ປຶ້ມພາສາາວນຳໃຊ້

ຽບກກະຘາຌຎະກບຍກາຌຘບຌທຆິ າ: ຑາຘາ
ຖາທຌາເຆ້

ຘາຖຍັ ບະຌຍຸ າຌ ຖະຍ຺ຍ 12+4
ປຼຍປຼຄ຿ຈງ: ຌ ຃ບຌຘະນທຌັ ນົຼຌທິແຆ

ຘ຺ກປຼຌ 2016 –2017

ທິ຋ະງາແຖ຃ຎູ າກຽຆ

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຃າຌາ

ຎຓ໇ “ ຑຟຘຟຖຟທຌ ຟໃຆ້ ” ເນພ໇ຓຌ໇ເກຈຂ໇ຌເຌໆບຄ຅ຟກຏ້ປຽຍປຽຄໄຈ້ຑົຍທໞຟ: ໃຌກຟຌ຅ພຈກຟຌ
ປຽຌ - ກຟຌຘບຌ ໂຈງຘຝເຑຟຝ ກຟຌຘບຌ ທຆຟ: ຑຟຘຟຖຟທຌ ຟໃຆ້ໃຌນພກຘຈ ຃ບຝຌຸຍຟຌຖຝຍົຍ
12+4 ງພຄຂຟຈເບກຝຘຟຌຎຝກບຍກຟຌຘບຌໃຌຖຟງທຆຟຈພໆຄກໞຟທ. ບພຌເຎພຌບຸຎຝຘພກ ໃຌກຟຌ
຃໇ຌົ ຃ທໟຟ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຆບກຂຓ໇ ຌຎຝກບຍກຟຌຘບຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌປຽຌ ໃນ້ແກ່຃ ແຖຝ ຌພກຘຶກຘຟ. ເຌ໇ບ
ໃຌ຋ຎໆ ຝກບຍໃຌຎຓ໇ ເນ໇ຓພ ຌ໇ ຅ຝຆໞທງເກຈຎຝໂນງຈໃນ້ແກ່຃ຘບຌໃຌກຟຌຎຝກບຍໃຘ່ໃຌກຟຌຂຽຌ
ແຏຌກຟຌຘບຌໃຌຖຟງທຆຟຈພໆຄກໞຟທ. ຌບກ຅ຟກຌພ໇ຌ ງພຄຆໞທງເຎພຌເບກຝຘຟຌໃນ້ແກ່ຌພກຘຶກຘຟຓ
຃ທຟຓຘຝຈທກໃຌກຟຌ຃ົ໇ຌ຃ທໟຟ, ຘຶກຘຟເຌ໇ບໃຌຍົຈປຽຌຉໞຟຄ໅຋ໆຎຝກບຍໃຌນພກຘຈ຋ໆກຟຌົຈໄທ້ໃຌ
ຖຟງທຆຟຈພໆຄກໞຟທ ຏ້ປຽຍປຽຄ ນພທຄດ່ຟຄງໆຄທໞຟຎ໇ຓເນພ໇ຓຌ໇຅ຝຆໞທງເກຈຎຝໂນງຈ ແຖຝ ເຑໆຓ຃ຸຌ຃ໞຟ
ແຖຝ ຃ຌຸ ຌຝຑຟຍຂບຄກຟຌ຅ພຈກຟຌປຽຌ-ກຟຌຘບຌໃນເ້ ຎພຌໄຎຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓຓຄຸ່ ນທພຄຂບຄແຌທ຋ຟຄຂບຄ
ນກພ ຘຈ຋຋ໆ ຟຄກຝຆທຄຘຶກຘຟ຋ິກຟຌ ແຖຝ ກິຖຟທຟຄບບກ.
ຎ໇ຓປຽຍປຽຄເບກຝຘຟຌນົທຈພໆຄກໞຟທຌ໇ ບຟຈ຅ຝຍໆ຋ພຌໄຈ້ຓ຃ທຟຓຘົຓຍຌແຍຍເ຋ໆບ ບຟຈງພຄຓຂ໇
ຏິຈຑຟຈ ແຖຝ ຍໆ຃ົຍຊໟທຌຘົຓຍຌເ຋ໆບ ໃຌຌຟຓຏ້ປຽຍປຽຄຂບຝໄຑຓຟງພຄ຋ຸກ຋ໞຟຌ຋ໆຓ຃ທຟຓຎຝຘົຄ
ໃຌກຟຌບໞຟຌເບກຝຘຟຌເນຓພ໇ ຌ໇. ຏ້ປຽຍປຽຄ຅ຝຑຝງຟງຟຓຎຍພ ຎຄຸ ແຖຝ ຓກຟຌແກໄ້ ຂໃຌໄຖງຝຉໄໆ ຎ.

ປຽຍປຽຄໂຈງ: ຌຟຄ຃ບຌຘຝນທຌພ ນຽຌທິໄຆ

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ຘາຖະຍາຌ

Contents
ຘຟຖຝຍຟຌ .................................................................................................................................................... 3
ຍົຈ຋ 1....................................................................................................................................................... 15
ກຟຌຒພຄ........................................................................................................................................................ 15

1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄ.............................................................................................................. 15
1.1 ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄ........................................................................................................... 15

1.1 ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌຒຄພ ....................................................................................................... 16
2. ຃ຌຸ ຎຝໂນງຈຂບຄກຟຌຒຄພ ແຖຝ ຓຟຖຝງຟຈຂບຄກຟຌຒຄພ .........................................................17

2. 1 ຃ຌຸ ຎຝໂນງພຈຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄ ...................................................................................................... 17
2.2 ຓຟຖຝງຟຈໃຌກຟຌຒພຄ ............................................................................................................. 18
3. ກຟຌຑຈພ ຋ຝຌຟຘຝຓຈພ ຊຝຑຟຍໃຌກຟຌຒພຄ......................................................................................18
ກ. ຑຈຶ ຉິກຟກຟຌຒຄພ ຂບຄຌກພ ປຽຌ ................................................................................................... 18
4. ຎຝເຑຈກຟຌຒຄພ ................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 ຒຄພ ໂຈງຓຘທໞ ຌປທໞ ຓໂຈງກົຄໃຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌ .............................................................19
ກ. ກຟຌຒຄພ ໃຌກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຖຝນທໞ ຟຄຍກຸ ຃ົຌ....................................................................................19
຃. ກຟຌຒຄພ ຘໆຘຟຌຑຟງໃຌກຸ່ຓ........................................................................................................... 19
4.2 ຒພຄໂຈງຏ້ຒຄພ ຍຓໆ ຘໞທຌປທໞ ຓໂຈງກຄົ .........................................................................................20
4.3 ກຟຌຒຄພ ຅ຟກຆເໆ ບເຕກພ ໂ຋ຌິກ .................................................................................................... 20
4.4 ກຟຌຒຄພ ເຑໆບ຅ຍພ ໃ຅຃ທຟຓ......................................................................................................... 21
ຍົຈ຋ 2....................................................................................................................................................... 23
ກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

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1. ຃ທຟຓໜຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄກຟຌເທົຟ໇ .............................................................................23
2 ຅ຸຈຎຝຘຄົ ແຖຝ ຓຟຖຝງຟຈໃຌກຟຌເທຟົ໇ .....................................................................................23

2.1 ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘົຄຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ............................................................................................................ 23
2.2 ຓຟຖຝງຟຈໃຌກຟຌເທົຟ໇ .................................................................................................................. 23
3. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄກຟຌເທຟົ໇ ...................................................................................................................... 25

3.1 ກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ຖຝນໞທຟຄຍກຸ ຃ົຌກພຍຍກຸ ຃ົຌ......................................................................................25
3.2 ກຟຌເທົຟ໇ ຑຟງໃຌກຸ່ຓ.................................................................................................................. 25
3.3 ກຟຌເທົຟ໇ ໃຌກບຄຎຝຆຸຓ ............................................................................................................ 25
3.4 ກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ຋ຟຄຆຓໆ ທຌຆົຌ............................................................................................................ 25
4 ນພກກຟຌ຋ທໆົ ໄຎຂບຄກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ດ່ໃຌກບຄຎຝຆຓຸ ...........................................................................26
4.1 ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘົຄຂບຄກຟຌເທົຟ໇ .............................................................................................................. 26
4.2 ຏ້ຒຄພ ............................................................................................................................................ 26
4.3 ຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆ ແຖຝ ເທຖຟ.............................................................................................................. 27
4.4 ເຖໆບຄ຋຅ໆ ຝເທົຟ໇ .......................................................................................................................... 27
4.5 ທ຋ິ ກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ............................................................................................................................ 27
4.6 ຘໆຄິ ຋ຉໆ ບໟ ຄຎຝຉິຍພຈໃຌເທຖຟຈ ຟເຌຌກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ........................................................................29
4.7 ຘິໆຄ຋ໆ຃ທຌຎຝຉິຍພຈນຄພ ກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ................................................................................................ 30
ຍຈົ ຋ 3....................................................................................................................................................... 32
ກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ ............................................................................................................................................... 32
1. ຃ທຟຓໜຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ .....................................................................32
1.1 ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ .................................................................................................. 32
1.2 ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋................................................................................................. 32

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2. ນພກກຟຌຂບຄກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋............................................................................................................... 32
2.1 ຘຝຑຟຍແທຈຖໟບຓ .................................................................................................................... 32
2.2 ຃ທຟຓຆຈພ ເ຅ຌ ........................................................................................................................... 32
2.3 ຂ຃໇ ທຟຓ຋ໆຍໆ຃ທຌເທຟົ໇ ຃ຌ .......................................................................................................... 32
2.4 ຂ໇຃ທຟຓ຋ໆ຃ທຌຎຝຉຍິ ຈພ ........................................................................................................... 32
2.5 ດຟ່ ໃນ້ຂຓ໇ ຌຏໞຟຌໄຎ................................................................................................................... 33
2.6 ກຟຌນກພ ຖຟໟ ຄ (ຉໟບຄນຟທິ຋ແກໄ້ ຂຍຌພ ນຟຉໆຐຟ່ ງກຄົ ກຌພ ຂຟໟ ຓ) .................................................33

3. ບຄົ ຎຝກບຍຂບຄກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋.......................................................................................................... 33
3.1 ງພຈຉິ (ນທົ ຂໆ໇ເຖໆບຄ)................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 ຏໂ້ ຉ້ທຟ຋ ................................................................................................................................ 33
3.3 ຏຒ້ ພຄ............................................................................................................................................ 33

4. ຍຟຈກໟຟທໃຌກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ ................................................................................................................ 34
4.1 ກຟຌ຅ພຈຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆ຃ທຌ຅ພຈຉຟຓປຍຑຟຍຈຄພໆ ຌ໇ : ...................................................................35
4.2 ກຟຌຖຽຄຖ ຟຈພຍກຟຌເທົຟ໇ ແຖຝ ກຟຌກ ຟຌຈົ ເທຖຟ ............................................................35

5. ຓຟຖຝງຟຈໃຌກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ ............................................................................................................. 37
ຍຈົ ຋ 4....................................................................................................................................................... 39
ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ..................................................................................................................................................... 39

1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ...........................................................................39
1.1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄກຟຌບໞຟຌ ...................................................................................................... 39

1.2. ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ......................................................................................................... 40
2. ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄ ແຖຝ ຃ຸຌ຃ຟໞ ຂບຄກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ .......................................................................................... 41

2.1. ຅ຸຈຎຝຘຄົ .................................................................................................................................. 41

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2.2. ຃ຸຌ຃ຟໞ ຂບຄກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ................................................................................................................ 41
3. ຃ຸຌຖກພ ຘຝຌຝຂບຄຌພກບໞຟຌ຋ຈໆ ........................................................................................................ 42
4. ທ຋ິ ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ .................................................................................................................................... 43
ຍຈົ ຋ 5....................................................................................................................................................... 45
ກຟຌຂຽຌ .................................................................................................................................................... 45
1. ຃ທຟຓໜຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌ ..........................................................................45
2. ຎຝເຑຈ ນ ປຍແຍຍຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌ.............................................................................................. 45
3. ຍຌພ ນຟ຋຃ໆ ທຌເບຟົ ໃ຅ໃຘໃ່ ຌກຌຂຽຌ............................................................................................ 46
4. ກຟຌກຽຓຉທົ ຂຽຌ ......................................................................................................................... 47

4.1 ເຖບກນົທຂເ໇ ຖບໆ ຄ຋຅ໆ ຝຂຽຌ.................................................................................................. 47
5. ກຟຌໃຆໂ້ ທນຟຌເຂົ໇ຟໃຌກຟຌຂຽຌ.................................................................................................. 48

5.1 ຍພຌຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌ ................................................................................................................... 48
5.2 ກຟຌຑພຌຖຝຌຟໂທນຟຌ .............................................................................................................. 49
5.3 ເ຋ຘຝໜຟໂທນຟຌ...................................................................................................................... 50
5.4 ຘຟ຋ກົ ໂທນຟຌ ........................................................................................................................... 51
5.5 ບຸຎຝຓຟໂທນຟຌ......................................................................................................................... 51
ຍົຈ຋ 6....................................................................................................................................................... 53
ກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄປຟໞ ຄ ...................................................................................................................................... 53
1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄໂ຃ຄປໞຟຄ ...............................................................................53
1.1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄໂ຃ຄປໞຟຄ ........................................................................................................ 53
1.2. ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄໂ຃ຄປໞຟຄ ........................................................................................................ 53
2. ຂພຌ໇ ຉບຌກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄປຟໞ ຄ............................................................................................................ 53

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2.1 ຖຝຈົຓແຌທ຃ຈິ ......................................................................................................................... 54
2.2 ຃ພຈ຅ບໟ ຌເຌບ໇ ໃຌແຌທ຃ຈິ ........................................................................................................ 54
3.3 ຅ຈພ ຖຟຈພຍແຌທ຃ິຈ................................................................................................................... 54
2.4.ຂຝນງຟງ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ປຽຍປຽຄເຎຌພ ຃ຟເທົຟ໇ ................................................................................55
3. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄໂ຃ຄປຟໞ ຄ ........................................................................................................................ 56
3.1 ໂ຃ຄປໞຟຄແຍຍນທົ ຂ໇.................................................................................................................... 56
3.2 ໂ຃ຄປໞຟຄແຍຍຎຝໂນງກ............................................................................................................ 58
4 . ກຟຌຘຟໟ ຄຎຝໂນງກ......................................................................................................................... 59
ຍຈົ ຋ 7 ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
ກຟຌຂຽຌທກພ ຉບຌ..................................................................................................................................... 61
1. ທກພ ຉບຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຑຈພ ຋ຝຌຟກຟຌຂຽຌທກພ ຉບຌ. ......................................................................61
1.1 ຖພກຘຝຌຝຂບຄທພກຉບຌ.......................................................................................................... 61
1.2 ກຟຌຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟກຟຌຂຽຌທກພ ຉບຌ............................................................................................ 61
2 ຖກພ ຘຝຌຝຂບຄທພກຉບຌ຋ໆຈ............................................................................................................ 63
2.1 ຓເບກຝຑຟຍ .............................................................................................................................. 63
2.2 ຓຘຟຑຌພ ຋ຝຑຟຍ........................................................................................................................ 63
2.3 ຓຘຟຖພຈຊຝຑຟຍ (ຘຟຕຈພ ຊຝຑຟຍ)........................................................................................... 64
3. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄທກພ ຉບຌ ...................................................................................................................... 64
3.1 ທກພ ຉບຌ຋ຓໆ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ດ່ຉົຌ໇ ............................................................................................... 64
3.2 ທພກຉບຌ຋ຓໆ ຎຝໂນງກໃ຅຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ດເ່ ຃ິຄໆ ກຟຄ..................................................................65
3.3 . ທພກຉບຌ຋ໆຓຎຝໂນງກໃ຅຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌດ່຋ຟໟ ງ ...................................................................66
3.4 ທກພ ຉບຌ຋ຓໆ ຎຝໂນງກໃ຅຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌດຉ່ ົ໇ຌ ແຖຝ ຋ຟໟ ງ ....................................................66

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4. ກຟຌຂຝນງຟງຎຝໂນງກໃ຅຃ທຟຓໃຌທກພ ຉບຌ ............................................................................67
4. 1 ກຟຌບຝ຋ຍິ ຟງໃນ້ຖຟງຖຝບຽຈນໃນ຃້ ຟ຅ຟກຈພ ຃ທຟຓ............................................................67
4.2 ກຟຌງົກຉທົ ດ່ຟຄ........................................................................................................................... 68
4.3 ກຟຌຎຽຍ຋ຽຍ. ......................................................................................................................... 68
4.4 ກຟຌໃນເ້ ນຈຏຌົ .......................................................................................................................... 69

5. ກຟຌເຆໆບຓຉທໆ ພກຉບຌ...................................................................................................................... 70
ຍົຈ຋ 8....................................................................................................................................................... 72
ກຟຌຂຽຌຍົຈຍພຌ຋ກຶ ................................................................................................................................. 72

1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄຍຈົ ຍພຌ຋ກຶ ........................................................................72
1.1 ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄຍຈົ ຍຌພ ຋ຶກ. ................................................................................................ 72

2. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄຍົຈຍຌພ ຋ກຶ ................................................................................................................... 72
2.1 ຍຌພ ຋ຶກ຅ຟກກຟຌຒພຄ................................................................................................................. 72
2.2 ຍຌພ ຋ຶກ຅ຟກກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ .............................................................................................................. 73
2.3 ຍຈົ ຍຌພ ຋ຶກນທຌ຃ຌ................................................................................................................ 74
2.4 ຍຈົ ຍພຌ຋ຶກກບຄຎຝຆຸຓ............................................................................................................ 75
2.5 ຍຌພ ຋ກຶ ນງ໇ ............................................................................................................................... 79

3 ປຍແຍຍກຟຌຂຽຌຍຌພ ຋ຶກ............................................................................................................ 84
3.1 ຂຽຌຍພຌ຋ກຶ ແຍຍຍເໆ ຎຌພ ຋ຟຄກຟຌ......................................................................................... 84
3.2 ກຟຌຍພຌ຋ຶກ ແຍຍເຎຌພ ຋ຟຄກຟຌ .............................................................................................. 84

4. ນພກກຟຌທິ຋ ແຖຝ ຂຽຌຍົຈຍຌພ ຋ຶກ ............................................................................................. 85
4.1 ທ຋ິ ຂຽຌຍຈົ ຍຌພ ຋ຶກ................................................................................................................. 85
4.2 ນກພ ກຟຌຂຽຌຍຌພ ຋ກຶ ................................................................................................................ 85

9

ຍຈົ ຋ 9....................................................................................................................................................... 87
ກຟຌຖຟງຄຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ .............................................................................................................................. 87

1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘ ຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌຖຟງຄຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ................................................87
1.1 ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄຍົຈຖຟງຄຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ..................................................................................87
1.2 ຃ທຟຓຘ ຟ຃ພຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌຍຈົ ຖຟງຄຌທຆຟກຟຌ .................................................................87

2 ຘໞທຌຎຝກບຍຂບຄຖຟງຄຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ ........................................................................................... 87
2.1 ຑຟກຘທຌໞ ຘຝເໜ (ຑຟກຘໞທຌຌ ຟ) ..................................................................................... 87
2.2 ຑຟກຘໞທຌເຌ໇ບໃຌ...................................................................................................................... 88
2.3 ຑຟກຘທໞ ຌຘຝນງ຺ຍ ..................................................................................................................... 88

3 ຂ໇ຌພ ຉບຌກຟຌຂຽຌຖຟງຄຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ.......................................................................................... 89
3.1 ກຟຌເຖບກເຖໆບຄ ແຖຝ ຉ໇ພຄຆເໆ ຖໆບຄ ........................................................................................ 89
3.2 ກຟຌກຟຌົຈ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄ ແຖຝຂບຍເຂຈຂບຄເຖໆບຄ ..................................................................89
3.3 ກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄເຖໆບຄ................................................................................................................ 90
3.4 ກຟຌຂຽຌເຌບ໇ ໃຌ.................................................................................................................. 90
3.5 ກຟຌບຟໟ ຄບຄ............................................................................................................................ 91
3.6 ກຟຌຂຽຌເຆຄບພຈ .................................................................................................................. 93
3.7 ກຟຌຂຽຌຖຘຟງຄຟຌບຟໟ ຄບຄຍຌພ ຌຟຌຸກົຓ ...............................................................................94

4. ຍົຈຉທົ ດ່ຟຄກຟຌຂຽຌຖຟງຄຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ .........................................................................................97
ຍຈົ ຋ 10.................................................................................................................................................. 110
ກຟຌຂຽຌ຅ຈົ ໝຟງ................................................................................................................................... 110

1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄ຅ົຈໝຟງ..........................................................................110
2. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄ຅ົຈໝຟງ .................................................................................................................. 110

10

2.1. ຅ົຈໝຟງຘທໞ ຌຉົທ ................................................................................................................ 110
2.2. ຅ຈົ ໝຟງ຋ຸຖຝກິຈ ................................................................................................................ 113
2.3. ໜພຄຘ຋ຟຄຖຈພ ຊຝກຟຌ.......................................................................................................... 115
ໜພຄຘຘຄພໆ ກຟຌຖທຓຓ 3 ຆຝຌິຈ຃: ຃ຟຘຄໆພ , ຖຝຍຽຍ, ຂກ໇ ຟຌຈົ (ຈຟຖຈພ , ໝຟງແຉ່ຄຉຄພ໇ , ຂ໇ກຟຌຈົ
ເຎພຌຉົ໇ຌ) ............................................................................................................................................... 116
3. ນພກກຟຌຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌ຅ຈົ ໝຟງ ແຖຝ ທິ຋ຂຽຌ຅ົຈໝຟງ.........................................................116
4. ປຍແຍຍຂບຄກຟຌ຅ໞຟໜຟໟ ຆບຄ....................................................................................................... 117
ຍົຈ຋ 11 .................................................................................................................................................. 118
ກຟຌຂຽຌ຃ຟປບໟ ຄ ..................................................................................................................................... 118
1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌ຃ຟປບໟ ຄ. ..........................................................118
2. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄ຃ ຟປບໟ ຄ ................................................................................................................... 118
3. ທິ຋ຂຽຌ຃ຟປໟບຄ........................................................................................................................... 123
4. ຍຈົ ຉທົ ດ່ຟຄກຟຌຂຽຌ຃ຟປບໟ ຄ. ....................................................................................................... 124
ຍົຈ຋ 12.................................................................................................................................................. 129
ກຟຌຂຽຌຍົຈບຝ຋ຍິ ຟງ ........................................................................................................................... 129
1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄຍົຈບຝ຋ິຍຟງ..................................................................129
2. ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌຍຈົ ບຝ຋ຍິ ຟງ. ..................................................................................... 129
2.1 ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄຈໟຟຌປຍກຟຌ.............................................................................................................. 129
2.2 ຅ຸຈຎຝຘຄົ ຈຟໟ ຌເຌບ໇ ໃຌ. ........................................................................................................... 129
3. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄຍຈົ ບຝ຋ຍິ ຟງ............................................................................................................. 129
4. ທິ຋ຂຽຌຍົຈບຝ຋ຍິ ຟງ................................................................................................................... 130
3.1 ຆບກປຖ້ ຝຈຍພ ຃ຟຈໝຟງຂບຄນທົ ຍຈົ . ...................................................................................130
3.2 ຘຟໟ ຄໂ຃ຄປໞຟຄຂບຄຍົຈບຝ຋ິຍຟງ. ............................................................................................. 131

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5. ຍຈົ ຉທົ ດ່ຟຄຂບຄຍົຈບຝ຋ຍິ ຟງ....................................................................................................... 134
ຍຈົ ຋ 13.................................................................................................................................................. 136
ກຟຌຂຽຌຍົຈຆແ໇ ຅ຄ ................................................................................................................................. 136

1 . ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌຍຈົ ຆແ໇ ຅ຄ ...................................................................136
2 .຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄຂບຄຍຈົ ຆແ໇ ຅ຄ................................................................................................................ 136

2.1 ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘຄົ ຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌຍຈົ ຆແ໇ ຅ຄ ........................................................................................ 136
3. ປຍແຍຍຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌຍົຈຆແ໇ ຅ຄ................................................................................................. 137
4.ທ຋ິ ຂຽຌຍຈົ ຆ໇ແ຅ຄ. ......................................................................................................................... 138

4.1 ໃນ້຃ທຟຓເຎພຌ຅ຄິ .................................................................................................................... 138
4.2 ຆຍ໇ ບກຎຝເຈພຌ຋ຑໆ ຟໃນ້ເກຈຓ຃ທຟຓເຂຟ໇ົ ໃ຅ຏຈິ ..................................................................139
4.3 ຋ຟ຃ທຟຓເຂຟ໇ົ ໃ຅ ນຖ ຆ໇ແ຅ຄຘຄິໆ ຋ໆ຃ທຌຎຝຉິຍຈພ ..................................................................139
ຍຈົ ຋ 14.................................................................................................................................................. 141
ກຟຌຂຽຌຍຈົ ເຑໆບຘຝແຈຄ຋ພຈຘຝຌຝ...................................................................................................... 141
1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌຍຈົ ເຑບໆ ຘຝແຈຄ຋ພຈຘຝຌຝ ............................141
2. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌຍົຈເຑບໆ ຘຝແຈຄ຋ຈພ ຘຝຌຝ.....................................................................141
2.1. ແຍຄ່ ຉຟຓ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘຄົ ................................................................................................................ 141
2.2 ແຍຄ່ ຉຟຓເຌ໇ບໃຌ. .................................................................................................................. 141
2.3.ແຍຄ່ ຉຟຓຎຝເຑຈຏ້ຘຄົໆ ຘຟຌ..................................................................................................... 142
2.4 ແຍ່ຄຉຟຓປຍແຍຍ................................................................................................................ 143
3. ນຖກພ ກຟຌຂຽຌຍຈົ ເຑໆບຘຝແຈຄ຋ຈພ ຘຝຌຝ ................................................................................143
3.1 ຉໟບຄຓ຃ຸຌຘຓົ ຍພຈຂບຄຌພກປຽຌ........................................................................................... 143
3.2 ເຖບໆ ຄ຋ຌໆ ຟຓຟຂຽຌຉບໟ ຄຆຈພ ເ຅ຌ............................................................................................ 145

