नेपाली कक्षा ९

sfo{ k"/f ub}{ ljBfno hLjg latfp5F fF} / pTsi[ 6tfsf] kd| f0fkq lnP/ xfdL lg:sG5f}F . o;f]
ubf{ xfdLn] ;r" gf / 1fg kfof}F xf]nf xfd|f] af}l4s JolStTjsf] ljsf; eof] xfn] f t/ ;dfhdf
;dfofh] g xg' ] vfnsf] JolStTj ljsf; / xfdLleq /x]sf] cgGt pmhfn{ fO{ phfu/ ug{]
sfddf xfd|f ljBfnox¿sf] cledv' Ls/0f s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < xfdLleq /xs] f] ;sf/fTds
;f]r pTvgg ug{ / cfTdljZjf; hfut[ ug{ xfd|f ljBfnox¿n] s] s:tf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
u/s] f 5g\ t < ljBfyLs{ f] ;du| JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] bfloTj s] x'gk' 5{ o;df
Jofks ax; xg' ' h?/L 5g} / <
-s_ jSt[tf+zsf cg';f/ clxn] s:tf] lzIff k|rngdf /xs] f] bl] vG5 <
-v_ jStt[ f+zdf pNnv] ul/Psf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf sdhf]/Lx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
&= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ ljBfnon] s;/L ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj ljsf; ug{ ;S5, ljrf/ k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ cfˆgf] JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu ljBfyLn{ ] s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ugk{' 5,{ nV] gx' f];\ .
*= dflysf] jSt[tfdf cdt[ f gD] jfªn] egs] f s'/fx¿nfO{ bzcf6] f a'b“ fdf l6kf6] ug'{xf];\ .
(= jStt[ f s;/L ;~rfng ul/G5, sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
!)= ‘ljBfyL{ hLjgdf cg'zf;gsf] dxŒj’ zLifs{ df 5f6] f] jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!!= tnsf] bl} gsLsf] gdg' f k9g\ x' f];\ / tkfOn{“ ] ed| 0f u/s] f] sg' } Pp6f /d0fLo :ynsf] ljifoj:t'
;d]6L Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ M

@)&* j}zfv )!
/ftsf] ( ah]

cfh gofF jifs{ f] klxnf] lbg, d laxfg ;a]/} lapFlemPF . aflx/ r/fr'?ªu\ Lx¿ lrla/{ :j/df
s/fpbF } lyP . dnfO{ nfUof,] oL s~rg k|f0fLx¿ klg cfˆg} efiffdf ze' sfdgf ;f6f;f6
ub}{ xfn] fg\ . cfdfaa' fn] lxh} an] 'sL eGg'ePsf] lyof,] æef]ln laxfg} 3'Dg hfg] eg]sf 5f} .
ca]/;Dd ;'tf}nf lg .Æ tGb|fd} d}n] cfdfa'afsf] s'/f ;lDemPF / d xQkQ p7]F . To;kl5 gofF
jifs{ f lbg gofF 7fpsF f] ed| 0fdf hfg] xfd|f] kj" {ofh] gfcg';f/ d tof/ xg' yfn]F .
kfv] /faf6 xfd|f] dfOjm| f]a; laxfg ( ah] 5'6\of] . xfdL hDdfhDdL !^ hgf ldNg] ;fyLx¿
dfq lyofF} . xfdf| ] zl} Ifs e|d0f:yn lyof] tgxF'sf] Jof;u'kmf / ToxfsF f j/k/sf 7fpFx¿ .
;fyLx¿;uF /dfOnf] ubf{ sl/a %) lsnf]ld6/sf] ofqf kf/ u/]sf] kQ} ePg5 . jb] / dxfef/tsf
/rlotf j]bJof;n] tk:of u/s] f] Jof;u'kmf clg ;t] L / dfbL gbLsf] ;ªu\ d:yn;Dd

96 gk] fnL, sIff (

k'Uof}F . uk' mf hfg] af6fdf 9ª' \ufn] agfPsf l;F9L, Clifsf] tk:of:yn, cf>d, 9ª' u\ fsf
ljleGg cfsl[ t, ;]tL / dfbL gbLt6sf] ;G' b/ ks| l[ tdf /dfpbF } 3/af6} nu]sf] vfgs] /' f vfP/
lbp;F f]sf] $ ah] kfv] /fsf nflu /dfgf eofF} . gofF jifs{ f] gofF hf];sf ;fy o;jif{sf] klxnf]
lbg Joltt u/L ;feF msf] vfgf vfPF . To;kl5 5f]6f] b}lgsL tof/ kf/L /flt (M#) ah]lt/
;t' F] .

!@= ‘;}4flGts 1fgeGbf Jofjxfl/s 1fg 7'nf]’ zLifs{ df kIfsf tkm{af6 Pp6f jfbljjfb tof/
ug'{xf;] \ .

!#= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\ 'xf];\ M

xfa8{ uf8g{ /sf] afl} 4stf;DaGwL l;4fGtnfO{ axa' fl} 4stfsf] l;4fGt elgG5 . o;
l;4fGtcg';f/ ;fdfGotof eflifs, tflss{ ul0ftLo, :yflgs b[ZofTds, kf| sl[ ts,
;ªu\ LtfTds, zf/Ll/s ultaf]ws, cGt/jo} lSts / cGtM jo} lSts u/L dfG5d] f cf7 k|sf/sf
af}l4stf jf k|ltef x'G5g\ . eflifs afl} 4stfcGtu{t df}lvs / lnlvt ¿kdf k|efjsf/L
9ª\un] efiff k|of]u ug{] Ifdtf k5{ . tflss{ ul0ftLo af}l4stfn] ts{ / ul0ft;uF ;DalGwt
IfdtfnfO{ a'emfp5F . :yflgs b[ZofTds kl| tefdf x:tsfz} no'St ;fdYo{ / kl| tef k5g{ \ .
kf| s[lts af}l4stf ePsf JolStx¿df ks| l[ t huts\ f ljleGg j:tk' |lt k]d| , ?lr / ks| l[ tsf
;dLkdf /xg] OR5f h:tf ljz]iftf /x]sf xG' 5g\ . ;fªu\ Llts afl} 4stf ePsf JolStx¿df
;ªu\ Lt;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdYo{ /xg] u5{ . zf/Ll/s ultaf]ws af}l4stfcGtu{t cfˆgf] ljrf/
JoSt ug{ JolStn] z/L/sf] xfpefp / nrstf pkofu] ug]{ ;fdYo{ k5g{ . cGt/j}olStstf
afl} 4stfn] cGo JolStsf ;I" d Jojxf/kl| t ;j+ b] gzLn x'g] alxd'v{ L IfdtfnfO{ ;ª\s]t
u5{ . To:t} cGtM jo} lSts afl} 4stf eg]sf] JolStsf] ;+1fgfTds Ifdtfdf lglxt cGt/dv' L
kl| tef xf] . sg' } kl| tefzfnL JolStdf oL ;a} k|sf/sf af}l4stf x'G5g\ eg] clwsf+z ;a}df
sDtLdf b'O{ jf tLg ks| f/sf afl} 4stf /xG5g\ elgG5 . lzIfsn] JolStsf] af}l4stf klxrfg
u/L lzIf0f u/]df lzIf0f l;sfO ke| fjsf/L x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-c_ ax'af}l4stfsf] l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs sf] x'g\ <

-cf_ axa' fl} 4stfsf k|sf/x¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

-O_ eflifs afl} 4stfcGtut{ kg{] s/' f s] xf] <

-O_{ tkfOFd{ f d'Vo ¿kdf s'g af}l4stf /x] h:tf] nfU5 <

gk] fnL, sIff ( 97

-v_ efiff ;+/rgf klxrfg ugx'{ f];\ M
-c_ cgR' 5b] df ePsf] s'g} b'O{ kfl/eflifs zAb n]Vg'xf];\ .
-cf_ cg'R5b] af6 Psjrg / axj' rgsf Ps Pscf6] f lj|mofkb l6Kg'xf];\ .
-O_ cg'R5]baf6 z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf Ps Pscf]6f zAb klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ .
-O{_ xfpefp / ?lr zAbsf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \ .

!$= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\g'xf];\ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ugx{' f];\ M
/fhlszf]/ /f7f/} gf} sIffdf k95\ g\ . pgL sIffsf gt] [Tjstf{ x'g\ . pgL cfˆgf ;fyLx¿sf
;d:ofx¿ ljBfno k|zf;g;dIf k¥' ofpF5g\ . sIffdf xf]xNnf xg' lbFbg} g\ . lzIfssf]
cgk' l:yltdf klg ;fyLnfO{ :jfWoog ug{ kl|] /t u5g{ \ . sIff vfnL ePdf kw| fgfWofksnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fO{ sIff vfnL xg' lbFbg} g\ . pgL ;fyLx¿nfO{ slxNo} sfvf / kfvf ub}g{ g\ .
ldng;f/, ;xofu] L / cfTdLo Jojxf/sf sf/0f ;fyLx¿ dfem pgL nf]slko| ags] f 5g\ .
/fhlszf]/n] sIffsf] /fdf| ;] uF gt] [Tj u/] em}F sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf] gt] T[ jstf{ agL e"ldsf
lgjfx{ ug'{xf;] \ .

;'gfO / af]nfO

!= ;g' fO kf7 !) ;G' gx' f];\ / pkoS' t ljsNk 5gf6] u/L eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ efif0fdf s:tf] efiff k|of]u ugk{' 5{ <
-c_ cf}krfl/s -cf_ cgf}krfl/s
-O_ sfdrnfp -O{_ ;fdfGo
-v_ xfdLn] s:Tff] snf ljsf; ug{ ;lsof] eg] cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 <
-c_ nv] gsnf -cf_ k7gsnf
-O_ jfs\snf -O_{ u|x0fsnf
-u_ ljBfyLd{ f sg' s/' fsf] ljsf;df efif0f snfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf /xG5 <
-c_ ;fyLTj -cf_ JolStTj
-O_ dxŒj -O{_ ckgTj
-3_ efif0fdf jStfn] >ft] fsf] s] s'/f s]lGbt| ug{ ;Sgk' 5{ <
-c_ dg -cf_ 1fg
-O_ Hofg -O_{ Wofg

@= efif0f snfsf] dxŒjaf/] sIffdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\ .

98 gk] fnL, sIff (

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L tflnsfsf] vfnL 7fp“df l7s a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ M

efO kfFr sIffdf k95\ . alxgL ;ft sIffdf k95\ ] . d gf} sIffdf k9\5' . xfdL gf} sIffdf
k95\ fF} . ;fyLx¿ klg ;uF } k9\5g\ . pgLx¿ kz| :t cGt/ljm| of u5{g\ . lzIfs ljgfb] n]
klxnf] 3G6L g]kfnL ljifo k9fpg'xG' 5 . lzIfs ;'lgtfn] bf];f| ] 3G6Ldf ul0ft k9fpgx' G' 5 .

jfSo lnª\u jrg k'?if cfb/

k=' :qL= Ps= ax'= k|= lå= t=[ ;f= d= p=

efO kfFr sIffdf k9\5 .

alxgL ;ft sIffdf
k9\5] .
d gf} sIffdf k9\5' .

xfdL gf} sIffdf k95\ f}F .

;fyLx¿ klg ;uF }
k9\5g\ .
pgLx¿ kz| :t
cGt/lj|mof u5g{ \ .
/dz] lzIfsn] klxnf]
3G6L gk] fnL ljifo
k9fpgx' G' 5 .
clgtf lzIfsn]
bf;] |f] 3G6Ldf ul0ft
k9fpg'xG' 5 .

@= x/s] sf]7faf6 Ps Ps zAb lnO{ lnª\u, jrg, k?' if / cfb/ ;ª\ult ldn]sf jfSox¿
agfpgx' f;] \ M

pm, tF, pgL, ltdL, pxf,F sxf,F ToxfF hfG5;\, hfgx' 'G5, hfG5\of}, hfG5f},
tkfO{,F d, xfdL hfG5,' hfG5, hflG5g,\ hfG5f}F

#= tn lbOPsf jfSonfO{ lnª\usf cfwf/df ljm| ofsf] kb;ªu\ lt ldnfO{ k'gn]v{ g ug'x{ f;] \ M

efO ?G5] . Tof] bv] ]/ alxgL klg ?g yfN5 . cd[tf gD] afª efOalxgLnfO{ dfof u5{ . pm
v]nf}gf lbG5g\ . v]nfg} f kfP/ efO bª\u k5{] . alxgL klg v]nf}gf rflxof] eg/] lanf}gf u5{ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 99

$= sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf ;ªs\ ]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ug{x' f];\ M
-s_ dfdf /fd|f /fdf| sljtf nV] g'xG' 5 . -:qLlnªu\ _
-v_ tF ef]ln cfpnf;\ . -pRr cfb/_
-u_ pm s]xL lbg cf/fd u5{ . -ky| d k?' if_
-3_ ltdLx¿ jSt[Tjsnfdf efu lng] 5f} . -Psjrg_
-ª_ xfdL nf]s uLt ufpYofF} . -t[tLo k'?if, dWod cfb/_
-r_ 5f]/L sfofn{ o uOg\ . -kl' nª\u_
-r_ tkfOF{ u[xsfo{ ug'{xf];\ . -;fdfGo cfb/_
-5_ d/] f] efO sIff kfFrdf k95\ . -ax'jrg_
%= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf zAbsf] cnu cnu ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ M

piffn] cfˆgf] lzzn' fO{ sfvdf /fv]/ ;u/dfyf :jf:Yo sG] b| nlug\ . 5f/] fnfO{ Odh]{G;Ldf
egf{ ul/g\ . 8fS6/ Cife lzjfsf]6Ln] aRrfsf] :jf:Yo hfFr u/] . pgsf >Ldfg\ lzlz/ klg
ToxfF cfOk'u] . piffsf ;;'/f klg gfltnfO{ e6] g\ :jf:Yo sG] b| cfP .
%= kf7af6 z, if, ; k|ofu] ePsf kfr“ kf“rcf6] f zAb vf]h]/ n]Vg'xf;] \ .

l;hg{ f / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= ‘eflifs ljZjJofkLs/0fdf k|ljlwsf] ofu] bfg’ ljifodf jStt[ f tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .
@= tkfO“n{ ] k9]sf] jStt[ faf6 sg' } Pp6f jStfn] af]n]sf dV' o d'Vo s'/f l6kf]6 u/L jSt[tfsf]
zn} Ldf sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \ .



100 g]kfnL, sIff (

kf7 !! ;do kL8f – kb\dfjtL l;+x



lrqdf cfdfa'afn] 5f]/fa'xf/L;uF kmfg] df s'/f ub}{ u/]sf]

laxfg p7/] sx] L ;do lx8F g\ ] /fdgfysf] lbgrof{ g} lyof] . kfFr jif{b]lv nuftf/ pgL kfrF
ah] cf5] \ofg 5f]8\5g\ . an] s' f gf} ah]sf] ;dfrf/ ;g' ]kl5 ;/f;/ pgL la5\of}gfdf 9N5g,\ Ps}
l5gdf d:t lgbfpF5g\ t/ cfgGbLnfO{ t lbge/ b'lgofeF /sf] sfdn] Jo:t agfO/xG5 . To;f] t
3/df bO' { hfO] kf]Oafx]s sf]xL 5g} g\ . b'j} 5f]/fx¿ ljb]zd} 5g\ . r'k nfu/] a:g g;Sg] pgsf]
:jefjn] ubf{ laxfg p7]bl] v g;t' G' h]n sg' } g s'g} sfddf clNem/xlG5g\ pgL . laxfg p7k] l5
3/sf] ;kmf;'U3/ ug{', kh" fkf7 u/L vfgf tof/ kfg',{ /fdgfy clkm; uPkl5 sx] La]/ auFr} fdf
6xNb} km" nx¿ :ofxfg'{, efG5f p7k] l5 sf]7fx¿ tx tufpg] ofjt\ sfd ub}{ /ftsf] bz ah'Gh]n
pgL sfdd} Jo:t /xlG5g\ . /flt /fdgfy ;'tk] l5 3/wGbf ;sL kqklqsf k9\g', lab]l;Psf
5f]/fx¿l;t s/' f ug'{ cyjf k'/fgf Pnad vf]n]/ 5f]/fx¿sf] tl:a/ x]/L cfvF f lehfpg' pgsf]
bl} gsLleq kg{] s/' f x'g\ . olt ubf{ub{} /ftsf] P3f/ alhxfN5, ta pgL cf5] o\ fgdf 9lN5g\ .

la5o\ f}gfdf 9n] klg w]/a} /] ;Dd pgL lgbfpg ;lStgg\ . pgL 5f/] fx¿s} lrGtfdf 8'la/xlG5g\ .
5f/] fx¿ ljb]zdf ;ft ;d'b|kf/ 5g\ . pgLx¿ gf]s/L, 3/u[x:yL wfgL ljbz] df slt ;ª\3if{ ub}{
xf]nfg\ Û ljzi] f u/L k9\b} u/]sf] ;fgf] 5f/] fsf] ljzi] f lrGtf nfU5 cfgGbLnfO{ . k9g\ ', gf]s/L ug{'
clg ksfOtN' ofO ug{', 3/df ufu|fa] f6 kfgL;d]t g;f/]/ vfgn] ] 3/sf] ;a} sfd u/L s;/L hLjg
wfgs] f xf]nfg\, ;DemL ;DemL pgsf] cfFvfsf k/n] L leH5g\ . 3/df ;a} ;v' ;on eP klg ljbz] d}
a:g], hlt g} b'Mv e]mNg k/] klg pt} a:g /dfpg] o'jf lk9F Lsf] dgl:yltsf cufl8 /fdgfy /
cfgGbLn] 38'F f g6]sL ;v' } kfPgg\ t/ b'j} 5f/] fx¿ lab]l;P klg Pp6L 5f]/L :jbz] d} l5g\ . tL
bO' {sf] nflu ;Gtfi] fsf] s/' f oxL Pp6f 5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 101

5f]/fx¿ lab]l;Pkl5 3/ z"Go t xg' ] g} eof] . To;dfly 3/sf] ;a} sfd cfkmF} n] ug'{kg]{ / ;f/f
;fdflhs Jojxf/ cfk}Fmn] wfGg'kbf{ cfgGbL slxns] fxLF lbSs xl' G5g\ . klt ;w}F clkm;d} Jo:t,
xb[ o/fu] L x'gfn] /fdgfynfO{ 3/fo;L s'g} lrGtf pgL lbg rfxlF bgg\ . 3/sf] ;f/f afe] m cfˆgf]
yfKnf]df afs] L, 5f/] f5f]/Lsf] lrGtfdf lklN;P/ slxns] fxLF t pgL 56k6fplF 5g\ . cfwl' gs
hLjgz}nL o:t} xbF' f] /x]5, h;/L eP klg ;dosf] kbrfknfO{ k5o\ fpgk} g{] /x5] egL cfˆgf]
dg cfkFm} a'emfplF 5g\ . 7n' f] 5f/] f kl/jf/;lxt c:6l]« noftk{m sfd / dfdsf] vfh] Ldf lab]l;Pkl5
;fgf] 5f/] fnfO{ cfˆg} ;fy /fVg pgLx¿n] grfxs] f xfO] gg\ t/ lbg/ftsf] cd]l/sf uO{ k9\g]
;u' f/6fOnfO{ ljjz eO{ sfG5fnfO{ cd]l/sf k9\g k7fpg pgLx¿ ;xdt ePsf lyP . b'O{
cfvF fsf gfgL h:tf bj' } 5f]/fx¿ cfˆgf cfFvfaf6 cf]em] n ePkl5 ^) kf/ ul/;s]sf b'j} bDktL
dl0f x/fPsf ;k{ h:t} ePsf 5g\ . /fdgfy hlQs} lk/f]lnP klg >LdtLsf] cufl8 cfˆgf] lk/
kfV] b}gy] . cfgGbL klg /fdgfysf] cufl8 slxNo} cfvF f lehfpFlbglyO{ . b'j}n] cfcfˆgf lk/
cfk;df n'sfpyF ] . To;f] t b'jn} ] kmf]g u/L cfdfa'afl;t s'/fsfgL ul//xG5g\ t/ 6f9f kmf]gaf6
dfq} ;Dks{ u/L cfdfsf] ddtfsf] km" n kmljm| g sxfF kfpF5 / . pgL t ;w}F b'j}nfO{ cfˆgf] cfvF f
cufl8 b]Vg rfxlG5g\ . slxn]sfxLF 5f/] fx¿nfO{ dgkg{] kl/sf/ efG5fdf kfSbf cfgGbLsf] cfFvf
?‰5 . rf8af8df pgLx¿nfO{ ;DemL pgsf] dv' af6 uf;F } l5b}{g .

æcfh df3];ª\jm| flGt, pgLx¿n] dfg] ls dfgg] g\ . l3prfs' ttfP/ eftdf ‰jfOF u/]/ vfg
sfG5f]nfO{ v'a} dg k5,{ vfP xf]nfg\ / To;/L <Æ

æa9' fa9' L eO;s]sf cfdfa'af 5f8] L ljbz] df uPsf 5f]/fx¿sf] s]sf] lrGtf ug{' < l3prfs' vfFbf
x'g\ / Û lkhf, au{/ vfP/ /dfO/x]sf xfn] fg\ lg === . lagl;lQ pgLx¿sf] s] lrGtf u5\of}{ === .Æ
/fdgfyn] emls{P/ cfˆgf] dgsf] kL8f kf]v] .

