नेपाली कक्षा ९

-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ …;fu / l;:g' vfPsf] a]; cfgGbL dgn]Ú eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
-cf_ l;:g'df s] s:tf kfl} i6s tŒj kfOG5 <
-O_ l;:gn' fO{ lsg cufl{ gs pTkfbg elgPsf] xf] <
-O{_ l;:g' ksfP/ vfg] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ atfpgx' f;] \ .
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ M
-c_ cgR' 5]baf6 …cflbÚ / …ljkGgÚ zAbsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb nV] gx' f];\ .
-cf_ cgR' 5b] af6 rGb|laGb' nfus] f zAb l6Kgx' f];\ .
-O_ …ljz4' Ú / …k|rngÚ zAbdf nfu]sf pk;ux{ ¿ 56' \ofpgx' f];\ . tL pk;u{ nfus] f
yk b'O{ b'Oc{ f]6f zAb nV] g'xf;] \ .
-O{_ …l;:gfd] f w]/} cf}ifwLo u0' f kfOPsf] 5Ú jfSonfO{ et" sfndf kl/jtg{ ug'x{ f];\ .
*= ‘g]kfn cfdfsf ==== JolSt xg' \’ cgR' 5b] af6 dV' o rf/cf]6f a“b' f l6kL ;f/f+z n]Vgx' f;] \ .
(= hLjgLsf] ;Gbz] ;Da4 tnsf egfOsf] cfzo v'nfP/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/ lng'
-v_ bM' vdf gcflQg' / ;'vdf gdflQg'
-u_ hLjgsf psfnL cf]/fnLdf xft]dfnf] ub{} cl3 a9g\ '
-3_ ;ª3\ if{ g} hLjgsf] kof{o x'g'
!)= hLjgLsf cfwf/df ;Todf]xg hfz] LnfO{ bz] eSt JolStTjsf ¿kdf lrgfpg'xf];\ .
!!= lbOPsf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;Todf]xg hf]zLsf of]ubfgx¿sf] rrf{ ug{x' f];\ M

46 gk] fnL, sIff (

!@= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9L tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug'x{ f];\ M

c~hnLsf aa' fn] 5f]/L cjlGtsfnfO{ eGge' of], æcfkmg\ f] nIodf lg/Gt/ nfUg'k5{ .
lg/Gt/ nfu] Ps g Ps lbg ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 eGg]s'/f c?0ff nfdfsf] pbfx/0f
lbP/ ;DemfpFb} x'g'x'GYof] . …o;kfln t dg} kmf6\of] sn] ] l;pg] sn] ] 6fNg]===Ú eGg] c?0ff
nfdfsf] ufogsf] kª\lSt lgs} rlrt{ 5 . cDa/ u'?ªåf/f /lrt o; uLtdf ;'dw/'
:j/ eg]{ c?0ff nfdfsf] hLjg b'Mv} bM' vn] el/Psf] 5 . ljjfx u/]sf] bz jif{ gkU' b}
kltljofu] af6 zfs] df 8a' ]sL pgnfO{ cfly{s cefjn] ;tfO/xo\ f] . hLjgdf h:tf];s' }
jh|kft cfOk/] klg pgn] cfˆgf] ufog wd{nfO{ slxNo} 5fl8gg\ . hlt;s' } b'Mv / cefjsf
lardf klg pgn] lg/Gt/ uLt ufO/lxg\ . To;n} ] cfh pgL ;kmn ufossf/sf ¿kdf
ch/ cd/ algg\ .Æ To;}n] ltdLdf klg Ifdtf 5 lg/Gt/ nflu/xo\ f} eg] ;kmntf k|fKt
x'G5 . hlt;s' } cK7\of/f cfOk/] klg cfkmg\ f] nIo 5f8] \g xFb' g} eg/] cfkm\gL 5f/] LnfO{
clek]l| /t ug{x' G' 5 .

tkfO{F klg tkfOFs{ f ;fyL jf efOalxgLnfO{ cfkm\gf] nIo kf| lKtsf nflu nflu/xg s;/L
clek|l] /t ug'{x'G5 sIffdf ;fyL ;fyL ldn]/ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u//] b]vfpgx' f];\ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 % ;G' gx' f;] \ / tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ d kfq aflx/ lg:sg 8/fpgfsf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-v_ d kfqn] ufpF3/df s] vfP h:t} u/L kfg vfP <
-u_ d kfq lsg xf;F fs] f] kfq eP <
-3_ d kfqnfO{ lsg Unflg eof] <
@= gof“ 7fpd“ f hfbf tkfOn{“ fO{ s:tf] cg'e"lt xfn] f, sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= tn lbOPsf jfSodf ko| f]u ePsf lj|mofkb klxrfg ug{x' f];\ M
-s_ d jgefh] uPF . dn} ] ;fyLx¿;Fu /dfOnf] u/F] . d klg gfrufgdf ;xefuL ePF . d
;fFem 5 ah] 3/ kmsF{] .
-v_ pm 56' \6Lsf] lbg 3/d} a:5 . pm afFsL u[xsfo{ u5{ . pm sx] L ;do efOalxgL;uF
vN] 5 . pm cfdfa'afnfO{ 3/sf] sfd ;3fpF5 .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 47

-u_ ltdLx¿ ahf/ hfg] 5f} . ltdLx¿ ahf/df ;fdfg lsGg] 5f} . ltdLx¿ ;fdfg emfn] fdf
/fVg] 5f} . ltdLx¿ ;fdfg lnP/ 3/ kmsg{ ] 5f} .

@= kf7af6 jt{dfg sfn / et" sfnsf kfr“ kf“rcf]6f ljm| ofkb l6kL ltgnfO{ eljiot\ sfndf
kl/jtg{ ug'x{ f;] \ .

#= sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf] lgb]z{ gcg';f/ tnsf cgR' 5]bnfO{ kl/jt{g ugx'{ f];\ M

-s_ ufpdF f ljBfno v'Nof] . ul/ax¿ klg lzlIft eP . pgLx¿n] cfkm" dfly ePsf] zfi] f0fsf]
lj/f]w u/] . wgLx¿n] zf]if0f ug{ 5f]8] . ;a} hgf ufpsF f] ljsf;df Psh6' eP . -jtd{ fg
sfn_

-v_ xfdL bz] ;j] fdf nfU5fF} . xfdL cfˆg} df6fdf kl/>d u5f{}F . cfw'lgs v]tL k|0ffnL
ckgfP/ cGg pAhfp5f}F . cfˆg} wtL{nfO{ x/fe/f agfp5f}F . o;af6 b]z ljsf;df 6]jf
k'U5 . -eljiot\ sfn_

-u_ alxgL ldlxg]tL 5] . pm sIffdf ky| d xG' 5] . pm k'/:sf/ kfp5F ] . pm v;' L xbF' } 3/
cfp5F ] . Tof] s/' f ;'g]/ xfdL cfdfaa' f v';L x'g'x'G5 . -et" sfn_

$= e"tsfnsf lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/L c¿nfO{ ;xofu] ubf{sf] cge' j ;d]6L cg'R5b] tof/
kfg{'xf;] \ .

%= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9\g'xf;] \ M

cfh ljBfnodf ljlzi6 cltlysf] cfudg x'G5 . xfdL pxfFnfO{ :jfut u5f}F . pxfFn]
xfdLnfO{ k/' :sf/ kb| fg ug'{xG' 5 . cWoogdf pTs[i6 7xl/Psf] eGb} ;Ddfg;lxt pkxf/
k|z+;f ug{x' G' 5 . d/] f cleefjsx¿ 5f/] fsf] k|ultdf /dfpFb} sfoj{ m| ddf pkl:yt eP/
cjnfs] g ug'{x'G5 .

dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf cfPsf ljlzi6 -lj±lzi6_, cfudg -cf±udg_, k|bfg -k|±bfg_, cWoog
-clw±cog_, pTsi[ 6 -pt±\ s[i6_, ;Ddfg -;d\±dfg_, pkxf/ -pk±xf/_, cleefjs
-cle±efjs_, k|ult -k±| ult_, pkl:yt -pk±l:yt_, cjnf]sg -cj±nfs] g_ h:tf zAbx¿
pk;u{ nfu/] ags] f zAb x'g\ .

^= tn lbOPsf pk;u{af6 JoT' kGg zAbsf] lgdf{0f k|ljm| of b]vfpgx' f;] \ M

cg';f/, abgfd, k/fho, ku| lt, k|f/De, ckdfg, ;j+ fb, lje]b, clw/fHo, cWofb]z, cleJolSt,
cToQ' d, ljsNk, kT| o]s, lgof]u, kl/efiff, ko{6g, pkxf/, pks/0f, lgbfi]{ f, lghL{j, lgeo{ ,
b'isd,{ bu' l{ t, pNnV] o, b3' {6gf, cjz]if, cfsl[ t, lgaGw, gfhafkm

&= tn lbOPsf pk;u{ nufO{ Ps Pscf]6f zAb lgdf{0f ugx{' f];\ M

ab, gf, clw, cg,' cle, clt, cj, ck, pk, pt,\ b/' ,\ b;' ,\ lg, lg/,\ k/f, kl/, k,| kl| t, lj, ;d\

48 g]kfnL, sIff (

*= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] af6 bzcf]6f pk;u{ Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L ltgsf] lgdf0{ f k|lj|mof
bv] fpg'xf;] \ M

g]kfndf ko6{ g pBfu] sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf bl] vG5 . oxfFsf] k|sl[ t / kof{j/0fn] ko6{ sx¿nfO{
cfsif{0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] kj| w{gsf nflu ljbz] af6 ko{6s cfpFbf cltlysf] ;Ddfgdf
dfnf nufP/ eJo :jfut ugk{' 5{ . pgLx¿sf] oftfoft / cfjf;sf] plrt ka| Gw
ug{k' 5{ . ko6{ sx¿nfO{ s'g} c;'ljwf x'g lbg'xF'b}g . pgLx¿ labf x'bF f pkxf/;lxt labfO
ug{'k5{ .

(= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L lz/laGb' / rGbl| aGb' nfus] f zAbsf] cnu cnu ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ M

gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;;+ bLo zf;g k0| ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/s] f]
5 . o;}sf] cf8df /x]/ ;+jfb / ;xsfos{ f] cfwf/df ;xdltsf] vfh] L ug{ ;+odtfk"js{ x/]s
/fhg]tfx¿ ;n+ Ug b]lvFbf /fd|} xG' 5 . sf7df8fF}sf] ;/sf/ ufpF ufpFdf k'¥ofpbF f æg]kfnLsf]
cfvF fdf cf;F ' cfpg lbb}gfF}Æ jfrfaGwg u/L pgLx¿ cfjZos k/] ;l+ jwfg ;z+ f]wg ug{
;lsg] atfp5F g\ .

!)= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]bnfO{ lz/laGb' / rGb|laGbs' f] pko'St k|ofu] u/L k'gn{v] g ug{'xf;] \ M

;:F s[ltljb\ ;Todfx] g hf]zLn] g]kfn 6l] nlehg;+u ;ªl\ IfKt s/' fsfgL ub{} xfd|f] ;:F sf/ /
;F:sl[ tsf] ;D/If0f xfdL cfk}m+ n] ug{k' 5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fVge' of] . cem, pxfn+ ] g]kfnL ufp+3/
/ n]sa];+ Laf6 nfs] ;flxTosf] ;+ufnf] g} el] 6g] kl| tljm| of;dt] lbg'eof] .

l;hg{ f / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= gf6ssf/ afns[i0f ;dsf] JolStut ljj/0f k9\gx' f];\ . lbOPsf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f]
hLjgL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M
gfd – afns[i0f ;d
hGd – lj= ;=+ !(%( df3 @$ ut], 1fg]Zj/, sf7df8fF}
dftflktf – s[lt /fHonIdL / zd/ ;d;/] ha/f
lzIff – cfO{=P:;L=
;]jf – ;l} gs ;]jf, /l] 8of] gk] fnsf] lgbz{] s, uf]/vf kqsf] ;Dkfbs
s[lt – d6' s' f] Joyf, cd/l;+x, eLd;]gsf] cGTo cflb gf6s, lr;f] r'Nxf]
dxfsfJo, cfuf] / kfgL v08sfJo cflb
of]ubfg – cfwl' gs gk] fnL gf6ssf kj| ts{

g]kfnL, sIff ( 49

;'vfGt / bM' vfGt gf6ssf] /rgf
;fdflhs, kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:t'df gf6s /rgf
k'/:sf/ – lqe'jg k/' :sf/, ;femf k/' :sf/, kY[ jL k|1f k/' :sf/
d[To' – lj= ;=+ @)#* ;fpg ^ ut], sf7df8f}F
@= k:' tsfnosf] ;xof]u lnO{ uLt ;ªu\ Ltsf Ifq] df pNnV] o ofu] bfg lbg] Ps hgf JolStTjsf]
hLjgL k9L sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .
 

50 g]kfnL, sIff (

kf7 ^

kofj{ /0f ;Gtn' g

!= lzIfs / ljBfyL{x¿ kfsd{ f ukm ub}{
u/s] f], Pp6 lzIfs / bO' { hgf 5fq b'O{
,hgf 5fqfsf] lrq

-gf} sIffsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ g]kfnL ljifo lzIfs;Fu sg' } pBfgsf] dgf/] d jftfj/0fdf a;]/ kofj{ /0fLo
;Gtn' gaf/] s/' fsfgL ub{} 5g\ ._

lzIfs M tkfOFx{ ¿nfO{ yfxf 5 < xfdf| ] jl/kl/ xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] af6] la?jf, hLjhGt,'
;"o{sf] k|sfz h:tf k|fsl[ ts j:t' 5g\ . log} j:tx' ¿ ldn/] ags] f] xfd|f] jl/kl/sf]
cfj/0fnfO{ g} kofj{ /0f elgG5 .

bLIff M kofj{ /0f / kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL p:t} xg' \ / ;/ <

lzIfs M :ofaf; Û lh1f;f /fvs] fdf . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL kofj{ /0f;uF ;DalGwt s/' f cjZo
xf] t/ Pp6} s/' f rflxF xf]Og .

;'j0f{ M To;f] eP kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL eg]sf] s] xf] lg ;/ <

lzIfs M xfd|f] kofj{ /0fsf ljleGg tŒjsf larsf] cGt;D{ aGw g} kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL xf] .

;j' 0f{ M aNn k:| 6 eofF} ;/ . klxn] t dnfO{ klg oL bO' { s/' f Pp6} xg' \ h:tf] kf] nfus] f] lyof] .

bLIff M kof{j/0fsf ljleGg tŒjsf] Pscfk;sf] ;DaGwaf6 g} xfdf| ] hLjgsf] cl:tTj
;Dej xFb' f] /x]5, xfO] g ;/ <

zAbfy{
cfj/0f – aflx/af6 9fSg,] 5fK] g] k|ljm| of, jl/kl/ 3]l/Psf]

g]kfnL, sIff ( 51

lzIfs M xf,] k[YjLdf pknAw jfod' 08n, kfgL, ;o" s{ f] ks| fz, df6f] tyf cfh] g txlar /xg]
Pscfk;sf] ;DaGwsf sf/0f g} o; kY[ jL u|xdf hLjg ;Dej ePsf] xf], ;Dk"0f{
hLjhut\sf] cl:tTj ;Dej ePsf] xf] .

bLIff M xfdf| ] kY[ jL h:tf] hLjgdq} L ux| t c¿ s'g} klg 5g} xfn] f lg ;/ <

lzIfs M ltdLn] l7s eGof}, clxn];Ddsf ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 kY[ jLdf h:tf] cg'kd
kofj{ /0fLo ;/+ rgfsf] ;+ofu] cGo s'g} ux| df el] 6Psf] 5}g / hLjgsf] cl:tTj klg
kQf nfus] f] 5g} .

lgzfGt M hLjgsf] nflu kof{j/0f cfjZos t 5Fb}5 . To;df klg :jR5 / ;Gt'lnt kofj{ /0fn]
dfq dfgj hLjg / ;Dk0" f{ hLjhGt' jg:kltnfO{ :j:y / ;Gt'lnt /fVg ;Sg] /x]5,
xf] ;/ <

>]of M lgzfGtsf] lh1f;f dnfO{ klg l7s nfUof] x} . a? ;/, kof{j/0f c;Gt'lnt xF'bf
hLjgdf kg]{ k|efjx¿sf] af/]df atfOlbg'xf;] \ g .

gLxfl/sf M kof{j/0f c;Gtl' nt xg' df t dfgj / p;sf lj|mofsnfkx¿ g} kd| v' sf/s /xG5g\
xfO] g / <

lzIfs M -v';L x'bF }_ xf], kof{j/0f ;Gt'ng laufg]{ u/L cgfjZos j:tx' ¿ ylkFbf jftfj/0f
c;Gt'lnt x'g k'U5 h;nfO{ xfdL jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f eG5f}F . pBfu] wGbf, snsf/
vfgf, df6] /uf8Laf6 lgl:sg] w'jfF tyf cGo /f;folgs kbfyn{ ] xfd|f] jfo'd08n,
hldg, kfgL cflb kb| "lift kf5g{ \ . af9L, klx/f,] v8]/L, cltj[li6, dxfdf/L, clgsfn
h:tf k|fs[lts ks| fk] x¿ c;Gtl' nt kof{j/0fs} sf/0f pTkGg x'g] u5g{ \ . cDnLo
jiff{, xl/tux[ k|efj tyf cfh] g tx IfoLs/0f cflb jt{dfg kof{j/0fLo r'gf}tLleq
k5{g\ . oL ;a} sf/0fn] ubf{ hLjhGt' jg:klt tyf dfgj hLjgdf gsf/fTds c;/
kg{ ;S5 .

gLxfl/sf M dn} ] lxhf] dfq OG6/g]6df cDnLo jiffs{ f af/d] f vf]hL u/s] L lyPF . jfod' 08n
gfO6f« h] g / ;Nkm/sf cS;fO8x¿ hDdf xF'bf cfsfzaf6 k/]sf] kfgL;Fu /f;folgs
kl| tlj|mof u/L gfOl6s« Pl;8 / ;Nˆo'l/s Pl;8 h:tf s8f cDn pTkGg eO{
jiff;{ uF } hldg;Dd cfpg'nfO{ cDnLo jiff{ elgG5 . cDnLo jiffs{ f sf/0f ejg,
dl" tn{ ufotsf ljleGg ;+/rgfdf Iflt x'Fbf] /x]5 . o;n] kf| 0fL tyf jg:kltx¿df
g/fd|f] c;/ ubf{] /x5] . o;df ljzi] f u/L kfgLdf a:g] kf| 0fLnfO{ o;sf] c;/ a9L
kg{] /x5] . t/ dn} ] of] xl/tu[x k|efj / cfh] g tx IfoLos/0fsf] af/d] f rflxF k9\g
EofPsL 5}g .

cg'kd – pkdf gePsf,] ctn' gLo, ah] f8]
IfoLs/0f – lvOb“ } jf gfl;b“ } hfg] sfd jf k|lj|mof

52 gk] fnL, sIff (

lzIfs M xf] t, o:tf 1fgug' sf s/' f vf]Hg ;lhnf] eP/ t OG6/g]6sf] nfs] lk|otf / dxŒj
a9s] f] xf] lg .

>]of M cf]hg txn] ;"oa{ f6 cfpg] xflgsf/s k/fah} gL ls/0fx¿nfO{ 5]s/] kY[ jL;Dd cfpg
lbFb}g eGg] s/' f;Dd d}n] klg OG6/g]6af6} k9/] yfxf kfPsL x'F t/ IfoLs/0fsf]
af/]df eg] dn} ] klg k9\g cem} afsF L 5 .

lzIfs M ltdLx¿ cfˆgf lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu OG6/g]6sf] klg k|ofu] ubf{ /x5] f} . of]
Psbd l7s s'/f] xf] . c,F ca cfh] g txsf] IfoLs/0f / xl/tu[x k|efjsf] af/]df
s/' f u/fF} . ;'g x,} xfdf| ] jfod' 08ndf ePsf] cfh] g txsf] dxŒjsf af/d] f t >o] fn]
k:| 6 kfl/;lsg\ . cfh] g tx IfoLs/0f xb'F f k/fah} gL ls/0fx¿ kY[ jL;Dd cfO{ dfgj,
kzk' G5L tyf jg:kltdf g/fdf| ] c;/ bv] fp5F g\ . ltgn] cfFvfsf] bl[ i6df ;d:of,
5fnfsf] SofG;/ tyf jg:kltsf xl/ts0fsf] Iflt k¥' ofpg ;Sg] x'Fbf cf]hg tx
arfpg' xfd|f] bfloTj xf] . snsf/vfgf, xjfOhxfh, /l] km| h]/6] / cflbaf6 pT;h{g
xg' ] Snf]/fˆ] nf/] f] sfa{g gfds Uof; g} cfh] g tx IfoLs/0fsf] k|d'v sf/s xf] .
o;}sf] sf/0f cf]hg tx kftlnFb} uPsf] s'/f j1} flgsx¿ atfpF5g\ .

bLIff M o:tf] vfnsf] cGt/ljm| ofaf6 t w/] } s'/f ;lhnf];uF a‰' g ;lsg] /x5] . ;/, ca
xfdLnfO{ xl/tux[ ke| fjsf] af/d] f s]xL elglbg'xf];\ g .

lzIfs M -ljBfyL{lt/ kms/]{ _ tkfO{xF ¿ s;}nfO{ xl/tu[xsf af/]df sx] L yfxf 5 eg] eGg'xf;] \
t.

lgzfGt M -xft p7fP/ afN] g cg'dlt dfUb}_ o; af/d] f dn} ] OG6/g]6df x]/]sf] lel8of]af6
hfgsf/L kfPsf] s'/f eG5' lg ;/ .

lzIfs M xG' 5 eg g, k9g\ ] a'‰g] eg]sf] o;/L g} t xf] lg .

lgzfGt M g;/{ Ldf ;fgf tyf slnnf la?jfsf nflu cfjZos tfk Joj:yfkgsf] nflu l;;f
ko| fu] u/L xl/tu[x agfOPsf] xG' 5 . ;"o{sf cfkltt ls/0fx¿ ;lhn} lgl:sg g;Sg]
ePsfn] xl/tux[ leq aflx/sf] tfkjm| deGbf s]xL a9L Gofgf]kg sfod /xG5 . xfd|f]
jfod' 08ndf dV' o ¿kdf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9L xb'F f o;n] l;;fsf] h:t}
u0' f bv] fpF5 / k[YjLsf] tfkj|md a9b\ } hfG5 . o;n} fO{ xl/tux[ k|efj elgG5 .
o;}sf] sf/0f lbgfgl' bg kY[ jLsf] tfkj|md a9b\ } hfg'nfO{ Unf]an jfldª{ elgG5 /] .

lzIfs M :ofaf; Û lgzfGtn] kfPsf] hfgsf/L ztk|ltzt ;xL 5 . tkfOFx{ ¿sf] pT;fxk0" f{
;xeflutfaf6 dnfO{ ;fx}| v';L nfUof] .