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3.3 ກຟຌົຈ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘຄົ ແຖຝ ທຟຄແຏຌກຟຌຂຽຌ.........................................................................145
3.4 ເຖຓໆ ຖຄົ ຓຂຽຌຉຟຓນຖພກກຟຌຂຽຌ຋ຈໆ ...............................................................................146
ຍົຈ຋ 15.................................................................................................................................................. 150
ກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌທິຆຟກຟຌ ................................................................................................................... 150
1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ. ..........................................150
2. ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌທິຆຟກຟຌ.................................................................................150
3. ຎຝເຑຈຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ....................................................................................150
3.1. ໂ຃ຄກຟຌຂບຄຍຸກ຃ຌົ ............................................................................................................. 151
3.2. ໂ຃ຄກຟຌຂບຄກຸຓ່ ................................................................................................................... 151
3.3 .ໂ຃ຄກຟຌຂບຄໜທໞ ງຄຟຌ ........................................................................................................ 151
4. ຘໞທຌຎຝກບຍຂບຄໂ຃ຄກຟຌ. ........................................................................................................ 151
4.1. ຘທໞ ຌຌຟ. ................................................................................................................................. 151
4.2 .ຘທໞ ຌເຌ໇ບໃຌ.......................................................................................................................... 152
4.3. ຘໞທຌຂຝນງຟງເຌບ໇ ໃຌ.......................................................................................................... 152
5. ຂຌພ໇ ຉບຌກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌທຆິ ຟກຟຌ.......................................................................................... 152
5.1 ຆໆໂ຃ຄກຟຌ. .............................................................................................................................. 153
5.2 ຆຏໆ ້ຘຝເໜ ແຖຝ ຏຈ້ ຟເຌຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌ...................................................................................... 153
5.3 .຃ທຟຓເຎຌພ ຓຟ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘ ຟ຃ຌພ ................................................................................... 153
5.4 .຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘົຄ. .............................................................................................................................. 154
5.5. ເຎຟົ໇ ໝຟງ. ............................................................................................................................... 154
5.6 ທ຋ຈຟເຌຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌ................................................................................................................ 155
5.7 ກຟຌກຟຌຈົ ເທຖຟ ແຖຝ ຂຌພ໇ ຉບຌຈຟເຌຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌ. ..............................................................155

13

5.8 .ກຟຌ ຌົຈຆບພ ຑຝງຟກບຌ຋຅ໆ ຝໃຆ້ໃຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌ. ...............................................................155
5.9.ຄົຍຎຝຓຟຌ຋ຉໆ ບຄໟ ກຟຌ............................................................................................................ 155
5.10. ຏົຌຉບຍແ຋ຌ຋ໆ຃ຟຈທໞຟ຅ຝໄຈ້ປພຍ....................................................................................156
6. ຍຈົ ຉທົ ດ່ຟຄກຟຌຂຽຌໂ຃ຄກຟຌ. ..................................................................................................... 157
7. ຘກຶ ຘຟຂຓ໇ ຌຌບກຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆ. ........................................................................................................ 164

14

ຍ຺ຈ຋ີ 1
ກາຌຒຄັ

1. ຃ທາຓໝາງຂບຄກາຌຒຄັ

1.1 ຃ທາຓໝາງຂບຄກາຌຒຄັ

ກຟຌຒພຄແຓ່ຌ ຋ພກຘຝໜຶໆຄໃຌ 4 ຋ພກຘຝ຋ໆຓຝຌຸຈໃຆ້ຉິຈຉໆຑົທຑພຌເຆິໆຄກພຌ ແຖຝ ກພຌ.ໂຈງໃຆ້ ນ ເຎພຌຑຟນຝຌຝ
ໃຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ, ເຑຟຝຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,ນ຅ຶໆຄເຎພຌໂຘຉຝຎຝຘຟຈຘຟ຃ພຌ຋ໆຎຟຘຝ຅ຟກຍໆໄຈ້ ເຆິໆຄຓຝຌຸຈ຅ຝຉໟບຄໃຆ້
ຘຝຓພຈຊຝຑຟຍ຋ຟຄປໞຟຄກຟງ, ຋ຟຄຘຝໝບຄ ແຖຝ ຋ຟຄ຅ິຈໃ຅ຉຟຓປບຍທຽຌຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄຈພໆຄແຏຌທຟຈຘຝແຈຄຖຟຈພຍ
ຂຌພ໇ ຉບຌຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄຖຓຸ່ ຌ໇:

຃ຟເທຟົ໇ ຉບຍຘຝໜບຄ


ເຂ໇ົຟໃ຅຃ທຟຓໝຟງ
ກຟງເຎພຌຘຽຄ 

  ຉ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ

ຏໞຟຌນ  ປຍພ ປ້ຘຽຄ

຅ຟກແຏຌທຟຈເປົຟ຅ຝເນພຌໄຈ້ທໞຟ: ຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຒພຄຓ ຂພ໇ຌຉບຌຉ ໆ຅ຟກກຟຌໄຈ້ງິຌ,ຏ້ຒພຄ຅ຝຉໟບຄໃຆ້

ຘຝຓພຈຊຝຑຟຍ຋ຟຄຘຝໝບຄ ແຖຝ ຅ຈິ ໃ຅ເຆໆບຓຉໆຘຽຄ຋ໆໄຈງ້ ຌິ ກຍພ ຎຝຘົຍກຟຌ,຃ທຟຓປ້ກຽໞ ທກຍພ ຃ທຟຓໝຟງແຖ້ທໃຆ້

຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘກຶ ຅ົຌເຂົຟ໇ ໃ຅ຘຄິໆ ຋ໆໄຈ້ຒຄພ ແຖ້ທຘຝແຈຄຎຝຉິກຖິ ງິ ຟຉບຍຘຝໜບຄ.ກຟຌຎຽຍ຋ຽຍກຟຌໄຈ້ງິຌ

ກຍພ ກຟຌໄຈຒ້ ພຄຓ຃ທຟຓແຉກຉຟໞ ຄກຌພ ຈພຄໆ ຌ໇:

ແຏຌທຟຈຎຽຍ຋ຽຍກຟຌໄຈ້ງຌິ ແຖຝ ກຟຌໄຈຒ້ ພຄ

ກຟຌໄຈງ້ ິຌ ກຟຌໄຈ້ຒພຄ

1. ຓ຃ທຟຓຑບໟ ຓ຋ຟຄປຟໞ ຄກຟງ຃:ຓຎຝຘຟຈນ, 1. ຓ຃ທຟຓຑບໟ ຓ຋ຟຄຈໟຟຌປໞຟຄກຟງ ແຖຝ ຅ິຈໃ຅຋ໆ

ຘຸຂຝຑຟຍປຟໞ ຄກຟງດໃ່ ຌຘຝຑຟຍຈຘົຓຍຌ. ເຎພຌຘຽຄແຖທ້ ແຎ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄຘຽຄ຋ໆໄຈຒ້ ຄພ

2. ແຓ່ຌຑຶຈຉິກຟ຋ເໆ ກຈຂຌຶ໇ ດ່ເຖບ໇ ງ໅ເຓໆບ ໃນ້ຊກຉໟບຄ

ຎຝຘຟຈນປພຍ຃໇ຌຘຽຄໄຈ້ 2. ແຓ່ຌຑຶຈຉກິ ຟ຋ເໆ ກຈຂຌຶ໇ ເຓບໆ ຏ້ຒຄພ ຓຘຟຓຟ຋,ິ ຓ

3. ຍ຅ໆ ຟເຎຌພ ຉບໟ ຄໃຆ້ຘຝຓພຈຊຝຑຟຍ຋ຟຄຓຌພ ຘຝ ຃ທຟຓຉ໇ພຄໃ຅ ແຖຝ ຓເ຅ຈຉຝຌຟ຋຅ໆ ຝຒຄພ .

ໝບຄເຑໆບ຅ຍພ ເບົຟເຖບໆ ຄທິເ຃ຟຝ,ຉ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ 3. ຓ຃ທຟຓ຅ຟເຎພຌ຋ຉໆ ໟບຄໃຆຘ້ ຝຊຝຑຟຍຓຌພ ຘຝໝ

ແຖຝ ຎຝເຓຌ຃ຟໞ ຂບຄຘຽຄ຋ໆໄຈ້ງຌິ ບຄເຑໆບ຅ພຍເບຟົ ເຖບໆ ຄ,ທເິ ຃ຟຝເຖໆບຄ,ຉ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ

4. ຍຉໆ ໟບຄຘຝແຈຄກິຖງິ ຟຉບຍຘຝໜບຄຘຽຄ຋ໆໄຈ້ ແຖຝ ຎຝເຓຌ຃ຌຸ ຃ຟໞ ຂບຄຘຽຄ຋ໄໆ ຈຒ້ ຄພ

ງຌິ ເຆຌພໆ : ຘຽຄຖົຓຑພຈ,ຒຟ້ ປໟບຄ,ຐຌົ ຉົກ 4. ຉບໟ ຄຘຝແຈຄກຖິ ງິ ຟຉບຍຘຝໜບຄຏເ້ ທົ໇ຟເຆພໆຌ:ຒພຄ

ໝ່ເຖົໆຟເຖໆບຄ,ເຓບໆ ໄຈ້ຒຄພ ເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຓໞທຌຏ້ຒພຄ຅ຝ

ຉົຍຓ,ງຓ໇ິ ນທົ ຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓຑໃ຅.

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1.1 ຃ທາຓຘາ຃ຌັ ຂບຄກາຌຒັຄ
ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌຈທໟ ງ຃ ຟເທົ໇ຟເຎຌພ ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ຋ໆຓຓຟກໞບຌກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຈໟທງຖຟງຖກພ ບພກຘບຌ.ກຟຌເທຟົ໇ ແຖຝ ກຟຌ

ຒພຄເຎພຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ຋ໆຓຝຌຸຈໃຆ້ຓຟກໞບຌ຋ພກຘຝກຟຌຂຽຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌບໞຟຌ.ຎພຈ຅ຸຍພຌໂຖກຓ຃ທຟຓກໟຟ ທໜໟຟ
ນຟງຈໟຟຌເຉພກໂຌໂຖຆ,ຓຝຌຸຈຂຝນງຟງກຟຌຉິຈຉໆຘໆຘຟຌບບກໄຎດ່ຟຄກທໟຟຄຂທຟຄ,຅ຟກກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌໂຈງກົຄ ແຖຝ
ຖຝນທໞຟຄຍຸກ຃ົຌແຍຍເຆິໆຄໜໟຟກໟຟທໄຎເຊິຄກຟຌຘ ໆຘຟຌຈໟທງເບເຖພກໂຉຕຌິກ( electronics)ເຆພໆຌ:ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌຈໟທງ
ໂ຋ຖຝເຖກ,ໂ຋ຖຝຘພຍ,຅ົຈໝຟງ,ທ຋ິ ຝງ,ຸ ໂ຋ຖຝຑຟຍ,຅ຟຌຈຟທ຋ຽຓ,ຈ຅ຉິ ບ໠ ຌ,ເ຃ເຍຌິ໇ ແຖຝ ຘໆຘຝຌິຈບໆຌ໅ ຋ໆຘຟຓຟຈ
ຘໆຘຟຌກຌພ ໂຈງ຋ຟຄໄກເຊຄິ ຂຌພ໇ ຂຟໟ ຓ຋ຝທຍໄຈ້ດຟ່ ຄທບໞ ຄໄທ຋ພຌເທຖຟ

ຘຟຖພຍກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌໃຌຆທິຈຎຝ຅ຟທພຌ,ຓຝຌຸຈປພຍກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌປພຍຒພຄຓຟຉພ໇ຄແຉ່ເຓຶໆບປຽຌປ້ຘິໆຄແທຈຖໟບຓຉໞຟຄ໅
຅ຶໆຄຓ຃ຟຊຟຓຄໞຟງ໅຋ໆນຟງ຃ົຌຓພກ຅ຝຊຟຓຉົຌເບຄທໞຟ “ ຊໟຟເປົຟນໜທກຓຟແຉ່ກຟເຌຈ຅ຝເກຈບພຌໃຈຂ໇ຌກພຍຉົທເປົຟ
“ ແຌ່ຌບຌທໞຟເປົຟ຅ຝຍໆໄຈ້ງິຌຘຽຄຉໞຟຄ໅ ແຖຝ ຍໆຘຟຓຟຈປຽຌຘຽຄເຑໆບຐຶກກບບກຘຽຄ ແຖຝ ຍໆຘຟຓຟຈປຽຌຘຽຄເຑຶໆບ
ຐຶກກບບກຘຽຄໄຈ້ເໜບຌເຈພກຌໟບງ຃ົຌບໆຌ໅ເປົຟເຎພຌ຋ພຄ຃ົຌນໜທກ ແຖຝ ຃ົຌຍບຈໃຍ້ຉຝນບຈຆທິຈຌ໇ເປົຟ຅ຝຍໆໄຈ້
ງິຌຘຽຄໃຈ໅ ຍໆທໞຟ຅ຝເຎພຌຘຽຄຈົຌຉ,ຘຽຄ຋ຟຓຝຆຟຈ ນ ຘຽຄຓຝຌຸຈເປົຟ຅ຟຉໟບຄປພຍປ້ຂ໇ຓຌຂໞຟທຘຟຌ຅ຟກຘພຌງຝຖພກ
ຈໟທງຓ຋ຟໞ ຋ຟຄ ແຖຝ ຘພຌງຟຖພກຈໟທງຉົທບພກຘບຌ ໜຟງທຟໞ ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌໂຈງໃຆ້ຘພຌງຟຖກພ ຓພຌ຅ຝເຎພຌບຸຎຝຘພກໃນ້ແກ່ຏ້
ບໆຌ.

ກຟຌຒພຄແຓ່ຌຘິໆຄ຋ໆໄຈງ້ ຌິ ຈໟທງນເຑຟຝຘຝຌພຌ໇ ນ຅ຶຄເຎພຌໂຘຉຝຎຝຘຟຈຘຟ຃ພຌ຋ໆຎຟຘຝ຅ຟກຍໆໄຈ້ ກຟຌຓບຝໄທ
ງຝທຝປພຍຘຽຄ ນ ຎຝຘຟຈນເຎພຌຎົກກຝຉິເປພຈໃນ້ຓຝຌຸຈປຽຌປ້ຘິໆຄຉໞຟຄ໅ຈໟທງກຟຌຒພຄໄຈ້ຉຝນບຈຆທິຈເຖໆຓຉພ໇ຄແຉ່
ກຟຌຒພຄຘຽຄຑໆ,ແຓ,່ ຅ົຈ຅ຟປຽຌຘຽຄເທົ໇ຟ຅ົຌປບຈຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ ໃຌກຟຌປຽຌປ້ໄຈ້ຂຝນງຟງຂບຍເຂຈ

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ບບກໄຎງໞຟຄກທໟ ຟຄຂທຟຄ,ຍທໆ ຟໞ ຃ທຟຓປຌ້ ພ໇ຌ຅ຝດ່ໃກ້ ນ ດ່ໄກຎຟຌໃຈກຉຟຓຓຝຌຸຈກຘຟຓຟຈປພຍຘຟຌໂຈງບຟໄຘຆໆຉໞຟຄ໅
ໄຈ້ຈທໟ ງກຟຌຒພຄ

ໂຈງ຋ທົໆ ໄຎແຖ້ທກຟຌປພຍຘຟຌກຟຌປຍພ ຒພຄໃຌແຉ່ຖຝທພຌຂບຄ຃ຌົ ເປົຟ,ບຟຈເທຟ໇ົ ໄຈທ້ ໞຟເປຟົ ໃຆເ້ ທຖຟໃຌກຟຌຒພຄ
ນຟງກໞທຟກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ,ນຟງກໞທຟກຟຌບໞຟຌ,ນຟງກທໞ ຟກຟຌຂຽຌ ຘຝເຖ່ງແຖ້ທຍໆໜໟບງກໞທຟ1/3ຂບຄເທຖຟ຋ໆໃຆ້ຉິຈຉໆຆໆຘຟຌ
ເຆພຌໆ ຒພຄຆໆເບເຖກພ ໂຉຌຕິ ກ,ຒພຄ຃ົຌໃຌ຃ບຍ຃ົທເທົ໇ຟ,ໂບ້ຖົຓຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟໃຌແຉ່ຖຝທພຌ.ກຟຌບໞຟຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຂຽຌຘພຄຖທຓ
ແຖທ້ ກທຓເບົຟ1/3ຂບຄກຟຌເທຟົ໇ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຒພຄຏຟໞ ຌຆໆເບເນພກໂຉຌິກ ນ ຒຄພ ຃ຌົ ເທ໇ົຟດ່ໃຌຘຄພ ຃ົຓ.

2. ຃ຌຸ ຎະ຿ນງຈຂບຄກາຌຒັຄ ຾ຖະ ຓາຖະງາຈຂບຄກາຌຒັຄ

2. 1 ຃ຸຌຎະ຿ນງັຈຂບຄກາຌຒັຄ
ກຟຌຒພຄແຓ່ຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌບພຌໜຶໆຄ຋ໆເກຈ຅ຟກຑຶຈຉິກຟຂບຄ຃ົຌເປົຟໃຌກຟຌປພຍເບົຟຂ໇ຓຌຂໞຟທຘຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅.ຘິໆຄ
ຈພໆຄກໞຟທຓພຌໄຈ້ຘໟຟຄໃນ້຃ົຌເປົຟຓ຃ທຟຓປ້,຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅,ຘຟຓຟຈຌຟໃຆ້ຂ໇ຓຌຈພໆຄກໞຟທເຂົ໇ຟໃຌກຟຌຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟຉົຌເບຄ,
ຘຄພ ຃ຓົ ແຖຝ ຎຝເ຋ຈຆຟຈ.

2.1.1. ຎະ຿ນງຈຉຉໃ ຌ຺ ຽບຄ

 ຏ້ຒພຄ຋ໆຈ຅ຝໄຈ້ປຍພ ຃ທຟຓຌງິ ົຓຆຓົ ຆບຍ຅ຟກ຃່ຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟ
 ກຟຌຒຄພ ເຎພຌນພກກຟຌຆທໞ ງຘໟຟຄຍພຌງຟກຟຈຂບຄ຃ທຟຓເຎຌພ ຓິຈ
 ກຟຌຒຄພ ຆທໞ ງໃນເ້ ກຈ຃ທຟຓເຂ໇ົຟໃ຅,ງບຓປພຍ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓເນຌພ ໃ຅ເຆຄໆິ ກພຌ ແຖຝ ກຌພ
 ຆໞທງໃນຘ້ ຟຓຟຈເຂຟົ໇ ໃເຊິຄ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄເຖບໆ ຄ຋ໄໆ ຈ້ຒພຄ ແຖຝ ຅ຈຸ ຓ່ຄຸ ໝຟງຂບຄຏເ້ ທຟົ໇
 ຘຟຓຟຈຘຝແຈຄຎຝຉິກິຖິງຟຉບຍຘຝໜບຄ຃່ຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟໄຈຘ້ ບຈ຃ບໞ ຄກພຍຎຝເຈພຌ
 ຆທໞ ງຑຈພ ຋ຝຌຟຘຝຓພຈຊຝຑຟຍໃຌກຟຌໃຆ຋້ ພກຘຝຈໟຟຌຑຟຘຟ ແຖຝ ຈໟຟຌບໆຌ໅.
 ຆໞທງໃນ້ຓ຃ທຟຓປ້ກທໟຟຄຂທຟຄ,ຓ຃ທຟຓໝພ໇ຌໃ຅ໃຌຉົຌເບຄ,ກຟໟ ເທົຟ໇ ,ກໟຟຘຝແຈຄບບກນຟງຂຌ໇ຶ
 ຘຟຓຟຈຌຟເບົຟ຃ທຟຓປ້຋ໆໄຈ້຅ຟກກຟຌຒພຄໄຎຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟຘຝຓພຈຊຝຑຟຍກຟຌບໞຟຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຂຽຌ

ຂບຄຉົຌໄຈ້ດ່ຟຄຊກຉບໟ ຄ.
 ກຟຌຒພຄຆທໞ ງໃນ້ເປຟົ ປຽຌປ້,຅ຈົ ຅ຟ ແຖຝ ເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ຘິຄໆ ຉຟໞ ຄ໅ໃຌແຌທ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈໃໝບ່ ກຈທໟ ງ

ກຟຌຒພຄຆໞທງໃນ້ເກ ຈ຃ທຟຓເຑ ຈເຑ ຌ຋ຟຄບຟຖົຓເປພຈໃນ້ເກ ຈ຃ທຟຓຘຸກຈໟຟຌ຅ິຈໃ຅

2.1.2. ຎະ຿ນງຈຉຘໃ ຄັ ຃຺ຓ
- ກຟຌຒພຄ຋ໆຈກໆໃນ້ເກຈຎຝໂນງຈຉໆຘພຄ຃ົຓ ແຖຝ ຎຝເ຋ຈຆຟຈ຃ກຟຌຌຟເບົຟ຃ທຟຓປ້ ແຖຝ ຂ໇຃ິຈຉໞຟຄ໅ໄຎໃຆ້
ໂຈງຏ້ຒພຄເບຄ ໄຈ້ປພຍຏົຌຈ຅ຟກກຟຌຎຝຉິຍພຈ,ຘພຄ຃ົຓເກຈຎຝໂນງຈໂຈງ຋ຟຄບໟບຓເຆພໆຌ: ກຟຌຒພຄເຖໆບຄກຟຌ
ປກພ ຘຟຘຂຸ ຝຑຟຍ...
- ກຟຌຒພຄກຟຌເຏແຏຂ່ ຓ໇ ຌຂຟໞ ທຘຟຌຏໞຟຌ຋ຟຄທິ຋ຝງຸ ແຖຝ ໂ຋ຖຝຑຟຍຖທຓ຋ຄພ ກຟຌແ຅ຄ້ ຂ໇ຓຌຂໞຟທຘຟຌຈພໆຄກໞຟທ
ແຓ່ຌເປພຈໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄປພຍປ້ຂ໇ຓຌຉໞຟຄຂບຄ຋ຟຄກຟຌຎຝຆຟຆົຌກ຅ຝໃນ້຃ທຟຓປໞທຓຓ ແຖຝ ຎຝຉິຍພຈຉຟຓ.ຏົຌ
ຂບຄກຟຌປໞທຓຓຂບຄຎຝຆຟຆຌົ ງໞບຓເຎຌພ ຎຝໂນງຈຉຎໆ ຝເ຋ຈຆຟຈດ່ຟຄນທຄນຟງ.

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2.2 ຓາຖະງາຈເຌກາຌຒັຄ
ກຟຌຒພຄໃຌຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆຉໞຟຄ໅ ຏຒ້ ພຄ຃ທຌຎຝຉິຍຈພ ຈໆພຄຌ:໇

- ຒຄພ ຈທໟ ງ຃ທຟຓຉ໇ຄພ ໃ຅,ຓ຃ທຟຓໃຘ່ໃ຅ ແຖຝ ບົຈ຋ົຌຒພຄຏ້ເທົ໇ຟຈໟທງ຃ທຟຓ຅ິຄໃ຅,຃ທຌຘຝແຈຄກິຖິງຟໂຉ້ຉບຍ
ຈໟທງ຋ໞຟ຋ຟຄເບຟົ ໃ຅ໃຘ່,ຒພຄດ່ຟຄ຅ຈົ ຅,ໆ ຌໆຄພ ຉົທຆໆຈໟທງ຋ໞຟ຋ຟຄງຓິ໇ ແງ້ຓແ຅ຓ່ ໃຘ

- ເ຃ົຟຖົຍຌພຍຊໃນ້ກຽຈແກ່ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟຉຟຓໂບກຟຈ຋ໆເໜຟຝຘົຓ ເຆພໆຌຘຝແຈຄຘໜໟຟຑໃ຅ກພຍກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ,ຉົຍຓຆົຓເຆງ
ກຟຌເທ໇ົຟ,ຖກຸ ຂ໇ຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓເ຃ົຟຖົຍ,ຓຟເຊິຄຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆຒພຄກໞບຌເທຖຟ,ຍໆຘຍງຟດ່ໃຌເທຖຟຌພໆຄຒພຄ,ຍໆ຃ທຌຌພໆຄ
ເບຟົ ຂຟຂ໇ຌປໞຟຄ ແຖຝ ບຌໆ ໅

- ຍ຃ໆ ທຌເບົຟເຖບໆ ຄຉຟໞ ຄ໅ຓຟໂບ້ຖຓົ ຘຌົ ຋ຝຌຟກພຌນເບົຟທຽກບໆຌຓຟເປພຈເຆພໆຌ ນງິຍຎພກຊພກແຆ່ທ,ບໞຟຌຎໆຓເຖໆບຄ,
ຉຈພ ເຖຍພ ຓ...

- ຍໆ຃ທຌຖຍົ ກທຌຘຟຓຝ຋ິຏບ້ ຌໆ ຋ຌໆ ພໆຄຒພຄຈໟທງ຃ທຟຓຉ໇ພຄໃ຅ເຆຌໆພ ໃຆຘ້ ຽຄຈພຄ,຋ຽທເຂຟ໇ົ ຋ຽທບບກເຖ໇ບງ໅ບຟຈ຅ຝ
ຘຟໟ ຄ຃ທຟຓຖຟ຃ຟຌໃນແ້ ກ່ຏບ້ ຌໆ

- ໃຌເທຖຟ຋ໆຏ້ເທ໇ົຟກຟຖຄພ ເທຟ໇ົ ຍ຃ໆ ທຌຖກຸ ຂ໇ໂຉຉ້ ບຍໂຈງ຋ພຌ຋ໂຖຈຏ້ຒພຄຉບໟ ຄປ້຅ກພ ກຟຖຝເ຋ຘຝບຌພ ເໜຟຝຘົຓຊໟຟຓ
ຂ໇ຂໟບຄໃ຅ຍຌພ ນຟຉຟໞ ຄ໅ແຖ້ທງຟກຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ເນພຌເຑໆຓຉຓໆ ກ຃ທຌຖຊຟໟ ໃນ້ຏເ້ ທ໇ຟົ ເຎຈໂບກຟຈໃນ້ຊຟຓ຅ຶຄ
຃ໞບງຆກພ ຊຟຓ,ໂຈງຊຟຓເຑບຶໆ ງຟກປ້ ນ ຍເໆ ຂົຟ໇ ໃ຅ບນຍໆແຓຌ່ ກຟຌຆກພ ຊຟຓເຑຶບໆ ຋ົຈຖບຄ ນ ຊຟຓເຑບໆຶ ໃນ້ຏ້ບໆຌ
ເຘງນຟງ.