/fdgfy emls{g' klg hfoh} xf] . /fdgfysf] cfˆg} Jofkf/Joj;fo 5 . ToxL Jofkf/ wfg] klg
5f]/fx¿nfO{ dgUo k'U5 . sfd / dfdsf] vfh] Ldf ljbz] df efF}tfl/g' 7'nf] 5f]/fnfO{ kb{}gYof] t/
;dosf] xfjfn] ubf{ :jb]zsf] ;'veGbf ljbz] sf] ;ª\3if{ g} tL bO' { 5f/] fn] cfˆgf] nIo agfPkl5
s;sf] s] nfU5 / === Û ;fgf] 5f]/f t vo/ k9fOsf nflu uP t/ 7'nf] 5f]/fn] t aa' fsf] Joj;fonfO{
cFufNgk' g]{ xf]Og / === < sk8fsf] 7'n} Jofkf/ 5, To;nfO{ g} k'mnfpg' kg{] xf]Og / === < ljbz] df
csfs{ f] gf]s/L lbg / /ft Ps u/L ul//xs] f 5g\ . bf;] f| ] gful/ssf] kL8f ;x/] aflF r/xs] f
5g\ . of] s:tf] /x/ xf] < /fdgfyn] a'‰g ;ls/xs] f 5}gg\ . /fdgfy To;n} ] 5f]/fx¿sf] s'/} ug{
rfxbF }gg\ . cfˆgf] Joj;fodf bj' }n] Wofg lbPsf eP cfh pgn] sfdbf/x¿ /fVg} kb}{gYof] .
cfk"mn] gEofPsf sf/0f sf/fa] f/ xg] { Dofgh] / /fv]sf 5g\ . c¿ sfdbf/ t slt 5g\ slt === .

zAbfy{
kbrfk – kt} fnfsf] lrx\g, kfOnf /fVbfsf] cf3ft
ljjz – OR5f gxb'“ f gx“b' } jf ljk/Ltsf] sfd ug{ afWo x'g'
dgUo – k|z:t, dgn] lrtfPhlt

102 g]kfnL, sIff (

Pp6L 5f/] L :jb]zd} gePsL xf]Og === t/ lax] u/L k7fO;ss] f] / kqsfl/tf k;] f cFufns] L xbF' f
pgnfO{ Psl5g km' ;{b 5g} . To;dfly ;fgf bO' { s6] fs]6L 5g,\ 3/ xg] ,{' aRrfx¿sf] :ofxf/
ug'{ / hflu/ wfpgd' f g} pgL Jo:t /xlG5g\ . slxns] fxLF dfq dfOtdf uf8] f 6]Sg cfplF 5g\ .
cfhsfnsf] Jo:t hLjgdf s;nfO{ km' ;b{ 5 / a9' fa9' L ePsf cfdfaa' fl;t a;L s'/fsfgL u/L
;do v/] kmfNgnfO{ === . cfgGbL cfˆgf] dg cfkmF} a'emfpFl5g\ .

æx]g';{ \ df . dnfO{ t laxfg p7]bl] v a]ns' L cfwf/ft gxG' h]n km' ;b{ } x'Gg . 5f/] f5f]/L ;t' ]kl5
nV] 5' . slxn]sfxLF t sDKo6' /sf] cufl8 a:bfa:bf sv' '/f af:5 . 3/wGbf ug{ laxfg} gp7L ;'v}
kfObF }g . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg clg cfkm" clkm;lt/ s'Fb, slxn] k'm;b{ kfpg' / dl;t
e]6g\ cfpg' === <Æ

slxn]sfxLF kmf]gd} xfnrfn ;f]wL 5f/] L ugugfplF 5g\ . xg' klg cfhsfn ;a} Jo:t 5g\ . Jo:t
ePsf] t /fd|} xf] . cfOdfO{ klg 3/fo;L sfdsf] cltl/St aflx/L sfddf Jo:t xg' ' t ;dosf]
dfu xf] t/ cfˆgf j[4 cfdfaa' fnfO{ ;do lbg} g;Sg] Jo:ttfkl| t eg] cfgGbLnfO{ lbSs nfu/]
cfpF5 . cS;/ /fdgfy ;t' ]kl5 cfgGbLn] 5f/] fx¿l;t ;Dks{ ulyg{ \ . /flt g} 5f]/Ln] klg
pgLl;t ;Dks{ /flV5g\ . lbgel/ t ;a} cfcfˆg} hLjg wfGg sF'lb/x]sf xG' 5g\ . pgnfO{ k'm;b{
xg' ] klg /flt g} xf] . pgL dfq} lbge/ To;} a;s] L xl' G5g\ . 3/sf] sfd klg k|z:t} x'G5 . 3/sf]
Joj:yfkg klg sd emGeml6nf] / ;do vfg] x'Fbg} / === < 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿l;t s'/fsfgL u/k] l5
dg s]xL xNsf eP klg cf]5o\ fgdf 9lNsPkl5 cfgGbLnfO{ lgbf| kb{g} . pgL 5f/] f5f]/Ln] u/]sf
s'/fx¿nfO{ dgdf v]nfO{ lrlGtt eO/xlGyg\ . pgL c¿n] k:s]sf ;d:ofx¿df lk/fl] n/xlG5g\ .
dgdf cgs] lrGtfsf] hfnf] a'Gb} sltv]/ lgbfplF 5g\ pgn] kQ} kfplF bgg\ .

Psflaxfg} kmfg] sf] 3G6L aHgfn] /fdgfy / cfgGbLsf] lgb|f v'Nof] . b'j}sf] d6' 'sf] w8sg th]
eof] . c;dodf kmfg] cfpFbf d6' s' f] w8s\ g th] x'g' / xg' ;Dd x8a8fpg' cfgGbLsf] k/' fg} /fu]
eg] klg x'G5 . ha 5f/] f5f]/L ;fydf lyP, s';dodf kmf]gsf] 3G6L aHbf pgL em;ªu\ xl' G5g\ .
kmf]g g} p7fpg 8/fpFlyg\ . clxn] 5f/] fx¿ labl] ;Pkl5 t s';dodf kmfg] sf] 3G6L aHof] ls pgL
y/y/ sflD5g\ . pgsf] of] /fu] emg} a9o\ f] . /fda'afn] kmfg] p7fP . kmfg] c:6]l« nofaf6 cfPsf]
/lx5 .

ælsg olt ;a/] } kmf]g u/]sf] < ;a} xfnrfn t l7s} 5 xfO] g <Æ /fdgfyn] lrlGtt xbF' } ;f]w] .

æ;a l7s 5 aa' f === PskN6 cfdfnfO{ lbgf];\ g .Æ

æ5f]/f ;Gr} 5f} <Æ cfgGbLn] d6' ' 9s' 9s' kfb{} ;fl] wg\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 103

æxfdL ;Gr} 5fF} t/ ;fg'nfO{ ;Grf] geO{ c:ktfn egf{ u/]sf 5f}F . p;nfO{ lgdfl] gof ePsf]
5 . æPskN6 p;sf] gfpdF f sn' bj] tfnfO{ aQL aflnlbgf];\ g .Æ 7n' f] 5f/] fsf] s'/f ;'gL cfgGbL
x'g;Dd lk/f]lnOg\ . pgn] plQv]/L gx' fOwj' fO u/L rf]vf] nu' f nufP/ sn' bj] tfsf] kh" f u/L
gfltgLsf] ;:' jf:Yosf] sfdgf u/L bLk k|Hjlnt ul/g\ . kh" fsf]7fsf] ;a} b]jLb]jtfsf] ;fd' k|fy{gf
ul/g\ . zªs\ 6f, dxfªs\ fn, ebs| fnLdf uO{ k"hf ul/g\ .

lbgel/ cfgGbLnfO{ s]xL sfd ug{ dg nfug] . 3/L3/L pgsf] b[li6 sf7] fdf em' G8\ofOPsf]
5f]/fax' f/L / gfltgfltgLsf] tl:a/df uO{ clNem/x\of] . ps;' d's';d} pgn] lbg latfOg\ . ;fFem
/fdgfy cfpgf;fy pgnfO{ a/G8fdf emf]ljm| P/ al;/xs] f] bv] L /fdgfyn] eg], æev/{ } 7n' fa] fas' f]
kmfg] cfPsf] lyof] clkm;df . gfltgLnfO{ cln ;Grf] ePsf] 5 /] . c:6l«] nof h:tf] ljsl;t b]zdf
/fd|f] cf}ifwfk] rf/ eOxfN5 lg, lagfl;QL slt lrGtf u5\of}{ <Æ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ lrGtfaf6
d'St ugs{ f nflu pgsf] lk7o\ F' ykykfP .

æP xf] / <Æ cfgGbLsf] lrGtfsf] afbn d8fl//xs] f] dgfsfzdf e'mnS' s 3fd el' Nsof] .

æhfpm, tftf]tftf] lrof agfP/ Nofpm . cfh b'j} ;fy} lrof lkcf}F .Æ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ cxf| P .

cfgGbL lk/ / lrGtfn] lbgel/ sx] L vfPsL lyOgg\ . pgn] ;feF m k/k] l5 dfq kltsf] ;fy lrof
lkOg\ . lrof lkPkl5 cfgGbLn] c:6«l] nofdf 5f/] fsf] df]afOndf ;Dks{ /flvg\ .

æ;fg'nfO{ clxn] s:tf] 5 <Æ pgn] Ps} ;f;df ;f]lwg\ . æclxn] lgSs} a;] 5 . :jf:Yodf lgSs}
;w' f/ cfPsf] 5 . ca lrGtf lng' kbg{} eg/] 8fS6/n] egs] f 5g\ .Æ 5f/] fn] lgZrGt xb'F } egs] f]
s'/f ;'g]/ aNn cfgGbLn] ;Gtfi] fsf] ;f; k]ml/g\ . slxn] gfltgLsf] d'v x¿] F eFm} eO/x]sf] cfgGbLn]
/fdgfysf] ;fd' la:tf/} cfˆgf] dg k'msfOg\ . æ5f/] fn] c:6l«] nof afn] fPsf] afn] fo} 5 === .
hfcfFg} PskN6 pgLx¿nfO{ e6] ]/ cfcf}F . gfltgL Ps jif{ xbF' f sf7df8fF} 5f8] ]sf clxn] t ;fg'
kfrF jif{ kl' u;sL slxn] bv] F" e}mF ePsf] 5 .Æ

æxG' 5 hfcfnF} f === .Æ /fdgfyn] kTgLsf] dg /fVg eg] . sx] L lbgkl5 ;fgf] 5f/] fn] cdl] /sfaf6
kmf]g u/] . æcfdf, d}n] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/F] . ca tkfOFx{ ¿n] dnfO{ vr{ k7fpg' kb}{g . ot} s]xL
jif{ sfd u/L a:g] dg;fo agfPsf] 5' .Æ 5f/] fsf] cfjfh ;G' gkfO{ cfgGbL xg' ;Dd cfglGbt
eOg\ . ælsg / afa' k9fO ;s]kl5 sf7df8fF} kmsL{ ot} sfd u5{' egs] f] xf]Og < km] l/ t]/f] lax]
klg ug'k{ 5{ lg === .Æ

æsx] L jif{ t sfd u/L cg'ej a6N' g' k¥of] lg === . lax]l;xs] f] s'/f 5f]8\g';\ . d}n] t ot} s6] L
dg k/fO;ss] f] 5' . d]/f] laxs] f] lrGtf 5f]8\g;' \ ldN5 eg] ot} laxs] f nflu cfpgx' fn] f .Æ olt
egL ;fgf] afan' ] kmfg] sf] ;Dks{ laR5b] u/k] l5 cfgGbL cfsfzaf6 em/;] /L eOg\ . k9g\ hfbF f
;fgf] 5f]/fn] k9fO ;sk] l5 sf7df8fF} kmsL{ ot} sfd ug]{ / ot} cfO{ lax] ug{] afrf u/L uPsf
lyP . pgn] t cfkm" nfO{ pt} cd]l/sfdf a:g] d];f] ul/;s]5g\ . ;fgf] 5f]/fsf] s/' f ;'gL cfgGbL

104 gk] fnL, sIff (

x'g;Dd b'MvL eOg\ . kmf]g xft}Dff lnP/ pgL lss+ tJ{ oljd9" eO{ 6f]nfO/lxg\ . /fdgfy ;fFem 3/
kms{]kl5 ?bF } pgn] ;fgf] 5f/] fn] egs] f] s/' f ;'gfOg\ .

Psl5g t /fdgfy cfgGbLsf] s/' f ;g' L xtk|e eP . pgsf] cg'xf/df klg kL8fsf /]vfx¿
;nanfP t/ kl5 wo} {wf/0f u/L pgn] /fO] /x]sL cfk\mgL kTgLsf] cf;F ' k'5\b} eg], æx/] cfgGbL
=== pgLx¿ cfˆgf] lhGbuL afFlr/xs] f 5g\ eg] xfdL cfˆgf] lhGbuL afFlr/xs] f 5f}F . /ftfl] bgsf]
5f]/fx¿sf] lrGtf 5f8] . ca xfdLn] pgLx¿lagf afRF g l;Sg'k5{ . ljbz] sf] dfx] / /demdn]
pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLaf6 6f9f k'¥ofof] . ToxLsf] xfjfkfgL / /demddf pgLx¿ /ld;s] . g ca
ltgLx¿ kms{G5g,\ g xfdL oxfFaf6 plDsg ;S5fF} . Joy}{ ltdL cfˆgf] d'6' ghnfpm, pgLx¿nfO{
xfd|f] kjfx{ / lrGtf 5}g eg] xfdL dfq ;w}F pgLx¿s} lrGtfdf lsg hln/xg] <Æ

ætkfOs{F f] d'6' t 9'ªu\ fsf] kf] xf] ls === <Æ cfgGbLn] ?bF } elgg\ .

æltdLl;t cfdfsf] x[bo 5 eg] dl;t klg a'afsf] x[bo 5 . ltdLn] la:of}{ < ltg} 5f/] fx¿ la/fdL
kbf{ xfdLn] /ft /ftel/ g;'tL af]s/] 8'nfPsf lyofF} . ltgLx¿ slxn]sfxLF 6fOddf 3/ gkms{]
lrlGtt eO{ otfplt vf]hL lx8Y\ of}F . s] lbg, s] /ft pgLx¿s} ;'v;'ljwf / lzIffbLIffsf nflu
lhGbuLe/ xfdLn] bf}8wk" u¥ofF} . ltdLn] pgLx¿sf] :ofxf/;;' f/df lhGbuL vr{ u¥of} eg] dn} ]
lbg/ft sdfP/ pgLx¿sf] x/ ;l' jwfsf] Vofn u/F] . /fdf| ] vfglkg, /fd|f] lzIffbLIff / /xg;xgsf]
aGbfa] :t u/]F t/ pgLx¿n] xfdf| ] nflu s] u/] . Ps k};f vr{ gu/fO{ 7'n]sf] lax] ul/lbPF /
sf/fa] f/df nufpg k|oTg u/]F . Pp6f aRrf hlGdgf;fy cfˆgf] kl/jf/ lnP/ oqf] sf/f]af/nfO{
nTofP/ c:6]l« nof uof] . csf]{ ;fg] klg lh2L u/L cd]l/sftk{m k9fOsf] axfgfn] lx8F o\ f] . k9fO
t Ps axfgf xf] . s] oxfF /fd|f SofDk; 5g} g\ < cfdfaa' fnfO{ nTofP/ cfˆgf] :jfys{ f nflu
lab]l;g] 5f/] fx¿k|lt s]sf] dfof clg s]sf] lrGtf < oqf] 3/, ;DklQ clg sf/fa] f/nfO{ nTofP/
sfddfdsf] vfh] Ldf pgLx¿nfO{ labl] ;g' k5{ / === < eg o;sf] hafkm 5 ltdLl;t < :jtGq
hLjg afRF g / ljbz] sf] /demddf /ªu\ Lg xf]Og / <Æ

/fdgfyn] oltGh]n dgleq u'lD;Psf lttf] cfs] n] . cfgGbL ?g 5f]8L kltsf] dv' x]/L 6fn] fOg\ .
kltsf] s/' fdf n'ss] f] ;TotfnfO{ pgn] x[boªu\ d ul/g\ .

;fgf] 5f]/f klg gkmls{g] ;/' ;f/ bv] ]kl5 cfgGbLsf] dgdf ;wF} lrGtfsf] afbn d8fl/g yfNof] .
;fgf] 5f]/fsf] lax] u/L gfltgfltgf vn] fO{ ;'vk"js{ afsF L hLjg latfpg] pgsf] ;kgf tl' xPsfdf
pgL xg' ;Dd larlnt eOg\ . pgnfO{ ca ;+;f/} cWF of/f] eP h:t} nfUg yfNof] . pgL cfkm" kl| t
lbgk/lbg nfk/jfxL xg' yflng\ . /fdgfy dgdg} la/lStP/ cfk\mg} sfddf Jo:t /xg yfn] .
cfgGbLsf lbg tyf /ftx¿ la/fgf]l;t laTg yfn] . pgL r'krfk cfˆgf] lhGbuLnfO{ l3;fg{
yflng\ . slxns] fxLF 5f]/L 3fd e}mF e'mlNsg cfOkl' Uyg\ t/ ca pgsf] dg ;f;+ fl/s kk| ~raf6
tyf dfx] af6 emg\emg\ 6f9f xg' yfNof] . pgL cfˆgf] kL8f s;}l;t afF8\g ;lStg lyOg\ . xb[ o/f]uL

xtk|e – dgdf ke| f jf sflGt x/fPsf] cj:yf, k/flht dgl:ylt
x[boªu\ d – x[bodf /fd|f];u“ af]w ug,{' dd:{ kz{ x'g'

gk] fnL, sIff ( 105

klt, clt Jo:t 5f]/L b'jl} ;t pgn] cfˆgf] dg ;f6\g kfOgg\ . PsfPs cfgGbL p7\g} g;Sg]
u/L la/fdL kl/g\ . /fdgfyn] cem;Dd kTgLnfO{ slxNo} la/fdL b]v]sf lyPgg\ . clxn] cfP/
kTgLnfO{ p7g\ } g;Sg] u/L la/fdL ePsf] bv] L pgnfO{ kg{' lk/ k¥of] . a9' ;] sfndf cfP/ pgn]
kTgLsf] :ofxf/;;' f/ ugk{' g{] eof] . sx] L lbg t 5f]/Ln] cfjthfjt u/L cfdfsf] ;Sbf] x/] ljrf/
ul/g\ t/ cfˆgf] 3/ux[ :yL / hflu/n] ubf{ pgn] To;f] ug{ EofOgg\ .

ca kTgLsf] /v] bv] / x/] ljrf/sf nflu /fdgfyn] 3/df Ps dlxnf ;l] jsfnfO{ kz| :t} k};f tyf
;l' jwf lbP/ /fv] t/ cfgGbL lbgk/lbg c:j:y xbF' } uOg\ . /fdgfysf] jtd{ fg tyf eljio bj' }
;ª\s6df k¥of] . cfˆgf] cfzf tyf ceLK;f bj' } cGwsf/sf] ulx/fOleq 8'Ab} u/]sf] kt| Lt eof]
/fdgfynfO{ . bj' } ljbl] zPsf 5f]/fx¿nfO{ cfdfsf] la/fdLsf] va/ gk7fPsf xf]Ogg\ /fdgfyn] t/
Ps hgf labf gldns] f] axfgf / csf{] cWoogdf bvn kg{] axfgfn] cfdfnfO{ :ofxfg{ cfPgg\ .
ax' f/Ln] cfpg] cfzf t b]vfOg\ t/ 5f]/Lsf] :jf:Yo l7s gePsf] sf/0f bv] fO{ pgL klg 3/
lkml/gg\ . cfgGbL d'vn] sx] L afl] Nbglyg\ t/ 5f/] f, ax' f/L tyf gfltgLsf] dv' x]g{ / pgLx¿sf]
cfudgsf] pgnfO{ kt| LIff eO/xo\ f] . klt gePsf] jn] f pgL PNad lemsL x]ly{g\ / 5f/] f5f]/Lsf]
afNofj:yfsf] tl:a/nfO{ rD' ag ub}{ ?lGyg\ . dfgfF} tL tl:a/ geO{ 5f/] f5f]/L g} xg' \ eg] emF} u/L
sfvdf /fvL ykykfO/xlGyg\ . PskN6 p8]/ 5f/] f5f/] Lsf] cgx' f/ x]/]/ kmls{g kfP klg x'GYof]
eg]/ dgdg} sNk/] cfvF f ?emfO/xlGyg\ .

