नेपाली कक्षा ९

g]kfnL

sIff (

k/LIf0fsf nflu

gk] fn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/

gk] fnL

sIff (

k/LIf0fsf nflu

g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/

k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb|

;fgf]l7dL, eStk/'

© ;jfl{ wsf/ kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; sG] b|

978-9937-601- -

o; kf7o\ k':ts;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ kf7o\ j|md ljsf; sG] b| ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/df lglxt
/xs] f] 5 . kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s ko| fh] gsf nflu o;sf] k'/}
jf cf+lzs efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug,{ kl/jt{g u//] k|sfzg ug{, s'g} ljBt' Lo ;fwg jf cGo
k|ljlwaf6 /]s8{ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5g} .

k/LIf0f ;:+ s/0f M lj=;+ @)&*

kf7o\ k:' ts;DaGwL kf7sx¿sf sg' } klg ks| f/sf ;´¬ fjx¿ ePdf kf7o\ jm| d ljsf;
s]Gb|, ;dGjo tyf ks| fzg zfvfdf k7fOlbgx' 'g cg/' fw] 5 . kf7sx¿af6 cfpg]
;´¬ fjx¿nfO{ s]Gb| xflbs{ :jfut ub5{ .

xfd|f] egfO

lzIffnfO{ p2]Zodn" s, Jofjxfl/s, ;d;fdlos / /fh] uf/d"ns agfpg ljleGg ;dodf kf7\oj|md,
kf7o\ k:' ts ljsf; tyf kl/dfhg{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyLd{ f 1fgsf] vfh] L u/L
l;sfO / jf:tljs hLjglar ;DaGw :yflkt ug,{] l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] ;dGjo ug,]{ :jk/fjlt{t xbF' }
1fg, l;k / IfdtfnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{ ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . ljBfyLd{ f clwsf/, :jtGqtf
/ ;dfgtfsf] k|jw{g ug{,] :j:y hLjgsf] cEof; ug{], tfls{s ljZn]if0f u/L lg0f{o ug],{ j}1flgs
ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df JolSt, ;dfh / /fi6s« f] lbuf] ljsf;df ;l/s xg' ] ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg lzIffn]
ugk{' 5{ . ljBfyLd{ f gl} ts cfr/0f kb| zg{ ug,{] ;fdflhs ;be\ fjkl| t ;j+ b] gzLn xg' ,] kofj{ /0fLo ;Gtn' gkl| t
;j+ ]bgzLn x'g], åGå Joj:yfkg ub{} lbuf] zflGtsf nflu kl| ta4 /xg] ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg dfWolds
txsf] lzIffaf6 ckl] Ift 5g\ . o; txsf] lzIffaf6 cfwl' gs 1fg, l;k, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf]
k|ofu] ug,{] :jfjnDaL / Joj;fodv' L l;ksf] cEof; ug],{ /fi6«, /fli6«otf / /fli6o« cfbz{sf] ;Ddfg ug],{
;dfh :jLsfo{ cfr/0f / sfo{ ;+:sl[ tsf] cjnDag ug,]{ ;lxi0f'efj /fVg] ;Ifdtf ePsf gful/s tof/
ug]{ ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, l;hg{ zLn, sNkgfzLn, pBdzLn Pjd\ pRr ;f]r / cfbzd{ f cfwfl/t
Jojxf/ ug{], ;d;fdlos rg' f}tLx¿sf] ;kmn Joj:yfkg ugn{] ufotsf ljz]iftfn] oS' t :jfjnDaL,
bz] eSt, kl/jt{gd'vL, lrGtgzLn Pjd\ ;dfj]zL ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ofu] bfg ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifdtf;lxtsf]
gful/s tof/ ug'{ dfWolds lzIffsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . oxL nIo kl" ts{ f nflu dfWolds lzIffsf]
/fli6«o kf7o\ j|md k|f¿k, @)&^ sf] dfub{ z{g l;4fGtcg¿' k ljsf; ePsf] dfWolds lzIff -sIff (–!)_
kf7o\ jm| d, @)&& cg';f/ k/LIf0fsf nflu of] gdg' f kf7o\ k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

o; kf7o\ k:' tssf] nv] g sfo{ kf| =8f=Clif/fd zdf{, 8f= lbgz] l3ld/] / >L pd]z sfkmn\ ]af6 ePsf]
xf] . gfd pNnv] gePsf kf7 nv] saf6} ljsf; ePsf xg' \ . kf7\ok:' tsnfO{ o; ¿kdf Nofpg] sfo{df
s]Gbs| f dxflgb]z{ s >L c0fk;| fb Gofk} fg,] k|f=8f= s[i0fk|;fb l3ld/,] 8f= bj] L gk] fn, >L lji0f' 1jfnL,
8f= hfgs' f g]kfn, >L 6s' /fh clwsf/Lnufotsf dxfge' fjsf] ljzi] f of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ljifoj:t'
;Dkfbg >L OGb' vgfnaf6, efiff ;Dkfbg >L u0fz] k|;fb e6\6/fO{ / >L lrgfsd' f/L lg/fn} faf6 / snf
;Dkfbg >L >Lxl/ >i] 7af6 ePsf] xf] . o;df /rgf pknAw u/fpg] /rgfsf/ tyf k':tssf] ljsf;
sfod{ f ;n+ Ug ;a}k|lt kf7\ojm| d ljsf; sG] b| wGojfb k|s6 u5{ .

kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ lzIf0f l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;af6 ljBfyLn{ ] kf7o\ jm| dåf/f

nlIft ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ dbt kU' g] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ ;s];Dd lj|mofsnfkd'vL /

?lrs/ agfpg] ko| Tg ul/Psf] 5 . kf7o\ k:' tsnfO{ cem} kl/ist[ kfgs{ f nflu lzIfs, ljBfyL,{ cleefjs,

al' 4hLjL Pjd\ ;Dk0" f{ kf7ssf] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xg] x'bF f ;Da4 ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;e' mfjsf nflu

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb| xflbs{ cg/' f]w u5{ .

g]kfn ;/sf/

lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqfno

lj= ;+= @)&* kf7\oj|md ljsf; sG] b|

ljifo;r" L

jm| =;= zLifs{ ljwf ki[ 7;ªV\ of
!= d3] lahn' L ljjfx
@= :jfb sljtf !
#= s/;] faf/L
$= efOnfO{ lr7L syf (
%= ;Todfx] g hfz] L
^= kofj{ /0f ;Gtn' g lgaGw @!
&= 8Nnf / 6k/Lsf] syf
*= ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] lr7L #!
(= gu/sf6] sf] ofqf
!)= ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj ljsf; hLjgL #(
!!= ;do kL8f ;+jfb %!
!@= dfOsn km/] f8 ]
!#= j8f sfof{nonfO{ lgjb] g syf ^!
!$= xfdf| gk] fnL nf]safhf
!%= cfdfsf] tl:a/ sljtf &!
!^= eljio lgdf{0f
lgofqf &*

jStt[ f *(

syf !)!
hLjgL !!$

lgj]bg !@$

lgaGw !#$

sljtf !$@

syf !%)

kf7 ! d3] lahn' L ljjfx – e/t/fh kGt



laxf xf] of] kSsf hnb lah'nLsf] uugdf
h/' ]sf] of] /fd|f] ux| ult c;f/] nugdf
ahs] f x'g\ ‰ofnL lemdlemd u/L afF;x¿df
x/Lof] bf;] Nnf lel/ gu k/' t] } 5 ljlwdf .

do/" Lsf] afn] L >'ltky x'Fbf k4lt eof]
xjfn] xNns] f] jg hlt ;a} d08k eof]
lyP z}n>]0fL pk/ sbnLsf bn klg
eP zf]efbfoL ?lr/ rFb'jf g} ;l/ agL .

eOg\ k[YjL tGgf, rt'/ 5 unF}rf dvdnL

b'nfxfsf] /ftf] emnn ku/L ef] lxdr'nL

as'Nnfsf tftF L t/n ultn] cfh gedf

p8] hGtL h:t} /;a; a9fP/ dgdf .

zAbfy { kfgL a;fp{ g] tŒj, afbn
s'g} JolSt ljz]ifnfO{ cf]9fOg] /fdf| ] vf:6f] jf cf]9\g], s;n} fO{ ;Ddfg:j¿k cf]9fOg]
hnb – dN" ojfg\ cf]9\g]
bf;] Nnf – cUnf] 8f8“ f,] kxf8, kjt{ , ?v, j[If
>j0f dfu{ jf af6f]
gu – sfd ug{] l;nl;nj] f/ lgod, sfok{ 0| ffnL, sfol{ jlw
>l' tky – ljjfx, jt| aGw, o1 cflb ug{sf nflu agfOPsf] ljz]if :yfg, k"hf3/
k4lt – kxf8sf z[ªv\ nf jf nx/
d08k – s]/f
z}n>0] fL – ?lrcg;' f/sf], ;'Gb/, dgf]x/
sbnL – wfld{s sfos{ f nflu d08k jf hUus] f lardf 6fl“ ug] rfs} g' ] sk8f
?lr/ — lz/df kmgkmgL a/] /] nufOg] sk8f, k]m6f
rb“ j' f – kY[ jL / ux| gIfqsf larsf] zG" o :yfg, cfsfz
ku/L –
ge –

gk] fnL, sIff ( 1

l;tf/] 3'D6L x'g\ rdrd lgzfsf h'gls/L
eP tL OGbg|] L j;g ax/' ª\uL lkml/lkml/
eof] /ftf] vf:6f] /lj ls/0fn] klZrd lul/
lgzfsf] Tof] sfnf] td k6n ef] gLn sj/L .

aHof] 5+ 5+ ub{} ;sn ?vdf Tof] ;dodf
eof] aHg] sNnL uha bn' xLsf] ko/df
cxf] Û emNsL emNsLsg gj aw" cfh lahn' L
n's]sL kbfd{ f knse/df So} ;/d nL .

;a} k|f0fLnfO{ ej' ge/df cGgx¿sf]
v'jfPs} xf] Tof] j/ hnbn] efh] o;sf]
;nfdL afhfn] 3ggg u/fP/ uug
uof] /fgLnfO{ lnO Ct' z/b\df /; lng .

OGbg]| L – 3fdkfgL ePsf] jn] f 3fdsf] ljk/Lt lbzftkm{ bl] vg] c:dfgL, lgnf,] xl/of,] kxn]“ f,] /ftf]
a}hgL / ;G' tnf /ª x'g], wg'sf cfsf/sf] cwj{ [Q, OGbw| g', OGbw| gi' f
j;g – sk8f, j:q, n'uf
vf:6f] – afSnf] cf9] g\ ] k5\of}/f
lgzf – /ft, /hgL
td – cGwsf/, c“Wof/f], c1fg
k6n – sg' } j:t'nfO{ 9fSg] ;fwg, cfj/0f
sj/L – s]zkfz, skfnsf] rN' 7f]
sNnL – uf8] fdf nufpg] ;g' jf rf“bLsf] Ps k|sf/sf] ufn] fsf/ uxgf
ko/ – kfp, uf]8f, v'6\6f
kns – Psrfl] 6 cf“vf lemDd ubf{ laTg] ;do, kn, l5g
e'jg – ;;+ f/, hut,\ ks| l[ tsf] l;hg{ f
;nfdL – afhf ahfO{ ljz]if lsl;dn] clejfbg ug{] kl| jm| of

2 gk] fnL, sIff (

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ ljjfx, jt| aGw cflb ze' sfo{ ug{ h'/]sf] of]u
-v_ gofF b'nxL
-u_ gcfO] nfpg] Ps ks| f/sf] km"n
-3_ c;fh] / sflQs dlxgfdf kg{] Ct'
@= tn lbOPsf zAb / ljk/Lt cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
zAb cy{

?lr lbj;

cfo c?lr

t/n lglijm| o

;lj|mo 7f;]

;an ktg

:yn" ba' {n

;"Id

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#= tn lbOPsf ;dfg Wjlgo'St zAbsf] cy{ klxrfg u/L cnu cnu jfSodf k|of]u ug{x' f];\ M

jg–ag k'mn–km" n zj–;a oz—o; zLt—l;t

afw] / cleJolSt

!= tkfO{“n] tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ sljtfdf nv] fOcg'¿k g} pRrf/0f ug{'eof] . ca sljtf k9b\ f
pRrf/0f u/]eGbf leGg ¿kdf pRrf/0f ug{x' f;] \ M

uug, nug, lemdlemd, bn, pk/, uha, d]3, rt/' , rdrd, k6n

@= ^ cIf/ / !! cIf/df lj>fd /fvL ‘d3] lahn' L ljjfxÚ sljtf jfrg ugx{' f;] \ M

g]kfnL, sIff ( 3

#= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ …d]3 ljhn' L ljjfxÚ sljtfdf sltcf]6f Znfs] 5g\ <
-v_ sljtfsf x/s] Znf]sdf sltcf6] f kfp jf kªl\ St 5g\ <
-u_ sljtfsf] sg' Znfs] df 5d5d aHg] sNnLsf] s/' f 5 <
-3_ sljtfsf] t];|f] Znfs] df k|s[ltsf s'g s'g j:tn' fO{ tGgf / ku/L;uF tn' gf ul/Psf]
5 <
$= lbOPsf] sljtf+z k9L tn ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
l;tf/] 3D' 6L xg' \ rdrd lgzfsf h'gls/L
eP tL OGb|]gL j;g ax'/ªu\ L lkml/lkml/
eof] /ftf] vf:6f] /lj ls/0fn] klZrd lul/
lgzfsf] Tof] sfnf] td k6n ef] gLn sj/L .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ /ftsf h"gls/L eGgfn] ljjfxsf ;Gbe{df sg' s/' f a'lemG5 <
-v_ sljtfdf OGb]g| LnfO{ s;/L lrgfOPsf] 5 <
-u_ ljjfxdf bn' xLsf] /ftf] k5\of/} Lsf] sfd sn] ] u/s] f] 5 <
-3_ td k6n / gLn sj/Ln] s] s/' f ae' mfPsf 5g\ <
%= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ d]3 ljh'nL ljjfxsf] d08k / rFbj' fsf sfd s] sn] ] s;/L u/]sf 5g\ <
-v_ sljtfdf gk] fnsf] k|s[ltsf] j0f{g s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
-u_ ljjfx d08kdf s:tf sfo{ ul/G5g\, sljtfsf cfwf/df nV] g'xf];\ .
-3_ sljtfsf] kfFrf}F Znf]sdf s] s'/f JoSt ul/Psf] 5 <
^= sljtfsf] klxnf] / bf;] f| ] Znf]snfO{ uBdf ¿kfGt/ ugx{' f];\ .
&= JofVof ug'{xf;] \ M
eOg\ kY[ jL tGgf, rt'/ 5 unr}F f dvdnL
b'nfxfsf] /ftf] emnn ku/L ef] lxd rn' L .
*= …d]3 lahn' L ljjfxÚ sljtfdf JoSt efj atfpg'xf];\ .

4 g]kfnL, sIff (

(= …d3] lahn' L ljjfxÚ sljtfdf d]3 / lahn' LnfO{ bn' xf bn' xLsf ¿kdf lrq0f ul/P h:t} cGo
s'g sg' ljifoj:t'nfO{ s] s];u“ tn' gf ul/Psf] 5 <

!)= cfsfz uhL{ lahn' L rlDs“bf PSsfl; tkfOs“{ f] dgdf s:tf] efj pTkGg xfn] f, ;fyLx¿sf
lardf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ .

!!= tn lbOPsf ljifo ;Gbed{ f ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ emdemd kfgL k/]sf] l:ylt

-v_ xl/of] jghªu\ nn] 9flsPsf] kxf8

!@= gk] fnL j0fd{ fnfdf /flvPsf j0f{x¿sf] jm| d / gk] fnL zAbsf]zdf /flvPsf] j0fx{ ¿sf] j|md
k9\g'xf;] \ / lbOPsf kZ| gsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ gk] fnL j0f{dfnfsf] j|md

-c_ c, cf, O, O{, p, pm, C, P, P], cf,] cf}, c+, cM

-cf_ s, v, u, 3, ª, r, 5, h, em, ~f, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0f, t, y, b, w, g, k, km, a, e,
d, o, /, n, j, z, if, ;, x, If, q, 1

-v_ gk] fnL zAbsfz] sf] jm| d

-c_ c,F c+, c, cf, O, O{, p, pm, C, P, P,] cf], cf}

-cf_ s -sF, s,+ s, sf, ls, sL, s', s," s,[ s,] s,} sf], sf,} So, j|m, Sn, Sj, If_

-O_ v -v,F v+, v, vf, lv, vL, v', v", v,] v}, vf,] vf}, v\ _

-O{_ u -u,F u+, u, uf, lu, uL, u', u", u,[ u,] u,} uf], uf}, u\ _

-p_ o;} u/L 3, ª, r, 5, h -1_, em, ~f, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0f, t -q_, y, b, w, g, k, km,
a, e, d, o, /, n, j, z, if, ;, x j0fa{ f6 ag]sf zAb klg zAbsfz] df ;lhn}
e]6\g ;lsG5 .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ zAbsf]zsf] jm| ddf If, q, 1 sg' s'g j0f{kl5 cfpF5g\ <

-v_ s/, s+;, sfd, s[lif, Sof/,] Ifo zAbnfO{ zAbsf]zsf] j|mdcg';f/ nV] gx' f];\ .

-u_ cfˆgf] sIffsf kfrF hgf ;fyLx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ / ltgnfO{ g]kfnL zAbsfz] sf]
j|mdcg;' f/ ldnfpg'xf;] \ .

-3_ kY[ jL, tfFtL, 3'D6L, >l' t, Ct', ls/0f zAbsf] cy{ zAbsf]zaf6 vfh] L sfkLdf
n]v/] ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 5

!#= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L lgb]l{ zt sfo{ ug{'xf];\ M

-lzIfsn] sIffdf sljtf kl| tofl] utfsf] sfo{j|md /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . pSt sfo{jm| ddf
clgn rf}w/LnfO{ lzIfsn] sfoj{ |md ;~rfngsf] lhDdf lbge' Psf] 5 ._
-clgn s';L{af6 h'?Ss p7/] b'j} xft hf]8L clnslt lgx'l/bF }_ gd:sf/ Û dnfO{ sfo{j|md
;~rfngsf] cj;/ kb| fg ug{'ePsfdf cfb/0fLo sIff lzIfs sb] f/ ofbjHo"k|lt -lzIfstkm{
kms/]{ lz/ lgx'/fpbF }_ cfef/ k|s6 ub5{ ' . -d~rdf ku' L sIfftkm{ xb] {}_ ca d cf;g
ux| 0fsf] sfo{j|md /fV5' . d o; sfo{jm| dsf] ;efWoIfsf ¿kdf xfd|f sIffsf ;xhstf{
ldq cAbn' cxdbnfO{ cf;g u|x0fsf nflu lgj]bg ub{5' . -bj' } xftn] cAbn' tkm{
O;f/f u/L d~rlt/ cfpg cg/' f]w ub_}{ cf;g ux| 0f uge'{ Psfdf cWoIfHok" |lt cfef/
JoSt ub{5' -clnslt em'Sb} cWoIftkm{ kms/]{ ;Ddfg ks| 6 ub}_{ . o;kl5 cfb/0fLo
lzIfsHo"nfO{ k|d'v cltlysf] cf;g u|x0f ug{ cg'/fw] u5'{ -clnslt emS' b} lzIfstkm{ kms{/]
cf;gk6\l6 a:g O;f/f ub}_{ . ldqx¿, ca ;latf kxf8LnfO{ cfˆgf] sljtf jfrg ug{
cg'/f]w u5'{ .
clgnn] sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ubf{ bv] fPsf] ljgozLn Jojxf/ h:t} tkfOF{ klg sIffdf x'g
nfus] f] uLt kl| tofl] utf ;~rfngsf] clego;lxtsf] el" dsf lgjf{x ug'{xf];\ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 ! ;'Gg'xf]; / vfnL 7fp“df pkoS' t zAb 5fGg'xf];\ M

-s_ …d}qL;"qÚ d b]zsf] x',F ;adf ==== 5b}{ 5' d . -PsTj, dxŒj, ;fyLTj_
-v_ kfvfdf vghf]t u5'{ >dn] ==== / kfv] d x'F . -udL,{ wdL,{ sdL_{
-u_ cf:yf, dfgjtf, pbf/ ;dtf a:g] ==== xF' d . -unFr} f, kmnFr} f, au}Frf_
-3_ xf]nL, ljm| :d;sf], kljq Obsf] ==== cfwf/ x'F . -gjLg, uf| dL0f, kf| rLg_

@= ;'gfO kf7 ! df g]kfn / gk] fnLsf] klxrfgnfO{ s;/L lrgfOPsf] 5, eGgx' f];\ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

! tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L /v] fª\lst zAbdWo]af6 gfd, ;j{gfd / ljzi] f0f klxrfg ug{x' f];\ M

ljho / ljgo ldNg] ;fyL xg' \ . pgLx¿ ;fgb} l] v Pp6} ljBfnodf cWoog ub{} cfPsf
5g\ . b'jn} ] Pscsfn{ fO{ ltdL eg/] ;Daf]wg u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf] 3/ aemfª lhNnfdf k5{ .
ljhosf a'af lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . pxfF ufpsF f] ljBfnodf g]kfnL ljifo k9fpgx' 'G5 . ljgosf
a'af s[lifdf cfa4 x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] pxfnF fO{ bfneftsf] hf]xf] ug{ bM' v 5}g . pxfF cfw'lgs
/ Joj;fodv' L sl[ ifnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug{ ;s] JolSt, ;dfh / /fi6s« } ljsf; ;Dej /x]sf]
wf/0ff /fVg'x'G5 .