- ກຟຌຌພໆຄຍໆ຃ທຌຎຝຍບໞ ຌຌໆຄພ ແຊທໜຟໟ ,຃ທຌຌພຄໆ ແຊທໜໟຟໃນເ້ ຉຓພ ,ຏ້ຓຟຉຟຓນພຄຌຄໆພ ຖຄົ ໄຎຉຟຓຖຟຈພຍ
- ຍໆ຃ທຌເບຟົ ບຟນຟຌ຋ກຸ ຎຝເຑຈເຂຟ໇ົ ໄຎກິຌ ນ ຈໆຓໃຌເທຖຟຒຄພ

3. ກາຌຑັຈ຋ະຌາຘະຓັຈຊະຑາຍເຌກາຌຒຄັ

ຘຝຓພຈຊຝຑຟຍຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄ ແຓ່ຌ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓຟຈໃຌກຟຌຒພຄຂບຄຏ້ຒພຄ,ເຆິໆຄຘຟຓຟຈເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅຃ທຟຓໜຟງຂບຄ
ຘຟຌຉຟຓ຋ຏໆ ້ເທົ໇ຟຉໟບຄກຟຌ ນ ເບ໇ຌທໞຟ ຒພຄດ່ຟຄຓຎຝຘິຈຉິຑຟຍ.ກຟຌຒພຄດ່ຟຓຘຝຓພຈຊຝຑຟຍເປພຈໃນ້ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ຃ົຍບົຄ
ຎຝກບຍ ແຖຝ ເປຈພ ໃນ້ຏ້ເທ໇ົຟຎຝຘຍົ ຏົຌຘຟເຖພຈໃຌກຟຌເທຟົ໇ .

ກ. ຑຶຈຉກິ າກາຌຒຄັ ຂບຄຌກັ ປຼຌ
ໃຌກຟຌຘບຌ຃຃ທຌເຐິກຐຌົ ໃນຌ້ ກພ ປຽຌຓຑຶຈຉິກ ຟໃຌກຟຌຒຄພ ໂຈງຘຟຓຟຈຒຄພ ຘຟຌໄຈ້ດ່ຟຄຓຎຝຘິຈຉິຑຟຍ

຃:

- ຒຄພ ແຖ້ທເຂຟົ໇ ໃ຅
- ກຟຌຒພຄຘຟຓຟຈ຅ຍພ ຎຝເຈຌພ ໄຈ້
- ຒຄພ ແຖທ້ ຘຟຓຟຈທເິ ຃ຟຝໄຈ້
- ຒຄພ ແຖທ້ ຉ຃ທຟຓໝຟງໄຈ້
- ຒຄພ ແຖ້ທຘຟຓຟຈຎຝເຓຌ຃ຌຸ ຃ໞຟໄຈ້

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- ຒພຄແຖ້ທ຅ົຈຍຌພ ຋ຶກໄຈ້

4. ຎະຽຑຈກາຌຒຄັ

ກຟຌຒພຄຓ 4 ຎຝເຑຈ຃:

 ກຟຌຒຄພ ໂຈງຓຘໞທຌປໞທຓໂຈງກຄົ ໃຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌ
 ກຟຌຒຄພ ໂຈງຏຒ້ ຄພ ຍໆຓຘທໞ ຌປໞທຓໂຈງກຄົ
 ກຟຌຒພຄ຅ຟກຘເໆ ບເຖກພ ໂ຋ຌິກ
 ກຟຌຒພຄ຅ຍພ ໃ຅຃ທຟຓ

4.1 ຒຄັ ຿ຈງຓີຘໞທຌປໞທຓ຿ຈງກຄ຺ ເຌຂະຍທຌກາຌຘືໃຘາຌ
ຓຝຌຸຈ຅ຝເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ເຆິໆຄກພຌ ແຖຝ ກພຌໄຈ້ຌພ໇ຌຉໟບຄບຟໃຘກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ.ໃຌກຟຌຘຘຟຌຓນຟງປຍແຍຍ,ນຟງ

ຖກພ ຘຝຌຝ຋ແໆ ຉກຉຟໞ ຄກພຌ ແຉ຋່ ພຄໜົຈຌ໇ຌພ ຖໟທຌແຉ່ຏຟໞ ຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຒຄພ .
ກຟຌຒພຄ ໂຈງຓຘທໞ ຌປທໞ ຓໃຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ ແຓ່ຌທິ຋ໜຶໆຄ ຋ໆຓຝຌຸຈໃຆ້ຘົໆຄຂ໇ຓຌຂໞຟທຘຟຌ ເຆິໆຄຓຘບຄ

ຖພກຘຝຌຝ຃: ກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຖຝນທຟໞ ຄຍກຸ ຃ົຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຑຟງໃຌກຸຓ່ ກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຖຝນທໞຟຄຍຸກ຃ົຌແຓ່ຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟເຆິໆຄ
ໜໟຟກພຌຖຝນທໞຟຄຘບຄຉໆຘບຄຈໟທງປຍກຟຌຎ່ຽຌຏຽຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌຑຟງໃຌກຸ່ຓແຓ່ຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌໂຈງຓນຟງ຃ົຌ
ເຂົ໇ຟປໞທຓຌພຍແຉ່ຘຟຓ຃ົຌຂ໇ຌໄຎ,ຎ່ຽຌຏຽຌກພຌເທົ໇ຟຏ້ໜຶໆຄເທົ໇ຟນຟງ຃ົຌຒພຄແຖ້ທຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟກພຌເຑໆບນຟ຃ທຟຓເຎພຌເບກຝ
ຑຟຍໃຌຍພຌນຟໃຈໜຄໆຶ .

ກ. ກາຌຒຄັ ເຌກາຌຘຘືໃ າຌຖະນທໞ າຄຍກຸ ຃ຌ຺
ກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຖຝນທໞ ຟຄຍຸກ຃ົຌແຓ່ຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌຖຝນໞທຟຄຂພ໇ຌຑ໇ຌຊຟຌຘ ຟ຃ພຌ຋ໆຘຸຈຂບຄຘພຄ຃ົຓຓຝຌຸຈ.ຓຝຌຸຈ

຅ຟເຎພຌຉບໟ ຄຎຝຉິຍພຈດ່ເຎຌພ ຎກົ ກຝຉໃິ ຌກຟຌຈຟຖຄົ ຆທິຈເຆພໆຌ: ກຟຌຊຟຓຂໞຟທ຃ຟທເຆຄໆິ ກພຌແຖຝກພຌ,ກຟຌຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟ,ກຟຌ
ໂຉ້ຊຽຄ,ກຟຌຎຶກຘຟນຟຖເຖໆບຄຖຟທຉໞຟຄ໅,ກຟຌຘຟຑຟຈ,ກຟຌເ຅ຖຝ຅ຟຊຸຖຝກິຈຖຝນໞທ ຟຄ຃ົຌກພຍ຃ົຌ,ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ຋ຟຄ
ໂ຋ຖຝຘຍພ ແຖຝ ບໆຌ໅.

ຂ. ຖກັ ຘະຌະຂບຄກາຌຘືຘໃ າຌຖະນທໞ າຄຍກຸ ຃຺ຌ

ກຟຌຒພຄໃຌກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຖຝນໞທຟຄຍຸກ຃ຌົ ຓຖພກຘຝຌຝ຃ເຎພຌຏ້ຒຄພ ຋ໆຈ,ຓ຃ທຟຓ຅ິຄໃ຅,ຘຝເເຈຄກິຖິງຟຉບຍຘຝ
ໜບຄເໜຟຝຘຓົ ກພຍຍກຸ ຃ົຌ ແຖຝ ຓ຃ທຟຓຘົຌໃ຅ກຍພ ຃່ຘຌົ ຋ຝຌຟຉຝນບຈເທຖຟ.

຃. ກາຌຒັຄຘໃືຘາຌຑາງເຌກຸຓ່
ແຓ່ຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ຋ໆຓຍຸກ຃ົຌເຂົ໇ຟປໞທຓຉພ໇ຄແຉ່ຘຟຓ຃ົຌຂ໇ຌໄຎຘໞທຌນຟງຂ໇ ດ່ກພຍໂບກຟຈ,ຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆບຟຌທງ

຃ທຟຓຘຝຈທກ຋ໆເປພຈໃນ້ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌຖຝນໞທຟຄຍຸກ຃ົຌຑຟງໃຌກຸ່ຓຈຟເຌຌໄຈ້ຓພຌເຎພຌກຟຌບຝຑິຎຟງກຸ່ຓ,ເຎິກຘຟນຟຖ
ເຑຶໆບແກ້ໄຂຍພຌນຟ ແຖຝ ກຟຌທຟຄແຏຌປໞທຓກພຌເຆິໆຄໄຈ້ຑົຍເນພຌ຋ົໆທໄຎໃຌຘຟຌພກຄຟຌ,ໂປຄປຽຌ,ທິ຋ຝງຟໄຖ,
ຓຝນຟທິ຋ຝງຟໄຖ ແຖຝ ບົຄກຟຌ຅ພຈຉພຄ໇ ຉຟໞ ຄ໅ເຆິຄໆ ຍຸກ຃ົຌຑຟງໃຌກຓຸ່ ຓຍົຈຍຟຈເຎພຌຏຒ້ ພຄ ແຖຝ ຏ້ເທ໇ົຟ

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ຄ. ຖກັ ຘະຌະຂບຄກາຌຒັຄຘໃືຘາຌຑາງເຌກຓຸ່

 ຏຒ້ ຄພ ປຍພ ປເ້ ຎົ໇ຟໜຟງປໞທຓກຌພ ທຟໞ ກຟຌຎຝຆຓຸ ຎກຶ ຘຟນຟຖຌຌ໇ພ ແຓ່ຌຍຌພ ນຟໃຈ,ເຎຟົ໇ ໜຟງເຑບໆຶ ນງຄພ ,ຎຸກຖຝຈົຓ
຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ເຑໆຶບໃນ້ເກຈກຟຌປຽຌປ້ປໞທຓກຌພ ແຖຝ ຆໞບງກພຌແກ້ໄຂຍພຌນຟຂບຄກ່ຓຸ ໄຈ້

 ຏ້ຒພຄປພຍປ້ຂ໇ຉົກຖົຄ ນ ຂ໇ຘຝນງ຺ຍຂບຄກຸ່ຓເຑໆບຎຝຉິຍພຈໃນ້ຊກຉໟບຄໃນ້ຊກຉຟຓທພຈຊຸຎຝຘົຄຂບຄກຸ່ຓ,ໜໞທງ
ຄຟຌ ແຖຝ ບົຄກຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅

 ຏ້ຒພຄບຟຈ຅ຝຒພຄເຑຶບໆ ຃ທຟຓຉພຈຘິຌໃ຅ ນ ເຑຶບໆ ເນຌພ ຏຌົ ກຝ຋ຟກຟຌຒພຄຖພກຘຝຌຝຌຓ໇ ພກຑຍົ ຑ໇ກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌຑຟງໃຌ
ກຓຸ່ ເຆຌໆພ ກຟຌ຅ພຈກບຄຎຝຆຸຓຘຟຓຝຌຟຍຌພ ນຟໃຈໜຶໆຄ.

4.2 ຒັຄ຿ຈງຏູ້ຒຄັ ຍໃຓີຘທໞ ຌປທໞ ຓ຿ຈງກຄ຺
ແຓ່ຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌໃຌຘຟ຋ຟຖຝຌຝ.ກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌຖພກຘຝຌຝຌ໇ແຓ່ຌກຟຌຒພຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟໃຌ຋ໆຆຸຓຌຸຓຆົຌ,

ກຟຌບຝຑິຎຟງໃຌ຋ໆຘຟ຋ຟຖຝຌຝ,ກຟຌຎຟ຋ຝກຝຊຟ,ກຟຌໂ຃ຘຝຌຟນຟຘຽຄ,ກຟຌກໞຟທ຃ຟຎຟໃຘ,ກຟຌຉໟບຌປພຍ,ກຟຌ
ຍຌພ ງຟງຘຝນງ຺ຍ,ກຟຌຆ໇ແ຅ຄຉໆ຋ໆຆຸຓຌຸຓ ແຖຝ ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟເຌໆບຄໃຌໂບກຟຈຉໞຟຄ໅ຉໆ຋ໆຎຝຆຸຓເຆິໆຄໄຈ້ແຍ່ຄດ່ຟຄ຅ຝແ຅້ຄທໞຟຏ້
ເທ໇ົຟແຓ່ຌໃຏ,ຏ້ຒພຄແຓ່ຌໃຏ,ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟຍຟຄ຃ພ໇ຄບຟຈຓຏ້ຈຽທນນຟງກໞທຟຌພ໇ຌ,ຘໞທຌຏ້ຒພຄ຅ຝຓໜໟບງນຟງຎຟຌໃຈແຓ່ຌຂ໇ຌດ່
ກຍພ ໂບກຟຈ,ກຟຖຝເ຋ຘຝ ແຖຝ ເຄບຶໆ ຌໄຂຉຟໞ ຄ໅.

ກ. ຖັກຘະຌະຂບຄກາຌຒັຄ

ຘຟຖພຍກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌໃຌຘຟ຋ຟຖຝຌຝເຎພຌກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌ຋ໂໆ ປຓ຃ຌົ ເຎຌພ ຅ຟຌທຌນທຄນຟງເຆໆິຄຓ຃ທຟຓແຉກຉໞຟຄກພຌ
ໃຌຈຟໟ ຌຉຟໞ ຄ໅,ແຉ່຅ພຈໄທ້ໃຌຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆຈຽທກພຌ.ກຸ່ຓຏ້ຒພຄ຋ໆຓ຅ຟຌທຌນທຄນຟງເຆພໆຌຌ໇ຓພກເກຈຓຘຽຄຖົຍກທຌໄຈ້ຄໞຟງ
ຈພ໇ຄຌພ໇ຌຉໟບຄຉພ໇ຄໃ຅ຒພຄແຉ່ດ່ຟຄຈຽທຍໆຓໂບກຟຈໄຈ້ຆພກຊຟຓຍພຌນຟ຋ໆຂໟບຄໃ຅ເຑຟຝເທຖຟຓ຅ຟກພຈ ແຖຝ ຍຟຄ຃ພ໇ຄກຍໆຓ
ໂບກຟຈໄຈຊ້ ຟຓ຃ຌເຖງ.

4.3 ກາຌຒັຄ຅າກຆໃືຽບຽຕັກ຿຋ຌິກ
ກຟຌຒຄພ ຅ຟກຘເໆ ບເຕກພ ໂຉຕຌກິ ຅ພເຎຌພ ຘຓໆ ທຌຆຌົ ໄຈແ້ ກ່ ທ຋ິ ຝງຸ,ໂ຋ຖຝຑຟຍ,ເ຋ຍຍພຌ຋ຶກຘຽຄ ແຖຝ ປຍຑຟຍ,ຆໆ

ເບເຖພກໂຉຕຌິກເນຟົໆ ຌແ໇ ຏ່ນຟງໃຌ຋ົໆທຎຝເ຋ຈໂຈງຘຝເຑຟຝແຓ່ຌທິ຋ຝງຸ,ໂຈງຘຝເຑຟຝທິ຋ຝງຸຌພຍທໞຟເຎພຌຆໆ຋ໆແຏ່ນຟງຓ
຃ທຟຓຘຝຈທກ.ຏ້ຒພຄຘຟຓຟຈເຖຶບກຒພຄຖຟງກຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅ໄຈ້ຉຟຓໃ຅ຓພກເຊິໆຄແຓ່ຌທໞຟ຅ຝຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟໄຎໃຌຖພກຘຝຌຝນຟງ
ປຍແຍຍກຉຟຓ ແຉ່ກງພຄ຅ຟກຈພ ໃຌກຓຸ່ ຂບຄຏ້ຒພຄ຋ຓໆ ຊຟຌຝຈ,ຓເຄິຌຆ໇ໃຌຖຟ຃ຟແຑຄ ແຖຝ ງພຄຉໟບຄເຘງ຃ໞຟໃຆ້຅ໞຟງບໆຌ໅
ບກ຅ຟຌທຌນທຄນຟງ.

ກ.ຖກັ ຘະຌະຂບຄກາຌຒຄັ

- ກຟຌຒພຄຆໆເບເຖກພ ໂຉຕຌກິ ໂຈງ຋ໆົທໄຎ ຏຒ້ ຄພ ຓພກຒຄພ ແຍຍຏໞຟຌ໅ ນ ຒຄພ ໄຎກຍພ ກຟຌເປພຈກິຈ຅ຝກຟບຌໆ ໅

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- ກຟຌຒຄພ ຆໆເບເຖກພ ໂຉຕຌກິ ຍໆຘຟຓຟຈປຍພ ຘຟຌຉຟຓໃ຅ຉົຌເບຄໄຈ້ ເຆພໆຌ ກຟຌຒຄພ ທິ຋ຝງຸເຍິໆຄໂ຋ຖຝຑຟຍຏ້ຒພຄ.ຉໟບຄ
ຖກຟຌົຈຘຄໆົ ຖຟງກຟຌ຋ໆຉໟບຄກຟຌຒຄພ ແຖຝໄຈເ້ ຋ໆຶບຈຽທ,ຊໟຟຒຄພ ຍໆເຂົຟ໇ ໃ຅ແຖທ້ ກຍຓໆ ໂບກຟຈກພຍຓຟຒພຄ
ໃໜໄ່ ຈ້.

- ກຟຌຒຄພ ຘຖໆ ຟງກຟຌເບເຖພກໂຉຕຌິກຍຟຄ຃໇ພຄກໆຓ຃ທຟຓຘພຍຆໟບຌ.ຊໟຟຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ ເທົ໇ຟຎຝໂນງກງຟທໃຆ້຃ຟນງ໇,຃ຟຘພຍ
ງຟກ,ຑຟຘຟຘຝເຑຟຝກຸ່ຓ ແຖຝ ເຎຌພ ຌຟຓຓຝ຋ຟ຋ຏໆ ຒ້ ຄພ ບຟຈ຅ຝຍໆເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅຅ພຍເບົຟໃ຅຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌໄຈ້ ເຑຟຝຏ້ຒພຄ
ຒພຄໄຈ຃້ ໇ຄພ ຈຽທ,ຂຟຈໂບກຟຈຆກພ ຊຟຓຏຘ້ ຄົ ຘຟຌ.

- ຘຟຌ຅ຟກເບເຖພກໂຉຕຌິກ ຅ພຈ຋ຟເຑໆບຶ ຓທຌຆົຌ ນ ຏ້ປພຍຘຟຌ຋ົໆທໄຎ.ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,ຏ້ຒພຄ຅ຝຂຟຈໂບກຟຈຒພຄຘຟຌ ຋ໆ
ຓຖພກຘຝຌຝຘຝເຑຟຝເ຅ຟຝ຅ຄົ .ກຟຌຒພຄຆເໆ ບເຖພກໂຉຕຌິກ຅ຶໆຄຍຘໆ ຟຓຟຈໃນໄ້ ຈ້຃ທຟຓປເ້ ຋ົໆຟ຋ໆ຃ທຌ.

- ຘຟຌ຅ຟກຆໆເບເຖພກໂຉຌິກ ຓ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘຄົ ຘໟຟຄ຃ທຟຓຘຌົ ໃ຅຅ຟກຏ້ຒຄພ ,ຍໆໃນເ້ ກຈ຃ທຟຓເຍໆຶບໜໞຟງເຆພໆຌ: ເຑຄແຘຄຘ
ແຖຝ ບໆຌ໅.

- ຘຟຌ຅ຟກຆໆເບເຖພກໂຉຌິກ ໂຈງຎົກກຝຉິເຌຶ໇ບໃຌຘພ໇ຌ ແຖຝ ຍໆຖຝບຽຈ຃ກພຍຘຟຌຘຟ຋ຟຖຝຌຝ.ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,຅ຶໆຄຓ
ຖຟງກຟຌຘພ໇ຌແຖຝຓ ກຟຌແຆກຘໞທຌຎຝກບຍຉໞຟຄ໅ໃນ້຃ທຟຓຉໟບຄກຟຌ຋ ໆໜໟຟຘົ ຌໃ຅,ຏ ້ຒພຄ຅ຶຄໄຈ້ຘຟຖຝ
ຎຝໂນງຈຉຟຓ຋ຉໆ ບໟ ຄກຟຌ.

- ຘຟຌ຅ຟກຆໆເບເຖກພ ໂຉຌິກ ຓ຃ທຟຓນຟກນຟງຑຘົຓ຃ທຌເຆໆພຌ ຖຟງກຟຌທິ຋ຝງຸ,ໂ຋ຖຝຑຟຍ ແຖຝ ປຍເຄົຟຏ້ຒພຄ
຅ົຌຖຓເທຖຟຌບຌ,ເທຖຟປພຍຎຝ຋ຟຌບຟນຟຌແຖຝເປພຈກິຈ຅ຝກຟ຅ຟກຘພຄ຃ົຓ.

- ຘຟຌ຅ຟກຆເໆ ບເຖກພ ໂຉຌິກ ຍຟຄຖຟງກຟຌ ກ຅ພຈເຎພຌຍົຈ຃ທຟຓກໞຽທກພຍຘຸຂຝຑຟຍບຟຌຟໄຓ, ຓຸ່ຄໜຟງໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄ
ປ້຅ກພ ຎບ້ ຄກພຌຑຝງຟຈ ນ ຍຖິກຟຌ຋ຟຄກຟຌແຑຈ ແຖຝ ບໆຌ໅.

4.4 ກາຌຒັຄຽຑືໃບ຅ັຍເ຅຃ທາຓ
ກຟຌຒຄພ ຘຟຌເຑໆຶບ຅ພຍໃ຅຃ທຟຓໂຈງຖຝບຽຈເຎຌພ ກຟຌຒຄພ ເຑຶໆບ຅ຍພ ໃ຅຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ແຖຝ ຖຟງຖຝບຽຈຉໞຟຄ໅຋ໆ

ໄຈ້ປພຍ຅ຟກກຟຌຒພຄຘຟຌຎຝເຑຈຌ໇ຏຒ້ ຄພ ຅ຝຓຘຟຓຟ຋ຉິ ພຄ໇ ໃ຅ຒພຄຑໟບຓ຋ຄພ ຅ຈົ ຍຌພ ຋ຶກເຑໆຶບຆທໞ ງ຃ທຟຓ຅ຟ.
ກຟຌຒຄພ ເຑໆຶບ຅ຍພ ໃ຅຃ທຟຓຓຖຟງຖຝບຽຈຈຄໆພ ຌ:໇
- ເຐິກກຟຌຒຄພ ກຟຌຘຝນຍງ຺ ເຖໆບຄຖຟທ຅ຟກນຟງ຃ົຌ ແຖ້ທບບກຓຟເທຟ໇ົ ຉໆໜໟຟໜ຃່ ຑ່ ຟງໃຌນໟບຄປຽຌ.
- ຓບຍໃນ້ຌພກປຽຌເຎພຌຖຟງຍຸກ຃ົຌ ນ ເຎພຌກຸ່ຓໄຎຒພຄເຖໆບຄໃຈເຖໆບຄໜຶໆຄເຓຶໆບຒພຄແຖ້ທບຟຈຆພກຊຟຓ
ຍຌພ ນຟຂຌ໇
- ເຒິກກຟຌຒພຄຂໞຟທ຋ໆເຎພຌຘຟຖຝ຃ຝຈ ແຖຝ ຍົຈຍພຌເ຋ຄ຃ຝຈ຅ຟກເ຃ໆບຄຓຘໆຘຟຌຎຝເຑຈຉໞຟຄ໅ ແຖຝ
ເປຈພ ຍຈົ ຖຟງຄຟຌກຟຌຒຄພ ຘຄໆົ ຃
- ເຐິກກຟຌຒພຄເຖໆບຄຖຟທ຋ໆ຃ຘພຄແຖຝກຝກຽຓຓຟບໞຟຌໃນ້ຒພຄ ນ ຍພຌ຋ຶກໄທໃຌເ຋ຍຍພຌ຋ຶກຘຽຄແຖ້ທ
ໃນຘ້ ຝນຍງ຺ ໃ຅຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌ ແຖຝ ໃ຅຃ທຟຓ຋ປໆ ບຄຖົຄຓຟ
- ຒຄພ ຌິ຋ຟຌເຖບໆ ຄຘຌ໇ພ ຉໞຟຄ໅, ຍຈົ ຖຝ຃ບຌຍົຈ຃ທຟຓຉຟໞ ຄ໅ເຑບໆຶ ເນຟົໆ ຃ຌຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓປຍພ ປຂ້ ບຄຉົຌ
- ຒຄພ ໂຈງໃນ້ຌພກປຽຌຍບກເຖໆບຄ, ຅ຈຸ ຓຸຄໜໞຟງ, ຃ຌຸ ຃ຟໞ ນ ຎຝໂນງຈ຋ໆໄຈປ້ ພຍ຅ຟກກຟຌຒພຄ.

ໃ຅຃ທຟຓ

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ກຟຌຒພຄໃຌປຍແຍຍຉໞຟຄ໅ຖໟທຌແຉ່ຓຂ໇ຘຝຈທກ ແຖຝ ຂ໇ນງຸ້ຄງຟກ,ຎຝຘົຓຎຝຘຟຌກພຌ.ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,ງຟກເຐິກກຟຌຒພຄ
ໄຈ້ຈຉໟບຄກຟໄຈ້ນພກກຟຌແຖຝຖພກຘຝຌຝຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄຉໞຟຄ໅ ເຆພໆຌ ແຍຍຍຸກ຃ົຌ,ແຍຍກຸ່ຓ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຒພຄ຅ຟກຆໆເບເຖພກ
ໂຉຕຌິກ.ເຆິໆຄກຟຌຒພຄແຉ່ຖຝຎຝເຑຈຌພ໇ຌຖໟທຌແຉ່ຓຍົຈຍຟຈ຋ໆຘຟ຃ພຌ.ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,ງຟກຒພຄໃນ້ໄຈ້ຎຝຘິຈຉິຑຟຍຈຌພກປຽຌ
຃ທຌເຐກິ ກຟຌຒຄພ ແຍຍຉໞຟຄ໅ໃນ້ນຟງ ແຖຝ ຊກທ຋ິ .