To;f] t 5f]/fx¿n] pgnfO{ lbgxF' e}Fm kmfg] u/L pgsf] xfnrfn ;f]lw/xG5g\ / labf ldNgf;fy
3/ cfpg] cfZjf;g lbO/xG5g\ t/ cfdf tLg dlxgf cf]5\ofg kbf{ klg pgLx¿nfO{ 3/df cfO{
la/fdL cfdfnfO{ xg] ]{ cg'sn" ldng] . /fdgfyn], 5f/] Ln] / 3/sL ;]ljsfn] hlQs} :ofxf/;;' f/
/ x]/ljrf/ k¥' ofP klg 5f/] fx¿sf] ;fdLKosf] cefjn] pgsf] d'6' lr/f lr/f kl/ g} /xs] f] 5 .
cfvF f kt| LIffdf lelq g} /x]sf] 5 .

kTgLsf] kL8fn] lax\jn dgnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg /fdgfyn] eGg] u5g{ ,\ æ5f/] f5f/] Lx¿ r/fr?' ª\uLsf
ar/] f h:t} xg' \ . r/fr'?ª\uLsf ar]/fx¿ kFv6] f nfuk] l5 p8/] a;fOF{ ;5g{ \ . dfG5]sf aRrfx¿
klg uf]8f nfu]kl5 cfdfa'afsf] sfv 5f]8L ufF;, af;, skf;sf nflu otfplt a;fO{F ;5{g\ /
cfdfa'afaf6 6f9f x'G5g\ . of] ks| [ltsf] lgod g} xf] . xfd|f dfq xfO] g, clxn] t 3/3/df oxL
l:ylt 5 . ;Gtfgx¿ lab]l;g] jm| d a9b\ f] 5 . t;y{ ltdLn] d6' 'df 3fp gkf/ . d 5Fb} 5' lg ltd|f]
;fydf . cGTodf a'9fsf] nflu a9' L, a'9Lsf nflu a9' f, oxL g} zfZjt ;To xf] .Æ

kltsf] ;fGTjgfoS' t s/' f ;'g]/ cfgGbLn] afbnn] 9fss] f] dgfsfzdf 3fdsf] e'mNsf b]vfk5{ .
a'9f xb[ osf] /f]uL eP klg sfddf v6s] f 5g,\ cfk"m eg] cf]5o\ fgaf6 p7g\ } g;Sg] ePsL xg' fn]
cfgGbLnfO{ xg' ;Dd b'Mv nfU5 . pgsf] dgleq kL8fsf] ;fu/ pnG{ 5 .

ceLK;f – k|an OR5f jf tLj| rfxgf
bvn – lgk0' ftf, sfos{ z' ntf, ljho
cfZjf;g – s;a} f6 kf| Kt cf8e/f;] f, ljZjf;
;fdLKo – lgs6tf jf glhs xg' 'sf] efj

106 g]kfnL, sIff (

;w}F s]xL g sx] L ug' f;f] u/L srsr ug,{] cfkm" n] eg] h:tf] geP jm| f]lwt x'g,] slxn]sfxLF s]xL
egfeg eP vfbF } gvfO{ aflxl/g] kltsf] bu' {0' fx¿ clxn] ;b\u0' fdf kl/0ft ePsf] b]Vbf pgL clxn]
dgdg} cfglGbt x'lG5g\ . ;do / kl/l:yltn] dflg;nfO{ s:tf] kl/jtg{ ubf]{ /x]5 . pgL dgdg}
;f]lr/xlG5g\ . hLjgsf] ;GWofsfndf cfP/ pgn] a'lemg\, kltsf] dfof h:tf] cd"No ;;+ f/df
s]xL /xg] 5 egL .

o;/L dgdf cg]s ts{gf lgDTofO{ lrGtfsf] ;fu/df 8a' 'NsL dfl//xs] L kTgLnfO{ dfofn' :kz{
ub}{ /fdgfy eG5g\, æcfgGbL, lbg/ft Joj;fodf 8'Agk' bf{ ltdLl;t 3d' lkm/ / /dfOnf] ug{] ;do
slxNo} lgsfNg ;lsgF . ltdf| ] OR5f tyf cfsfª\Iffsf] slxNo} kjf{x ul/gF . ca d]/f] r]tgf
vN' of,] lbg/ft v6]/ oqf] ;DklQ hf]8F] s;sf nflu === < cflv/ oL ;a xfdLn] ;fydf lnP/ hfg]
xfO] g === . lhGbuLe/ 5f/] f5f/] L elgof], ca tL ;a} :jfyL{ eP . cfˆgf v;' Lsf nflu ltgLx¿n]
xfdLnfO{ ToflulbP . 5f]/L g} xfd|f] a9' ];sfnsf ;xf/f eOg\ .Æ o;f] eGb} la/fdL kTgLsf] xft
;dfP/ /fdgfy lgzAb ?g yfn] . kltnfO{ o;/L c;xfo em}F /fP] sf] b]vL cfgGbL klg eSsflgP/
/f]Og\ .

Tolt g} j]nf kmfg] sf] 3G6L aHof] . ;fob c:6l«] nof jf cdl] /sfaf6 cfPsf] xf]nf egL /fdgfyn]
kmf]g p7fpg hfuF / bv] fPgg\ . vfln kmfg] af6} cfdfsf] xfnrfn ;f]wL cf}krfl/stf lgjfx{ ug]{
5f]/fx¿kl| t /fdgfysf] dgdf ljti[ 0ff hfut[ eP/ cfof] . kmfg] w/] }a/] lrRofO/xo\ f] sfg} vfg]
u/L s]xLa]/kl5 yfs]/ rk' nfUof] .

eSsflgP/ /f]O/xs] L kTgLnfO{ :g]xkj" {s cuF fNb} /fdgfyn] eg], æcfgGbL ha;Dd ltdf| ] ;fydf
d 5', ltdL sg' } wGbf gdfg . ;;+ f/sf] sg' } sg' fdf nu]/ eP klg d ltdLnfO{ lgsf] kf5{' . of]
;DklQ cflv/ s] sfdsf nflu < ltdL ;fydf eP ;a} ;DklQ vlr{g klg kl5 klb{gF . dfq
ltdLn] kq' df]x Toflubp] m . pgLx¿sf] lrGtf u/L dg bv' fpg 5fl] 8b]pm . lrGtfn] g} ltdLnfO{
lrtftk{m wsl] n/x5] .Æ

kltsf] s'/faf6 cfZj:t eO{ cfgGbLn] kltsf] Gofgf] cFufnfd] f ;;+ f/ el' ng\ . kltsf] cg'xf/df
dfofn' bl[ i6 k\mofsF L pgn] cfvF f lrlDng\ / k]ml/ slxNo} tL cfvF f vf]lngg\ .

ljt[i0ff – ti[ 0ff jf OR5f gePsf] cj:yf 107

gk] fnL, sIff (

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf kb kbfjnLx¿ / ltgn] lbg] cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
zAb cy{
dl0f x/fPsf] ;k{ lg0fo{ zlStsf] cefjdf s] u¿F s;f] u¿F xg' '
;'uf/6fO ;fu/ jf ;db' |
zfZjt ;To s7f]/ xb[ o
lss+ tJ{ oljd9" ;u' fn] h:t} Psf]xf]/f] 3fS] g] jf eGg] sfd
9'ª\ufsf] d6' ' dN" ojfg\ j:t' ud' fPsf] cj:yf
slxNo} gfz gxg' ] vfnsf], :yfoL ;To
;Gtfg dfx]
@= lbOPsf 6S' sfnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ugx{' f];\ M
3F'8f 6S] g', d'6d' f lr/f kg,'{ lttf] cfs] Ng', ps';ds' ;' x'g,' dgdf 3fd em' Nsg'
#= zAbsfz] x]//] lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ M
ofjt\, zG" o, kl/sf/, kL8f, k];f, lgdf]lgof, w}ow{ f/0f, dfx] , kt| LIff, ;GWof, :gx]
$= kf7df k|of]u ePsf ;/f;/, ‰jfO“{, 9's9s' , em' nS' s h:t} 36gf jf sfo{ cflbsf] gSsn
hgfpg] vfnsf sg' } kfr“ cf6] f cg's/0ffTds zAb vf]hL ltgnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .

afw] / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z4' pRrf/0f ugx{' f];\ M
la5\ofg} f, xb[ o, au}rF f, ;ªj\ m| flGt, Joj;fo, c:ktfn, cfjthfjt, cfsfªI\ ff
@= syfsf] Ps Ps cgR' 5b] kfn}kfnf] ;:j/jfrg ugx'{ f;] \ .
#= lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
-s_ kf7sf] t;] |f] cg'R5]bdf /xs] f jfSo / zAb ;ª\Vof nV] gx' f];\ .
-v_ syfsf] cGTo sg' 36gfaf6 ePsf] 5 <
-u_ syfdf ;x/sf] kl/j]z emNsg] s/' fx¿ s] s] 5g\ <
-3_ df3;] ªj\ |mflGtdf l3prfs' vfg] k;| ª\u s'g cgR' 5b] df cfPsf] 5 <

108 gk] fnL, sIff (

$= lbOPsf] syf+z dfg} k7g u/L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

kTgLsf] kL8fn] ljx\jn dgnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg /fdgfyn] eGg] u5g{ \, æ5f]/f5f]/Lx¿
r/fr'?ª\uLsf ar/] f h:t} x'g\ . r/fr'?ªu\ Lsf ar/] fx¿ kFv]6f nfuk] l5 p8/] a;fO{F ;5g{ \ .
dfG5s] f aRrfx¿ klg uf]8f nfuk] l5 cfdfaa' fsf] sfv 5f8] L uf;F , af;, skf;sf nflu
otfplt a;fO{F ;5g{ \ / cfdfaa' faf6 6f9f xG' 5g\ . of] k|sl[ tsf] lgod g} xf] . xfd|f dfq
xfO] g, clxn] t 3/ 3/df oxL l:ylt 5 . ;Gtfgx¿ lab]l;g] j|md a9\bf] 5 . t;y{ ltdLn]
d'6'df 3fp gkf/ . d 5bF } 5' lg ltd|f] ;fydf . cGTodf a9' fsf] nflu a9' L, a'9Lsf nflu a9' f,
oxL g} zf:jt ;To xf] .Æ

kZ| gx¿

-s_ …5f/] f5f]/L r/fr'?ª\uLsf ar/] f h:t} xg' Ú\ eGgs' f] cfzo s] xf] <
-v_ cgR' 5]bdf s] s'/fnfO{ ks| [ltsf] lgod elgPsf] 5 <
-u_ jStfn] s] s'/fnfO{ zfZjt ;To 7flgPsf] 5 <
-3_ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbgk' gf{sf] sf/0f s] bl] vG5 <
-ª_ cg'R5b] df s] eg]/ lrQ ae' mfpg vfl] hPsf] 5 <

%= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

lbgel/ cfgGbLnfO{ s]xL sfd ug{ dg nfug] . 3/L 3/L pgsf] b[li6 sf]7fdf em' G8o\ fOPsf]
5f/] fax' f/L / gfltgfltgLsf] tl:a/df uO{ clNem/x\of] . ps';ds' ;' d} pgn] lbg latfOg\ .
;fFem /fdgfy cfpgf;fy pgnfO{ a/G8fdf emf]lj|mP/ al;/xs] f] b]vL /fdgfyn] eg], æev{/}
7'nf]afa'sf] kmfg] cfPsf] lyof] clkm;df . gfltgLnfO{ cln ;Grf] ePsf] 5 /] . c:6]«lnof
h:tf] ljsl;t bz] df /fdf| ] cf}ifwf]krf/ eOxfN5 lg, lagfl;QL slt lrGtf u5o\ f}{ <Æ
/fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ lrGtfaf6 dS' t ug{sf nflu pgsf] lk7o\ 'F ykykfP .

kZ| gx¿
-s_ cgR' 5b] df JoSt ul/Psf] cfwf/df cfgGbLsf] :jefj j0fg{ ugx{' f];\ .
-v_ /fdgfyn] kTgLnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg] cfwf/ s] lyof] <

^= syf k9L lbOPsf ;j+ fb s;n] sf;] u“ egs] f x'g,\ klxNofpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ a9' fa9' L eO;s]sf cfdfa'af 5f8] L ljbz] df uPsf 5f]/fsf] ss] f] lrGtf ug{' <
-v_ xfdL ;Gr} 5f}F t/ ;fg'nfO{ ;Grf] geO{ c:ktfn egf{ u/]sf 5fF} .
-u_ ljbz] df bf;] |f] gful/ssf] kL8f ;x/] afFlr/xs] f 5g\ . of] s:tf] /x/ xf] <
-3_ ot} sx] L jif{ sfd u/L a:g] dg;fo agfPsf] 5' .
-ª_ lsg / afa', k9fO ;s]kl5 sf7df8f}F kmsL{ ot} sfd u5'{ eg]sf] xf]Og <

gk] fnL, sIff ( 109

&= ‘;do kL8f’ syfsf cfwf/df lbOPsf 36gfsf] jm| d ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
-s_ ;dosf] kbrfknfO{ k5\ofpg} kg]{ a'emL lrQ a'emfpg'
-v_ cfgGbL /ftsf] bz ah'Ghn] 3/sf] sfdd} Jo:t /xg'
-u_ sfG5f] 5f]/f] k9\gsf nflu cdl] /sflt/ nfUg'
-3_ 5f]/fx¿n] cfˆgf] Joj;fodf Wofg glbPsfdf /fdgfynfO{ lbSs nfUg'
-ª_ gfltgL la/fdL k/]sf] va/n] cfgGbLnfO{ lbge/ sfd ug{ dg gnfUg'
-r_ la5\ofg} fdf 9n] klg 5f]/fx¿s} lrGtfn] ca/] ;Dd lgbfpg g;Sg'
-5_ h]7f] 5f]/f] kl/jf/;lxt c:6l«] noftkm{ nfUg'
-h_ ;fgf] 5f]/fn] k9fO ;sk] l5 ljbz] d} lax] u//] a:g] s'/f ug'{
-em_ ljb]zsf] dfx] n] 5f/] fx¿ cfk"maf6 6fl9Psf]df bM' v dfGg'

*= /fdgfy / cfgGbLn] ;Gtfgaf6 s:tf] cfzf /fvs] f lyP, j0fg{ ug{x' f];\ .
(= ‘;do kL8f’ syfaf6 xfdLn] s] ;Gb]z kfpg ;lsG5, rrf{ ug'x{ f];\ .
!)= /fdgfy / cfgGbLdWo] tkfO“n{ fO{ dg kg]{ kfq s'g xf,] dg kgs{' f] sf/0f;d]t pNn]v ug'{xf;] \ .
!!= syfsf cfwf/df tnsf cj:yfsf] j0fg{ ug'x{ f;] \ M

-s_ 5f/] f5f]/L ljbz] ghfg] u/L kmls{Pkl5 kl/jf/sf] v;' Lsf] cj:yf
-v_ ljbz] df ;ª\3if{k"0f{ hLjg latfpg] t/ :jb]z kms{g grfxg] 5f/] f5f/] Lsf] cj:yf
!@= k9fO ;s]kl5 Tot} ljjfx u//] ljb]zd} 3/hd ug{] ;fgf] 5f]/fsf] ljrf/kl| t c;xdlt k|s6
ub{} cfˆgf wf/0ff k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .
!#= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9L tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug'{xf];\ M
ljj|mfGtn] nfu'kbfys{ f] ;]jg 5f]8s] f] cfh bO' { jif{ k'Uof] . To;j]nf nfuc' fi} fwsf sf/0f
pgsf] :jf:Yo lgs} sdhf/] ePsf] lyof] . sn' tsf sf/0f snh] guO{ lbge/ emfj] |mfP/
al;/xg], 3/df ;a};uF ems{/] s'/f ug],{ cfdfaa' fn] lbPsf] k;} fn] gk'Ubf rf]g{;d]t kl5

110 g]kfnL, sIff (

gkg]{ h:tf] cj:yfdf ku' s] f lyP . gjhLjg ;w' f/ux[ sf sf/0f bO' { jif{df pgsf] hLjgdf
7n' f] kl/jtg{ cfPsf] 5 . pgdf sn' t 5'6s] f] 5 . pgn] hLjgsf] dxŒj a‰' g yfn]sf
5g\ . cfh pgL c¿ oj' fx¿sf] eljio arfpgsf nflu tNnLg 5g\ . clxn] pgL nfu'
cf}ifw ;j] gsf lj?4 hgr]tgf hufpg] sfddf b]zsf ljleGg 7fpdF f ku' /] sfoj{ |md
ul//xs] f 5g\ . o; sfoa{ f6 pgnfO{ kz| +;f ldn]sf] 5 . hLjgdf sx] L ug{ ;S5' eGg]
cfzf knfPsf] 5 . hLjgaf6 ljrlnt / lg/fzfsf] afbnn] 5f]lk;ss] f o'jfnfO{ pgL
ljutsf] cfˆgf] lttf] cg'ej ;'gfpFb} sn' t Tofu/] ;Tdfu{df nfUg k]|/0ff k|bfg ul//xs] f
5g\ .
o;/L ;w' f/ux[ af6 ;w' fl/P/ cfPsf] ljjm| fGtnfO{ cfˆgf] ljut g;lDemg eljionfO{ ;G' b/
agfpg ofu] bfg ugx{' f;] \ egL kf| T] ;fxg lbbF } sIffdf kfrF ldg6] cfˆgf] dGtJo ks| 6 ugx{' f;] \ .

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= ;'gfO kf7 !! ;G' gx' f];\ / tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] df}lvs pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ufpnF ] cfˆgf ;Gtfgaf6 s] cfz u/]sf] lyof] <

-v_ ;Gtfg ufpF xFb' f vt] kfvf s:tf lyP <

-u_ tLg cfgf;Fu ldt]/L uf:F gs' f] cfzo s] /x5] <

-3_ clxn] ufpF s] s/' fdf bªu\ 5 <

@= ;x/df 1fg, l;k / ;Eotf l;s/] ufp“ kmsg{ ] / ufp“sf] ;]jf ug{] cfzo tkfO{n“ fO{ s:tf]
nfUof], lsg <

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f;] \ M

Ps lbg …u/Ú\ , …lx8F Ú\ , …a;Ú\ , …8'nÚ\ h:tf ;fdfGo wft' 3'Dg egL lxF85] g\ . pgLx¿ k]|/0ffgu/
eGg] ;x/df k'u5] g\ . Tof] ;x/df k|jz] ug{] hltnfO{ …cfpÚ gfdsf] kT| oosf] uR' 5fn] :jfut
ul/bF f] /x5] . k|]/0ffgu/df pgLx¿nfO{ …cfpÚ kT| oo lbOP5 / ltgLx¿n] To;nfO{ cfˆgf]
k5fl8 uf;F ]/ lx8F 5] g\ . o;/L ufF;/] lxF8b\ f ltgLx¿ …u/fpÚ, …lx8fpÚ, …a;fpÚ / …8n' fpÚ h:tf
wft' ag5] g\ . ltgL / To:t} c?nfO{ cfhsn k|]/0ffys{ wft' eg]/ lrGg] ul/G5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 111

@= ;fdfGo lj|mof / k|]/0ffys{ lj|mof 56' \ofpgx' f];\ M
nV] Yof,] k9fpF5, nh} fG5, 9lN5g\, ;G' g] 5, p7fof,] ufpg nufp5F

#= lbOPsf] cg'R5]df k|ofu] ePsf ;fdfGofy{ / k|]/0ffy{s jfSox¿ k9\gx' f];\ M

-s_ /dfgfy v'a xf:F 5g\ . -v_ e}/jgfyn] r6' \lsnf ;'gfP/ /fdgfynfO{ x;F fpF5g\ .
-u_ sIffdf /dfgfy /fd|f] k9\5g\ . -3_ u'?n] /dfgfynfO{ k9fpg'xG' 5 . -ª_ /fdsnL klg
Jofs/0f l;lS5g\ . -r_ lbbLn] /fdsnLnfO{ Jofs/0f l;sfpg'x'G5 . -5_ ;fgL alxgL ?Fb} 5] .
-h_ efOn] alxgLnfO{ lh:sfP/ ?jfpFb} 5 . -em_ s?0ffn] la?jf ;fl/g\ < -`_ cfdfn] km]l/
s?0ffnfO{ la?jf ;fg{ nufpg'eof] .

dflysf] cg'R5]bdf cfPsf …sÚ, …uÚ, …ªÚ, …5Ú, …emÚ sf jfSo ;fdfGofy{ jfSo xg' \ eg] …vÚ, …3Ú,
…rÚ, …hÚ, …`Ú sf jfSo k]/| 0ffy{s jfSo xg' \ .

$= syfsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] cgR' 5]baf6 kfr“ cf6] f ;fdfGofys{ jfSo l6kL k/]| 0ffy{s jfSodf kl/jtg{
ugx'{ f;] \ .

%= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]bnfO{ k/]| 0ffy{sdf kl/jt{g ugx{' f;] \ M

;lbR5f sljtf nl] V5g\ . pgL sIffdf sljtf ;g' fplF 5g\ . pgsf ;fyLx¿ klg sljtf
n]V5g\ . ;a} hgf sljtf kl| tofl] utfdf efu lnG5g\ .

^= k/]| 0ffys{ jfSox¿sf] ko| f]u u/L ljBfnodf ul/Psf] sg' } sfo{j|mdsf] j0fg{ ugx'{ f;] \ .