6 g]kfnL, sIff (

@= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 gfd, ;jg{ fd / ljz]if0f zAbsf] cnu cnu ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ M

lxdfnL lhNnf d':tfªdf :ofp, cfn', hf} h:tf kmnk"mn tyf cGgafnL nufOG5 . oxfFsf
dflg;x¿ e8] f, Rofªu\ |f, rf}/Lnufotsf kz'kfng u5g{ \ . ef}ufl] ns ljs6tfn] ubf{ s]xL
;do cl3;Dd g'g, tn] , Uof;F , dl6tn] cflb cf];f/k;f/ ug{ sl7gfO lyof] . clxn] eg]
oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf ePsfn] To:tf] ;d:of 5}g . d:' tfªdf afx}| dlxgf lr;f] xfjf rN5 eg]
r}t jz} fvdf 7n' f] x'/Latf; rN5 . l5d]sLx¿sf lardf ;v' bM' vdf ;xofu] , bof, dfof,
;b\efj cflb ks| 6 u/L cfTdLo efj k|s6 u5{g\ . t,F pm, tL dfG5], oL bfhe' fO / cfˆgf
gftfkftf h:tf s'/fn] e]befj u/L s;s} f] bM' vdf 6n' '6'n' x]//] a:g] afgL pgLx¿df 5}g .

#= …d3] lahn' L ljjfxÚ sljtfdf ko| fu] ePsf dWo] kfr“ kfr“ cf6] f gfd / ljzi] f0f zAb nV] gx' f;] \ .

$= rf/ rf/cf6] f ;jg{ fd / ljzi] f0f zAb kg]{ u/L dfdf3/ hfb“ fsf] cg'ej ;d6] ]/ cg'R5]b
tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .

%= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ 'xf;] \ / kb;ªu\ lt ldns] f] Pp6f cgR' 5b] /rgf ug'x{ f];\ M

u?' n] d3] lah'nL sljtf k9fpge' of] . pxfnF ] Tof] kf7 /fd|/L a'emfpge' of] . xfdf| ] sIffdf
;fe] mL ladnf, 6f7L lgd{nf, af7f] g/]z / ;fe] mf] gk[ z] gfdsf ;fyLx¿ 5g\ . xfd|f]
sIffsL lgd{nfsf] efO cf7df k9\5 . gk[ ]zsL alxgL ;ftdf k95\ ] . g/z] sL lbbL bzdf
k9\gx' 'G5 . lgdn{ fn] g/]znfO{ ;fW] 5,] ætF sljtf no xfn/] k9\5;\ <Æ g/]zn] lgdn{ fnfO{
eG5, ætF k95\ ;] \ t <Æ u?' n] ltgLx¿sf] s/' f ;G' g'eof] / ltgLx¿nfO{ eGge' of,] æ;fyLnfO{
ltdL, tkfO{F eGg'k5{ .Æ

stf{ / ljm| of gfd / ;jg{ fd ljzi] f0f / ljz]io e]bs / eB]
u'?n] — eGg'eof] u'?n] — pxfFn] ;f]emL— ladnf xfd|f] — sIff
;fyLx¿ — 5g\ ladnf, lgdn{ f, 6f7L— lgd{nf g[kz] sL — alxgL
efO — k95\ g/]z / gk[ z] — af7f] —g/]z g/z] sL — lbbL
alxgL — k95\ ] ltgLx¿ ;f]emf] —gk[ z] ltgLx¿sf] — s/' f
lbbL — k9\g'xG' 5
lgd{nfn] — ;fW] 5]
tF — k9\5;\
tF — k95\ ;] \

gk] fnL, sIff ( 7

^= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b ;ª\ult ldnfO{ ;fg'{xf];\ M
-s_ ;fgL s6] fn] 7n' f] s6] LnfO{ af]nfof] / eGof], æP gfgL, ltdL stf lx8s] L 5];\ .Æ 7n' L
s]6Ln] eGof], æd t Jofofd ug{ lx8s] L lg,Æ ;fgf] s]6fn] 7'nL s6] LnfO{ egL, æP ltd|f]
lhp kftnL ePsf] Jofofd u//] kf] xf] .Æ
-v_ d lkmSsn uof] . ToxfF w/] } dflg;x¿ lyof] . Ps hgf zk] f{ bfh'n] aSv' nufP/
cfof} . dn} ] zk] f{ bfh';uF aSv' dfUof] . ToxL ;do xl/k|;fb cfO;\ . pgn] dnfO{ eg,]
ædn} ] dfbn lsGof] . tF 9f]ns lsG5g\ <Æ

&= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] df zAbsf] ;'?, lar / cGTodf nfus] f x|:j Osf/ zAb klxrfg
ug'{xf;] \ M

d/] f] ljBfno efl] n laxfg l7s !) ah] ;'? x'G5 . klxnf] sIff g]kfnL ljifo ePsfn]
ufj] wg{ u'?n] xfdL ;an} fO{ /dfOnf] r'6l\ snf ;'gfpFb} sIff k|f/De ug'{x'G5 . pxfF /dfOnf] u/L
k9fpgx' 'G5 . l6lglggL 3G6L ah]/ ha pxfsF f] sIff ;?' x'G5 ta xfdL sIffdf kl;xfN5f}F .

*= ‘d]3 lah'nL ljjfx’ sljtfaf6 zAbsf] ;?' , lar / cGTodf x:| j Osf/ nfus] f zAb klxrfg
u/L nV] g'xf];\ .

l;h{gf / kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= tn …sÚ / …vÚ sf] cz+ df cfjZostfcg';f/ kb, kbfjnL / kªl\ St /fvL sljtf /rgf
ug'{xf];\ M

kmn" af/L

-s_ 9sdSs kmn" km'Ng] xfd|f] kmn" af/L
;okqL kmn" km'Ng] ==== ===========
dvdnL======================kmn" af/L=
/ª\uLrª\uL ================= kmn" ===================
-v_ =============================================
=============================================
=============================================
================================================

@= k:' tsfno jf cGo dfWodaf6 b]zk]d| jf gk] fnL jL/tfsf] efj ePsf] Pp6f sljtf
vf]hL sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

8 gk] fnL, sIff (

kf7 @ :jfb

– wj|' rGb| uf}td

cfdf, afa' / 5f]/fsf] lrq, lsgd]n ub{} u/]sf,] a;/] vfbF } u/s] f] lrq

;fag' nufot c¿ klg slt lrhlah lsGg' lyof] . ;fag' slt lbgbl] v ;lsPsf] lyof] / g'xfpg
gkfP/ lhp dn} f] ePsf] cfk}FmnfO{ cge' j x'GYof] . skfndf rfof k/]sf] 5 . :jf:gL rflxF t To;}
klg g'xfpyF L t/ nf]Ug] rflxF ;fa'g geOsg g'xfpbF }gYof] .

p;sL :jf:gL eGyL, æbz] df oltsf ul/ax¿ a:5g\ . s;n} fO{ ;fag' hb' g}{ , tkfOnF{ fO{ dfq} :jfª .Æ

pm eGYof], æof] s] /fdf| ] s'/f xf] t < cfkm" n] efU] g} k¥of] eGb}df ul/aLnfO{ ;D' ;'Dofpg] t < d
30[ ff u5{' . k|Tos] ul/an] cfˆgf] ul/aLl;t 3[0ff ugk}{ 5{ .Æ

cfh laxfg} klg o:tf] s'/f ltgLx¿sf lar ePsf] lyof] . :jf:gL gx' fpgdf hf]8 lbO/xs] L lyO{ .
nfU] g] rflxF b]zsf] ul/aLdfly efif0f lbP/ To;nfO{ 6fg{ vfl] h/x]sf] lyof] . cGTodf cfh klg pm
gg'xfP/} c88\ f uPsf] lyof] .

c8\8fdf pm of6} f ;fwf/0f sfl/Gbf lyof] . sof}F jifb{ ]lv pm o;} u/L ;fwf/0f lyof] . axfnL ePsf]
ldltbl] v pm To; kbdf cf;Lg lyof] . p;sf] efUo s] lyof] eg] Pp6f kb p;n] cfhLjg kfof] .
gq slt dfG5] t sfd} gkfP/ kmfN6' eO/xs] f 5g\ .

zAbfy{ 9
rfof — skfnsf] kmb] df hds] f] dl;gf] a'/a/' ] ;t] f] wn' f]
c8\8f — sfofn{ o
sfl/Gbf — n]vgbf;sf] sfd ug]{ JolSt

gk] fnL, sIff (

cfh tna cfpg] lbg lyof] . pm la; ut]b]lv g} tna cfpg] lbgnfO{ Jout| f;fy klv{GYof] .
Hofb} l9nf rfnn] Tof] lbg cfOk'UYof] . lgZro g} of] Pp6f lbg rflxF ;w}F p;nfO{ gf]s/L ug{
kfPsfdf uj{ xG' Yof] .
æs;d Û, efl] n gx' fp5F ' n .Æ laxfgsf] g'xfpg] ax;nfO{ p;n] o;} eg]/ 6ª' \Uofof] / 6f]kL ldnfpbF }
c88\ flt/ s'b\of] . :jf:gL xfF:g yfnL . p;nfO{ klg cfh tna afF8g\ ] lbg xf] eGg] kQf] lyof] .
æ;fag' };fa'g lsg/] Nofpg' Sof Ps ef/L .Æ p;n] egL / 3/vr{sf] lx;fa ug{ sf]7flt/ k;L .
pm w/] } k9s] L lyOg tk} lg 3/ rnfpgdf kSsf lyO{ . Tof] t cfˆgf] cfDbfgL g} vf]6f] ePkl5
oxfFeGbf slt 3/ rnf;] \ . p;sf] bf]if lyof] t o;df <
;f9F ] kfrF ahl] t/ nf]Ug] cfof] k|;Gg eP/ . cfpgf;fy eGof], ædn} ] lx;fa u¥ofeGbf a9L g}
/sd kf] cfP5 t <Æ
æslt a9L <Æ :jf:gLn] ;f]wL .
æ;f9] ;ft ?lkofF .Æ
;'g]/ :jf:gL v';L eO{ / l;Fuf/k6f/ ug{ lx8F L .
Æcl3 g} l7Ss k/]/ a:gk' bg{} <Æ nf]Ug] emsf{] dfGb} emls{of] .
ækfrF ldg6] df l7Ss k5',{ s] ug'{ 5 / ca, ufhn nfO;Sof 5, skfn cfwf sfl] /;Sof 5 .Æ
:jf:gLn] egL / Pg] f x/] L x/] L afFsL skfn sfg] { yfnL .
nfU] g] 38L xg] { yfNof] .
cfwf 306fkl5 5f]/f];dt] ltgLx¿ lg:s] . b'js} f] xftdf Psf]6f emfn] f lyof] . h;df tnan]
EofPhlt dfn sfR] g' lyof] . tnaaf6 sx] L /sd ltgLx¿n] ckem{ 6 cfOkg{] 36gf / cfjZostfsf
nflu 56' \ofPsf lyP . la; ut;] Dddf Tof] /sd ljgf s'g} 36gf cfˆgf] :jfefljs rfnn] a]kQf
eOlbGYof] .
ærfdn glsGg] cfh <Æ nfU] g]n] ;fW] of] .
æ5 cem} b'Or{ f/ lbgnfO{ . lgs} kmf/f] ef] o;kfln .Æ :jf:gLn] egL .
æcsf]{ dlxgf;Dd k'U5 t <Æ
æcF kU' 5 < bO' {rf/ lbgkl5 lsGgk' 5{ lg lsGg t .Æ
Tolt eg/] :jf:gLn] ;fGTjgf lbO{, rfdnnfO{ rflxg]hlt ?lkofF 5'6\ofOlbPsf] 5 .

Jout| f — Jofs'ntf
vf]6f ] — sfd gnfUg]

10 gk] fnL, sIff (

nfU] g] ;Gt'i6 eP/ lx8F \g yfNof] . cfpgf;fy p;n] ;f/f tna :jf:gLnfO{ ae' mfOlbPsf] lyof]
tfls :jf:gLnfO{ u'gf;f] g/xf];\ / p;nfO{ clglZrGttf .

;aeGbf klxn] p;n] ;fa'g g} lsGof] . To;kl5 tn] d;nf . :jf:gLn] dlxgfaf/L vr{nfO{
agfPsf] ln:6 x]b}{ pm lsGYof] . hxfF cIf/ al' emGgYof], ToxfF :jf:gL :ki6 kfb}{ hfGyL .

ha :jf:gLsf] kj| l[ Q k|To]s lrhdf ;+zfw] g ub{} hfg] bl] vof], nfU] g] k8S\ of] .

æo:t} xf] ah]6 < ofF cfP/ yKb} hfg] < dfG5]sf] duh tfTbg} ls lh:SofPsL ltdLn] dnfOÆ{
p;n] eGof] aDs]/} .

e}uf] t e}uf], ef]ln ku' ]g eg] dnfO{ s,] ku' ]g elGbG5' .Æ :jf:gLn] klg cfˆgf] s/' fsf] :ofªL
lemsL . To;kl5 :jf:gLn] ln:6 ;+zfw] g ug{ 5fl8lbO{ / ltgLx¿ hlt sfutdf n]lvPsf] lyof,]
Tolt dfq lsGg yfn] .

æc¿ sx] L t afFsL 5}g lsGg <Æ cGTodf p;n] ;fW] of] .

:jf:gLn] ln:6 xb] {} egL, ækVg':g x]¿,F 56' k'6 5 lsÆ

nfU] g] 8/fpg yfNof] s'g} l´sL kf] xfN5] ls 5'6k'6 s'/f] . lemsL klg xfnL, ln:6df geP klg,
æd/] f] r/' f nfpg' lyof,] eu} f] ef]ln nfpFnf .Æ

To;kl5 dfn k;ns] } lhDdf nfP/ ltgLx¿ t/sf/L ahf/lt/ lx8F ,] 5f/] f]nfO{ 8f]¥ofpFb} .

5f/] f] lyof] rf/ k'u/] kfFr nfu]sf] . ca a'‰g yfns] f] lyof], s] kfPb]lv p;nfO{ k|;Ggtf kf| Kt
xG' 5 . To;sf/0f kmdf{O; ugd{ f, aa' fsf] ljrf/df pm cfˆgL cfdfeGbf sd lyPg . km/s olt
xf] ls 5f]/fsf] kmdf{O; k"/f rflxF p:tf] xG' gYof] .

ahf/ Ps} 7fpdF f el/e/fp eP/ nfu]sf] lyof] . dflg; lsGge' Gbf a9L df]ntfn] u/]/ cfgGb
lnO/xs] f lyP . h'g t/sf/L lsGg' lyPg jf h'g klxNo} lslg;ss] f lyP, To;sf] klg efp ;f]Wb}
lxFl8/xs] f lyP . lsGg' 5g} eg] Ps ?lkofF lsnf] egs] f] j:t'nfO,{ ;'sLdf lbG5f} eGy] / lxF8y\ ] .
;fy} x/s] u|fxs cf;F ' dfq emfg{ afsF L /fv]/ dxuF Lsf] rLTsf/ ul//xs] f] lyof] .

Pp6f ljzfn sf]nfxnsf laraf6 af6f] agfpbF } ltgLx¿ lxlF 8/xs] f lyP .