຃າຊາຓ

1. ກຟຌຒຄພ ຓ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຉໆກຟຌຈຟຖົຄຆທຈິ ຂບຄ຃ຌົ ເປົຟແຌທໃຈ?
2. ຅ົຄໆ ຘົຓ຋ຽຍກຟຌໄຈງ້ ິຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌໄຈຒ້ ຄພ ຉຟໞ ຄກຌພ ຃ແຌທໃຈ?
3. ກຟຌຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟຘຝຓພຈຉຝຑຟຍຂບຄກຟຌຒພຄ຃ທຌເປຈພ ແຌທໃຈ?
4. ຌກພ ຒຄພ ຋ຈໆ ຃ທຌຓຓຟຖຝງຟຈແຌທໃຈ?
5. ກຟຌຒຄພ ໂຈງຓຘໞທຌປໞທຓໂຈງກຄົ ກຍພ ກຟຌຒພຄໂຈງຍຓໆ ຘໞທຌປໞທຓໂຈງກົຄຓ຃ທຟຓໜຟງຉໞຟຄກພຌແຌທໃຈ?
6. ຖກພ ຘຝຌຝກຟຌຒຄພ ຘຘໆ ຟຌຖຝນທຟໞ ຄຍຸກ຃ົຌ ແຖຝ ຖພກຘຝຌຝກຟຌຒພຄໃຌກຸ່ຓແຉກຉໞຟຄກຌພ ແຌທໃຈ?
7. ກຟຌຒພຄຓ຃ຸຌຎຝໂນງກນງພຄແຌ່?
8. ກຟຌຒຄພ ຅ຟກຘເໆ ບເຖກພ ໂຉຕຌິກແຓຌ່ ກຟຌຒຄພ ແຌທໃຈ຃ທຌເບຟົ ໃ຅ໃຘ່ກຟຌຒຄພ ຘເໆ ບເຖພກໂຉຕຌິກຓນງພຄແຌ?່
9. ກຟຌປຽຌຏຟໞ ຌຘເໆ ບເຖກພ ໂຉຕຌກິ ກຟຌປຽຌໃຌນໟບຄປຽຌ ຓ຃ທຟຓແຉກຉຟໞ ຄກຌພ ແຌທໃຈ?
10.ກຟຌຒພຄເຑໆບ຅ພຍໃ຅຃ທຟຓແຓ່ຌກຟຌຒຄພ ແຌທໃຈ?

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ຍ຺ຈ຋ີ 2

ກາຌຽທໄາ຺

1. ຃ທາຓໜາງ ຾ຖະ ຃ທາຓຘາ຃ຌັ ຂບຄກາຌຽທໄ຺າ

ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ແຓ່ຌ຋ພກຘຝໜຶໆຄ຋ໆຓ຃ທຟຓຘ ຟ຃ພຌນຟງ ເຑຟຝຓພຌແຓ່ຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ຋ໆທໞບຄໄທ ແຖຝ
ຘຟຓຟຈຘຘໆ ຟຌ຃ທຟຓເຂ໇ຟົ ໃ຅ໄຈນ້ ຟງກໞທຟກຟຌຂຽຌ.ຑທກເປົຟຘຟຓຟຈຌຟໃຆ້ກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ເຑໆບຉຈິ ຉໆຑທົ ຑພຌເຆໆິຄກພຌ ແຖຝ ກພຌ
ໃຌກຟຌຈຟຖົຄຆທິຈ,ກຟຌຈຟເຌຌຊຸຖຝກິຈ ນ ກຟຌຎຝກບຍທຽກຄຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅ ເຆພໆຌ: ກຟຌ຋ພກ຋ຟງ,ກຟຌຎຶກຘຟນຟຖ,
ກຟຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ຟ຃ິຈ຃ຟເນຌພ ,ກຟຌເຎຌພ ຌພກຘຝແຈຄຖຝ຃ບຌ,ກຟຌຘບຌຂບຄ຃ບຟ຅ຟຌ ແຖຝ ບໆຌ໅.

ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຂບຄຂບຄ຃ບຟ຅ຟຌງິໆຄຓ຃ທຟຓຘ ຟ຃ພຌນຟງ ເປົຟເຎພຌ຃຃ທຌເທົ໇ຟແຌທໃຈເຑຶໆບໃນ້ຌພກປຽຌ ຓ຃ທຟຓ
ຈຈຈໆຓ ຓ຃ທຟຓເຂ໇ົຟໃ຅ຉຍໆ ົຈປຽຌ.ໃຌຌ໇ພຌຏ້຋ເໆ ທົ໇ຟໄຈ້ຈກຓຏຌົ ຈຉໆຉົຌເບຄ ແຖຝ ຘພຄ຃ົຓ.ຈພໆຄ຃ຟຘຸຑຟຘິຈ຋ໆທຟໞ :

“ ເທຟ໇ົ ຃ທຟຓຈ ຓຘແກໜ່ ຟໟ
ເທ໇ຟົ ຃ທຟຓຆໆົທ ຑຟຉຌົ ໝົຌໆ ໝບຄ”

2 ຅ຈຸ ຎະຘຄ຺ ຾ຖະ ຓາຖະງາຈເຌກາຌຽທາໄ຺

2.1 ຅ຈຸ ຎະຘ຺ຄຂບຄກາຌຽທໄາ຺
຃ຌົ ເປົຟເທ໇ຟົ ເຑບໆ ຘໆຘຟຌໂຈງຓເຎົຟໆ ໜຟງແຉກຉໞຟຄກຌພ ເຆຌພໆ :

- ເຎພຌກຟຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ເນຌພ ຂບຄຉຌົ ຉໆຏ້ບໆຌ
- ຆບກນຟ຃ທຟຓປ້ ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ໃຌເຖໆບຄຉໞຟຄ໅ໂຈງຘຝເຑຟຝໃຌປຍແຍຍ຃ຟຊຟຓ ນ ຂ຃ຟບຝ຋ິຍຟງ

ກຽໞ ທກພຍເຖໆບຄໜຄໆຶ ໅
- ເທຟ໇ົ ເຑບໆ ຅ຄໃ຅ໃນຏ້ ້ບໆຌເຆໆບຊ ນ ຓແຌທ຃ິຈໂຌ້ຓຌໟຟທໄຎຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ແຖຝ ບຸຈຓົ ກຟຌຂບຄຉົຌ.
- ເທຟົ໇ ເຑບໆ ຘໟຟຄກຟຌຘຘໆ ຟຌ຋ຈໆ .

2.2 ຓາຖະງາຈເຌກາຌຽທາໄ຺

ຈທໟ ງ. ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຋ໆຈ ຉໟບຄຓຓຟຖຝງຟຈບພຌເໜຟຝຘົຓກພຍເຖໆບຄ຋ໆກ ຟຖພຄເທົ໇ຟ.ຓຟຖຝງຟຈຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຎຝກບຍ

- ກຟຌຌຄພໆ ,ກຟຌດຌ ຃ທຌຓ຋ຟໞ ຋ຘຝນຄຟໞ ຄຟຓ ຍ຃ໆ ທຌງຟໞ ຄໄຎງໞຟຄຓຟ ນ ຘຝແຈຄ຋ໞຟ຋ຟຄ຋ໆຍໆເຑິຄຎຟຊຝໜຟ
ໃຌເທຖຟເທຟ໇ົ .

- ຋ໞຟ຋ຟຄກຟຌຌໆຄພ ແຖຝ ກຟຌງຌ຃ທຌໃນ້ຘຸຑຟຍ

- ຑຝງຟງຟຓເ຃ໆຶບຌໄນທ ແຖຝ ຘພຄເກຈຉທົ ຉົຌ,ໃຍໜໟຟ,ແຂຌຂຟຍໆໃນແ້ ຂຄກຝຈຟໟ ຄເກຌໄຎ.

- ຍໆ຃ທຌກຓ໇ົ ຂຈຂຽຌ ນ ເປຈພ ຘຄິໆ ໃຈຘິໆຄໜຶໆຄໃຌເທຖຟ຋ຉໆ ົຌກຟຖຄພ ເທົ໇ຟດ.່

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- ໃນນ້ ຽທເຍິໆຄຏຒ້ ຄພ ດຟ່ ຄ຋ົໆທເຊິຄຍ຃ໆ ທຌເຍໆຄິ ຘຝເຑຟຝແຉ່ແຓງ່ ຄິ ນ ຏຆ້ ຟງ
- ຍ຃ໆ ທຌງກົ ຓ,ກຟກຟຎພ໇ຌ ແຖຝ ຆຓ໇ ເຖບ໇ ງ໅ ຅ົຌຏຒ້ ຄພ ປຘ້ ຶກທຟໞ ຉຌົ ເບຄກຟຖພຄຊກຆໜ໇ ຟໟ .
- ຍໆ຃ທຌເທົຟ໇ ບທຈບຄົ ຋ຝຌົຄຉົທ,ເທຟົ໇ ແຍຍຂຓໆົ ເຑິຌໆ ງໂຉ ນ ຊບຓຉົທເກຌໄຎ.
- ຍ຃ໆ ທຌເທຟົ໇ ຌິຌ຋ຟຏ້ບໆຌ ນ ຉຟຌິຉຉິ ຽຌຏໃ້ ຈຏ້ໜໆຄ ນ ຘໆິຄໃຈຘິໆຄໜຶໆຄໃຌເທຖຟຎຝຆຓຸ .
- ຊໟຟດໃ່ ຌຍບໞ ຌ຋ຓໆ ນຟງ໅຃ຌົ ຍໆ຃ທຌເທ໇ົຟແຉຑ່ ຽຄຏຈ້ ຽທ ຃ທຌໃນໂບກຟຈແກຏ່ ້ບຌໆ ເທົ໇ຟຌຟ.
- ຍໆ຃ທຌໂຉ້ຊຽຄເຑຶໆບເບົຟຆຝຌຝ,ໂຉ້ແງ່ຄງໞຟຄຓເນຈຏົຌ,ໃຆ້ຘຟຌຽຄຘຽຄເທົ໇ຟຘຸຑຟຍບໞບຌໂງຌ ແຖຝຘໟຟຄ

ໂບກຟຈຘຝເໜ
- ກຟຌເທ໇ົຟ຃ທຌຓຘຟຓຟ຃ຟຖຝທຝ ປ຅້ ກພ ຉໆຟປ້຅ພກຘຄ,ຍໆໃຆ້ຘຟຌທຌງຟຍຆໟຟ ນ ແຂຄກຝຈໟຟຄ,ປ້຅ພກຉົຌເບຄ

ທໞຟກຟຖພຄເທົຟ໇ ກຍພ ໃຏ,ຏໃ້ ຈ,ຊຟຌຝໃຈ ແຖຝ ດ່ໃຘ.
- ກບໞ ຌ຃ຈິ ກບໞ ຌເທຟ໇ົ ,ຖຝຓຈພ ຖຝທຄພ ຃ຟເທຟ໇ົ ງໞຟໃນ້ກຝ຋ົຍກຝເ຋ບຶ ຌໃ຅ຏຒ້ ພຄ

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3. ຎະຽຑຈຂບຄກາຌຽທໄ຺າ

3.1 ກາຌຽທໄາ຺ ຖະນທໞ າຄຍຸກ຃ຌ຺ ກັຍຍກຸ ຃຺ຌ
ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟແຍຍຌ໇ ແຓ່ຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຖຝນໞທຟຄຍຸກ຃ົຌຉໆຍຸກ຃ົຌ ເຎພຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຋ ຟຓຝຈຟ,ເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ຄໞຟງ ແຖຝ ເຎພຌ

ຑ໇ຌຊຟຌໃຌກຟຌຑົທຑພຌເຆິໆຄກພຌ ແຖຝ ກພຌຂບຄຓຝຌຸຈ຋ໆໃຆ້ເຂົ໇ຟໃຌກຟຌຑົຍຎຝຘໟຟຄຘພຌ,ຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟ,ໃຆ້ເຑຶໆບ຋ພກ຋ຟງ,
ຊຟຓຉບຍ,ຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟ຋ົກຊຽຄແຖຝຎກຶ ຘຟນຟຖຎພຌນຟຉໞຟຄ໅.

3.2 ກາຌຽທາໄ຺ ຑາງເຌກຸຓ່
ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟແຍຍຌ໇ແຓ່ຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟດ່ໃຌກຸ່ຓ຃ົຌຌພຍແຉ່3຃ົຌຂ ໇ຌໄຎ .ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟບຟຈ຅ຝເຎພຌກຟຌຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟເຑໆ ບ

ຘຝນງ຺ຍຆບກນຟ຅ຸຈເຎພຌເບກຝຑຟຍແຖຝຘໟຟຄ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟບົກເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ກພຌໃຌຍພຌນຟໃຈໜຶໆຄ ນ ເຑໆບຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟແຖກຎ່ຽຌ
຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ຃ທຟຓເນພຌເຆິຄໆ ກຌພ ແຖຝ ກຌພ ກຽໞ ທກພຍເຖບໆ ຄໃຈເຖໆບຄໜຄໆຶ .
3.3 ກາຌຽທ຺ໄາເຌກບຄຎະຆຓຸ

ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟໃຌກບຄຎຝຆຓຸ ໜຟງເຊິຄກຟຌຉິຈຉໆຆໆຘຟຌດຟ່ ຄເຎຌພ ຖຝຍົຍ ເຑຟຝຓຏເ້ ຂຟ໇ົ ປໞທຓ.ຏ້ເທົຟ໇ ບຟຈຓຏ້ຈຽທນ
ເຎພຌໜ່ກພຌໄຈ້ຏພຈຎ່ຽຌກພຌເທົ໇ຟເຆິໆຄຓ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄ຋ໆຆພຈເ຅ຌທໞຟ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟເຑໆບນງພຄ,ໃຆ້ເທຖຟເ຋ົໆຟໃຈ,ນົທຂ໇຋ໆ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟຉໟບຄ
ແຌ່ຌບຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟໃຌກບຄຎຝຆຸຓຘໞທຌ ນຟງ ແຓ່ຌກຟຌບຝ຋ິຍຟງທິຆຟກຟຌ,ກຟຌຎຝ຋ຝກຝຊຟ ແຖຝ ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟເຌໆບຄ
ໃຌໂບກຟຈຑິເຘຈຉຟໞ ຄ໅.
3.4 ກາຌຽທ຺າໄ ຋າຄຆືຓໃ ທຌຆ຺ຌ.

ໝຟງເຊິຄກຟຌເທຟົ໇ ຋ໆຍໆຘຟຓຟຈເນຌພ ກຟຌໂຉຉ້ ບຍ ນ ກຟຌຘຝແຈຄຎຝຉິກິຖິງຟຂບຄຏ້ຒພຄໄຈ້ເຆພຌ ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຋ຟຄ
ໂ຋ຖຝຑຟຍ,ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຋ຟຄທິ຋ຝງຸກຝ຅ຟງຘຽຄ.ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟແຍຍຌ໇ຘຟຓຟຈເທົ໇ຟໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄ຅ຟຌທຌນທຄນຟງໄຈ້ປພຍຒພຄຑໟບຓ໅
ກຌພ ໃຌເທຖຟຈຽທ

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4 ນກົັ ກາຌ຋ໃ຺ທແຎຂບຄກາຌຽທາໄ຺ ດເູຸ່ ຌກບຄຎະຆຸຓ

ໃຌກບຄຎຝຆຸຓໜຶໆຄຏ້຋ໆ຅ຝບບກ຃ ຟ຃ິຈ຃ ຟເນພຌຌພ໇ຌຉໟບຄໄຈ້຃ ຟຌຶຄຘຝເໜທໞຟກບຄຎຝຆຸຓຌພ໇ຌຓ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄ
ນງຄພ ,ຓໃຏແຌ່ເຂົຟ໇ ປທໞ ຓ,ຂຓ໇ ຌ຃ທຌຂຽຌແຌທໃຈ...ຈໆຄພ ຌເ໇ ຎຌພ ຉຌົ໇ .

4.1 ຅ຈຸ ຎະຘ຺ຄຂບຄກາຌຽທາໄ຺
ກຟຌກຝກຽຓໂຉເບຄໃນປ້ ້ເຊຄິ ຅ຸຈຎຝຘຄົ ຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ແຓ່ຌຂ໇ພຌຉບຌ຋ ຟບິຈຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟດ່ກບຄຎຝຆຸຓເຆິໆຄ

ຏເ້ ທຟ໇ົ ຅ຝຉບໟ ຄປທ້ ໞຟກຟຌເທ໇ົຟເ຋ໆບຌ໇ເຑບໆຶ ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄນງພຄ, ເຎຌພ ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟເຑໆບຘົຄ຃ທຟຓປ້ ນ ເທົຟ໇ ເຑໆບຆ໇ແ຅ຄໃນ້ເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ເຖໆບຄ
ໃຈເຖໆບຄໜຶໆຄ ຋ໆງພຄຍໆ຋ພຌເບກຝຑຟຍ,ເທົ໇ຟເຑໆບຈຶຄຈຈ຅ິຈໃ຅ຏ້ຒພຄ ແຖຝ ຘໟຟຄ຃ທຟຓຓໞທຌຆໆຌຖໆຌເຖຄໃນ້ແກ່ຏ້ຒພຄ.
ຌບກ຅ຟກຌ໇ງຄພ ຉໟບຄກຟຌຈົ ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘຄົ ຂບຄກຟຌເທົຟ໇ ເຑໆບໃນ້ເຂ໇ົຟກຍພ ຍຌພ ງຟກຟຈ ແຖຝ ຅ຸຈຑິເຘຈຂບຄ.
4.2 ຏູ້ຒຄັ

ກໞບຌເທ໇ົຟແຉ່ຖຝເ຋ຶໆບ ຏ້຃ທຌ຃ ຟຌຶຄເຊິຄຏ້ຒພຄ ເຑຶໆບໃນ້ຎຝໂນງຈຉໆກຘຌເທົ໇ຟຂບຄຉົຌເບຄ ແຖຝ ຏ້ປພຍຒພຄຘິໆຄ
ຘຟ຃ພຌ຃ທຌ຃ຟຌຄຶ ເຊຄິ ຎຝເຑຈ຃ຌົ ຖຸ່ຓຌ.໇

- ໄທຂບຄຏຒ້ ຄພ ເຎຌພ ເຈກພ ຌໟບງ ນ ຏ້ໃນງ່ ,ເຎພຌຏເ້ ຊຟົ໇ ນ ໄທໜຓຸ່ ,ເຎຌພ ຌກພ ປຽຌ ນ ຑຝຌພກຄຟຌ
- ເຑຈຂບຄຏ້ຒພຄງິຄ ນ ຆຟງ ນ ຋ຄພ ເຑຈງິຄ ແຖຝ ເຑຈຆຟງ
- ບຟຆຍ,ຖຝຈພຍກຟຌຘກຶ ຘຟ,ຎຝຘຍົ ກຟຌ,ຘຟຘຝໜຟ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓເຆໆຶບຊຉຟໞ ຄ໅ ຉຝນບຈເຊິຄ຃ທຟຓຘົຌໃ຅ຂບຄຏຒ້ ພຄ.
- ຅ຟຌທຌຂບຄຏ້ຒພຄຓນຟງ ນ ໜໟບງ.

ກຟຌຘຶກຘຟກຽໞ ທກພຍຏ້ຒຄພ ຂຟໟ ຄເ຋ິຄຌພ໇ຌເຑໆບໃນ້ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟໄຈ້ກຝກໞຽຓຉົທເບຄໄຈ້ດ່ຟຄເໜຟຝຘົຓ຋ຟຄຈໟຟຌເຌຶ໇ບໃຌ ແຖຝ
ກຟຌໃຆຑ້ ຟຘຟຉຝນບຈເຊິຄທິ຋ເທົ໇ຟ.ຊໟຟນຟກຏ້ເທຟ໇ົ ຍຘໆ ກຶ ຘຟເຊຄິ ຏ້ຒຄພ ກໞບຌ,ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຍໆບຟຈຍພຌຖຸ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄ຋ໆຉພ໇ຄໄທ້ເ຋ົໆຟ຋ໆ

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຃ທຌ.ເທຖຟເທົ໇ຟ,຃ທຌໃຆຑ້ ຟຘຟ຋ເໆ ໜຟຝຘຓົ ກພຍຏຒ້ ຄພ ໂຈງຈຶຄເບົຟ຃ຟເທົ໇ຟຂບຄຉົຌເຂົ໇ຟກພຍ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄຂບຄຏ້ຒພຄ຋ໆເຂົ໇ຟປໞທຓ
ກບຄຎຝຆຓຸ ຍ຃ໆ ທຌງົກງໟບຄຘໆິຄ຋ໆຉົຌຌຍພ ຊ ນ ຑກພ ຑທກຂບຄຉຌົ ເບຄໃຌເທຖຟຎຝຆຸຓ.

4.3 ຘະຊາຌ຋ີໃ ຾ຖະ ຽທຖາ
ກຟຌປພຍປ້ຂ໇ຓຌກໞບຌ຅ຝໄຎເທົ໇ຟຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆໃຈ ແຖຝ ໃຆ້ເທຖຟເທົ໇ຟຈົຌຎຟຌໃຈ຅ຝເຎພຌຎຝໂນງຈແກ່ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟໃຌ

ຈໟຟຌກຟຌກຽຓຉົທ ແຖຝກຟຌກຽຓເຌ໇ຶບໃຌເຑໆບໃນ້ເໜຟຝຘຓົ ນໃນ້ປ້ທຟໞ ຘຟຓຟຈຌຟໃຆທ້ ຈພ ຘຝຈບຸ ຎຸ ຝກບຌຎຝກບຍກຟຌ
ເທົ໇ຟ ນ ຍໆ.ຊຟໟ ຍຘໆ ກຶ ຘຟໃຌເຖໆບຄຌ໇ຖທໞ ຄໜຟໟ ຏ້ເທ໇ຟົ ບຟຈ຅ຝຊກ຋ຟໞ ປຍພ ໃຌເທຖຟເທຟ໇ົ .

ຌບກ຅ຟກຌ໇ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ຅ຝຉໟບຄກ ຟຌົຈເທຖຟໃນ້ກົຄກພຍເຌຶ໇ບໃຌຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟຍຟຄ຃ົຌບຟຈ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟຍໆ຅ົຍໃນ້
ຑຈກພຍເທຖຟ຋ໆກຽຓໄທ້ເຌໆບຄ຅ຟກທໞຟກຽຓເຌຶ໇ບໃຌໄທງຟທເກຌໄຎ ນ ເທົ໇ຟໜົຈກໞບຌເທຖຟນຟງເກຌໄຎເຌໆບຄ຅ຟກທໞຟ
ກຽຓເຌ໇ຶບໃຌໄທໜ້ ບໟ ງ.

4.4 ຽຖືໃບຄ຋ີ຅ໃ ະຽທໄາ຺
ນົທຂ຋໇ ຅ໆ ຝເທຟົ໇ ດ່ກບຄຎຝຆຸຓຌ໇ຌພ ບຟຈແຍ່ຄບບກເຎພຌ 2 ຎຝເຑຈ຃

ກ. ນ຺ທຂໄຽຖບໃື ຄ຋ຏໃີ ້ຽູ ທ຺ໄາຽຎັຌຏ້ກູ າຌຈ຺ ຽບຄ
ກຟຌກ ຟຌຈົ ນົທຂເ໇ ຖບໆ ຄ ແຖຝ ກຟຌເຖບໆ ຄໃຌຖກພ ຘຝຌຝຌ໇ ຅ຝຉໟບຄຘບຈ຃ໞບຄກພຍ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ.຅ຝ

ຉໟບຄເຖຶບກເບຟົ ເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຏ້ເທົ໇ຟເບຄຘົຌໃ຅,ຓ຃ທຟຓປ້ຓ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ ແຖຝ ຓຎຝຘົຍກຟຌໃຌເຖໆບຄຌພ໇ຌເຎພຌດ່ຟຄຈເຆິໆຄ຅ຝ
ເຎຌພ ຎຝໂນງຈຉຏໆ ຒ້ ພຄ ແຖຝ ຘພຄ຃ົຓບກຈທໟ ງກຟຌຉຄ໇ພ ນົທຂແ໇ ຍຍຌ໇ ຘໞທຌນທຄນຟງແຓ່ຌກຟຌຎຝຆຸຓຖກພ ຘຝຌຝທຆິ ຟກຟຌ
ຂ. ນທ຺ ຂໄຽຖບໃື ຄ຋ໃຏີ ູ້ບຌືໃ ກາຌ຺ຈເນ້

ນົທຂ໇ແຍຍຌ໇ ແຓ່ຌກຟຌກ ຟຌົຈງໞຟຄເ຅ຟຝ຅ົຄດ່ແຖ້ທທໞຟ ຅ຝຉໟບຄເທົ໇ຟເຖໆບຄໃຈເຖໆບຄໜຶໆຄໂຈງຑິ຅ຟຖຝຌຟທໞຟ ຏ້
ເທຟົ໇ ເຎຌພ ຏ້ກໞຽທຂໟບຄ ນ ເໜຟຝຘົຓ຋຅ໆ ຝເທົຟ໇ ເຖໆບຄຌຌ໇ພ .ກຟຌກຽຓເທ໇ຟົ ເຖໆບຄໃຈເຖບໆ ຄໜຄຶໆ ຉຟຓນົທຂ໇ຌ໇ ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ຅ຝຉໟບຄຆບກ
ນຟ຃ທຟຓປ້ກໞຽທກພຍເຖໆບຄ຋ໆ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟເຎພຌຑິເຘຈ ເຆິໆຄບຟຈ຅ຝຆບກ຅ຟກກຟຌ຃ົ໇ຌ຃ໞທຟເບກຝຘຟຌ ນ ຅ຟກໜພຄຘໆຉໞຟຄ ນ
ຆບກນຟຂ໇ຓຌ຅ຟກຏ຋້ ໆປ,້ ຉິຈຉຂໆ ຂຓ໇ ຌ຅ຟກໜໞທງຄຟຌ ນ ຏ້ກໞຽທຂບໟ ຄໂຈງກຄົ ຋ໆຑທົ ຑພຌເຊຄິ ເຖບໆ ຄຈໆຄພ ກໞຟທ.ກຟຌກໞຽຓຉົທ
ໃຌຖພກຘຝຌຝຈພໆຄກໞຟທຌຊ໇ ທຟໞ ເຎຌພ ຘິຄໆ ຋ຏໆ ເ້ ທົ໇ຟ຅ຝຉໟບຄໄຈເ້ ປຈພ ເຑຟຝ຅ຝຌຟໄຎຘ່ຏຌົ ຘຟເຖພຈ.