&= tn lbOPsf jfSo k9L kbof]uaf/] a'‰gx' f;] \ M

gldn]sf jfSo ldn]sf jfSo

a'afn] 5f]/f nfO{ ;Demfpg' eof] . aa' fn] 5f]/fnfO{ ;Demfpg'eof] . 5f]/f ltdL w/] }

5f/] fltdL w/] } rs rs gu/ . sfd rsrs gu/ . sfd gk/L 8N' g] afgL l7s

gk/L8N' g] afgL l7s xf]Og . ltdL zfGt xfO] g . ltdL zfGt;Fu a; / dg nufP/ k9 .

;uF a; / dg nufP/k9 .

*= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 kbof]u;DaGwL uNtL klxrfg u/L ;RofP/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

g]kfn hn;|f]tsf b[li6n] ljZj df a|flhnkl5 bf;] |f]wgL b]z xf] eg] Pl;of sf] ;a} eGbf
;DkGg b]z xf] . oxfFc;ªV\ o gbLgfnf x¿ 5g\ . ltg df *# xhf/ du] f jf6 eGbf a9L
lahn' L pTkfbg ug]{ ;fdy{ 5 .

112 gk] fnL, sIff (

l;h{gf / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= lbOPsf a'“bfsf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f6] f] syf tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ M
lj1fg ;fyLx¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu/] k9fOdf sd Wofg lbg'
;fyLx¿;uF 8l' n/xg vf]Hg'
cfdfa'afn] ;Demfpg] ko| Tg ug{'
5f]/fsf] eljiosf af/]df cfdfa'af lrlGtt x'g'
pgLx¿n] lzIfs;Fu 5f/] fnfO{ ;DemfOlbg cg/' f]w ug'{
lzIfsn] p;nfO{ c;n ;fyLsf] ;ªu\ t ug{] ;Nnfx lbg' / k9fOsf] dxŒj a'emfpg'
lj1fgn] lzIfsn] egs] f] dfGg' / k9fOdf Wofg lbg'
p;n] k9fOdf k|ult ub{} hfg'
cfdfa'af 5f/] fsf] ku| ltdf v';Ln] ub\ub x'g'
@= kqklqsfaf6 Pp6f syf vfh] L To;sf kfqx¿sf] :jefjaf/] sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 113

kf7 !@

dfOsn km/] f8]

;;+ f/df s}of}F dflg; hGdG5g\ /
d5{g\ . tLdWo] dfgj ;EotfnfO{ gofF
o'utkm{ 8f]¥ofpg] s]xL JolSt dfq cfˆgf
dxfg\ sds{ f kmnn] ;;+ f/df cd/ x'G5g\ .
o;/L dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df j1} flgs
cfljisf/sf dfWodaf6 lr/sfn;Dd hLjGt
/xg] Ps b[i6fGt x'g\ dxfg\ j1} flgs dfOsn
km/] f8] . uf;, af; / skf;sf] cefjdf lk/fl] nPsf]
kl/jf/df hGd]sf km/] f8] ul/aL / cefjdf x's{Fb}
uP . ef}lts lj1fg / /;fog lj1fgsf If]qdf
clj:d/0fLo ofu] bfg lbPsf km]/f8s] f l;4fGt /
cfljisf/af6cfwl' gshut\st[ sT[ o5 . lj1fgsf
If]qdf gofF gofF l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug's{ f ;fy}

pgn] gofF gofF j:ts' f] ;dt] cfljisf/ u/L cfw'lgs hutn\ fO{ cfnf]lst kf/] . pgsf j}1flgs
ofu] bfgsf cz+ sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfh xfdLn] Nofk6k / df]afOn h:tf ljBt' Lo pks/0f ko| fu]
ul//x]sf 5f}F . hg] /]6/ / kfgL tfGg] df6] / klg k|ofu] ul//xs] f 5f}F . pgsf] lg/Gt/sf] ;fwgf /
cfljisf/n] ubf{ g} cfh klg xfdf| ] hLjg ;xh / ;/n ag]sf] 5 .

km/] f8]n] ;;+ f/nfO{ g} j1} flgs cfljisf/sf] gofF Hof]lt k|bfg u/] . a]nfotsf] nG8g l:yt
Go'ljª\6gdf ;g\ !&(! ;K] 6]Da/ @@ sf lbg hGds] f dfOsn km]/f8]sf a'afsf] gfd hD] ; km]/f8]
/ cfdfsf] gfd dfu/{ 6] x:a]n lyof] . dfOsn km]/f8]sf cfdfaa' f c;fWo} ul/a ePsfn] dfOsn
ghGdbF } a]nfotsf] of]s{;fo/af6 sfdsf] vf]hLdf Go'ljª\6g cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿ ToxfF kmnfdsf]
sfd uy]{ . cf/gdf hlt hfl] tP klg laxfg an] s' fsf] 5fs 6fg{ / 3/ rnfpg wf} wf} k/s] f
j]nf hD] ; km]/f8]sL ue{jtL kTgL la/fdL k/s] L lyOg\ . kTgLsf] pkrf/ ug{ gkfP/ cfdf / ue]{
lzz';d]t arfpg g;lsg] ef] egL dfOsnsf a'af lrGtfdf 8'as] f lyP . o:t} eofjx ul/aLsf
;dodf h]D; km/] f8]sf 3/df Pp6f lzzs' f] hGd ePsf] lyof] / To;} lzz'sf] gfd dfOsn km]/f8]
/flvof] . efs] , /fu] / ul/aLn] lylNylnPsf] kl/jf/df hGd]sf dfOsnn] hGd}bl] v lgs} si6

zAbfy{ pbfx/0f
bi[ 6fGt – 8/ pTkGg ug{] vfnsf], eosf/s
eofjx –

114 gk] fnL, sIff (

;xgk' ¥of] . r/d ljkGgtfsf sf/0f so} f}F dlxgf;Dd xKtfsf] Pp6f /f6] L dfq vfP/ k|f0f wfg]sf
pg} dfOsn km]/f8]sf cfljisf/n] ;+;f/ xNnfOlbof] / pgL ;;+ f/s} ljVoft j}1flgs ag] .

hD] ; km/] f8s] f] kl/jf/ Dofgr]:6/ :Sjfo/sf] ;fgf] 8/] fdf a:g yfnk] l5 dfOsn km]/f8]sf]
;ª\3if{do / ;kmntfsf] ofqf ;'? eof] . ;'?df pgnfO{ ;fwf/0f ljBfno egf{ ul/of] . ;fwf/0f
ljBfnodf k9] klg dfOsndf 1fgsf] c;fwf/0f efs] lyof] . pgn] ToxfF k9g\ ] / nV] gb] l] v
lnP/ ul0ft;Ddsf w/] } s/' f l;s] . aa' fn] cf/gdf sfd ul//xFbf pgL lgs} 3f]l/P/ xl] //xGy]
pgsf] Tof] ulx/f] x]/fOdf 1fgsf] cgGt /x:o ns' ]sf] xG' Yof] . !# jifs{ f ePkl5 ul/aLs} sf/0f
dfOsnsf] cfk} rfl/s k9fO PSsfl; /fl] Ssof] / gfafns pd]/df g} pgn] sfd ug{k' ¥of] . pgn]
Pp6f k:' ts k;ndf lstfasf] lhNbf xfNg] sfd kfP . o;/L lbgel/ sfd / /ftdf k9fO
ub{} Pp6f slnnf] afnsn] s7f]/ ;ª\3if{ ug{'k¥of] . elgG5, /flt k9\bf g} pgdf lahn' L;DaGwL
lh1f;fsf] aLh cªs\ '/0f ePsf] lyof] . pgn] km;' b{ lgsfn]/ cfˆg} OR5f / ?lradfl] hdsf lstfa
k9g\ yfn] . Tof] hflu/sf] ;ft jif{;Dd yk' }| lstfa k9]/ pgsf] al' 4 tLI0f xb'F } uof] . To;dWo]
hg] df;6]{ åf/f lnlvt /;fog lj1fgdf s'/fsfgL / ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf lahn' L;DaGwL
n]v k9]kl5 eg] pgdf lj1fgk|lt ulx/f] ?lr hfUof] .

gfdL / rlr{t j1} flgs xDk|mL 8]jLsf] ;flGgWo k|fKt u/k] l5 dfOsn km/] f8]sf] j1} flgs kl| tefn]
kNnljt x'g] df}sf kfof] . xDkm| L 8j] Ln] ;g\ !*!@ nG8gsf] /fo] n OlG:6Ro;' gdf lj1fg;DaGwL
efif0fsf] Pp6f z[ª\vnf g} ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . Tof] efif0f z[ªv\ nf ;G' g uPsf dfOsn
km]/f8s] f hLjgdf pSt efif0fn] gofF df]8 NofOlbof] . efif0f ;G' g pkl:yt tdfd bz{s 8]jLn]
cfljisf/ u/]sf ;fdu|L k|bz{g ub}{ ubf{ Tof] bv] /] / ;g' /] tfnLsf k/f{ a;f{pFy] . ToxL efif0f
;'lg/x]sf km/] f8] rflxF pSt efif0fnfO{ Ps Ps u/L gf]6 ug{df tNnLg x'Gy] . efif0faf6 lgs}
k|efljt ePsf km]/f8]n] tL efif0f lj:t[t ¿kdf tof/ kf/L efif0f z[ª\vnfsf gf6] nfO{ hDdf kf/]/
#)) kh] sf] Pp6f a'sn]6 agfO{ s'g} dfWodaf6 8j] Lsf xftdf k'¥ofOlbP . To;sf] s]xL ;dokl5
8j] Ln] km]/f8n] fO{ afn] fP / cGtjft{ f{ lnP . cfˆg} k|of]uzfnfdf s'g} j}1flgs k|ofu] k/LIf0f ubf{
Ps lbg 8j] Lsf cfvF fdf rf6] nfu]kl5 8j] Ln] cfˆgf] efif0f ;g' ]/ gf]6 agfpg] dfOsn km]/f8]nfO{
afn] fpg k7fP . pgn} fO{ cfˆgf] ko| f]uzfnfdf sfd ug]{ lhDdf lbP . kl5 km]/f8]nfO{ 8]jLn]
;xof]uLsf ¿kdf /fd|f] tna lbP/ sfd lbP . ;f]xL jif{ 8]jL o/' fk] sf] ofqfdf hfbF f dfOsn
km/] f8n] fO{ klg ;Fu} nu]/ uP . o; e|d0fsf] jm| ddf pgn] ljZjsf sx] L k|d'v /;fog lj1;Fu
e6] ug]{ ;f}efUo kf| Kt u/] . e|d0fsf j]nf ;fydf /xFbf 8]jLn] pgnfO{ lbgxF' k9fpg] uy{] eg] of]
ed| 0fn] km/f8s] f] 1fgsf] lIflth lgs} km/flsnf] eof] eGg] ul/G5 .

ljVoft – gfd rns] f], kl| ;4
lhNbf – uftf, k:' tssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu aflx/af6 nufOg] df]6f] kq
lh1f;f – sg' } s'/f hfGg] OR5f, yfxf kfpg] clenfiff
cª\s'/0f – cfs“ /' f lg:sg] sfd
tLI0f – ltvfl/Psf,] k|v/, 6f7f]

g]kfnL, sIff ( 115

km]/f8]n] r'DasLo If]qaf6 ljB'tLo wf/f pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|fSsNkgf ub}{ To;nfO{
;kmn kf//] } 5f8] . r'DasLo pkkfbgsf] l;4fGt gfds pgsf] j1} flgs l;4fGtaf6 ;;+ f/n] yk' |}
pknlAw xfl;n u¥of] . pgn] kl| tkfbg u/]sf k|d'v cfljisf/ km] /f8h] n ckm OnS] 6«f]DofUg]l6s
OG8S;g xf] . o;nfO{ xfdL ljBt' Lo rD' asLo pkkfbgsf] l;4fGtsf] gfdn] lrG5fF} . ;g\ !*@)
df x]G; cf]:6]8n] s'g} tf/df ljBt' \ wf/fsf] k|jfxåf/f rD' asLo Ifq] k}bf x'G5 eGg] tYo cfljisf/
u/] . km/] f8]n] o; cfljisf/sf af/]df ;g' k] l5 pgsf] lbdfu 3f]l/g yfNof] . j}1flgs cf:] 6]8n]
eg] em}F …ljBt' Lo wf/fsf] k|jfxn] rD' asLo If]q pTkGg x'G5Ú eg] o;sf] pN6f] klg t ;Dej 5
eGg] cg'dfg u/] . o;f] ubf{ …rD' asLo Ifq] af6 ljB'tLo wf/f pTkfbg klg t ug{ ;lsG5Ú eGg]
k|fSsNkgf u/] . o;sf nflu pgn] Pp6f ko| fu] u/] h;df pgn] Ps vfnsf d'G›f h:tf s'G8nL
agfP . To;nfO{ r'Dassf] glhs} /fv] t/ sG' 8nLdf sg' } lah'nL bv] f k/g] . pgn] cfˆgf ko| fu]
w/] } k6s bf]xf]¥ofP t/ x/]srf]l6 c;kmn eP . w/] } ko| f;kl5 Ps lbg pgn] sg' } rfns jf
sG' 8nLnfO{ sg' } glhss} f] rD' asLo Ifq] df k|jz] u/fP . rfns jf sG' 8nLsf lar ljBt' j\ fxs
an pTkGg eof] / pgL cfˆgf] ko| f]udf ;kmn eP . To; ;dodf km/f8]nfO{ olb sG' 8nL /
rD' assf] lardf cfjZos ult 5 eg] ljB't\ pTkfbg u5{ eGg] yfxf eof] . of] r'DasLo
pkkfbgsf] l;4fGtsf ¿kdf cfljist[ eof] .

dfOsn km/f8n] ] 8fogfdf]sf] cfljisf/sf ;fy} /;fog lj1fg;uF ;DalGwt cGj]if0f;d]t u/]sf
5g\ . pgn] ;g\ !*#! df OªN\ ofG8df 8fogfdf]sf] cfljisf/ u/]sf lyP . xg' t To; j]nf
:jtGq ¿kdf hf];k] m x]g/Ln] klg 8fogfdf] agfPsf lyP elgG5 t/ cfkm}n] kl| tkfbg u/]sf]
r'DasLo pkkfbgsf] l;4fGtdf 6]s]/ pgn] 8fogfdf] agfPsf xg' \ . pgn] ds] flgsn pmhfn{ fO{
ljB't\ pmhf{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{] l;4fGt klg kl| tkfbg u/] . OnS] 6f« ]DofUgl] 6s k|]/0ffsf] cWoog
u/]/ lgodx¿ agfP . log} lgodx¿sf cfwf/df pgn] On]lS6«s h]g/]6/ cfljisf/ u/] h'g
lahn' Lsf If]qdf ljZjsf nflu j/bfg aGg k'Uof] . dfOsn km]/f8n] ] efl} ts lj1fgsf ;fy} /;fog
lj1fgdf klg cToGt rfv /fv]/ pNn]Vo / pknlAwdn" s cg';Gwfg u/]sf 5g\ . Snfl] /g sfag{
8fOcS;fO8 h:tf Uof;F nfO{ t/n ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug,'{ a]lGhg tyf cGo xfO8f« ]sfa{gsf] cGj]if0f
ug{' cflb pgsf yk' |} /;fog lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt cGj]if0f xg' \ .

dfOsn km/] f8]sf j}1flgs ofu] bfgnfO{ l;4fGt / cfljisf/df juL{s/0f u/L ltgnfO{ ;d]t
ljleGg jud{ f af8F g\ ;lsG5 . km/] f8h] n ckm OG8S;g, km/] f8]h n ckm OnS] 6f« d] ]Ugl] 6s
OG8S;g / km/] f8]h n ckm OnS] 6f« n] fOl;;\ pgsf dV' o l;4fGt xg' \ . cfˆg} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
/x/] pgn] bhg{ f}F lrhsf] cfljisf/ u/]sf 5g\ . cfh xfdLn] 3/leq k|ofu] ug]{ ldS:r/, 3/af6
aflx/ lg:sbF f r9g\ ] uf8L, xfdLn] cfcfˆgf] 3/df kfgL tfGgsf nflu h8fg u/]sf df]6/ tL ;a}

cGj]if0f – n's]l5k]/ /x]sf s/' fsf] vfh] LlgtL ug{] sfd, cg;' Gwfg gk] fnL, sIff (
116

km/] f8]sf] oxL km]/f8]h n ckm OnS] 6f« D] ofUgl] 6s OG8S;g l;4fGts} dftxt rn]sf 5g\ . pgsf
oL l;4fGt / cfljisf/ To; jn] f ;fgf s'/f h:tf eP klg kl5 uP/ o;n] txNsf dRrfof] clg
log} cfljisf/ cNa6{ cfOG;6fOg h:tf yk' }| j}1flgsx¿ lx8F \g] j1} flgs /fhdfu{ ag] . elgG5,
logs} cg;' Gwfgsf] sf;] 9] ª' u\ faf6 cl3 a9]/ cfOG:6fOgn] ;fk]Iftfjfb h:tf] j}1flgs cfljisf/
pkxf/sf ¿kdf ljZjnfO{ lbP/ uP .

dfOsn km]/f8]n] hLjgdf y'k}| ;Ddfg, k'/:sf/ / kbs kfP . pgn] /fo] n d8] n -;g\ !*#% /
!*$^ _ sKnL d8] n -;g\ !*#@ / !*#*_ ¥ofDkmf8] { d8] n -;g\ !*$^_ / cNa6{ d]8n -;g\
!*^^_ kf| Kt u/] . ;g\ !*#@ df pgnfO{ cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnon] l;len sfgg' df ljBfjfl/lwsf]
dfgfy{ pkflw kb| fg u¥of] . pgL ;g\ !*## df an] fotsf] /fo] n OlG;l6Ro'6df /;fog lj1fgsf
klxnf] k|fk] m];/ ag] . ;g\ !*#@ df km/] f8] cd]l/sL snf / lj1fg kl| ti7fgsf] Ps ljbz] L dfgfy{
;b:o r'lgP . pgL ;g\ !*#* df /fo] n l:jl8; Ps]8d] L ckm ;fOG;]hsf ljbz] L ;b:o klg
rl' gPsf lyP . ;g\ !*$$ df km| fG;]nL Ps]8]dL ckm ;fOG;]hdf lgjfl{ rt cf7 ljb]zL ;b:odWo]
pgL klg Ps lyP . ;g\ !*$( df pgL g]b/NofG8\;sf] /fo] n OlG:6Ro6' sf] ;Da4 ;b:osf]
¿kdf rl' gP . of] ;:+ yf b'O{ jif{kl5 /f]on gb] /NofG8\; snf / lj1fg kl| ti7fg aGg k'Uof] /
kl5 pgnfO{ ljbz] L ;b:o agfOof] . km/] f8]n] Hofb} yf/] } cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n u/] klg pgL
k9]/eGbf k//] / u/]/ hfGg] Oltxf;sf k|efjzfnL j}1flgsdWo] Ps ag] .

dfOsn km/] f8]n] hLjgsf] pQ/fw{df yk' }| k};f cfpg] hflu/ kfP . pgL slxNo} klg k;} fnfO{
dxŒj lbbF }gy] . To;}n] pgL k|r/' cfDbfgL x'g] hflu/ 5f8/] Psfx] f]/f] cg;' Gwfgdf nfu] . pgdf
j1} flgs cfljisf/sf] ef]s t[Kt ePsf] lyPg . o;/L hflu/ 5f8]/ cg';Gwfgdf nfUbf pgnfO{
k'gM k;} fsf] ;ª\s6 k¥of] . pgL la/fdL klg k/] o:tf] cj:yfdf kTgL ;f/fn] pgnfO{ lbnf]Hofgn]
;fy lbOg\ / ;j] f ul/g\ . pgsf] ofu] bfgsf] sb/ ub}{ tTsfnLg /fhf ljlnodaf6 jif{sf] #))
kfpG8 kG] ;gsf] Joj:yf eof] .