;j' 0f{ M ;/, o;f] x]bf{ t kofj{ /0fLo c;Gt'ngsf sf/0fx¿ ljz]if u/L dflg;n] u/]sf

pT;h{g – 5f]8g\ ,] TofUg] sfd

g]kfnL, sIff ( 53

ljsf; tyf cfljisf/x¿ g} ePsf] dx;;' eof] lg . d}n] st} unt t al' emg lg
;/ <

lzIfs M ltdLn] a'ems] f] s/' f l7s xf] . clgolGqt hg;ª\Vof j[l4, a9b\ f] ;x/Ls/0f,
;f| t] ;fwgx¿sf] cTolws k|of]u cflb g} kofj{ /0f ljgf;sf sf/0fx¿ x'g\ . oL
;a} dfgj ljm| ofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . sg' } klg ljsf; sfoj{ |mdn] sx] L g s]xL
kofj{ /0fLo Iflt t cjZo lgDTofpF5 .

bLIff M To;f] eP t kof{j/0f ;/+ If0fsf nflu ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfd g} /fS] g' k¥of] lg xf]
Og / <

lzIfs M kY[ jL ;Dk"0f{ kf| 0fLx¿sf] ;femf 3/ xf] . o;sf] ljgfzn] ;as} f] hLjgdf
gsf/fTds ke| fj kg]{ tyf :jod\ dflg; g} ;d:ofdf kg]{ u/s] fn] clxn] cfP/
dflg;sf] r]tgfdf km/s cfPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg¿' k vfg]kfgL of]
hgf, hnljBt' \ kl/ofh] gf, ;8s lgdf0{ f h:tf ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ .
lbuf] ljsf; egs] f] bL3s{ fnLg jf nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp xg' ] ljsf; xf] . o:tf
ljsf; of]hgfx¿ ;'? ubf{ lj1 ;d"xåf/f pSt ofh] gfn] kfg{ ;Sg] kof{j/0fLo
ke| fjsf] cWoog u/L tof/ ul/Psf] kl| tj]bgsf cfwf/df sfofG{ jogdf Nofpg]
kl/kf6L al;;ss] f] 5 . h;sf sf/0f ljsf;sf] sfd klg /fl] sFb}g / kof{j/0f klg
;/' lIft /xG5 .

>o] f M lbuf] ljsf;sf] s'/f t dnfO{ ;fx}| l7s nfUof] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg;' f/
sfo{ ug{ ;s] ljsf; of]hgfx¿sf sf/0f jftfj/0fdf kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds ke| fjnfO{
Go"g ug{ ;lsg] kf] /x]5 t .

gLxfl/sf M Knfl:6ssf] a9\bf] k|ofu] , /f;folgs dn, ls6gfzs ljiffbL cflbn] klg jftfj/0fdf
gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] o;af/] hfgsf/Ldn" s sfoj{ m| dx¿ cfofh] gf u/L
hgr]tgf a9fpg ;s] kof{j/0fLo ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ sx] L 6]jf kU' g] lyof] ls <

lzIfs M xf,] xfdLn] xfdf| t] kma{ f6 kof{j/0f hf]ufpg w/] } sfd ug{ ;S5fF} .

;j' 0f{ M o:tf kof{j/0f hf]ufpg] pkfox¿ klg atfOlbg'xf;] \ g ;/ .

lzIfs M nf} ;a}n] ;'Ggx' f];\ x,} 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/sf] juL{s/0f u/L ;8g\ ]
kmfx] f/] nfO{ dn agfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;s] Psftkm{ jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfOdf 6j] f k'Ug]
clg csf{tkm{ /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]unfO{ 36fpg ;lsg] ePsfn] xfdL ;a}n]
cfˆgf] 3/af6} kofj{ /0f ;+/If0fsf] cleofg ;'? ug{' h?/L 5 . k6] «f]lnodsf] ;66\ fdf
js} lNks pmhfs{ f ;f| t] x¿ h:t} hnljB't,\ ;f}op{ mhf,{ uf]a/Uof;F cflbsf] k|ofu]
ug{;s] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f 36g\ uO{ xfdL :jR5 jftfj/0f kfp5f}F . kml] / xfdf| ]
b]zdf hnljB't,\ jfop' mhf{ tyf ;fo} p{ mhfs{ f] kof{Kt ;Defjgf klg ePsfn] o;tkm{

54 gk] fnL, sIff (

;an} fO{ k|]l/t ug{ ;s] kofj{ /0f ;+/If0f dfq xf]Og b]zsf] cyt{ Gq klg dfly p7g\ ]
s'/fdf sg' } bO' { dt 5g} .

lgzfGt M of] gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo ;|f]tsf af/d] f klg s]xL hfGg kfP /fd|f] xG' Yof] ls
;/ .

lzIfs M kofj{ /0fdf ePsf ljleGg ;|ft] ;fwgx¿sf] k|ofu] u//] g} xfd|f] hLljsf rns] f]
xG' 5 . k[YjLdf ePsf k|f0fLdWos] f] dflg; ;jf]T{ s[i6 kf| 0fL ePsfn] cfˆgf] rt] gf /
1fgsf] k|of]u u/L kY[ jLdf pknAw ;|ft] ;fwgx¿sf] pTvgg / kz| f]wg u/L e/k'/
k|of]u u5{ . el" dut tn] , el" dut kfgL, ljleGg wft'x¿, jghªu\ n, h8La6' L,
gbLgfnf ;a}sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf dflg;df /xs] f] 5 . sltko dflg;x¿
oL ;f| ]t;fwg ko| f]u u/L dgUo cflys{ pkfh{g klg ug]{ u/s] f 5g\ . o:tf
;f| t] ;fwgx¿nfO{ gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo ;|f]t u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 . Ps k6s ko| f]u ul/;s]kl5 klg kg' M pkofu] ug{ ;lsg] ;|ft] x¿nfO{
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ ;f| ]t elgG5 . ;fo} {pmhf,{ hldg, jghªu\ n, h8La'6L, e"ldut kfgL
cflb gljs/0fLo pmhfs{ f ;f| ]t xg' \ . Ps k6s k|of]u ul/;sk] l5 km]l/ pkofu] ug{ g;lsg]
;f| ]t¿nfO{ cgjLs/0fLo ;f| ]t elgG5, h:t} M e"ldut t]n, sfO] nf, wftx' ¿ cflb .

;'j0f{ M P ;fRr} Û oL cgjLs/0fLo ;|f]tx¿sf] k|ofu] df Wofg lbOPg eg] t efjL k:' tfn]
logLx¿sf] ko| fu] ug{ gkfpg] kf] /x]5 t .

bLIff M oL ;f| ]tx¿sf] k|ofu] ubf{ t lgSs} g} Wofg k¥' ofpgk' g{] kf] b]lvof] lg ;/ . logLx¿sf]
cfjZostfeGbf a9L ko| f]u ug'{ egs] f] t cfˆgf] v6' 6\ fdf cfkmF} aGr/f] xfGg' h:tf]
kf] /x5] . b'j} vfnsf k|fsl[ ts ;|f]tsf] ;xL / pkoS' t ko| f]u ug{ hfGof] eg] dfq
kofj{ /0f hfl] ug] /x5] .

lzIfs M b'j} vfnsf ;f| t] x¿sf] oyf]lrt k|of]u u/L kofj{ /0f ;Gt'lnt /fVg] s'/fdf dfgj
hLjgsf] 7n' f] el" dsf xG' 5 . kofj{ /0fLo c;Gtn' gsf sf/0f ;|ft] ;fwg dfq
xfO] g hl} js ljljwtf klg x|f; eP/ hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 / sltko jGohGt'
tyf jg:kltx¿ nf]k eP/ hfg] ;Defjgf;dt] /xG5 . jftfj/0fLo k0| ffnL tyf
vfBz[ª\vnfsf] Pp6f c+zsf ¿kdf /xg] x/]s kf| 0fL / jg:klt nfk] xg' af6 arfpg
xfdf| ] stJ{ o xf] . s'/f] al' emof] lg <

;a} ljBfyL{M a‰' of}F ;/ .

-;a} hgf 3/tk{m k|:yfg u5{g\ ._

gk] fnL, sIff ( 55

zAbe08f/

!= kf7df lbOPsf zAb / ltgsf cyl{ ar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M
zAb cy{
jfod' 08n cf]hg tx IfoLs/0f ug{] Ps lsl;dsf] UofF;
cf]hg tx nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp x'g] ljsf;
cltj[li6 k[YjLsf] rf/}lt/ /x]sf] xfjfsf] cfj/0f
k/fa}hgL ls/0f kof{j/0fLo ljljwtf
Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f] sfa{g rflxge] Gbf a9L dfqfdf kfgL kg'{
g;/{ L ;"os{ f k/fah} gL ls/0fx¿nfO{ 5]s]/ kY[ jL;Dd cfOkU' g glbg]
jfo'd08nsf] tx
;o" s{ f] ks| fzdf /xs] f] xflgsf/s ljls/0f
la?jfx¿ x'sf{pg] 7fpF
@= lbOPsf kb kbfjnLx¿nfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ugx'{ f];\ M
kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, cDnLo jiff{, xl/tux[ k|efj, Unfa] n jfldª{
#= kf7df ko| fu] ePsf kof{j/0f, xl/ts0f cflb h:tf kof{j/0f;“u ;DalGwt sg' } kf“rcf]6f
k|fljlws / kfl/eflifs zAb klxrfg u/L sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \ .
$= kf7df k|of]u ePsf Osfl] ;:6d, gfOl6s« Pl;8 h:tf cªu\ |h] L efiffaf6 cfPsf c¿ kfr“ cf]6f
zAb l6Kg'xf];\ .
%= tn lbOPsf jfSodf /xs] f sf]z—sf]; h:tf zAb vfh] /] n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ d zAbsf]z lsGg Ps sf]; k/ hfG5' .
-v_ efUozfnL ;fnL gfgL sljtf kl| tofl] utfdf ;jfT]{ s[i6 eOg\ .
-u_ d /fd|f sl[ t nv] ]/ sLlt{ klg /fV5' .
-3_ d o; hGddf oz /fVg] sfd dfq u5'{ .

af]w / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f ug{x' f];\ M
jfo'd08n, cltjl[ i6, cDnLo, k|fsl[ ts, ;|f]t, gjLs/0fLo, jg:klt

56 g]kfnL, sIff (

@= kf7sf] ;j+ fbdf ko| fu] ePsf kfqsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{} xfpefp emlNsg] u/L sIffdf
;j+ fbfTds zn} Ldf jfrg ug{'xf];\ .

#= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;j+ fbdf pkl:yt kfqx¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ ;+jfbdf ;a}eGbf a9L k6s kZ| g ug{] ljBfyL{ sf] xf] <

-u_ ;j+ fbdf ko| f]u ePsf s'g} b'O{cf6] f kZ| gfTds jfSo eGgx' f];\ .

-3_ ;+jfbsf] ;ae} Gbf nfdf] cg'R5b] df slt jfSo 5g\ <

$= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b dfg} k7g u/L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

g;{/Ldf ;fgf tyf slnnf la?jfsf nflu cfjZos tfk Joj:yfkgsf] nflu l;;f
k|of]u u/L xl/tux[ agfOPsf] x'G5 . ;o" s{ f cfkltt ls/0fx¿ ;lhn} lgl:sg g;Sg] ePsfn]
xl/tu[xleq aflx/sf] tfkj|mdeGbf sx] L a9L Gofgfk] g sfod /xG5 . xfdf| ] jfod' 08ndf
d'Vo ¿kdf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9L xF'bf o;n] l;;fsf] h:t} u'0f b]vfp5F / kY[ jLsf]
tfkj|md a9\b} hfG5 . o;n} fO{ xl/tu[x k|efj elgG5 . o;}sf] sf/0f lbgfg'lbg kY[ jLsf]
tfkj|md a9b\ } hfgn' fO{ Unfa] n jfldª{ elgG5 .

-s_ xl/tu[x s;/L lgdf0{ f ul/G5 <

-v_ xl/tu[xdf Gofgfk] g sfod /xgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <

-u_ jfod' 08ndf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf a9\bf s] xG' 5 <

-3_ Unfa] n jfld{ª eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <

%= tn lbOPsf egfOsf jStf sf] sf] xg' \ M

-s_ Osfl] ;:6dnfO{ g]kfnLdf kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL elgG5 .

-v_ lbgfgl' bg k[YjLsf] tfkjm| d a9\b} hfg'nfO{ Unfa] n jfldª{ elgG5 /] .

-u_ d}n] st} unt t al' emgF lg ;/ <

-3_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] s'/f t dnfO{ ;fx}| dg k¥of] .

-ª_ xfdL ;a}n] cfˆgf] 3/af6} kofj{ /0f ;/+ If0fsf] cleofg ;'? ug'{ h?/L 5 .

^= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\g'xf;] \ / ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

zk] mfS] ;'G8f] /fli6«o lgs~' h 8fN] kfdf b'O{ lxpF lrt'jfdf :of6]nfO6 lhlkP; sn/ h8fg
ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o lgs~' h tyf jGohGt' ;/+ If0f ljefusf] gt] T[ j tyf /fli6«o ks| [lt
;/+ If0f sfi] f / ljZj jGohGt' sfi] f g]kfnsf] kf| ljlws Pjd\ cfly{s ;xofu] df :of6]nfO6

gk] fnL, sIff ( 57

lhlkP; sn/ h8fg ul/Psf] xf] . 8f]Nkfsf] ;fNbfª Anssf] lghfn ufpF glhssf] /fKsf
If]qdf #& sh] L tf}nsf] cGbfhL ;ft jifs{ f] jo:s efn] lxpF lrt'jfsf] 3fF6Ldf lhlkP;
sn/ h8fg ul/Psf] 5 . pSt lxpF lrtj' fsf] gfd 3fª\u|L 3fkL lxpn /flvPsf] 5 . To:t}
;fNbfª Anss} wf]/fdf #* sh] L tfn} ePsf] cGbfhL 5 jifs{ f] jo:s efn] lxpF lrt'jfdf
klg sn/ h8fg u/L ;f] lxpF lrt'jfnfO{ nfª\ug] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . lxpF lrt'jfx¿n]
af;:yfgdf u/s] f] ljr/0f, kf/ u/]sf] b/' L, cfgLafgL, Jojxf/nufotsf ljifodf lhlkP;
sn/n] !* dlxgf;Ddsf] tYofª\s lbg] / To;af6 ;/+ If0fsf] /0fgLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df ug{
;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . :of6n] fO6 sn/ h8fg ul/Psf 3fªuL| 3fkL lxpn /
nfª\u]gaf6 k|fKt lhlkP; nfs] ];gsf cfwf/df /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu,
ljZj jGohGt' sf]if g]kfn / z]kmfS] ;'G8f] /fli6o« lgs~' haf6 cgu' dg ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-c_ :of6]nfO6 lhlkP; sn/ h8fg ug{ sg' s'g lgsfoaf6 cflys{ ;xofu] k|fKt
ePsf] 5 <

-cf_ lhlkP; sn/n] slt dlxgf;Ddsf] tYofªs\ lbg ;S5 <

-O_ lxpF lrtj' fsf] cg'udg s'g sg' lgsfon] u/]sf 5g\ <

-O{_ lxpF lrt'jfsf] ;/+ If0f lsg cfjZos bl] vG5 <

-v_ efiff ;+/rgf klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M

-c_ cg'R5b] af6 bO' { b'Oc{ f]6f df}lns / cfuGt's zAb vfh] ]/ nV] g'xf];\ .

-cf_ …lxpF lrtj' fx¿ ljr/0f u5{gÚ\ nfO{ k0" f{ / ck0" f{ kIfsf jfSodf kl/jtg{ ugx'{ f];\ .

-O_ cg'R5b] sf] t];|f] jfSonfO{ Ps Pscf]6f lgkft / lj:doflbaf]ws zAbsf] k|of]u u/L
kg' n]v{ g ug'{xf;] \ .

-O_{ km/s km/s k~rd j0f{ k|of]u ePsf tLgcf6] f zAb l6Kg'xf];\ .

&= kf7sf] ljifoj:t' afw] u/L lbOPsf zLif{sdf Ps Ps cg'R5b] n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ Unfa] n jfldª{

-v_ pmhf{sf ;f| ]t

*= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] ;dLIffTds pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ …kofj{ /0f ;Gtn' gÚ ;+jfbsf] d"nefj JoSt ug{x' f];\ .

-v_ xfdLn] jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5fF,} pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .

58 gk] fnL, sIff (

(= tn lbOPsf lrqsf] j0f{g ugx{' f;] \ M

!)= ‘vn] s'bsf] dxŒj’ zLifs{ df b'O{ hgf ;fyLx¿sf lardf ul/Psf] ;j+ fb /rgf ug{'xf;] \ .

!!= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\g'xf;] \ / tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug{x' f;] \ M

cflbTo / p;sf ;fyLx¿sf dgdf w/] } s'/f v]Ng yfN5g\ . pgLx¿df k9fO / v]nsb' dWo]
s'g 7n' f] xf] / xfdLn] s'g s/' fdf Wofg lbg] eg/] ax; x'G5 . cfbz{n] k9fOnfO{ eGbf
vn] nfO{ dxŒj lbg] eG5g\ . alatfn] k9fOnfO{ dxŒj lbg] elG5g\ . o;/L ToxfF ePsf
w/] } hgfsf] dt km/s km/s x'G5 . nfdf] ;dosf] 5nkmnkl5 b'j} s/' fsf] dxŒjaf]w u/L
k7g ;:+ sl[ t ljsf;sf nflu k7g ;:+ sl[ t Sna u7g ug{] tyf :jf:Yo / ;ljm| o hLjgsf
nflu v]ns'b cfjZos ePsfn] v]ns'b Sna u7g ug'k{ g{] lgisif{ cflbTon] ;'gfpF5g\ .

sIffdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ;d"x aGg'xf;] \ / lzIfsn] kof{j/0f;Fu lbPsf zLif{sdf
;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .

;g' fO / afn] fO 59

!= ;'gfO kf7 ^ ;'Gg'xf];\ / tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ kf7df dfG5s] f] s:tf] dgfj] l[ Qkl| t Joª\Uo ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ efl] njfbL k|j[lQn] dfG5n] fO{ stflt/ 3rl] 6/x]sf] 5 <
-u_ ef]lnjfbsf] ckjfb s] xf] <
-3_ …/ft /x] cu|fv knfp5F Ú eGgs' f] cfzo s] xf] <
@= ef]lnjfbL ;f]raf6 s;/L d'St xg' ;lsG5, ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff (

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9g\ x' f];\ / ljm| ofkbsf kIfx¿sf] cnu cnu ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ M

bLIff gf} sIffdf k9l\ 5g\ . pgL kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLaf/] lzIfs;uF lh1f;f /fVb} l5g\ .
lgzfGtn] rflxF ;Gtl' nt kof{j/0fsf] cfjZostf atfPsf 5g\ . lzIfsn] bLIffsf] k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbge' of] . lgxfl/sf lzIfssf] egfOsf] cy{ vf]Hb} lyOg\ . ToltGh]n;Dd sIffsf] 3G6L
nfus] f] lyof] . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ eGge' of,] æca xfdL csf]{ lbg k9g\ ] 5f}F . dn} ] k9fpbF }
ubf{ ;a} hgf a‰' b} xg' ] 5f}F . d}n] afFsL s'/f csf{] lbgsf] 3G6Ldf /fd|/L ae' mfPsf] x'g] 5' .Æ

@= kf7df ko| fu] ePsf ;fdfGo / k0" f{ kIfsf ljm| ofkbx¿ Kflxrfg u/L sfkLdf nV] g'xf];\ .

#= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g ug{x' f;] \ M

-s_ ;lbR5f lj1fg ljifo k9\l5g\ . pgn] 8fS6/ aGg] s'/f ;f]rs] L 5g\ . pgL la/fdLsf]
;]jf ug{] l5g\ . ;a}n] pgnfO{ wGojfb lbg] 5g\ . -ck0" f{ kIf_

-v_ cflzsf hgsk/' af6 x6] f8F} f hfbF } l5g\ . pgL xh/' cfdfnfO{ kmnkmn" nfbF } l5g\ . xh/' cfdfn]
gfltgLsf] af6f] xb] {} xg' x' G' 5 . pxfF gfltgLnfO{ dg kg{] ;n] /f6] L ksfpbF } xg' x' G' 5 . -k0" f{ kIf_

$= ck0" f{ kIfsf ljm| ofkbx¿sf] ko| f]u u/L cfˆgf] k9fOsf] af/d] f j0fg{ ug{x' f];\ .

%= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L lgkft / lj:doflbaf]ws kb klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ M

cfxf Û s:tf] ;kmf df;} d . ;wF} o:t} /x] t ;a} lg/fu] L eOGYof] Sof/] . k'; dlxgf ;DemFbf
klg dnfO{ t clxNo} hf8f] xfn] f h:tf] kf] nfU5 Aof/] . udL{ df;} d klg v} s] /fdf| ] eGg'
/ < 5o\ f Û dnfO{ t udLd{ f htftt} lemFuf eGss] f] bV] bf lbSs nfU5 .

^= kf7df ko| fu] ePsf lgkft zAb l6kf]6 ug'x{ f;] \ .