4.5 ທິ຋ີກາຌຽທ຺ໄາ
ນຄພ ຅ຟກກ ຟຌຈົ ຅ຸຈຎຝຘຄົ ຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ,ທິເ຃ຟຝຏ້ຒພຄ,ຆບກນຟຂຓ໇ ຌກຽໞ ທກພຍຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆ ແຖຝ ເທຖຟ຋ໆ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟ

ແຖຝກຝກຽຓເຌບຶ໇ ໃຌ຋຅ໆ ຝເທຟ໇ົ .ຏ຋້ ໆ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟຉໟບຄໄຈ້ກຝກຽຓກໞຽທກພຍທິ຋ກຟຌ຋ໆ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟທໞຟ຅ຝໃຆ້ທິ຋ກຟຌແຌທໃຈ ຅ິຄ
຅ຝເປຈພ ໃນ້ຏ້ຒຄພ ຘຌົ ໃ຅ ແຖຝ ເຂ໇ຟົ ໃ຅ໃຌຘິໆຄ຋ໆຉົຌເບຄເທ໇ົຟ.ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,ຏ້ເທ໇ົຟ຅ຝຉໟບຄກຝກຽຓໃນ຃້ ຍົ ຋ຸກຂຌ໇ພ ຉບຌຈຄໆພ ຌ໇:

ກ. ກາຌກາໞ ທຉໟບຌປັຍ (ຎະຉິຘັຌຊາຌ)
ກຟຌກໞຟທປພຍຉໟບຌ ຃ກຟຌກໞຟທ຋ກພ ຋ຟງຏ້ຒພຄເຆິຄໆ ຊທຟໞ ເຎພຌຘໞທຌຘ ຟ຃ພຌ຅ຸຈໜຶໆຄໃຌກຟຌຘໟຟຄຍພຌງຟກຟຈເຍ໇ບຄ

ຉຌົ໇ ໃນ້ຓໄຓຉ຅ຈິ ຉກໆ ຌພ ຖຝນທໞຟຄຏເ້ ທ໇ົຟກຍພ ຏຒ້ ພຄແຖຝ຋ພຄເຎຌພ ກຟຌເປຈພ ໃນຏ້ ຒ້ ພຄຘົຌໃ຅ຏເ້ ທົຟ໇ ບກຈໟທງ.ກຟຌກໞຟທຉໟບຌປພຍ
ຓ຋ພຄແຍຍເຎຌພ ຋ຟຄກຟຌ ແຖຝ ແຍຍຍເໆ ຎພຌ຋ຟຄກຟຌ.

 ກຟຌກຟໞ ທຉບໟ ຌປຍພ ຋ເໆ ຎພຌ຋ຟຄກຟຌ
ກຟຌກໞຟທຉບຌປພຍ຋ໆເຎພຌ຋ຟຄກຟຌໜຟງເຊິຄກຟຌກໞຟທ຋ພກ຋ຟງ ຋ໆໃຆ້ໃຌກຟຌຘຝເເຈຄຘຌ຋ບຌຑົຈ ນ ໃຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ
ເຌໆບຄໃຌໂບກຟຈ ກໞຽທກພຍຖພຈ຋ຝຑິ຋ຉໞຟຄ໅ ເຆພໆຌ ກຟຌກໞຟທເຎຈຄຟຌຂບຄຖພຈຊຝກຟຌ,ກຟຌກໞຟທ຃ຟໂບທຟຈ,

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ກຟຌຘຝແຈຄຎຟຊຝກຝຊຟ ແຖຝ ບຌໆ ໅ກຟຌກຟໞ ທຉໟບຌປພຍ຋ໆໃຆ້ໃຌໂບກຟຈຈຄໆພ ຌ໇ ຅ຝເຖໆຓກຟໞ ທປຍພ ຏ຋້ ຓໆ ຊຟຌຝ຋ຟຄຘຄພ ຃ົຓ
ນ ຏ້ບຟທໂຸ ຘ຋ໆຘຈຸ ໃຌກບຄຎຝຆຓຸ ຌ໇ພຌກໞບຌຏ້ຒພຄບໆຌ໅.ກຟຌກໞຟທຉບຌປພຍຎຝເຑຈຌ໇ເ຃ງໃຆ້຃ຟທໞຟ ” ປຽຌ,ຂປຽຌ,ກໞບຌ
ບໆຌໜົຈຂ໇ປຽຌ “ ຉໆຉຟແໜ່ຄຂບຄຏ້຋ໆຓຊຟຌຝ຋ຟຄຘພຄ຃ົຓ຋ໆຘຄກໞທຟໜ່ໃຌກບຄຎຝຆຸຓຌພ໇ຌ ແຖຝ຅ຝຍໆຌຟ຃ຟ຋ໆຘຝແຈຄ
຃ທຟຓປ້ຓກຶ ຋ຟໟ ງຎຝໂນງກ ເຆໆພຌ “຋ໆປກພ ແຑຄ,ຌຍພ ຊ,຋ໆເ຃ຟົ ຖົຍ ” ຈໆຄພ ຌ໇ເຎພຌຉົຌ໇ .

ຉທົ ດຟ່ ຄ :
- ຂປຽຌ຋ໞຟຌຖຈພ ຊຝຓຌົ ຉກຝຆທຄຘກຶ ຘຟ຋ິກຟຌ
- ຂປຽຌ຋ໞຟຌບຝ຋ິກຟຌຍຈ ຓຝນຟທ຋ິ ຝງຟໄຖແນ່ຄຆຟຈ
- ຂປຽຌ຋ໞຟຌ ຏ້ບຟຌທງກຟຌຓຝນຟທິ຋ຝງຟໄຖ຃
- ກຟຌກໞຟທຉໟບຌປພຍຊໟຟນຟກຓຑຝຘົຄປໞທຓ຅ຝຉບໟ ຄກຟໞ ທເຊຄິ ຑຝຘົຄກໞບຌເຆຄໆິ ໃຆ຃້ ຟທຟໞ :
ຂຌບໟ ຓຌຝຓພຈຘຝກຟຌຑຝເຊຖຟຊເຸ ຊຖຝ

 ກຟຌກໞຟທຉໟບຌປພຍ຋ໆຍໆເຎພຌ຋ຟຄກຟຌ
ກຟຌກໞຟທຉໟບຌປພຍ຋ໆຍໆເຎພຌ຋ຟຄກຟຌ ເຑິໆຌໃຆ້ໃຌໂບກຟຈກບຄຎຝຆຸຓ ຋ໆຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓເຎພຌກພຌເບຄ ເຆພໆຌ ກບຄຎຝຆຸຓ
ຎຟຊຝຂຝຊຟຈຟໟ ຌທິຆຟກຟຌ,຃ຝຌຝຑຟກທິຆຟເທຟ໇ົ ກຍພ ຌພກຘຶກຘຟ,ບຝ຋ກິ ຟຌຍຈເທົ໇ຟກຍພ ຑຝຌກພ ຄຟຌ຃ບຟ຅ຟຌ ແຖຝ ຌພກຘຶກ
ຘຟ,ບຟຌທງກຟຌໂປຄປຽຌເທົ໇ຟກພຍຌພກຘຶກຘຟຈພໆຄຌ໇ເຎພຌຉົ໇ຌ.ກຟຌກໞຟທແຍຍຌ໇຅ຝຓ຃ຟ຋ໆຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘຶກ ເຆພໆຌ ຋ໆ
ປພກແຑຄ,຋ຌໆ ຍພ ຊ,຋ເໆ ຃ຟົ ຖົຍຉໆ຋ຟໟ ງຎຝໂນງກກໆໄຈ້ ນ ບຟຈ຅ຝໃຆ຃້ ຟທຟໞ : “ຘຝຍຟງຈ” ເຎຌພ ຃ຟຌຟໜຟໟ ກໄໆ ຈ້.

ຉົທດ່ຟຄ :
- ຑແໆ ຓຑ່ ໆຌບໟ ຄ຋ໆປກພ ແຑຄ຋ຄພ ນຟງ.
- ຍພຌຈຟ຃ບຟ຅ຟຌ຋ໆຌພຍຊ ແຖຝ ປກພ ແຑຄ
- ຘຝຍຟງຈເຑບໆ ຌຌກພ ຘກຶ ຘຟ຋ໆປກພ ແຑຄ຋ຄພ ນຟງ
- ຋ໞຟຌຏຒ້ ຄພ ແຖຝ຋ໞຟຌຏຆ້ ຓົ ຋ໆເ຃ຟົ ຖຍົ
ຂ .຃າຌາ
຃ຟຌຟ ແຓ່ຌກໞຟທ຃ ຟ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟຘ່ເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຉົຌ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ຋ໆຈ຃ທຌກຝກຽຓໃຆ້຃ ຟຌ ຟໃນ້ຈໄຎຈໟທງ
ເຑຟຝທໞຟ຃ຟຌຟເຎພຌຘໞທຌຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ. ບກຘໞທຌໜຶໆຄເຑຶໆບເຎພຌກຟຌຌຟເຂົ໇ຟຘ່ເຖໆບຄ ຋ໆຉົຌຉໟບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ໂຈງ຋ົໆທ
ໄຎແຖ້ທຊຟໟ ເຎພຌກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ໃຌຍຟຄໂບກຟຈ ເຆພໆຌ ກຟຌກຟໞ ທໃນ຃້ ຟໂບທຟຈ,ກໞຟທເຎຈກບຄຎຝຆຓຸ ,ຘຟຓຝຌຟ ແຖຝ ກໞຟທເຎຈ
ຑິ຋ຘຝນງ຺ຍຉໞຟຄ໅ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ຅ຝຌຟເຂົ໇ຟຘ່ເຖໆບຄຈໟທງກຟຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘຶກຂບຄຉົຌກໞຽທກພຍໂບກຟຈ ຋ໆເທົ໇ຟນພຄ຅ຟກກຟຌ
ກຟໞ ທຉບໟ ຌປຍພ ເຆໆຄິ ບຟຈ຅ຝໃຆ຃້ ຟເທ໇ຟົ ຈຄພໆ ຌ:໇
- “ ຂໟຟຑຝເ຅໇ຟົ ປຘ້ ຶກເຎພຌກຽຈດຟ່ ຄງິໆຄ ນ (ປ້ຘຶກງຌິ ຈເຎຌພ ດຟ່ ຄງຄໆິ ) ຋ໄໆ ຈຓ້ ໂບກຟຈຓຟປທໞ ຓ...
ແຖຝໄຈ້ປຍພ ກຽຈຂຌ໇ ກໞຟທໃຌຄຟຌ...຃ຄ໇ພ ຌ໇”
- ”ຂໟຟຑຝເ຅ຟົ໇ ປ້ຘກຶ ຈໃ຅ເຎຌພ ດ່ຟງຄໆິ “
- “ຂໟຟຑຝເ຅໇ົຟປຘ້ ຶກຑຓໃ຅ເຎພຌດ່ຟຄງຄໆິ ”
ຊໟຟກຟຌກໞຟທໂບກຟຈບໆຌ໅ ເຆພໆຌ ກຟຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ ຟ຃ິຈ຃ ຟເນພຌ,ຎຟຊຝກຝຊຟ,ເທົ໇ຟໃນ້຃ທຟຓປ້ຉໞຟຄ໅ຍໆ
຅ຟເຎພຌ຅ຝກໞຟທເຊິຄໂບກຟຈກໄຈ.້ ກຟຌກໞຟທ຃ຟຌຟ຃ທຌເບົຟໃ຅ໃຘຈ່ ພໆຄຌ:໇
- ຉບໟ ຄຖຝຓຈພ ຖຝທພຄງໞຟໃນ້ງຟທເກຌໄຎ
- ດຟ່ ຟກຽຓ຃ຟຌຟ຋ໆຓຖພກຘຝຌຝຊບຓຉທົ ເຆໆພຌ ຂບຝໄຑຉົຌເບຄເທົຟ໇ ງໆເກພໆຄ,ຍ຃ໆ ບງຓ຃ທຟຓປ້ເຖໆບຄຌພ໇ຌຍໆປ້
ທໞຟຉົຌເບຄ຅ຝເທ໇ົຟຊກໃ຅ຏ້ຒພຄ ນ ຍໆແຖຝ ບຌໆ ໅

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- ຃ທຌຖຝຓພຈຖຝທພຄເປພຈແຌທໃຈ ໃນ້຃ຟຌຟຘຟຓຟຈເຆຶໆບຓກພຍເຖໆບຄ຋ໆ຅ຝເທົ໇ຟ.ໃຌກຟຌເຖໆຓຉົ໇ຌ,ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ

ບຟຈ຅ຝເຖຓໆ ຈໟທງກຟຌຉ໇ພຄ຃ຟຊຟຓ ນ ງົກ຃ຟເທົ໇ຟຂບຄຍຸກ຃ົຌ຋ໆຘຟ຃ພຌ,ຍົຈກຝທ,ຘຸຑຟຘິຈ,຃ຟຏຝນງຟ,

ຍຈົ ກບຌ,ຌງິ ຟຓ ນ ບໆຌ໅ເຑໆບຶ ເປພຈໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄເກຈ຃ທຟຓຘຌົ ໃ຅ຓ຃ທຟຓປຘ້ ຶກທໞຟງຟກຒພຄເຌ໇ບໃຌຉໄໆ ຎ.

ຉ຺ທດຸ່າຄ :
- ກຟຌເຖໆຓ ຉົ໇ຌຈທໟ ງ຃ຟເທົ໇ຟ ຂບຄຍກຸ ຃ົຌໃຈ຃ົຌໜໆໃຶ ຌນົທຂ໇຋ໆເທົ໇ຟເຊິຄກຟຌຘຶກຘຟເປົຟບຟຈ຅ຝເຖໆຓຈໟທງ ” ປຽຌ
ແຖທ້ ,ປຽຌບກ,ປຽຌເຖ໇ບງ໅ໄຎ“
- ກຟຌເຖໆຓຉົ໇ຌ຃ຟຘຸຑຟຘິຈຊໟຟໃຌນົທຂ໇ເທົ໇ຟເຊິຄຑຟຘຟແຖຝທພຈ຋ຝຌຝ຋ຟເປົຟ຅ຝເຖໆຓຈໟທງ຃ຟຘຸຑຟຘິຈ຋ໆທໞຟ “
ຑຟຘຟຍບກຆຟຈ ຓຟຖຝງຟບຍບກຉຟກຌຸ ”
- ກຟຌເຖໆຓຈໟທງຌິງຟຓຊໟຟໃຌນົທຂ໇຋ໆເທົ໇ຟເຊິຄ ” ຃຃ຏ້ໃນ້ “ເປົຟບຟຈເຖໆຓຈໟທງ຃ຟ຋ໆທໞຟ “຃ແຓ່ຌຍຸກ຃ົຌ຋ໆເປພຈ
ທຽກຘິຈຘບຌ,ຊໞຟງ຋ບຈທິຆຟ຃ທຟຓປຉ້ ຟໞ ຄ໅ແກຏ່ ຋້ ໆຆໆທຟໞ ເຎຌພ ຘິຈ,ຌກພ ປຽຌ ນ ເຎຌພ ຌກພ ຘກຶ ຘຟ ”.

຃. ຽຌບໄຶ ເຌ

ເຌ໇ຶບໃຌເຎຌພ ຂ໇ພຌຉບຌ຋ໆຘຟ຃ພຌຏ້ຈ ຟເຌຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຉໟບຄປ້຅ພກຖຽຄຖ ຟຈພຍນົທຂ໇ໃນ້ເໜຟຝຘົຓເຑຶໆບຍໆໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄ

ຘພຍຘົຌ.ຈພໆຄຌພ໇ຌ,ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ຅ຝຉໟບຄໄຈ້ກຽຓ຃ົ໇ຌ຃ໟທຟນຟຂ໇ຓຌ,ຉົທດ່ຟຄຉໞຟຄ໅ເຑຶໆບຓຟຎຝກບຍເຌຶ໇ ບໃຌ຃ົຍຊໟທຌ.ຑໟບຓຌພ໇ຌ ຏ້

ເທຟ໇ົ ກຉໟບຄໄຈ຋້ ຈົ ຖບຄ຅ພຈຂຓ໇ ຌເຌຶ໇ບໃຌໃນຑ້ ຈກຍພ ເທຖຟ຋ກໆ ຟຌົຈໄທໃ້ ຌກບຄຎຝຆຸຓ
ຉ຺ທດ່າຸ ຄ : ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟໃຌນົທຂ໇ ” ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓກພ ຃ “ ຃ທຌຖຽຄຖ ຟຈຍພ ຂຌ໇ພ ຉບຌຈພໆຄຌ໇:

- ເທ໇ົຟເຊຄິ ຃ທຟຓໜຟງ (ຌງິ ຟຓ)ຂບຄ຃ຟທຟໞ ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓກພ ຃.

- ຃ຌຸ ຎຝໂນງຈຂບຄ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓພກ຃຋ໆຓຉຍໆ ຸກ຃ຌົ ແຖຝ ຘຄພ ຃ຓົ

- ງົກຉທົ ດຟ່ ຄຎຝກບຍ (ແຉ່ໃນແ້ ຓ່ຌຘຄໆິ ຋ເໆ ກຈຂ໇ຌໃຌໂຉແ຋)້

- ຆ໇ແ຅ຄ້ ເຊິຄຏຌົ ເຘງນຟງຂບຄກຟຌຂຟຈ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓກພ ຃.

ຄ. ຘະນຼຸຍ

ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ຃ທຌກຝກຽຓກໞບຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ທໞຟ຅ຝຓກຟຌຘຝນງ຺ຍເຖໆບຄແຌທໃຈໃຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟແຉ່ຖຝ຃ພ໇ຄເຑຶໆເປພຈໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄ

ຎຝ຋ພຍໃ຅ເຆິໆຄບຟຈ຅ຝ຅ົຍຈໟທງກຟຌງພ໇ຄ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ,຃ຟຘຸຑຟຘິຈແຖຝຍົຈກຝທຈໟທງຌ໇ຟຘຽຄ຋ໆເຎພຌກຟຌ

ຎກຸ ຅ຈິ ໃ຅ໃນ້຃ຈິ ,ໃນ້ເນພຌຈເນຌພ ຑໟບຓນຎຽ່ ຌ຋ຈພ ຘຝຌຝ຃ຝຉິຉໞຟຄ໅ຉຟຓ຅ຸຈຎຝຘຄົ ຂບຄກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ຃ຄພ໇ ຌ໇ຌພ

ຉ຺ທດຸ່າຄ : ກຟຌຓທໟ ຌ຋ໟຟງກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ກຽໞ ທກຍພ ເຖບໆ ຄ ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓກພ ຃

ຍພຌຈຟ຋ໞຟຌ຋ໆຌພຍຊ ຃ທຟຓ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓພກ຃ຌພ໇ຌຓຑຝຖພຄເໜບກໞທຟຘິໆຄໃຈ໅ໃຌໂຖກ. ຘຟຓພກ຃ກພຌໄທ້ເຊຈ
“ໂປຓແປຄເປຟົ ດແ່ ຉກໜເ່ ປຟົ ຉຟງ ”; ” ປກພ ກພຌຈກທໞ ຟຆຄພ ກພຌ “ ;ປພກກພຌຓແຉກ່ ຟໄຖ ຆພຄກຌພ ຓແຉ່຅ຝຂຟຈ຋ຌຶ ”.

ເຑໆຌິ ທໞຟ ” ຘຟງຐຌົ ງົຈງຟຈງໟບງ ເ຋ບໆຶ ຖຝຍຟຈງພຄເຉຓພ ໄນ
ນຟງເຓພຈໄນຖົຄໂປຓ
ຓຉຓໆ ຎຝຘຟຌແໜຌ້ ຅ຶຄຎບ່ ຄເຎຌພ ຘຝໜຸຈກໟທຟຄ
ເ຅ົ໇ຟຓໜໆຄຶ ຂບໟ ງຓໜຄໆຶ ນຟງຑຝຖພຄເຎຌພ ກຸຓ່ ”
຅ຍພ ຆທໞ ງຆໟທຌຆເິ ຘຓຘຟໟ ຄເຑຓຑຝຖພຄແ຋້ແຖ້ທ“

4.6 ຘຄິໃ ຋ຉໃີ ບໟ ຄຎະຉຍິ ຈັ ເຌຽທຖາຈາຽຌຌີ ກາຌຽທາໄ຺
ໃຌເທຖຟຈຟເຌຌກຟຌເທົຟ໇ ຏເ້ ທົຟ໇ ຃ທຌຎຝຉຍິ ຈພ ຈພໆຄຌ:໇

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- ຏເ້ ທຟ໇ົ ຉບໟ ຄງຌດ່ເ຋ຄິ ເທ຋ ນ ດຌດ່ຉໆໜຟໟ ນບໟ ຄຎຝຆຸຓຈໟທງ຃ທຟຓເຆບໆຶ ໜພ໇ຌຉົຌເເບຄ ແຖຝ ຑຝງຟງຟຓ
຃ທຍ຃ຸຓບຟຖຓົ ຍຘໆ ຝແຈຄ຋ໞຟ຋ງຟໟ ຌ,ບຟງ ນ ຉຌໆ ເຉ໇ຌພ ໃນຏ້ ້ຒພຄເນຌພ .

- ຑຝງຟງຟຓເທຟ໇ົ ໃນ້ຊກຂ໇ພຌຉບຌຂບຄກຟຌເທົຟ໇
- ງຌເທຟ໇ົ (ນ ຌພຄໆ ເທົ໇ຟໃຌກຖຝຌ຅ຈພ ໃນ້ຌຄໆພ ເທ໇ຟົ ) ດຟ່ ຄຘຝນຄໞຟຏໞຟເຏງ)ຍໆໃຆ້຋ໞຟ຋ເຂພຄຂຶຄເກຌໄຎ ນ ເທົ໇ຟ

ແຍຍແຂຄກຝຈໟຟຄ.
- ຏ້ເທຟ໇ົ ຉໟບຄຎຝຘຟຌຘຟງຉຟກພຍຏ້ຒພຄຘຟງຉຟ຋ໆເຍິໆຄຏ້ຒພຄ຅ຝຉໟບຄເຎພຌຘຟງຉຟ຋ໆຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓເຎພຌຓິຈ

ແຖຝ ຅ຝຉໟບຄກທຟຈຘຟງຉຟໄຎ຋ທໆົ ນໟບຄຎຝຆຸຓຍໆແຓຌ່ ຅ຝເຍໆິຄຘຝເຑຟຝຏຒ້ ພຄກຸ່ຓໃຈກ່ຓຸ ໜໆຶຄເ຋ຟໆົ ຌພ໇ຌ
- ເທົ໇ຟຘຽຄຈພຄຆພຈເ຅ຌເປພຈໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄດ່ໃຌນໟບຄຎຝຆຸຓຘຟຓຟຈໄຈ້ງິຌ຋ົໆທເຊິຄກພຌເທົ໇ຟໃຘ່ໄຓໂ຃ໂຒຌຓ

ເ຃ບໆ ຄຂຝນງຟງຘຽຄໃຌທົຄເຖພຍກຉໟບຄຖຝຓພຈຖຝທພຄກໞຽທກພຍກຟຌໃຆ້຃຃ທຌ຅ພຍໄຓໂ຃ໂຒຌໃນ້ນຟຄ
຅ຟກຎຟກຂບຄຉຌົ ຑຎຝຓຟຌ ຉໟບຄເທຟົ໇ ໃນກ້ ົຄກຍພ ໄຓໂ຃ໂຒຌ,ຍໆ຃ທຌເບົຟຓຉ ນ ເຎຟົໆ ໄຓໂ຃ໂຒຌ
- ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟຉໟບຄເທົ໇ຟຈໟທງຌ໇ຟຘຽຄ຋ໆເປພຈໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄຉິຈບົກຉິຈໃ຅ປ້຅ພກເຌພ໇ຌຘຽຄໜພກ ແຖຝ ຅ພຄນທຝຂບຄ
ກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓເໜຟຝຘົຓຂບຄເຌບຶ໇ ໃຌ,ດ່ຟເທົ໇ຟໂຈງໃຆຘ້ ຽຄ຋ບໆ ບໞ ຌ ນ ໃຆ້ຖຝຈພຍຘຽຄແຍຍຈຽທ
ກພຌຉ໇ຄພ ແຉຉ່ ຌ໇ົ ຅ົຌ຅ຍົ
- ດ່ຟເທ໇ຟົ ໄທ ນ ຆໟຟເກຌໄຎ,ຉບໟ ຄຖຝຓພຈຖຝທພຄຑຝງຌພ ຘຝຌຝຍຟຄຉົທ
- ປ້ຘຝແຈຄຘໜໟຟ຋ໞຟ຋ຎຝກບຍເຌຶ໇ບໃຌເຑຶໆບປຽກປໟບຄ຃ທຟຓຘົຌໃ຅ ແຖຝ ໃນ້ຏ້ຒພຄເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ຆພຈເ຅ຌ.
ແຉຍ່ ຉໆ ໟບຄຘຝແຈຄ຋ຟໞ ຋ຍເໆ ຎພຌຎຝໂນງຈໃຌກຟຌຘໆ຃ທຟຓໜຟງ
- ປ຅້ ກພ ແຆກຆໟບຌບຟຖຓົ ຉຝນົກເປປຟເຖກພ ໜບໟ ງຊຟໟ ເນພຌທຟໞ ຓ຃ທຟຓເໜຟຝຘຓົ ກຍພ ເຌຶ໇ບໃຌເຑໆບຶ ຍໆໃນ້ຏ້
ຒພຄເ຃ຄໆພ ຉຄຶ .
- ດຟ່ ຖຓເທຟົ໇ ຃ຌ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌຂບຄເຖໆບຄ຋ຉໆ ຌົ ໄຈເ້ ທ໇ຟົ ເຆໆຄິ ຘທໞ ຌນຟງແຓ່ຌດໃ່ ຌຉບຌຘຝນຍງ຺ .
- ກຟຌໃຆ້຃ຟແ຋ຌຌຟຓແ຋ຌຉົທເບຄເທຖຟເທົ໇ຟດ່ຑິ຋຋ຟຄກຟຌບຟຈ຅ຝໃຆ້ ຂໟຟຑຝເ຅ົ໇ຟ ຊໟຟເຎພຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ
຋ໆຍໆເຎພຌຑິ຋຋ຟຄກຟຌບຟຈ຅ຝໃຆ້ເປົຟ,ຂໟບງ ນ ຃ຟບໆຌ໅຋ໆຘຝແຈຄເຊິຄກຟຌຑົທຑພຌຖຝນໞທຟຄຏ້ຒພຄ
ແຖຝຏເ້ ທ໇ົຟ
- ຉບໟ ຄໃຆຘ້ ຟຌທຌຑຟຘຟ຋ໆເໜຟຝຘົຓກພຍກຟຖຝເ຋ຘຝ ແຖຝ ຖຝຈຍພ ຂບຄຏຒ້ ຄພ
- ກບໞ ຌຘ໇ຌິ ຘຈຸ ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຃ທຌຖົຄ຋ໟຟງຈໟທງ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈ຋ໆຘຟ຃ພຌຉໞຟຄ໅.ຘຟຌທຌ຋ໆເທົ໇ຟບຟຈໃຆ້ເຑຶໆບໃນ້ຏ້
ຒຄພ ໄຈປ້ ່ທໞຟ຅ຝ຅ຍົ ກຟຌເທ໇ົຟແຖທ້ ໃຌຉທົ ຅ິຄຓນຟງຘຟຌທຌ຋ໆຌງິ ຓົ ໃຆ້ ເຆພຌໆ :ໃຌ຋ຟໟ ງຘຈຸ ຌ໇ ນ
ໃຌຘຸຈ຋ໟຟງຌ໇...,ກໞບຌ຅ົຍກຟຌເທົ໇ຟໃຌ຃ພ໇ຄຌ໇...ຂງຟບກ຃ພ໇ຄໜຶໆຄທໞຟ...,ຂໟຟຑຝເ຅ົ໇ຟຂ຅ົຍກຟຌ
ຎຟຊຝກຝຊຟຌຈ໇ ໟທງຑຈຸ ຋ຝຘຸຑຟຘຈິ ຋ທໆ ໞຟ...ແຖຝບຌໆ ໅.