5f/] f] o:tf] 7fpFdf slxns] fxLF dfq cfpg kfpFYof,] To; sf/0f lgs} /dfOnf] dflg/xs] f] lyof] . s]xL
a]/kl5 g} Tof] ef]s nfUof] kf] eGg yfNof,] l5g l5gdf 3f]Rg] eF}m . ltgLx¿n] a8f] sl7gfO;fy
To;nfO{ kmsfP, 3/ hfgf;fy ld7fO{ vfg lbg] eg]/ . 3/sf] j/k/ sg' } ld7fO{ k;n lyPg, of]
ltgLx¿nfO{ kSsf ePsfn] o:tf] elgPsf] lyof] . ;fob 5f/] f] rflxF o;df kSsf lyPg .

aDs/] } — l/;sf cfju] df 7N' 7'nf] :j/n] uh{]/ 11
rLTsf/ — kL8fn] el/Psf] lrRofx6
sfn] fxn — xf]xNnf

g]kfnL, sIff (

ltgLx¿n] sfpnL lsg], cfn' lsg] . nfU] gn] ] ;D‰of,] æ;fukftx¿df w]/} le6fldg x'G5, To;
sf/0f k;} f ef j]nfdf sd;]sd :jf:Yodfly klg s]xL Wofg lbg'k5{ .Æ ltgLx¿n] ;fu lsg] .
ln:6df t/sf/Lsf] pNnv] lyPg, :jf:gLnfO{ xtf/ eP/ xf] ls nV] g sGg'kg{] eP/ xf] . :jf:gL
dxfef/t /fd/| L k9y\ L t/ s07 u//] .
:jf:gL eGb} hfGyL, s] t/sf/L lsGg,] nfU] g] lsGb} hfGYof] .
æhfpm,F ca t prfNg} g;lsg] eof] of] emf]nf .Æ nfU] gn] ] eGof] t/ emf]nf k/" f e/s] f] rflxF lyPg .
xg' ;S5 p;nfO{ uxf| }F a9L nfu]sf] xf;] \ .
ca ltgLx¿ kmlsg{ yfN5g\ . :jf:gLn] To;} avt egL, æPskm] / df;'lt/ xg] ]{ ls <Æ
æef,] ghfpmF , dxFuf] 5 .Æ nfU] gn] ] eGof], æpxL klg clxn] afvL| sf6\5g\ /] efp rflxF v;Ls}
lnG5g\ .Æ
æx}g, Totl} t/af6 hfpmF / o:;f] ;f]wfF} t efp . v;L sf6\of xg] { 5f/] f] c;fWo} /dfp5F Sof .Æ
p;n] egL .
ltgLx¿ Tot}lt/ nfu,] htf ltgLx¿ Ps Ps dlxgf latfP/ hfGy] . 5/l5ds] df rflxF kr| f/
ul/lbPsf lyP 5f]/f] t k"j{hGdsf] j}i0fj /x]5 Sof/, df;' vfg} dg ub}{g, clg Nofpg' s;sf]
nflu < t/ of] s'/f] x}g . df;' kfPsf] lbg a? 5f]/fnfO{ eft a9L ?RYof] .
v;L sf6]sf] xg] '{cl3 g} df5f ahf/ bl] vof] . ltgLx¿ lsl;d lsl;dsf df5f kf] x]g{ yfn] .
æ/x' df5f gvfPsf] t a;f}F eO;Sof] .Æ :jf:gLn] egL .
ægs/fpm, df5fdf sf8F f w/] } xG' 5, 5f]/fnfO{ c8\Sof] eg] <Æ
æsfF x'G5 /x' df5fdf Hof:tL sfF8f <Æ
ædxuF f] x'G5 lg t .Æ
Ps 7fpdF f 6f]s/Ldf Pp6f dfq l;ª\uf] df5f lyof] ljzfn /x' . :jf:gL nfl] eO{ .
æsltdf lbg]Æ :jf:gLn] df5f aR] g] dfG5;] Fu ;fw] L .
æ!@ ?lkofF lsnf] . clnslt 36fOlbG5', nfg;' \ . oxL Pp6f df5f afFsL 5, dnfO{ 3/ hfg klg
xtf/ 5 .Æ df5f aR] g]n] eGof] .
5f]/f] df5f b]v]/ /dfof] . lsGg] c8\8L s:g yfNof] .
æslt 5 of] df5f tfn} u/ tÆ :jf:gLn] egL .
df5f aR] gn] ] tfN} of] / eGof,] æk/" f 8]9 lsnf] 5 . tkfOnF{ fO{ !) ?lkofF s]= hL= sf] efp ul/lbG5' .

ji} 0fj — lji0fs' f] pkf;gf ug]{ JolSt

12 g]kfnL, sIff (

!% ?lkofF lbg;' ,\ nfg;' \ .Æ

nfU] g] rflxF klg cln pT;s' eof] / eGof,] ædxuF f] eof], cln sd u/ g .Æ

æ!@ ?lkofF s]= hL= sf] df5f !) ?lkofF ul/lbPF t}klg dxFuf] eGg'x'G5, oxfeF Gbf slt sd ug]{ .
cfkm" nfO{ gfS] ;fg kl/;Sof] . xfdLn] klg lsg]/} NofP/ a]Rg] xf] . o;a} f6 bO' r{ f/ k;} f sdfP/ k]6
kfNg'k5{ . s] ug'{ .Æ df5fjfnn] nfdf] uGyg u¥of] .

æ!) ?lkofFdf ;a} bp] m gÆ :jf:gLn] egL .

df5f ljj|mt] fn] Psk]m/ 6f]s/Ldf afFsL /x]sf] Tof] 9f8] df5fnfO{ x¥] of] / uDof] . To;kl5 eGof,]
æe}uf,] ;ft ?lkofF s=] hL= ef], ;f9] bz ?lkofF lbg;' \ .Æ

nfU] g]n] vNtL 5fDof] . vNtLaf6 kfrF ?lkofF / dfx] / lg:Sof] . æs] ug{,] df5f t vfgk' g{] xf,] olt
;:tf]Æ p;n] /x/ / cefj cg'ej ub{} eGof], æltdL oxLF a;, d x]5'{, lrGof sfx] L e]6 xG' 5 ls .Æ

p;n] ev/{ Zofd bfOnfO{ uf]ne8F] f df]Ng nfu]sf] bv] ]sf] lyof] . p;sf] ljrf/ lyof], h?/L b]vfP/
kfFr ?lkofF dfU5' / cfufdL dlxgfdf ltl/lbG5' t/ w/] } vf]Hbf klg Zofd bfO km] nf k/]gg\ .
kmsbF{ f p;n] crfgs cfk\mg} 6fn] sf] au/] sfG5fnfO{ b]Vof] . pm cfˆgf] kfl] h;gsf] jf:Tff gu/]/}
ToxfF uof], df5fsf] dft nfu] eF}m eGof], æP sfG5f bfO, kfrF f]6f ?lkofF n]pm t efl] n lbpnF f .Æ

t/ sfG5fn] eGof,] æcsfs{ f] v;L Hofnfbf/Ldf sf6]sf] lyPF, ;a} k};f ev{/} To;}nfO{ ae' mfO;sF] .Æ

p;n] ;f]Rof], xfdL h:tfn] dfUbf emg\ uf}/j kf] dfGgk' g]{ . ToxfaF f6 kms]/{ pm df5f / :jf:gL
ePsf] 7fpFdf cfof] .

p;sf] cg'xf/ v:ss] f] lyof] . To;df olt ;:Tff] df5f lng gkfPsf] tf8] afFsL lyof] . o:tf]
yfxf kfPsf] eP, cl3 c¿ t/sf/L g} lslgGg lyof] .

æca <Æ p;n] :jf:gLlt/ x/] /] eGof] .

æzf]efl;t dfu/] NofpFm <Æ :jf:gLn] egL . p;n] ;DemL zfe] fsf] 3/ glhs} 5 / p;sf]
s]6fs6] Lbl] v ;fyL xf] .

nfU] g] clns cgsgfof] / df5flt/ x]¥of] . To;kl5 eGof], æhfpm g t, t/ df5fnfO{ eg/] gdfUg'
lg . cfi} fwL lsGg ku' ]g eg g .Æ

:jf:gL nfU] g]sf] lgbz{] gnfO{ ;lDemF b} uO{ . ToltGh]n nf]Ug] 5f]/fsf] ;fy df5f s'l//xo\ f] .

sx] L a/] kl5 :jf:gL kmsL{ . 6f9a} f6 p;n] kfrF ?lkofFsf] gf6] b]vfO{ h'g bv] /] nfU] g] klg ;flF Rrs}
k|;Gg eof] .

uf/} j — dlxdf, ;Ddfg 13
cgsgfpg ' — csdsfpg,' lxrlsrfpg'

g]kfnL, sIff (

df5f lsg]/ p;n] xftdf em' G8\ofof] / ;kl/jf/ lx8F o\ f] . aRrf] k6s k6s aa' fsf] xftdf
e'mlG8Psf] df5fnfO{ 6\ofKk ;dfpYF of,] 5f8\Yof] / v';L x'GYof] .
8/] f ku' /] df5f ltgLx¿n] pT;fx;fy ksfP, tf/] / emf]n kf/] . To;kl5 tK[ t eP/ df5feft
vfP .
/flt ;T' bfv]l/ !! alh;s]sf] lyof] . ltgLx¿nfO{ sg' } ;df/f]x / efh] sf] jf:tljs cfgGb
cfh slt jifk{ l5 kf| Kt ePsf] lyof,] Tofe] Gbf a9L ;:tf] df5f kfPsf] cfgGb, h;nfO{ efl] n
5/l5d]sdf uj{;fy aofg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;'Tgc' l3 bj' }n] sa'n u/,] ædf5fsf] :jfb Hofb} ld7f] lyof], clj:d/0fLo .Æ
:jf:gLn] egL, æof] :jfb ca Ps dlxgf;Dd d'vd} f e'mlG8/xG5 .Æ
nfU] gn] ] eGof,] æca csf]{ dlxgf;Dd s]xL gvfP klg xG' 5 To;f] eP, g df5f g df;' . a?
zfe] fsf] kfFr ?lkofF ef]ln g} ltl/b]pm nu]/, /fVg'xG' g .Æ
æltg{] s;/L lg <Æ :jf:gLn] ;fw] L .
nfU] g] lgbfpFbf lgbfpFb} eGof,] æls cfv] tLx¿nfO{ 56' \ofPsf] vra{ f6 ltl/bp] m ls sf]xL c¿l;t
kFr} f] dfu/] , t/ of] k};f rflxF ca csf{] tna gcfO{ ltl/Gg .

pT;fx — xf;} nf, km'tL{, hf];
tK[ t — ;Gti' 6, c3fPsf]
clj:d/0fLo — la;g{ g;lsg]
k“}rf] — kl5 lkmtf{ ug]{ u/L s;};“u lng] jf s;n} fO{ sx] L lbg] sfd

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
axfnL, uj{, kmf/f], efp, Hof:tL, gfS] ;fgL, c8\8L, tf]8, 6f]s/L
@= kf7df ef, of,“ u¥of, ;Sof, Psf]6f, lrGof, sf6\of, sf“, kVg;' ,\ nfg';\ h:tf afn] LrfnLdf
ko| f]u ul/g] zAbx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . kf7sf] ;Gbe{ Vofn u/L pSt zAbsf] :t/Lo z'4 ¿k
n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= kf7df k|of]u ePsf lgDglnlvt 6'Ssfsf] cy{ ae' mL jfSodf ko| fu] ug'{xf];\ M
6fg{ vf]Hg', vf6] f] xg' ,' c88\ L s:g', d'vd} eml' G8g '

14 g]kfnL, sIff (

$= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] df k|ofu] ePsf pvfg l6Kgx' f];\ . ;fyLx¿;u“ ldnL cGo kfr“ cf]6f pvfg
/ ltgsf cy{af/] 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ M

HffFu/k;| fb ldlxgt] L 5g\ . pgL va' kl/>d u5g{ \ . l5d]sL cN5Lk|;fb cfP / eg], æs] b'Mv
u5f{,} hfFu/k|;fb < v'?v?' a;/] vfg 5f8/] .Æ hfuF /k;| fbn] eg,] æclxn] bM' v u//] sx] L
hf]/hfd u¥of] eg] a9' ;] sfndf a;/] vfg ;lsG5, cl3sf] lttf] kl5sf] ld7f] eGg] yfxf
5}g <Æ To;kl5 cN5Lk|;fb ToxfFaf6 lx8]F . cln k/ k'Ubf Ps hgf dfG5n] ] uf]?nfO{ nv]6b\ }
lyof] . cN5Lk|;fbn] ;fw] ], ælsg uf?] nv]6\b} 5f} <Æ To; dfG5]n] eGof], æxg] 'x{ f];\ g sqf]
ldlxgt] u/]/ ;fu 5/s] f] lyPF . uf]?n] ;vfk} kf/5] . /ftel/ s/fof] blIf0f x/fof] emF} kf]
eof] t .Æ To; dfG5]n] cN5Lk;| fbnfO{ eg]5, æP cN5Lk|;fb sfd gu//] s] nv/nv/ 8'Nb}
lx8F s] f] ltdL, kl5 b'Mv kfpnf / lsg ?G5;\ dª\un] cfˆg} 9ª\un] eg] h:t} xf]nf lg .Æ

%= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L cgs' /0ffTds zAb klxrfg ug'x{ f];\ M

;fgf] sfG5f] n'?n'? cfof] . lksf{df ykSs a:of] . cfdf;uF clnslt kfgL dfu/] eGof], æyf]/}
kfgL lbg';,\ of] bafO 36' 'Ss lgN5' .Æ cfdf h?' Ss p7\ge' of] / ;/f;/ ufu|f] ePsf] 7fpFdf
hfge' of] . cfdfn] cDvf/] fdf kfgL ;f/]/ lbge' of] . ;fgf] sfG5fn] cDvf]/faf6 3636 kf//]
;a} kfgL vfof] .

^= tn lbOPsf cgs' /0ffTds zAb / ltgn] hgfpg] sfo{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

km6fkm6 – cf]9\g'

uDnª\u – xg] {'

£ofRr – pHofnf] xg' '

skfsk – lxF8g\ '

5o\ fªu\ – /fl] Ssg'

unNn – xfjf rNg'

x'??? – p7\g'

– vfg'

– xfF:g'

af]w / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f ug'x{ f];\ M

3[0ff, efif0f, :jf:Yo, 6fs] /L, ;fGTjgf, ux|f},F dxuF f,] Hofnfbf/L, ljj|mt] f

@= …:jfbÚ syfsf cgR' 5b] kfnk} fnf] ;:j/jfrg ug{'xf;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 15

#= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] cIf/ ;/+ rgf k9\g'xf];\ / kf7af6 kf“rcf6] f zAb l6kL ltgsf] cIf/
;+/rgf b]vfpgx' f];\ M

zAb cIf/ ;/+ rgf cIf/ ;ªV\ of
pm p Ps
t t Ps
bf]ifL bO' {
kQf] bf=] l; bO' {
:jfefljs kt=\ tf] tLg
:jf=ef=las \

$= …:jfbÚ syfsf] ;+/rgf kIf;“u ;DalGwt kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ syfsf] p7fg sg' ;Gbea{ f6 ul/Psf] 5 <

-v_ syfsf] ;+jfbdf slt hgf kfq pkl:yt 5g\ <

-u_ syfsf] cGTo s'g 36gfaf6 ePsf] 5 <

-3_ syfn] sxfFsf] kl/jz] cFufn]sf] 5 <

%= tn lbOPsf] syfsf] cz+ dfg} k7g u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

c88\ fdf pm of}6f ;fwf/0f sfl/Gbf lyof] . sofF} jif{bl] v pm o;} u/L ;fwf/0f lyof] . axfnL
ePsf] ldltb]lv pm To; kbdf cf;Lg lyof] . p;sf] efUo s] lyof] eg] Pp6f kb p;n]
cfhLjg kfof] . gq slt dfG5] t sfd} gkfP/ kmfN6' eO/x]sf 5g\ .

cfh tna cfpg] lbg lyof] . pm la; ut]b]lv g} tna cfpg] lbgnfO{ Jout| f;fy
klv{GYof] . Hofb} l9nf] rfnn] Tof] lbg cfOkU' Yof] . lgZro g} of] Pp6f lbg rflxF ;wF} p;nfO{
gfs] /L ug{ kfPsfdf uj{ x'GYof] .

æs;d Û, ef]ln gx' fpF5' n .Æ laxfgsf] g'xfpg] ax;nfO{ p;n] o;} eg/] 6'ª\Uofof] / 6f]kL
ldnfpFb} c88\ flt/ sb' o\ f] . :jf:gL xfF:g yfnL . p;nfO{ klg cfh tna af8F \g] lbg xf] eGg]
kQf] lyof] .

æ;fa'g};fag' lsg/] Nofpg' Sof Ps ef/L .Æ p;n] egL / 3/vr{sf] lx;fa ug{ sf7] flt/
k;L .

kZ| gx¿
-s_ cfˆgf] hflu/kl| t …pmÚ kfqsf] wf/0ff s:tf] lyof] <
-v_ kfqn] gx' fpg g;Sgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ >LdtL lsg v';L x'bF } leq kl;g\ <
-3_ cgR' 5b] df /x]sf] …Pp6f kb cfhLjg kfpg'Ú eGg'sf] cfzo s] xf] <

16 g]kfnL, sIff (

^= syf k9L lbOPsf ;+jfb s;n] sf;] “u egs] f x'g\, klxNofpg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;fa'g};fag' lsg/] Nofpg' Sof Ps ef/L .

-v_ d}n] lx;fa u¥ofeGbf a9L g} /sd kf] cfP5 t <

-u_ ;fukftdf w/] } le6fldg xG' 5 .

-3_ dnfO{ 3/ hfg klg xtf/ 5 .

-ª_ csfs{ f] v;L Hofnfbf/Ldf sf6s] f] lyPF, ;a} k;} f ev/{ } To;}nfO{ ae' mfO;sF] .

&= syfdf cfPsf dlxgfel/sf] yk sdfO ;f9] ;ft ?lkof“, df5fsf] d"No ;ft ?lkof“ s=] hL,
Ps ?lkof“ lsnf] t/sf/L h:tf egfOaf6 syfdf j0fg{ ul/Psf] ;do slt klxn]sf] xf],
cgd' fg ugx{' f];\ .

*= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ :jfb syfsf nf]Ug] / :jf:gL kfqsf rfl/lqs ljz]iftfx¿sf] tn' gf ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ syfn] pNn]v u/]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg cfly{s ;d:ofsf] kl/j]znfO{ j0f{g
ugx{' f];\ .

-u_ syfsf] dV' o ;Gbz] s] xf] <

(= syfcg';f/ tn lbOPsf 36gfnfO{ j|md ldnfP/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
— :jf:gLn] gx' fpg hf]8 lbg'
— nfU] g]n] ;fag' ;lsP/ /fdf| ;] uF g'xfpg g;Sg'
— tna cfpg] lbgsf] kt| LIffdf /xg'
— :jf:gLn] zf]ef;uF kfFr ?lkofF ;fk6L dfUg'
— Pp6f c88\ fdf ;fwf/0f sfl/Gbfsf] ¿kdf sfd ub}{ cfpg'
— k;} f kfpgf;fy lsgdn] sf nflu ahf/ hfg'

!)= …:jfbÚ syfdf xfd|f] ;dfhsf s:tf ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:sl[ ts ljifosf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5,
eGgx' f;] \ .

!!= JofVof ug'{xf;] \ M

cfkm" n] ef]Ug} k¥of] eGb}df ul/aLnfO{ ;'D;D' ofpg] t < d 30[ ff u5{' . k|Tos] ul/an]
cfˆgf] ul/aLl;t 3[0ff ug}{ k5{ .

!@= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ :jfb syfn] rrf{ u/] h:t} xfdf| ;dfhdf ul/aLsf] kL8f 5 t, ts{ ug{x' f];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 17

-v_ hLjgsf bl} gs cfjZostf;Dd k/" f ug{ wf}wf} x'g] xfdf| ] jf:tljstfnfO{ syfn] s;/L
k|:t't u/]sf] 5, ;dLIffTds l6Kk0fL ug'x{ f];\ .