&= c/,] nf,} x}, g h:tf lgkft / lar/f, s7}, wt\ h:tf zAbsf] ;fGble{s ko| f]u u/L ;8s
b'3{6gfsf] ljifodf Pp6f cgR' 5]b tof/ ug{'xf;] \ .

*= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ 'xf;] \ / ª, `, 0f, g, d j0f{x¿sf] ko| f]u ePsf bO' { bO' c{ f6] f
zAbx¿ nV] g'xf];\ M

sg' } hdfgfdf k~rsi[ 0f w/' Gw/ kl08t lyP . laxfg ;a/] } p7/] uªu\ f:gfg u/L zªv\ 306
ahfpbF } k"hf uy]{ . To;kl5 k~rfd[t vfP/ dfq 3/aflx/ lg:sGy] . pgsf ;~ho, zflGt
/ ;GWof u/L tLg ;Gtfg lyP .

l;h{gf / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= ‘dfgj hLjgsf nflu kfgL’ zLifs{ df ;j+ fb tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ .

@= k:' tsfnoaf6 sg' } Pp6f gf6sdf k|ofu] ePsf] ;+jfb vf]hL sIffdf xfpefp;lxt k|:tt'
ug{x' f];\ .

60 gk] fnL, sIff (

kf7 & 8Nnf / 6k/Lsf] syf
dfts[ f ltldlN;gf


8Nnf / 6k/Lsf] dfgjLs/0f -sf6g'{ _, s'dfn]sf] rjm|
/ df6f]sf] efF8f] agfpFb} u/s] f] b[Zo

plxn] plxn] c?0f pkTosfdf kl/>dL s'dfnx¿sf] 7'nf] a:tL lyof] . s'dfnx¿ jf:tjdf
df6fsf efF8f agfpg] sz' n lzNkL lyP . pgLx¿ lrD6o\ fOnf] df6f] hxfF hxfF kfOG5, ToxLF ToxLF
a:y] . c?0f / ;ef gbLn] agfPsf 6f/aF];Lx¿df o:tf] lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] kfOg] xbF' f pgLx¿
ToxfF a;fa] f; uy{] . pgLx¿sf] d'Vo k];f df6fsf ef8F f agfpg' lyof] . df6fsf ef8F f agfpgs' f
cltl/St pgLx¿ vt] LkftLsf] sfd klg uy{] . ljzi] ftM sflQs dªl\ ;/ dlxgfdf afnL
p7fO;s]kl5 / df3 kmfu'gdf em/L k/k] l5 af/L hf]ltGYof] . lrD6o\ fOnf] df6f] ePsfn] To;/L afnL
hfT] bf 7'N7'nf / c;ªV\ o 8Nnfx¿ lg:sGy] . To:tf 8NnfdWo] 7N' 7n' f 8Nnf l6k/] nfbF f pgLx¿nfO{
w]/} df6f] l56f] l56f] p7fpg ;lhnf] kYof]{ . To;}n] s'dfnx¿n] tL 8Nnf l6k/] nh} fGy] / dª' u\ |fn]
s'6]/ w'nf] agfO{ To;}af6 df6fsf efF8f agfpyF ] .

Ps lbg Ps hgf sd' fnn] ds} 5ge{' Gbf klxn] cfˆgf] af/Lsf] afFemf] dfg{ af/L
hft] 5] . afFemf] af/L hf]Tbf o; jif{ klg 7'N7'nf 8Nnf lgl:sP5g\ . cfDd} lg Û o;kN6sf 8Nnf
rflxF klxn] klxns] f 8Nnf eGbf cln km/s lsl;dsf /x]5g\ . ltgLx¿ dfG5]n] h:t} afN] g] /
s'/f kf] ug]{ /x5] g\ . o; jif{ klg To:tf df6fsf 8Nnfx¿ df6fsf efF8f agfpg pko'St x'g]
b]v/] sd' fnx¿n] 3/lt/ cf];fg{ yfn] / dª' u\ |fn] lk6/] dl;gf] wn' f] klg kfg{ yfn] . wn' f] df6f]
xbF' fxbF' } xfdL 8NnfnfO{ dfq lsg vf]hL vfh] L nu]sf xf]nfg\ eg]/ 8NnfnfO{ lk/ k/5] . df6fsf

zAbfy{
lzNkL – dl" t{ agfpg,] a6' \6f eg{] h:tf x:tsnfsf] l;k ePsf,] sflnu9
dª' \u|f ] – df6f] lk6g\ ko| fu] ul/g] sf7sf] xft] ;fwg

g]kfnL, sIff ( 61

8Nnfx¿n] a;l]{ g efU] g' k/]sf] of] lgoltlj?4 cfˆgf] 8Nnf ;dx" sf] /Iff s;/L ug{] eGg]af/]df
;Nnfx ug{ df6fsf 8Nnfx¿sf] a}7s a;5] .

a}7sdf ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] 8Nnfn] eg]5, æxfdL 8Nnfsf] ;fFRrL g} /Iff ug]{ xf] eg] ca xfdLn] klg
Pp6f k|dv' 5fGgk' 5,{ p;}n] cfˆgf gful/ssf] /Iff u5{, s;f] t ;fyL xf] <Æ

demfn} f vfn] 8Nnfn] eg5] , æsf] xg' ] t dl' vof < Tof] t xg' 'k¥of] lg ÛÆ

;a}eGbf 7n' f] 8Nnfn] eGof,] æTof] t d} xf] lg Û dhlQsf] 7n' f] 8Nnf] oxfF sf]xL klg t 5g} . hf]
7'nf] xG' 5, pxL t xf] lg dl' vof .Æ

csf]{ demfn} f vfn] 8Nnfn] eGof,] æTof] t l7s} xfn] f, t/ ltdL olt e2f 5f} ls ;fgf 8Nnfx¿nfO{
cfkt\ljkt\ k/s] f avt, ;d:of k/]sf avt bf}8]/ arfpg ;Sbg} f} . a? To:t} xG' 5 eg] ;a}eGbf
;fgf 8Nnfx¿ dWo]sf] Pp6fnfO{ ufpFsf] dl' vof agfpmF g t Û 7'nf,] df6] f] 8Nnf dfq d'lvof
x'gk' 5{ eGg] klg t 5}g .Æ

7'nf] 8Nnfn] eGof,] ædnfO{ rflxF ;a}n] d'lvof dfg] d a;/] ;as} f] /Iff u5{' . xfO] g eg] HofdGt}
xf;] \ t/ d s;s} f] cwLgdf rflxF al:bgF .Æ

;fgf] 8Nnfn] eGof,] ætkfOx{F ¿ ;ef;b\sf s/' f ;l' gof] . oxfF xfdLx¿ cfˆgf] /Iff ug]{ gt] f rG' g
e]nf ePsf xfF} . s;n} ] s;n} fO{ xn] fxfr] f] ug{ / cfˆgf] cxªs\ f/ b]vfpg en] f ePsf xf]Ogf}F .
dnfO{ d'lvof 5fg, d'lvof eP/ c¿sf] /Iff ug{ d dfq ;S5' . c¿n] ;Sbg} g\ c¿nfO{ eGg' klg
lg/ys{ 5 . oxfF 7'nf] ;fgf]sf] s'/f xf]Og, Pstfsf] s'/f 5 . xfdf| ] lardf Pstf ePg eg] xfd|f
k'vf{x¿n] h] lgolt efU] g' k/s] f] lyof], xfdL ToxL lgolt ef]Ug afWo x'g] 5f}F . xfd|f ;Gtfg;d]t
ToxL lgolt ef]Ug afWo xg' 5] g\ .Æ

csf]{ ;fgf] 8Nnfn] eGof], æoxfF 7n' f 7'nf 8Nnfb]lv ;;fgf 8Nnf;dt] en] f ePsf
5f}F . d'lvof sf] aGg] eGg] s'/f o;/L 5nkmn u/]/ 6ª' l\ ubF g} . rg' fpdf hfpmF Û h;n] lhT5 pxL
d'lvof Û s;f] ;fyL xf] ÛÆ ;an} ] xf] Û, xf] Û egL ;dyg{ u/] .

7n' f] 8Nnf] cfvF f /ftf /ftf kf/]/ l/;fpFb} eGg yfNof], æoxfF if8o\ Gq xg' yfn]sf] 5, dnfO{ PSn}
kfg{ / x/fpg ;;fgf 8Nnf ldn/] of] ofh] gf aGb} 5 . dfGg] eP d hlQsf] 7n' f] / of]UonfO{
dl' vof dfg ;fyL xf] Û xfO] g eg] d a}7s alxisf/ u5{' .Æ

7n' f] 8Nnfn] a7} s alxisf/ u¥of] . ca ;fgf 8Nnfx¿;uF ldNge' Gbf pgLx¿;uF 8fxf / ›f]x ug{

lgolt – efUo, :jtM l;4 pknlAw, bj} L ks| f]k
dl' vof – ufps“ f] d'Vo dfG5], 7n' f7] fn'
HofdGt } – h] x'G5 ToxL, h];'s}
k'vf { – k"jh{ x¿ jf afa'afh]x¿
if8\oGq – c¿sf] clxtsf nflu ul/g] hfnemn] k"0f{ Jojxf/
alxisf/ – s;}nfO{ x6fpg] jf aflx/ lgsfNg] sfd, TofUg] sfd
8fx – csfs{ f] pGglt jf ku| lt bV] bf dgdf xg' ] O{iof{

62 gk] fnL, sIff (

yfNof] . Ps lbg p;n] ;an} fO{ xfFs lbbF } eGof], æd t 7'n} xF' Û Ps Ps yfs] u/]/ klg hf]luG5',
ltdLx¿ ;;fgf 8Nnfx¿ s] u/L a:bf /x5] f,} x]5{' lg d klg Û glhs} r}t] jiffs{ f] ofd cfpFb}
5, gfgLsf tfOF ToxL jn] f x/] f}nF f lg ÛÆ p;n] ;f]Rof], æca 8Nnfx¿;uF ldqtf u//] sfd 5}g,
pgLx¿ v'?Ss dnfO{ dl' vof dfGg'eGbf t rg' fpdf kf] hfg] /] Û sqf] kmt' L{ xF Û a? d cs};{ uF
;xsfo{ ug'k{ ¥of] ÛÆ

To; af/Ldf s]xL lbg klxn] s'dfn ls;fgn] afeF mf] hfT] bf lgVnf] vfhf vfP/ ˆofFs]sf] efn] fs{ f]
6k/L lyof] . Tof] klg o;} c;/Nn k//] kmflnP/ al;/xs] f] lyof] .

7n' f] 8Nnfn] ;f]Rof], æo;} 6k/L;uF kf] ldt nufpg'k¥of] Û jiff{ klg glhlsbF } 5 . jiff{ ePsf] j]nf
of] ef]nf{sf] kftn] ags] f] 6k/Ln] dnfO{ /fd|/L 5f]K5 . of] alnof] xG' 5 / kfgL klg ;nS{ s} tlsG{ 5 .
d jiffs{ f] kfgLaf6 hf]luOxfN5' . oL c6/] L / ;;fgf 8Nnfx¿sf] lahf]u gx/] L ePs} 5g} .

ha kfgLn] r'6]/ n]Yg' agfpF5 ta yfxf kfp5F g\ . kfgLn] s'6/] nY] g' kf/s] f] df6f] ha sd' fn]
bfh'n] p7fP/ nfG5g\ / efF8f agfpg lk6\5g\ To; avt ltgLx¿sf] bu' {lt b]lvxflnG5 .Æ

o;/L df6fsf ;fgf 8Nnfx¿nfO{ cToGt} pkI] ff ub}{ 7n' f] 8Nnfn] cfkm" glhs}sf] 6k/LnfO{
af]nfP/ eGof,] æP 6k/L, d;uF ldt nufpg] xf] < ltdL / d ca PSnfPSn} ga;fF} . cfk;df ldt
nufcfF} / Psn] csfs{ f] /Iff u/fF} . ha cfsfzaf6 kfgL k5,{ To; avt ltdLn] dnfO{ 9fs]/
a:g', ltdLn] To;f] u¥of} eg] dnfO{ kfgLn] lehfpg ;Sbg} / d/] f] /Iff x'G5 . ha kmfug' rt} sf]
x'/L atf; rN5 ta lg d ltdLnfO{ /Iff u5{' cyf{t\ lyr]/ a:5' . Tolt ePkl5 ltdLnfO{ xfjf
gfy]n] s]xL ug{ ;Sbg} . a‰' of}, ltdLnfO{ p8fpg'eGbf klxn] x'/Ln] dnfO{ p8fpgk' 5{ . x'/Ln]
df6fsf] rk/L p8fPsf] slxNo} b]vs] f 5f}, ltdLn] < To;}n] d t eG5', xfdL ldt nufcfF} . To;df
xfdL bj' }sf] sNof0f 5 .Æ

6k/Ln] klg df6fsf] 8Nnfn] egs] f] s/' f /fd/| L ;'Gof] . …df3] em/L k?Gh]n t l7s} 5, hg] t]g
alrPnf t/ kmfu'g rt} klg t glhs} 5 .Ú p;n] ;lDemof], ækfx] f]/sf] x'/Ln] slt kftkltªu\ /
p8fPsf] lyof] . cfkm" nfO{ klg x'/Ln] To;} u/L p8fof] eg] s] xf]nf <Æ p;nfO{ df6fsf 8Nnfn]
eg]sf] s'/f plrt nfUof] / pm df6fsf 8Nnf;uF ldt nufpg ;xdt eof] .

pgLx¿ bj' }n] Ps Pscf6] f ?dfn ;f6f;f6 u//] ldt nufP . ldt nufpg'eGbf klxn] df6fsf]
8Nnfn] 6k/LnfO{ af]nfpbF f, æcf] 6k/LÆ egL af]nfpFYof] clg 6k/Ln] klg df6fsf] 8NnfnfO{
af]nfpFbf æcf] 8Nn"Æ eGg] uYof]{ . t/ ca pgLx¿n] ldt nufPsf lyP . ldt nufPkl5 ldtsf]
gfd sf9]/ af]nfpg clg t,F ltdL eGg' xF'b}gYof] . pgLx¿ cfk;df ldtHo" ePkl5 Psn] csfn{ fO{
hxfF e]6] klg ldtHo" eg]/ af]nfpg], gd:sf/ ug]{, tkfO{F xh'/ eGg yfn] .

tfO“ – zlSt jf kmt' L,{ tfut, ;]vL 63
lahf]u – bogLo l:ylt, larNnL
n]Yg' – lynlynf,] lzlyn ePsf,] hL0f {

g]kfnL, sIff (

ldt nufPsf] lbgb]lv 8Nnf / 6k/L c;fWo} ldNg yfn] . ha kfgL kg{ cfsfzdf sfnf] afbn
hDdf xg' nfUYof] ta 6k/L hxfF eP klg cfˆgf] Kof/f] ldt 8NnfnfO{ hfu] fpg cfOkl' uxfNYof] /
kfgL kg{'eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] ldt 8NnfnfO{ 5fk] /] kfgL afl;labf] gxfp] Ghn] al;/xGYof] . 6k/Ln]
9fs]kl5 kfgL ;a} tls{GYof], kfgL yfldPkl5 6k/L cfˆgf] sfddf hfGYof] . Psl5gkl5 3fd
nfUYof,] kml] / p:tfsf] p:t} /dfOnf] .

ha cfFwLx/' L rNg] 5fF6 b]lvGYof] / cfFwL ;'? xg' e' Gbf klxn] ;;fgf e'd/Lx¿ kg{ yfNy] ta
cfˆgf] Kof/f] ldt 6k/LnfO{ xfjfn] p8fpg glbg, p;nfO{ lyr]/ a:g cfk"m hxfF eP klg df6fsf]
8Nnf cfOk'UYof] . cfwF Lx/' L gyfldpGh]n 6k/LnfO{ hfu] fpg lyr]/ a:Yof] . o;/L 8Nnf / 6k/L
Pscsf{nfO{ hfu] fpFb} cfPsf lyP .

af/Lsf] 5]pdf st}af6 pl56\l6P/ cfPsf] Pp6f 5:] sf] /x5] Û Ps lbg af/Lsf] ToxL 5]:sfn] oL
b'O{ ldtnfO{ km6' fOlbg] of]hgf agfof] / s'/fdf 5]:sf xfNb} 6k/LnfO{ eGof,] æxf,} 6k/L bfO Û tkfO{F
/ xfdL t k'vfb{ ]lvs} Oi6 xfF} . hxfF 6k/L ToxfF l;Gsf 5:] sf, hxfF l;Gsf 5]:sf ToxfF 6k/L eGg]
t egfO g} 5 . To;n} ] tkfOnF{ fO{ s;}n] xf]RofP/ af]ns] f] s'/f dnfO{ slQ /fd|f] nfUb}g Sof .Æ

6k/Ln] eGof], æcF t 5:] sf bfO Û dnfO{ v;fn/] xfR] ofP/ afN] g] sf] xf], Tof] <Æ

5:] sfn] eGof] ævf]O s] eGg', tkfOn{F ] kTofpg' g} xG' g xfn] f tk} lg kmnfgfn] eg]sf] eg]/ eGg'x'Gg
eg] eG5' .

6k/Ln] eGof,] ætkfO{F h:tf] cfˆgf] Oi6nfO{ c;lhnf] xg' ] sfd d slxNo} u?nF f t Û eGgx' f];\
lgwS{ s eP/, Tof] s'g ;fObF j' f xf,] To;nfO{ d Psl5gdf l7s kfl/xfN5' .Æ 5:] sfn] eGof],
ætkfOn{F fO{ wfswSs' lbg ;Sg] c¿ sf] x'GYof] Û ToxL df6fsf] 8Nnf t xf] lg Û Tof] 8Nnfn] s]
eg]sf] yfxf 5 < pm ;w}F tkfOFd{ fly r9]/ a:5 /], pm geP tkfOsF{ f] ;f;} cfpGg /,] ;fgf] xfjf
rNof] ls tkfO{F t 8/n] y'/y/' xg' x' 'G5 /] Û cl:t rf}tf/fdf s'lGg s] vfP/ xf] dft]/ c¿;Fu
tkfO{sF f] s/' f sfl6/xs] f] lyof] . tkfO{nF ] pm;uF ldt nufpF eg/] ;okN6 gd:sf/ ug'e{ of] /], Tof]
8Nnfn] dfGb} gdfg]sf] /], p;sf kl5 nfu/] x/} fg} kfg'{ ef] /] Û n t d/f];\ eg/] kf] ldt nufPsf]
/] . x] eujfg\ Û slt;Dd eGg ;ss] f] xf] lg a/} Û d t 8Nnfsf s'/f ;'g]/ 5Ss} k/F] eGof . s'/f
klg slt cfsf] Tof] 8NnfnfO{ 6k/LHo" .Æ

6k/Ln] eGof,] æxfO] g xfn] f, s;}n] grflxg] s/' f kf] nufOlbof] ls < kv g t Û pgnfO{ daf6
s]df lrQ b'v]sf] /x5] , ;fw] f}Fnf ÛÆ

olt eg/] ha 6k/L cfˆgf] af6f] nfUof,] ToxL af6f] eP/ df6fsf] 8Nnf klg 6K' nS' s} ToxLF
cfOkU' of] . sf7sf] 5]:sfn] df6fsf] 8NnfnfO{ gd:sf/ ub}{ eGof], æ8Nnf bfO, gd:sf/ x} ÛÆ
8Nnfn] 5]:sfsf] gd:sf/ kmsf{pbF } eGof,] æs] 5 5]:sf efO Û cfh t ltdf| ] rfn9fn aU] n} 5 lg,
s] eof] / Û lxhf]cl:t h:tf] t 5g} f} lg .Æ 5]:sfn] eGof], æs] ug{' 8Nnf bfO Û cfkm" t tkfOs{F f]

e'd/L – xfjfkfgL cflb 3'd/] ag]sf,] rjm| fsf/ 7fp“

64 gk] fnL, sIff (

dfG5] kl/of], s;}n] tkfO{Fsf] s/' f sf6]sf] ;'Gbf klg ;f/} dg bV' 5, k6Ss} /fdf| ] nfUbg} .Æ 8Nnfn]
eGof,] æx}g s] egs] f] 5]:sf efO ltdLn] < sg' , ltg} ds}sf 7]:gf hqf df6fsf tL ;;fgf
8Nnf egfpbF f e'/fx¿n] d/] f] s'/f sf6] xf]nfg\ xf]Og < To:tfx¿sf] cfk"mnfO{ dtna 5}g . d}n]
b'v;'vsf] ;fyL 6k/L;uF ldt nufPkl5 d t 9'Ss 5' . x]/ g, dnfO{ t 6k/L ldtn] /fdf| ] ;fy
lbPsf 5g\ . clxnn] fO{ c¿sf] cfjZostf 5g} .Æ

5:] sfn] eGof,] ædf6fsf 8Nnf egfpFbf 76] g\ fx¿n] eg]sf] eP t eOxfNYof] lg bfO Û tkfOFs{ } ldt
egfpbF f] Tof] efn] f{sf] 6k/Ln] tkfOFn{ fO{ lxhf] rf}tf/fdf eGg' geGg' eGof] / kf] . v,} s'lGg s] dft
nfUg] s'/f vfP/ l6nlkn ePsf] /x]5 ls Sof xf] . To;n] s] s] eGof] eGg] ;a} s/' f tkfOn{F fO{
egL ;fWo 5g} . x'g t tkfOs{F f] ldt xfdLn] s] eGg' / Û p;n] tkfO{FnfO{ s;] Dd eg]sf] lg yfxf
5 < æ8Nnf t cfˆgf bfh'efOx¿;Fu ldNg g;s]/ d;uF ldt nfpg cfPsf,] dn} ] Tof] 8NnfnfO{
5fl] 8lbPF eg] To;sf] sGtlahf]u xG' 5 . To;n} ] d 8NnfeGbf 7'nf] x'FÆ eg]/ rfk} 66\ } u¥of] x} bfO,
lxhf] t ÛÆ df6fsf] 8Nnfn] eGof], æxf] / ÛÆ 8Nnfsf] dgdf lr;f] k:of,] p;nfO{ dgdg} 6k/L;uF
l/; klg p7\of] .

