| ]z k5{ eg] pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat /
klZrdtkm{ sgff{nL k|bz] / n'lDagL k|b]zk 5{g\ . o:t} blIf0fdf n'lDagL kb| z]
k5{ . lj=;+=@)^* sf] hgu0fgfg;' f/ o; k|b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof gk] fnsf] s'n
hg;ª\Vofsf] )(=! k|ltzt /xs] f] 5 . lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf !! lhNnfx¿
/xs] f] o; k|bz] sf] /fhWffgL kfv] /f xf] . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /xs] f] o;
k|b]zdf dV' o ¿kdf, du/, u?' ª a|fx\d0f, Ifq] L, g]jf/, ysfnL, yf¿nufotsf

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff & 141

hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] gk] fnL, du/, u?' ª, gj] f/L, ysfnL, yf¿
efiff dV' o ¿kdf afl] nG5g\ .

9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/If, cGgk"0f{ / dgf;n' ;+/If0f If]q o;} k|bz] df /xs] f
5g\ . dl' StgfYf, afUnª' sflnsf, uf/] vsfnL, dgsfdgf, ljGWojfl;gLnufotsf
dxŒjk0" f{ wflds{ :ynx¿ o; k|bz] df /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} kf]v/f, aGbLk'/,
ltlnrf] tfn, d:' tfªuf]vf,{ ndhª' o; kb| z] sf ko{6sLo Ifq] x¿ xg' \ .

-ª_ n'lDagL k|bz] M of] k|b]z gk] fnsf] dWo / klZrd efudf k5{ . o; kb| ]zn] g]kfnsf]
s'n Ifq] kmnsf] !%=! k|ltzt e"efu cfu] 6]sf] 5 . If]qkmndf km}lnP/ /x]sf]
5 . o; kb| ]zsf] k"jt{ km{ u08sL kb| ]z / blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] pQ/ kb| ]z k5{g\ .
o;} u/L pQ/tkm{ u08sL kb| ]z / sgfn{ L kb| ]z klZrdtkm{ ;b' "/klZrd k|bz]
/ sgf{nL kb| z] k5{g\ . o; k|bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of lj=;+=@)^* sf] hgu0fgfg;' f/
gk] fnsf] s'n hg;ªV\ ofsf] !*=$ kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 . lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf
!@ lhNnfx¿ /xs] f] o; k|bz] sf] /fhWffgL b]pv'/L pkTosfsf] efn'jfª xf] .

o; kb| z] df dV' o ¿kdf Ifq] L, af| xd\ 0f, yf¿, dl' :nd, du/nufotsf hfltx¿sf]
a;fa] f; /xs] f] 5 eg] gk] fnL, du/, yf¿, cjWfL cflb efiff dV' o ¿kdf afl] nG5g\ .

zflGtsf cu|bt" uft} d a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagL, ltnf}/fsf]6 tyf yk' |} a4' sfnLg
Pl] txfl;s / ;f:+ s[lts dxŒjsf ;Dkbfx¿ o;} k|b]zdf k5g{ \ . Pl;ofs} 7n' f]
bfª pkTosf klg o; kb| ]zdf k5{ .

l;:g]nufot sx] L lxdfnx¿ o; kb| z] sf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf x'g\ . af3 kfOg]
alb{of /fli6o« lgs~' h / afFs] /fli6«o lgs~' h o;} kb| ]zdf /xs] f 5g\ . o;
k|bz] sf] :ju{å/L, tfg;]g, n'lDagL au}Frf, slknj:t' P]ltxfl;s If]q o;
k|bz] sf kd| 'v ko6{ g :yn xg' \ . afuZ] j/L dlGb/, /fduf| d, ;k' f bp] /fnL,
kfNkfsf] e/} jgfy, ??If]q o; k|bz] sf kd| v' wflds{ :ynx¿ x'g\ .

-r_ sgfn{ L kb| z] M o; k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] klZrd / pQ/L efudf !*=( kl| tzt ee" fu
cf]u6s] f] 5 . o; kb| ]zsf] k"j{ / blIf0ftkm{ n'lDagL k|b]z, pQ/tkm{ lRfgsf]
ltAat, klZrddf ;'b/" klZrd kb| z] k5{g\ . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfg';f/ o;
kb| z] df gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] $=$ kl| tzt dflg;x¿ a;fj] f; u5g{ \ .
lxdfn, kxf8sf !) lhNnf ;d6] ]/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] o; k|b]zsf] /fhWffgL
;'v{t] xf] .

142 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff, sIff &

o; k|b]zdf dV' o ¿kdf Ifq] L, du/, 7s'/L, d';ndfg, a|fxd\ 0fnufotsf
hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, du/, yf¿ / 8fN] kf] efiff d'Vo
¿kdf af]lnG5g\ .

;V' f]{tsf bp] tLaHo}, sfFjm| l] axf/, 8fN] kfsf] Zf] Uf'Daf, hD' nfsf] rGbggfy o;
k|b]zsf kd| v' wfld{s :ynx¿ xg' \ . o:t} a'na'n] tfn, km]fS;'G8f] / /f/ftfn
klg oxL k|bz] df /xs] f 5g\ .

-5_ ;b' "/klZrd k|b]z M o; k|bz] n] gk] fnsf] klZrd efudf sl/j !#=# kl| tzt
ee" fu cf]u6s] f] 5 . o; kb| z] sf] kj" {df sgf{nL / nl' DagL kb| ]z/ blIf0ftkm{
ef/tsf] pt/ kb| ]z k5{g\ . pQ/tkm{ lRfgsf] ltAat / sgf{nL k|b]z klZrdtkm{
ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 k5g{ \ . o; kb| ]zdf gk] fnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] (=^
kl| tzt dflg;x¿ a;fj] f; u5{g\ . lxdfn, kxf8, t/fOs{ f gf} lhNnfx¿ /xs] f]
o; kb| z] sf] /fhWffgL sn} fnL lhNnfsf] ufb] fj/L xf] .

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