!#= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9L tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ugx'{ f;] \ M

/dz] n] zlgaf/ 3D' g hfFbf ux'sF f] /f]6L vfhf nu5] g\ . /ldnfn] kfp/f6] L vfhf nlu5g\ .
/d]z / /ldnfn] cfcfˆgf vfhfsf a6\6f glhs} /fv]sf jn] f /f]6L / kfp/f6] Ln] cfk;df
s/' f u/5] g\ . /f6] Ln] ;f]w5] , ætkfO{F t a8f] g/d x'gx' 'G5 h:tf] 5 < kfp/f6] L eGg] tkfO{F g}
xf] <Æ kfp/f]6Ln] eg5] , æxg} tkfOF{ t a8f] RofK6f] x'g'xb'F f] /x]5 . x'g t d klg clncln RofK6}
5' . tkfO{sF f] gfd /f6] L xf]Og / < RofK6f] ePsfn] RofK6L gfd xg' k' g]{ ÛÆ /f]6LnfO{ l/;
p75] , æx]gx'{ f];,\ kfp/f]6LHo," tkfO{F d]l;gaf6 lg:s]/ a8f] ;l' snf] / g/d 5' eGbd} f w/] }
km'tL{ gnfpg'xf];\ .Æ kfp/f]6Ln] klg eg5] , æd t d]l;gaf6 ag]sfn] g/d 5' . tkfO{F
t tfjfaf6 aGg'ePsf] xfO] g <Æ /f]6Ln] xf] eg]5 / pN6} kfp/f6] LnfO{ ;f]w]5, ætkfOF{
hlt g/d eP klg d h:tf] kfl] ifnf] / tfultnf] xg' x' G' g h:tf] 5 <Æ olts}df glhs}
s;n} ] v;fns] f] uxsF' f] bfgf] uxF'k;| fbn] /f]6L / kfp/f6] Lsf] s/' fsfgL ;'g]5, To;n] eg5]
æltdLx¿ bj' } d/] f ;Gtfg xf} . daf6} ags] f] lk7f/] fdsf] 5f]/f /f]6L xf] . daf6 ags] f]
d}bfk;| fbsf] elthf] kfp/f]6L xf] .Æ

3/df agfPsf vfhf / k;naf6 lsg/] NofPsf o:t} cGo vfhfsf] tn' gf u/L sIffdf
k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;'gfO kf7 @ ;G' g'xf;] \ / tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] Ps jfSodf pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;g' fO kf7cg';f/ lg/~hg >]i7 sf] lyP <
-v_ ;flxTosf/ k;} f ;f6g\ slxn] / sxfF uP <
-u_ ;Dkfbsn] nv] s;dIf uP/ s] eg] <
-3_ ;Dkfbs lsg gfhafkm eP <

@= …cfˆgf] kl/>dsf] sdfO ;an} fO{ Kof/f] xG' 5Ú eGg]af/] sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] df k|ofu] ePsf lj|mofsf] wft' klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M

p;n] ev/{ } Zofd bfOnfO{ uf]ne8]F f df]ndfn] fO ug{ nfu]sf] b]Vof] . p;sf] ljrf/ lyof,] h?/L
bv] fP/ kfrF ?lkofF dfU5' / cfufdL dlxgfdf ltl/lbG5' . w]/} vf]Hbf klg Zofd bfO k]mnf
k/]gg\ . kmsb{F f p;n] crfgs cfˆg} 6fn] sf] au/] sfG5fnfO{ bV] of] . pm cfˆgf] kfl] h;gsf]
jf:Tff gu//] } ToxfF uof], df5fsf] dft nfu] emF} eGof], æP sfG5f bfO, kfrF f6] f ?lkofF np] m
t efl] n lbpFnf .Æ

18 gk] fnL, sIff (

@= pbfx/0fdf lbP e}m“ …lx“8Ú\ , …eg\Ú, …;t' \Ú, …nv] Ú\ wft'af6 lj|mofkbx¿ lgdf0{ f ug{x' f];\ M

pbfx/0f

…a:fÚ\ M a:of], a:5, a:nf, a:b} 5, a:g] 5, a;s] f] 5, al;G5, a;]5, a:Yof,] a;g' \, a;];\

#= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L /]vfªl\ st zAbsf] wft' 56' \ofpg'xf];\ M

kbdk;| fb cfkmn" ] k9]sf] k:' ts ¥ofsdf /fv]/ xFl;nf] cgx' f/ nufpbF } 3'Dg lxF8] . af6fdf
k|x/Ln] rf]/nfO{ kjm| fp u/L nfFb} /x5] . jf:tjdf k|x/L egs] f t ;dfhsf] /Iff ug{] JolSt
g} /x]5g\ .

$= …p;n] ev{/ ==== lbp“nfÚ cgR' 5b] df ePsf s[bGt wft'sf] ¿k klxrfg ug{x' f;] \ .

%= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L ;sd{s / csd{s lj|mof klxrfg ug'{xf];\ M

blw/fd bgj' f/ b}nv] k'u] . pgn] bN' nd' f ;d/l;+xnfO{ e]6] . ToxfF uª\uf/fd uLt ufpbF }
lyP . aa/k;| fb gfRb} lyP . ToxfF dflg;x¿ gfr x]b}{ lyP . sfx] L dflg;x¿ xfF:b} lyP .
To;} jn] f ;fg'd}of zfxL h'?Ss pl7g\ . pgn] ;fyLx¿nfO{ gxfF:g elgg\ . dflg;n] k|ltef
b]vfpFb} 5 . xfdLn] xf;} nf lbg'k5{ . xfdL sfx] L klg gxfF;fF} .

^ ;sd{s / csds{ ljm| ofaf/] yk :ki6 x'g lbOPsf] kmf]g ;+jfb k9g\ 'xf;] \ M

;sds{ M gd:sf/ csds{ lj|mofHo", tkfOF{sf] gfd lsg csd{s eof] <
csds{ M gd:sf/, n Û ;sd{sHo", tkfOs{F f lj|mofn] sd{ lnG5g,\ To;}n] tkfOF{ ;sd{s
eg]/ lrlgg'x'G5 . d]/f lj|mofsf nflu sd{ g} rflxGg . To;n} ] t d csd{s
xF' .
;sd{s M P, To;f] kf] Û s;/L lrGg] t tkfOF{n] ljm| of lng'x'Gg eg/] <
csd{s M n, ;G' gx' f;] \ . of] t sd{ lng] / glng] cfwf/df g} 5'6o\ fpg] xf] . lj|mof;uF
…sÚ] / …s;nfO{Ú egL kZ| g ;f]Wbf pQ/ cfpg] ePsfn] ;sds{ lj|mof
elgPsf] xf] lg t . …d eft vfG5Ú' jfSodf s] vfG5f} eg]/ kZ| g ubf{ eft
pQ/ cfof] o;df, vfG5' lj|mofn] eft sd{ lnof] . To;n} ] vfG5' lj|mof
;sd{s lj|mof eof] lg . cem} et" sfnsf] ljm| of x'Fbf t stf{df …n]Ú ljelSt
klg nfU5 . h:t} M d}n] eft vfPF .
;sd{s M P, To;f] eP, csd{sHo" rflxF lj|mofsf cufl8 …sÚ] / …s;nfO{Ú eGg] kZ| gsf]
pQ/ gcfpg] ePsfn] csds{ x'g' ef <
csd{s M xg' t xf] t/ Tolt s] / s;nfO{ kZ| gsf] pQ/ gcfpg] cfwf/df dfq d
csd{s eGg] a‰' g' xFb' g} , /fd|/L yk s'/f a'‰g u?' jf u'?cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg" lg,
n clxnn] fO{ kmf]g /fvF] .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 19

&= ;sd{s / csd{s ljm| ofsf] k|ofu] u/L cfkm"n] dgfpg] Pp6f kjs{ f] j0f{g ug{'xf;] \ .

*= tn lbOPsf zAb k9L ;'?, lar / cGTodf bL3{ Os{ f/ ePsf zAbsf] cnu cnu ;r" L
agfpg'xf;] \ M

bLk, gjLg, k/LIff, egL, lbbL, 8f6] L, PsLs/0f, ;dLejg, gk] fnL, OndL, ;Ltf, xLg, c;L,
k/fhn' L, ;Ldf, 6Lsf, kf| yL{, TofuL, ;dLIff, ejbLo

(= syfdf k|ofu] ePsf ;?' , lar / cGTodf bL3{ Osf/ ePsf zAb klxrfg u/L ;fyLx¿;“u
5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .

l;hg{ f / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= tn lbOPsf a'b“ fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] syf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M
– Ps hgf ls;fg cfˆgL 5f]/LnfO{ lnP/ 7'nf] /]:6/' ]G6df hfg'
– 5f/] Lsf nflu Ps Kn]6 dfq ld7fO{ dfUg'
– Psl5gdf Ps Kn6] ld7fO{ lnP/ sfdbf/ cfpg' / 5f/] LnfO{ lbg'
– p;n] 6'n'6n' ' xf6] nsf] rf/l} t/ x]g{'
– sfdbf/n] ls;fgnfO{ …c¿ s] NofpFmÚ eg/] ;f]Wg'
– 5f/] L jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utfdf k|yd ePkl5 xf]6n] df ld7fO{ vj' fpg] jrg u/]sfn]
cfpg'
– bz lbgb]lvsf] k};f hDdf u/]/ ld7fO{ v'jfpg cfPsf] s'/f ug{'
– sfdbf/n] xf]6n] jfnfnfO{ Tof] s/' f u/s] f] Psl5g kl5 xf]6n] jfnf cfkm}F yk Ps Kn]6
ld7fO{ lnP/ cfpg'
– cgf}7f] dfGb} cfkm"n] ld7fO{ gdfus] f] s/' f ug'{
– xf6] ]njfnfn] tkfO{sF L 5f/] Lsf] xf;} nfsf nflu xfd|ftkma{ f6 pkxf/ xf] eGg'
– >LdtLsf nflu ls;fgn] ld7fO{ 3/ nfg vfH] g'
– xf]6n] jfnfn] 3/sf] nflu 56' 6\ } kfs] f pkxf/s} ¿kdf tof/ kf/s] f 5fF}, of] tkfO{sF f nflu
xf] vfgx' f;] \ eGg'
– ls;fg Hofb} v';L xg' '
– ;Gtfgn] /fdf| ] ubf{ cfdfaa' f v';L xg' ' / uf}/j a9\g'

@= ;fdflhs ljifoj:td' f nl] vPsf] sg' } Ps syf vf]hL To;sf] ljifoj:t' / ;Gbz] sIffdf k:| tt'
ug'x{ f;] \ .
20 g]kfnL, sIff (

kf7 # s/];faf/L

ufpF / ;x/sf] 3/ jl/kl/ s/;] faf/L÷ s/];faf/Ldf g;/{ L / pTkfbg eP/
vfg] jn] f ePsf] t/sf/L ÷ >Ldfg\n] vGb} u/s] f] / >LdtLn] t/sf/L l6Kb}
u/s] f] lrq

3/n] rr{s] f] / cfuF gn] cf]u6/] afsF L /x]sf] hUufnfO{ s/;] f] elgG5 . s/];faf/L] rflxF 3/
glhs}sf] ;fgf] hUufdf ljleGg ks| f/sf t/sf/L vt] L ul/g] af/L xf] . Jofj;flos t/sf/L
v]tLafnLaf6 ahf/df k7fOg] t/sf/L g} clxn] clwsfz+ efG;fdf kfSg] t/sf/Lsf] dV' o ;|ft]
xf] . Jofj;flos 9ª\un] ul/g] vt] LafnLdf /f;folgs dnvfb, sL6gfzs cfi} fwL k|of]u ul/g] xF'bf
vfgs] /' fdf ko| f]u ul/g] o:tf /;fog ;fe] m} xfd|f] z/L/df lelqG5 . cfd dflg;df clxn] SofG;/,
lduf}{nf / d'6' /fu] h:tf ;d:of bl] vg'df xfdLn] vfg] o:tf] ljiffSt ;fu;AhL klg d'Vo sf/0f
aGg ;S5 . To;}n] ljiffbL/lxt t/sf/L ;]jg u/]/ :j:y x'g s/];faf/Ldf t/sf/L vt] L ug'{ h?/L
5 . eu" f]n / df;} dcg;' f/ To:tf afnLsf ljleGg k|hfltx¿ s/;] faf/Ldf ldnfP/ nufpg'k5{ .
cfˆg} s/;] faf/Ldf tfhf, u'0f:t/Lo / cuf{lgs t/sf/L pTkfbg u/L kfl/jfl/s cfjZostf k/" f
ug{ ;lsG5 . xl/of] t/sf/L kmns] f] bZ[ on] 3/sf] ;fG} bo{ jl[ 4 xg' kU' 5 . o;/L cfˆg} s/;] faf/Ldf
tfhf t/sf/L kmnfpg] cleofg x/s] 3/af6 ;?' ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

s/];faf/Lsf nflu hldgsf] /]vfª\sg / Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] eGg] s/' f dxŒjk"0f{ xG' 5 .
s/;] faf/Ldf t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ vfnL hldgsf] ;b'kof]u xG' 5 . o:tf] vt] L ubf{ 3/af6 lg:sg]
kmfx] f/] kfgL / k|fª\ufl/s j:t'sf] kg' M ko| fu] xg' uO{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf ;xofu] kU' 5 .
s/];faf/Lsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] hldgdf kvfn{ jf afF; nufO{ af/aGb]h ug'k{ 5{ . lglZrt 7fpFdf

zAbfy{
kh| flt — k|f0fL jf jg:kltsf kd| 'v hfltsf] s'g} zfvf
kf| ª\ufl/s — kftkltªu\ / s'xfP/ agfOPsf]

gk] fnL, sIff ( 21

vf8n vgL sDkf]:6 dn agfpg' pko'St x'G5 . g;/{ Lsf nflu kfl/nf] 7fpF 56' \ofpg,] ;;fgf
;s' f{ agfpg,] ;s' fs{ f lardf af6f] /fVg] h:tf sfo{ u/L hldgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s/];faf/Lsf] 5p] sg' fsf] af/aGbh] u/]sf] 7fpdF f nx/] t/sf/Lx¿ nufpbF f yfjF m| f lbg' kb}{g .
To:tf t/sf/Lx¿ s/];faf/Ls} af/df klg nx/fpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;cGtut{ jiffd{ f km;L{,
nf}sf, l3/fFn} f, s/n] f af]8L cflb / lxpbF df l;dL, s]/fp cflb nufP/ kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .
;'sf{sf cfnLdf h/] t/sf/Lx¿ nufpg,] larsf ;s' f{ jf Kn6x¿df df;} dcg;' f/sf pko'St
t/sf/Lx¿ nufpg] ugf{n] yf/] } hldgsf] w/] } pkofu] x'g hfG5 .

s/];faf/Ldf yf]/} hUufaf6 w]/} pTkfbg lng ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf hldgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{' cfjZos
xG' 5 . o;sf nflu dV' o afnL;uF } ;xfos afnL pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f d'Vo afnL ePsf]
7fpFd} t/sf/L afnL /fk] /] ul/g] vt] LnfO{ 3';'jf afnL elgG5 . o;/L v]tL ubf{ klxn] nufP/
xl' s;{ s]sf] afnL x6fpg] jn] f csf]{ gofF t/sf/L afnL tof/ eO;s]sf] x'G5 . Ps} hftsf] jf
km/s hftsf] eP klg olb Ps} k6s pTkfbg x'g] t/sf/L 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;do cl3kl5 kf//]
nufpbF f lgoldt ¿kdf t/sf/L pTkfbg xg' ] u5{ . o;f] ul/of] eg] slxn] vfP/} g;lsg] w/] }
t/sf/L pTkfbg xg' ] / slxn] s/];faf/Ldf t/sf/L g} gx'g] cj:yf /xFbg} . hxfF sDkf:] 6 vf8n
vlgPsf] xG' 5 To; 7fpFdf d'nf, ufh/ h:tf h/]afnL nufpg ;lsG5 eg] sDkf]:6 vf8n
jl/kl/ nx/] afnL nufpbF f sDkf:] 6 dnsf] ;+/If0f klg x'G5 . s/;] faf/Ldf n;g' , Kofh, kl' bgf
afnL nufpbF f cGo afnLnfO{ ;dt] ljleGg ls/fsf] k|sfk] af6 hf]ufpg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;du|df
af/aGbh] u/]sf] 7fpFdf nx/] t/sf/L, 8o\ fªdf h/]afnL nufpg] / af6fsf] 5p] 5fpdf s]/fp
h:tf sf;] ] xf]rfafnL nufpbF f 7fpsF f] ;dl' rt k|of]u / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg x'g hfG5 .

s/];faf/Ldf vt] L ugn{] ] v]tL kl| jlw;uF ;d]t kl/lrt x'g' h?/L xg' fsf ;fy} s/;] faf/Ldf /fl] kg]
t/sf/Lx¿sf] ljljwtfsf af/]df hfgsf/L xg' ' cfjZos 5 . hldgsf] tof/L ubf{ hldgnfO{
/fd/| L vghf]t u/L df6f] vs' n' f] / aa' '/{ fpFbf] kfgk{' 5{ . ;Dej eP;Dd hª\unsf] dflyNnf]
txsf] df6f] ko| fu] u/L df6fdf kf| ªu\ fl/s kbfy{sf] dfqf a9fpg ;lsG5 . lrD6\ofOnf] df6f]
5 eg] To;df k|z:t ¿kdf k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] dfqf ld;fpgk' 5{ . vghf]t ug]{ j|mddf pSt
7fpdF f /x]sf afnLsf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ df6fdl' g kl' /lbFbf ;8/] la?jfsf nflu vfBtŒj aG5 .
s/];faf/Ldf /f]lkg] t/sf/Lx¿ Ps y/L l;w} /fl] kg] / csf{ y/L g;{/Ldf a]gf{ tof/ kf/L /f]lkg]
vfnsf x'G5g\ . l;w} nufpg ;lsg] afnLx¿df af]8L, s/] fp, d'nf, ufh/, dy] L, kfn'ª\uf], rD;/'
cflb x'g\ . s/;] faf/Ldf /fK] g] ag] f{ tof/ kfg{ g;{/Ldf df};dcg;' f/sf] t/sf/Lsf laplahg
/f]Kgk' 5{ . aGbf, sfpnL, ufn] e8]F f, eG6f, v;' fg{ L, Kofh, /fof] h:tf t/sf/Lx¿sf a]gf{ g;{/Ldf

;'sf]{ — hUufsf] ;fgf] efu jf u/f]
yfj“ m| f — sfj“ m| f,] l3/fn“} f cflbsf nx/nfO{ kml} ng jf emfl“ ugsf nflu eO' d“ f ufl8g] ?vsf] efu jf c8;] f]
cjz]if — pkof]udf cfP/ af“sL jf zi] f /xs] f] j:t'
a]gf{ — /f]Kg jf ;fg]{ cj:yfsf] ;fgf] la?jf

22 gk] fnL, sIff (

tof/ ePkl5 s/];faf/Ldf NofP/ /f]Kg'k5{ . g;/{ Ldf lap /f]Kbf dl;gf] cfsf/sf] lapnfO{ w/] }
k'g'{ x'Fbg} . afnLsf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ 5fkfn] ] dflyaf6 5f]Kg] / la?jfnfO{ t';f/f,] jiff{ / tfkj|mdaf6
arfpg plrt Joj:yfkg ug'k{ 5{ .

s/;] faf/Ldf vt] L ug{ pkoS' t x'g] u/L df;} dsf cfwf/df t/sf/LnfO{ lxpFb,] a;Gt] / a;{]
t/sf/Lsf ¿kdf klg juLs{ /0f ul/G5 . gk] fndf ebf}b]lv c;fh] ;Dd lap a]gf{ /fk] /] sflQsb]lv
df3;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsg] t/sf/LnfO{ lxpbF ] t/sf/L elgG5 . of] ;dx" sf t/sf/L afnLsf]
pTkfbg lng lr;f] df;} d / 5f6] f] lbgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . o;cGtu{t sfpnL, aGbf, af| s] fpnL,
d'nf, ufh/, n;g' , Kofh, uf]ne]8f, s/] fp, /fof,] kfn'ª\uf] cflb x'g\ . k;' b]lv kmfu'g;Dd lap /
a]gf{ /fk] ]/ kmfu'gb]lv h7] ;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsg] t/sf/LnfO{ a;Gt] t/sf/L elgG5 . pmi0f
df;} d / nfdf] lbgsf] cfjZostf kg{] o:tf t/sf/Ldf sfjF |mf] km;L{, nfs} f, s/n] f, l3/fnF} f,
lrlrG8f cflb k5g{ \ . j}zfvb]lv c;f/;Dd lap a]gf{ /f]kL jiff{ xg' ] c;f/bl] v ef›;Dd pTkfbg
lng ;lsg] t/sf/LnfO{ a;]{ t/sf/L elgG5 . of] ;dx" sf t/sf/Ldf nfdf] ;dosf] jiff{ ;xg]
u'0f xG' 5 . /fdtfl] /of,F af]8L, l;dL, eG6f, v;' f{gL, n6\6], u'lnof] ds} cflb k5{g\ . o;f] xFb' fxbF' }
klg lxhf]cfh ad] f;} dL vt] Lsf sf/0f hg' ;'s} df;} ddf hg' ;s' } t/sf/Lsf] vt] L ug]{ rng klg
rns] } 5 .

s/;] faf/Ldf t/sf/L v]tL ubf{ dnvfb ko| f]u, l;rF fO / uf8] d]ndf ljz]if Wofg lbgk' 5{ . df6fsf]
pTkfbsTj / nufOg] afnLsf] ks| l[ tcg';f/ dnsf] ko| f]u ug{k' 5{ . kft l6k/] vfg] t/sf/L
/fof], l:j;rf8{, kfn'ª\uf,] aGbf, af| s] fpnL cflbnfO{ gfO6f« h] gsf] a9L cfjZostf k5{ . To;}
u/L kmn vfg] afnLx¿ km;L,{ sfFjm| f], v';{fgL, 6df6/, eG6f, v/a'hf, cflbnfO{ km:kmf/] ;sf] a9L
cfjZostf k5{ . sf];] t/sf/Lx¿ af]8L, l;dL, s]/fp, e6df;, asN' nf cflbnfO{ gfO6f« ]hgsf]
a9L cfjZostf k5{ . h/a] fnLx¿ dn' f, ufh/, ;nud, cfn,' n;'g, Kofh cflbnfO{ kf]6f;sf]
cfjZostf k5{ . o;/L s/;] faf/Ldf t/sf/Lsf] ks| [ltcg';f/ dnvfbsf] hfx] f] ug{'k5{ . t/sf/L
xl/of] xg' ] / kfgLsf] dfqf a9L xg' ] / kfgLljgf tL cfO] nfpg] / ;S' g] xg' fn] a9L dfqfdf l;FrfOsf]
cfjZostf k5{ . ;fdfGotof lap pd|g] jn] f, a]gf{ ;f/]sf jn] f, dnvfbsf] ko| f]u nuQ,} uf]8dn]
kZrft\ 8s' ' cfpg,] kmN' g] / bfgf nfUg] jn] fdf la?jfnfO{ kfgL geO{ xF'b}g . ag] f{ ;f/]kl5 sDtLdf
Ps xKtfdf lgoldt ¿kdf l;rF fOsf] Joj:yf xg' ' h?/L xG' 5 . s/];faf/Ldf lgoldt ¿kdf
uf8] dn] ugk'{ 5{ . o;f] ug{fn] nufPsf] afnL km:6fpgs' f ;fy} emf/kft pv]Nbf df6f] vs' n' f] klg
x'G5 .

s/;] faf/Ldf /fd|f] Joj:yfkgsf nflu afnL x/] km]/ / dlNrªdf klg Wofg lbg' jf~5gLo dflgG5 .
km/s df;} ddf pxL af/Ldf ljleGg k|sf/sf afnL pAhfp ug{] cEof;nfO{ afnL x]/km]/ elgG5 .