csf]{ lbg af6fdf lx8F \b} ubf{ 8Nnf / 6k/Lsf] hDsf e]6 eof] . ;wF} em}F Tof] lbg tL bO' { ldtx¿sf]
dg k|;Gg lyPg . To;n} ] b'jn} ] Psn] csf{n] fO{ gd:sf/;dt] eg]gg\ . b'js} f dgdf cfk;df
zª\sf plAhg yfNof] . Tof] lbg ltgLx¿ /fdf| ];Fu af]Nbf klg af]ng] g\ .

b'Or{ f/ lbgkl5 km]l/ 8Nnf / 6k/Lsf] hDsfe6] eof] . b'jn} fO{ Pscsfd{ fly k|z:t zª\sf lyof] .
Tolt 7'nf] ldqtf uf;F s] f tL bO' {n] Ps cfk;sf] zªs\ f a;/] klg x6fpg ;Sy] . s'/f u/]sf] eP
klg zªs\ f dl] 6OxfNYof] t/ pgLx¿n] a;]/ slxNo} s/' f u/]gg\ . 5:] sfn] s/' f nufPs} cfwf/df
Ps csf;{ uF l/;n] cfuf] eP . To;} jn] f ;fx|} l/;fPsf] 8Nnfn] 6k/Lsf] gfd sf9L ldt]/L tf]8\b}
eGof,] æcfO] 6k/L, ldt xF' eGg], clg d/] f af/]df tyfgfd aSb} lx8F g\ ] < cl:t rft} f/fdf tnF} ]
dnfO{ s] s] elg;\ xF < lgx'F vf]H5;\ < n cfOhfÆ

6k/LnfO{ klg 5:] sfn] eP gePsf] s'/f nufP/ psf;s] } lyof] . 6k/L klg s] sd lyof] . p;n]
klg kfv/' f ;'sbF{ } eGof], æt}n] s] u5{;,\ P df6fsf] 8Nnf km';]| Û dn} ] ubf{ clxn;] Dd hfl] uPsf]
xf]Og;\ t < tFn} ] d]/faf/]df s] s;] Dd eg]sf] 5;\ dnfO{ ;a} yfxf e};Sof], tnF fO{ t d cfh
5f8b\ } 5f8\lbg, n cfOhfÆ

o;/L pgLx¿ Pscfk;df eGg' geGg' u/L aflem/xs] } avt klxn] 7'nf] cfwF La]x/L cfof] . Tof]
cfFwLa]x/Ln] 6k/LnfO{ p8fP/ cGt} k'¥ofof] . To;} jn] f 8Nnfn] eGof] æv'lRrª 6k/L aNn vfO;,\
d/\ ÛÆ

To;sf] Ps} l5gkl5 cfwF La]x/L ;Fu;Fu} 7'nf] jiff{ klg eof] . 6k/L pl8;s]sf] lyof] . 8Nnfsf]
/Iff ug]{ sfx] L ePg, kfgLn] lehfof] / Tof] klg km6' o\ f] .

ef]lnkN6 s'dfnaf/Ldf cfP / leh]/ RofltPsf] ef]nfs{ f] 6k/L ;dfP . pgn] km'6s] f] 8Nnfsf] df6f]

gk] fnL, sIff ( 65

p7fP/ 3/df nu] . 8Nnf] km'6fpg dª' \uf| n] w]/} lk6\g} k/g] . pgn] ToxL df6faf6 xf8F L / ufuf|
agfP . 5:] sfn] eg] lxnf] blnPsf] yf]qf] 6k/L / df6f] ePsf] 8NnfnfO{ lvHofpFb} eGof], æb]lv;\
csfs{ f] s'/f ;g' /] ldqtf tf8] \g] ltdLx¿ dfq xf]Og ;as} f] xlaut o:t} xG' 5 .Æ ;f; dfq afsF L
/x]sf] 8Nnfn] ;f;;} f;df eGof], æcfˆgf bfhe' fO / cfkmGtnfO{ wf]sf lbbF f d/] f] of] ult eof] o:tf]
s;}n] gu/f];\ .Æ xfjfn] p8fP/ k/ k¥' ofPsf] 6k/Ln] lrRofpFb} eGof,] æd}n] klg s'/} gae' mL csf{n]
eg]sf] s/' f ;'g]/ aaf{b eP,F o:tf] t s;}n] gu/f];\ .Æ
eGg]nfO{ km"nsf] dfnf, ;G' gn] fO{ ;g' sf] dfnf Û
of] syf as} 0' 7 hfnf, eGg] jn] f tfQft} d'vdf cfOhfnf ÛÛ

zAbe08f/

!= zAbsfz] sf ;xfotfn] tn lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \ M
b'ul{ t, lgVnf], cxªs\ f/, bf| ]x, 5]:sf,] zªs\ f

@= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]Vgx' f];\ M
klxn], 3/, kfgL, ldt, cfsfz, /Iff, ;Gtfg, xfjf, af6f]

#= tn lbOPsf 6S' sfx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ug'x{ f];\ M
lr;f] k:g', 8fx ug',{ dfof dfg{,' xft]dfnf] ug,'{ sfgdf tn] xfNg', dg kmf6g\ '

afw] / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z4' pRrf/0f ugx'{ f;] \ M
demfn} f, c;/Nn, sNof0f, c;fWo,} /Iff, efn] f,]{ rft} f/f,] aafb{ , kftkltªu\ /

@= ‘;fgf] 8Nnfn] ==== afWo xg' ]5g\’ cg'R5]b ult, olt ldnfO{ ;:j/jfrg ugx'{ f];\ .

#= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M
-s_ syf sltcf]6f cgR' 5b] df ;/+ lrt 5 <
-v_ syf sg' ;Gbea{ f6 kf| /De / sg' ;Gbed{ f cGTodf ePsf] 5 <
-u_ 7n' f] 8Nnfn] a}7s alxisf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{ sltcfF} cgR' 5b] df 5 <
-3_ syf s'g 7fpsF f] kl/jz] df cfwfl/t 5 <

$= lbOPsf] syf+z dfg} k7g u/L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
o;/L df6fsf ;fgf 8Nnfx¿nfO{ cToGt} pk]Iff ub}{ 7'nf] 8Nnfn] cfk"m glhs}sf] 6k/LnfO{
af]nfP/ eGof], æP 6k/L, d;uF ldt nufpg] xf] < ltdL / d ca PSnfPSn} ga;fF} . cfk;df
ldt nufcf}F / Psn] csfs{ f] /Iff u/fF} . ha cfsfzaf6 kfgL k5,{ To; avt ltdLn] dnfO{

66 gk] fnL, sIff (

9fs/] a:g,' ltdLn] To;f] u¥of} eg] dnfO{ kfgLn] lehfpg ;Sb}g / d]/f] /Iff xG' 5 . ha
kmfug' r}tsf] x'/L atf; rN5 ta lg d ltdLnfO{ /Iff u5'{ cyf{t\ lyr]/ a:5' . Tolt
ePkl5 ltdLnfO{ xfjf gfyn] ] sx] L ug{ ;Sbg} . a‰' of}, ltdLnfO{ p8fpge' Gbf klxn] x/' Ln]
dnfO{ p8fpg'k5{ . x/' Ln] df6fsf] rk/L p8fPsf] slxNo} b]v]sf 5f}, ltdLn] < To;}n] d t
eG5', xfdL ldt nufcf}F . To;df xfdL b'j}sf] sNof0f 5 .Æ
k|Zgx¿
-s_ cg'R5b] sf jStf / >f]tf sf] sf] xg' \ <
-v_ 7n' f 8Nnfn] ;fgf 8NnfnfO{ lsg pkI] ff u/s] f] xf] <
-u_ 8Nnf / 6k/L ldt]/L ;fOgf]df uflF ;g vfH] gfsf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-3_ ldt nufPs} e/df ljZjf; k|fKt xG' 5 xf]nf, ts{ ug'x{ f;] \ .
%= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L tn lbOPsf pvfgsf] cy{ n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft
-v_ afbF /sf xftdf gl/an
-u_ vfg] dv' nfO{ hF'ufn] 5S] bg}
-3_ gkTofpbF f] vf]nfn] aufp5F
-ª_ gfRg ghfGg] cfuF g 69] f]
^= tn lbOPsf jfSo s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf x'g,\ klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ xfdL 8Nnfx¿sf] ;fRF rL g} /Iff ug]{ xf] eg] ca xfdLx¿n] klg Pp6f k|d'v 5fGg'k5{ .
-v_ oxfF xfdL cfˆgf] /Iff ug]{ gt] f rG' g en] f ePsf xfF} .
-u_ ltdL / d ca PSnfPSn} ga;fF} .
-3_ cfh t ltd|f] rfn9fn a]Un} 5 lg, s] eof] / <
-ª_ cl:t rft} f/fdf t}Fn] dnfO{ s] s] elg;\ xF <
&= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ df6fsf 8Nnfsf] sg' ljifodf ljjfb eof] <
-v_ 5:] sfn] b'O{ ldtsf] ldqtfnfO{ s;/L lauf¥of] <
-u_ 7n' f 8Nnf / 6k/Lsf] Jojxf/nfO{ t'ngf ug{'xf;] \ .
-3_ o; syfaf6 s] ;Gb]z kfpg'eof] <

gk] fnL, sIff ( 67

*= JofVof ugx'{ f];\ M

cfˆgf bfhe' fO / cfkmGtnfO{ wfs] f lbbF f d/] f] of] ult eof] o:tf] s;}n] gu/f;] \ .

(= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ 8Nnfx¿ lar ePsf dteb] h:t} clxns] f] ;dfhsf JolStx¿lar klg o:tf 36gf
ePdf s;/L ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;lsG5, tflss{ ljrf/ k:| t't ug{x' f;] \ .

-v_ ljjfb, ldqtf / cljZjf; h:tf kIfnfO{ syfn] s'g ¿kdf j0fg{ u/]sf] 5, ;dLIff
ugx{' f;] \ .

!)= ‘olt eg/] ==== 5}g’ cgR' 5]baf6 rf/cf6] f afw] kZ| g agfO{ To;sf] pQ/af/] ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn
ug{x' f];\ .

!!= ‘8Nnf / 6k/L’ syfsf d'Vo dV' o 36gf l6kL syfsf] ;f/fz+ n]Vgx' f];\ .

!@= kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5b] cgn' v] g ug'{xf;] \ .

!#= 5:] sfn] egs] f] s'/fnfO{ 8Nnf / 6k/L b'jn} ] ljZjf; gu/]sf] eP pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw s:tf]
xG' Yof] xfn] f, cgd' fg ugx'{ f;] \ .

!$= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9L tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug{x' f;] \ M

;dLIff eGgfn] sg' } klg ljifoj:t' jf s'/fsf u0' fbfi] f 56' \ofO{ lgikIftfk"j{s ul/g] JofVof,
ljj]rgf cflb eGg] a'lemG5 . kf7sf] ljifoj:t' sxfFaf6 lnOPsf] 5 < o;sf] zLifs{ n]
ljifoj:t' ;d6] s] f] 5 ls 5g} < kf7sf] d"nefj s] xf] < kf7af6 s:tf] ;Gbz] kfOG5 <
kf7df kfqx¿ slt 5g\ < ltgsf] :jefj s:tf] 5 < kf7sf] kl/j]z ufpF jf ;x/dWo]
s'g xf] < ToxfsF f] ;dfh s:tf] 5 < kf7sf] efiff ;/n, hl6n s:tf] 5 < ;+jfbx¿ s:tf
5g\ < kf7 k9]kl5 dgdf s:tf] nfUof] < cflb h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]hL u/]/ cfk"mn]
k9s] f] kf7sf] ;dLIff ug'{k5{ .

tkfOn{F ] k9]sf] jf ;'g]sf] sg' } Pp6f syfsf] ;dLIff k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .

;'gfO / af]nfO

!= ;'gfO kf7 & ;'Gg'xf];\ / tn lbOPsf jfSo l7s eP l7s / al] 7s eP al] 7s eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ bO' { hgf bfh'efO wg sdfpg nfxf/] uP .
-v_ bfh' 56\6' / efO ;w' f] lyof] .
-u_ efOn] /flt uP/ ;'g lems/] Nofof] .
-3_ el/ofnfO{ afs; af]sfP/ k"j{ / klZrdlt/ k7fOof] .
@= Gofodl" t{n] nufPsf] h'lSt tkfOn{“ fO{ s:tf] nfUof,] o:t} cGo h'lSt klg nufpg ;lsGYof] ls
sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ .

68 g]kfnL, sIff (

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= tn lbOPsf cg'R5]b k9g\ 'xf];\ / c1ft kIfsf ljm| ofkb klxrfg ugx{' f];\ M

-s_ c1ftk;| fb uhasf] 5 . pm slt j]nf sfd u5{ yfx} x'Gg . sfd eO;s]kl5 dfq kf]
yfxf x'G5 . c1ftnfO{ aa' fn] u[xsfo{ u/ eGge' of] . p;n] t d}n] lxhf] u/]F kf] eGYof] .
To;kl5 aa' fn] cfdfnfO{ eGge' of], æof] c1ftn] t xfdLn] yfx} gkfO{ ux[ sfo{ u/5] .Æ
lxhf] /ftL 3/df rf/] cfPsf] s'/f c1ftn] cfh dfq yfxf kfP5 . pm eG5, æk'ln;n]
rf/] ;dft5] lg aa' f .Æ

-v_ /ftL cl;gfkfgL cfP5 . kNnf] 8fF8fdf klx/f] uP5 . vt] klg kfgLn] 8'afP5 . r/fsf]
uF8' klg eTsfP5 . kfgLn] t uha;uF } g} k/5] t . a'afn] klg yfxf kfpge' P5 .
alxgLn] klg yfxf kfO5g\ . efOn] klg yfxf kfP5g\ . tnF} ] eg] yfxf kfOg5;\ .

@= kf7sf] bf];f| ] cg'R5]baf6 c1ft kIfsf lj|mofkb l6Kgx' f];\ .

#= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] nfO{ c1ft kIfdf kl/jt{g ugx'{ f];\ M

8Nnf / 6k/Lsf] hDsfe]6 eof] . Pscsfd{ fly k|z:t zªs\ f lyof] . Pscfk;df s'/f klg
u/]gg\ . tL bO' n{ ] Ps cfk;sf] zªs\ f x6fpg ;s]gg\ . To;n} ] ltgLx¿sf] emu8f eof]
lsgls 5:] sfn] s'/f nufof] . To;n} ] logLx¿ Pscsf;{ Fu l/;n] cfuf] eP .

$= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] sf jfSodf /x]sf cEo:t kIfsf ljm| ofkbsf] klxrfg ug'x{ f];\ M

d ;fgf] 5bF f lzz' sIffdf k9\y]F . jn] f j]nfdf d v/fofs] f kf7f;Fu v]Ny]F . k/]jf bv] /] RofKk
;dfpg vf]HyF] . euF /] fx¿ e'/{e'/{ p8\bf dnfO{ klg p8\g dg nfUYof] . d lgs} rsrs uy{] .
aa' fn] dnfO{ 3d' fpg n}hfg'x'GYof] . cfdfn] dnfO{ s, v nV] g l;sfpgx' 'GYof] . ;xb]j lzz'
sIffd} k9y\ ] eg] zldn{ f Ps sIffdf k9\lyg\ .

%= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] nfO{ cEo:t kIfdf kl/jtg{ ugx{' f;] \ M

7'nf 8Nnfn] ;f]Rof] . o;} 6k/L;uF kf] ldt nufpgk' ¥of] . jiff{ klg ;?' x'G5 . jiff{ ePsf]
jn] f of] ef]nfs{ f] kftn] ags] f] 6k/Ln] dnfO{ /fd/| L 5fK] 5 . of] alnof] xG' 5 / kfgL klg
;nS{ s} tlsG{ 5 . d jiffs{ f] kfgLaf6 hfl] uOxfN5' .

^= 8'n,\ eg\, p7,\ k9\ wft'af6 aGg] cEo:t kIfsf ljm| ofkb k|ofu] u/L Pp6f cg'R5]b tof/
kfg'{xf;] \ .

&= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] sf] /v] fªl\ st zAbdf sg' s'g kT| oo nfu]sf 5g\, 5'6o\ fpg'xf];\ M

af]nSs8 / l;kfn' tyf cg]sfF} >Jo, bZ[ o / kf7o\ sljtf sfJo, gf6o\ sl[ tsf ;h{s bªfnL
bfOsf] b}lgs sfd u/fO /dfOnf] kf/fsf] 5 . 3:' ofxf kj| l[ Q lj?4 n8\g] bfª 3f]/fxLsf
;xl/of oL bfOnfO{ o'jf ;d"xsf] ;b:osf] rg' fpdf p7\g egL afn] fj6 ePsf] /x]5 . pgnfO{

gk] fnL, sIff ( 69

kfNkfnL / at} 8n] L ;fyLn] klg ca l56\6} bz{g kfOg] eg] eg]/ :d/0f u/L rg' fpdf ljhoL
eO{ /fd|f] kbdf 5gf]6 xg' sf nflu sfdgf u/5] g\ . bªfnL sfsf v;' Ln] ub\ub eP/ ufpFn]
;fyL e6] g\ ufpF uPsf 5g\ .

*= tn lbOPsf kT| ooaf6 Ps Pscf6] f zAb lgdf{0f ug{x' f;] \ M

cSs8, cfO, cfp, cfnL, cfn,' cfj6, cfxf, Oof, Onf,] O{, PnL, cf6] , nL, n], cs, cg,
Os, tf, lt, o

(= tn lbOPsf cg'R5]b k9\g'xf;] \ / ‘a’ / ‘j’ sf] ko| f]u klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M

-s_ ljho j]bljBf>ddf jb] k95\ g\ . j]bk|;fb, j[ifegfy, jifd{ fg, lj1fg/fd /
ljsNkk|;fbx¿ klg jb] ljBfnodf jl} bs dGq k95\ g\ . sljtf / ;ljtf klg
ljj|md ;j+ t\ @)&* sf] z}lIfs ;qsf nflu j]b k9\g egf{ ePsf 5g\ . k9g\ '
ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo xf] . k9fOn] dfG5s] f] Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ cfpg' jo} lSts
ljzi] ftf xf] .

-v_ a4' k;| fb, al' 4gfy, anaxfb/' / clDasf b]jLn] w/x/f x/] ] . pgLx¿ h:t} uugrD' aL
w/x/f xg] { afFs,] alb{of, aemfª, a}t8Laf6 dfq xf]Og alba{ f;af6 ;d]t dfG5]
cfP . es" Dkdf aaf{b ePsf] w/x/f ags] fn] ca d klg cfdfa'af / alxgLnfO{
lnP/ w/x/f x]g{ hfG5' / a:g]t vfhf3/df uP/ af/f / la/f}Fnf vfG5' .

-u_ /fdf| ] jsfnt u/]/ jfxjfx sdfPsf b'O{ hgf jlsn ejg j/k/sf] rp/df jfNn
k/]/ x]b{} lyP . pgLx¿ cbfnt uP jf j8f sfofn{ o dnfO{ yfx} ePg .

!)= kf7df /x]sf ‘j’ n]Vbf ‘a’ pRrf/0f xg' ], ‘a’ n]Vbf ‘a’ g} pRrf/0f xg' ] clg ‘j’ nV] bf ‘j’
g} pRrf/0f xg' ] zAbsf] cnu cnu ;"rL agfpgx' f;] \ .

l;h{gf / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= tn lbOPsf ab“' fsf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f]6f] syf tof/ kfgx{' f];\ M

Psfb]zdf Ps hgf dGqL x'g'
pgL Eofu'tfsf ;fl} vg xg' '
lhpbF f Eofu'tfx¿ hDdf kf//] Ps} 7fpDF ff /fvL pkmfbf{ /dfOnf] nfUg]
Ps lbg Eofut' fnfO{ gafFwL / gyg' Lsg Ps wfgL{ agfP/ NofPdf Ps wfgL{ c;kmL{
k'/:sf/ lbg] 3fi] f0ff
dGqfnodf Eofu'tf hf]Vgx] ¿sf] le8
Eofu'tf pk|ms] f s]xL ubf{ lg wfgL{ gku' s] f]
Eofu'tfsf] wfgL{ slxNo} kU' bg} eGb} ;a} labf ePsf .

@= tkfOn“{ ] k9s] f] jf ;g' ]sf] sg' } ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t 5f]6f] syf n]v/] Nofpg'xf;] \ .

70 gk] fnL, sIff (

kf7 * ;f/ªu\ Ldf b]z – wL/G] b| kd]| lif{



ufpFb} cfof] of] g]kfnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf b]z
dr] L sfnL lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{ dw;] .

hLjgsf] syf, Joyf, ;ª3\ if{ h] ;G' 5
xfd|} xfF;f] cfF;';uF } of] t xfF:5 ?G5
l;hg{ fdf /Db} clg hutdf hDb}
kf/} vLsf kl;gf lg wg' df g} pG5 .

aSv', efªu\ f| , wft] L ;a} eG5 d/] } ei] f
ufpbF } cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ª\uLdf b]z .

lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbG5 t/fO{sf] efsf
dw;] sf] kª\vf rflxF aG5 le/ kfvf
/fli6o« tf ldof] /fvL lk/tLsf] lbof]
afnL d':s/' fPsf 5g\ sf6] L sf6] L cfvF f .

gnfuf];\ x} s;}sf] lg efjgfdf 7;] 71

ufpFb} cfof] of] g]kfnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] .

zAbfy{
Joyf – dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s kL8f, si6
aSv' – pmgLsf] afSnf] sf]6 h:tf] nfdf] sk8f
efªu\ f| – kf6faf6 ag' s] f] af/] f h:tf] v;|f] sk8f
ldof] – bfO{“ ug{ vnfsf] lardf alnof] u/L ufl8g] vDaf, sG] b| jf d'Vo
sf]6L – s/f]8

g]kfnL, sIff (

zflGtsfdL a4' clg :jfledfgL ;Ltf
of] df6fsf] dn" dd{ sd{ ug{] uLtf
1fge"ld, tkfe] l" d, :jKge"ld oxL
uj{;fy ufp5F , of] xf] d/] f] wtL{ dftf .

htf x¥] of] Tot} bV] 5 ;a} g} ljz]if
ufpFb} cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ª\uLdf b]z .

ks| l[ tsf] a'O{ r9L ufp5F uf/} j ufyf
;;+ f/s} lz/kf]z xfdf| ] ;u/dfyf
;Q lrQ cfgGbsf] ;Gwfgdf ;w}F
ltld/ lrb}{ x'G5 of] t pHofnf]s} ;fy .

sfdgf lnO{ ;hfpg] :jl0f{d kl/j]z
ufpFb} cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] .