4.7 ຘຄິໃ ຋ີໃ຃ທຌຎະຉິຍຈັ ນຄັົ ກາຌຽທ຺ໄາ

ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ຋ໆຓ຃ທຟຓນທພຄດຟກໃນ້ໄຈ້ຏົຌຘ ຟເຖພຈບພຌຈໃຌຈໟຟຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ຅ຝຍໆດຸຈຉິກິຈ຅ຝກ ຟກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຋ພຌ຋
ໃຌເທຖຟຉົຌເບຄ຅ຝເທ໇ຟົ ຅ຍົ ຖຄົ ແຉ຅່ ຝຓກຟຌຎຝເຓຌຏົຌກຟຌເທຟົ໇ ຂບຄຉົຌທໞຟຈນຍໆ ແຖຝ ໄຈ້ປພຍຏົຌກົຄກພຍ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄນ
ຍໆ. ກຟຌຎຝເຓຌຏົຌຂບຄກຟຌເທຟົ໇ ຌພຌ໇ ຃ທຌຓ຋ຄພ ກຟຌຎຝເຓຌຏົຌຈໟທງຉົຌເບຄ ແຖຝ ຎຝເຓຌຏົຌ຅ຟກຏ້ບໆຌ

- ກຟຌຎຝເຓຌຏົຌຈໟທງຉົຌເບຄ ຏ້ເທົ໇ຟຘຟຓຟຈເປພຈໄຈ້ໂຈງຑິ຅ຟຖຝຌຟທໞຟຉົຌຑໃ຅ໃຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຃ົ໇ຄຌ໇ນຍໆ
ແຖຝ ຘຟຓຟຈເທ໇ົຟໃຌຘິໆຄ຋ໆຉົຌຉໟບຄກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຃ົຍຊໟທຌຍ;ທິ຋ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຘຝເໜ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈເຎພຌ
ໄຎຉຟຓແຏຌກຟຌ຋ໆທຟຄໄທ້ຖທໞ ຄໜໟຟນຍໆ ແຖຝ ປ້ຘຶກທຟໞ ຉົຌເບຄງພຄຓ຃ທຟຓຍົກຏໞບຄຍພຌນຟໃຈແຈ່ ?

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- ຘພຄເກຈ຅ຟກຎຝຉກິ ິຖງິ ຟຂບຄຏ້ເທົຟ໇ ເຆໆພຌ: ຘໜໟຟ,຋ຟໞ ຋, ແຖຝ຃ທຟຓຘົຌໃ຅ບຌໆ ຂບຄຏຒ້ ຄພ
- ຎຝເຓຌຏຌົ ຅ຟກ຃ຌົ ບຌໆ ໃນ້ຏ້ບຶໆຌຆໞທງທິ຅ຟຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຂບຄຉົຌເບຄທໞຟຓ຅ຸຈຈນຍໆຈຍໞບຌໃຈ,ຘຶກຘຟນຟ
ທິ຋ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຂບຄຌພກເທົ໇ຟບໆຌ໅ເຑໆບຌຟຓຟເຎພຌແຌທ຋ຟຄຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຂບຄຉົຌເບຄໃນ້ຈຂ໇ຌໃຌ
ໃ຅຃ທຟຓ ຃ພ໇ຄຉໆ໅ໄຎ

ກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ແຓ່ຌ຋ພກຘຝໜຶໆຄ຋ໆຓ຃ທຟຓຘ ຟ຃ພຌນຟງໃຌກຟຌຉິຈຉໆຑົທຑພຌເຆິໆຄກພຌ ແຖຝ ກພຌ຅ ຟເຎພຌຉໟບຄໄຈ້
ໃຆ້ຉຝນບຈເທຖຟ ໃຌກຟຌໃຆ້ຘຽຄເທົ໇ຟເຑໆບຘໆຘຟຌ, ຃ົຍ຃ໟຟແຖກຎ່ຽຌ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈ ຃ທຟຓເນພຌ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅.
ກຖິ ິງຟ຋ໞຟ຋຋ຘໆ ຝແຈຄບບກໃຌເທຖຟກຟຖພຄເທົ໇ຟ ຓ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ພຌນຟງເຑຟຝຓພຌ຅ຝຍົໆຄຍບກເຊິຄບຟຖົຓ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘຶກ,ຌິໄຘ
ໃ຅຃, ຖຝຈພຍ຃ທຟຓປ້ ແຖຝ ຃ຸຌຌຝ຋ຟຉຟໞ ຄ໅ຂບຄຏເ້ ທົຟ໇ ບຈໟທງ.

຃າຊາຓ
1.ເຎ໇ົຟໜຟງ ແຖຝ ຓຟຖຝງຟຈໃຌກຟຌເທ໇ົຟຓນງພຄແຈ?່
2.ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຓ຅ພກຎຝເຑຈ?ບຝ຋ິຍຟງແຉ່ຖຝຎຝເຑຈ?
3.ນພກກຟຌເທຟົ໇ ຋ົໆທໄຎໃຌ຋ໆຎຝຆຸຓຓບຌພ ໃຈແຈ່?
4.ໃນ້ຌພກປຽຌກ ຟຌົຈນົທຂ໇ຉຟຓໃ຅ຂບຄຉົຌແຖ້ທຎຝຉິຍພຈກິຈ຅ຝກ ຟຉົທ຅ິຄກໞຽທກພຍກຟຌເທົ໇ຟໃຌກບຄ
ຎຝຆຓຸ ?

31

ຍ຺ຈ຋ີ 3

ກາຌ຿ຉ້ທາ຋ີ

1. ຃ທາຓໜາງ ຾ຖະ ຃ທາຓຘາ຃ຌັ ຂບຄກາຌ຿ຉທ້ າ຋ີ

1.1 ຃ທາຓໝາງຂບຄກາຌ຿ຉທ້ າ຋ີ
ກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ແຓຌ່ ກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ຂບຄ຃ຌົ ຘບຄຐຟ່ ງ ຃ : ຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ ແຖຝ ຐຟ່ ງ຃ໟຟຌ,ໃນເ້ ທົຟ໇ ໃຌນທົ ຂ໇ (ງຈພ ຉິ) ບພຌ

ຈຽທກຌພ ,ໂຈງຓກຟຌຉພ໇ຄເທຖຟ,ຓເກຌກຟຌໃນ້຃ຝແຌຌເຑຶໆບແຂຄຂພ໇ຌ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓຟຈໃຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ. ຏ່ເທົ໇ຟ຋ພຄຘບຄຐ່ຟງ຅ົຄ
ປພກຘຟເທຖຟດ່ຟຄເ຃ພຄ຃ພຈ, ປພກຘຟກິຖິງຟຓຟຖຝງຟຈໃຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟໂຈງຓກຟຓຝກຟຌຉພຈຘິຌໃນ້຃ຝແຌຌໂຈງເບົຟເນຈຏົຌ
ຓຟກຟຌຈົ (ຘຄິໆ ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຸຌ)

1.2 ຃ທາຓຘາ຃ຌັ ຂບຄກາຌ຿ຉ້ທາ຋ີ
- ເຎພຌກຟຌ຋ຈົ ຘບຍກຟຌເທົຟ໇ ຋ໆຓຖກພ ຘຝຌຝໂຉ້ແງຄ່ ຏຒ້ ພຄ຅ຝຘຄພ ເກຈກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ
- ເຎຌພ ກຟຌ຋ົຈຘບຍໂທນຟຌ,ໄນທຑຍິ ,ຏ້ຒພຄຆບກນຟເນຈ ແຖຝ ຏົຌ຋ໆໜໟຟເຆໆບຊຂບຄຏ້ເທົ໇ຟ,ຑໟບຓ຋ພຄ
ໃຌປພຍ຃ທຟຓປໃ້ ຌຆທຈິ ບກຈທໟ ງ.
- ເຎພຌກຟຌເທົ໇ຟຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌເທ໇ົຟໂຉແ້ ງຄ່ ຋ຓໆ ຋ຟຄບບກຂບຄຍພຌນຟຈທໟ ງເນຈແຖຝຏົຌ

2. ນົັກກາຌຂບຄກາຌ຿ຉ້ທາ຋ີ

2.1 ຘະຑາຍ຾ທຈຖໟບຓ
ຏໂ້ ຉທ້ ຟ຋ຉບໟ ຄຘພຄເກຈຏ້ຒຄພ ,ຆບກນຟຂຓ໇ ຌ, ຓກຟຌໃຆ້ຑຟຘຟໃນເ້ ໜຟຝຘຓົ ກພຍບຟງຸ, ບຟຆຍ

2.2 ຃ທາຓຆັຈຽ຅ຌ
ກຟຌໃຆຌ້ ໇ຟຘຽຄໃຌເທຖຟເທຟ໇ົ ໃນຑ້ ຈ,ເທົຟ໇ ໃນຊ້ ກຘໆຑຟຘຟກຟຄ

2.3 ຂ຃ໄ ທາຓ຋ຍໃີ ຃ໃ ທຌຽທ຺ໄາ຃ືຌ
- ຂຓ໇ ຌ຋ຊໆ ກຉໟບຄ຋ໆຐຟ່ ງກົຄກພຌຂຟໟ ຓເທ໇ຟົ ຓຟຌ໇ພຌຍ຃ໆ ທຌຌຟຓຟເທຟ໇ົ ຃ຌຉບໟ ຄນກເທພ໇ຌເຖງ.
- ຍພຌນຟ ນ ຂ໇຃ທຟຓ຋ໆຍໆຘຸຑຟຍ ຍໆ຃ທຌຉບຍ຃ຌຎຝຊ໇ຓິ ໄຎ
- ຍພຌນຟ຋ໆຐ່ຟງກົຄກພຌຂໟຟຓເທົ໇ຟຓຟເຎພຌ຃ທຟຓຈ,ຓເນຈຏົຌ຋ໆຊກຉໟບຄ,ເປົຟຍໆ຃ທຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓເນພຌຈເນພຌ
ຑບໟ ຓຌຟ

2.4 ຂໄ຃ທາຓ຋ໃ຃ີ ທຌຎະຉຍິ ັຈ
- ຍຌພ ນຟ຋ຐໆ ຟ່ ງກົຄກຌພ ຂຟໟ ຓເທຟົ໇ ຓຟ ຊຟໟ ເປົຟຍເໆ ຂ໇ົຟໃ຅ເປຟົ ຍໆ຅ຟເຎພຌຉບໟ ຄຊຟຓ຃ຌ຃ທຌຏຟໞ ຌໄຎເຖງ.

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- ຍພຌນຟ຋ຐໆ ່ຟງກຄົ ກຌພ ຂໟຟຓເທຟົ໇ ຓຟເປົຟເຂົຟ໇ ໃ຅,ເປຟົ ປ້ ແຉເ່ ປົຟຉໟບຄໃຆ້ເທຖຟນຟງ຅ຶຄແກ້ໄຂໄຈ້ເປົຟກໆ຅ຝຍໆເທົ໇ຟ ຑຽຄ
ແຉທ່ ໞຟເທຖຟຌຍ໇ ແໆ ຓ່ຌເທຖຟ຋ໆ຅ຝຊຟຓກຌພ , ຘຟຑຟຈກຌພ ຓພຌແຓຌ່ ກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ຂໃນ້຋ຟໞ ຌຎຝ຋ຟຌ຅ຄົ ຑິ຅ຟຖຝຌຟ.

2.5 ດຸາ່ ເນຂ້ ໄຓຌູ ຏາໞ ຌແຎ
ກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ແຓ່ຌກຟຌນພກຖໞຟຄ, ໂ຃ຌຖົ໇ຓກພຌ. ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,຃ທຟຓຏິຈຑຟຈ, ຃ທຟຓຍໆຆພຈເ຅ຌຂບຄຐ່ຟງກົຄກພຌຂໟຟຓ

ເທຟ໇ົ ຃ທຌຍຌພ ຋ຶກໄທເ້ ຑໆຶບໂຉ້ຉບຍ຃ຌ, ເຑບຶໆ ໂ຃່ຌຖຓ໇ົ ນກພ ຈໟຟຓ

2.6 ກາຌນັກຖໟາຄ (ຉໟບຄນາທິ຋຾ີ ກແ້ ຂຍັຌນາຉໃຐ່າຸ ງກຄ຺ ກຌັ ຂາໟ ຓ)
- ໃຌ຃ຝຌຝ຋ຏໆ ້ບຌໆ ກຟຖພຄເທຟ໇ົ ເປົຟ຃ທຌຉພ໇ຄໃ຅ຒພຄ ແຖຝ ຍພຌ຋ຶກຂ຃໇ ທຟຓກຟໞ ທນຟຑບໟ ຓ຋ພຄຆບກທ຋ິ ແກ້ໄຂຍຌພ ນຟ
- ກຟຌນກພ ຖໟຟຄ ຉບໟ ຄເຖຓໆ ຅ຟກ຃ຌົ ຋ໃໆ ກຉ້ ົທເປຟົ ແຖ້ທ຅ຶຄໄຎນຟຏ້຋ໜໆຄຶ
- ເທຖຟຂເ໇ ທຟົ໇ ແຉຖ່ ຝ຃໇ຄພ ກບໞ ຌບຌໆ ຉບໟ ຄນກພ ຖຟໞ ຄດຟ່ ຄໜໟບງ 2-3ຎຝເຈຌພ ແຖທ້ ຅ຄຶ ຘຝເໜເນຈຏຌົ ຂບຄຐ່ຟງຉຌົ

3. ບ຺ຄຎະກບຍຂບຄກາຌ຿ຉທ້ າ຋ີ

3.1 ງຈັ ຉິ (ນ຺ທຂໄໃຽຖໃືບຄ)
ງຈພ ຉ຃ິ ນທົ ຂເ໇ ຖໆບຄ຋ໆ຅ຝໂຉ້,຃ທຌເຎພຌເຖໆບຄ຋ໃໆ ນ຃້ ທຟຓປ,້ ຓຎຝໂນງຈແກ່ຘພຄ຃ົຓ, ຍບໆ ຽຄນຟ຋ຟຄເຆໆບຓເຘງ,
ເຎຌພ ເຖໆບຄ຋ນໆ ຟ຃ທຟຓງຸຉິ຋ຟຈໟທງເນຈຏຌົ (ເນຈຏົຌຑຽຄຑ)

3.2 ຏ຿ູ້ ຉທ້ າ຋ີ
ຏ້ໂຉ້ທຟ຋຅ຝແຍ່ຄບບກເຎພຌຘບຄຐ່ຟງເ຋ົໆຟກພຌຎຝຓຟຌ 2-4 ຃ົຌຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓເໜຟຝຘົຓໂຈງເຖບກເບຟົ ຏເ້ ທຟ໇ົ ຋ຓໆ ແທທໃຌ
ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ຅ຟ.

3.3 ຏຒູ້ ັຄ
ແຓ່ຌຍກຸ ຃ຌົ ຋ຓໆ ຟຌພໆຄຒພຄ ຘບຄຐ່ຟງໂຉແ້ ງ່ຄກພຌໂຈງຍໄໆ ຈ້຅ ຟກພຈ຃ຌົ ຅ຟຌທຌຏ້ເຒຄພ ຅ຝໜບໟ ງ ນ ນຟງຂກ໇ ພຍ

ຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆ.

ຖຟຈພຍກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ຓຈໆພຄຌ:໇

 ຎຝ຋ຟຌກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋
- ຎຝ຋ຟຌເຎພຌຏ້ຖເິ ຖໆຓຖຟງກຟຌ ໂຈງກໞຟທເຊິຄໂບກຟຈ,ເທຖຟ,ເຌ໇ບຶ ໃຌເຖໆບຄ຋຅ໆ ຝໂຉ້ທຟ຋,ຍບກກຝຉກິ ຟແຖຝ

ແຌຝຌຟຉທົ ຏ້ໂຉທ້ ຟ຋຋ຄພ ຘບຄຐ່ຟງ, ປຽຄຖຟຈພຍ຅ຟກນົທໜໟຟຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ ແຖຝ ນົທໜຟໟ ຐ່ຟງ຃ໟຟຌ ແຖຝ ແຌຝຌຟ
ຉົທຏໂ້ ຉທຟ຋ໆ຋ກຸ ຃ຌົ ງໞຟຄ຃ຍົ ຊໟທຌ
 ນົທໜໟຟຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ
- ຅ຝໄຈປ້ ພຍເຆຌເທຟ໇ົ ເຎພຌຏ້຋ຟບິຈ,ກໞຟທ຃ຟ຋ພກ຋ຟງຏຒ້ ຄພ , ເຘຓຂຝນງຟງງພຈຉິທຟຄຂບຍເຂຈງພຈຉໃິ ນເ້ ຂ໇ົຟໃ຅ກົຄ
ກຌພ ແຖທ້ ນຟເນຈຏົຌຓຟຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌງຈພ ຉຈິ ຄໆພ ກໞຟທ
 ນທົ ໜຟໟ ຐ່ຟງ຃ໟຟຌ

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- ຅ຝກໞຟທ຋ກພ ຋ຟງຏ້ຒພຄ, ແງກຎຝເຈຌພ ຋຅ໆ ຝ຃ຟໟ ຌ, ຅ຟກຌພຌ໇ ຘຝເໜຎຝເຈຌພ ໃໜ່ຂບຄຉຌົ ໃນນ້ ຟງຉຟຓເທຖຟ຋ໆ
ກຟຌຈົ ໄທ້
 ຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜຏ້຋ໜຄຶໆ

- ເຎພຌຏ້ເທົ໇ຟຉ຅ໆ ຟກນົທໜໟຟຐຟ່ ງ຃ໟຟຌ ເຆໆຄິ ຓໜຟໟ ຋ໆ຃ພຈ຃ຟໟ ຌຉຟຓຎຝເຈຌພ ຋ເໆ ຂຟົ ເທຟ໇ົ ຓຟ, ຃ພຈ຃ຟໟ ຌດ່ຟຄຓເນຈຏົຌແຖທ້
ງົກຎຝເຈຌພ ໃນຌໞຂບຄຉົຌຓຟຘຝເໜ
 ຏຘ້ ຝໜງພ ຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງ຃ໟຟຌ຋1

- ຃ພຈ຃ຟໟ ຌຎຝເຈພຌ຋ໆນທົ ໜຟໟ ຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜເທົຟ໇ ຓຟ ນ ຏ້ ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜຏ຋້ ໜຶໆຄເທົ໇ຟຓຟ, ແຖ້ທຘຝ
ເໜຎຝເຈຌພ ຋ໆນທົ ໜຟໟ ຐຟ່ ງ຃ໟຟຌຘຝເໜຓຟ

- ຏຘ້ ຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜຏິ ້຋ຘບຄ ຎຝຉຍິ ພຈ຃ກພຍຂ໇ນງ໇ໜໟຟ຋4
- ຏຘ້ ຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງ຃ຟໟ ຌຏ຋້ ຘບຄ ຎຝຉຍິ ຈພ ຃ກພຍຏ້ຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌຐ່ຟງ຃ໟຟຌຏ້຋ໜໆຄຶ ໃນ້ນງໜ໇ ໟຟ຋ 5ເປຈພ

ແຍຍຌຘ໇ ຝນພຍກພຌໄຎ຅ົຌ຋ຸກ຃ົຌໄຈເ້ ທ໇ົຟ.
 ກຟຌຘຝນຍງ຺ ໂຉ້ທຟ຋
- ຎຝ຋ຟຌ຅ຝເຆຌນົທໜໟຟຐ່ຟງ຃ໟຟຌຘຝນງ຺ຍຉຟຓງຈພ ຉບິ ກ຃໇ຄພ ໜຄໆຶ ນທົ ໜໟຟຐ່ຟງ຃ຟໟ ຌຉໟບຄເກພຍກຟເບົຟຎຝເຈພຌ຋ໆ
ຘຟ຃ຌພ ຋ໆຐຟ່ ງ຃ຟໟ ຌເທ໇ົຟໄຎແຖທ້ ຓຟເຌພ໇ຌໜກພ ດຟ່ ຄຓເນຈຏົຌ຃ຌບກ຃ຄພ໇ ໜໆຄຶ ນພຄ຅ຟກຌຌພ໇ ຎຝ຋ຟຌກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ກໆ
ເຆຌນົທໜໟຟຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ຅ຟກຏ້ຘຝນຍງ຺ ກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ເຎຌພ ຃ົຌຘຸຈ຋ຟໟ ງ
- ຎຝ຋ຟຌກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ຂ໇ຌກໞຟທ຃ຟຂບຍໃ຅ ແຖຝ ຎຝກຟຈຏົຌກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ກໞຟທຎິຈຑິ຋ດຟ່ ຄເຎພຌ຋ຟຄກຟຌ

ປຍຑຟຍກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋

4. ຍາຈກາໟ ທເຌກາຌ຿ຉ້ທາ຋ີ

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4.1 ກາຌ຅ຈັ ຘະຊາຌ຋຃ໃີ ທຌ຅ັຈຉາຓປູຍຑາຍຈຄໃັ ຌໄີ :

ຏຏ້ຘຘ້ ຝຝໜໜຍພ ຘຍພ ຝຘໜຝໜຌຐຌ່ຟງຐ່ຟງ ຏຘ້ ຐຝ່ຟງໜຘຍພ ຝໜຘຝພຍໜຘຝຌໜຐຌຟ່ ງ
ຘຝເຘໜຝເໜ ຐຟ່ ງ຃຃ໟຟຟໟ ຌຌ

32 1 ນົທໜຟໟ ນທົ ໜຟໟ 1 2 3
ຏ້຅ຍພ ເທຖຟ / ແ຋ຌ່ ດຌເທົຟ໇

ຎຝ຋ຟຌ

ກຟຓຝກຟຌ ກຟຓຝກຟຌ ກຟຓຝກຟຌ ກຟຓຝກຟຌ ກຟຓຝກຟຌ

ຏຒ້ ຄພ ຏ້ຒພຄ ຏຒ້ ຄພ ຏຒ້ ຄພ ຏ້ຒພຄ ຏ້ຒຄພ ຏຒ້ ພຄ ຏຒ້ ພຄ ຏຒ້ ຄພ

ກຟຌ຅ຈພ ຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆໂຉທ້ ຟ຋

4.2 ກາຌຖຼຄຖາຈຍັ ກາຌຽທ຺າໄ ຾ຖະ ກາຌກາຌຈ຺ ຽທຖາ
ນຄພ ຅ຟກຎຝ຋ຟຌເຆຌຏ້ໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ເຂ໇ົຟຎຝ຅ຟ຋ໆແຖ້ທ ຎຝ຋ຟຌ຅ຝກຟໞ ທຖຝຍຽຍໃຌກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ ແຖ້ທກຟຌົຈໄຖງຝ

ເທຖຟບບກ.

ກຟຌຖຽຄຖ ຟຈຍພ ກຟຌເທ໇ຟົ ແຖຝ ກຟຌກ ຟຌຈົ ເທຖຟບຟຈ຅ຝຎຝຉຍິ ພຈຈຄໆພ ຌ໇:

- ນົທໜຟໟ ຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ ເທ໇ຟົ 5 ນ 8 ຌຟ຋.

- ນທົ ໜໟຟຐ່ຟງ຃ຟໟ ຌ ເທົຟ໇ 5 ນ 8 ຌຟ຋

- ຏ້ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌ ຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ຋ 1 ເທຟ໇ົ 3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋

- ຏ້ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງ຃ຟໟ ຌ຋ 1 ເທົຟ໇ 3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋

- ຏ້ຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜ຋ 2 ເທຟົ໇ 3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋

- ຏ້ຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງ຃ຟໟ ຌ຋ 2 ເທຟ໇ົ 3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋

- ຏຘ້ ຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜ຋ 3 ເທຟົ໇ 3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋

- ຏ້ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐ່ຟງ຃ຟໟ ຌ຋ 3 ເທ໇ົຟ3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋

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- ນົທໜໟຟຐ່ຟງ຃ຟໟ ຌຂ໇ຌຘຝນຍງ຺ ເທົ໇ຟ 3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋
- ນົທໜໟຟຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜຂ໇ຌຘຝນງ຺ຍ ເທຟົ໇ 3 ນ 5 ຌຟ຋.

ກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ແຓ່ຌກຟຌໃຆ້ຎຌພ ງຟຑຍິ ໄນທ,ບຟຖົຓ຅ິຈ຋ໆຎຝກບຍຈທໟ ງເນຈຏົຌໂຉ້ຉບຍກພຌ ເຑໆບເບົຟຘຝຌຝກພຍ
ຐຟ່ ງກົຄກພຌຂໟຟຓ ເຆຄໆິ ຓຎຝ຋ຟຌເຎພຌຏ້຃ທຍ຃ຸຓຈຟເຌຌກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋.ງພຈຉິ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓຟຈຂບຄຏ້ໂຉ້ທຟ຋ເຎພຌຘິໆຄ
຋ໆຘຟ຃ພຌເຑຟຝເປພຈໃນກ້ ຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ຈຈຈໆຓ຅ຈິ ໃ຅,ຒພຄ ແຖ້ທເກຈຎຝໂນງຈແຖຝ຃ທຟຓຍພຌເ຋ຄ.

຾ຏຌທາຈຘະ຾ຈຄຂັໄຌຉບຌກາຌຽຆຌີ ຏູ້຿ຉ້ທາ຋,ີ ຏູຈ້ າຽຌຌີ ກາຌ຿ຉ້ທາ຋ີ

ຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜ ຐຟ່ ງ຃ຟໟ ຌ

ແ຋່ຌດຌເທົ໇ຟ
12

34
56

78
10

9

1. ນົທໜໟຟຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ 2 ນທົ ໜຟໟ ຐຟ່ ງ຃ໟຟຌ
3 ຏຘ້ ຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜ຋ 1 4 ຏຘ້ ຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງ຃ຟໟ ຌ຋ 1
5 ຏຘ້ ຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌ ຐຟ່ ງຘຝເໜ຋ 2 6 ຏຘ້ ຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌຐຟ່ ງ຃ໟຟຌ຋ 2
7 ຏ້ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌ ຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ຋ 3 8 ຏ້ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌ ຐຟ່ ງ຃ໟຟຌ຋ 3
9 ນົທໜຟໟ ຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ. 10 ນທົ ໜຟໟ ຐຟ່ ງ຃ຟໟ ຌ.