5fkf] — afnL pdfg{ / hldg lr;f] /fVg la5\ofOPsf] 3f“;kft cflb
lrlrG8f] — l3/f“n} fsf h:tf kft / ;t] f jf sfnf w;f{ ePsf] t/sf/L
pTkfbsTj — pTkfbg ug{] cj:yf jf efj

g]kfnL, sIff ( 23

t/sf/Lsf] xl/of kft, kmn, kmn" / h/f jf sGbdn" nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf t/sf/LnfO{
km/s df};ddf km/s kf/]/ nufpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 . sg' } df;} ddf d'nf nufPsf] af/Ldf csf{] df};ddf
km;L{ of ;fu nufpg' / ;fu nufPsf] af/Ldf dn' f jf ufh/ cfnfk] fnf] u/L nufpg' pko'St
x'G5 . o;/L km/s kfbf{ df6fsf] u0' f:t/ 36g\ ] vt/f /xbF g} lsgls ;w}F pxL df};ddf pxL afnL
nufO/xFbf df6fsf] u'0f:t/ 36\g ;S5 . dlNrª eg]sf] df6fsf] lr;f] pDsg glbgsf nflu
la?jfdf yk hl} js tŒjx¿ yKg] sfd xf] . o;sf nflu :yfgLo txdf kfOg] w':g', kft kltª\u/
cflbn] la?jfsf] km]Fb jl/kl/ 5f]Kg'k5{ .

s/];faf/Ldf v]tL ubf{ afnL ;+/If0fdf ;hu / ;ts{ xg' k' 5{ . s/];faf/Ldf cfjZostfcg;' f/
jfg:klts ljiffbLsf] ko| fu] ug{' pko'St xG' 5 . lttf], 6/f]{ jf s8f uGw cfpg] ljleGg lsl;dsf
jg:kltx¿nfO{ dndq" df sx' fP/ agfOg] jfg:klts ljiffbLsf] ko| fu] af6 s/];faf/L ;+/If0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . cfˆgf] 7fpFdf kfOg] lttk] ftL, lgd, l;:g,' d]jf, c;/' f,] wt/' f], asfOgf], lv/f,]{
afe] mf,] l6d/' , v;' fg{ L, l;dnL cflbaf6 o:tf] ljiffbL agfpg ;lsG5 . oL j:ts' f kft tyf
d'G6f hDdf u/]/ ;;fgf 6'j|mf u//] sf6g\ 'k5{ . To;nfO{ sfnf] /ªsf] 8d« df b'Ol{ txfO{ x'g] u/L
egk{' 5{ . To;kl5 8d« sf] afsF L efudf ux'Ft /fv/] xfjf gk:g] u/L lasfn{ ] /fd|/L aGb ug{'k5{ .
8d« leq ePsf] jg:klt s'xfpgsf nflu df;} dcg;' f/ @% bl] v #% lbg;Dd 3fd nfUg] :yfgdf
/fVg'k5{ . 8«dleq /fd/| L sl' xP/ tof/ ePsf] emf]nnfO{ 5fg]/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ s/;] faf/Ldf k|ofu]
ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ljiffbLnfO{ ;fgf] la?jfsf nflu Ps efu ljiffbLdf !) efu kfgL xfNgk' 5{ .
7n' f] la?jfsf nflu Ps efu ljiffbLdf 5 efu kfgL ld;fP/ 5g{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ljiffbL ko| f]u
ubf{ jiff{ df;} ddf bO' { lbg / lxpFb df};ddf rf/ lbgsf] km/sdf ko| f]u ug'{ pkoS' t x'G5 . olt
ubf{ klg afnLdf ljleGg /f]u / ls/fx¿n] ;tfPdf /f]u / ls/fsf] k|s[ltcg;' f/ kf| ljlws;uF
;Nnfx lnO{ pko'St ljlw k|of]u ub}{ /fu] / ls/faf6 afnL arfpg ;hu /xgk' 5{ .

xfdLn] cfkmN" ffO{ cfjZos kg{] tfhf t/sf/L cfˆg} s/;] faf/Ldf pTKffbg ug{' cfjZos bl] vG5 .
o;/L xfdLn] cfˆgf] 3/ ;]/f]km/] fs] f] hUufnfO{ ;bk' of]u ug'{k5{ . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] ahf/af6 af;L,
ljifflboS' t / cfofltt t/sf/L vfg] cj:yfaf6 d'lSt kfpF5f}F . cfˆg} s/];faf/Lsf] t/sf/L
ksfpbF fsf kmfObf 5g\ . xfdLn] r'nfdf lbp/L jf tfKs] a;fNg l7Ss kf//] t/sf/L 6kf6k l6k]/
sn] fO{ ld7f / tfhf t/sf/Lsf ljleGg kl/sf/x¿ xfd|f efG;fdf tof/ kfg{ ;S5f}F . o;af6
dxFuf]df t/sf/L lsGg' kg{] cj:yfaf6 d'lSt ldN5 . cfˆgf] ldlxg]t clg kl;gf ldl;Psf]
:jflbnf] t/sf/L vfg kfOG5 . o:tf] t/sf/L vfgs' f] :jfb / dHhf g} a]Un} xG' 5 . Tolt dfq
xf]Og, s/];faf/Ldf sfd ubf{ Jofofd, dgf]/~hg / ;dosf] ;d]t ;b'kofu] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{

sGbd"n — df6fd'lg h/fsf ¿kdf kmNg] t?n, cfn', lk8“ fn' cflb kmn
w':g ' — k/fn cflbsf] 6'j|mf6fj|mL
;hu — ;r]t, ;fjwfg
cfofltt — aflx/af6 NofOPsf], cfoft ul/Psf]

24 g]kfnL, sIff (

tfhf t/sf/L pAhfP/ vfg kfOg], t/sf/L lsGg] vr{sf] art x'g] / a9L ePsf] t/sf/L laj|mL
u//] cfDbfgL lng klg ;lsG5 . cfkmFn} ] pTkfbg u/]sf xl/of], tfhf / ljiffbL/lxt t/sf/L vfbF f
ljleGg /fu] af6 aRg ;lsG5 . To;n} ] …3/ 3/df s/];faf/L, vfpmF tfhf t/sf/LÚ cleofg s}
¿kdf cl3 a9fpg' h?/L 5 .

zAbe08f/

! tn lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M
zAb cy{
u0' f:t/Lo ;fusf] Ps ks| f/
uf8] d]n kfgLn] rf8F } unfpg g;Sg] vfnsf]
vf8n sl[ ifpkh
afnL af]6la?jfsf jl/kl/ ePsf emf/kft pvN] g] jf uf]8g\ ] sfd
n66\ ] vfN6f]
u'0f:t/ /fdf| ] ePsf]
t/sf/L vfOg] nx/] kmn
@= tn lbOPsf ljleGg Ifq] df ko| fu] xg' ] kf| ljlws kfl/eflifs zAbx¿ k9\gx' f];\ / ltgsf cy{af/]
5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ M
sfg'g – clwjStf, d'rN' sf, jf/];, tfl/v, lauf], hdfgt
k|zf;g – btf{, rnfgL, l6Kk0fL, ;?jf, a9'jf, kl/kq
jfl0fHo – cfoJoo, /fhZj, ef}r/, a]?h,' lgsf;L, km:of{]6
lj1fg / k|ljlw – pmhf{, ;j+ xg, tfkj|md, ofl} us, ljls/0f, /s6]
jg – s6fgL, kmF8fgL, j[Iff/fk] 0f, lgs'~h, cf/If, 6fFrf
lzIff – k/LIff, d"Nofªs\ g, 5fqjl[ Q, kf7\ojm| d, ki[ 7kfi] f0f
;flxTo – /;, 5Gb, cnªs\ f/, ljwf, jfb, b[li6ljGb'
;~rf/ – k|;f/0f, kl/;+jfb, Odn] , ;DkfbsLo, b"/;~rf/, ;dfrf/ kq
#= …s/;] faf/LÚ lgaGwaf6 sl[ if If]qdf k|of]u x'g] kf“rcf]6f kfl/eflifs / kf| ljlws zAb l6kL
jfSodf k|ofu] ugx{' f];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 25

$= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u ug'{xf;] \ M

cfTdlge/{ , sDkf:] 6, g;/{ L, laplahg, /f;foflgs

af]w / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug{'xf];\ / pRrf/0fcg';f/ sfkLdf ;fg'x{ f];\ M

cufl{ gs, k|0ffnL, a'a/{' fpFbf,] kfn'ª\uf,] Kofh, l;FrfO, hl} js, ljifflboS' t

@= …s/;] faf/LÚ lgaGwsf cgR' 5b] kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ k7g ugx{' f;] \ / ;fyLnfO{ k9\g nfus] f] ;od
l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

#= lgaGwsf] klxnf] cg'R5b] >'lt nv] g ugx'{ f;] \ .

$= lgaGw Go"gtd tLg cg'R5b] df /lrG5 . lgaGwdf cflb efu, dWo / cGTo u/L tLg cg'R5]b
xG' 5g\ . lgaGw tLgb]lv ;ftcf7 cg'R5]b;Dd klg /rgf ug{ ;lsG5 . lgaGwsf] klxnf]
cgR' 5]bnfO{ cflb efu elgG5 . larsf cGo cg'R5b] dWo efusf ¿kdf /xG5g\ . clGtd
cg'R5b] rflx“ cGTo jf lgisif{ efusf] ¿kdf /xG5 . …s/;] faf/LÚ lgaGw k9L lgaGwsf
;/+ rgfsf af/d] f lgDglnlvt kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ s/];faf/L lgaGw slt cgR' 5b] df ;/+ lrt 5 <

-v_ lgaGwsf] bf];f| ] cg'R5b] sf] cfzo s] xf] <

-u_ jfSo u7gsf bl[ i6n] ;fgf] / 7'nf] cgR' 5]b sg' xf] <

-3_ lgaGwdf afnL x]/km]/sf] ljifoj:t' sg' cgR' 5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 <

%= tn lbOPsf] lgaGwsf] c+z lzIfsn] tfs] s] f] ;dosf cfwf/df b't| k7g u/L ;fl] wPsf] kZ| gsf]
pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

s/];faf/Ldf v]tL ug{ pko'St x'g] u/L df;} dsf cfwf/df t/sf/LnfO{ lxpbF ], a;Gt] /
a;]{ t/sf/Lsf ¿kdf klg juLs{ /0f ul/G5 . gk] fndf ebfb} l] v c;f]h;Dd lap a]gf{ /fk] ]/
sflQsb]lv df3;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsg] t/sf/LnfO{ lxpFb] t/sf/L elgG5 . of] ;dx" sf
t/sf/L afnLsf] pTkfbg lng lr;f] df;} d / 5f]6f] lbgsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . o;cGtut{
sfpnL, aGbf, af| ]sfpnL, dn' f, ufh/, n;g' , Kofh, ufn] e]F8f, s/] fp, /fof,] kfn'ª\uf] cflb
xg' \ . k';b]lv kmfug' ;Dd lap / ag] f{ /fk] ]/ kmfug' b]lv h]7;Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsg]
t/sf/Lx¿nfO{ a;Gt] t/sf/L elgG5 . pmi0f df;} d / nfdf] lbgsf] cfjZostf kg{] o:tf
t/sf/Ldf sfjF |mf], km;L,{ nfs} f, s/n] f, l3/fn}F f, lrlrG8f cflb k5g{ \ . j}zfvbl] v c;f/;Dd
lap a]gf{ /fk] L jiff{ xg' ] c;f/bl] v ebf};Dd pTkfbg lng ;lsg] t/sf/LnfO{ a;]{ t/sf/L
elgG5 . of] ;d"xsf t/sf/Ldf nfdf] ;dosf] jiff{ ;xg] u0' f xG' 5 . /fdtf]l/ofF, af8] L, l;dL,
eG6f, v;' fg{ L, n6\6,] u'lnof] ds} cflb kb5{ g\ . o;f] xbF' fx'Fb} klg lxhfc] fh a]dfd} ;L v]tLsf

26 g]kfnL, sIff (

sf/0f h'g;s' } df};ddf h'g;'s} t/sf/Lsf] v]tL ug]{ rng klg rn]s} 5 .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ cgR' 5]bdf t/sf/LnfO{ s'g sg' k|sf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 <

-v_ lxpFb] t/sf/L afnLsf nflu s:tf] df};d cfjZos xG' 5 <

-u_ a;]{ t/sf/L / a;Gt] t/sf/Ldf s:tf] leGgtf kfOG5 <

-3_ dflg;x¿n] t/sf/L v]tL lsg u5g{ \ <

^= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ s/];faf/Ldf t/sf/L nufpbF f hldgsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ pNnv]
ug{x' f;] \ .

-v_ jfg:klts ljiffbLsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf j0fg{ ug{x' f];\ .

-u_ afnL ljljwtf egs] f] s] xf] <

&= JofVof ug{'xf;] \ M

3/ 3/df s/];faf/L, vfpmF tfhf t/sf/L

*= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] ;dLIffTds pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ s/;] faf/Ldf dnvfb ko| f]u, l;rF fO / uf]8d]nsf af/d] f kf7df JoSt ljifoj:tk' |lt
cfˆgf wf/0ff JoSt ug{x' f;] \ .

-v_ s/;] faf/Lsf] pkofu] af6 s:tf kmfObf lng ;lsG5, cfˆg} z}nLdf rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

(= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f];\ / …s/;] faf/LÚ lgaGwsf] bf];|f] / t];f| ] cg'R5b] af6 jfSo klxrfg
u/L nV] gx' f;] \ M

l;nl;nfa4 ¿kdf ljrf/ jf efjnfO{ Ps} kj| fxdf JoSt u/L n]lvPsf] jfSo ;dx" nfO{ cgR' 5]b
elgG5 . j0f{gfTds, cfTdk/s, JofVofTds, cfVofgfTds h:tf ;a} k|s[ltsf cgR' 5b] df ljrf/n]
jfSo zª[ v\ nfnfO{ PsLs[t u/]sf] kfOG5 . cg'R5b] cfsf/n] ;fgf] 7n' f] h:tf] eP klg cfkmFd} f k"0f{
xG' 5 . cgR' 5b] /rgfdf cflb, dWo / ;dfkg efu x'G5 . cg'R5]b nv] gsf] ;'?df zLif{ jf d'Vo
jfSo lbOPsf] x'G5 . dWodf d'Vo jfSo÷zLif{ jfSodf k:| tt' ePsf] ljrf/nfO{ k'li6 ug{ ;xofu] L
jfSo cfPsf x'G5g\ . oL jfSo nv] ssf] b[li6sf]0f k:| tt' ug{] dV' o jfSosf] Ifq] eGbf aflx/ hfFb}
gg\ . ;dfkg efudf zLif{ / dWodf elgPsf ljrf/sf] lgisif{ k:| t't ul/G5 . h'g;s' } cgR' 5b] df
o; k4ltnfO{ ckgfOPsf] xG' 5 . j0f{gfTds cgR' 5b] df ljifoj:t'sf] ;r" gf jf tYonfO{ jm| lds
¿kdf k|:tt' ul/G5 . o;df zLif{s jf ljifoj:tn' fO{ g} d'Vo dflgG5 .

!)= km"naf/L zLifs{ df Pp6f j0f{gfTds cg'R5b] tof/ ugx{' f];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 27

!!= …s/;] faf/LÚ lgaGwsf] kf“rf}“ cgR' 5b] af6 rf/cf6] f a“b' fl6kf6] u/L ;f/fz+ nV] gx' f];\ .

!@= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\g'xf];\ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug'{xf];\ M

d/] f] gfd wg/fh wfdL xf] . d/] f] 3/ ;b' "/klZrd k|b]zsf] bfrn'{ f lhNnfdf k5{ . d]/f] 3/
ePsf] 7fpF bfr{n' fsf] n]sd ufpkF flnsf j8f gDa/ @ sf] w/d3/ xf] . d gf} sIffdf
k95\ ' . d]/f] 3/df aa' f, cfdf, lbbL / efO 5f}F . d/] f cfdfa'afn] v]tL ls;fgL ug'x{ G' 5 .
pxfxF ¿n] wfg, ux'F, sfb] f], ds} kmnfpgx' 'G5 . 3/df cGg leœofPsf] lbg cfkmn" ] u/s] f]
ldlxg]tsf] kmn b]v]/ xf]nf pxfxF ¿ c;fWo} v;' L x'gx' 'G5 . d/] f] 3/ jl/kl/ s/];faf/L
klg 5 . xfd|f] 3/sf] s/];faf/Ldf 3/df vfgsf nflu a;e{} l/ t/sf/L pTkfbg ul/G5 .
s/];faf/Lsf] sfddf lbbL / d}n] klg ;3fpF5f}F . dn} ] s/;] faf/Lsf] la?jf / t/sf/Ldf
xKtfdf b'O{ lbg kfgL nufpg] u5'{ . kfgL nufpg] lbgdf rflxF d ljBfnoaf6 cfP/
ux[ sfo{ ;sk] l5 Psl5g v]N5' / la?jfdf kfgL nufpF5' . la?jfdf kfgL xfNbf kfgL vfg
kfP/ la?jf / t/sf/Lx¿ lgSs} v';L ePsf x'g\ ls emF} dnfO{ nfU5 . dnfO{ o;/L cfˆgf]
k9fOsf] sfd ;s/] 3/df cfdfaa' fsf] sfddf ;3fpg kfpbF f Hofb} v;' L nfU5 . cfkm}Fn]
l;r+ fO u//] pAhfPsf] t/sf/L vfbF fvl] / t dnfO{ ;fx|} cfgGb kf] cfp5F .
3/df st{Jolgi7 eO{ s'g} sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] cge' j sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 # ;'Ggx' f];\ / pkoS' t ljsNkdf l7s lrx\g nufO{ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ lgaGwsf/nfO{ sd] f a:g dg nfus] f] 5 <

-c_ dr] -cf_ 6]lan -O_ ;s' n' -O{_ vf6

-v_ d]rdf a:g] JolStdf s'g s'/f xG' 5 <

-c_ r~rntf -cf_ kf| s[ltstf -O_ :jfefljstf -O{_ kl/jt{gzLntf

-u_ dr] df v'66\ f xNnfP/ a:g] JolStnfO{ s:tf] JolStsf ¿kdf JoªU\ o ul/Psf] 5 <

-c_ enfbdLsf ¿kdf -cf_ sljsf ¿kdf

-O_ Clifdl' gsf ¿kdf -O_{ :jfyL{sf ¿kdf
@= tkfO“{ k|s[ltsf] sg' 7fp“df uP/ a:g dg k/fpgx' 'G5, sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

28 gk] fnL, sIff (

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ 'xf];\ / /]vfª\lst kb gfdofu] L, ljm| ofof]uL / ;o+ f]hsdWo] s] x'g,\
klxrfg ug'x{ f];\ M

ltdL e¥ofª pSn/] dfly hfpm . eft vfO{ k9g\ ] sf]7fdf hfpm clg aG] rdfly a; . tn
kms{/] x/] . ToxfF snd a]Grtn v;s] f] 5 . snd 6kSs l6k / nV] g yfn . ha ltdL To;n]
nV] 5f} ta ltdL v';L x'g] 5f} . Tof] sndn] nV] bf d;L ntkltbF }g .

@= pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} gfdofu] L, lj|mofofu] L / ;o+ fh] s zAbx¿ kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

Gffdofu] L lj|mofofu] L ;+ofh] s

dfly, cufl8 === cfh, efl] n === /, t/ ===

#= bO' { b'Oc{ f]6f gfdofu] L, ljm| ofofu] L / ;o+ f]hs kg]{ u/L ;dfh ;]jf zLif{sdf Pp6f cgR' 5b]
tof/ ug{x' f];\ .

$= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] ;f| ]taf/] a‰' g'xf;] \ M

tT;d tbe\ j cfuGts'

cltly kfxg' f u]:6

;dfrf/ ;Drf/ Goh'

ldqtf ldt]/L bf]:tL

ux[ 3/ xfp;

:tDe vDaf lkNn/

%= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L tT;d, tbe\ j / cfuGts' zAb klxrfg ug{x' f;] \ M

cfbz{, hLjg, eLd / k|tLIff sl/a cfwf 306f lx8]/ cvaf/ lsGg k;n uP . ToxfF
dflg;x¿sf] le8 lyof] . pgLx¿n] cvaf/df ks| flzt ;dfrf/sf] zLif{s dfq x]b}{ uP .
pgLx¿n] gofF jifs{ f] cj;/df OG6/g6] hf8] \g 5'6 lbOPsf] ;"rgf Wofg lbP/ k9] . pgLx¿n]
3/ kmsb{F f 8/] Ldf k;]/ bw' , bxL / klg/ lsg]/ NofP .

^= …s/];faf/LÚ lgaGwdf k|of]u ePsf kf“r kfr“ cf6] f tT;d, tbe\ j / cfuGt's zAb l6kf6]
ug{'xf;] \ .

&= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L zAbsf] ;?' , lar / cGTodf x|:j psf/ - _' nfu]sf zAb klxrfg

g]kfnL, sIff ( 29

ugx'{ f];\ M
d's'Gbdl0f d'u'af6 l3p aR] g lx8F ] . pgn] af6fdf pl;g]sf] cfn' / lkF8fns' f] vfhf vfP .
To;} j]nf af6fdf uf]? bv] ]/ ss' '/ e'Sb} lyof] . ToxL jn] f dl' gs'df/ cfOku' ] . pgn] eg,]
æss' /' sf] kR' 5/ afx|jif;{ Dd 9ª' \uf| df /fv] klg afª\ufsf] afª\u} xG' 5 .Æ dl' gs'df/sf] a;] /' sf]
s'/f] d'sG' bdl0fn] a‰' g} ;s]gg\ .

l;hg{ f / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= …Joj;fodv' L sl[ ifÚ zLif{sdf lgaGw tof/ ugx'{ f];\ .
@= /l] 8of] tyf 6]lnlehg h:tf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWoddf k;| fl/t sl[ if sfo{jm| d ;'g/] jf x/] /]
To;sf ljifoj:t'af/] sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
 

30 g]kfnL, sIff (

kf7 $ efOnfO{ lr7L



@)&*.)#.!$

l;ldsf6] , xD' nf

Kof/f] efO ;dL/

;kd]| ;Demgf

ltdLn] k7fPsf] kq kfPF . x'g t cl:t zlgaf/sf] lbg ltdL;uF kmf]gdf s/' f ePs} lyof] .
;fdflhs ;~hfnaf6 klg j]nf j]nfdf lel8of] sn eO/xsf] lyof] . o;/L kmfg] / ;fdflhs
;~hfndf s/' f u/] klg sltko dgsf s'/f eGg g;ss] f] dnfO{ cg'et" eof] . ltdLn] kqdf
nV] g ;lhnf] eP/ xf]nf cfˆgf] k9fOnfO{ cem s;/L /fd|f] kfg{ ;lsG5 egL lh1f;f /fv]sf
/x5] f} . dnfO{ Tof] kq k9\bf ;fx|} v;' L nfUof] lsgeg] ltdL To;} klg k9fOdf cAan g} 5f} .
ltdLdf k9g\ ] efs] hfu]sf] bv] /] dnfO{ cfgGb cfof] . ltdLdf o:t} lh1f;f /xo\ f] eg] of] bzsleq
/fi6s« f] xfg] xf/ gful/s aGg] ;ªs\ t] ltdLdf kfPsL 5' . kw| fgfWofkssf] lhDdj] f/L jxg u/s] L
lbbLaf6 kSs} klg plrt dful{ gbz{] xfn] f eg/] ltdLn] kq nv] s] f xfn} f eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] .

efO ;dL/, k9fOnfO{ s;/L cem /fdf| ] kfg{] eGg] ltd|f] k|Zgsf cgs] f}F pQ/ x'g ;S5g\ . ;jk{ y| d
k9fOsf] ;fe] mf] cy{ sg' } klg k:' ts k9]/ To;leqsf] s'/f a‰' g' xf] . sIffsf7] fdf k9s] f] s'/fnfO{
/fd|/L krfP/ cfˆg} zAbdf eGg ;Sg', n]Vg ;Sg' / k9]sf] s'/fnfO{ Jojxf/df ko| f]u ug{ ;Sg'
klg k9fO g} xf] . kf7\ok':tssf kf7 k9\bf zAb zAbsf ¿kdf eGbf zAb;d"x jfSofz+ x¿ k9\bf
To;df elgPsf s/' f /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsG5 . k':tsleqsf ljleGg cgR' 5b] dWo] x/s] cg'R5]bdf
sg' } Pp6f s/' fnfO{ d'Vo hf8] lbbF } To;sf af/d] f rrf{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] ltdLn] k9\g] jn] f
;/;tL{ kf7 k9]/ ;Sg] dfq xfO] g, x/s] cg'R5]bdf dV' o d'Vo s/' f sxfF 5g\ ltgnfO{ klxrfg
u/]/ k9o\ f} eg] a'emfO lbuf] xg' ;S5 .

efO, k9g\ ] ;ae} Gbf /fdf| ] csf]{ tl/sf cfˆgf] gf6] cfkmF} agfpg' xf] . w/] n} ] sIffdf lzIfsaf6
gf6] n]vfpg / ToxL 3fs] /] k/LIffdf nV] g] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . To:t} k/LIffsf jn] f ;fyLefOsf
gf6] dfu]/ jf ;f/]/ k9\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ltdLn] To;f] slxNo} gug{" . dV' o d'Vo s'/f l6k/] gf]6
agfpbF f ;Demg ;lhnf] x'G5 . lzIfsn] k9fPsf jn] f dV' o d'Vo s'/f l6kf]6 ug]{ / 3/df uO{

zAbfy{ — s'g} s'/f hfGg] OR5f jf clenfiff
lh1f;f — eljiodf c;n aGg] vfnsf], kl| tefzfnL
xf]gxf/ — cleef/f lng] sfd
jxg — nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sg]
lbuf]

gk] fnL, sIff ( 31

kf7\ok':ts k9]/ cfˆg} efiffdf gf6] agfO{ k9g\ ] tl/sf g} pQd tl/sf xf] . cfkmn" ] nv] ]sf s'/f
kf| oM dflg;n] la;{bF }gg\ .

kf| oh;f] ljBfyL{df nv] fOnfO{ k6s k6s cEof;, kl/isf/ / kl/dfh{g ug{] afgL b]lvFbg} . ltdL
h:tf ljBfyLn{ ] klg o:tf tl/sfaf/] plrt dfu{lgb]{zg gkfpFbf clwsf+z ljBfyL{n] k/LIffdf
/fd|f] ug{ ;ls/xs] f x'bF g} g\ . k/LIffdf ;lhnf] k|Zg b]Vgf;fy cfxf Û slt ;lhnf] k|Zg egL km'lsg{ ]
/ clnslt 3d' fp/f] vfnsf k|Zg cfP eg] cflQg] ug{' pkoS' t xf]Og lg afa' . To;n} ] ltdL h:tf]
cWoogzLn eO jif{el/ k9/] Psr} fl] 6 k/LIffdf dfq /fd/| L nV] 5' eGof] eg] To;sf] /fdf| ] glthf
gcfpg ;S5 . gofF ljifoj:t'sf af/d] f k|z:t vfh] LgLlt ugk'{ 5{ . k9g\ ] ljBfyL{ cfkmFn} ] kf7af6
cg]s vfnsf k|Zg agfpg,] tL kZ| gsf] pQ/ dgdg} u'Gg] clg nv] ]/ cEof; ug]{ afgL a;fNof]
eGof] k/LIff;uF ql;t x'g] afgL x6g\ s' f ;fy} ljBfyL{df cfTdan a9\g] xFb' f ltdLn] o; s'/fsf]
x]Ssf /fVg] g} 5f} eGg] dn} ] ljZjf; lnPsL 5' .

/fd|/L k9\gsf nflu ;4} flGts s'/fnfO{ klg k|fof]lus / Jofjxfl/s agfP/ k9g\ ] afgL u¥of] eg]
k9fO ke| fjsf/L xG' 5 . gk] fnL ljifodf syf, sljtf, lgaGw n]Vgsf nflu sltko ljBfyLx{ ¿
3f]Sg jf s07 ug{lt/ nfu]sf] kfOG5 . syf sljtf s;/L nV] g] eGg] l;4fGt k9/] dfq syf
sljtf nV] g ;lsGg . cfkm"n] o:tf] /rgf ug{'kg{] 5 eg] c¿n] nv] s] f syf, sljtf k9\bf
;lhn;} uF syf, sljtf n]Vg] cfTdan a95\ . ko| f]ufTds sfoa{ f6 xg' ] l;sfO :d/0fsf nflu a9L
ke| fjsf/L xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lv/ ksfpg] tl/sf hfGg k9/] eGbf efG5fdf uP/ ksfPsf]
x/] ]/ jf cfkm}F ksfP/ /fd|f;] Fu l;Sg ;lsG5 .

efO, k9]sf ljifooj:td' f ;fyLx¿;Fu cGt/ljm| of ug]{ clg gae' ms] f] s'/f lzIfsnfO{ ;fW] g]
ug'k{ 5{ . To:f} u/L k9s] f] s/' fnfO{ dgdg} uG' g], k9g\ ] ;dotflnsf agfpg] / aFb' fx¿sf] tflnsf
agfP/ b]lvg] u/L 6fF:g] ubf{ /fd|f] xG' 5 . cfkmn" ] k9]sf s'/fnfO{ af/Daf/ :dl[ tdf Nofpg] / k7g
;+:s[ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] u¥of} eg] kSs} klg ltd|f] k9fOdf emg\ k|ult xg' ] 5 . d 3/ cfpbF f
ltdLnfO{ sx] L 1fgjw{s lstfax¿ NofOlbg] 5' . cfˆgf] nIodf kU' g ltdLn] yk ldlxgt] / ko| f;
ug{] 5f} eGg] ljZjf; u/s] L 5' .

c,F cfdfaa' fnfO{ s:tf] 5 < o;jifs{ f] :jf:Yo ladf ug'{ eof] ls ePg < dfYnf 3/] sfsfsfsL,
tNnf 3/] 7'nfa] 'af / 7'nLcfdfnfO{ d]/f] 9f]u elglbg' . ToxfsF f] df;} d t /fdf| ] xfn] f . oxfF w]/}
lr;f] 5 . oxfaF f6 ltAatsf] dfg;/fj] / hfg] ko{6sx¿ cfO/xG5g\ . csf{] ;fn ltdLn] hfrF

kl/isf/ — ;+zf]wg, kl/dfhg{
:d[lt — :d/0f, ;Demgf
1fgjws{ — 1fg a9fpg]

32 gk] fnL, sIff (

lbPkl5 cfdfa'af / ltdLnfO{ oxL xD' nf l;dLsf6] sf] af6f] xbF' } dfg;/fj] / nh} fg] ljrf/ u/]sL
5' . n t afa' cfhsf] kq oltdf 6ª' U\ ofpF5' . s]xL afFsL eP kmf]gdf s/' f ub}{ u/fnF} f .
ltdL| Kof/L lbbL
;ªu\ Ltf 9sfn

vfdsf] gd'gf

k]i| fs k|fks l6s6
;ªu\ Ltf 9sfn ;dL/ 9sfn
l;ldsf]6 ufp“kflnsf % x6] f“8} f pkdxfgu/kflnsf $
xD' nf, sgfn{ L k|b]z kfl/hft dfu{ 3/ g= ^%
dsjfgk'/, afUdtL kb| ]z

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ tflnsfaf6 klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf;] \ M

;kmn, ;ae} Gbf klxn], tl/sf, sxflng], e/f;] f, w]/h} ;f], ljrf/ljdz{

;j{ky| d, rrf,{ k4lt, clwsf+z, cflQg], ljZjf;

@= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L cfuGts' zAb, l;ªu\ f] zAb / ;ª\lIfKt zAb klxrfg ug'x{ f];\ M

;dL/;Fu kmf]gdf d/] f] s/' fsfgL eO/xG5 . efOa/, :sfOk / d;] G] h/df s'/f ubf{ t
kmf6] f] klg xg] { ;lsG5 . g=] k|=k=| sf] ;ef xndf rNb} u/]sf] gfrufg t d}n] 6]lnlehgdf
x]/]F . ;dL/n] pSt sfo{j|md km];as' nfOedf x/] ]5g\ . ToxfF /f=;=;= sf kqsf/ klg
/x5] g\ . sf=d=g=kf=sf d]o/ klg ToxfF xg' x' G' Yof] . kd| v' cltlyn] eGg'eof,] æcfh GjfuLsf] lbg
xf] . of] rf8 xfdf| ] dn' s' df ztfAbLbl] v g} dgfOFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfdL ;an} ] k/Dk/fcg;' f/sf
xfdf| rf8af8 hLjGt /fVgk' 5{ . cGTodf gT[ o kl| tofl] utfdf ljhoL xg' ] ;an} fO{ ze' sfdgf .Æ

#= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ug{x' f];\ M

plrt, jfSof+z, cWoogzLn, k|fof]lus, ;dotflnsf, k7g ;:+ s[lt

afw] / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug'{xf];\ M

kq, kSs}, k9fO, l;4fGt, ;/;tL,{ dful{ gb{z] , lhDdj] f/L

g]kfnL, sIff ( 33

@= lr7L kf7 ;:j/ k7g ug{x' f];\ / lzIfssf] ;xof]udf k|Tos] ;fyLsf] jfrg;do, xfpefp,
z4' tf cflb kIfdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

#= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\ x' f;] \ / a'em\ gx' f;] \ M

lr7L ;"rgf ;Dk]i| f0fsf] dxŒjk0" f{ ;fwg xf] . lr7Lsf k|sf/sf cfwf/df nv] gdf ljljwtf
xG' 5 . 3/fo;L jf Jofjxfl/s lr7Ldf kq jf sfuhsf] bfofFlt/ l;/fgdf lr7L n]Vbfsf]
ldlt / To;sf] tn cfˆgf] 7u] fgf 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vgk' 5{ . 7]ufgf n]lvPsf] eGbf tn afoflF t/
ki|] fsn] k|fksnfO{ pko'St ;Dafw] g / To;sf] tn clejfbg hgfpg] zAb n]Vg'k5{ .
To;kl5 k|i] fsn] lr7Ldf eGg vf]h]sf s/' fnfO{ Ps jf ;fe] Gbf a9L cg'R5]bdf l;nl;nfa4
¿kdf k|:tt' ug{'k5{ . lr7Lsf ljifoj:t' ;sk] l5 clxn] labf ePsf] / k'gM ;Dks{ xg' ]
vfnsf jfSof+z /fVgk' 5{ . lr7Lsf] cGTodf bfofFlt/ k|]ifssf] k|fkskl| tsf] ;DaGw hgfpg]
ze' lrGts, cf1fsf/L h:tf zAb jf zAbfjnL /fVgk' 5{ . To;eGbf d'lg k|i] fsn] cfˆgf] gfd
n]Vgk' 5{ . lr7Lsf ljifoj:t' ;lsPkl5 afoflF t/ k|]ifs / bfoflF t/ k|fkssf] k/" f gfd 7]ufgf
nv] L vfdsf] gd'gf agfpgk' 5{ .

$= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M

-s_ lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] ]sf] xf] <

-v_ ;dL/sL lbbL s'g k;] fdf cfa4 l5g\ <

-u_ d'Vo dV' o s/' fnfO{ Vofn u//] k9\of] eg] l;sfO s:tf] xG' 5 <

-3_ ljBfyL{ cfkmnF} ] kf7af6 cg]s vfnsf k|Zg agfP/ k9b\ f xg' ] kmfObf s] s] xg' \ <

%= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

/fd|/L k9\gsf nflu ;}4flGts s'/fnfO{ klg k|fof]lus / Jofjxfl/s agfP/ k9\g] afgL u¥of]
eg] k9fO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . g]kfnL ljifodf syf, sljtf, lgaGw nV] gsf nflu sltko
ljBfyLx{ ¿ 3fS] g jf s07 ug{lt/ nfus] f] kfOG5 . syf sljtf s;/L nV] g] eGg] l;4fGt
k9/] dfq syf sljtf n]Vg ;lsGg . cfkm"n] o:tf] /rgf ugk'{ g]{ 5 eg] c¿n] n]vs] f syf,
sljtf k9\bf ;lhn;} Fu syf, sljtf n]Vg] cfTdan a9\5 . k|of]ufTds sfoa{ f6 xg' ] l;sfO
:d/0fsf nflu a9L k|efjsf/L xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lv/ ksfpg] tl/sf hfGg k9]/eGbf
efG5fdf uP/ ksfPsf] x]/]/ jf cfkmF} ksfP/ /fdf| ;] Fu l;Sg ;lsG5 .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ syf, sljtf / lgaGw n]Vg] tl/sf l;Sg s] ug{'k5{ <

-v_ ko| f]ufTds l;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] s'g} Pp6f tl/sf nV] g'xf;] \ .