;ªu\ Ltsf] cfsfzdf k'Ug dfly dfly
dfbn;uF } 9f]ns wLd] agfP/ ;fyL
;d[l4sf] ;u/ r'Dg dfof dfof u'Gb}
/l] 6bF } 5 dfgf] /f]kL kmnfpg kfyL .

ldnLh'nL yfNof] ;an] lhTg] l/n] /;]
ufpbF } cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ª\uLdf b]z .

tkf]e"ld – b]jtf / Clifd'lgx¿n] tk:of u/]sf] el" d
lz/kf]z – lz/df nufOg] 6f]kL, ku/L, km]6f
;Gwfg – vfH] g] jf kQf nufpg] sfd, hfg] {] jf ldnfpg] sfd,
ltld/ – c“Wof/f] jf wldnf]
9fn] s – ehg, nfs] gT[ o, uLt cflbdf ahfOg] 9fn] vnssf] demfn} f afhf
lwd] – Psflt/ uhfn] / csf{lt/ xftn] 7fs] /] ahfOg] 9f]ns h:tf] Ps k|sf/sf] afhf
l/n] /]; – Psn] csf{nfO{ kf; lbP/ v]lng] bf8} sf] Ps ks| f/

72 gk] fnL, sIff (

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf zAb / cyl{ ar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
zAb cy{
;f/ªu\ L pBdzLn
;ª\3if{ OHht, kl| ti7f
kf/} vL ;;+ f/, ljZj a|xd\ f08
hut \ ;g' h:tf] rlDsnf], ;g' fn} f]
uf}/j tf/df /]6/] ahfOg] lutf/ h:tf] Ps ks| f/sf] g]kfnL afhf
;dl[ 4 ju] , rfn
:jl0f{ d prfO
;d:of;uF sf] h'wfO, s7f]/ kl/>d
pGglt, ku| lt
@= tn lbOPsf zAbsf kof{ojfrL zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
lxpFr'nL, gog, k|sfz, ;l[ i6, jftfj/0f, ;u/
#= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] ug{'xf;] \ M
:JffledfgL, efjgf, 1fgel" d, ufyf, ;ª\uLt

Affw] / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z4' pRrf/0f ug{'xf;] \ M
/fli6«otf, efª\uf| , a'4, 1fg, k|sl[ t, :jl0fd{
@= ‘;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] ’ sljtfnfO{ ult, olt, no ldnfO{ jfrg ug'x{ f;] \ .
# tn lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ …;f/ª\uLdf bz] Ú sljtf hDdf slt x/kmdf /rgf ePsf] 5 <
-v_ sljtfsf] …zflGtsfdL a'4 clg :jfledfgL ;LtfÚ eGg] kª\lStdf slt cIf/ 5g\ <
-u_ sljtfdf aSv' efªu\ |fsf] k|;ªu\ sg' Znfs] df cfPsf] 5 <
-3_ sljtfdf …ufpbF } cfof] of] g]kfnL ;f/ª\uLdf bz] Ú eGg] kªl\ St slt k6s cfPsf] 5 <
-ª_ cg'k|f; ldnfpg kª\lStsf] cGTodf lbOPsf bz] dw;] , ;G' 5 ?G5 h:t} u/L c¿ tLg
hf8] L zAbx¿ kf7af6 vf]h]/ eGgx' f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 73

$= tn lbOPsf] sljtf+z k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbG5 t/fOs{ f] sfvf
dw;] sf] kªv\ f rflxF aG5 le/ kfvf
/fli6o« tf ldof] /fvL lk/tLsf] lbof]
afnL d:' s/' fPsf 5g\ sf6] L sf6] L cfvF f .
kZ| gx¿
-s_ t/fOn{ ] lxdfnnfO{ Gofgf] lbG5 lsg elgPsf] xf] <
-v_ o; sljtfz+ df lk/tLsf] lbof] s'g cy{df cfPsf] 5 <
-u_ dw;] sf nflu kªv\ fsf] sfd sn] ] u5{ <
%= tn lbOPsf sljtf+znfO{ uBdf ¿kfGt/ ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ gnfuf;] \ x} s;}sf] lg efjgfdf 7;]
ufpFb} cfof] of] gk] fnL ;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] .

-v_ ks| l[ tsf] a'O{ r9L ufpF5 uf}/jufyf
;;+ f/s} lz/kf]z xf] of] ;u/dfyf .
^= tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;a} gk] fnLsf] efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ s] s] ug'{k5{ <
-v_ ;f/ªu\ Ln] kf}/vLsf] kl;gf / l;hg{ fnfO{ wg' df pG5 eGgs' f] cfzo s] xf] <
-u_ sljtfdf g]kfnsf s:tf ;f+:s[lts ljzi] ftf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 <
&= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

gk] fnnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] b]z / gk] fnLnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] b]zsf gful/s eg]/ ;+;f/e/ lrgfpg]
ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf xfd|f] uf}/j xf] . ljZjsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug{] o; ;u/dfyfsf]
ks| [ltsf dgf/] d 56fn] dfl] xt gx'g] sf] kf] xf]nfg\ / Û lxdfnsf] ;'Gb/tf tl:a/df xg] { hlt
;lhnf] 5, glhs k'u/] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{' Tolt ;xh 5g} . To;df klg wtLs{ f] :jus{ f
¿kdf /x]sf] ;u/dfyfsf] cf/f]x0f cem} sl7g / rg' f}tLk"0f{ 5 . tLj| OR5fzlSt 5 eg] ;kgf
;fsf/ xg' ;do klg nfUb}g . w/] }n] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf r9g\ ] ;kgf b]v]sf x'G5g\ .
g;s] sDtLdf %,#^$ ld6/sf] prfOdf /xs] f] ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/;Dd eP klg kU' g]
wf]sf] /fV5g\ . cfwf/ lzlj/df kU' gsf nflu bfn] vfsf] lh/L / ;fn] 'vD' as' f] ;Nn]/Laf6 ul/g]
kbofqf nfdf] 5 . sf7df8faF} f6 ;fe] m} n'Snf p8fg u/L cfwf/ lzlj/df 5l/tf] kbofqf

74 gk] fnL, sIff (

klg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfwf/ lzlj/af6 ljZjs} cUnf] ;u/dfyf -*,*$*=*^ ld=_ glhsaf6
5n{ª\ª bl] vg] xFb' f of] cfwf/ lzlj/ ;as} f nflu nfs] lko| uGtJo aGb} uPsf] 5 . z]kf{
;+:s[lt, lxd em/gfsf] b[Zo, P]ltxfl;s af}4 uD' afsf] bz{g tyf lxd gbLx¿sf] dgf]/d
b[Zon] cfwf/ lzlj/sf] ofqfnfO{ yk /f]rs agfp5F g\ . To;n} ] klg w]/} ljbz] L / :jbz] Lsf
nflu ;u/dfyf cfwf/ lzlj/sf] kbofqf pRr k|fyldstfdf kg{] u5{ . xhf/fF} kbofqL x/s]
jif{ ToxfF k'U5g\ . pgLx¿ ;u/dfyf / ;]/f]km]/f]sf] ;fG} bo{nfO{ cfvF fsf gfgLleq n'sfpbF }
cfgGbflt/]sdf 8A' 5g\ .
-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-c_ gk] fnLx¿ ljZje/ s'g gfdn] lrlgG5g\ <
-cf_ s'g sg' 7fpFaf6 ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 <
-O_ cfwf/ lzlj/;Ddsf] ofqfnfO{ yk /fr] s agfpg] s'/fx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-O_{ ;u/dfyfnfO{ wtL{sf] :ju{ lsg elgPsf] xf]nf <
-v_ efiff ;/+ rgf klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M
-c_ cgR' 5]baf6 vf]h]/ …/fi6«Ú, …lxpFÚ, …j]nfÚ zAbsf kof{ojfrL zAb n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-cf_ cg'R5b] af6 ;/n / lto{s\ sf/s ko| f]u ePsf bO' { b'Oc{ f6] f zAb l6Kg'xf];\ .
-O_ …nfUb}g ;do ;fsf/ x'g ;kgfÚ nfO{ kbjm| d ldnfP/ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-O{_ cg'R5b] af6 bO' { bO' c{ f]6f xnGt / chGt lj|mofkb klxrfg u/L nV] g'xf;] \ .

*= tn lbOPsf] sljtf+zsf] JofVof ug{'xf;] \ M
1fgel" d, tkf]el" d, :jKgel" d oxL
uj{;fy ufpF5 of] xf] d/] f] wtL{ dftf

(= tn lbOPsf a“b' fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL sljtfsf] d"nefj n]Vg'xf];\ M
;f/ªu\ Ldf ;f/f g]kfnLsf syfJoyf cleJoSt
lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOn{ ] ag]sf] e"agf]6
/fi6« / /fli6«otf ;ae} Gbf Kof/f] j:t'
k|fsl[ ts ;G' b/tfn] el/k"0f{ kfjg e"ld
ljljwtfdf Pstf /fvL ;d[l4tkm{ pGd'v x'g'kg]{

!)= ‘;f/ªu\ Ldf bz] ’ sljtfdf /xs] f ljifoj:t'af/] sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 75

!!= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f;] \ / lgb]z{ gcg;' f/ lj|mofsnfk ug{x' f];\ M

rf/ sIffdf k9g\ ] tkfO{sF L alxgL gT[ o kl| tofl] utfdf k|yd eOg\ . pgL v';L xb'F } 3/
cfP/ elgg,\ ælbbL d}n] t g[Todf k/' :sf/ kfPF lg ÛÆ To;kl5 lbbLn] alxgLnfO{ dfof
ub}{ xf};nf lbOg\ / elgg,\ æ:ofaf; gfg,' d]/L alxgLn] k'/:sf/ kfpFbf cfdfaa' f w]/} v';L
eP/ gfgLnfO{ w]/} w/] } xf;} nf lbg'xg' ] 5 .Æ
tkfO{sF f] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o jf ;fyL k'/:s[t ePsf] kl/sNkgf u/L k'/:st[ JolStkl| t :gx]
/ kz| +;f sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

;g' fO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 * ;'g/] vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNg] zAb eGgx' f;] \ M

-s_ l76f] ljZjnfO{ ===========e/df ysf{pF5 .
-v_ g]kfnL l76f]n] cfkm" lxF8\g] af6f] cfˆg}=========n] vG5 .
-u_ cfˆg} kl;gfn] b]zsf] =========== lehfpF5 .
-3_ l76fn] /fdf| ] nfpgsf nflu ==========ub{}g .
-ª_ l76fn] hfltkftL =========== dfGb}g .

@= s] cfhsf ;a} g]kfnL l76fl76L ‘of] g]kfnL l76f]’ kf7df eg] h:t} 5g\ t, ;'gfO kf7 * sf
cfwf/df 5nkmn ugx{' f];\ .

eflifs ;+/rgf / j0fl{ jGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]bdf /]vfª\lst kbx¿sf] ;/n / lto{s sf/s klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M
of] sfsfsf] cfˆgf] 3/ xf] . o; 3/df sfsfsf] 5f]/f] a:5 . o; 3/df a:g] sfsfsf 5f/] fn]
;fOsn lsg]sf] 5 . pm ev{/sf] l76f] 5 . o; l76fn] t /fd|/L ;fOsn rnfp5F .
@= cys{ f cfwf/df /v] fªl\ st zAbx¿sf] sf/s klxrfg ugx'{ f];\ M

;fGhg] ufpFb]lv a;af6 lj/f6gu/ cfPsf] 5 . p;sf] ?lr ;flxTodf 5 . ToxfF p;n]
;fyLx¿nfO{ e]6\5 . p;n] ;fyLnfO{ sf];n] L NofPsf] 5 . bj' } hgf ldn]/ sf];n] Lsf] kf]sf]
vfN] 5g\ . olt ld7f] sf;] n] L b]Vbf p;sf] ;fyL /fde/f]; v;' Ln] ubu\ b x'G5 .
#= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L sf/s / ljelSt klxrfg ugx{' f];\ M
;dLIff gf} sIffdf k9\l5g\ . ;dLIffn] dfdfnfO{ kmfg] ul/g\ . dfdfn] xftn] O;f/f
uge{' of] . dfdfn] efGhLnfO{ lstfa NofOlbg'eof] . dfdf 3/af6 lx8\g'eof] / efGhLsf] 3/df
cfOkU' g'eof] .
$= n], nfO,{ b]lv, af6, df ljelStsf] ko| f]u u/L cfˆgf] ;fyLsf af/]df Pp6f cgR' 5b] /rgf
ug{'xf;] \ .

76 gk] fnL, sIff (

%= tn bfof“ / afof“tkm{ lbOPsf jfSo k9g\ x' f;] \ / To;af/] ;fyL;“u 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ M

;dx" s ;dx" v

-s_ sfd u5{ pm . -s_ pm sfd u5{ .
-v_ /fw]Zofd e6] \5 efOnfO{ . -v_ /fw]Zofd efOnfO{ e6] \5 .
-u_ hl' gtf /fO{n] lbOg\ pkxf/ kd]| nfO{ . -u_ h'lgtf /fO{n] kd]| nfO{ pkxf/ lbOg\
-3_ clwst[ xf] pdfsfGt . -3_ pdfsfGt clwst[ xf] .
-ª_ p;nfO{ 6fn] kd| v' agfof}F xfdLn] . -ª_ xfdLn] p;nfO{ 6fn] k|dv' agfof}F .
-r_ oxfF z'4 eF};Lsf] bw' kfOG5 . -r_ oxfF eF};Lsf] z'4 bw' kfOG5 .

^= tn lbOPsf jfSonfO{ kbj|md ldnfP/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ e6] o\ f] ;fgb} ]lvsf] p;n] ;fyLnfO{ .
-v_ xFb' } 1fgsf] cBfjlws uP sf/0f dfG5x] ¿ .
-u_ lr;f] a9/] lgl:sg aflx/ klg ;lsPg cfh laxfg} .
-3_ aGgk' 5{ sd{zLn hLjgdf ;a} xfdL .
-ª_ b[li6n] wgL 5 g]kfn ;fG} bo{sf] k|fsl[ ts .

&= tn lbOPsf] xnGt / chGtsf] pbfx/0f k9g\ 'xf];\ M

n]vg / pRrf/0f b'j} nv] gdf chGt / pRrf/0fdf nv] gdf / pRrf/0f b'j}df
chGt
xnGt xnGt
-c_ ljm| of M u/, p7, n]lvg,
-c_ lj|mof M u/,\ p7\, -c_ gfd÷;j{gfd M sfd, kl9g
u/f;] ,\ hfG5;\, n]lvg\, skf;, /dfgfy, /dz] , sz] j, -cf_ cJoo M cfh, j/,
kl9g\, u5;{ ,\ vfnf;,\ o;, To; k/, t/, tn, ca, nxnx,
ul/g,\ k9f];,\ nv] \ -cf_ cgs' /0ffTds zAbM emndNn, lemDdlemDd
-cf_ gfd÷ljzi] f0f M u8a8, rdrd, emndn, -O_ gfd M eo, no, lzj, ;x
anjfg\, eujfg,\ ljåfg,\ lemdlemd
-O_ ljzi] f0f M c;n, v/fa,
Odfgbf/, a]Odfg, t/n

*= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nv] gdf chGt / pRrf/0fdf xnGt x'g] sg' } bzcf]6f zAb l6Kgx' f;] \ .

l;hg{ f / kl/of]hgf sfo{

!= ‘d]/f] 3/’ zLif{sdf 5f]6f] sljtf tof/ kfgx'{ f];\ .
@= kqklqsf k9L cfkmn" fO{ dg k/s] f] Pp6f sljtf vfh] ]/ sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 77

kf7 ( gu/sf]6sf] ofqf

– >Lcfd] >]i7 …/f]bgÚ

gu/sf]6af6 bl] vg] b[Zo / ToxfFaf6 ko{6sn] kmf6] f] lvRb} u/s] f]
-ljifoj:t' j0fg{ ePsf] ;Gbe{ glhs_

dfG5] hlt hlt efl} ts pGgltsf kl5 bu'/f];,\ ;xl/of ;Eotfsf df]xdf ?dlnof];\ / sª\lj|m6n]
7l8Psf] s7f/] 3/nfO{ hlt;s' } d]/f] d/] f] eg/] ;D' ;'Dofcf];\ t/ ha dfG5] ks| l[ tsf] dfofn'
;fdLKo kfpF5 tL ;a} ef}lts ;l' jwfx¿ e';'Ss eN' bf] /x]5 . ;x/sf uugr'DaL dxnx¿sf
le8df x/fPsf] ctfl;Psf] dfG5]sf nflu k|s[lt g} crs' cfi} fwL kf] /x]5 Sof/] . xfdL klg
;x/sf] of] 3Rrf3df;fg, le8ef8 sfof{nosf] sfd Pjd\ oflGqs bl} gsLaf6 cf/fd lng k|sl[ t
d:' s/' fPsf] dfofjL gu/sf6] hfg] ofh] gf agfof}F / nfUof}F gu/sf]6lt/ Û

/fhwfgLsf] le8ef8 l5rf]nk] l5 a;sf] ult a9\b} uof] . a;sf ‰ofnx¿af6 xfjf lgs} ankj" {s
xfdL;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ul//xs] f] lyof] . ;do ;dodf :jfQ} k;]sf] 3fdn] cfvF f / cf7] dfq xg}
z/L/el/ cfˆgf] pHofnf] / Gofgf]sf] nk] g nufpg vf]lh/x]sf] lyof] .

Psgf; u'l8/x]sf] a;sf] ‰ofnaf6 bl] vg] hlt kxf8x¿nfO{ x]l//xs] f] 5' / dnfO{ nfUb} 5
kxf8x¿n] klg dnfO{ x]l//x]sf kf] x'g\ ls < o;/L kxf8leq x'g ;Sg] ultljlwx¿nfO{ ;Defjgfsf]
tfNrf vf]n/] ljrf/ ul//x]sf] 5' .

zAbfy{ slxNo} gr'Sg] jf ljkmn gx'g]
crs' – dfofsf ¿kdf /xg], hfb'u/L
dfofjL – k|ToIf e]63f6, k|ToIf ¿kdf xfl;n x'g] 1fg
;fIffTsf/ – n]k nufpg] sfd jf lnkfO
nk] g –
gk] fnL, sIff (
78

xfdL gu/sf]6lt/ uO/xs] f 5fF} cyjf o;f] egf}F gu/sf6] n] xfdLnfO{ cfdGq0f ul//x]sf] 5 .
xfdf| ] ofqf nflhDkf6sf] Pp6f zfsfxf/L xf]6naf6 kf| /De ePsf] sl/a cfwf 306f eO;ss] f]
5 . xfdf| ] a; gu/sf]6 x'OlF sFb} hlt hlt k/k/ ;b}{ 5 gu/sf6] Tolt Tolt xfdLlt/ ghlsPsf]
cfef; x'Fbf] 5 . hfkflgh cltlyx¿ ;'hL cfzfs'/f, of]l;of cfzfs/' f, ldq /fhz] nfld5fg];Fu
d ;xofqfsf] ;f/ly ags] f] 5' .

;h' L hfkfgL efiff dfq af]Ng'x'G5 eg] of]l;of 6fs6's cªu\ ]|hL klg . t;y{ ;h' L;uF sf] s/' fsfgL
/fh]zdfkm{ t dfq ;Dej 5 . /fh]z / ;'hL hfkfgL efiffdf s/' fsfgL ul//xs] f 5g\ eg] of]l;of
/ d aflx/L b[Zox¿;uF cfcfk"mnfO{ ;fl6/xs] f 5fF} .

xfdL rf/ hgf dfq 5f}F, ofqfdf t/ a; eg] @$ l;6sf] 5 . a;sf] ‰ofnaf6 bl] vg] bZ[ ox¿dWo]
cfkm" nfO{ dg k/]sf bZ[ ox¿nfO{ dgsf] Sofd]/fn] lvlr/xs] f] 5', s;}n] yfxf gkfpg] u/L .
Pp6f ldgLa; psfnf]df plSn/xs] f] b]lvG5 . ldgLa;leq dfq xf]Og 9f]sfaflx/ / 5tdf klg
ljBfnosf] 8«;] nufPsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ em' G8/] ofqf ul//x]sf 5g,\ x'g ;S5 pgLx¿ 3/ kms{g]
xtf/fn] ] To:tf] hf]lvd ofqf ul//x]sf . pgLx¿sf] ljjztf / xfdf| ] a;sf] vfnL l;6x¿ x]5{' t/
s]xL elGbg,F cem egfF}, eGg ;lSbgF . dnfO{ nfU5, bz] df o:tf] gxg' 'kg{] / gldNg] w/] } sfdx¿
eO/x]sf 5g\ . clxns] f] ;dfhdf cfbz{ aGg vf]Hg' klg s[lqd x'Fbf] /x]5 . of] afWotf xf] lrQ
gae' m] klg ae' mfpgk' g]{ .

km] l/ ;8ssf] lsgf/fdf b'O6L aflnsf bl] vG5g\ . Pp6Ln] cfk"meGbf 7'nf] 3f;F sf] ef/L gfDnf]
nufP/ af]s]sL / csLn{ fO{ klg Toq} ef/L afS] g ;3fpbF } u/s] L . 3fF;sf] ef/LeGbf ;fgf ;fgf
aflnsfx¿sf] af/]df dnfO{ w]/} ;f]Rg ;lSbgF t/ Psl} 5g cl3 ldgLa;sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ¿kdf
xg] { rfxG5' pgLx¿nfO{ .