;ª\3if{ g} ;ª\3ifn{ ] vfl/Psf dfOsn km]/f8]sf] hLjgdf bM' v / si6sf sxfnLnfUbf sx/n]
af6f] 5]Sg vf]h] klg pgn] slxNo} x/]; vfPgg\ . To;}n] t ul/aLsf] uta{ f6 p7/] lj1fgsf
cfljisf/dfkm{t k|l;l4sf] lzv/ rD' g ku' ] . Pp6f ;fwf/0f kl/jf/sf] JolSt klg cfˆgf] c7f]6 /
nufj eof] eg] h:tf;] 's} nIodf kU' g ;Dej x'Fbf] /x5] eGg] k/|] 0ff dfOsn km]/f8s] f] hLjgaf6
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . log} dxfg\ km/] f8]sf] @% cu:t !*^& x}k6g sf]6{ l:yt lgjf;d} lgwg eof] .
pgsf] lgwg ePsf] sl/a 89] ;o jif{ eP klg pgn] kl| tkfbg u/s] f l;4fGt / cg';Gwfg u/]sf
cfljisf/sf dfWodaf6 ou' ou' ;Dd pgL aflF r/x]s} 5g\ / afFlr/xg] 5g\ .

lIflth – rf/}lt/ kY[ jL / cfsfz hf]l/P h:tf] b]lvg] :yfg jf uf]nf] kl/lw
sf];]9'ªu\ f – pNnv] gLo s/' f, ;Ldf lgwf/{ 0f ug{ ofU] o
;fkI] ftfjfb – ljZjsf x/]s j:t' Pscsf{l;t s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;Da4 /xg] s/' fdf ljZjf; /fVg] l;4fGt
ut{ – ;txeGbf lgs} ulx/f] 7fp,“ vf8n

g]kfnL, sIff ( 117

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cys{ f lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

zAb cy{
cfnf]lst ljBt' \ cflb ;~rfng x'g] kbfy{
;fwgf dfg kbjL

;f}efUo gofF ljifo jf l;4fGt vfH] g] jf kQf nufpg] sfd

k|fSsNkgf ef}lts ;;+ f/

kl| tkfbg ;kmntf k|fKt ugs{ f nflu ul/g] cEof;

rfns ;To klxNofpgsf nflu ul/g] sNkgf
;v' / ;dl[ 4 k|fKt xg' ] efUo
pHofnf] kfl/Psf,] rxlsnf] kfl/Psf]

@= tn lbOPsf zAbsf ljk/Lt cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
pHofnf,] ;DkGgtf, ;xfos, c;Dej, cfl>t, kl5, :jb]zL

#= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ug'{xf];\ M
cfw'lgs, efif0f, ko| fu] zfnf, l;4fGt, k/|] 0ff, lgjfl{ rt, lbnf]Hofg

afw] / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z'4 pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \ M
eft}F fl/g,' /x:o, PSsfl;, ;ª3\ if,{ lh1f;f, cª\s'/0f, tLI0f, lj1fg
@= ‘dfOsn km]/f8]Ú kf7 kfn}kfnf] ;:j/jfrg ug'x{ f];\ .

#= kf7sf] ;/+ rgfaf/] ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ hLjgLdf slt cg'R5b] x¿ /x]sf 5g\ <

-v_ hLjgLsf] ;ae} Gbf nfdf] cg'R5]b sg' xf] <

-u_ kf7sf] ;ae} Gbf nfdf] jfSo l6Kgx' f];\ .

-3_ lj1fg / j}1flgs zAbx¿sf] agf]6 bv] fpg'xf;] \ .
$= kf7sf] bf];f| ] cg'R5b] df}g k7g ug{'xf;] \ .

118 g]kfnL, sIff (

%= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ dfOsn k]m/f8] s:tf] kl/jf/df hGds] f lyP <

-v_ pgsf] afNosfn s;/L laTof] <

-u_ pgn] hLjgdf s;/L k|]/0ff k|fKt u/] <

-3_ pgsf] hLjgLaf6 s] ;Gb]z kfOG5 <

^= tn lbOPsf cfuGts' zAb k9g\ 'xf];\, kf7 x]/L ltgsf] cy{ klxrfg ug{x' f;] \ / ltgnfO{ kf7df
eGbf leGg tl/sfn] jfSodf ko| f]u ugx'{ f];\ M

Nofk6k, df]afOn, ;K] 6D] a/, a'sn]6, hg] /6] /, df6] /, ldS:r/, d8] n, k|f]km] ;/

&= kf7 k9L tnsf ldltdf dfOsn k]m/f8s] f] hLjgdf sg' s'g 36gf ePsf lyP nV] gx' f;] \ M

;g\ !&(!, ;g\ !*@), ;g\ !*#!, ;g\ !*##, ;g\ !*#@, ;g\ !*^&

*= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

dfOsn km]/f8n] ] cfkmgf] hLjgsfndf hg' j}1flgs cfljisf/ u/s] f 5g\, ltgnfO{ pgsf
l;4fGt / cfljisf/df juLs{ t[ u/L ltgsf ljleGg jud{ f af8F g\ ;lsG5 . km]/f8]h n
ckm OG8S;g, km/] f8h] n ckm OnS] 6f« d] U] g]l6s OG8S;g / km/] f8]h n ckm OnS] 6f« n] fOl;;\
pgsf l;4fGt xg' \ . cfˆg} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x/] pgn] bh{gfF} yk' }| lrhx¿sf] cfljisf/
u/s] f 5g\ . xfdLn] 3/leq k|of]u ug{] ldS;r/ xf;] \ jf 3/af6 aflx/ lg:sFbf r9g\ ] uf8L
xf];\ cyjf xfdLn] cfcfˆgf] 3/df kfgL tfGgsf nflu h8fg ul/Psf df]6/ xfp] mg\ tL ;a}
ks| f/sf ;fgf / 7n' f ;a} df6] /x¿ km]/f8s] f] oxL km]/f8h] n ckm On]S6«fD] ofUg]ls OG8S;g
l;4fGts} dftxt rns] f xG' 5g\ .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ dfOsn k]m/f8s] f j1} flgs cfljisf/nfO{ slt ;d"xdf juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] 5 <

-v_ pgsf dV' o l;4fGtx¿ s] s] xg' \, n]Vg'xf];\ .

-u_ pgsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t xfdLn] ko| f]u ug]{ s'g} tLg pks/0fx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .

-3_ pgsf l;4fGtx¿sf] dV' o cfwf/ s] xf] <

(= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

h]D; km/] f8s] f] kl/jf/ Dofgr:] 6/ :Sjfo/sf] ;fgf] 8/] fdf a:g yfn]kl5 dfOsn
km/] f8s] f] ;ª\3ifd{ o / ;kmntfsf] ofqf ;?' eof] . ;'?df pgnfO{ ;fwf/0f ljBfno egf{
ul/of] . ;fwf/0f ljBfnodf k9] klg dfOsndf 1fgsf] c;fwf/0f ef]s lyof] . pgn] ToxfF

gk] fnL, sIff ( 119

k9g\ ] / nV] g]bl] v lnP/ ul0ft;Ddsf w]/} s'/f l;s] . a'afn] cf/gdf sfd ul//xFbf pgL lgs}
3fl] /P/ xl] //xGy] pgsf] Tof] ulx/f] x]/fOdf 1fgsf] cgGt /x:o n'ss] f] xG' Yof] . !# jifs{ f
ePkl5 ul/aLs} sf/0f dfOsnsf] cf}krfl/s k9fO PSsfl; /fl] Ssof] / gfafns pd/] df g}
pgn] sfd ugk{' ¥of] . pgn] Pp6f k:' ts k;ndf lstfasf] lhNbf xfNg] sfd kfP . o;/L
lbgel/ sfd / /ftdf k9fO ub{} Pp6f slnnf] afnsn] s7f/] ;ª3\ if{ ug'{k¥of] . elgG5, /flt
k9\bf g} pgdf lahn' L;DaGwL lh1f;fsf] aLh cª\s'/0f ePsf] lyof] . pgn] km';{b lgsfn/]
cfˆg} OR5f / ?lradfl] hdsf lstfa k9\g yfn] . Tof] hflu/sf] ;ft jif;{ Dd yk' |} lstfa
k9]/ pgsf] a'l4 tLI0f xbF' } uof] . To;dWo] hg] df;]6{ åf/f lnlvt /;fog lj1fgdf s'/fsfgL
/ ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf lahn' L;DaGwL nv] x¿ k9]kl5 eg] pgdf lj1fgkl| t ulx/f]
?lr hfUof] .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ dfOsn k]m/f8] s:tf] :jefjsf lyP <

-v_ pgsf] cfk} rfl/s k9fO lsg /fl] sof,] To;kl5 pgn] l;sfOnfO{ s;/L lg/Gt/tf lbP <

!)= JofVof ug'x{ f];\ M

Pp6f ul/a / lakGg kl/jf/sf] JolSt klg cfˆgf] c7f]6 / nufj eof] eg] h:tf;] s' } nIodf
k'Ug ;Dej xF'bf] /x5] .

!!= dfOsn k]m/f8]sf] hLjgdf ;kmntf kf| Kt ug{] dV' o d'Vo 36gf j0fg{ ug'x{ f];\ .

!@= kf7sf] rf}yf] cg'R5]baf6 dV' o d'Vo rf/cf6] f ab“' f l6kL ;f/fz+ nV] gx' f];\ .

!#= JolStj[Q jf JolStut ljj/0fdf JolStsf] gfd, hGdldlt, cfdfa'afsf] gfd, hGd:yfg,
;Dks{ 7]ufgf, ofU] otf, ;]jf jf sfo{ u/]sf] cg'ej, tflnd, kf| Kt u/]sf ;Ddfg tyf
k/' :sf/ cflb h:tf JolStsf JolStut ;"rgfx¿ ;dfjz] ul/G5g\ . log} s/' fx¿ ;d]l6g] u/L
cfˆgf] JolStut ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

!$= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

JolStdf pTkGg x'g] dfgl;s bafasf] cj:yf tgfj xf] . hLjgsf kL8f, ;ª3\ if,{ lrGtf,
jftfj/0fLo bafa, sfdsf] rfk cflbn] tgfj l;hg{ f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf
;fy} JolStdf cfPsf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s kl/jt{gx¿sf sf/0f klg tgfj pTkGg
x'G5 . tgfjsf sf/0f JolStsf] b}lgs sfddf ;dt] c;/ kg{ ;S5 . tgfj Joj:yfkgsf
nflu ;dk{0f, ;ª3\ if,{ ;Demft} f h:tf /0fgLltx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs /fhg}lts
Jojxf/hGo ultljlwaf6 pTkGg rg' f}tLx¿ :jLsf/ ug'{ ;dk{0f xf] . hLjgdf cfOk/]sf
r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9g\ ' ;ª3\ if{ xf] . To:t} JolStsf cfr/0f / Jojxf/hGo
ultljlwx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ cl3 a9g\ ' ;Demf}tf xf] . ofu] Wofg, dgf/] ~hg, ;ª\uLt, v]ns'b,

120 gk] fnL, sIff (

zf/Ll/s Jofofd, ;Gt'lnt vfgkfg cflbsf ;fy} l;h{gfTds tyf /rgfTds sfox{ ¿df
;lj|mo ag/] klg tgfj sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-c_ tgfj s;/L pTkGg xG' 5 <

-cf_ tgfj pTkGg xg' fsf sf/0f s] s] xg' \ <

-O_ tgfj Joj:yfkgdf s:tf /0fgLlt ckgfpg ;lsG5 <

-O{_ tgfj sd ug{ ckgfpgk' g{] pkfo n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ efiff ;+/rgf klxrfg ug'{xf];\ M

-c_ …tgfj lnP JolStsf] b}lgs sfddf c;/ k5{Ú jfSo ljm| ofsf] efjsf cfwf/df
s:tf] jfSo xf] <

-c_ …Jojxf/hGo ultljlwÚ kbfjnLdf s'g s'g kb jus{ f zAb 5g\ <

-O_ cfr/0f, bl} gs / of]uWofg zAbx¿sf] agf]6 kl| jm| of b]vfpg'xf;] \ .

-O{_ dfgl;s / jftfj/0f zAbnfO{ pRrf/0fcg;' f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

!%= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\gx' f];\ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug'x{ f];\ M

ufk] fnk;| fb l/dfnsf] hGd lj=;=+ !(&% h7] !) ut] sf7df8f}Fdf / dT[ o' lj= ;=+ @)#)
sflQs * ut] ePsf] lyof] . pgsf cfdfaa' fsf] gfd cflbTosd' f/L / pdfsfGt xf] .
uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn Ps lg8/, j|mflGtsf/L, :jfledfgL / b]zeSt ;flxTosf/ xg' \ . cfO{=
P= k9b\ fk9b\ } cflys{ cefjsf sf/0f k9fO 5f8] g\ ku' s] f l/dfn lj= ;=+ !(() lt/af6}
;flxTo n]vgdf kj| z] u/]sf lyP . pgsf d;fg, of] k|d] h:Tff gf6s clg cfdfsf] ;kgf
sljtf ;ª\ux| clt g} nf]slk|o 5g\ . pgn] dbg k/' :sf/, lqej' g k/' :sf/ cflb h:tf
k|l;4 k/' :sf/;d]t k|fKt u/s] f lyP .

tkfO{nF ] lrgs] f] ;dfh ;'wf/sf If]qdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg] JolStsf] hLjgsf dxŒjk0" f{
36gf;lxt pgsf of]ubfgx¿ l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 121

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= ;'gfO kf7 !@ ;'Gg'xf;] \ / tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
-s_ wg ;DklQ :jfxf ePkl5 …pmÚ kfq s:tf] cj:yfdf k'Uof] <
-v_ p;n] cfuGts' ;Fu s] dfUof] <
-u_ cfuGt'sn] p;nfO{ s] cfzLjf{b lbP <
-3_ pm s;/L sd{zLn aGof] <
@= sdz{ Lntfn] g} dflg;sf] hLjg rDsG5 eGg] s/' f ;g' fO kf7 !@ sf cfwf/df k'li6 ugx'{ f];\ .

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L /]vfª\lst lj|mofkbsf] efj klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M
c~hgfb]jL 3/ hflG5g\ . pgL vfgf vflG5g\ / k9g\ yflN5g\ . pgL ldlxg]tL l5g\ . pgsf]

k/LIff rNb} 5 . pgsf] k/LIff /fdf| ] xfc] f;] \ . pgL k/LIffdf ;kmn xfp] g\ . k/LIffdf ;kmn
ePkl5 pgn] hflu/ kfplng\ . pgn] hflu/df /fd|f] ulng{ \ . pgsf] a9j' f xfn] f . pgsf]
a9'jf eP /fdf| ] xG' Yof] . pgL h:tf OdfGbf/nfO{ hflu/ lbP hgtfn] ;]jf kfpFy] .
@= lbOPsf jfSonfO{ ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ c~hgf eft ========== . -vf M ;Defjgfy_{
-v_ ltdLx¿ /;j' f ========== . -hf Mcf1fy_{
-u_ pm d':tfª e|d0faf6========. -kms{ MOR5fy{_
-3_ /d]z /fd/| L ========== ;kmn x'G5 . -k9\ M ;ªs\ ]tfy_{
-ª_ bfO Ps lsnf] lrp/f========= . -lb M cf1fy_{
-r_ xfdL ;a} km6' an =========== . -v]n\ M OR5fy_{
-h_ pgLx¿ sIffleq==========< -cfp M ;Defjgfy{_
#= hLjgLdf k|o'St bzcf6] f ;fdfGofys{ ljm| of l6k/] nV] gx' f;] \ .
$= cf1fys{ lj|mofx¿sf] ko| f]u u/L ;fyLnfO{ k9fOdf nugzLn eP/ nfUg ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .
%= /v] fªl\ st zAbnfO{ kbljofu] u/L n]Vg'xf;] \ M
pdfgfyn] …n;'gÚegs] f/x]5g\ . xl/nr] flxFvfg] n;g' eGg] ae' m/] n;'gNofP/ lbP5 . To;kl5
pdfgfy g?g'gxf:F g' eP5g\ .

122 gk] fnL, sIff (

^= kbofu] / kbljof]u ldnfO{ k'gnv]{ g ug{'xf;] \ M
dfOsn km]/f8] n] hLjgsf] pQ/fwd{ f yk' |} k};f cfpg] hflu/ kfP t / pgn] 5Fbf vfbF fsf]
hflu/ 5f8/] Psfx] f]/f] cg';Gwfgdfnfu] . Tolt jn] f pgnfO{ kg' k;} fsf] ;ª\s6 kof]{ .
pgL la/fdLklg k/] o:tf] cj:yfdf kTgL;f/fn] pgnfO{ lbnf]Hofgn] ;fylbOg\ / ;j] f
ul/g\ . pgsf] ofu] bfgsf] sb/ ub}{ tTsfnLg/fhf ljlnodaf6 jifs{ f] #)) kfpG8 kG] ;gsf]
Joj:yfeof] .

l;h{gf / kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= tn lbOPsf a“b' fsf cfwf/df ˆnf/] G] ; gfOl6ªu\ ]nsf] 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ M
hGd ;g\ !*@) d] !@ O6fnL, d[To' ;g\ !(#) cu:t !#
k]mgL l:dy / ljlnod P8jf8{ gfOl6ª\u]nsL 5f]/L
pbf/ x[bo / efj's :jefj, k/fk] sf/L efjgf
g;{ ag/] ;dfh ;]jf ug{] nIo
n8] L ljy b NofDksf] pkgfdn] ljZj kV| oft
gl;ª{ k];fnfO{ dofl{ bt agfpg', la/fdLsf] k/]| 0ff ;|f]t
pgsf] gfdaf6 ;x/sf] gfds/0f
@= ;fdflhs ;~hfnaf6 vf]h/] Ps hgf ljZj kl| ;4 v]nf8Lsf] hLjgL tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .

 

g]kfnL, sIff ( 123

kf7 !# j8f sfofn{ onfO{ lgj]bg

ldlt M @)&*.)!.@!

>Ldfg\ cWoIf,
/fd]5fk gu/kflnsf, j8f gDa/ #, /fd]5fk

ljifo M cfly{s ;xofu] ;DaGwdf .

pko{S' t ;DaGwdf /fd5] fk gu/kflnsf ;f3F '6f/df cjl:yt >L lxduªu\ f dfWolds ljBfnodf
afnaflnsfsf] ;/+ If0f / ;/' Iffsf ;fy;fy} ljBfyL{sf z}lIfs / cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf yk d2t
ug{] p2Z] on] afnSna u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfnoleqsf] o; afnSnan] ljleGg ;r]tgfdn" s
sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{ nfus] f] s/' f oxfF ;dIf ljgd| lgj]bg ub{5f}F .

cfh x/s] 6fn] 6f]n / ufpF ufpdF f afnljjfx tyf afnlx;+ fsf] /fs] yfdsf nflu ;r]tgf sfo{jm| d
;~rfng ug{' cTofjZos b]lvG5 . afnaflnsfdf xg' ] 3/n] ,' ;fdflhs, nª} l\ us cflb k|sl[ tsf
lx;+ f k0" f{tM /f]lsg ;s]sf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f ;do ;dodf ;~rf/dfWoddf cfPsf ;dfrf/n]
kl' i6 u/]s} 5g\ . afnaflnsf;DaGwL 3/kl/jf/, 5/l5ds] / ljBfnox¿df cfOk/]sf o:tf
;d:of ;dfwfgfy{ afnSnan] ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;S5 . To;sf ;fy} ljBfnodf ;fOa/ ;+:sl[ t,
;fOa/ ;b'kofu] / ;fOa/ ck/fwaf/] ;rt] gf hfu/0f;d]t cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu
ky| dtM ljBfnosf lszf/] lszf]/LnfO{ g} ;rt] u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . pgLx¿n] ;fyLefOsf lardf
cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ vn' /] JoSt ug],{ ;d:ofaf/] ljdz{ ug{], ;d:of ;dfwfgsf af6f] vf]Hg]
h:tf Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf sfoj{ m| dx¿ cfofh] gf ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . lszf]/ lszf]/Lx¿sf]
dn" ;d"x / To;kl5 lszf/] sf / lszf]/Lsf pk;d"x lgdf{0f u/L pgLx¿df l;hg{ fTds
sf}zn, cfzfjfbL ;f]r / hLjgfk] ofu] L l;kaf/] ;rt] gf kb| fg ug'{kg{] b]lvG5 . o:tf sfo{jm| daf6
lszf]/ lszf/] Lx¿n] pgLx¿dfly cfOk/s] f / eljiodf cfOkg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofsf] r]tgf lbg tyf
;d:ofsf] ;d"xut 5nkmnaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ;S5g\ .

zAbfy{ ljzi] f ;rt] gf jf ;tst{ f km}nfpg] vfnsf]
;r]tgfd"ns — c¿nfO{ kL8f lbg] jf c;/ k¥' ofpg] sfd
lx;+ f — sg' } ljifoj:ta' f/] ul/g] ljjr] gf jf ljrf/, ax;
ljdz { — hLjgsf nflu sfd nfUg]
hLjgf]kof]uL —

124 g]kfnL, sIff (

;dfhdf /xs] f :yfgLo cfdf ;dx" , oj' fSna h:tf ;ª\3;:+ yf;uF ;xsfo{ u/L ;fdflhs ljsl[ t
/ lj;ª\ultsf lj?4 kr| f/k|;f/sf nflu afnSnan] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 .
afnaflnsfsf] cfgLafgLdf kl/jt{g NofO{ ;fdflhs dN" o, dfGotf, ;:+ sl[ t / cfr/0f j[l4
ug{ klg ljleGg vfnsf ;r]tgfd"ns sfoj{ |md cfofh] gf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:tf ultljlwsf]
;~rfngaf6 afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ / st{Jokl| t ;rt] gf hufpg ;lsG5 . afnljjfx, afnlx;+ f,
;fdflhs bJ' oj{ xf/ h:tf kIfsf] Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu ;ª\3;:+ yf tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf]
dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf /xG5 . xfdf| ] o; ljBfnodf ul7t afnSnan] klxn] ljBfnodf / To;kl5
;dfhdf uP/ ;rt] gf km}nfpg p2Z] o /fvs] f] 5 . pSt p2]Zocg'¿k labfsf] lbg ufpF;x/sf
dV' o :yfgdf ljleGg ;rt] gf sfo{j|md cfofh] gf ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . afnSnan] n3'gf6s, kx| ;g,
;r" gf kj| fx, cfk;L 5nkmn cflb k4lt ckgfO{ ;dfh ;'wf/sf] ofh] gf klg agfPsf] 5 . ;du|
ljBfnosf afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf ;fy;fy} ;dfh kl/jtg{ df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ug{
vfl] hPsf] o; k|s[ltsf sfoj{ |mdsf nflu afnSnan] cIfosf]if v8f ul/;s]sf] 5 . pSt sfi] fdf
ljBfnosf lzIfs sdr{ f/Lx¿n] Ps lbgsf] tna hDdf u/L ljBfyLs{ f] sfdnfO{ yk cfly{s
;xof]u tyf xf};nf k|bfg uge{' Psf] 5 . afnSnasn] cfofh] gf ug{ nfu]sf sfo{j|mdx¿df
cflys{ ;xofu] h6' fOlbgx' g' / ljBfyL{sf] ;Tk|of;nfO{ dfu{bzg{ sf ;fy} yk xf;} nf kb| fg
ul/lbg'x'g xflb{s cg/' f]w u5f}F . ;fy} o; ;fF3'6f/nfO{ gdg' f j8f agfpg] j8f sfofn{ osf]
ofh] gfdf o; afnSnan] ljzi] f e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ s'/fdf ljZjf; lbnfp5fF} .