36

 ຉົທດ່ຟຄເກຌຉຈພ ຘຌິ ກຟຌໃນ້຃ຝແຌຌ

ເຖກຖຟ ຆໆ ແຖຝ ຌຟຘຝກຸຌ ກຟຌໃຆ້ ຓຟຖຝງຟຈ ກຟຌ ກຟຌຘຝເໜ ຖທຓ ຏຌົ
ຈພຍ ຑຟຘຟ30 ໃຌກຟຌເທ໇ົຟ ປກພ ຘຟ ເນຈຏົຌບຟໟ ຄ 100
຃ຝແຌຌ 20຃ຝແຌຌ ເທຖຟ 20 ຃ຝແຌຌ
ຐ່ຟງຘຝເໜ ຃ຝແຌຌ ບຄ 30
1 ນທົ ໜໟຟ 25 ຃ຝແຌຌ
2 ຏຘ້ ຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌ຋1 20
3 ຏ້ຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌ຋2 15 15 15 25 80
4 ນົທໜຟໟ ຂຘ໇ ຝນງ຺ຍຖທຓ 20 10 10 20 60
15 20 25 75
20 25 20 85

ຖທຓ 300

ຐຟງ຃ໟຟຌ

1 ນທົ ໜຟໟ 25 18 18 25 86
25 75 ຆຝ
2 ຏ້ຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌ຋1 20 15 15 20 68 ຌຝ
20 81
3 ຏ້ຘຝໜຍພ ຘຝໜຌ຋2 18 15 15
310
4 ນົທໜຟໟ ຂຌ໇ ຘຝນຍງ຺ 26 20 15

ຖທຓ

5. ຓາຖະງາຈເຌກາຌ຿ຉ້ທາ຋ີ

- ຍໆ຃ທຌໃຆ຃້ ຟເທົຟ໇ ຋ໆຍຘໆ ຑຸ ຟຍ
- ດຟ່ ເບຟົ ເຖໆບຄຘທໞ ຌຉທົ ຂບຄຐຟ່ ງກຄົ ກພຌຂໟຟຓໃຌເທຖຟໂຉ້ທຟ຋.
- ຍ຃ໆ ທຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓຍຑໆ ໃ຅ຉຐໆ ຟງກຄົ ກພຌຂໟຟຓ

- ຍໆ຃ທຌເທົ໇ຟຆໆແ຋້ຂບຄຐ່ຟງກົຄກພຌຂໟຟຓ. ຈແ຋້ເປົຟ຃ທຌເທົ໇ຟ ເຆພໆຌ ຏ້ຘຝໜພຍຘຝໜຌ, ຐ່ຟງ຃ໟຟຌ ຏ້຋
1,2,3 ແຖຝ ບໆຌ໅

- ຍ຃ໆ ທຌເທຟ໇ົ ເກຌເທຖຟ຋ໆກຟຌຈົ ໄທ້
- ກຖຝຌຐ່ຟຌງກົຄກຌພ ຂໟຟຓເທຟົ໇ ຍິຈເຍຶບຌ຃ທຟຓ຅ຄິ ຍ຃ໆ ທຌໂຉ້ຉບຍໃຌ຋ຌພ ຋ໂຖຈ

37

ເ຅຃ທາຓ

ຓຝຌຈຸ ເປົຟ຅ຝເຎຌພ ຃ົຌເທົ໇ຟໃນ້ຈ, ຓເນຈຏົຌ, ຉໟບຄຓກຟຌເຐິກຏຌົ ກຟຌເທຟ໇ົ ຈທໟ ງນຟງປຍແຍຍ.ກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋ກ
ແຓ່ຌປຍແຍຍໜຶໆຄ຋ໆເຐິກ຋ກພ ຘຝກຟຌເທົຟ໇ ໃນຎ້ ກຌໞ ພກປຽຌ ໃນເ້ ຎພຌ຃ົຌເທ໇ົຟ຋ໆຓເນຈຏົຌ, ເທຟ໇ົ ຖຽຌໄນຈຄຶ ຈຈ຅ຈິ ໃ຅ຏ້
ຒຄພ .ຘຝຌ໇ພຌ, ຅ິໆຄຉໟບຄປຽຌປນ້ ກພ ກຟຌ, ຓຟຖຝງຟຈ, ຂຌພ໇ ຉບຌຉຟໞ ຄ໅ໃຌກຟຌໂຉທ້ ໞຟ຋ໃໆ ນ້ຎກຌໞ ພກປຽຌເຑບຶໆ ເຎພຌແຌທ຋ຟຄ
ແຖຝ ຍບໞ ຌບຄໃຌເທຖຟໂຉ້ຉບຍ, ຆບກນພກຊຟຌ. ຈພໆຄຌພຌ໇ ກບໞ ຌ຅ຝໂຉ້ທຟ຋ໄຈ້ຌກພ ປຽຌຉໟບຄເຂ໇ຟົ ໃ຅຋ິຈຘຝຈ຅ຄິ ເຐິກ
ແຖຝ ຎຝຉຍິ ພຈຉທົ ຅ຄິ ໄຈ.້

຃າຊາຓ
1. ກຟຌໂຉທ້ ຟ຋ຓ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘຄົ ນງພຄແຈ່?
2. ໃນ້ຌກພ ປຽຌຘຄພ ເກຈກຟຌ຅ຈພ ປຍແຍຍຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆ ແຖຝຂ໇ຌພ ຉບຌກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋?
3. ກຟຌຘຶກຘຟຘ ຟຌຽຄ຋ໟບຄຊິຌໆ ຓ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘົຄ.຃ທຟຓຘ ຟ຃ພຌ ແຖຝ ຎຝໂນງຈແຌທໃຈ?
4.ດຟກເຎພຌຌພກໂຉທ້ ຟ຋຋ໆຈຉໟບຄປ,້ ເຂົຟ໇ ໃ຅ນກພ ກຟຌ ແຖຝ ຂຌ໇ພ ຉບຌຉໞຟຄ໅ແຌທໃຈ?
5. ໃນ້ຌກພ ປຽຌຌ ຟເບົຟງຈພ ຉິໄຎເຐິກກຟຌໂຉ້ທຟ຋.
- ຆພຍກພຍຎຌພ ງຟບຌພ ໃຈຈກໞທຟກຌພ
- ງຟຓປໟບຌຈກທໞ ຟງຟຓໜຟທ
- ເຎພຌຌພກເທຟ໇ົ ຈກທໞ ຟເຎຌພ ຌກພ ປຽຌ຋ຈໆ
- ເຎພຌຑ຃ໆ ໟຟຈກໞທຟເຎຌພ ຖຈພ ຋ຝກບຌ
- ຘຍດຟຈກໞທຟຈໆຓກຝເຒ
- ຈຓໆ ເຍງຈກທໞ ຟຈໆຓເນ໇ົຟ
- ປຽຌຑຟຘຟຖຟທຈກທໞ ຟຑຟຘຟບຄພ ກິຈ
- ເກຈເຎຌພ ງຄິ ຈກທໞ ຟເກຈເຎຌພ ຆຟງ
- ຓຖກນຟງ຃ົຌ ຈກທໞ ຟຓຖກໜໟບງ຃ົຌ.

38

ຍ຺ຈ຋ີ 4

ກາຌບາໞ ຌ

1. ຃ທາຓໝາງ ຾ຖະ ຃ທາຓຘາ຃ຌັ ຂບຄກາຌບໞາຌ

1.1. ຃ທາຓໝາງຂບຄກາຌບາໞ ຌ
ຌພກ຋ິຈຘຝຈນຟງ຋ຟໞ ຌໄຈໃ້ ນ຋້ ຈພ ຘຝຌຝກໞຽທກພຍກຟຌບຟໞ ຌຉຟໞ ຄກພຌຈໆຄພ ຌ:໇

 ຋ໞຟຌ ຓຉເຓ ເ຅ແບພຈເຖ (Mortimer J.Adler) ກໞຟທທໞຟ ກຟຌບໞຟຌໝຟງເຊຄິ ຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຉ຃ທຟຓ
ໝຟງ ນ ຘໟຟຄ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅຅ຟກຉົທບພກຘບຌບໆຌ໅. ຆໞທງໃນ້ຏ້ບໞຟຌເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ນຟງຂ໇ຌ ຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅຋ໆ
ຆໞທງໃນເ້ ກຈ຃ທຟຓເຂ໇ົຟໃ຅ຌທ໇ ໞຟ ຘິຖຝຎຝໃຌກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ

 ຋ຟໞ ຌ ຕຸຈ຋ຈ (Ruth Tooze) ໄຈ້ກ ຟຌຈົ ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄກຟຌບຟໞ ຌໄທ້ ໂຈງຘຝນງ຺ຍທຟໞ ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ
ໝຟງເຊິຄຘິໆຄຉໆໄຎຌ:໇

- ກຟຌເຂຟ໇ົ ຘ່ແນໆຄ຋ຓໆ ຆທຈິ ດ່ ແຖຝ ກຟຌປຽຌປ຋້ ໆຘົຓຍຌ.
- ກຟຌຑຟໃນເ້ ກຈ຃ທຟຓຘຝຍຟງໃ຅ ແຖຝ ຅ິຈໃ຅ແ຅່ຓໃຘ.
- ກຟຌບໞຟຌເຎຌພ ບົຄຎຝກບຍຘຟ຃ພຌ຋ໆຘຸຈ ໃຌຈໟຟຌຘິຖຝຎຝກໞຽທກພຍຑຟຘຟຘຟຈ ເຆິໆຄຓ 4 ຈໟຟຌ຃: ກຟຌຒພຄ, ກຟຌ

ເທຟ໇ົ , ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຂຽຌ.
- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌແຓຌ່ ກຟຌຘົໆຄເຘຓຉຌົ ເບຄ, ຎຍພ ຎຄຸ ຉຌົ ເບຄໃນ຅້ ຝເຖຌເຉຍໂຉເຎພຌຏໃ້ ນງ຋ໞ ໆຘົຓຍຌ.
- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌເຎພຌກຟຌຘົໆຄເຘຓບຟຖົຓ຅ຈິ ຂບຄແຉຖ່ ຝ຃ົຌໃນ້ຘຟຑພຌກພຍຏ້ບໆຌ ເຎພຌກຟຌຎພຍຎຸຄຉົຌເບຄໃນ້ເຂົ໇ຟກພຍຏ້

ບຌໆ ໄຈ້.
 ຋ໞຟຌ ເຍຓຟຈໄບຆຝຓິຈ (Bemard I Schmidt) ໄຈ້ໃນ້຃ຟ຅ຟກພຈ຃ທຟຓຂບຄກຟຌບໞຟຌໄທ້ທໞຟ ແຓ່ຌ

ຂຝຍທຌກຟຌ຋ໆຘຝນພຍຘພຍຆໟບຌ, ນງຸ້ຄງຟກ ງພຄຍໆຓ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ຋ໆແຌ່ຌບຌ, ບຟຈເທົ໇ຟໄຈ້ທໞຟ ເຎພຌ຋ຸກຘິໆຄ຋ຸກ
ດ່ຟຄ຅ຟກ຃ຟ຋ໆ຅ຟໄຈ້ໄຎຘ່຃ທຟຓຌຶກ຃ິຈຉໞຟຄ໅. ກຟຌບໞຟຌຂບຄແຉ່ຖຝ຃ົຌງໞບຓແຉກຉໞຟຄກພຌໄຎຉຟຓຘຝຑຟຍ
ປຟໞ ຄກຟງ, ຘຝຉິຎພຌງຟ ແຖຝ ບຟຖຓົ .
 ຋ໞຟຌ ບພຌເຒຕຈ ຘຝເຉຍເຒຕຸຈ (Alfred Stefferud) ໄຈ້ໃນ້຃ ຟ຅ຟກພຈ຃ທຟຓໄທ້ທໞຟ “ເຎພຌກຟຌ
ປທຍປທຓ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ , ຉ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ ຎຝເຓຌ຃ຟໞ ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ຋ຎໆ ຝກົຈໃຌແຉຖ່ ຝໜຟໟ ຑິຓ”
 ຋ໞຟຌ ເບຈເກເຈຖ (Edger Dale) ໃນ້຃ທຟຓໝຟງທໞຟ ກຟຌບໞຟຌໝຟງເຊິຄຂຝຍທຌກຟຌ຃ົ໇ຌ຃ທໟຟນຟ຃ທຟຓ
ໝຟງ຅ຟກຘິໆຄຑຓິ , ເຎຌພ ກຟຌເຑໆຓຑຌຎຝຘົຍກຟຌຂບຄຏ້ບໞຟຌ. ກຟຌບໞຟຌຍໄໆ ຈ້ໝຟງ຃ທຟຓທໞຟ ເຍິໆຄຏໞຟຌຘຝເຑຟຝ
ແຉຎ່ ຝໂນງກ ນ ແຉ່ຖຝນງ໇ໜຟໟ ເ຋ໆຟົ ຌ໇ພຌ ແຉທ່ ຟໞ ຏບ້ ຟໞ ຌຉໟບຄເຂຟົ໇ ໃ຅຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈຌພ໇ຌ໅ຈທໟ ງ.

39

 ຋ໞຟຌ ຅ບຈຈຘຝຎຟຈ ແຖຝ ຑບຌຆເຍກິ (George D . Spach and Paul Cberg) ກຟໞ ທທໞຟ ກຟຌບໞຟຌ
ເຎພຌກຟຌຎຝຘົຓຎຝຘຟຌຖຝນທໞຟຄ຋ພກຘຝນຟງຆຝຌິຈ ເຑໆບຘໟຟຄ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ໂຈງເຎພຌໄຎຉຟຓ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄ
຃ທຟຓຉບໟ ຄກຟຌ ແຖຝ ທ຋ິ ກຟຌຂບຄຏບ້ ຟໞ ຌ.
຅ຟກ຃ຟ຅ຟກຈພ ຃ທຟຓ຋ໆກໞຟທຓຟຂຟໟ ຄເ຋ຄຌພຌ໇ ແຖ້ທ ງຄພ ຓຍຟຄຍຌພ ນຟເຑຓໆ ເຉຓຈພໆຄຌ:໇

- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ແຓ່ຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌ຃ຌ໇ົ ນຟ຃ທຟຓໝຟງໃຌຘໆິຄ຋ໆບຟໞ ຌ.
- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ແຓ່ຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌ຅ພຍໃ຅຃ທຟຓ຅ຟກຘິຄໆ ຋ໆໄຈ້ບຟໞ ຌ.
- ກຟຌບໞຟຌ ແຓຌ່ ຂຝຍທຌກຟຌ຋ໆເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ຑຟຘຟຂຽຌ.
- ກຟຌບໞຟຌ ແຓ່ຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌຊໞຟງ຋ບຈ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ຅ຟກຑຟຘຟຂຽຌຓຟເຎຌພ ຑຟຘຟໃຌກຟຌ຃ຌົ໇ ຃ິຈ.
- ກຟຌບໞຟຌ ແຓ່ຌກຟຌປທຓ຋ພກຘຝຉໞຟຄ໅ເຂົ໇ຟກພຌ ເຆພໆຌ: ຋ກພ ຘຝໃຌກຟຌ຃ົ໇ຌ຃ຈິ ແຖຝ ຋ພກຘຝ຋ຟຄໄທງຟກບຌ ຓ

ຘຽຄ, ຘຍພ , ໂ຃ຄຘໟຟຄ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ.
- ກຟຌບໞຟຌ ເຎພຌຂຝຍທຌກຟຌ຃ົ໇ຌ຃ໟທຟນຟ຃ທຟຓໝຟງໃຌຘິໆຄຑິຓ ນ ຂ໇ຂຽຌ, ຅ພຍໃ຅຃ທຟຓ, ຉ຃ທຟຓ ເຑໆບ

ຑຈພ ຋ຝຌຟຉຌົ ເບຄຈໟຟຌຘຝຉິຎຌພ ງຟ, ບຟຖົຓ ແຖຝ ຘຄພ ຃ົຓ.

ປຍຌກພ ປຽຌບໞຟຌໜພຄຘ
1.2. ຃ທາຓຘາ຃ຌັ ຂບຄກາຌບາໞ ຌ

- ກຟຌບໞຟຌເຎພຌຑ໇ຌຊຟຌຂບຄກຟຌປຽຌທິຆຟຉໞຟຄ໅ ເຑຟຝກຟຌຘຶກຘຟ຃ທຟຓປ້ ຉໟບຄບຟໄຘ຋ພກຘຝກຟຌບໞຟຌເຎພຌ
ເ຃ບໆ ຄຓຆທໞ ງ.

- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ຆໞທງໃນ້ຊໞຟງ຋ບຈ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘກຶ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຉໟບຄກຟຌຖຝນທຟໞ ຄ຃ຌົ ກພຍ຃ົຌ.
- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ຆທໞ ງໃນຎ້ ຝຘຍົ ຃ທຟຓຘຟເຖຈພ ໃຌກຟຌຎຝກບຍບຟຆຍ.
- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ຆໞທງໃນ້ຈຟຖົຄຆທິຈດ່ປທໞ ຓໃຌຘຄພ ຃ຓົ ດ່ຟຄຓ຃ທຟຓຘຸກ.
- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ເຎຌພ ກຟຌຘຍ຋ບຈຓຖຝຈົກ຋ຟຄທຈພ ຋ຝຌຝ຋ຟຂບຄຖຟທຘ຃່ ົຌປຌຸ່ ໃໝຉ່ ໆ໅ໄຎ.

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- ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ ຑຟໃນເ້ ກຈ຃ທຟຓຓທໞ ຌຆຌໆ , ໃນ້຃ທຟຓປ້ ແຖຝ ຓຎຝຘົຍກຟຌດ່ຟຄກທໟຟຄຂທຟຄ.
- ຆໞທງໃນ້຃ຌົ ເປຟົ ຎພຍຉົທໄຈ຋້ ຌພ ກພຍເນຈກຟຌ, ຌຟເບົຟ຃ທຟຓປ້ໄຎຑຈພ ຋ຝຌຟຉຌົ ເບຄ ແຖຝ ຘພຄ຃ຓົ ຆໞທງໃນ້ຆທິຈ

ຓ຃ທຟຓຘຸກ ແຖຝ ຎຝຘົຍຏົຌຘຟເຖພຈ. ຋ພຄປພກຘຟ຃ຸຌ຃ໞຟຈໟຟຌຎຝເຑຌ, ທພຈ຋ຝຌຝ຋ຟ, ຑຟຘຟ ແຖຝ ບພກຘບຌ
ຖຟທໄທ້ບກຈທໟ ງ.

2. ຅ຈຸ ຎະຘ຺ຄ ຾ຖະ ຃ຌຸ ຃າໞ ຂບຄກາຌບາໞ ຌ

2.1. ຅ຸຈຎະຘຄ຺
ໂຈງ຋ໆທົ ໄຎ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘົຄຂບຄກຟຌບຟໞ ຌຓ 3 ດຟ່ ຄ຃ :

ກ.ບໞາຌຽຑືໃບ຃ທາຓປູ້

ແຓ່ຌກຟຌບໞຟຌໜພຄຘຎຝເຑຈຉຟຖຟ, ຘຟຖຝ຃ຝຈ, ທຟຖຝຘຟຌ, ໜພຄຘຑິຓ ແຖຝ ຂ໇຃ທຟຓຉໞຟຄ໅ ເຑໆບໃນ້ປ້ເຌ໇ບ
ເຖບໆ ຄຂບຄຍພຌນຟຈຄພໆ ກໞຟທ. ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌເຑໆບ຃ທຟຓປບຍປເ້ ຎຌພ ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ຋຅ໆ ຟເຎພຌ຋ຘໆ ຈຸ ຘຟຖຍພ ຌກພ ປຽຌ ເຑຟຝທໞຟແນໆຄຂ໇ຓຌ
຃ທຟຓປ້ຉໞຟຄ໅ແຓຌ່ ຓກຟຌຎຽ່ ຌແຎຄດ຋່ ກຸ ໅ເທຖຟ

ຂ. ກາຌບາໞ ຌຽຑືໃບ຃ທາຓ຃ຈິ

ແຌທ຃ິຈຎພຈຆຝງຟ, ທຈພ ຋ຝຌຝ຋ຟ, ຅ຝຖິງຝ຋ຟ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ຋ົທໆ ໄຎຓກພ ແຆກດ່ໃຌໜພຄຘເກບຍ຋ຸກເຖໆບຄ,
ຍຘໆ ຝເຑຟຝແຉ່ໜຄພ ຘຎຝເຑຈຎພຈຆຝງຟ ນ ຅ຝຖິງຝ຋ຝໂຈງກົຄເ຋ົໆຟຌພ໇ຌ. ກຟຌຘຶກຘຟແຌທ຃ິຈ຋ໆຈຂບຄຏ້ບໆຌເບົຟຓຟເຎພຌ
ແຌທ຃ິຈຂບຄຉົຌເບຄບຟຈຌຟຓຟຎຝຉິຍພຈໃຌກຟຌຈຟຖົຄຆທິຈ ນ ແກ້ໄຂຍພຌນຟຉໞຟຄ໅ໄຈ້. ຏ້ບໞຟຌຉໟບຄຑິ຅ຟຖຝຌຟ຃ພຈ
ເຖບກເບຟົ ແຌທ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ຋ໆຈຌຟຓຟໃຆເ້ ຑໆບໃນເ້ ຎຌພ ຎຝໂນງຈ.

຃. ກາຌບໞາຌຽຑບໃື ຃ທາຓຍັຌຽ຋ຄີ

ເຎຌພ ກຟຌບໞຟຌເຑບໆ ຘໟຟຄ຃ທຟຓເຍຌຍຟຌຓທໞ ຌຆຌໆ ນ ເຍົຟຘຝໝບຄ, ຏໞບຌ຃ຟງ຃ທຟຓເ຃ພໆຄຉຶຄ. ແຉ່ຓພຌໄຈ້ຘຶກຘຟ
ແຌທ຃ຈິ ຂບຄ຃ົຌເປົຟດ່ຟຄເຖິກເຆິໆຄເຆພໆຌ ບໞຟຌຌິ຋ຟຌ ” ຆຽຄໝໟຽຄ“ , ບໞຟຌຎ໇ຓກຟຉຌເນົໆຟຌ໇ເຎພຌຉົ໇ຌ. ແຉ່ຍຟຄເ຋ໆບກເຎພຌ
ກຟຌບໞຟຌເຑໆບຂໟຟເທຖຟເ຋ົໆຟຌພ໇ຌເຆພໆຌ: ເທຖຟຌພໆຄຖຊໟຟເຑໆບຌ, ຖຊໟຟຖົຈ຅ຝບບກເຈຌ຋ຟຄ ແຖຝ ບໆຌ໅. ໜພຄຘຎຝເຑຈຘໟຟຄ
຃ທຟຓຍພຌເ຋ຄຓ຅ຟຌທຌນທຄນຟງເຆໆຌພ ເຖໆບຄຘ໇ຌພ , ຌຝທຝຌິງຟງ,ຌ຋ິ ຟຌ (ຌ຋ິ ຟຌຆທຌນົທ), ຎຓ໇ ກຟຉຌ...

2.2. ຃ຌຸ ຃ໞາຂບຄກາຌບາໞ ຌ
- ຆໞທງໃນ້ໄຈ຃້ ທຟຓປ,້ ຉບຍຘຝໜບຄໃຌຘຄໆ ຋ດໆ ຟກປ້ ເຓໆບດຟກປ້ເຖບໆ ຄໃຈ ກຘຟຓຟຈຘກຶ ຘຟ຃ຌົ໇ ຃ທໟ ຟ ຈທໟ ງ
ທິ຋ກຟຌບໞຟຌ.
- ຆໞທງຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟຉຌົ ເບຄ຋ຟຄຈຟໟ ຌປຟໞ ຄກຟງ, ຘຝຉິຎພຌງຟ, ບຟຖົຓ ແຖຝ ຘພຄ຃ົຓ.ກຟຌຘຶກຘຟຈໟທງກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ
຅ຝຆໞທງຌຟ຃ທຟຓປ້຋ໆໄຈ້ປຍພ ຓຟຎພຍຎຸຄຑພຈ຋ຝຌຟຉຌົ ເບຄໃນ້ຈຂຌ໇ ເຑໆບດ່ໃຌຘຄພ ຃ຓົ ດຟ່ ຄຓ຃ທຟຓຘຸກເຎຌພ ຋ເໆ ຑຄໆ
ຎຟຊຝໜຟຂບຄ຃ົຌ຋ທົໆ ໄຎ.

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- ຆທໞ ງຎພຍຎຄຸ ຘຝຊຟຌຝຑຟຍຉຌົ ໃນຈ້ ຂຌ໇ . ກຟຌຘຝແນທຄນຟ຃ທຟຓປ້ຈໟທງກຟຌບຟໞ ຌ຅ຝຑຈພ ຋ຝຌຟ຃ທຟຓກຟໟ ທ

ໜໟຟໃຌບຟຆຍຂບຄຉົຌເບຄໃນຈ້ ຂ໇ຌ, ຘຟຓຟຈຎພຍຉທົ ໄຈຈ້ , ຌຟ຃ທຟຓປ້ໄຎຑຈພ ຋ຝຌຟບຟຆຍໃນກ້ ຟໟ ທໜຟໟ .
ຆທໞ ງໃນ້ເກຈ຃ທຟຓຓທໞ ຌຆໆຌ.

3. ຃ຌຸ ຖກັ ຘະຌະຂບຄຌກັ ບາໞ ຌ຋ໃີຈີ

ເຆໆຄເຑໆຌໄຈແ້ ຍ່ຄກຟຌບໞຟຌບບກເຎພຌ 2 ຎຝເຑຈ຃: ກຟຌບໞຟຌໃຌໃ຅ ແຖຝ ກຟຌບຟໞ ຌບບກຘຽຄ ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ,຃ຌຸ
ຖພກຘຝຌຝຂບຄຌພກບໞຟຌ຋ໆຈຓຈໆພຄຌ໇:

ກ. ຃ຌຸ ຖກັ ຘະຌຂບຄຌກັ ບໞາຌບບກຘຼຄ຋ຈໃີ .ີ

ບຟໞ ຌໃນຊ້ ກຉໟບຄຉຟຓບກພ ຂຝນຝທິ຋ຂບຄ ຑຟຘຟຖຟທ, ຍໆບຟໞ ຌຂຟໟ ຓ, ແຖຝ ຍຉໆ ໆຌ ນ ຉພຈ຃ ຟບບກ.