34 g]kfnL, sIff (

^= tkfO{“ ;dL/ x'ge' Psf] eP lbbLn] k7fPsf] lr7Lsf] k|To'Q/ s;/L lbgx' G' Yof,] lr7L tof/
ugx{' f];\ .
&= tkfO{“n] cfˆgf] k9fOnfO{ /fd|f] kfg{ kf7df egs] f s] s] s'/fnfO{ ckgfpg' ePsf] 5, j0f{g
ugx'{ f;] \ .
*= tnsf] ze' sfdgf kq k9L gof“ jifs{ f] cj;/df ;fyLnfO{ lbOg] ze' sfdgf kq tof/ ugx{' f;] \ M

>L =======================

ze' sfdgf

ax';f:+ sl[ ts ;f}Gbon{ ] el/Psf] g]kfnsf ljleGg rf8dWo] df3Lsf pknIodf
oxf“ / oxfs“ f] kl/jf/sf] ;'v, zflGt, ;d[l4 / cf/fU] osf] xflbs{ ze' sfdgf

JoSt u5f}{“ .

bof/fd yf? / kl/jf/
(= tn lbOPsf] awfO{ kq k9\g'xf;] \ / /fli6o« dlxnf cfofu] åf/f cfofl] ht kflnsf:t/Lo
jStT[ jsnf k|ltofl] utfdf k|yd ePsL 5fqfnfO{ lbOg] awfO{ kqsf] gdg' f tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ M

awfO{ 1fkg

/fli6o« dfgj clwsf/ cfofu] åf/f cfofl] ht kb| z] :t/Lo lgaGw kl| tofl] utfdf
k|yd :yfg xfl;n u/L ljBfnosf] ul/df a9fpgsf ;fy} xfdL gf} sIffsf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] uf}/j;d]t a9fpg' ePsf] x“b' f xfd|f] sIffdf cWoog/t ;Gb]z

k|hfnfO{ xfdL xflbs{ awfO{ 1fkg u5f}{“ .

gf} sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyL{

g]kfnL, sIff ( 35

!)= lbOPsf] >4f~hnL Pjd\ ;djb] gf kqsf] gdg' f k9g\ 'xf];\ / o:t} 9fr“ fdf Pp6f >4f~hnL tyf
;dj]bgf kq tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ M

hGd d[To'
lj=;=+ !((* ;fpg @% lj=;=+ @)&* ebf} #

>4f~hnL tyf ;djb] gf
o; ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf lgjt{dfg cWoIf Pjd\ lzIffk|]dL dwj' g adfs{ f] oxL
@)&* ebf} # ut] *) jif{sf] pd/] df ePsf] lgwgaf6 ljBfno kl/jf/ :tAw ags] f]
5 . o; b'Mvb If0fdf lbjª\ut cfTdfk|lt efjk0" f{ >4f~hnL ks| 6 ub{} zf]sfs'n kl/jf/
kl| t ulx/f] ;djb] gf k|s6 ub5{ fF} .

k|wfgfWofks Pjd\
nl' DagL dfWolds ljBfno kl/jf/
!!= s'g} ;r" gf jf ;Gbz] k7fpb“ f Dof;G] h/ / 6]lnkmfg] sf] z}nLdf leGgtf xG' 5 . Dof;]Gh/df
bfx] f/] f] >Job[Zo / nV] o cflbsf dfWodaf6 ;r" gf jf ;Gbz] sf] cfbfgk|bfg x'G5 eg]
6l] nkmf]gdf s]an sYo>Josf cfwf/df dfq ;r" gf jf ;Gbz] cfbfgkb| fg x'G5 . o:tf
;~rf/sf dfWod w/] } 5g\ . Dof;G] h/ / 6]lnkmf]gdf /xs] f] leGgtf vN' g] u/L oL bO' n{ fO{
kfqsf ¿kdf k:| tt' u/L tof/ kfl/g] ;+jfbsf] Ps 5f6] f] gd'gf k"/f ug'{xf];\ M
-Dof;G] h/ / 6l] nkmf]gsf] cs:dft\ e]6 eof] . b'j} Pscfk;df kl/ro / s'/fsfgL ub}{ 5g\ ._

Dof;]Gh/ M xn] f], 6]lnkmfg] Ho" , ;Gr} x'gx' 'G5 < b/" ;~rf/lt/ lx8\g' eof] ls s] xf] <

6]lnkmf]g M ;Gr} 5' xh'/nfO{ s:tf] 5 < s;/L yfxf kfpgeof] < xf,] d Tot} lx8s] f] .

Dof;G] h/ M oxfFsf] kl/ro kfpmF g <

6l] nkmfg] M =========================================

Dof;G] h/ M ============================================
!@= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L lgbl{] zt sfo{ ugx{' f];\ M

efjgfsf] 3/df bfh'sf] lax] 5 . cfdfaa' f laxs] f nflu ;fdfg lsGg ahf/ hfg'ePsf]
5 . 3/df pgsL k'mk" cfpg'eof] . efjgfn] km' kn" fO{ gd:sf/ ul/g\ / leq cfP/
;f]kmfdf a:g cfux| ul/g\ . ælxF8/] cfpge' Psf], yfSg'eof] xfn] f . s] lng rfxg'xG' 5 <
lrof of kfgL < cf/fd ub{} ugx{' f];\ . d lrof agfP/ Nofp5F Æ' egL efG;fdf uP/ lrof
agfOg\ . km' k"nfO{ ld7f] lrof v'jfOg\ / ;Fu} a;]/ xfnva/ ;fl] wg\ . Psl} 5gdf cfdfa'af

36 gk] fnL, sIff (

cfpg'eof] . efjgfsf] a'afn] cfˆgL lbbLnfO{ 9fu] ug'{eof] / lgDtf] :jLsf/ u//] ;dod}
kfNge' Psfdf v;' L JoSt uge{' of] .

tkfOs{F f] 3/df sg' } cltlysf] cfudg xbF' f tkfOF{ s;/L :jfut / cfltYo ks| 6 ug'{x'G5,
sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 $ ;'Ggx' f];\ / tn lbOPsf jfSo l7s jf al] 7s s] 5g,\ 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ xD' nf lzIfs kl/ifbn\ ] ;Ddfg kb| fg u/]sf] 5 .

-v_ ;Ddflgt x'g] JolSt ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks x'g\ .

-u_ ljBfnosf] cfly{s kIfsf] pGgogdf pgsf] pNnV] o e"ldsf bl] vG5 .

-3_ pSt sfo{j|md @)&* c;f/ !% ut] ePsf] xf] .

@= ;Ddfg kqdf s] s] s/' f ;dl] 6b“ f /x5] g\ sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] df /xs] f dn" / JoT' kGg zAb klxrfg u/L cnu cnu ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ M

cfsl[ tn] k|sl[ tsf ljifodf Pp6f ;G' b/ sljtf sl[ t /rgf ul/g\ . pgn] Tof] sl[ t k9]/
ho, ljho / ;~honfO{ ;g' fOg\ . pgn] cfˆgf] b]z 5f8] ]/ ljbz] uPsf bfh'nfO{ klg cfˆgf]
sl[ tsf] s[ltTj af/] ;'gfOg\ . pgnfO{ bfhn' ] ltdLdf /fdf| ] slj aGg] ;Defjgf 5 eg] . bfhn' ]
alxgLnfO{ sljtfsf l;4fGtdf n]v]sf ;}4flGts s/' f / c¿ sljn] ko| f]u u/s] f k|ofu] fTds
s/' f klg x]b}{ ug{ ;e' mfP . pgsf] sljtfsf af/d] f ljBfnosf /lj u?' , /jLGb| u?' , slj u'?,
sjLGb| u?' , /Iff u?' df / ;/' Iff u?' dfn] klg lgs} rrf{ kl/rrf{ u/s] f] s/' f yfxf kfOg\ .

@= kf7df /xs] f] …/fd|/L k9\gsf ==== ;lsG5Ú eGg] cgR' 5b] df k|ofu] ePsf kfr“ kf“rcf]6f Jo'TkGg
zAbx¿ l6Kgx' f;] \ .

#= cfˆgf] k9fOsf af/]df 5f]6f] cgR' 5]b tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ / pSt cgR' 5]bdf /xs] f dn" / Jo'TkGg
zAb /v] fª\sg ug{x' f];\ .

$= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L n]Vo lrxg\ x¿ klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M

ljBfyLx{ ¿ s] tkfO{xF ¿n] ljho dNnsf af/]df ;'Gge' Psf] 5 < 5g} eg] n ;G' gx' f;] \,
ljho dNn Ps kl| ;4 syfsf/, slj / gf6ssf/ xg' \ . pgsf …lhpbF f] nf;Ú, …sfx] L
lsg a/afb xf];Ú\ / …ax'nf sfhLsf] ;kgfÚ h:tf gf6s tyf …kTy/sf] syfÚ, …bfe] fgÚ /
…leQ]38LÚ h:tf Psfª\sL k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf] afndgfl] j1fgdf cfwfl/t …sf]xL lsg
a/afb xf;] \Ú eGg] gf6s h;n] k95\ To;n] cfxf Û of] slt /fd|f] gf6s gegL 5f8\bg} .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 37

%= k"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd, cwl{ j/fd / p4/0f lrxg\ sf] k|ofu] u/L u|fdL0f hnljBt' s\ f ljifodf
Pp6f cg'R5]b /rgf ug'x{ f;] \ .
^= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] df k|of]u ePsf ;?' , lar / cGTodf bL3{ pmsf/ - "_ cfPsf zAb klxrfg
ugx{' f;] \ M

k"0f{dfof lnDan" ] cfˆgL ;fyL lje"ltsf nflu pgLsf] l:j6/ tof/ kf/]sL lyOg\ . pgsL
dfOhn" ] x¿] F x¿] F nfUof] eGb} pSt l:j6/ cfkmn" fO{ lbg" eGg] cfu|x ug{e' of] . l:j6/ aGg'k"j{
g} km'k" / efphn" ] klg To:t} dfu u/]sfn] s;f] ug{] xfn] f egL ;fR] g yflng\ .
&= zAbsf] ;'?, lar / cGTodf bL3{ pmsf/ ePsf kf“r kf“rcf]6f zAb ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn u/L
nV] g'xf];\ .

l;h{gf / kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= ;x/df k9fO ;s/] ufp“ kmsL{ ;dfh;j] fdf nfUge' Psf bfh;' u“ ufpd“ f xb'“ } u/s] f] ljsf;sf
af/d] f lh1f;f /fvL lr7L n]Vgx' f;] \ .
@= :yfgLo jf /fli6«o kqklqsfdf k|sflzt Ps Pscf]6f awfO{ / ;djb] gf kq vfh] L sIffdf
k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

38 g]kfnL, sIff (

kf7 % ;Todfx] g hfz] L

g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf clj>fGt ;fws tyf gk] fn
efiff ;flxTosf j/]0o JolStTj ;Todf]xg hf]zL gk] fnL
snf / ;+:s[ltsf ;d]t cgGo pkf;s x'g\ . JolStut
lxteGbf dfly p7/] cfˆgf] hflt / b]zsf] lxtsf nflu
;dlk{t ePs} x'bF f logsf] ljlzi6 ofu] bfgn] dn' 'ssf]
efiff, ;flxTo, ;:+ sl[ t / snf lg/Gt/ cfnf]lst 5 .
sf7df8fF} pkTosfleq nlntk/' ;x/sf] avD' axfndf
lj= ;=+ !(&& j}zfv #) ut] logsf] hGd ePsf] xf] .
zªs\ //fh hf]zL / /fhsd' f/L bj] Lsf Hoi] 7 ;'k'q ;Todfx] g
hfz] L cfˆgf cfdfaa' fkl| t cToGt elSt / >4fefj
/fVy] . ;sf/fTds ;f]r tyf cfzfjfbL hLjgbl[ i6sf wgL
hfz] L …sd{0oj] flwsf/:t]Ú cyft{ \ sds{ f] clwsf/ JolStdf
x'G5 To;}n] lg/Gt/ sd{ ug{k' 5{ eGg] 7fGy] . To;n} ] t
pgL lgisfd sd{ofu] Ln] em}F bL3s{ fn;Dd ;j] f u/L ;Dk"0f{ gk] fnLsf xb[ odf lj/fhdfg ePsf
5g\ . /fli6o« kf];fsk|lt uf/} j ub}{ ;wF} bf/} f;'?jfn / efbufpnF ] 6f]kLdf ;lhP/ lxF8\g] hf]zL …;fbf
hLjg pRr ljrf/Ú sf cfbz{ cgo' foL x'g\ .

;Todfx] g hfz] Lsf] afNosfn / lzIffbLIff lgs} ptf/r9fjo'St /xo\ f] . kfrF jif{sf] pd/] ;Dd
klg af]nL gkm6' ]sf sf/0f pgsf cfdfa'af lrlGtt eP . elgG5, af]nL km6' f];\ eGgsf nflu
cfdfa'afn] b]jLbj] tfsf] efsn u/] . wfdLemfjF |mLnfO{ bv] fP t/ sx] L l;k nfug] . To; jn] fsf]
hgljZjf;cg';f/ ;o" l{ jgfossf] hª\undf nu]/ s]xL If0f PSn} 5f]8] . To;kl5 pgL …dfF,
P df ÛÚ eg]/ lrRofPsf lyP /] . pgsf] cIf/f/De gk] fn efiffsf dWodaf6 ;ft jif{sf] pd/] df
3/af6} ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] cIf/f/De ;'?df l5d]sL u'?x¿af6 ePkl5 pgnfO{ dª\un
ahf/l:yt efiff kf7zfnfdf egf{ ul/of] . o;/L g]kfnL efiff rflxF bz jif{ ku' k] l5 dfq l;s]sf
lyP . cª\u|]hL efiff k9fpg] x]t'n] kf6g :s'ndf egf{ ul/P klg ljBfnosf] s8f cg'zf;g, kf7
3f]s/] s07 ugk{' g]{ afWotfsf sf/0f pgL ToxfF l6Sg ;s]gg\ . To;kl5 pgnfO{ /fgL kf]v/Ll:yt
b/af/ :sn' df egf{ ul/of] . pgn] ToxLFaf6 Dofl6s« k/LIff pQL0f{ u/] . pgn] sf7df8fFs} f] lqrG›
sn]haf6 lj= ;=+ !((* df cfO={ P= pQL0f{ u/]kl5 :gfts txsf] cWoogsf nflu egf{ eP t/
kl/jf/sf] hLljsfsf nflu lard} f k9fO 5f8] ]/ hflu/lt/ nfUg'k¥of] .

zAbfy{
uf/} j – OHht k|lti7f

g]kfnL, sIff ( 39

;/sf/L ;j] fsf ;fdfGobl] v pRr cf]xbfdf /x/] sfd u/s] f hf]zLn] gk] fnL efiff, ;flxTo
/ ;+:s[ltsf ;fy} g]kfn efiffdf ;d]t ;zSt snd rnfPsf 5g\ . lj= ;=+ @))! df
…cf}Bfl] us Jofkfl/s ;dfrf/ ;ªu\ x| c88\ fÚ af6 pgsf] hflu/] hLjgsf] ;'?cft ePsf] lyof] .
lj=;=+ @))&;fndfpgL;ªV\ ofljefudf;k' l/jI] fseP.lj=;=+ @)!$;fndf/fli6o« of]hgfkl/ifbd\ f
sfo{jm| d clwst[ eO{ sfd u/] . To;} u/L s=] cfO={ l;x+ sf] k|wfgdGqLTj sfndf dGqL k/z/' fdeSt
dfyd] fsf] lghL ;lrj;d]t eP/ sfd u/s] f lyP . @)!^ ;fndf k/' ftŒj / ;+:sl[ t ljefudf lgb{z] s
ePsf hf]zLg]kfn k1| f kl| ti7fgsf] ;b:o ;lrj;Dd eO;ss] f 5g\ . pgsf] ;flxlTos n]vgsf] kf| /De
lj= ;=+ !((* ;fnlt/af6 ePsf] lyof] . sn]h k9\g yfnk] l5 pgn] ;:+ st[ ;flxToaf6 k|efljt
eO{ 5Gbdf sljtf n]Vg yfn]sf lyP . Tolt j]n} pgL nIdLk|;fb bj] sf]6f / dfwj l3ld/s] f]
;ª\utdf k'us] f / sljtf nV] g] k]/| 0ff kfPsf] b]lvG5 . efiffgj' fb kl/ifb\sf cWoIf ki' s/
;d;]/sf] ;flGgWodf cfPkl5 pgn] cª\u|h] L efiffsf syf / sljtf gk] fnLdf cg'jfb u/]sf
lyP . hflu/sf] l;nl;nfdf tgx'F / ndhª' lhNnfdf /xbF f ToxfFsf u|fdL0f nf]sefsf ;':s]/f
;g' /] pgnfO{ nf]s;flxTodf nfUg] k/]| 0ff ldn]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 pgL ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog
cg;' Gwfgdf cfkm" nfO{ ;dlk{t ug{ yfn] . o;}sf] k]/| 0ff:j¿k pgn] lj= ;+= @)!$ ;fndf
…xfdf| ] nf]s;:+ sl[ tÚ gfds k':ts ks| flzt u/fPsf lyP . pgn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf sljtf, gf6s,
;dfnfr] gf, nf]s;flxTo, ;:+ sl[ t cflb ljwfIfq] df bhg{ fF} s[lt /rgf u/s] f 5g\ . pgn] gk] fnL
efiff / gf6s, sljtf, syf, lgaGw h:tf ;flxlTos ljwfsf sl/a tLg bhg{ hlt sl[ t /rgf
u/s] f 5g\ . pgsf g]kfn efiffsf ljleGg ljifo / ljwfIf]q;Fu ;DalGwt sl/a rf/ bh{g
/rgf;d]t k|sflzt 5g\ . To:t} ;flxTo Ifq] df pgsf] ;flGgWo eLdlglw ltjf/L, n]vgfy kf8} ]n,
afnsi[ 0f ;d h:tf ;flxTosf/x¿;Fu klg /x]sf] lyof] . hf]zLn] g]kfn efiffsf] >Ljl[ 4df ;d]t
dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf 5g\ . pgL …gk] fn efiff Ps]8d] Lsf] :yfkgf / gj] f/L ;flxTo, snf /
;:+ s[lt hf]ufpg ljm| ofzLn bl] vG5g\ .

ljleGg cfx] bfdf /xFbf / sdI{ fq] df vl6bF f hfz] Ln] lr/:d/0fLo ofu] bfg lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] k1| f
k|lti7fgdf /xFbf lbnf]Hofgn] d'n'ssf efiff / ;:+ s[ltsf] ljsf;df cxd\ ofu] bfg lbPsf 5g\ .
logs} ;o+ f]hsTjdf ljbz] Ln] gk] fnsf af/d] f tof/ kf/s] f nv] /rgf / k':tsx¿sf] u|Gy;"rL
tof/ ePsf] lyof] . k|1f k|lti7fgdf /xFbf pgn] g} ToxfF …ufOh{ fqf dxf]T;jÚ sf] ;?' cft
u/s] f lyP . tTsfnLg kz| f;sx¿nfO{ ;dt] Joª\Uo ul/Psf] cf/fk] nufO{ ufO{hfqf sfo{jm| d
aGb u/fpg b/af/af6 cfPsf] bafanfO{ pgn] 7f8} c:jLsf/ u/L sfo{jm| d hgtfdfem hglko|
/x]sfn] aGb ug{ g;lsg] hafkm kmsf{OlbPsf lyP . o;af6 pgL cfˆgf] hgdtsf ljk/Lt
s;}sf] bafa / wDsLaf6 kl5 gx6\g] JolSt lyP eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . pgs} k|of;af6 ;dfhsf
ljs[lt lj;ªu\ ltx¿sf lj?4 ufO{hfqfsf dfWodaf6 xf:oJoªU\ o ljwfsf] ljsf; ePsf]

;flGgWo – ;dLk jf lgs6 xg' 'sf] efj, ;fdLKo
lbnf]Hofg – tg / dg b'j} nufpg'