lgj]bs
cWoIf
l;h{gzLn afnSna
lxduªu\ f dfWolds ljBfno

kx| ;g — x“;fpg] jf dgf/] ~hg lbg] p2]Zon] tof/ kfl/g] ¿ks ljwfsf] Ps e]b
kj| fx — k|rf/k|;f/
cIfosfi] f — dn" wg gdfl;g] u/L aª} s\ df /flvg] k;} f

gk] fnL, sIff ( 125

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf zAb / cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
zAb cy{
p2Z] o ;/n agfpg] sfd
3/]n ' s'g} sd{rf/Ln] ;j] f u/a] fkt ;j] fsf] ;tc{ g;' f/
kfpg] /sd, jt] g
;xhLs/0f ;uF ;uF } ul/g] sfd
sfz} n Jofjxfl/s
;xsfo{ v/fa jf cg'lrt Jojxf/
b'Joj{ xf/ l;kfn,' k|jL0ftf
tna nIo, Woo]
3/fo;L
hl6ntf
@= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] kofo{ jfrL cy{ kf7af6 vfh] ]/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
;xofu] , sfo{, ky, d"n, e/f];f, Jojxf/, lxDdt, pGglt
#= tn lbOPsf zAb cnu cnu jfSodf ko| fu] x'g] u/L Pp6f cg'R5b] /rgf ugx{' f;] \ M
z}lIfs, afnSna, ;fOa/ ;+:s[lt, cfr/0f, xslxt

afw] / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z'4;“u pRrf/0f ug{x' f];\ M
j8fWoIf, lj?4, d2t, 5nkmn, pSt, cTofjZos, ljBfno, dxŒjk"0f{
@= ‘cfh x/s] ==== ;S5g’\ cgR' 5]b kfnk} fnf] ;:j/jfrg ug{'xf;] \ . kT| o]s ;fyLsf] jfrg;do,
xfpefp, z'4tf cflb Vofn ugx'{ f;] \ .
#= lbOPsf] cz+ k9g\ 'xf];\ / sfof{noLo lr7Lsf] ;+/rgf / zn} Lcg';f/sf s'/f dflysf lr7Ldf
sxf“ sxf“ k/]sf 5g\, kQf nufpgx' f];\ M

Pp6f sfof{non] csf{] sfofn{ o jf JolStnfO{ k7fpg] lr7L sfofn{ oLo lr7L xf] . o:tf]
k|sl[ tsf] lr7Ldf ;ae} Gbf dfly bfoflF t/ ldlt n]lvG5 . afofFlt/ ;DalGwt sfofn{ osf]
k|dv' nfO{ plrt ;Dafw] g u/L pSt JolStsf] kb / 7u] fgf n]lvG5 . To;eGbf d'lg ljifo

126 gk] fnL, sIff (

nl] vG5 . To;kl5 ljifosf] s]Gb|Lotfdf cfjZos ;"rgf / ljj/0f g56' g\ ] u/L k|:tt'
ul/G5 . ljj/0fsf] ;dflKtkl5 sfof{nosf tkma{ f6 lr7L nV] g] cflwsfl/s JolStsf] ;xL,
gfd, kb / sfofn{ osf] gfd /flvG5 . cGo sfofn{ onfO{ afw] fy{ lbg'kg]{ xf] eg] afw] fy{
lbOPsf JolSt jf sfofn{ osf] gfdfjnL;d]t lbOG5 .

$= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] df}lvs pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ n]lvPsf] xf] <

-v_ afnSnasf cWoIfn] s:tf] ;xofu] sf] ckI] ff u/s] f 5g\ <

-u_ lszf/] lszf/] Ln] cfˆgf ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5g\ <

-3_ ;fOa/ ck/fw egs] f] s] xf] <

-ª_ s'g j8fnfO{ gdg' f j8f agfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 <

%= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

afnljjfx, afnlx+;f, ;fdflhs b'Jo{jxf/ h:tf kIfsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;ª3\ ;:+ yf tyf
:yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . xfdf| ] o; ljBfnodf ul7t afnSnan] klxn]
ljBfnodf / To;kl5 ;dfhdf uP/ ;rt] gf km}nfpg] p2Z] o /fvs] f] 5 . pSt p2]Zocg'¿k
labfsf] lbg ufp;F x/sf d'Vo :yfgdf ljleGg ;rt] gf sfo{j|mdx¿ cfofh] gf ug{ nfus] f]
5 . afnSnan] n3'gf6s, k|x;g, ;r" gf k|jfx, cfk;L 5nkmn cflb k4lt ckgfO{ ;dfh
;'wf/sf] of]hgf klg agfPsf] 5 . ;du| ljBfnosf afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf ;fy;fy}
;dfh kl/jt{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ug{ vf]lhPsf] o; ks| [ltsf sfo{j|mdsf nflu
afnSnan] cIfosfi] f v8f ul/;s]sf] 5 . pSt sf]ifdf ljBfnosf lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿n] Ps
lbgsf] tna hDdf u/L ljBfyLs{ f] sfdnfO{ yk cfly{s ;xofu] tyf xf};nf k|bfg ug{e' Psf]
5 . afnSnasn] cfofh] gf ug{ nfus] f sfoj{ m| ddf cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fOlbgx' g' / ljBfyL{sf]
;Tk|of;nfO{ dfub{ zg{ sf ;fy} yk xf};nf kb| fg ul/lbg'xg' xflbs{ cg/' fw] ub{5fF} . ;fy} o;
;f3F '6f/nfO{ gd'gf j8f agfpg] j8f sfofn{ osf] of]hgfdf o; afnSnan] ljz]if el" dsf
lgjfx{ ug{s] /' fdf ljZjf; lbnfpg rfxG5f}F .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ afnSnan] ;dfhdf s;/L ;r]tgf kmn} fpg vf]h]sf] 5 <

-v_ afnSnasf nflu agfOPsf] cIfosfi] fdf s;/L ;|ft] h'6fOPsf] 5 <

gk] fnL, sIff ( 127

&= afnSnasf] tkma{ f6 n]lvPsf] lr7L kfPkl5 j8fWoIfn] afnSnanfO{ nV] g] lr7Lsf] gd'gf tof/
kfg{'xf;] \ .
*= tkfO{“sf] ;dfhdf cfOk/]sf ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] pNn]v u/L ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
;'emfpgx' f];\ .
(= tn lbOPsf] gdg' f lgjb] g k9L h]xG] bf/ 5fqjl[ Qsf] nflu ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg
nV] g'xf];\ M

@)&*.)#.)%
>Ldfg\ k|wfgfWofks,
eujtL dfWolds ljBfno
vf6] x] fª ufpkF flnsf &, vf]6fª
ljifo M k':tsfno Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwdf

dflg;df gofF gofF s/' f hfGg] ?lr x'G5 . oxL ?lrsf sf/0f dflg; ;j{>i] 7 kf| 0fL
sxlnPsf] 5 . xfdL ljBfyL{df klg gofF 1fg xfl;n ug{] ef]s hfUg' :jfefljs g} xf] .
xfd|f] ljBfnon] 56' \6} k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . of] v;' Lsf] s'/f xf] . oBlk
k':tsfnodf ljifoj:ts' f] yk cWoogsf nflu cfjZos kg{] lzIff, ;flxTo, ;dfh,
vn] s'b, lj1fg, bz{g, kl| jlw cflb kIf;uF ;DalGwt k:' tsx¿sf] cefj g} b]lvG5 .
sltko k'/fgf k':tsx¿ kN6fpg} ufxf| ] xg' ] u/L hL0f{ eO;ss] f 5g\ . k':tsfnodf
ljleGg ljifo Ifq] sf 1fgjws{ ;Gbe{;fduL| x¿ yKgk' g{] b]lvPsf] 5 . k':tsfnodf
lgoldt k9\g] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu a:g] :yfgx¿sf] ;dl' rt Joj:yfkg klg
cfjZos /xs] f] 5 . vfhf ;do jf vfnL lkl/o8df dfq k:' tsfnodf hfg]eGbf klg
x/s] lbg sx] L ;do ldnfO{ k:' tsfnodf g} a;]/ cWoog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOlbg' eP
xfdf| ] k7gkf7gdf emg\ ;xofu] k'Ug] lyof] .
lgjb] s
gf} sIffsf ljBfyL{

128 g]kfnL, sIff (

!)= lbOPsf] lgdGq0ff kq k9L ljBfnodf cfof]hgf x'g nfus] f] s'g} ;flxlTos sfoj{ |mddf
pkl:yltsf nflu Pp6f lgdGq0ff kq tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ M

>Ldfg\÷>LdtL÷;'>L===========================================================Ho"sf ;dLkdf

lgdGq0ff

xfd|f cfoi' dfg\ gflt cldtljj|md sfsL{ -;k' q' M xsl{ jjm| d sfsL{ tyf ;l' k|of sfsL{_ sf]
Jof; g=kf= – &, sn:] tL tgxF' lgjf;L z/" jL/ yfkf tyf ;'dtL yfkfsL cfo'idtL ;k' q' L
;/' Iff yfkfsf ;fy ;;' DkGg xg' ] ze' ljjfxdf pkl:yt eO{ j/aw"nfO{ cfzLjfb{ kb| fg
ugs{ f nflu ;fb/ lgdGq0ff ub{5fF} .

sfoj{ |md bzg{ flenfifL k|fyL{

hGtL k:| yfg M @)&*÷)@÷@% /fhsd' f/ sfsL { ;fu/ljjm| d sfsL{

;do M laxfg ( ah] ji[ fdfg sfsL { ;lagf sfsL{

k|Lltefh] M @)&*÷)@÷@^ Pjd\ ;d:t sfsL{ kl/jf/

;do M lbpF;f] # b]lv & ah];Dd

:yfg M z'esfdgf kf6L{ Kofn;] , cd/l;x+ rfs] kf]v/f


!!= tn lbOPsf] ;r" gf k9L ;?jf /fu] sf] /f]syfdsf nflu :jf:Yo sfofn{ on] hf/L ug]{ ;"rgf
tof/ ug{x' f;] \ M

u'gf;f] btf;{ DaGwL ;"rgf

o; g]kfn b/" ;~rf/ kf| lws/0faf6 cg'dlt kq kf| Kt ;]jf kb| fosx¿n] kb| fg u/]sf]
b"/;~rf/ ;j] fsf ;DaGwdf ;d:of ePdf b/" ;~rf/ pkef]Stfx¿n] ;DalGwt ;]jf
k|bfosx¿nfO{ g} ug' f;f] ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf] ubf{ klg ;d:of ;dfwfg
gePsf] v08df o; kf| lws/0fsf] sfof{nosf] ;Dks{ gDa/ tyf sfofn{ osf] Odn] dfkmt{
u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] ko| f; ul/Psf] 5 . xfn b/" ;~rf/ ;j] fsf ;DaGwdf pkefS] tfx¿sf]
ug' f;fn] fO{ yk Jojl:yt Pjd\ ke| fjsf/L agfpgsf nflu sfof{nosf] ;Dks{ gDa/ tyf
Od]n cltl/St ug' f;f] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL;d]t tof/ u/L ;fe] m} kf| lws/0fsf] je] ;fO6df
/flvPsf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;dt] u'gf;f] btf{ u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/s] f]
Joxf/] f ;Dk0" f{ b"/;~rf/ pkef]Stf tyf ;DalGwt ;/fs] f/jfnfsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu
cg/' fw] 5 .

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ kf| lws/0f
pkef]Stf lxt ;/+ If0f zfvf

gk] fnL, sIff ( 129

!@= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9L cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfO{ sg' } sfdsf] k"0f{tfsf] nflu lbg]
ze' R] 5f sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ M

tkfOF{ >L eLdf pkfWofo ljBfjfl/lw cWoogsf nflu k0" f{ 5fqj[lQ;lxt lqej' g
ljZjljBfnodf egf{ xg' 'ePsfdf v;' L JoSt ub{} oxfsF f] ;ljm| o cWoogsf nflu yk
xf};nf, ldlxgt] / cfTdljZjf;sf] sfdgf;lxt pRr lzIff cWoogsf] clenfiff k"0ft{ M
;kmn /xf;] \ egL xfd|f] kl/jf/sf] tkma{ f6 z'e]R5f k|s6 u5'{ .

efO dLgk;| fb pkfWofo tyf kl/jf/

;'gfO / af]nfO

!= ;'gfO kf7 !# ;G' gx' f;] \ / vfnL 7fpd“ f pko'St zAb /fVgx' f];\ M

-s_ d'/nLw/ b'nxLsf 3/df ku' ]/ ;'6S' s ============df a;] .

-v_ d'/nLw/n] 5f/] fnfO{ ============ eg/] cflzif lbP .

-u_ >Lw/ / d/' nLw/n] lhpgLsf ljifodf ================== d'2f n8s] f lyP .

-3_ d/' nLw/n] avt avtdf sdx{ ¿==============l;sfOlbGy] .

@= d/' nLw/ lsg ljjfxdf uPsf xfn] fg\, sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= lbOPsf] s/0f / cs/0f ;Gbe{ k9L To;sf] leGgtfaf/] sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ M

s/0f cs/0f

ljgon] a;kfsa{ f6 l6s6 lnof] . laxfg ljgon] a;kfsa{ f6 l6s6 lnPg . laxfg

^ ah] uf8L 5'6o\ f] . af6f] lalu|Psf] /x]5 . ^ ah] uf8L 56' g] . af6f] lalu|Psf]

af6fdf uf8L / dfG5]sf] le8 lyof] . aflx/ /x]g5 . af6fdf uf8L / dfG5]sf] le8

lg:sgf;fy p;n] ;fyL e6] o\ f] . b'j} hgfn] lyPg . aflx/ lg:sgf;fy p;n] ;fyL

vfhf vfP . vfhfsf] pmhfn{ ] pgLx¿ e6] g] . bj' } hgfn] vfhf vfPgg\ . vfhfsf]

enfs;' f/Ldf Jo:t xfn] fg\ . pmhf{n] pgLx¿ enfs;' f/Ldf Jo:t

gxfn] fg\ .

@= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L s/0f / cs/0f ljm| ofkb klxrfg ug'{xf;] \ M

dnfO{ k9fOsf] lrGtf nflu/xs] f] lyof] . ;a} hgf sfddf Jo:t eO/x]sf lyP . d;uF sf]xL
klg vn' ]/ s/' f ubg{} y] . Ps k|sf/n] pgLx¿ d;Fu s]xL s/' f n'sfP em}F Jojxf/ ul//xs] f
lyP . cfdf dnfO{ s]xL eGgx' G' gYof] . lbbLx¿ Yffxf gkfP em}F df}g /xGy] . d klg sx] L yfxf
gkfP h:tf] lxF8\yF] . dnfO{ k9g\ ;x/ hfg' lyof] . k9fOnfO{ 5f8] g\ ;lSbgy]F . To;d} f d

130 gk] fnL, sIff (

cndln/x]sf] lyPF . dn} ] c¿ sx] L Vofn ul/gF . a'af eGgx' 'GYof,] æufpFd} SofDk; vn' s] f] 5,
;x/ ghfpm .Æ d bfw] f/df ePF .

#= kf7af6 bzcf6] f s/0f ljm| ofkb l6kL ltgnfO{ cs/0fdf kl/jtg{ ugx'{ f];\ .

$= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ug{x' f;] \ M

-s_ ljBfyL{x¿ km6' an vN] b} lyP . -cs/0f_

-v_ aa' fn] gaf]nfpge' Psf] eP d kmls{Ggy]F . -s/0f_

-u_ hxfF klg c;n dfG5s] f] cefj 5 . -cs/0f_

-3_ p;n] egs] f] s'/f s;n} ] klg dfGb}gg\ . -s/0f_

-ª_ cfh kfgL knf{ . -s/0f_

%= lbOPsf] cg'R5]bdf /ftf] /ª nufPsf zAbsf] agf6] af/] 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ M

d]/f b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿ cgGt / si[ 0f ;;fgf ;d:of klg ldnLh'nL ;dfwfg uy]{ . ;Fu;uF }
3/ ePsfn] pgLx¿lar ;/;fk6 / P}Frf]k}Frf] rNYof] . cfcfˆgf] sfddf Jo:t xg' ] eP klg
labfsf] lbg 5/l5ds] sf 3/3/ uO{ ;'vb'Mv ;f6\g] pgLx¿sf] ememNsf] dnfO{ cfh klg
cfO/xG5 .

^= kf“rcf]6f lå?St zAb k|ofu] u/L Pp6f cg'R5b] /rgf ugx{' f];\ .

&= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L ‘If’ / ‘5o\ ’ af6 ags] f zAb klxrfg u/L nV] gx' f;] \ M

;Ifd If]qL cf5] o\ fgdf ;'lt/xs] f] lyof] . cfdfn] 5\of;\ 5\of;\ ub}{ rfdn sn] fPsf] cfjfhn]
pm Ao'pF‰of] . 5\of Û of] 5f]/fn] t lbSs u/fof] eGb} cfdf s/fpge' of] . laxfg l9nf;] Dd
;'ts] fdf cfdf;uF Ifdf dfUb} cfˆgf] sdhf]/ kIf l:jsf¥of] . To;kl5 lzIfsn] sIffdf
lbPsf] u[xsfo{ /fdf| ] cIf/ kf/]/ n]Vg yfNof] .

*= lbOPsf zAb z'4 kf//] n]Vgx' f];\ M

;5o\ d, 5\o0f, If\o'F, kIofpg', b5\o, /5\of

l;h{gf / kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= tkfO“{sf] ;dfhdf /xs] f] vfg]kfgL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu :yfgLo vfgk] fgL pkef]Stf
;ldltsf cWoIfnfO{ lgjb] g n]Vg'xf];\ .