;f3F /' f] / gfuan] L af6fdf /dfOnf] dx;;' u/fpbF } a; gu/sf]6sf] Ps xf]6ndf k'u]/ /f]lsG5 .
3'dfp/f] af6f,] vfnL a;n] gfua]nL af6fdf em'QL v]Nbf d8fl/Psf] vfnL k6] df dnfO{ ghflgbF f]
lsl;dn] cK7]/f]sf] cge' j eO/xs] f] lyof] . To;n} ] d xtfl/bF } a;af6 cf]nG{ 5' . a;af6 cf]
ng{ f;fy xf]6]nsf sdr{ f/Lx¿sf ;'dw/' cfltYosf ;fy} ;t] f lxdfnn] xDs]sf] :jR5 / lr;f]
gu/sf]6sf] ;G' b/ zLtn xfjfn] u/s] f] :jfutn] d kfgL k/]kl5sf] cfsfz h:t} 5\ofªu\ x'G5' .
8f8F }8f8F fdWos] f] Pp6f 8fF8fdf ags] f] pSt xf]6n] sf] aFu}rfdf /flvPsf s';L{x¿df a;/] lrof
lkpbF } gu/sf6] sf] ;fG} bon{ fO{ vfH] g yfN5fF} xfdL . /fhz] ;'hL / of]l;ofnfO{ pgLx¿s} efiffdf
JofVof ug{ yfNg'x'G5 . t/ ;h' L / ofl] ;of eg] /fh]zsf] sl[ qd efiffeGbf klg l;l;{/] atf;df
;';fO/x]sf] gu/sf]6 ;fG} bo{sf] kf| s[lts efiff k9\g / ;G' g Jou| eP emF} efg xG' Yof] . ks| l[ tsf]
olt ;G' b/ ¿knfO{ olt Jojl:yt 9ª\un] ;fG} bok{ fg ug{ kfO/xs] fdf pgLx¿ bªu\ k/]/ otfplt
x]l//xs] f 5g\ .

;f/ly – 3f8] fsf] nufd ;dft]/ /y xfS“ g] JolSt, ;fyL

gk] fnL, sIff ( 79

x'g klg d gk] fnd} hGd]sf] g]kfnL, hDdf #%÷#^ lsnf]ld6/sf] b/' Ldf /x]sf] dfG5,] gu/sf]6sf]
l5d]sL t ;fG} bo{n] cfXnflbt ePsf] 5' eg] ;ft ;db' k| fl/af6 cfPsfx¿ oL ldqx¿ ke| fljt
geP/ s;/L a:g ;S5g\ / <

sf7df8fa}F f6 5f]6f] ofqfdf g} ;x/sf] afSnf] le8 / k|b"if0faf6 dS' t u/fpg] olt ;G' b/ k|sl[ tnfO{
cfTd;ft\ ug{ kfpg' ;fdfGo s/' f xFb' } xfO] g . To;n} ] gu/sf6] n] ljb]zLx¿nfO{ dfq xf]Og
sf7df8f}nF fO{ klg cfslift{ ul//xs] f] 5 emg\ emg\ . gu/sf6] n] ljz]if lbgx¿ dfq geO{ labfsf]
lbgdf ljz]if cfslif{t ul//x]sf] 5 sf7df8f}FnfO{ .

jl/kl/ lxdfnx¿ b]lvPsf 5g} g\ dfgf} ltgLx¿ clxn] afSnf] tj' fFnfsf] ?dfnn] dv' k'5\t} 5g\ ls
h:tf] kf] 5 t Û t/ klg ks| [ltsf] 56fsf cGo b[Zox¿n] cfvF fsf] Kof; d]6fO/x5] g\ / lxdfnsf]
cg'xf/ tTsfn x]g{ gkfpFbf Tolt w/] } v6s\ s] f] 5g} . 8f8F f;uF vl] n/x]sf xfjfx¿ cfkm" lrl;Fb}
uPsf] cge' j u/fp5F g\ xfdLnfO{ . d gf8Lsf] 38L x]5'{ ;feF msf] %M#) alh/xs] f] 5 .

Ps xn' sl' x/f] otfaf6 ptf / ptfaf6 otf ul//x]sf 5g\ . v} sl' Gg s]sf] xtf/f] xfn] f oL
s'lx/fnfO{ Û dfgf}F s]6fs6] L emF} t]nsf;f v]ln/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] r~rn ag]sf] x:' ;'nfO{ xfdL
pgLx¿eGbf dflyaf6 xl] //x]sf 5fF} .

j/k/sf gusf]6nfO{ 5f]8/] /fhz] s]xL 6f9fsf] Pp6f 7fpnF fO{ cfnF} fn] b]vfpbF } eG5g\, æpm Tof]
yD' sf] 5 lg ˜˜ To;sf] tnk6\l6 bp] k/' eGg] ufpF 5 . Tof] 7o\ fSs} eStk'/ h:tf] 5 . ToxfFsf
3/sf ‰ofn9f]sf / af6f] uNnLx¿ ;a} eStk'/s} h:tf 5g\ . ldgL eStk/' eGbf klg xG' 5, Tof]
ufpFnfO{ . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿nfO{ a:g eStk'/sf] gd'gfdf agfOlbPsf lyP
/,] Tof] 7fpF . oxfaF f6 Ps 306fhlt lx8F ]kl5 ToxfF kl' uG5 . pm Tof] alu/x]sf] gbL rflxF OGb|fjtL
xf,] /dz] ljsnsf] clj/n alu/x]sf] OGbf| jtL .Æ

kf| sl[ ts ;f}Gbo{sf] :kzn{ ] d Ps k|sf/n] /d/d xb'F } n6\l7Fb} uO/xs] f] lyPF t;y{ d glhs}sf]
w'kLsf] ?vdf r/fx¿n] ufO/xs] f uLtx¿ klg dn} ] ;l' g/xs] f] lyOg . glhsa} f6 Ps ayfg
r/fx¿ p8F s] f] b]v]kl5 d eml:sG5' . r/fx¿n] xfdLnfO{ g} ;g' fpg ufPsf] uLtnfO{ dn} ] aj] f:tf
u/s] f] b]v/] Wofgfsif{0fsf nflu ayfg ag]/ glhsA} ff6 p8F ]sf] x'g;Sg] klg dnfO{ nfUof] .

hfkfgsf s/ftF ] RoflDkog @^ jif{sf oj' s of]l;of cfzfs/' f klxnf] k6s g]kfn cfPsfn] lgs}
bªu\ k/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] JolStTj cToGt ;G' b/ / cfsifs{ bl] vG5 . d pgnfO{ eG5', æoxL 7fpFdf
tkfOsF{ f] Pp6f kmf]6f] lvR5', tkfO{F / of] k|s[ltdf sg' a9L /fd|f] 5 eg]/ hfkfg kms]k{ l5 cfˆgf
;fyLx¿nfO{ 5'6o\ fpg nufpg';\ .Æ pxfsF f lktf ;'hL cfzfs'/f;lxt xfdL ;a} xf:5f}F dHhfn] .

;h' L rf/ k6s sf7df8f}F cfO;s]sf 5g\ / clxn] gu/sf6] bf;] |f] k6s cfOku' ]sf 5g\ .
klxnf] k6s cfpbF f / clxn] s] cGt/ kfpg'eof] eGg] lh1f;f d /fh]z dfk{mt /fV5' . æklxn]

cfXnflbt – xlif{t, k|;Gg
gusf6] – cUnf] 8f“8f] jf kxf8df /x]sf] lsNnf, u9L
JolStTj – JolStsf j}olSts ljz]iftf hgfpg] u'0f jf lghLkg

80 g]kfnL, sIff (

lxdfnx¿ bl] vPsfn] w]/} /dfOnf] ePsf] lyof], clxn] bl] vPsf] 5g} t/ lxdfn bl] vof] eg]
klxn] h:t} /dfOnf] x'G5 xfn] f .Æ ;'hLn] ;Gtl' nt pQ/ lbP t/ klg dnfO{ lxdfn b]v]/
clnslt / afbn bv] ]/ cln a9L l/; p7\5, lxdfn 5f]lkg / afbn 5f]Kg xtfl/Psfd] f . ko6{ g
pBf]u w/fzfoL aGb} uO/x]sf] o:tf] ;dodf lxdfn afbnn] klg cfk"mn] ;Sbf] ;xofu] pbf/ ag/]
ug{'k¥of] eGg] nfUof] dnfO{ .

;fG} bo{ / zfGt jftfj/0f;Fu} gflr/xg] x:' ;'n] ubf{ gu/sf6] n] Ps} lbgdf ljleGg ks| f/sf
df};dsf] cge' "lt u/fpF5 eGg] s/' fdf cljZjf; ug]{ 7fpF /xFbg} . To;} klg gu/sf6] df grfpg]
xfjfx¿, ggfRg] x':;x' ¿, ga‰' g] dfofjL afbnx¿, aus] f] gbV] g] gbLsf kfgLx¿n] ubf{ oxfF
r/fx¿sf] uLt s0f{lk|o dfq} xf]Og x[bolko| klg xFb' f] /x5] . z/L/df alu/x]sf] /ut gfRg yfn]
h:tf] xb[ oleqsf tf/x¿ u'lGhg vfh] ] h:tf] eO/xs] f] 5 dnfO{ olt v]/ . ;'v / zflGtsf nflu
ks| l[ teGbf csf{] :yfg 5g} eGg] dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf egfOnfO{ ;dyg{ df tfnL ahfO/xs] f] 5' .
o:tf] dgf/] d cg'el" t u/fpg] cfhsf] lbgnfO{ la;{]/ d ckdfg ug{ rfxGgF . cfhsf] ;fy{s
lbgsf] ;Demgf u5'{ . /fltsf] vfgf hfkfgLx¿;Fu hfkfgL kl/sf/ g} vfbF } lyof}F . s'/fsfgLsf]
j|mddf pgLx¿ a'af5f]/f olt nfdf] ;do;Dd e]6s] f] / a;]sf] !) jif{kl5 xf] eGg] yfxf x'G5 .
ljb]zdf oj' fx¿ pd]/ ku' k] l5 cfdfa'afsf] 3/df a:bg} g\ eGg] yfxf lyof] . ælsg <Æ d}n] k|Zg
u/]F .

æxfdL dg gk/fP/ cfdfa'af;Fu 6f9f xg' ] xf]OgfF} . 3/df a;'Ghn] ;Dd h:tf];s' } sfd u/] klg
cfˆgfk] g xbF' g} . cfdfaa' fs} sf/0f eGg] xG' 5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf pd/] k'u]kl5 klg cfdfaa' f;uF
a:bf g/fd|f] / cN5L dflgG5 . xfdL tLg tLg xKtfdf Ps k6s e]6g\ ] u5f}F{ .Æ of]l;ofn] cfˆgf]
;fdflhs k|rngsf af/d] f :ki6 kf/] .

clxn] ofl] ;of 8/] fdf a;]/ sfd ub}{ 5g\ . hals cfkm\ g} aa' fsf] 3/ 5 / bO' { bO' c{ f]6f /:] 6'/G] 6
rnfPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] aa' fsf] /:] 6/' ]G6 /fd|f] rns] fn] pgL slxn]sfxLF hfbF f l;Q}df vfg] u5g{ \ /],
klxn] k;} f ltg{] uy{] /] . sfd t aa' fs} /:] 6/' ]G6df u/] klg xG' Yof] lg < dn} ] km] l/ kZ| g u/F] . d]/f]
cWoogsf] ljifo /:] 6'/G] 6sf] xf]Og . a'afs} ePsf] gftfn] sfd u/F] eg] csf{] Ps hgf of]Uo
JolStsf] sfd vfl] ;G5 lg x}g / < kZ| gsf] pN6} kl| tkZ| g u/] . To;kl5 d}n] a'af rflxFnfO{ ;f]w,F]
cflv/ tkfOF{ lsg bO' { b'Oc{ f]6f /:] 6/' G] 6 rnfO/xg' ePsf] 5 t < 5f/] f5f]/L ;a} 3/af6 lgl:s;s] .
tkfOx{F ¿ a'9fa'9LnfO{ t kG] ;gn] g} k'U5 xf]nf lg <

æxf] k'U5 . t/ a9' ];sfndf klg ;lj|mo xg' sf nflu xfdL sfdsf nflu sfd u5f{}F . sdfpg} k5{
eGg] dfGotf /fVbG} ffF} .Æ ;h' Lsf] egfO dnfO{ Psbd l7s nfu] klg logLx¿sf] ;DaGwsf] s[lqdtf
/ cfbz{dWo] s'g /fdf| ] sg' g/fd|f] xf] eGg] 56' \ofpg ;lSbgF .

w/fzfoL – hldgdf k5fl/Psf,] n8s] f,] vQd ePsf]
pbf/ – dgsf/L, ;ª\s'lrt ;fr] fO, :jfy{ cflbaf6 d'St
s0f{lk|o – dw'/, ;G' bf sfgnfO{ cfgGb lbg]

g]kfnL, sIff ( 81

clxn] gu/sf]6 cGwsf/ alg;ss] f] 5, cWF of/fn] ] ;a}nfO{ k/flht ul/;ss] f] 5 . cfsfzdf
tf/fx¿ l6nlknfO/xs] f 5g\ . cfsfzsf tf/f bv] k] l5 ;h' Ln] tf/f x/] ]/ dfq ;T' g] dg;fo ks| 6
u/] / aflx/ lg:sk] l5 xftnfO{ b/' lag agfP/ tf/f xg] { yfN5g\ . cs:dft\ ToxL j]nf Pp6f tf/f
v:of] . /fhz] n] tf/f v;s] f] bV] of] eg] ;fOt kg]{ s/' f atfP . hfkfgdf klg tf/f v;s] f] jn] fdf
cfkm" n] lrtfPsf] s'/f tLg k6s dgdg} eGof] eg] k/" f xG' 5 eGg] ljZjf; ug{] s'/f ;h' Ln] atfP .
cfx] f,] s:tf] ;dfgtf < o:tf] cGwljZjf;df klg . d 5Ss k5{' . xfdLsxfF h:t} lkts[ f] >f4 klg
hfkfgLx¿n] u5{g\ eGg] yfxf kfpbF f emg\ crDd nfU5 . xfdLn] jif{ jif{df ug]{ >f4 pgLx¿ #,
( / @& jif{df ubf{ /x5] g\ .

To;kl5 dnfO{ nfUof] dfG5] cflv/ hxfF a;] klg dfG5] g} xf], hg' ;+:sl[ tdf x's]{ klg wgL, ul/a
jf h:tf] j0fs{ f] eP klg dfG5]sf] :j¿k / ;+/rgfdf ;dfgtf g} 5 . To;}n] xfn] f dfG5] dfG5]nfO{
dfof u5{, k|]d u5{ / dfG5s] f lglDt ;a}eGbf 7'nf] bZ' dg / ;x+ f/s klg dfG5] g} xg' ] u/s] f] 5 .

6]lnkmfg] sf] 3G6L ahk] l5 laxfg Ps;fy lapFlemofF} xfdL . laxfg lxdfn b]lvg] ;dodf
xf6] ]nsf sdr{ f/Ln] o;/L g} 6]lnkmf]gsf] 3G6L ahfP/ AoFe' mfOlbg] ubf{ /x5] g\ cfˆgf
cltlyx¿nfO{ . h¥ofsh'?s p7]/ xfdL afbn{ Ldf kU' of}F . ToxfsF f x/s] sf7] fdf afb{nLsf] ;'ljwf /x5] .
;uF }sf] afbn{ Ldf ;h' L / ofl] ;of Sofd/] fsf] cfFvfåf/f lxdfnnfO{ tfls/xs] f lyP . s]xL b]lvPsf
lxdfnx¿nfO{ km] l/ km] l/ xg] s{ f nflu Sofd/] fleq yGsfpFb} lyP . Ps}l5gcl3 sfnf b]lvPsf
lxdfnx¿df ;g' f}nf ls/0fx¿sf lsgf/fx¿ bl] vG5g\ . ;:' t ultdf lxdfnsf] uea{ f6 ;o" {sf]
kbfk{0f xG' 5 . ca ;fob ;o" s{ f] ;?jf lxdfnaf6 cfsfzdf ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

cs:dft\ /fhz] sf] cf]7df uLt u'lGhG5, …laxfg p7g\ l] alQs} lxdfn b]Vg kfOof];,\ oL xftn]
;wF} ;wF} gk] fn n]Vg kfOof;] \ ==== .Ú sfnLk|;fb l/hfnsf] efjgfnfO{ /fdsi[ 0f 9sfnn] ;'gfPsf]
of] uLt dnfO{ ;fx|} dg k5{ . yfx} gkfO{ d/] f] cf]7df klg ToxL uLt ul' GhG5 . ;w}F dg vfn] /]
ufpg] of] uLt cfh emg\ p7\gf;fy lxdfn b]Vbf uLt stf stf lae]msf] h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ .
clxn] h:t} 3/ 5f8] ]/ xf6] n] df a;s] f] j]nfdf dfq :jflbnf] x'g] h:tf] nfUof] of] uLt . xf]Og
eg] laxfg cfvF f vf]n]bl] v /flt cfFvf aGb gu?Gh]n;Dd lxdfn} lxdfn b]Vg]x¿n] s;/L lnG5g\
xfn] f, of] uLt < a? gk] fnsf lxdfnL If]qdf a:g]x¿n] eGbf x'g,\ o:tf] hf8fdf t slxn]sfxLF
lxdfn gb]lvP klg x'GYof] lg .

cfx] f] Û d klg s:tf] x':;' . ;do;uF aUg g;Sg] dfG5] . sxfF laxfgsf] ;G' b/ s'df/L lxdfnnfO{
xg] { 5f]8]/ uLtdfly kf] l6Kk0fL ug{ yfn5] ' . d k]ml/ k"j{jt\ lxdfndfly sl] Gbt| x'G5' t/ b'ef{Uo,
lxdfndfly afbnn] 3D' 6f] xfln;ss] f] lyof] . s] ug{' < cfˆg} sf/0f k:| 6 b]lvPsf ;'Gb/
lxdfnx¿nfO{ bV] g kfOPg . ysysL nfU5 t/ nfu/] s] ug'{ < ;don] kvFb{ }g eg] h:t} lxdfnn]
sxfF kvFb{ f] /x]5 / <

kbfk0{ f – kfOnf] /fVg] sfd, cfudg

82 gk] fnL, sIff (

x]bfx{ ]b}{ x:' ;' a9g\ ] j|md a9\b} hfG5 . Ps}l5g cl3;Dd bl] vPsf b[Zox¿ x:' ;'n] 8Dd 9flsG5g\ .
sl' x/f] eg] Psgf;n] tnsf] vf]rF af6 dflylt/ a;fOF ;g{ vfh] ] h:t} alx/x]sf] 5 . of] x':;' /
k|sl[ tsf] n'sfdf/L s]6fs6] L cf;kf; vn] ] h:t} eO/xs] f] 5 . afbnn] dfq} cfˆgf] / c¿sf] ¿k
kl/jtg{ u/fpg ;Sg] dfofjL x'G5 eGg] h:tf] nfuY] of] t/ clxn] s'lx/f] klg dfofjL g} nfUg
yfNof] dnfO{ . of] bZ[ odf cfgGb lnO/xs] f] b]v/] xf6] n] sf Ps hgf efOn] glhs} cfP/ eGof,]
æ;/, oxfF ;wF} o:t} xf], Ps}l5gdf b]lvPsf s/' f 5fl] kG5g\ / Ps}l5gdf 5f]lkPsf s'/f b]lvG5g\ .Æ

lxhf]bl] v cfh laxfg;Dd gu/sf6] n] bv] fPsf] r~rntf x]bf{ dnfO{ nfU5, cfh gu/sf]6 lgs}
v';L eP h:tf] 5 . dfgf,F} gu/sf6] oj' tL xg' \ / pgsf] ev/{ } lax]sf] s'/f] l5g]sf] 5 clg pgL
sf7] fdf cfP/ PSn} cfˆgf] ¿k x]l//x]sL 5g\ . To;n} ] dnfO{ clxn] gu/sf]6nfO{ dgel/ lkpg
dg nflu/x]sf] 5 .

vF]“r – b'O{ kxf8sf larsf] ulx/f] / ;f“3'/f] 7fp“
r~rntf – r'na'n] :jefj, r~rn xg' fsf] efj

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ bl" ift kfg{] sfd
-v_ gfusf] h:tf] cfsf/ k/s] f] af6f], gbL cflb
-u_ ;'Gb/ xg' fsf] efj
-3_ lgs6 xg' fsf] efj
-ª_ afnaflnsfn] v]Ng] Ps k|sf/sf] v]n
-r_ kzk' G5Lx¿sf] ;d"x, aufn
-5_ kf| s[lts u0' f gePsf]
-h_ >4fkj" {s ul/g] lkts[ fo{
@= egfOnfO{ ljlzi6 kfg{ nv] sn] lgofqfdf pkofu] u/s] f lgDglnlvt kbfjnLsf] z4' pRrf/0f
ug'{xf;] \ / sIffdf 5nkmn u/L cy{ klxNofpg'xf;] \ M

;Defjgfsf] tfNrf, dgsf] Sofd/] f, ;ft ;d'b|kfl/, Ps xn' sl' x/f], ;fG} bo{sf] :kz{, Sofd]/fsf]
cfFvf, afbnsf] 3'D6f,] dgel/ lkpg'
#= zAbsf]z x]//] tn lbOPsf cgs] fyL{ zAbsf] cy{ nV] gx' f];\ M
lt/, t/, tf/, x':;,' tfn, sn

g]kfnL, sIff ( 83

afw] / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb pRrf/0f ug{'xf];\ M

sl[ qd, cfdGq0f, sª\ljm| 6, bZ[ o, cK7]/f], ;fG} bo,{ r~rntf

@= lgofqfsf] ‘clxn] gu/sf]6 ==== ubf{ /x5] g\’ cgR' 5]b kfnk} fnf] ;:j/ k7g ugx'{ f;] \ .

#= ‘6]lnkmfg] sf] ==== xg' ;S5‘ cg'R5]b k9L tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ cg'R5b] sf] 36gfj|md glauf/L eGgx' f;] \ .