40 gk] fnL, sIff (

b]lvG5 . o; sfo{j|mdsf] ;kmntfaf6 xfl} ;Psf hf]zLn] gk] fnL gf6snfO{ dfly psf:g] xt] n' ]
…gf6s dxfT] ;jÚ ug{] kl/kf6L klg a;fns] f] bl] vG5 . pgL cfˆgf] lhDdj] f/Ldf cxf/] fq
vl6/xGy] . pgs} ;ljm| otfdf hdndf /fli6o« gfr3/sf nflu hUuf lsGg] sfd / eStk/' sf] /fli6«o
;ª\ux| fno klg hfz] Ls} ;ljm| otfdf lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . pgn] k|1f kl| ti7fgdf ;b:o ;lrj /xbF f
gk] fnL efiffsf ;fy} z]kf{, tfdfª, du/, u?' ª, /fO,{ lnDa," dl} ynL, n]Krf, yf¿, bgj' f/, gj] f/, r]kfª,
/fhjz+ Lnufotsf efiffx¿sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyP . log} !$ efiffdf kof{ojfrL
sf]z lgdf0{ fsf] sfo;{ dt] ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;Todfx] g hf]zLn] gk] fnsf kf| rLg d'›fx¿sf]
vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L …g]kfnL /fli6«o d'›fx¿Ú gfds uG| y klg n]v]sf 5g\ . pgs} cWoogsf
cfwf/df /fhf hoks| fz dNnsf] kfnfdf ;a}eGbf ;fgf] l;Ssf kr| ngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pSt
l;Ssf ;+;f/s} ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] l;Ssf eg/] lulgha's ckm jN8{ /]s8d{ f ;dt] btf{ ePsf]
bl] vG5 . pgn] aj] fl/;] d"ltx{ ¿sf] ;ª\ux| ug{] sfddf klg ;ljm| otf b]vfPsf lyP .

pgn] rLgdf g]kfnL efiffsf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug{s' f ;fy} cGo yk' |} dn' 'ssf] e|d0f u/s] f 5g\ . rLgdf
g]kfnL efiff k7gkf7gsf nflu k|lzIfssf ¿kdf afn] fj6 ePkl5 pgL rLgdf uP/ g]kfnL
efiffnfO{ lrlgofFdfem k¥' ofpg] sfddf ;lj|mo /x] . pgn] ToxfF cfˆgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xofu] df
gk] fnL ljefu vf]n/] lgoldt ¿kdf g]kfnLdf ;dfrf/ / ;f+:s[lts sfo{jm| dx¿ ;~rfng u/s] f
lyP . o;/L ljb]zdf g]kfnL efiffsf] k|;f/0f sfo{df hf]zLaf6 pNnV] o ofu] bfg ku' s] f] b]lvG5 .
pgn] rLgdf /xFbf snfsf/ c/lgsf] / pgn] rLgdf lgdf{0f u/]sf] Zj]trT} oaf/] vf]h cg;' Gwfg
u/L …gk] fnL jf:tl' jb\ snfsf/ c/lgsf]Ú gfds zfw] u|Gy k|sflzt u/] . pgn] g]kfnsf /fli6«o
lje"ltnfO{ lrgfpg] sfd u/] . pgn] es[ '6Laf/] klg vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L tYox¿ klxNofpg]
sfd u/]sf lyP . pgn] k1| f kl| ti7fgsf] ;b:o /xbF f tTsfnLg zf]leot ;ª\3sf] ed| 0f u/] .
pgn] ;g\ !(%# df Gol' hNofG8df /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo ljåtj\ [lQcGtut{ kf| ljlws ;xfos tflnd k|fKt
ug{] ;fe} fUo;d]t kfP . pgL g]jf/ aGw'x¿sf] ljZj ;ªu\ 7g 8An=' Pg=cf=] n] nG8gdf cfof]hgf
u/]sf] ;Dd]ngdf cltlysf ¿kdf ;xefuL ePsf lyP . To:t} cdl] /sf l:ylt gj] f/ aGwx' ¿sf]
;ªu\ 7gn] jfl;ª\6g l8;Ldf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfoj{ |mddf k|d'v cltlysf] ¿kdf ;d]t ljbz] ed| 0f
u/]sf lyP . o:t} aªu\ nfb]zdf ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtfsf] dGqL :t/Lo cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddn] gdf pgL
;xefuL ePsf lyP . pgn] ef/t / rLgsf dV' o dV' o ;x/df ;dt] s}ofF} k6s e|d0f u/s] f 5g\ .

gk] fn cfdfsf sd{7 ;kt" ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf log} of]ubfgsf kmn:j¿k pgn] yk' |} k'/:sf/,
;Ddfg / kbs kfPsf 5g\ . pgL gk] fn cfdfsf Ps c;n ;kt" xg' \ . pgL gk] fn / g]kfnLsf]
uf/} j pRr kfg{ ;wF} cu;| / ag] . pgnfO{ g]kfnL jfª\do / ;:+ s[ltsf Ifq] df k¥' ofPsf] of]
ubfgsf] sb/ ub{} sf7df8fF} ljZjljBfnon] lj=;+= @)^* ;fndf dxfljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflw k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof] . pgnfO{ lqdl" t{ lgs]tgn] @)&! ;fn dª\l;/ !% ut] …ztfAbL k?' ifÚsf] pkflw

cxf]/fq – /ftlbg jf rfl} a;} 306f, lbgx“'
kof{ojfrL – ;dfg jf Pp6} cy{ ae' mfpg]
jf:tl' jb \ – ejg lgdf{0f snf;DaGwL /fdf| ] 1fg ePsf] JolSt

g]kfnL, sIff ( 41

k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{ af6 lj= ;+= @)&$ j}zfv @! ut] pgnfO{ …jfªd\ o
ztfAbL k'?ifÚ sf] pkflw kb| fg ul/Psf] lyof] . pgsf] gfddf …;Todf]xg hf]zL ztfAbL dxf]T;jÚ
;d]t dgfOPsf] lyof] . pgL gk] fnL / g]kfn efiffsf] ;+/If0f tyf gk] fnLsf] /fli6o« klxrfgsf
nflu lg/Gt/ nflu/x] . hfz] Ln] …uf]/vf blIf0f afx'Ú, …dbg k'/:sf/Ú, …kY[ jL k|1f k/' :sf/Ú,
…efge' St k'/:sf/Ú nufotsf bhg{ f}F k'/:sf/x¿ kf| Kt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{ emG8} b'O{
;o ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿n] ;Ddfg tyf clegGbg;d]t ul/;ss] f 5g\ . lj= ;+= @)&^ ;fndf /fi6«
aª} \sn] hfz] Lsf] gfd / d'xf/ cªl\ st Ps ;o ?lkofFsf] l;Ssf k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . pgn]
…nf]s ;:+ sl[ tÚ, …gk] fnL /fli6o« d›' fx¿Ú / …sgfn{ L nfs] ;:+ sl[ tÚ gfds sl[ tsf nflu u/L tLg
k6s;Dd dbg k/' :sf/ kfpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . pgL g} tLg k6s;Dd dbg k'/:sf/ kf| Kt
ug{] Ps dfq JolSt xg' \ .
;Todf]xg hfz] L gk] fnL efiff, nfs] ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt cflb If]qdf cgj/t ¿kdf of]ubfg
lbg] ljlzi6 JolStTj xg' \ . pgsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk0" f{ ofu] bfgx¿df ufO{hfqf dxf]T;jsf]
cf/De, snfsf/ c/lgsf]af/] cGji] f0f, k|frLg gk] fnL db' f| sf] vfh] L cflb clj:d/0fLo 5g\ . To:t}
gk] fn efiff Ps]8d] Lsf] :yfkgf, lrlgofF sljtfsf] gk] fnL cgj' fb tyf sgf{nL nf]s;+:s[ltsf]
cg;' Gwfgdf ;d]t pgsf] cxd\ of]ubfg bl] vG5 . pgn] JolStut hLjgdf pNnv] gLo k|ult ug{
;Sy] t/ To;sf] k5fl8 slxNo} nfu]gg\ . pgsf] Woo] t sj] n /fi6« / /fli6o« tfsf nflu cgj/t
¿kdf ;dlkt{ /xg' lyof] . JolStut hLjg / >L;DklQnfO{ t'R5 7fg]/ /fi6«lxt / /fli6«otfnfO{
pRr 7fGb} ;ª\3ifn{ fO{ hLjgsf] kofo{ 7fGg] sdz{ Lntfsf dxf/yL xg' \ ;Todfx] g hfz] L . o;/L
hLjgsf psfnL cf/] fnLdf xftd] fnf] ub{} cl3 a9] hLjgdf ;kmntf lglZrt 5 . ;Todf]xgdf
/xs] f] cys ko| f; / sfdk|ltsf] nufpaf6 xfdL ;a} lgi7fjfg\ eO{ b]z;]jfdf nfUof}F eg] ;lhn}
bz] sf] sfFrn' L k]mg{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gb]z kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;Todfx] g hf]zLn] gk] fnL efiff /
gk] fn efiff b'j}df bhg{ f}F sl[ tsf] /rgf ug'{ rfgrg' ] s'/f xf]Og . pgLåf/f ax'eflifs / ax';f:+ sl[ ts
/fi6n« fO{ ;zSt / efjgfTds ¿kdf Pstfsf] ;"qdf afFWg ;du| /fi6«sf] dn" efiff / cfˆg} efiff
;:+ sl[ tsf] pTyfgdf ;dlkt{ x'g] k|]/0ffbfoL sfon{ fO{ l;ª\uf] /fi6« uf}/j afw] ub5{ .

lgi7fjfg\ – lgi7f ePsf], >4f /fVg,] cf:yfjfg\

42 g]kfnL, sIff (

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
zAb cy{
kofo{ hgdfg;df k|rlnt ;:+ sf/, snfsfz} n, lj|mofsnfk
ufO{hfqf ;dfg cy{ ae' mfpg] zAb
hLjgb[li6 k|frLg dxŒjsf, bn' e{ / cgf7} f j:tx' ¿ a6'n/] /flvg] 7fpF jf 3/
;:+ s[lt ljBf, al' 4, ;DkGgtf, ¿k, u0' f cflbsf] ljsf;
k/' ftŒj kl| ti7fk"j{ ¿kdf :yflkt s'g} ;:+ yf
;ªu\ |xfno hLjgbz{g, hLjgnfO{ x]g{] b[li6 jf cfwf/
kl| ti7fg k|frLg ;dosf Pl] txfl;s tyf dxŒjk0" f{ j:t'x¿sf] cWoog ug{] ljBf
sg' } /fi6« jf hfltsf snfsf}zn, af}l4s ljsf;;Da4 lj|mofsnfk
hg}k"l0f{dfsf] efl] nkN6 dgfOg] sfoj{ m| d

@= ‘;Todf]xg hf]zL’ hLjgLsf] bf];|f] cg'R5b] k9L lbOPsf cfzo hgfpg] zAb vfh] /] n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ JolStdf /xg] lghL efj jf cfgLafgL, dfgl;s kj| [lQ
-v_ e"tk]t| cflb nfu]sf] cfzª\sdf tGqdGq k|of]u u/L emf/km' s ug]{ JolSt
-u_ dflg;df /x]sf] cf:yf, egfOkl| tsf] kTof/, e/f];f cflb
-3_ cfˆgf] OR5f l;4 xf];\ egL bj] Lbj] tfsf] efsn ug]{ sfd
#= tn lbOPsf kbfjnL k|of]u u/L ;Todf]xgsf] af/]df 5f]6f] cg'R5b] tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M
af]nL km' 6g\ ', hLljsf rnfpg,' sfrF 'nL k]mg{,' snd rnfpg,' lbnf]Hofg lbg'
$= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] ljk/Lt cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]Vgx' f;] \ M
cg'QL0f{, ljgfz, cljZjf;, :jfy{, lg/fzf, c?lr, skt' , :jLsf/, lglijm| otf

af]w / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f ug'x{ f;] \ M
jfª\do, clj>fGt, cf}Bfl] us, sdI{ fq] , xf:oJoªU\ o, sfrF 'nL, ;ª3\ if{, ;:+ sl[ t
@= hLjgLsf] klxnf] cgR' 5]b ;:j/jfrg ug'{xf];\ .
#= hLjgLsf] clGtd cgR' 5]b kfnk} fnf] dfg} k7g ugx'{ f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 43

$= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L To;sf] ;+/rgfaf/] ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

;Todfx] g hf]zL gk] fnL efiff, nfs] ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt cflb If]qdf cgj/t ¿kdf ofu] bfg
lbg] ljlzi6 JolStTj x'g\ . pgsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfgx¿df ufO{hfqf dxfT] ;jsf]
cf/De, snfsf/ c/lgsfa] f/] cGji] f0f, k|frLg gk] fnL db' f| sf] vf]hL cflb clj:d/0fLo
5g\ . To:t} gk] fn efiff Ps]8]dLsf] :yfkgf, lrlgofF sljtfsf] gk] fnL cgj' fb tyf sgfn{ L
nfs] ;:+ sl[ tsf] cg;' Gwfgdf ;d]t pgsf] cxd\ of]ubfg b]lvG5 . pgn] JolStut hLjgdf
pNn]vgLo k|ult ug{ ;Sy] t/ To;sf] k5fl8 slxNo} nfug] g\ . pgsf] Woo] t sj] n /fi6«
/ /fli6«otfsf nflu cgj/t ¿kdf ;dlkt{ /xg' lyof] .

-s_ dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf sltcf]6f jfSox¿ 5g\ <

-v_ cg'R5]bsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] jfSo sg' xf,] Tof] slt zAbn] ag]sf] 5 <

-u_ JolStut :jfy{df gnfu]sf] s'/f s'g jfSodf 5, To;sf] cfzo s] xf] <

%= sf]i7sleq ;fn / To;eGbf tn ;Todfx] gsf] hLjgdf 36s] f 36gf lbOPsf 5g\ . pSt 36gf
s'g s'g ;fndf ePsf x'g\, klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf];\ M

-lj= ;+= !(&&, !((*, @))!, @)!$, @)^*, @)&!, @)&$, @)&^_

– xfd|f] nfs] ;+:s[lt gfds k':ts ks| fzg u/fpg'

– gk] fn ;/sf/af6 …jfª\do ztfAbL k'?ifÚ sf] pkflw k|fKt x'g'

– sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnoaf6 dxfljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflwn] ljel" ift xg' '

– ;Todfx] gsf] hGd xg' '

– lqrG› sn]haf6 cfO{=P= pQL0f{ x'g'

– /fi6« a}ªs\ n] hfz] Lsf] gfd / dx' f/ cªl\ st wft'sf] l;Ssf ks| fzg ug'{

– lqd"lt{ lgst] gaf6 …ztfAbL k?' ifÚ sf] pkflw k|fKt x'g'

– hflu/] hLjgsf] ;'?cft x'g'

^= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9g\ x' f];\ / tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

;Todf]xg hf]zLsf] afNosfn / lzIffbLIff lgs} ptf/r9fjo'St /xo\ f] . kfrF jifs{ f] pd]/;Dd
klg af]nL gkm6' ]sf sf/0f pgsf cfdfaa' f lrlGtt bl] vGy] . elgG5, afn] L km6' f];\ eGgsf
nflu cfdfaa' fn] b]jLb]jtfsf] efsn u/] . wfdLemfFj|mLnfO{ b]vfP t/ s]xL l;k nfug] . To;
j]nfsf] hgljZjf;cg';f/ ;"o{ljgfossf] hª\undf nu/] s]xL If0f PSn} 5f8] ] . To;kl5
pgL …df,F P df ÛÚ eg]/ lrRofPsf lyP /] . pgsf] cIf/f/De g]jf/L efiffsf dWodaf6 ;ft
jifs{ f] pd/] df 3/af6} ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] cIf/f/De ;?' df l5d]sL u?' x¿af6 ePkl5

44 gk] fnL, sIff (

pgnfO{ dªu\ nahf/l:yt efiff kf7zfnfdf egf{ ul/of] . o;/L gk] fnL efiff rflxF bz
jif{ k'uk] l5 dfq l;s]sf lyP . cªu\ |h] L efiff k9fpg] xt] 'n] kf6g :s'ndf egf{ ul/P klg
ljBfnosf] s8f cgz' f;g, kf7 3fs] ]/ s07 ug{'kg]{ afWotfsf sf/0f pgL ToxfF l6Sg
;sg] g\ . To;kl5 pgnfO{ /fgLkf]v/Ll:yt b/af/ :s'ndf egf{ ul/of] . pgn] ToxLaF f6
Dofl6«s k/LIff pQL0f{ u/] . pgn] sf7df8f}sF f] lqrG› snh] af6 lj= ;+= !((* df cfO={
P= pQL0f{ u/k] l5 :gfts txsf] cWoogsf nflu egf{ eP t/ kl/jf/sf] hLljsfsf nflu
lar}df k9fO 5f8] ]/ hflu/lt/ nfUg'k¥of] .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ ;Todfx] g hf]zLsf] cIf/f/De s'g pd]/df / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <

-v_ cg'R5b] df j0f{g u/]cg;' f/ To; j]nfsf] k7gkf7g s:tf] lyof] eGg] cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 <

-u_ ;Todfx] gn] sg' tx;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/s] f lyP <

-3_ pgsf] k9fO cl3 a9g\ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] bl] vG5 <

&= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9\g'xf;] \ / ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

…xftsf dn} f ;'gsf yn} f s] ug{' wgn,] ;fu / l;:g' vfPsf] a]; cfgGbL dgn]Ú b]jsf]6fsf]
dg' fdbgsf oL kª\lStdf l;:g'sf] rrf{ 5 . ljkGgx¿sf nflu cefjsf] jn] f kf| 0f wfGg]
vfGsLsf] ¿kdf lnOg] l;:g' kl5Nnf lbgdf ;DkGg / ;De|fGtx¿sf] klg lk|o ef]hg
ags] f] 5 . cfh l;:g'n] :jfb / :jf:Yo b'j}nfO{ nfE] ofpbF } 5 . xfdf| kfvfkv]/fdf kfOg] l;:g'
ljiffbL / /f;folgs dnsf] ks| fk] af6 d'St ljz'4 cUff{lgs pTkfbg xf] . dWokxf8L tyf
pkTosfdf kfOg] kf]Ng] emf/ l;:g'df w/] } cfi} fwLo u'0f kfOPsf] 5 . @% kl| tzt;Dd kf| ]l6g
x'g] o;df le6fldg P, le6fldg ;L, le6fldg 8L, nf}xtŒj, kf]6fl;od, SoflN;od h:tf
kf}li6s kbfy{ klg xG' 5g\ . o;} sf/0f pQ/L tyf k"jL{ o'/f]kdf o;sf] emfn] nfdf] ;dob]lv
kr| lnt 5 . ;fdfGotM l;:gn' fO{ kvfnL pDn]sf] tftf]kfgLdf /fvL 3f]6/] ksfpg] kr| ng
5 . ljz]ifu/L o;df gg' , v';fg{ L, l6d'/sf] w'nf], n;'g, ds}sf] RofVnf /fv]/ ksfOG5 .
ljbz] df rflxF a6/df Kofh, n;g' , ufh/ km/' fP/ eh] :6s / cfn' /fv/] l;:g' ksfOG5 . cGTodf
gg' , dl/r / ljm| d xfn/] g]6n ;'ksf ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{] kr| ng 5 . o;nfO{ lu|g6Ls}
tl/sfn] ;j] g ul/G5 . ahf/df ;xh} kfOg] l;:g'sf] kfp8/nfO{ ;'k of t/sf/Lsf ¿kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . kmn" sf] ;'k agfP/ eft of ds}sf] RofVnf;Fu ;]jg ubf{ lgs} :jflbi6
xG' 5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 45