@= kl/jf/sf] ;xofu] df cgnfOg klqsfaf6 s'g} Pp6f ;"rgf vf]hL sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 131

kf7 !$   xfd|f gk] fnL nf]safhf

b;F} / ltxf/ /dfOnf xfd|f r'6s\ f / VofnLn]
lxb{o xfdf| ] hd' '{/fpF5 lhtsf] ‰ofnLn]
a}F;sf] tfndf gfrfFn} f sxfF dfbn} g/x]
gk] fnL xfdL /xfn}F f sxfF g]kfn} g/x] .
–/fi6s« lj dfwj l3ld/]
xfdf| ] g]kfnL wtL{ cgs] fF} df}lns snf ;:+ sl[ tx¿sf] cg'kd ;ª\ux| fno xf] . oxfF kmn' ]sf / kmjm| s] f
cg]sf}F ;f+:s[lts je} jdWo] gk] fnLx¿sf] df}lns ;:+ sl[ tsf] cleGg / uf}/j ug{ nfos ¿kdf
/x]sf xfdf| nfs] afhfx¿ klg xg' \ . ;fdfGo ¿kdf eGbf xfd|f] g]kfn /fi6«leq cgflbsfnb]lv
a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf #&% xf/fxf/Ldf nfs] afhf 5g\ . tf/n] /6] ]/, dv' n] km's]/ jf uhfn]
7f]s/] ;/' tfn ldnfO{ ljleGg cj;/df ahfOg] o:tf oGqljz]if jf jfBnfO{ nfs] afhf elgG5 .
xfd|f nf]safhf xfdf| ] gk] fnL ;dfhsf] /xg;xg, hGd, ljjfx / dT[ o;' :+ sf/sf ;fy} rf8kj{,
hfqf, pT;j, dxfT] ;j, dn] fkft cflb;uF uflF ;P/ ;uF ;Fu} cfpF5g\ . oL gk] fnL nf]safhf
gk] fnL ;dfhsf] df}lns ;Eotf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] zªv\ gfb ug]{ df}lns klxrfg xg' \ . g]kfnL ;dfh
;f+:s[lts / hftLo ljljwtfn] oS' t 5 . oxfsF f hfthfltx¿n] ljleGg kj{ / ;+:sf/sf cj;/df
ahfpg] afhfx¿df klg To:t} ljljwtf kfOG5 . jf:tjdf g]kfndf ljljw hfthfltn] nf]suLt,
nfs] gfr / nf]sk/Dk/fbl] v kr| ngdf NofPsf afhfx¿nfO{ g} nf]safhf elgG5 .

zAbfy{
cgk' d – pkdf lbg g;lsg], ctn' gLo
d]nfkft – v]taf/Ldf w]/} hgf ldn]/ ul/g] sfdsfh

132 gk] fnL, sIff (

xfd|f g]kfnL nf]safhfsf] Oltxf; dfgj ;Eotf hlQs} k'/fgf] xg' k' 5{ . k'/f0f jf ldysx¿df
jl0f{t lzjhLn] xftdf lng] 8d?, lji0fs' f xftsf] zª\v / si[ 0fsf xftsf d'/nLx¿n] t kf/} fl0fs
sfnb]lv g} afhfsf] ;?' cft ePsf] dflgG5 . xfdf| ] g]kfndf klg jfBx¿ / jfBjfbgsf] ljsf;
kf| rLg sfnbl] v g} xFb' } cfP klg kf| dfl0fs ¿kdf el] 6g] sx] L kf| rLg clenv] x¿n] o;sf]
Oltxf;nfO{ ;ªs\ ]t u5{g\ . j;Gtb]jsf] ;j+ t\ $#$ sf] l6:6'ªsf] clenv] df sl'F bPsf] zª\v,
xfF8LufpFsf] cz+ j' dfs{ f] clenv] df dªu\ n afhf ahfpg] / kh" fsf] cj;/df zªv\ ahfpg]
/sd 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] . To:t} u/L nlntk'/ nn] s] f] clen]vdf k/s] f] jflbq ufi] 7Lsf] k|;ª\un]
klg lnlR5jL sfndf jfBjfbgnfO{ dxŒj lbOGYof] eGg] a'lemG5 . dNn sfndf rflxF jfBjfbg
/ jfB;fdu|Lx¿sf] Jofks ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . To;jn] f /fhfx¿n] klg :jod\
jfBjfbgdf efu lnO{ afhf ahfpFy] . o; s/' fnfO{ kt| fk dNnn] xgd' fg 9fs] fsf] Ps dl" t{df
afhf ahfO/xs] f] b[Zo cªl\ st x'gn' ] klg k'li6 u5{ .

nfs] afhf cfcfˆgf] ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fcg'¿k cgs] lsl;dsf 5g\ . logsf jfbgz}nL o;sf dV' o
b'O{ k|sf/ 5g\ . tL x'g\, tfnafhf / ;'/afhf . lognfO{ xhf/f}F jif{ klxn] gf6o\ zf:qsf nv] s
e/tdl' gn] ahfpg] zn} Lsf ;fy} agf]6sf cfwf/df tt\jfB, ljtt\ jfB, zl' if/ jfB, 3gjfB /
cjgjfB jud{ f juLs{ /0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;s} f cfwf/df g]kfnL nfs] afhfnfO{ klg juLs{ t[ ug{
;lsG5 . h;dWo] klxnf] jud{ f sf6] \ofP/ jf cf3ft kf/]/ ahfOg] Pstf/], jL0ff, 6ª' g\ f h:tf
tf/sf afhf k5{g\ . lognfO{ ttj\ fB eGg ;lsG5 . bf];f| ] jud{ f /6] /] ahfOg] ;f/ª\uL h:tf
tf/sf afhfx¿ k5{g\ o:tfnfO{ ljtt\ jfBcGtu{t /fVg ;lsG5 . t;] f| ] jud{ f xfjf jf ;f; km's/]
ahfOg] d/' nL, af;F '/L, ;xgfO,{ g/l;x+ f, zª\v cflb afhf k5{g\ . lognfO{ zl' if/ jfBsf gfdn]
lrGg ;lsG5 . rf}yfd] f 7f]s]/ ahfOg] 3G6L, ‰ofnL‰ofD6f, v}Fh8L cflb afhfx¿ k5{g\ h;nfO{
3gjfB eGg ;lsG5 eg] csf{] ju{df 5fnfn] df]l8Psf 9fn] , dfbn, gu/f, bdfxf, 6o\ fDsf,] 8d¿
cflb tfnafhf k5{g\ h;nfO{ cjgjfBsf] ju{df /fVg ;lsG5 .

axh' ftLo / ax';f:+ s[lts dn' s' x'g' gk] fnsf] uf}/jdo ctLt dfq xf]Og ;G' b/ jt{dfg klg
xf] . jf:tjdf of] d'n'sdf a:g] x/s] JolStsf] ;DaGw s'g} g s'g} hflt;Fu uflF ;Ps} xG' 5 . o;
cyd{ f xfdL g]kfnL s'g} g sg' } hft jf hfltsf] ;d'bfosf ;b:o xf}F . g]kfndf cfˆg} afhf, uLt,
;ªu\ Lt gePsf s'g} klg hflt 5}gg\ . hfthfltx¿sf afhf / dn] f, kj,{ ;f+:s[lts pT;j w]/}
xG' 5g\ . g]kfndf gj] f/ hfltsf ;ae} Gbf a9L ^) sf xf/fxf/Ldf afhf 5g\ eg] clt cNk;ª\Vos
s';G' 8f hfltsf] rflxF Pp6f dfq lkn{'ª lkk/L gfdsf] afhf 5 elgG5 . g]jf/ ;d'bfon] sf;F L
afhf, VjfnLdfnL, ltgLd'gL h:tf afhfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . gf}dtL / k~ra] fhf
gk] fnsf kr| lnt / rlr{t afhf xg' \ . lnDa" hfltsf Rofaª'| , tª' \uj] f / km]Gh] afhf, du/hfltsf

kf| dfl0fs – kd| f0f ePsf]
jflbq – afhf
gu/f – uhfn] ahfOg] Ps tfnafhf
cNk;ª\Vos – sd ;ªV\ of ePsf]

gk] fnL, sIff ( 133

dfbn, 8Dkm' / d'r{'ª\uf afhf g]kfnsf cdN" o lglw xg' \ . To:t} tfdfª hfltsf Uofk'ª, ;?ª\u] /
l;g8'ª afhf, /fO{ ls/ftsf afF;t'Daf, 6ª' \gf / lagfof] afhfn] g]kfnL ;:+ sl[ tnfO{ ;d[å t'NofPsf
5g\ . To:t} yf¿ hfltsf vFh8f lemnldn] / tdf}/f afhfn] klg gk] fnL nf]s;:+ s[ltnfO{ cem
;d4[ tN' ofPsf 5g\ . Tolt dfq} xfO] g z]kf{ hfltsf rf/} L 306, nfjf / lkjfª\ afhf, a|fXd0f
If]qLsf zª\v, 306, vhF} 8L / dh' '/f afhfsf ;fy} gk] fndf a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} hfltsf x/]s afhf
g]kfnsf cdN" o ;Dkbf x'g\ . g]kfnL nfs] afhf ;/+ If0fsf If]qdf nfu]sf Ps ;+:s[ltsdL{ /fdk|;fb
sF8]nn] cfˆgf] nf]safhf k':tsdf gk] fndf #&% cf6] f nf]safhf /x]sf] ;lrq pNnv] u/s] f 5g\ .
cfcfkmgf hfltn] logsf] hu]gf{ u/L g]kfnsf nfs] afhfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{' cToGt h?/L 5 .
o;sf nflu ;an} ] cfcfˆgf ;d'bfosf nfs] afhfx¿nfO{ hu]gf{ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

gk] fndf lxhf] s'g} hfltljz]ifn] / hfltljz]ifsf dfq eg]/ lrlgg] / ahfOg] oL nfs] afhfx¿ cfh
;du| gk] fnL hfltsf cfˆg} afhf ag]sf 5g\ . h'g;'s} hfltsf ljjfxdf ahfOg] oL k~r]afhf
/ gfd} tLsf] nfs] lk|otfn] cfsfz 5bF' f] 5 . :j/fh] uf/dn" s Joj;fosf ¿kdf cGo hfltn] klg
gfd} tL / k~ra] fhfx¿ ahfpFb} cfly{s pkfh{g;dt] ul//xs] f 5g\ . du/hfltdf nf]slk|o dflgg]
dfbn ca l;ªu\ f] gk] fnL hfltsf] afhf ag]sf] s/' f /fb] L3/x¿df o;sf] nfs] lk|otfn] ;fIo
k|:t't u/]s} 5 . zªv\ 306 a|fXd0fsf] dfq /x]g gk] fndf a;f]af; ug{] 7'nf] hg;ª\Vofn] cfˆgf
wfld{s cg'i7fgdf logsf] ko| f]u ul//xs] } 5g\ . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfhdf b]vf kb{} u/s] f] ;f+:s[lts
cGt3'{ngsf] k|ToIf k|efj;d]t gk] fnL nfs] afhfsf If]qdf ;dt] bv] fkbf]{ 5 .

xfd|f gk] fnL nf]safhfx¿ xfd}| g]kfnL df}lns nf]s;:+ s[ltsf] dxŒjk0" f{ pks/0fsf ¿kdf
/xs] f ;ªu\ Ltsf cleGg cªu\ xg' \ . gk] fnL nf]safhfx¿ g]kfnL nfs] hLjgsf ws' w'sL x'g\ .
;ªu\ Lt /Tgsf]zdf nl] vPsf] 5, æuLtd\, jfBd\ tyf g[Tod\ qo ;ªu\ Lt d'RotÆ] cyf{t\ uLt,
jfB / gT[ osf] ;fdl" xs gfd g} ;ªu\ Lt xf] . ;ª\uLtdf k|f0f eg]{ sfd jfBn] u/s] f] xG' 5 .
gk] fnL nf]safhfdf ljZj;ª\uLtnfO{ dfy ug{ ;Sg] zlSt 5 eGbf klg cTol' St gxf]nf . g]kfnL
nf]safhfx¿df gk] fnL hLjgsf] lk/ / Joyf afn] ]sf] xG' 5, cfF;' /;fPsf] xG' 5 / xf;F f] klg
d:' s'/fPsf] xG' 5 . g]kfnL nf]safhfsf Ifq] df uxg cg';Gwfg ug{x] ¿ klg 5g\ . nf]safhfx¿df
xfdL uf/} jzfnL kv' f{x¿nfO{ bV] g / pgLx¿sf cfjfh ;'Gg ;S5f}F . x'g klg xf], afhf PSnf]
x'bF g} / PSn} aHb}g . pm;uF tfn, af]n, :j/, /fu, uLt tyf gfrx¿ ;fyLsf ¿kdf /xs] f
xG' 5g\ . oL ;a} ldn/] xfdf| ] uf/} jdo nfs] ;+:s[lt hGdG5 . o:t} o:t} nf]s ;:+ sl[ t / nf]s
efsfn] gk] fnL nf]shLjgsf cfFvfdf aus] f cfF;' k'5]sf 5g\ . log} nf]sefsfn] g]kfnL jL/tfsf]
ufyf ufPsf 5g\ . gk] fnL nfs] x[bosf slxNo} klg gkl' /g] b'Mv, kL8f / Joyfsf 3fpsf] ;xh
pkrf/ ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ha g]kfnL nfs] hLjgdf ;Gtfgjl[ 4sf] vl' ;ofnL 5fpF5, Tolt j]nf

cd"No – dfn] ug{ g;lsg,] axd' N" o
hu]gf { – hf]ufP/ /fVg], ;/' Iff
cTol' St – a9fOr9fO ul/g] j0fg{ , cltzofl] St
uxg – ulx/f,] uDeL/
/fu – :j/ / ufog kl| j|mof;Fu ;DalGwt, Wjlg/fu

134 g]kfnL, sIff (

5}6Lx¿df gjhft lzzs' f] bL3f{os' f nflu v}Fh8L / dh'/f aH5g\ . ljjfxsf] cj;/df aHg]
gf}dtL of k~ra] fhfn] k}bf ug{] /f}gssf] t aofg u/L s] g} ;fWo 5 / < b]jb]jLsf yfgx¿df
aHg] dª\un wg' / ljleGg pT;j / kjx{ ¿df aHg] afhfufhfx¿n] g]kfnL nf]ssf] ;ª3\ if{zLn
hLjgnfO{ klg lgs} dgf/] ~hg / cfgGb k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . lsgls g]kfnL ;dfhdf s'g} klg
wld{s cg'i7fgx¿ / ;fdlhs ;:+ sf/x¿ ;fªu\ Llts cgi' 7fglagf ;DkGg xF'b}gg\ eg] x/s] o:tf
;fªu\ Llts cg'i7fgx¿ gk] fnL nfs] afhfljgf cw'/f g} /xG5g\ .

cfofltt afhfx¿af6 g]kfnsf dfl} ns / /y} fg] nf]safhfx¿ nvl] 6g] l:ylt cfpg' xbF' }g .
cfhef]ln xfdf| nf]safhfx¿kl| t gofF k':tfsf] rf;f] 36\g yfnsf] xf] ls eGg] cfef; xg' yfn]sf]
5 . ;f/ªu\ L, dfbn, d'r{'ª\uf, ljgfof,] 6o\ fDsf,] ;gfxL, ‰ofD6f cflb xfdf| nfs] afhfx¿ x'g\ t/
logsf] abnfdf gk] fnLx¿ xf/dfl] god, lutf/, lsaf8] {, tanf / lah+ s' f] wg' df /dfpg vf]lh/xs] f
5g\ . lbgk|ltlbg bz] df nfs] afhf ahfpg] dfG5]sf] cefj xbF' }5 To;}n] ;/sf/n] nf]safhfsf]
;/+ If0fsf nflu ljzi] f kxn ugk'{ 5{ . g]kfndf nfs] afhfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu nfs] afhf ;ªu\ x| fno
gfds ;+:yf 5 . JolStut ¿kdf sltko JolStx¿ cfh o;sf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu lbnf] Hofgn]
;dlk{t klg 5g\ . ;z' Ln uGwjn{ ufotn] o;sf] ;+/If0fsf] cleofgdf b]vfPsf] cu|;/tf
k|z+;fofU] o 5 .

xfd|f gk] fnL nfs] afhfdf dfG5]nfO{ n7o\ fpg] zlSt / snfsf] cgGt hfb' ePsn} ] logsf] 7n' f]
dxŒj 5 . gk] fnsf k~ra] fhfn] ze' sfo{sf] ;ªs\ t] lbG5g,\ To;}n] t ljjfx xf];\ jf cGo sg' }
ze' sfo{ k~r]afhfnfO{ cl3 nufOG5 . tL afhf 3lGsg yfnk] l5 ;f/f cze' ;ªs\ ]tx¿ sn' ]nd
7f]S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . dnfdL hfFbf ahfpg] Psfx] f]/f] zª\vdf e"tkt]| eufpg ;Sg] zlSt
x'G5 eGg] k/Dkl/t ljZjf; Psflt/ 5 eg] csfl{ t/ zª\v km'Sbf kmf]S;f]sf] Jofofd x'G5 eGg]
klg dflgG5 . To;f] t x/]s afhf ahfpbF f zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yodf ;d]t cg's"n
k|efj k5{ . d'/nL jf afF;'/L ahfP/} kf/} fl0fs sfndf s[i0fn] dRrfPsf] k]d| nLnfsf] ls+jbGtLn]
d'/nLdf /xs] f] zlStnfO{ Bft] g u/s] } 5 . o4' sf] 3f]if0ff ug{] …gu/fÚ / ;fdflhs en] fsf] lglDt
;"lrt ug]{ …k'ªÚ h:tf afhfx¿leq ns' s] f] zlSt ljlrqsf] 5 . cfhefl] n t sltkon] afhf
ahfpgn' fO{ Joj;fo / k];fs} ¿kdf ljsl;t u/L cfocfhg{ ;d]t ul//xs] f] kfOG5 . o;/L
afhfaf6 lg:sg] w'gn] JolStdf kl/j]z cgs' n" sf] efj kb} f ug]{, z'efze' ;ªs\ t] ug]{ / JolStsf]
zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s :jf:Yo;d]t :j:y /fVg d2t k¥' ofpg] xFb' f o;sf] dxŒj 5 .

gk] fnsf ljleGg hfltsf cgs] rf8kj{, ljjfx, wfld{s sfo{ cflbdf ufpF;x/ htftt} g]kfnL
nf]safhf aHg'k5{ . cfwl' gstfsf gfddf kk, ¥ofk, l8:sf] xf]Og g]kfnL nf]suLt tyf nfs]
;ªu\ Ltsf tfndf gk] fnL afhf g} 3lGsgk' 5{ . cfwl' gstfnfO{ cuF fNg' ;dosf] dfu xf]nf

cgi' 7fg – wfld{s sfo,{ ljlwd'tflas ul/g] kh" f kf7 jf cf/fwgf
cfef; – sg' } s/' f xf] ls h:tf] nfUg', emNsf]
Jofofd – z/L/nfO{ :j:y tyf tGb?' :y agfpg lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g] >d jf s;/t
Bf]tg – ;ª\s]t ug{,] ;r" gf lbg] sfd

gk] fnL, sIff ( 135

t/ o;}df 8'a/] cfˆgf] dfl} nstfnfO{ eN' g' sbflk /fd|f] xf]Og . cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf oL cdN" o
nf]safhfx¿sf] ko| f]u / ;+/If0fkl| t /fHo / gful/s;dt] hfu¿s / ;rt] xg' ' h?/L 5 . ;:+ s[lt
egs] f] x/s] /fi6s« f] cfTdf xf] / dfl} nstfsf] kof{o xf] . dfl} nstf efiff / /xg;xgn] dfq xfO] g,
ToxfFsf] ax';f:+ sl[ ts ;j' f; / To;df c6fpg] uLt, ;ªu\ Ltn] klg af]S5 . xfd|f dfl} ns afhf
;ª\s6df kbf{ xfdf| ] klxrfg;d]t ;ªs\ 6df kg{] xF'bf o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;j+ wg{ sf nflu ;Dk0" f{
dn' s' Ps l9Ssf xg' ' cfjZos 5 . gk] fn nfs] afhfsf bl[ i6n] ;dt] je} jzfnL 5 . of] j}ejnfO{
arfP dfq xfdL cfˆg} ;:+ sl[ t, k/Dk/f / snfnfO{ cem} ;d4[ tN' ofpg ;S5f}F . /fi6«slj dfwj
l3ld/s] f] uLlt sljtfsf dflysf xb[ o:kzL{ x/kmx¿df ‰ofnL / dfbnn] ;du| nf]safhfsf]
kl| tlglwTj ub{} oL /x] eg] dfq g]kfn /xG5 eGg] dflds{ efj JoSt 5 . ctM /fi6s« f] cl:tTj
arfpg d'ns' sf] df}lns nf]safhfsf] ;+/If0f h?/L 5 .

cl:tTj – s'g} j:t' xg' fsf] efj jf cj:yf

zAbe08f/

! tn lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M
zAb cy{
pkI] ff k|fsl[ ts ;DklQ
ljljw cfzf
cªl\ st klxn]bl] vsf]
;Dkbf lrlqt
bL3fo{ ' k7fOPsf]
/}yfg] bL3h{ LjL
cfoftLt cg]s k|sf/sf
lt/isf/, aj] f:tf
NofOPsf]
@= …xfd|f gk] fnL nfs] afhfÚ lgaGwdf ljleGg hfthfltdf kr| lnt afhfx¿sf] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . tL
afhf;“u ;DalGwt zAbx¿ klxrfg u/L ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .
#= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] ugx'{ f;] \ M
ljljwtf, nfs] k/Dk/f, vFh} 8L, cNk;ª\Vos, ws' w'sL, ;+jw{g

136 g]kfnL, sIff (

$= eGHofªrft} f/L, lrofgf:tf, ;fyLefO, ;Grfl] a;Grf] h:tf cGo kf“rcf6] f hf8] L zAb vf]Hg'xf;] \ .

af]w / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z4' ;u“ pRrf/0f ug'{xf;] \ M

je} j, jfB, jL0ff, ;f+:sl[ ts, zlSt, bL3f{o', cg'i7fg, ;ª\u|xfno

@= lgaGwsf cg'R5b] kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ k7g ug'{xf;] \ / ;fyLn] k9b\ f nfus] f] ;do l6kf6] u/L sIffdf
;'gfpg'xf;] \ .

#= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ …xfd|f g]kfnL nf]safhfÚ kf7 slt cgR' 5b] df ;+/lrt 5 <

-v_ lgaGwsf] t;] |f] cg'R5]bdf sltcf]6f jfSo 5g\ <

-u_ jfSo u7gsf b[li6n] ;fgf] / 7'nf] cgR' 5b] sg' xf] <

-3_ sg' cgR' 5]bdf ljleGg hfltsf afhfx¿sf gfd pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 <

$= lbOPsf] lgaGwfz+ sf] ;Gbe{ k9L ;fl] wPsf] kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

xfd|f] g]kfnL wtL{ cg]sf}F df}lns snf ;:+ sl[ tx¿sf] cgk' d ;ª\u|xfno xf] . oxfF kmjm| ]sf
/ kmn' ]sf cgs] f}F ;f:+ sl[ ts j}ejdWo] gk] fnLx¿sf] df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] cleGg / uf/} j ug{
nfos ¿kdf /x]sf xfd|f nfs] afhfx¿ klg x'g\ . ;fdfGo ¿kdf eGbf xfd|f] g]kfn /fi6«leq
cgflbsfnb]lv a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf #&% xf/fxf/Ldf nf]safhf 5g\ . tf/n] /6] /] ,
dv' n] kms' /] jf uhfn] 7f]s/] ;'/tfn ldnfO{ ljleGg cj;/df ahfOg] o:tf oGqljzi] f jf
jfBnfO{ nfs] afhf elgG5 . xfd|f nf]safhf xfdf| ] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] /xg;xg, hGd, ljjfx
/ d[To;' :+ sf/sf ;fy} rf8kj,{ hfqf, pT;j, dxf]T;j, dn] fkft cflb;Fu ufFl;P/ ;Fu;Fu}
cfp5F g\ . oL gk] fnL nf]safhf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] df}lns ;Eotf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] zª\vgfb
ug{] dfl} ns klxrfg x'g\ . g]kfnL ;dfh ;f+:sl[ ts / hftLo ljljwtfn] oS' t 5 . oxfFsf
hfthfltx¿n] ljleGg kj{ / ;:+ sf/sf cj;/df ahfpg] afhfx¿df klg To:t} ljljwtf
kfOG5 . jf:tjdf gk] fndf ljljw hfthfltn] nfs] uLt, nf]sgfr / nf]sk/Dk/fbl] v
k|rngdf NofPsf afhfx¿nfO{ g} nfs] afhf elgG5 .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ gk] fnL wtL{nfO{ s'g s/' fsf] cgk' d ;ªu\ |xfno dflgPsf] 5 <

-v_ nfs] afhfx¿nfO{ s;/L ahfOG5 <

-u_ s:tf ;:+ sf/df nf]safhfsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 <

-3_ ;+:s[ltsf] zª\vgfb eGgfn] s] cy{ al' emG5 <

gk] fnL, sIff ( 137

%= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ g]kfnL nf]safhfsf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf] 5 <

-v_ ahfpg] zn} L / agf]6sf cfwf/df nfs] afhfnfO{ slt lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

-u_ gk] fnL nf]safhfx¿sf] dxŒjaf/] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

^= JofVof ug{'xf;] \ M

-s_ ax'hftLo / ax';f:+ sl[ ts d'ns' x'g' gk] fnsf] uf/} jdo ctLt dfq xf]Og ;G' b/ jt{dfg
klg xf] .

-v_ dfl} ns afhf ;ªs\ 6df kg{' egs] f] xfd|f] klxrfg;dt] ;ªs\ 6df kg{' xf] .

&= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9\gx' f;] \ / ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrd kb| ]zcGtut{ s~rgk/' lhNnfdf bf]wf/f rfbgF L gu/kflnsf k5{ .
of] gu/kflnsf gk] fnsf] dxfsfnL gbLkfl/ /x]sf ;flassf rfFbgL / bf]wf/f bO' { uf=lj=;=
;dfj]z u/L o; gu/kflnsfsf] gfd bfw] f/f rfbF gL gu/kflnsf gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;
gu/kflnsfsf] pQ/, klZrd / blIf0fdf ef/t /xs] f] 5 eg] kj" d{ f dxfsfnLkfl/ eLdbQ
gu/kflnsf / zS' nfkmfF6 jGohGt' cf/If /x]sf 5g\ . o; gu/kflnsfdf ;fdb' flos /
;+:yfut u/L !! cf]6f dfWolds ljBfno / #@ cf]6f cfwf/et" ljBfno u/L hDdf $#
cf]6f lzIf0f ;+:yf ;~rflnt 5g\ . o; gu/kflnsfdf ljleGg hfthflt tyf wd{ dfGg]
JolStx¿sf] a;f]af; /xs] f] 5 . oxfsF f :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] cf};t kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf
s[lif Joj;fon] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] lx:;f cfu] 6s] f] 5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgLsf cGo
;|ft] x¿df Jofkf/, gfs] /L / jb} ]lzs /f]huf/L /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF ljleGg hfthflt / ;db' fosf
dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /xs] f] 5 . oxfF b;}F, ltxf/, df3L, xf]nL, uf/} f, si[ 0fhGdfi6dL,
cfOtaf/L, 57kj{, a4' hoGtL, lj|m:d; cflb k|dv' rf8kj{sf ¿kdf dgfOG5g\ . dxfsfnL
gbLdf /x]sf] gk] fnsf] ;ae} Gbf nfdf] emfn] 'ªu\ ] k'n t//] oxfsF f dflg; cfjthfjt u5g{ \ .
o; gu/kflnsfdf kU' g dxfsfnLdf gofF kSsL kn' ag]sf] 5 . o;n] oxfsF f] ljsf;df 6j] f
kU' g] ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-c_ bf]wf/f rfbF gL gu/kflnsf s;/L lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] lyof] <

-cf_ ToxfFsf] hghLjg s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <

-O_ To; Ifq] df dgfOg] d'Vo rf8kjs{ f] gfd nV] gx' f];\ .

-O{_ cg'R5]bsf cfwf/df ToxfFsf ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf] cj:yfaf/] cgd' fg ugx'{ f;] \ .

138 g]kfnL, sIff (

-v_ efiff ;+/rgf klxrfg ug'{xf];\ M
-c_ …jGohGt' cf/IfÚ sf] cy{ n]vL jfSodf k|of]u ugx{' f];\ .
-cf_ cgR' 5]bsf] clGtdsf bO' c{ f6] f jfSonfO{ ldnfP/ ;o+ 'St jfSo agfpgx' f;] \ .
-O_ cg'R5]baf6 bO' {cf6] f ;/n jfSo l6Kgx' f;] \ .
-O_{ cg'R5]bsf] klxnf] jfSonfO{ bO' {cf6] f ;/n jfSodf ljZn]if0f ugx{' f];\ .

*= g]kfnL nfs] afhfsf ljzi] ftf s:tf 5g,\ kf7sf cfwf/df ;dLIff ug'x{ f;] \ .

(= kf7sf] rfy} f] cg'R5]bsf] cfzo afw] xg' ] u/L kf“rcf]6f kZ| g lgdf0{ f ugx{' f];\ .

!)= gfd} tL afhfsf ljifodf ;"rgfdn" s cgR' 5b] tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

!!= kf7sf] t;] f| ] cg'R5]baf6 rf/cf]6f a'b“ f l6kL ;f/fz+ n]Vgx' f;] \ .

!@= /]l8of]df k|;fl/t zl} Ifs sfo{j|md ;'g/] To;sf] ljifoj:t' sIffsf7] fdf k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .
!#= :jl:tsfn] cfˆgf] ljBfnosf] cj:yfnfO{ o;/L j0f{g u/s] L l5g\ . tkfO{“ klg cfˆgf]
ljBfnosf] cj:yf sIffdf j0f{g ugx'{ f];\ M

d hgtf dfWolds ljBfnodf k9\5' . d/] f] ljBfnodf cfwf/e"t / dfWolds
txsf] k7gkf7gsf] nflu cnu cnu ejg 5g\ . ljBfnosf] lardf 7n' f] rp/ 5 . pSt
rp/df xfdLx¿ vn] vN] 5fF} . rp/glhs} /x]sf] ejgdf xfdf| ] sIffsf7] f 5 . sIffsf]7fdf
a]Gr / 8:] s ldnfP/ /flvPsf] 5 . sIffsf7] fdf lstfa /fVg ldNg] ¥ofs;lxtsf] 6]an'
5 . k|To]s ljifosf dxŒjk0" f{ zl} Ifs ;fduL| leQfdf ;hfP/ /flvPsf] 5 . sIffsf7] fsf]
;f}Gbo{ b]v/] ;a} lzIfsn] xfdf| ] k|z+;f ug'x{ 'G5 .

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 !$ ;'Ggx' f;] \ / tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M
-s_ xfSkf/] uLt s'g ;db' fodf kr| lnt 5 <
-v_ xfSkf/] uLt ufpg]n] s;/L >ft] fx¿nfO{ dGqdU' w kf5{ <
-u_ uLtnfO{ s;/L cGTo ul/G5 <
-3_ xfSkf/] uLtsf dV' o d'Vo ljzi] ftf eGgx' f;] \ .

@= xfSkf/] uLt h:t} tkfO{“sf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt uLt sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 139

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] df /xs] f ;/n, ;o+ 'St / ld> jfSo 56' \ofpg'xf;] \ M

/df 3/ uOg\ . pgn] vfgf vfOg\ . pgn] Psl5g lstfa kl9g\ . pgL a7} s sf7] fdf cfOg\ .
hltj]nf a7} s sf]7fdf k'lug\ Toltj]nf 6'KnS' s /dfsf dfdf cfpge' of] . ha dfdfn]
efGhLnfO{ bV] ge' of] ta dfdfn] Pp6f pkxf/ lbge' of] . dfdfn] /dfnfO{ Pp6f syfsf]
lstfa Nofpg' ePsf] /x5] clg Tof] b]v/] pgL ;f/} v;' L eOg\ . pgn] dfdfnfO{ w]/} w/] }
wGojfb lbOg\ / dfdfnfO{ Ps lunf; kmnkm"nsf] /; 6jm| o\ fOg\ .

@= kf7sf] bf];f| ] cgR' 5]bdf ko| fu] ePsf ;/n / ;+o'St jfSo l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ .

#= tn lbOPsf ;ªs\ ]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ p;nfO{ ;k{n] 6fS] of] . p;n] pkrf/ u¥of] . -ld> jfSo_

-v_ ;l' dqf ahf/ uOg\ / :jfut ld>nfO{ el] 6g\ . -;/n jfSo_

-u_ nfSkf z]kf{ /]l8of] lsG5g\ . pgL 3/ hfG5g\ . -;+o'St jfSo_

-3_ h'g b]z ljsl;t xG' 5 Tof] bz] sf hgtf v;' L xG' 5g\ . -;/n jfSo_
-ª_ cfsfz u8o\ fªu8' 'ª u5{ clg d;' nwf/] kfgL k5{ . -ld> jfSo_
-r_ h;n] kl/>d u5{ p;n] ;kmntf kfpF5 . -;/n jfSo_

$= ;+oS' t / ld> jfSosf] k|of]u u/L Jofjxfl/s lzIffsf] af/d] f Pp6f cg'R5b] /rgf ug'x{ f];\ .

%= tflnsfdf lbOPsf jfSok9\gx' f;] \ M

ljZn]lift jfSo ;+Znl] ift jfSo

;/sf/n] lzIffdf kf| yldstf lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/ /
;/sf/n] :jf:Yodf kf| yldstf lbPsf] 5 . zflGt ;/' Iffdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 .
;/sf/n] /f]huf/df kf| yldstf lbPsf] 5 .
;/sf/n] zflGt ;/' Iffdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 .

^= kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5b] df k|of]u ePsf s'g} bO' { ;+Znl] ift jfSo klxrfg u/L ;/n jfSodf
ljZni] f0f u//] b]vfpgx' f];\ .

&= tn lbOPsf jfSonfO{ Pp6} jfSodf ;Z+ n]if0f ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ ;~ho u?' ª ndh'ªsf afl;Gbf xg' \ . pgs} ;ljm| otfdf ndhª' ;flxTo k|lti7fg
vf]lnPsf] 5 . kl| ti7fgn] kT| o]s zlgaf/ ;flxlTos sfo{j|md cfofh] gf u5{ .
;flxTosf/x¿ pSt sfo{jm| ddf ;xefuL xG' 5g\ .

140 g]kfnL, sIff (

-v_ l;Gw'nL lhNnf afUdtL k|b]zdf k5{ . oxfFsf ls;fgx¿ k|z:t h'gf/ v]tL u5g{ \ .
pgLx¿ hg' f/ laj|mL u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] k|z:t cfly{s nfe lnG5g\ .

*= tn lbOPsf jfSonfO{ 5f]6f 5f]6f ;/n jfSodf ljZn]if0f ugx'{ f];\ M

-s_ lzIf0f k];fdf ;dlk{t lzIfsx¿ sdz{ Ln xg' fn] k|fl1s JolStTjsf ¿kdf :yflkt
5g\ .

-v_ ha ljBfyL{x¿ kl/>d u5g{ \ ta pgLx¿ ;kmn xG' 5g\ clg pgLx¿sf] eljio pHHjn
aG5 .

-u_ dflg; ;fdflhs kf| 0fL ePsfn] pm ;dfhdf a:5 / Pscsf{sf] b'Mv;'vdf ;fy lbG5 .

(= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9g\ x' f;] \ . cgR' 5b] af6 ‘1’ / ‘Uo’ k|ofu] ePsf zAb klxrfg ug{'xf];\ M

1fgZ] j/sf 1fgaxfb'/ 1jfnLn] Pp6f Uof;F l;lnG8/ lsg] . pgL laxfg vfhf vfP/ lj1fg
ljifo k9g\ a;] . ToxL j]nf o1k;| fb cfP / Uofn]g lnP/ kfgL lng uP . af6fdf df]6/
Uof/h] lyof] . pgn] df]6/ Uof/h] sf 5]psf] wf/faf6 kfgL NofP / vfgf ksfP . 1fgaxfb'/
/ o1k|;fbn] vfgf vfP . o1 klg lj1fgdf of]Uo lyP . bj' n} ] lj1fgsf] k/LIff /fd|f] u/] .

!)= zAbsf]zsf] ;xfotfn] ‘1’ / ‘Uo’ k|ofu] ePsf kfr“ kfr“ zAb l6Kg'xf];\ .

!!= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ z'4 u/L n]Vgx' f];\ M

kU| of, 1f/]G6L, Uofkg, cfUof, UofgL, of]1, Uoft, ljUo, 1fl:6s«

l;h{gf / kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= …;fOa/ ck/fwsf] /fs] yfdÚ ljifodf Pp6f lgaGw tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .

@= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf k|rlnt nf]safhfsf] gfd l6kL tL afhf sg' s'g cj;/df ahfOG5g\,
sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 141

kf7 !% cfdfsf] tl:a/ – el" kg

oxL 8Nn] hfFtf] em}F kmgkmgL 3d' fP/
cfˆgf] pd]/
chF 'nLel/ ;kgfx¿sf] 3fg xfn/]
ltdLn] d/] f nflu 3d' fO/x\of} hfFtf]
hLjgel/ .
lbbLsf] km;] as' df
ha bv] F] ltdf| ] tl:a/
cfxf] Û dnfO{ sl7g e/} x5] ;f; kmg] {
aGb eP em}F nfUb} 5 /ut aUg

wldnf] wldnf] ;lDemPF

dnfO{ lkl7pFdf af]s/]

ltdLn] nf]/L ufpFb} hfFtf] 3d' fPsf] .

;lDemP,F

pd]/sf kfrF 5cf6] f cv]6f r9k] l5

dnfO{ hfFtf] glhs} /fv/]

ltdLn] ;'gs];/L do} fsf] syf ;g' fPsf] .

ltdLn] dwd' fntLsf] syf ;'gfPsf] .

;lDemPF,

d}n] hftF f] 3d' fpg] lh2L ubf{

ltdLn] :gx] n] egs] f],

æ;Sbg} ;\ afa' clxn]

7]nf p7\5 slnnf] xTs]nfdf .Æ

ha hftF f] 3d' fpg ;Sg] ePF

zAbfy{

hf“tf] — rfSnf / uf]nfsf/ 9ª' u\ fsf b'O{ kmUn]6faf6 agfOPsf] ds}, ux,“' sfb] f] cflb lk:g ko| f]u

ul/g] Ps ks| f/sf] 3/n] ' oGq
3fg — Ps k6s e'6g\ , s'6g\ jf lk:gsf nflu 56' \ofOPsf] j:ts' f] dfqf
nf]/L — gfgLafa'nfO{ ;'tfpg cfdfn] ufpg] uLt jf To;sf] no
cv6] f — cl3 a9g\ jf prfOlt/ hfgsf nflu ?v jf af]6df glrlKng] u/L 6l] sg] efu, ;;fgf xf“uf

142 gk] fnL, sIff (

d]/} hLjgsf] rj|m 3D' of] ToxL hftF f] emF}
/ d p8\g'k¥of] ;ft ;db' |kfl/ .

dnfO{ 8fs] fsf] 3fF;dfly /fv]/
ltdLn] psfnL cf/] fnL u¥of}
/ ltd|f] 9f8 sl' k|of] .
dnfO{ ;w}F ;'vdf /fv]/
ltdLn] xftdf 7]nf p7fof}
/ ltdf| ] efUo/v] f d]l6of] .
ca t kml] /g' kYof]{ ltd|f] bl} gsL
t/ lbbLn] n]lvg\ km;] as' df
æcfdfsf] kY[ jLdf
b'Mvsf] df;} d cem} klg .Æ

cfdf Û

dn} ] oxfF bM' vn] sdfPsf] k;} fn]

d hGd]sf] 3/sf] b}nf] kft] ]g5

lem;ld;]d} uP/ NofPg5 kfgL kFw]/faf6

uf]7sf] esf/f] kmfng] 5

3f;F sf6g] 5 vf]l/ofaf6

bfp/f NofPg5 hªu\ naf6 .

;fr] y] ,]F

dn} ] olt sdfPkl5

ca t ltd|f bM' vx¿ o;} ;lsP xfn] fg\ .

cN;/n] lat]sf aa' fsf]

emNsf] klg sd xb'F } uof] xfn] f

æar/] fx¿ u8F' 5f]8]/ hfgsf nflu hGdG5g\ .Æ

ltdLn] lrQ ae' mfof} xfn] f .

cfdf Û

otf d km;s] f] 5' hLjgsf] bnbnd] f

hlt lg:sg vf]H5' of] b]zaf6

plt g} hf8] n] efl;G5' tn

cem tn 3/df k:g jf lgl:sgsf lglDt /flvPsf] 9fs] f, blxnf]
afnL nufpgsf nflu hª\unsf ?v, a'6o\ fg cflb sf6/] nufP/ agfOPsf] hldg
b}nf] — r/fx¿sf] af;:yfg
vf]l/of —
u8“' —

gk] fnL, sIff ( 143

emg} tn . gk] fnL, sIff (

w]/} l9nf u/]/ cfTd;dLIff ub}{ 5'
cfdf Û
dn} ] ltdf| nflu s]xL ;fr] ]g5'
dn} ] ;fr] ]g5' cfdf,
ltdf| ] bdsf] /fu]
cfªF v:g] ladf/
/ hfFtf;] Fu} PSn} aa/{ fP/ afFRg'kg{]
Pp6f lhGbuLsf af/]df .
kf;kf]6,{ le;f jf lkcf/sf] rSs/ nufpFbf nufpbF f
3/, uf8L / ;DklQsf] ls:tf ltbf{ ltbf{
dn} ] la;{]5',
bl' gofsF f] ;a}eGbf Kof/f] sfvnfO{ .

cfdf Û
5'6\6Lsf] lbg
ha cfsfz lrb}{ pl8/x]sf hxfhx¿ bV] 5'
;fR] 5',
oLdWo] sg' } hxfh d]/f] bz] klg hfG5 .
ha xNnf ub{] pl8/x]sf s¥ofªs?' ªx¿ b]V5'
;fR] 5',
logLx¿sf] n:s/ d]/f] ufpF klg k'U5 .

d Tof] hxfhsf]
Ps ofqL aGg klg ;sg] 5'
d Tof] ayfgsf]
Pp6f r/f aGg klg ;sg] 5'

cfdf Û

cfTd;dLIff — cfˆg} u0' fbf]ifsf] ljjr] gf
n:s/ — tft“ L, nsf{]

144

lbbLsf] km;] a'sdf ha ltd|f] kmf6] f] bv] F]
d dfgL kml' SnPsf] hftF f] em}F ePsf] 5' .

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f;] \ M

zAb cy{

cFhn' L sfd ubf{ xftuf]8fdf p7g\ ] 5fnfsf] ;fx|f] 8Nnf ]

wldnf ] ufn] f] 3/] f

7]nf wtL{

Rfjm| b'O{ xTs]nf hf]8L agfOPsf] vfN6fel/sf] s'g} j:t'sf] kl/df0f

kY[ jL 7'nf gbL jf ;d'bd| f ;fdfg jf dfG5] cf];f/k;f/ ug{] ;fwg

esf/f] ljb]z hfgsf lglDt ;/sf/n] lbg] cg'dltkq, /fxbfgL

kf;kf]6{ 7]NgL sfd

kfgLhxfh ufO{, eF;} L cflb kzx' ¿sf] dn, dnd"q

/fdf| ;] uF gbl] vg]

pHofnf]

@= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] nV] gx' f;] \ M

ljkgf, ;xh, psfnL, ;v' , dfly, zfGt

#= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ug{'xf;] \ M

hftF f], lkl7pF, ;ft ;db' |, ladf/L, efl;g', lkcf/

Aff]w / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z4' pRrf/0f ug{x' f;] \ M

chF 'nL, rjm| , ;db' |, k[YjL, cfªF , bnbn]

@= sljtfnfO{ ult, olt / no ldnfO{ cfbz{ jfrg ug{x' f;] \ .

#= tn lbOPsf] sljtf+z k9L kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

dnfO{ 8f]sfsf] 3f;F dfly /fv]/
ltdLn] psfnL cf/] fnL u¥of}
/ ltdf| ] 9f8 s'lko| f] .
dnfO{ ;w}F ;'vdf /fv/]

gk] fnL, sIff ( 145