-v_ cg'R5]bdf ;a}eGbf nfdf] jfSo s'g xf] <

-u_ cg'R5]bsf] ;ae} Gbf 5f6] f] jfSodf sltcf6] f zAbx¿ /x]sf 5g\ <

-3_ cg'R5b] sf] pkoS' t zLif{s s] x'g ;S5 <

$= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

clxn] ofl] ;of 8]/fdf a;/] sfd ub}{ 5g\ . hals cfˆg} aa' fsf] 3/ 5 / bO' { b'O{cf6] f /:] 6/' ]G6
rnfPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] a'afsf] /]:6/' ]G6 /fd|f] rn]sfn] pxfF slxns] fxLF hfbF f l;Qd} f vfg]
u5g{ \ /,] klxn] k;} f ltg]{ uy{] /] . sfd t aa' fs} /:] 6'/]G6df u/] klg x'GYof] lg < d}n] k]ml/
kZ| g u/]F . d]/f] cWoogsf] ljifo /:] 6/' ]G6sf] xfO] g . aa' fs} ePsf] gftfn] sfd u/]F eg] csf{]
Ps hgf of]Uo JolStsf] sfd vfl] ;G5 lg xg} / < kZ| gsf] pN6} kl| tkZ| g u/] . To;kl5 dn} ]
a'af rflxnF fO{ ;f]w]F, cflv/ tkfOF{ lsg b'O{ bO' {cf]6f /:] 6/' G] 6 rnfO/xge' Psf] 5 t < 5f/] f5f]/L
;a} 3/af6 lgl:s;s] . tkfO{Fx¿ a'9fa9' LnfO{ t kG] ;gn] g} kU' 5 .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ ofl] ;ofsf aa' fsf] k;] f s] xf] <

-v_ of]l;ofn] aa' fsf] /:] 6/' ]G6df sfd gug's{ f] sf/0f s] /x]5 <

-u_ cfˆgf] aa' fsf] 3/ / /]:6/' ]G6 x'bF fx'bF } 5f/] f5f/] L 8]/fdf a:g] / cGt} sfd ug]{ hfkfgLx¿sf]
s'/f tkfOFn{ fO{ s:tf] nfUof,] lsg <

-3_ cgR' 5b] sf] clGtd jfSosf] cfzo s] xfn] f <

%= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

dfG5] hlthlt efl} ts pGgltsf kl5 bu/' f];\, ;xl/of ;Eotfsf df]xdf ?dlnof];\ /
sª\ljm| 6n] 7l8Psf] s7f/] 3/nfO{ hlt;s' } d/] f] d]/f] eg]/ ;'D;'Dofcf;] \ t/ ha dfG5]
k|sl[ tsf] dfofn' ;fdLKo kfp5F tL ;a} efl} ts ;'ljwfx¿ e;' S' s eN' bf] /x]5 . ;x/sf
uugrD' aL dxnx¿sf le8df x/fPsf] ctfl;Psf] dfG5s] f nflu ks| [lt g} crs' cf}ifwL
kf] /x]5 Sof/] . xfdL klg ;x/sf] of] 3Rrf3df;fg, le8ef8 sfof{nosf] sfd Pjd\

84 gk] fnL, sIff (

oflGqs bl} gsLaf6 cf/fd lng k|s[lt d:' s'/fPsf] dfofjL gu/sf6] hfg] ofh] gf agfofF} /
nfUofF} gu/sf]6lt/ Û
k|Zgx¿
-s_ dflysf] cg'R5]bdf ;xl/of jftfj/0fsf] lrq0f s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <

-v_ ;x/sf] jftfj/0faf6 ctfl;Psf] dfG5s] f nflu ks| [lt s;/L cr's cf}ifwL aGg
;S5, ts{ ugx{' f];\ .

^= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ lgofqfdf afnaflnsfx¿sf] s:tf] cj:yf b]vfOPsf] 5 <

-v_ gu/sf]6af6 bl] vg] s'g bZ[ o ko6{ sn] a9L dg k/fPsf] bl] vG5 <

-u_ nv] ssf] 6f]nL gu/sf6] k'Ubf ToxfsF f] df};d s:tf] lyof] <

&= gu/sf]6af6 bl] vg] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] j0fg{ kf7sf cfwf/df ug{'xf];\ .

*= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9L sg' } tLgcf6] f kZ| g lgdf0{ f ug{x' f;] \ / k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]vL
lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf;] \ M

cs:dft\ /fh]zsf] cf7] df uLt u'lGhG5, …laxfg p7\gl] alQs} lxdfn bV] g kfOof];\, oL xftn]
;wF} ;wF} g]kfn n]Vg kfOof;] \ ==== .Ú sfnLk;| fb l/hfnsf] efjgfnfO{ /fdsi[ 0f 9sfnn]
;g' fPsf] of] uLt dnfO{ ;fx|} dg k5{ . yfx} gkfO{ d]/f] cf]7df klg ToxL uLt ul' GhG5 .
;w}F dg vfn] ]/ ufpg] of] uLt cfh emg\ p7g\ f;fy lxdfn b]Vbf uLt stf stf lae]msf]
h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . clxn] h:t} 3/ 5f]8/] xf6] ]ndf a;]sf] j]nfdf dfq :jflbnf] x'g] h:tf]
nfUof] of] uLt . xf]Og eg] laxfg cfFvf vf]n]bl] v /flt cfvF f aGb gu?Gh]n;Dd lxdfn}
lxdfn bV] g]x¿n] s;/L lnG5g\ xf]nf, of] uLt < a? g]kfnsf lxdfnL Ifq] df a:gx] ¿n] eGbf
x'g,\ o:tf] hf8fdf t slxns] fxLF lxdfn gbl] vP klg xG' Yof] lg .

(= JofVof ugx'{ f];\ M

-s_ hxfF a;] klg dfG5] g} xf], h'g ;+:sl[ tdf xs' {] klg wgL, ul/a jf h:tf] j0f{sf] eP klg
dfG5]sf] :j¿k / ;+/rgfdf ;dfgtf g} 5 .

!)= /l] 8of], 6]lnlehgdf k;| fl/t ljsf; lgdf0{ f;DaGwL ;dfrf/ ;'gL To;af/] cfk"mnfO{ nfus] f
s/' f sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \ .

gk] fnL, sIff ( 85

!!= emdemd kfgL kl//xs] f] j]nf dgdf p7\g] efjx¿ ;d6] L lghfTds cgR' 5]b tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

!@= ‘;f3“'/f] ==== xl] //xs] f 5g\’ cg'R5b] af6 d'Vo d'Vo rf/cf]6f ab“' fl6kf6] u/L ;f/fz+ n]Vgx' f;] \ .

!#= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

ef]hgkl5 xfd|f] ofqf vKt8 Ifq] df k|j]z u5{ . l:nlkª Aofun] xfd|f] uGtJo kl/ro g;s]
klg vKt8 If]qsf b]jbf? j[Ifx¿ cfˆgf] 5ftLdf ;ªs\ t] kf6Ldf 6fFu/] plePsf b]lvG5g\ .
;d'b|Ltxaf6 !@ xhf/ lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt vKt8 If]qdf /x]sf lqj0] fL, rlrt{ eujtL
sflnsfsf] :yfgaf6 jl/kl/ kg{] bj] :ynx¿ vKt8sf k|Voft bj] kL7x¿ x'g\ . lqj0] fLaf6
l;wF} kj" l{ t/ lj:tfl/t lgs~' h / ;l} gs uN' dsf] sfofn{ o, To;af6 yf]/} kj" l{ t/ cjl:yt
vKt8bx, blIf0flt/sf] lzv/df cjl:yt ;x>Z] j/ lzjfno / pQ/lt/sf] lzv/df cjl:yt
vKt8afafsf] cf>d . v'nf cfsfzdf pQ/k"jl{ t/ xb] f{ b]lvg] dfg;/f]j/ If]q;Ddsf] /dfOnf]
lxdfnL bZ[ o To;dfly k|fsl[ ts z}nL . nfdfnfdf gfª\uf kmf6F x¿ :yfgLo efiffdf kf6g .
xl/of] eO' Fdf /ftf / kxn] f a'66\ f el/Psf unr}F fsf] cfsf/df c4l{ glb|t k|s[lt, clnslt
/d0fLo, clnslt cTof;, clnslt zflGt, clnslt PsfGt ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f vKt8 .
;}lgs ;/+ If0f / d[u ag]nsf l;sf/ / l;x+ sf] clej[l4 Pp6f /dfOnf] ;dfud . oL ;as} f]
;dLs/0fdf lg/fkb cjl:yt vKt8 . dfG5n] ] lgufnfsf] Pp6f nf/} f] dfq 6s] ] klg lgs~' hsf]
lgod pNnª3\ g ePsf] 7fG5 vKt8 . lgs'~h jf:tjdf jGo ;Dkbfsf] e08f/ xf] . To;sf]
;/' Iffsf lgldQ 5cf6] f rf}sL / Pp6f ;}lgs u'Nd;dt] sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{
;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf ;/' lIft ug{ ;s] nfe gxg' ] s'/} 5}g .
/fhG] b| ;'jb] L

-s_ pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M

-c_ lqj0] fLsf] kj" { / blIf0flt/ b]lvg] b[Zo j0fg{ ugx'{ f];\ .

-cf_ vKt8nfO{ s] ss] f] ;lDd>0f elgPsf] 5 <

-O_ s:tf] sfoa{ f6 lgs~' hsf] lgod pNnª\3g xG' 5 <

-O_{ tkfOnF{ fO{ vKt8sf] kf| s[lts ;f}Gbo{ dg kgfs{ f sf/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .

-v_ efiff ;+/rgf klxrfg ug{x' f;] \ M

-c_ pko'St j0f{ljGof; klxrfg ug{x' f];\ M sfof{no, sf¥ofno, sf/\ofno, sfof{nP

-cf_ …dfG5n] ] lgufnfs] f] Pp6f nf/} f] dfq 6]Sof]Ú jfSodf /xs] f stf{ / ljm| of klxrfg
ug'x{ f;] \ .

-O_ …kf6L, …lt/Ú zAbx¿sf ljleGg cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .

-O_{ lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] lgdf{0f k|lj|mof bv] fpgx' f;] \ M lqj]0fL, ;}lgs, ;'/Iff, nfdf nfdf

86 g]kfnL, sIff (

!$= tn lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9g\ x' f;] \ / tfl] sPsf] sfo{ ug'x{ f];\ M

wgsd' f/Ln] s[lif ljifo kl9g\ . s[lifdf :gfts ;sk] l5 pgn] hflu/ ug{] ljrf/ ul/gg\ .
cfdfa'afn] 5f/] Ln] s[lif ljifo k9k] l5 /fdf| ] hflu/ vflng\ eGg] ck]Iff u/]sf lyP t/
wgsd' f/LnfO{ hflu/af6 eGbf cfˆgf] k9fOcg;' f/ ug{] cfwl' gs s[lifaf6 g} w/] } /fdf| ] xG' 5
eGg] ljZjf; lyof] . pgn] cfˆgf ufpFdf k/Dk/fut sl[ if ug]{ ;a} cfdfaa' f, bfh'efO,
lbbLalxgLnfO{ cfwl' gs k|0ffnLcg';f/ sl[ ifsf] tflnd lbg] ljrf/ ePsf] s/' f atfOg\ .
wgs'df/Lsf cfdfaa' fnfO{ 5f]/Lsf] s'/fdf ljZjf; nfUof] / v;' L eP .

cfdfaa' fn] eljiodf OlGhlgo/ agfpg] ck]Iff /fv] klg cfkm" sl[ if ljifo g} k9/] /fd|f]
ug{ ;Sg] s/' fnfO{ cfdfaa' fnfO{ s;/L ljZjf; lbnfpg'x'G5, sIffdf df}lvs ¿kdf k:| t't
ug{'xf];\ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;g' fO kf7 ( ;'Gg'xf];\ / tn lbOPsf jfSo l7s al] 7s s] 5g,\ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ cfkmn" ] OHht kfpgsf nflu c¿nfO{ OHht ug'{k5{ .
-v_ ufnLn] tfl/km kmsf{p5F , tfl/kmn] ufnL lgDTofp5F .
-u_ /fd|f] sfdnfO{ /fdf| ] eGg' / :ofaf; lbg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] .
-3_ PstkmL{ dfgl;stf ;Eo ;dfhsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] u'0f xf] .

@= dfG5s] f st{Jodf s] s/' f k5,{ ;g' fO kf7 ( cfwf/df eGgx' f];\ .

eflifs ;/+ rgf / j0f{ljGof;

!= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] df /v] fªl\ st ;d:t zAbx¿sf] lju|x ug{'xf];\ M

jL/axfb'/ sf/] fg] f sfndf cfhefl] n 3/aflx/ lg:sbF f df:s nufP/ dfq lg:sG5g\ .
;fFemlaxfg lx8F b\ f xf];\ jf lbgel/ 8'Nbf xf];\ pgL df:s nufpF5g\ . lbg bu' g' f /ft
rf}ug' f /fu] u:| t dfG5] a9s] fn] vfB;fdu|L lsGg yf]sJofkf/LsxfF hfFbf xf;] \ jf ljBfno,
bj] fnodf hfbF f xf];\ pgn] df:s nufpg] u/]sf 5g\ . kNnf] 3/sL ;flgdf, 7l' ncfdf, 7'NbfO
/ ;fGbfO ;an} fO{ of] s'/f eGgk' 5{ . bf]af6f,] rfa} f6fd] f t emg} dfG5]sf] le8 xG' 5 ToxfF hfbF f
;ts{ x'g'k5{ .

@= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿nfO{ ;d:t zAb agfpgx' f];\ M

dgnfO{ df]xs, efG5fsf nflu 3/, ¿k jf u'0f, tg, dg / wg, rf/ af6fsf] ;dx" , kfFrcf6] f
cdt[ sf] ;dx" , kLt 5 cDa/ h;sf,] ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/s] f] 5 h;n], dxfg\ slj, uxF'
em}F uf/] f], ljBf g} wg, x/]s avt, ;Dej eP;Dd

#= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ ;d:t eP ljux| / ljux| eP ;d:t zAb agfpg'xf;] \ M

cfzftLt, vfB cGg, jgdf ef]h, g ?g' g xfF:g', ufOs{ f] hfqf, lqj0] fL, nfdk'R5«], x/avt

gk] fnL, sIff ( 87

$= ‘;fG} bo{ / zfGt ==== kZ| g u/’]“ cg'R5]bdf ko| fu] ePsf kfr“ cf]6f ;d:t zAb l6kf6] ug'{xf];\ .

%= lbOPsf] ;Gbe{ k9\g'xf;] \ M

-s_ xs{axfb'/ cfP .
-v_ kNnf] ufpsF f xs{axfb/' lxhf] cfP .
-u_ kNnf] ufpFsf 7n' fvs]{ xsa{ xfb'/ rf/ jifk{ l5 lxhf] cfP .

dflysf] tLgcf]6} jfSodf …xs{axfb'/Ú p2]Zo xf] eg] …cfPÚ ljwo] xf] . jfSo k"/f x'g
p2Z] o / ljwo] clgjfo{ xG' 5g\ . …sÚ df p2Z] o / ljw]o dfq eP/ klg jfSo k"/f
ePsf] 5 . …vÚ / …uÚ df p2Z] o lj:tf/ssf ¿kdf …kNnf] ufpsF fÚ / …kNnf] ufpFsf
7'nfvs]Ú{ cfPsf 5g\ eg] ljw]o lj:tf/ssf ¿kdf …lxhf]Ú / …rf/ jifk{ l5 lxhf]Ú
cfPsf 5g\ . …v / …uÚ jfSodf p2Z] o / ljwo] lemlslbg] xf] eg] afFsL /x]sf zAbn]
dfq jfSo aGbg} g\ . o;y{ lj:tf/sn] d'Vo kbsf] cy{nfO{ yk lj:tfl/t ug]{ sfd
dfq ub{5g\ . ltgsf] jfSodf d'Vo e"ldsf /xFb}g .

^= tn lbOPsf] cg'R5]baf6 p2]Zo / ljw]o klxrfg u/L To;sf lj:tf/sx¿ klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \ M
xl/dfof cfOg\ . pgL lxhf] sf7df8f}F cfPsL x'g\ . cl:t bfn] vf uPsL tL xl/dfof cfhaf6
sfddf kms{]sL 5g\ .
xl/dfofsf] sfofn{ odf kfFr hgf sdr{ f/L 5g\ . cl:t dfq 3/ uPsL xl/dfof cfh sfof{no
cfPsf] b]v]/ sdr{ f/Lx¿ 5Ss k/] .

&= p2]Zo / ljwo] tyf ltgsf lj:tf/sx¿ k|ofu] u/L Pp6f cg'R5]b tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .

*= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] df ‘o’ / ‘P’ k|ofu] ePsf zAb klxrfg ug{'xf];\ M
ao/ vfg vfn] f5]p uPsf] odaxfb/' PSsfl; lrlKnof] . pm otfptf x¥] of] . Ps/fhnfO{
b]v/] p;n] eGof,] æP Û Ps/fh otf cfpm . d t 8ª\u|ª\u} k5fl/PF . d]/f] xft ;dfP/ la:tf/}
p7fP/ 8f¥] ofpbF } c:ktfn nh} fpm x} .Æ

(= kf7sf] klxnf] / bf;] f| ] cg'R5]baf6 ‘o / ‘P’ k|ofu] ePsf zAbx¿sf] cnu cnu ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .

!)= lbOPsf zAbnfO{ z4' kf/]/ ;fg'x{ f;] \ M
Plt, eo/, op6f, hP, ufPs, ;'lGgo/, hndP

l;hG{ ff / kl/ofh] gf sfo{

!= ‘lxdfnsf] kf| s[lts ;'Gb/tf’ zLifs{ df Pp6f lgaGw tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .

@= cfk"mn] ed| 0f u/]sf] 7fps“ f] /d0fLo b[Zosf] lrq /fvL To;sf] j0f{g;lxt Ps cgR' 5b] tof/
ug{x' f;] \ .

88 g]kfnL, sIff (

kf7 !) ljBfyL{sf] JolStTj ljsf;

ljBfnodf gf} sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] jStT[ jsnf k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng xb'F } 5 . cfˆgf] sIffsf]7faf6
lg:s/] ;a} ljBfyL{ ljBfnosf] ;efxndf kl' u;s]sf 5g\ . sIffdf ePsf] k|ltofl] utfaf6
5flgPsf b'O{ hgf ljBfyL{ k|yd :yfgsf nflu cfhsf] o; kl| tof]lutfdf ;xefuL eO/x]sf 5g\ .
;efsIfsf] d~rdf sfo{j|mdsf cWoIf tyf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksHo" x'gx' G' 5 . kd| v' cltlysf]
¿kdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfn] cf;g ux| 0f uge'{ Psf] 5 . d~rsf] b]a]| 5p] df
tLg hgf lzIfsx¿ lg0ff{ossf] el" dsfdf cfcfˆgf] cf;gdf al;;Sge' Psf] 5 . d~rsf] bflxg]
5]pdf kl| tof]uL bO' { ljBfyL{x¿ af]Ng] ;do / kfnf] kvF{b} al;/xg' ePsf] 5 . ljBfnosf Ps hgf
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dokfnssf] lhDdj] f/L lbOPsf] 5 . sfoj{ m| d ;~rfngsf] cleef/f gf} sIffdf
cWoog/t Ps hgf ljBfyLn{ ] lnge' Psf] 5 . sfoj{ |md ;~rfnsn] k|ltof]lutfsf lgodx¿ :ki6
kfb{} k|ltofu] L cd[tf g]DafªnfO{ d~rdf cfdGq0f ugx{' 'G5 .

g]kfnL, sIff ( 89

cdt[ f gD] jfª

o; sfo{j|mdsf cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf, kd| 'v cltly, lg0ffo{ s d08n, >4o] u'?ju,{ k|ltofu] L / cGo
;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx¿ Û ljBfyL{sf] JolStTj ljsf; zLifs{ sf] o; jStT[ jsnf k|ltofl] utfdf d cdt[ f
g]Dafª cfˆgf] egfO /fVg] cg'dlt rfxG5' .

cfb/0fLo dxfg'efjx¿ Û

;j{k|yd t d ljBfnodf …ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj ljsf;Ú zLif{snfO{ lr/kmf/ ug{ rfxG5' / kl/eflift
ug{ rfxG5' . JolStTj zAbsf] cª\uh|] L ;dfgfyL{ zAb …k;{gfln6LÚ xf] . ;dfGotof JolStTj
zAbn] afx\o cgx' f/ / aflx/L e]ifei" ff eGg] cy{ a'emfp5F . zAb sf]zLo cy{n] a'emfpg] cg'xf/,
af]nL / afxo\ Jojxf/ JolStTjsf aflx/L kf6f xfn] fg\ . o;sf] klg dxŒj gx'g] xfO] g xf]nf t/ d
s] eGg rfxG5' eg] JolStTjsf] jf:tljs ¿k p;sf] lrGtg, ;f]r, cfr/0f tyf dgsf] k|sl[ t /
Ifdtf xf] . To;}n] ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿sf] lrGtg, ;fr] , cfr/0f tyf dgsf] ks| l[ tnfO{ cg'sn"
u/fpg] u/L jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{ / tbg's"n lzIf0f sfo{snfk ug{'n] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] JolStTj
ljsf;df 6j] f kU' 5 eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff 5 .

>4]o >f]tfu0f Û

xfdL ljBfyLx{ ¿ ljBfnodf lzIff cfh{g ug,{ 1fg cfhg{ ug{ clg of]Uo gful/s aGg] clenfiff
lnP/ cfpF5fF} . xfdf| cleefjsx¿ xfdLnfO{ w/] } k9g\ / ;kmn aGg xf}:ofO/xg' x'G5 . cem}
xfdLnfO{ ltdLx¿ eljiodf of] jf Tof] aGg'k5{ eg/] pTkl|] /t ul//xg' xG' 5 . slxn]sfxLF
ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] rfxgfadf]lhd efjL hLjgsf] ef/L b]vfP/eGbf pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} ?lr h]
5 To;}df pTkl|] /t u//] xf}:ofOof] eg] ljBfyLs{ f] JolStTj lgdf{0f ;xh ¿kdf xg' ;S5 .

jt{dfgdf ljBfnodf xfdLnfO{ k9fOG5, l;sfOG5, sIffsfo{ / ux[ sfo{ lbOG5 . xfdL tL sfo{
k/" f ub{} ljBfno hLjg latfp5F f}F / pTs[i6tfsf] k|df0fkq lnP/ xfdL lg:sG5f}F . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn]
;r" gf / 1fg kfof}F xfn] f xfd|f] afl} 4s JolStTjsf] ljsf; eof] xf]nf t/ ;dfhdf ;dfofh] g
x'g] vfnsf] JolStTj ljsf; / xfdLleq /xs] f] cgGt pmhf{nfO{ phfu/ ug{] sfddf xfd|f
ljBfnox¿sf] cled'vLs/0f s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < xfdLleq /x]sf] ;sf/fTds ;fr] pTvgg ug{ /
cfTdljZjf; hfu[t ug{ xfd|f ljBfnox¿n] s] s:tf jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u/]sf 5g\ t < ljBfyL{sf]
;du| JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] bfloTj s] xg' k' 5{ o;df Jofks ax; xg' ' h?/L 5g} / <

;efWoIf dxfb] o Û

klxnf] s'/f] ljBfyLl{ eq /x]sf] cgGt pmhf{ hufpg] sfd xfdf| ljBfnox¿n] lgjfw{ ¿kdf u?g\
/ ljBfyLd{ f :jzlStsf] klxrfg u/fpg] sfd xf]cf];\ . x/]s dflg;leq ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds

zAbfy{
cgGt – cGTo gePsf,] cgluGtL, Hofb} w]/}
pTvgg – hldg vg/] k/' ftflŒjs cjz]if vfH] g] sfd, vfh] L ug{'

90 gk] fnL, sIff (

bj' } vfnsf] dg xG' 5, ;sf/fTds dg / ;sf/fTds ;fr] dfq hufpg] sfd ljBfnodf xf];\ .
bf;] |f] s/' f] ljBfyL{x¿df cfTdljZjf; hufpg] / pgLx¿leqsf] cgGt pmhf{nfO{ wKkwKk afNg]
sfd ljBfnodf xfc] f;] \ . ax'eflifs / ;f:+ s[lts ;fG} bo{ cem} pHofnf] xg' ] u/L x/s] ljBfyLn{ ]
cfˆgf] ;f:+ s[lts k[i7el" dkl| t uf}/j ug{] jftfj/0f ljBfnodf l;hg{ f xfc] f;] \ . ljBfyL{x¿leq
ljBdfg k|ltef / afl} 4stf hufpg] jftfj/0f ljBfnon] l;h{gf u/f;] \ . ljBfyL{ l;sfOdf
ljBfyL{dv' L sfo{snfk ul/of;] \ . xfdLnfO{ 7'nf] dfG5] xfO] g c;n dfG5] aGg k|l] /t ul/of;] \ .
xfdL ljBfnosf u'? / u'?cfdfsf s'/faf6 eGbf pxfxF ¿sf cfbt, afgL / Jojxf/af6 l;Sg
kfcfF} . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] ;Ddfg ug'k{ 5{ eGg] s/' f sfkLdf pQ/ n]v]/ xfO] g, a;df r9s] f, af6f]
sf6\b} u/s] f pgLx¿nfO{ l;6 5f8/] cGo lsl;dsf ;xofu] u/]sf cfwf/df xfd|f] d"Nofªs\ g
xf]cf;] \ . bLgbM' vLnfO{ ;xof]u / km/s Ifdtf ePsfx¿nfO{ ;xofu] / ;b\efj JoSt u/s] f cfwf/
df xfd|f] d"Nofªs\ g ul/of];\ . lstfasf cIf/ 3fs] /] pQ/kl' :tsfdf kf]v]s} cfwf/df dfq xfdf| ]
dN" ofª\sg ug]{ k0| ffnLn] s] xfdL ljBfyL{sf] ;du| JolStTj ljsf; xG' 5 t < d/] f oL kZ| gtkm{
d oxfF pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ >f]tfu0fsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug{ rfxG5' . To;n} ] ljBfnonfO{ lstfasf
kfgfdf /xs] f s/' fnfO{ Jofjxfl/s hLjg;Fu hf]8]/ l;sfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOof];\ / xfdf| ] JolStTj
ljsf;sf] pko'St jftfj/0f lgdf{0f xf]cf];\ . lj|mofsnfk / ;xlj|mofsnfknfO{ l;sfOs} cª\u
agfOof;] \ .

cfb/0fLo u'?ju{ Û

xfj8{ uf8g{ /n] x/s] JolStdf x'g] axa' f}l4stf jf axk' |ltefsf] hg' s'/f u/s] f 5g,\ To;df
Wofg lbP/ lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk ;DkGg ul/of] eg] ljBfyLs{ f] afl} 4s ljsf; x'g ;SYof] ls <
uf8{g/sf cg';f/ afl} 4stfsf k|sf/dWo] ;+;f/sf x/]s JolSt / l;sf?x¿df ;a} jf clwsf+z
k|ltef cnu cnu dfqfdf ;Gtl' nt jf ;'ifK' t ¿kdf /x]s} xG' 5g\ . ;+;f/sf ;a} JolSt jf
l;sf?df /xs] f oL k|ltef jf af}l4stfnfO{ ljsl;t u/L lzIf0fdf / ljBfyL{sf] JolStTj ljsf;df
pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . uf8{g/sf] l;4fGtsf] ;f/ xf,] hf] h'g s'/fdf ulx/f] ?lr /fV5, ltg}l;t
;DalGwt lj|mofsnfkdf ltgnfO{ efu lng lbgk' 5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;flxTodf ljz]if ?lr
ePsfx¿sf nflu syf, sljtf, lgaGw / l;hg{ fTds n]vg lj|mofsnfk a9L pkof]uL x'G5 eg]
zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsfx¿sf nflu v]nsb' . xfdLnfO{ yfx} 5, 8fljg{ sf] k|ltefnfO{ sIffsf7] fsf]
v'/fsn] gku' /] pgn] ks| l[ tnfO{ g} cfˆgf] kf7zfnf agfP / ljsf;jfbsf] l;4fGt kl| tkfbg u/] .
kf/; v8s\ f, ;lGbk nfld5fg] cflbsf] ?lrn] g]kfnL lj|ms6] nfO{ prfO kb| fg u/s] f] s'/f xfdLnfO{
yfx} 5 . ;ª\uLtdf ?lr ePsfx¿nfO{ uLt ;ªu\ Ltdf k|ltef k:| km'6g ug{] jftfj/0f ljBfnon]
tof/ kfg'{ h¿/L xG' 5 . cfh ljleGg cfO8nsf gfddf ;~rfng eO/x]sf sfoj{ m| dx¿n] eO' Fsf
kl| tefx¿sf] JolStTjnfO{ prfn/] s;/L lzv/df k¥' ofPsf] 5 Tof] s/' f xb] f{ of] 5n{ª\u g}
xG' 5 . cfh s;/L afn kl| tefx¿n] nf]sbf]xf]/L ufogdf 3u8fg JolStTjx¿nfO{ cfR5'cfR5'
kf/s] f 5g\ oL ;Gbex{ ¿n] klg of] s/' fnfO{ k'li6 u/]s} 5g\ .

;'ifK' t – uf9f lgbf| df k/]sf], lglijm| o cj:yfdf /xs] f]

gk] fnL, sIff ( 91

pkl:yt dxfg'efjx¿ Û

ljBfnodf ul/g] ;xlj|mofsnfk / cltl/St ljm| ofsnfknfO{ ljBfyL{leqsf] pRr txsf] l;h{gzLn
lrGtg, ;dLIffTds lrGtg, ;~rf/ l;k, lg0fo{ Ifdtf, ;d:of ;dfwfgnufotsf l;k ljsf;l;t
klg hf]8b\ } nh} fgk' 5{ . pgLx¿sf] ax'dv' L JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnfo nfUg cfjZos 5 .

-hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

cGTodf d s] eGg rfxG5' eg] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] z}lIfs / afl} 4s JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf]
e"ldsf /x]s} 5 t/ dfG5n] fO{ ;dfhdf ;dfofh] g x'g / cfˆgf stJ{ okl| t ;r]t xg' ljBfnosf]
el" dsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ljBfyLx{ ¿leq lglxt cfTdljZjf;, cfF6, lxDdt hfu[t ug{ klg ljBfnosf]
cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . eljiodf Ps xfg] xf/, ;kmn / cfTdljZjf; o'St gful/s lgdf{ 0f ug{
ljBfnon] cxd\ el" dsf lgjfx{ u/f;] \ eGg] s'/f hf]8bf/ ¿kdf /fVg rfxG5' .

wGojfb .

pb\3f]ifsn] csf{ kl| tofu] L l5l/ª nfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] jSt[tfsf nflu d~rdf cfdGq0f ug{'x'G5 .

l5l/ª nfdf

cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf dxfb] o Û k|dv' cltlyHo," u'?ju,{ lg0f{fos d08n Pjd\ d/] f k|lt:kwL{ tyf
;Dk0" f{ ldqx¿

cfh cfofl] ht o; jStT[ jsnf kl| tof]lutfdf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf egfO /fVg kfpFbf d
uf/} jflGjt 5' . cfhsf] jStt[ fsf] ljifo 5, ljBfyL{sf] JolStTj ljsf; .

;efWoIf dxf]bo Û

JolStTj eg]sf] JolStleq /x]sf] u0' fx¿sf] Tof] ;d"x xf] h;n] s'g} JolStnfO{ csf{] jf bf;] f| ]
JolSteGbf ky[ s /fVb5 . nªd\ ]g l8S;g/L nV] 5, sg' } JolStsf] ;Dk0" f{ :jefj jf rl/q
p;sf] JolStTj xf] . SoflDa|h OG66g];gn l8S;g/] L cYof{pF5 tkfO{Fsf] Jojxf/ u/fO, dx;';
u/fO / ;fr] fOsf] tl/sf tkfO{dF f h'g bl] vg] u5{ Tof] g} tkfOsF{ f] JolStTj xf] . g]kfnL a[xt\
zAbsfz] n] JolStsf] j}olSts ljzi] ftf b]vfpg] u'0f, lghLkg, JolStdf lglxt c¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg{]
ljzi] ftfsf ¿kdf lrgfPsf] 5 . To;n} ] d s] eGg rfxG5' eg] x/s] JolStdf lzi6frf/, gl} tstf,
cfr/0f, cfTdljZjf;, ;fx;, ;f]rfO, Jojxf/, afn] LrfnL / cfgLafgLdf ;dt] emlNsg] h'g efj
5 Tof] g} JolStTj xf] . oL ;a} s/' fdf ljBfyL{¿nfO{ ;zSt agfpg / pgLx¿df efjL hLjgsf]
pHofnf] kIf bv] fpg ljBfnosf] uxg e"ldsf xG' 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .

pkl:yt dxfg'efjx¿ Û

;dfofh] g – jftfj/0f jf kl/l:ylt cgs' n" agfpg] sfd, ;+ofh] g

92 gk] fnL, sIff (

ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hg' lsl;dsf] hLjgd"NonfO{ dxŒj lbOG5, ljBfyLx{ ¿ To:t} d"No
u|x0f u5{g\ . ljBfnosf] kl/jz] / jftfj/0f h:tf] xG' 5 ljBfyL{x¿sf] wf/0ff lgdf{0fdf lstfasf
s/' fn] eGbf ToxL kl/j]zn] a9L k|efj kfb{5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .

ljBfno ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] bf;] f| ] 3/ xf] . ljBfyL{sf] clwsfz+ ;do 3/kl/jf/sf cltl/St ljBfnodf
g} laTg] u5{ . rf/ kfrF jif{;Dd cfdfaa' fsf] kfngkfi] f0faf6 Ps ks| f/sf] JolStTjsf] hu
al;;ss] f] xG' 5 . kfl/jfl/s kl/jz] leq lgldt{ JolStTjsf] Tof] hunfO{ 78o\ fpg] / bl/nf]
agfpg] sfddf ljBfnosf] km/flsnf] kl/j]zsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 .

ljBfnodf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] lzIfs / ;fyLx¿;uF ;fe] mf] ;Dks{ x'G5 . ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] nflu lzIfs
klg cfdfaa' f h:t} cfbz{ xG' 5g\ . ;+j]bgzLn / ;xfge' "ltk"0f{ :jefj ePsf lzIfsx¿sf]
ljBfyL{sf] JolStTjdfly ulx/f] ke| fj k5{ . sIff ;fyLx¿sf] /fdf| ] / g/fdf| ] Jojxf/sf] klg
ljBfyL{dfly 3gfTds / C0ffTds k|efj k5{ . o;/L xfdL s] eGg ;S5f}F eg] lzIfssf] ke| fjzfnL
JolStTj, p;sf] ;xfge' "ltk"0f{ Jojxf/, ljifout of]Uotf tyf lzIf0f z}nLsf] ljBfyL{x¿sf]
JolStTjdfly cg'sn" / /fdf| ] k|efj k5{ . lzIfsx¿sf] dgfj] l[ Q tyf Jojxf/sf] k|efj ljBfyL{sf]
JolStTjdfly cgfof; ¿kd} k/]sf] xG' 5 . lsgls u'? jf u'?cfdfn] k9fpge' Psf] s'/fn] eGbf
u'? jf u?' cfdfsf cfgLafgL, af]nLjrg / Jojxf/af6 ljBfyL{x¿n] w]/} s/' f l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ /
zgM} zg} ljBfyL{sf] JolStTjdf To;n] k|efj gkfg]{ s'/} cfpbF g} .

>4]o dxfg'efjx¿ Û

ljBfyL{sf] JolStTjdf ljBfnosf] ef}lts kl/j]z clg efjfTds / ;+ju] fTds jftfj/0fn]
;d]t k|efj kf5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . Wjlg, jfo' jf o:t} s'g} sf/0fn] kb| "lift jftfj0fdf olb
ljBfno ejg 5 eg] ToxfsF f ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] :jf:Yodf uDeL/ cf;/ k5{ . ljBfno ejg /
sIffsf]7fsf] jftfj/0fn] klg ljBfyL{sf] k7gkf7gdf ke| fj kg{ ;S5 . To;n] ljBfyL{sf dgdf Ps
k|sf/sf] lrGtf / qf; h:tf efj k}bf eO{ pgLx¿sf] ;f+jl] us JolStTjdfly gsf/fTds c;/
kg{ ;S5 . ljBfnoleq lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / k|zf;gsf lar ;dembf/L / ;xsfoa{ f6 klg ljBfyL{n]
l;sfO ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] JolStTjdfly uDeL/ / gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx¿df
;DalGwt kIf ;r]t x'g' h?/L 5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .

pkl:yt dxfg'efjx¿ Û

ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿leq cfTdljZjf; / cfTdcgz' f;gsf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ul/of];\ . ljjs] fgGb
eG5g\ æcfkm"df ljZjf; /fVgx' f];,\ ;Dk0" f{ zlSt tkfOF{df g} 5, o;nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg'xf;] \ .Æ

;j+ ]bgzLn – dflg;df xg' ] dfld{s cge' "lt, dfgjLo cge' l" t
;xfge' "lt – c¿sf] bM' vdf bM' vL xg' ' jf ;“u;u“ } bM' vsf] cg'el" t ug'{
cgfof; – k|oTglagf g,} cs:dft,\ PsfPs
efjfTds – efj k|an ¿kdf /x]sf], efjd"ns
;fj+ ]lus – ;j+ u] sf] cj:yf, zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s lj|mofdf cfpg] pQh] gf

gk] fnL, sIff ( 93

ljBfyL{x¿leq /xs] f] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / zlStnfO{ o;} u/L phfu/ ul/of];\ . c;kmntf /
uNtLnfO{ sdhf/] L xfO] g lzIffsf ¿kdf lng] r]tgf clg ljBfyL{x¿leqsf] OR5fzlStnfO{ b/f]
kfg]{ jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xf]cf];\ . Pp6f syg 5 æxfdL ;kmntfeGbf klg cfˆgf uNtLx¿ /
c;kmntfx¿af6 a9L l;S5f},F lsgls uNtL g} xfd|f lzIfs x'g\ .Æ xf], ljBfyLn{ ] uNtL ubf{ s8f
b08 xfO] g Tof] uNtLn] ltdLnfO{ of] kf7 k9fof] / Tof] ltdf| ] lzIfs xf] egL atfOof];\ . ljBfyL{df
c;Lldt tfut 5 / To; tfutnfO{ l;hg{ f / lgdf{0fdf ko| f]u ug{] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ub{} JolStTj
ljsf;df ljBfnox¿ ;dlkt{ xf]pmg\ .

-hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ efjL hLjgsf] ;'Gb/ eljiosf] uf]/]6f] dfq b]vfOof;] \ . of] ljifo cWoog u5',{
h;af6 d/] f] eljio ;l' glZrt 5 eGg] Pp6f pTk|]/0ff pgLx¿df hufpg ;lsof;] ,\ hxfF ca
ljBfyLn{ fO{ k9 k9 eg]/ ;do v/] kmfNg' gk/f];\, ljBfyL{ :jod\ k9g\ sf nflu cft/' xf]pmg,\
sfdkl| t nugzLn xf]pmg\, /fi6«k|lt ;dlkt{ xfp] g\ .

cGTodf ljBfyL{sf] JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnosf] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f
/ u'?x¿sf cfr/0faf6 lg:;t[ c;n ke| fjn] g} ljBfyL{sf] ax'd'vL JolStTj d':s/' fpg /
;dfhdf ;'jf; 5g{ ;S5 . ljBfyL{sf] kl| tef k:| km'l6t eO{ ax'dv' L JolStTj ljsf; ug{
ljBfnon] ;sf/fTds pmhf{ kb| fg ug{ ;S5 eGb} d/] f] egfO oxLF ;dfKt u5'{ . wGojfb Û

lg:;t[ M lg:ss] f,] ax]sf]

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf8] f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

cleef/f afn] Ljrg

phfu/ s'g} OR5f jf rfxgf k/" f ug]{ pRr clenfzf
3u8fg jftfj/0f, kl/l:ylt cflb;uF ldNbfk] g
zgM} zg} aflx/ Nofpg', k|sfz kfg'{
OR5fzlSt la:tf/} la:tf/}
;dfof]hg ofU] otf
lgk0' f, va' cge' jL
rf/l} t/ kl/lw jf 3]/f ePsf]

@= tn lbOPsf k|fljlws kfl/eflifs kb kbfjnLsf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \ M

ax'afl} 4stf, ax'd'vL JolStTj, jStT[ jsnf, ;xljm| ofsnfk, ;+j]ufTds jftfj/0f

94 gk] fnL, sIff (

#= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

ljgfz, cfGtl/s, C0ffTds, k'/:sf/, ;sf/fTds, k|ltsn"

$= tn lbOPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| f]u ugx'{ f];\ M

;efWoIf, pTsi[ 6, k|ltef, :jfjnDaL, lzi6frf/, ;xfg'e"lt

af]w / cleJolSt

!= tn lbOPsf zAb z'4 pRrf/0f ug'{xf];\ M

;~rfng, cWoIf, lzIfs, ljBfno, ljsf;, OR5fzlSt, cfTdljZjf;, kb| l" ift, JolStTj

@= jStt[ fsf] ‘jt{dfgdf ==== h?/L 5g} / <’ cgR' 5b] nfO{ xfpefpk0" f{ ¿kdf jfrg ug'x{ f;] \ .

#= jSt[tfsf] ‘JolStTj egs] f] ==== dnfO{ nfU5’ cg'R5b] >l' tnv] g ugx'{ f];\ .

$= tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ eGg'xf];\ M

-s_ jStt[ fdf sfoj{ m| dsf] cWoIftf / ;~rfng ug]{ JolSt sf] sf] x'g\ <
-v_ l5l/ªn] ;Dafw] g kl5sf] klxnf] jfSodf s'g s'/f JoSt u/s] f 5g\ <
-u_ jStt[ fdf sltcf]6f k|ZgfTds jfSox¿ /x]sf 5g\ <
-3_ cd[tfn] sg' ;Gbe{af6 cfˆgf] egfO 6'ª\UofPsL l5g\ <

%= tn lbOPsf] jSt[tf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

ljjs] fgGb eG5g,\ æcfkm"df ljZjf; /fVgx' f;] \, ;Dk"0f{ zlSt tkfOdF{ f g} 5, o;nfO{
aflx/ Nofpgx' f;] \ . ÆljBfyL{x¿leq /xs] f] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / zlStnfO{ o;} u/L phfu/
ul/of];\ . c;kmntf / uNtLnfO{ sdhf/] L xfO] g lzIffsf ¿kdf lng] rt] gf, ljBfyL{leqsf]
OR5fzlStnfO{ b/f] kfg{] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f xf]cf;] \ . Pp6f syg 5 æxfdL ;kmntfeGbf klg
cfˆgf uNtLx¿ / ljkmntfx¿af6 a9L l;S5f}F, lsgls uNtL g} xfd|f lzIfs x'g\ .Æ xf,]
ljBfyL{n] uNtL ubf{ s8f b08 xfO] g Tof] uNtLn] ltdLnfO{ of] kf7 k9fof] / Tof] ltd|f] lzIfs
xf] egL atfOof];\ . ljBfyLd{ f c;Lldt tfut 5 / To; tfutnfO{ l;hg{ f / lgdf{0fdf ko| fu]
ug{] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f ub{} JolStTj ljsf;df ljBfnox¿ ;dlk{t xfp] mg\ .

-s_ jStt[ f+zdf lsg cfk}Fmdf ljZjf; /fVg elgPsf] xf] <

-v_ jSt[tfz+ df ljkmntfnfO{ lsg lzIffsf ¿kdf lng elgPsf] xf]nf <

-u_ jStt[ f+zdf s:tf] b08sf] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 <

-3_ uNtL s;/L lzIfs x'g ;S5, ts{ lbg'xf];\ .

^= tn lbOPsf] jStt[ f+z k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

jtd{ fgdf ljBfnodf xfdLnfO{ k9fOG5, l;sfOG5, sIffsfo{ / ux[ sfo{ lbOG5 / xfdL tL

gk] fnL, sIff ( 95