– ບຟໞ ຌໃນ້ຆພຈເ຅ຌ຅ຝຉໟບຄບບກຘຽຄແຉ່ຖຝ຃ຟໃນ້຅ຝແ຅້ຄ, ຆພຈເ຅ຌ ແຖຝ ຊຟໟ ເຎພຌ຃ຟນງ຅໇ ຝຉໟບຄ
ບໞຟຌເຉພຓເຆພໆຌ: ຘ ຎ ຆ ຉໟບຄບໞຟຌທໞຟ: ຘຝນຝຎຝຆຟຆຟຈ.

– ບຟໞ ຌໃນ້຃ໞບຄແ຃ທ້ ປ້຅ກພ ກທຟຈຘຟງຉຟບໞຟຌຖທໞ ຄໜໟຟໄຎກໞບຌແຖ້ທ຅ຄໆ ບບກຘຽຄຉຟຓນພຄເຑໆບໃນ້ຉໆ
ເຌບໆ ຄກພຌ.

– ບໞຟຌໃນ້ຓ຅ຄພ ນທຝ, ຋ຟຌບຄ ແຖຝ ຓທກພ ຉບຌ: ປ຅້ ກພ ເຌພຌ໇ ຘຽຄ ແຖຝ ປ້຅ກພ ທຟໞ ຅ຝດຸຈນຟງໃ຅ໃຈ້
ຍໞບຌໃຈ ແຖຝ ຍໞບຌໃຈຍໆ຃ທຌດຸຈ.

– ປ້ຎຽຌຘຽຄເຑບໆ ຘຝແຈຄບຟຖົຓໃນເ້ ໝຟຝຘຓົ ກພຎຝເຑຈຍຈົ ແຖຝ ເຖໆບຄ຋ບໆ ໞຟຌ ເຆໆຌພ : ເທຖຟ
ຘຌົ ຋ຝຌຟ຅ຝ ບຟໞ ຌບບກຘຽຄແຌທໃຈ, ເທຖຟຑພຌຖຝຌຟ຅ຝບໞຟຌບບກຘຽຄແຌທໃຈເຎຌພ ຉຌົ໇ .

– ທຟຄ຋ຟໞ ຋ກຟຌບໞຟຌ຅ຝຌຄພໆ ນ ດຌບຟໞ ຌກໃນ້ຘຝນຄຟໞ ຏໞຟເຏງ, ຅ຍພ ຎ໇ຓໃນນ້ ໞຟຄ຅ຟກຉຟຑຘຓົ ຃ທຌ
ແຖຝ ປກ້ ທຟຈຘຟງຉຟເຍຄໆ ຏ້ຒພຄເຎພຌຍຟຄໄຖງຝ຋ໆເໝຟງຘົຓ.

ຂ. ຃ຌຸ ຖກັ ຘະຌະຂບຄຌັກບາໞ ຌເຌເ຅຋ຈໃີ .ີ

– ຌຄໆພ ໃນຘ້ ຝຍຟງ, ຍໆ຃ຄຶ ຉທົ , ຍໆກຓ໇ົ ນ ເຄງໂຑຈ, ທຟຄຉທົ ໃນເ້ ໝຟຝຘົຓ ແຖຝ ກຟຌ຅ພຍຎຓ໇ ໃນບ້ ຽໞ ຄ
ເຂົ໇ຟນຟຉທົ ເຖກພ ຌບໟ ງ.

– ຍຄໆ ຽໞ ຄ຃, ຍໆນິໆທຉຟ ນ ຄທຟກໄຎຓຟຉຟຓແຊທໜພຄຘ, ຃ທຌໃຆແ້ ຉ່ຘຟງຉຟເ຋ຟໆພ ຌຌພ໇ .
– ກທຟຈຘຟງຉຟໃນ້ເນພຌນຟງ໅຃ຟຉເໆ ຌບໆ ຄກຌພ , ກທຟຈຘຟງຉຟຉຟຓແຊທໜຄພ ຘໄຈໄ້ ທ, ຍບໆ ຟໞ ຌຖ໇ຓ຃ຌ

ຍບໞ ຌເກົຟໆ ນ ແຊທເກຟໆົ .
– ຍບໆ ຟໞ ຌບບກຘຽຄ, ປຓຘົຍຍຉໆ ຄ, ຍເໆ ປພຈຎຟກຍິຈຍໟຽທ ນ ຉຄງຸຍງິຍ.
– ບຟໞ ຌໄຈ້ໄທ ແຖຝ ເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ເຌ໇ບໃຌໃ຅຃ທຟຓໄຈ້ຈ.
– ບໞຟຌດ່ຟຄຓຘຝຓຟ຋ິ ຃ ຅ິຈໃ຅ຉໟບຄດ່ກຍພ ເຖບໆ ຄ຋ໆບໞຟຌ ແຖຝ ບຟໞ ຌໃນ້ໝົຈເຌບ໇ ຃ທຟຓ.
– ຃ທຌໃຆ້ເທຖຟກຟຌບໞຟຌແຉ່ຖຝ຃ພ໇ຄໃນຈ້ ົຌ ແຖຝ ຓ຃ທຟຓບົຈ຋ົຌຉໆກຟຌບໞຟຌ.

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ປຍ຃ົຌຌໆພຄບຟໞ ຌໜຄພ ຘ

4. ທ຋ິ ກີ າຌບາໞ ຌ

ກ. ກາຌຽຍໃີຄຈໟທງຘາງຉາ

ແຓຌ່ ເປົຟເຍໆຄ຅ຈຸ ໃຈ຅ຸຈໜໆຄເຆພໆຌ: ເຓໆບເຖໆຓຉົຌ໇ ບຟໞ ຌໜຄພ ຘກຓພກ຅ຝເຍໆຄຑຝງຌພ ຆຝຌຝຉຌົ ຋ ຟບິຈ຃ຌົ ບຟໞ ຌເກຄພໆ
ນ ບຟໞ ຌໄທຓພກ຅ຝເຍຄໆ ໜບໟ ງໃຌແຉ່ຖຝແຊທ, ຘທໞ ຌ຃ຌພ ຏ້຋ໆບຟໞ ຌຆຟໟ ຉໟບຄເຍຄໆ ນຟງ຅ຸຈໃຌແຉ່ຖຝແຊທ

ຂ.ແຖງະຂບຄຘາງຉາ

຃ໄຖງຝນໞຟຄແຉ່ຖຝ຅ຸຈ ເຆຄໆ ບຟຈ຅ຝເຎພຌ 3 - 4 ຃ ຟ,ຏບ້ ໞຟຌ ບຟໞ ຌໄຈ້ໄທບຟຈຓໄຖງຝຂບຄຘຟງຉຟກທໟຟຄ
ເຊຄິ 7 ຃ຟກໄຈ.້

຃. ກາຌຎຸ່ຼຌ຾ຊທ

ຑຟງນຄພ ບໞຟຌແຊທ຋ 1 ໝົຈແຖ້ທ຅ຝກຟໟ ທເຂຟ໇ົ ແຊທ຋ 2 ໂຈງ຅ຝເຖຓແຉຆ່ ຟໟ ງຓເຎພຌຉົ໇ຌໄຎ. ຏຆ້ ຟຌຟຌແຖທ້
຅ຝຎ່ຽຌແຊທໄຈຊ້ ກຉໟບຄ.

຃ຟຊຟຓ

43

1. ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ ແຖຝ຃ທຟຓຘຟ຃ຌພ ຂບຄກຟຌບໞຟຌຓແຌທໃຈແຈ່?
2. ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄແຖຝ຃ຌຸ ຃ຟໞ ຂບຄກຟຌບຟໞ ຌຓແຌທໃຈແຈ່?
3. ຃ຌຸ ຖພກຘຝຌຝຂບຄຌພກບໞຟຌ຋ຈໆ ແຓ່ຌແຌທໃຈ?
4. ທິ຋ບໞຟຌແຓຌ່ ບໞຟຌແຌທໃຈ?

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ຍຈ຺ ຋ີ 5

ກາຌຂຼຌ

1. ຃ທາຓໜາງ ຾ຖະ ຃ທາຓຘາ຃ຌັ ຂບຄກາຌຂຼຌ

ກຟຌຂຽຌກແຓ່ຌກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌດ່ຟຄໜຶໆຄ ຖຝນທໞຟຄຏ້ຂຽຌກພຍຏ້ບໞຟຌໂຈງໃຆ້ຉົທບພກຘບຌເຎພຌຑຟນຝຌຝໃຌກຟຌ
ຘໆຘຟຌເຑຶໆບເປພຈໃນ້ຏ້ບໞຟຌປພຍປ້ ແຖຝ ເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅຃ທຟຓປ້ຘຶກຌຶກ຃ິຈຂບຄຏ້ຂຽຌ.ດຟກເປພຈໄຈ້ແຌທຌພ໇ຌ ຏ້ຂຽຌຑຟຘຟໃນ້
ຊກຉໟບຄ ແຖຝ ເຐິກແບຍທ຋ິ ຂຽຌຉໞຟຄ໅ໃນໄ້ ຈ້ຈ.

ກຟຌຂຽຌແຓ່ຌ຋ພກຘຝໜຶໆຄໃຌ 4 ຋ພກຘຝຂບຄຑຟຘຟ.຋ພກຘຝກຟຌຂຽຌແຓ່ຌ຋ພກຘຝ຋ໆຂໟບຌຂໟຟຄງຟກກໞທຟ຋ພກ
ຘຝບໆຌ໅ເຌໆບຄ຅ຟກຑທກເປົຟຍໆ຃ໞບງໄຈ້ເຐິກກພຌດ່ຟຄເຉພຓເຓພຈເຉພຓໜໞທງ຅ຶໆຄເປພຈໃນ້ນຟງນຟງ຃ົຌຂຽຌໄຈ້ ແຉ່ຍໆແຓ່ຌ
ຂຽຌເຎພຌ. ໂຈງ຋ທົໆ ໄຎແຖທ້ ກຟຌຂຽຌ຅ຝຓຘບຄຖກພ ຘຝຌຝ຃ ກຟຌຉຟຓ຃ຟຍບກ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຂຽຌຉຟຓ຅ຌິ ຉຟຌຟກຟຌ.

ປຍຑຟຍກຟຌຂຽຌໜພຄຘ

2. ຎະຽຑຈ ນືົ ປູຍ຾ຍຍຂບຄກາຌຂຼຌ

ກຟຌຂຽຌແຍ່ຄບບກເຎພຌ 2 ຎຝເຑຈໃນງ່ ຃
ກ. ກາຌຂຼຌຎະຽຑຈ຃າປບໟ ງກບຄ

ກຟຌຂຽຌ຋ໆຓປຍແຍຍຍພຄ຃ພຍ຃ກຟຌຂຽຌຘ ຟຏພຈ ເບກ,ໂ຋ ຈພໆຄຌ໇ເຎພຌຉົ໇ຌ,ຆຝຌິຈຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌປໟບງກບຄ
ໄຈ້ແກ່ກຟຍ, ກບຌ ໂ຃ຄ,ຘຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅.

ຂ. ກາຌຂຼຌຎະຽຑຈ຃າປບໟ ງ຾ກ້ທ

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ເຎພຌກຟຌຂຽຌ຋ໆຍໆຓກຟຌຘຟຏພຈແຉ່ເຎພຌກຟຌເຖຶບກຆພຍຊໟບງ຃ຟຓຟຏກໃນ້ເຎພຌຎຝໂນງກ, ເຎພຌຂ໇຃ທຟຓ ແຖຝ
ເຎພຌເຖໆບຄຖຟທດ່ຟຄກົຓກຌ. ຆຝຌິຈຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌປໟບງແກ້ທໄຈ້ແກ່ກຟຌຂຽຌປຽຄ຃ທຟຓ, ຍົຈ຃ທຟຓ, ຘຟຖຝ຃ຝຈ,
ຌຝທຝຌງິ ຟງ, ເຖບໆ ຄຘພຌ໇ , ເຖໆບຄແຎ, ຅ຈົ ໜຟງ, ຖຟງຄຟຌ, ຍຈົ ຖຝ຃ບຌ ຈພຄໆ ຌ໇ເຎຌພ ຉົ໇ຌ.

ຉົທດ່ຟຄ : ປຍແຍຍຂບຄກຟຌຂຽຌ

- ກຝທຌິຑົຌ ໜຟງເຊິຄຍົຈປໟບງກບຄ ຋ໆໃຆ້ຑຟຘຟຓໞທຌ, ຓກຟຌຘຟຏພຈເກຟຝກຟງກພຌຈ, ຓ຋ພຄກຟຌ
ຘໟຟຄຘພຌ຃ທຟຓຄຟຓຈໟທງຉົທບພກຘບຌ, ຘຽຄ, ຅ພຄນທຝ ແຖຝ ຓຊໟບງ຃ຟຘໆຘຟຌ ນ ເຎພຌຘພຌງຟຖພກ
ແ຋ຌຍຟຄຘຄໆິ ຍຟຄດຟ່ ຄບຌພ ກໃນ້ເກຈ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘຶກຘຝເ຋ບຶ ຌໃ຅຋ໆເຂຓ໇ພ ຂຸ້ຌ ແຖຝ ເຖກິ ເຆໆຄິ .

- ຍຌພ ເ຋ຄິ ຃ຝຈ ໜຟງເຊິຄກຟຌຂຽຌ຋ຏໆ ແ້ ຉ່ຄຓເ຅ຈຉຝຌຟ ໃນ້຃ທຟຓເຑຈເຑຌແກ່ຏ້ບໞຟຌເຎພຌເຎພຌຉົ໇ຌຉ
ແຉ່ກບຟຈ຅ຝຓຘຟຖຝ຃ທຟຓປ຋້ ໆຓ຃ຸຌ຃ຟໞ ດ່ຟຄງິໆຄດເ່ ຍບ໇ ຄນຄພ ຂບຄ຃ທຟຓເຑຈເຑຌຈໆພຄກໞຟທ.

- ຌຝທຝຌິງຟງ ເຎພຌທພຌຌຝ຃ຝຈ຋ໆຓປຍແຍຍກຟຌແຉ່ຄຎຝເຑຈໜຶໆຄເຆິໆຄຓທິ຋ກຟຌຈຟເຌຌເຖໆບຄນຟງ
ແຍຍ ຏ້ແຉ່ຄຘຟຓຟຈຘໟຟຄຘພຌທຟຈຂຽຌໄຈ້ຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓຟຈ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຑໃ຅ຂບຄຉົຌ, ກຟຌແຍ່ຄ
ແງກໃຌກຟຌຍພຌຖຝງຟງ, ກຟຌຑພຌຖຝຌຟ ແຖຝ ກຟຌຘົຌ຋ຝຌຟເຆິໆຄໃຌຆທິຈ຅ິຄໃຌຘພຄ຃ົຓໃຌເທຖຟ
ຌຌ໇ພ ໅.

- ຘຟຖຝ຃ຝຈ ໜຟງເຊິຄເຌຶບ໇ ນຟຘຟຖຝ ແຖຝ ຓ຅ຈຸ ຎຝຘົຄ ເຑຶໆບໃນ຃້ ທຟຓປ້ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ແກ່ຏ້ບໞຟຌ,
ແຉເ່ ທຖຟຈຽທກພຌກໃນ້ເກຈ຃ທຟຓຍພຌເ຋ຄແກຏ່ ້ບຟໞ ຌບກຈໟທງ.

- ຍົຈ຃ທຟຓ ເຎພຌຍົຈຂຽຌຎຝເຑຈໜໆຶຄ຋ໆຓຘຟຓຑຟກຘໞທຌຉົ໇ຌຉ຃ຉພ໇ຄຍພຌນຟ, ເຌ໇ບເຖໆບຄ ແຖຝ ຘຝນງ຺ຍ;
ຓນພກກຟຌ,ຓກຟຌຘຝເໜຂ໇຃ິຈເນພຌກໞຽທກພຍເຖໆບຄ ນ ເນຈກຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅຋ໆເກຈຂ໇ຌ.ເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຂຽຌເຎພຌ
ຍຈົ ເຖໆບຄ ນ ເນຈກຟຌຉຟໞ ຄ໅຋ໆເກຈຂ໇ຌ.ເຖໆບຄ຋ຂໆ ຽຌເຎພຌຍົຈ຃ທຟຓ຅ຝຉໟບຄເຖໆບຄ຋ໆ຃ົຌກຟຖພຄຘົຌໃ຅
ຉເໆ ນຈກຟຌຓຘຟຖຝ ແຖຝ ແຆກ຋ກພ ຘຝຌຝ຋ໆຆທຌ຃ຈິ ຆທຌບໞຟຌ

3. ຍຌັ ນາ຋ີໃ຃ທຌຽບາ຺ ເ຅ເຘຸ່ເຌກຌຂຼຌ

ເທຖຟຈ ຟເຌຌກຟຌຂຽຌ ຍໆທຟໞ ຅ຝຂຽຌຍົຈຎຝເຑຈໃຈກຉຟຓ ຑທກເປົຟ຃ທຌ຃ ຟຌຶຄເຊິຄນພກຑຟຘຟ. ຏໞຟຌຓຟ

ຑທກເປຟົ ຓພກຊເຍົຟນພກຑຟຘຟບພຌເຎຌພ ເນຈໃນແ້ ກ່ກຟຌຂຽຌຑຟຘຟຖຟທຓຖກພ ຘຝຌຝຏຈິ ຑຟຈ຅ຟຌທຌໜຶໆຄ ຋ໆຘຝແຈຄບບກ
ດ່ຌຟກຟຌໃຆ້ ໄ× , ໃ× ກຟຌໃຆ້ຘຝນຝຘຽຄຘພ໇ຌ, ຘຽຄງຟທ ຖທຓ຋ພຄກຟຌໃຆ້ຘພຍຑຟຘຟ຋ໟບຄຊິໆຌ ເຆິໆຄຌ ຟໄຎຘ່ກຟຌຉ

຃ທຟຓ

ໝຟງຘຍພ ຑຟຘຟຏິຈຑຟຈ຅ຟກ຃ທຟຓໝຟງເຈຓ ແຖຝ ຓຏົຌຘຝ຋ໟບຌເຊຄກຟຌຎົກຎພກປພກຘຟທພຈ຋ຝຌຝ຋ຟ຋ຟຄຈໟຟຌຑຟຘຟ

ບກຈທໟ ງ.

ຉທົ ດ່ຟຄ : ກຟຌຟໃຆຑ້ ຝງຌພ ຆຝຌຝ, ຘຝນຝ ຋ຏໆ ຈິ ແຖຝ ຊຶກ ກຟຌໃຆ້ ໄ× , ໃ×
- ກຟຌໃຆ້ ໄ× ,ໃ× ຋ຏໆ ຈິ

ໃຎ, ໄຌເປບຌ, ໃຈ້ ໄຎ, ໃຌເປບຌ, ໄຈ້

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- ກຟຌໃຆຘ້ ຝນຝຘຽຄຘ໇ພຌ຋ໆຏິຈ ກຟຌໃຆຘ້ ຝນຝຘຽຄຘພຌ໇ ຋ຊໆ ກຶ
ກຌເຂ໇ົຟ ກຌິ ເຂ໇ົຟ
ກຟຌໃຆຘ້ ຝນຝຘຽຄງຟທ຋ໆຊຶກ
- ກຟໃຆຘ້ ຝນຝຘຽຄງຟທ຋ຏໆ ິຈ ບຟໟ ງເຂງ
ບຟໟ ງເຂງິ ກຟຌໃຆ້ຉົທ ຈ, ຖ ຋ໆຊຶກ
຃ທຟຍຈບໞ ຌ
- ກຟຌໃຆ້ຉທົ ຈ, ຖ ຋ຏໆ ິຈ
຃ທຟງຖໞບຌ

ຘຟຖພຍຉົທ ຕ ຊໟຟນຟກເ຃ົ໇ຟຘພຍຓຟ຅ຟກຑຟຘຟຉໞຟຄຎຝເ຋ຈ ນ ຆໆ຃ົຌຉໞຟຄຎຝເ຋ຈ ແຓ່ຌຌ ຟໃຆ້ໄຈ້ເຆພໆຌ: ຌຟຄ
ຓຟຕຌຟ ແຖຝ ບຌໆ ໅

- ກຟຌໃຆຑ້ ຝງຌພ ຆຝຌຝຉໆຟ ຘຄ ຏິຈ ກຟຌໃຆ້ຑຝງພຌຘຝຌຝຉໆຟ ຘຄ ຊກຶ

ນຌແນ່, ຊຝແຖຄ ນຌແປ,່ ຊຝແນຄ

- ກຟຌໃຆ້ທຌພ ຌຝງຸຈຏິຈ ກຟຌໃຆ້ທພຌຌຝງຈຸ ຊຶກ

ໝຟກຓທໞຄ ໝຟກຓທໞ ຄ

- ກຟຌໃຆ້ຑຟຘຟ຋ບໟ ຄຊຌໆິ ຓຏົຌຘຝ຋ໟບຌເຊິຄ຃ທຟຓໝຟງຂບຄຘພຍ.

ຉົທດຟ່ ຄ : ຖຟທຑຟກໃຉ້ເທຟ໇ົ ທຟໞ : ໄຎໃຘ, ຖຟທຑຟກເໜບທໞຟ : ໄຎເຘ ແຉຊ່ ກຶ ແ຋້ແຓຌ່ “ໄຎໃຘ”

4. ກາຌກຼຓຉ຺ທຂຼຌ

ກຟຌຂຽຌແຍ່ຄບບກເຎພຌ 2 ຎຝເຑຈໃນງໞ຃ : ກຟຌຂຽຌຎຝເຑຈ຃ຟປໟບງກບຄ ແຖຝ ຎຝເຑຈ຃ຟປໟບງແກ້ທ.
ກຟຌຂຽຌ຋ໆຓຎຝຘຈິ ຋ິຑຟຍຌຌ໇ພ ຌບກ຅ຟກ຃ທຟຓປ,້ ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓຟຈ, ຓຟຖຝງຟຈ, ຎຝຘົຍກຟຌ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓຆຟຌຟຌຂບຄ
ຏຂ້ ຽຌແຖທ້ ຂ໇ຘຟ຃ຌພ ບກດ່ຟຄໜຄຶໆ ແຓ່ຌກຟຌກຽຓຉົທຂຽຌ, ຏ້຋ຂໆ ຽຌໄຈຈ້ ແຓ່ຌຏ຋້ ໆຓກຟຌກຝກຽຓຉຟຓຂພ໇ຌຉບຌ຃ :

4.1 ຽຖບື ກນ຺ທຂໄຽຖບືໃ ຄ຋຅ີໃ ະຂຼຌ
ກຟຌເຖບກນທົ ຂເ໇ ຖບໆ ຄ຋຅ໆ ຝຂຽຌແຓຌ່ ຂ໇ພຌຉບຌ຋ຟບິຈ ຂບຄກຟຌເຖໆຓຉົ໇ຌຂຽຌ. ກຟຌຂຽຌ຅ຝຓຏົຌຘຟເຖພຈ

ແຓຌ່ ຂ໇ຌກພຍທ຋ິ ກຟຌເຖບກຂຽຌ ເຆໆຄຘຝແຈຄບບກຍຟຄຍພຌນຟຈພໆຄຖ່ຓຸ ຌ໇:

ກ. ກາຌຽຖືບກນ຺ທຂໄຽຖືໃບຄຍ຃ໃ ທຌກທໟາຄ ນົື ຾຃ຍ຿ຑຈ

ກຟຌເຖບກນົທຂ໇ຉໟບຄເໝຟຝຘົຓກພຍຎຝເຑຈຂບຄຍົຈ຋ໆຉໟບຄກຟຌຂຽຌ ເຆພໆຌ : ກຟຌຂຽຌຍົຈ຃ທຟຓນົທຂ໇຋ໆເທົ໇ຟ
ເຊຄ “ກຟຌ຃ົຓຓຝຌຟ຃ົຓດ່ຖຟທ” . ກຟຌທຟຄນົທຂ໇ແຍຍຌ໇ຓພກກທໟຟຄເກຌໄຎ຋ໆຓ຃ທຟຓງຟທ 1 ນ 2 ໜໟຟ ເປົຟ຃ທຌ
຅ຟກພຈຂບຍເຂຈຓຟເຎພຌ “ກຟຌ຅ຝຖຟ຅ບຌໃຌຌຝ຃ບຌນທຄທຽຄ຅ຌພ ” ຋ຄພ ຌ໇ກເຑບໆ ເປຈພ ໃນຂ້ ບຍເຂຈແ຃ຍເຂົ໇ຟ

ເໝຟຝຘຓົ ກຍພ ຂຝໜຟຈ 1 ນ 2 ໜຟໟ ເ຅້ງ

ຂ. ຽຖືບກຽຖືໃບຄ຋ໜີໃ າໟ ຘຌ຺ ເ຅ ຾ຖະ ຽຎັຌຽຖໃບື ຄເໝຸ່

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ເຖໆບຄ຋ໆ຅ຝຂຽຌຌພ໇ຌຊໟຟຍໆຊຶກກຟຌົຈຓຟກໞບຌ, ຃ທຌເຖບກເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຉົຌຘົຌໃ຅ ແຖຝ ໃໝ່຋ໆງພຄຍໆ຋ພຌຓໃຏຓຟ
ກໞບຌ. ກຟຌເຖບກເຖໆບຄຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓຑໃ຅຅ຝຆໞທງໃນ້ເປົຟຂຽຌໄຈ້ຈ ແຖຝ ຓໞທຌ, ຋ພຄເປພຈໃນ້ຏົຌຄຟຌກຟຌຂຽຌຓ
ຎຝຘຈິ ຋ິຑຟຍບກຈທໟ ງ. ກຟຌເຖບກເຖບໆ ຄ຋ໆໃໝ່ຌ໇ພຌ ໄຈ້ຎຽຍກທໞຟເຖບກເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຓ຃ົຌປ້ຓຟກໞບຌ ເຑຟຝເຖໆບຄເນົໆຟຌ໇ ເປົຟ
ຍໆຘຟຓຟຈ຃ົ໇ຌ຃ທໟຟຂ໇ຓຌເຑໆຓຉໆຓ ນ ຍໆໄຈ້ຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈເນພຌຂບຄຉົຌ຋ໆແຉກຉໞຟຄບບກໄຎ຅ຟກເຖໆບຄເກົໆຟ. ກຟຌ
ເຖບກເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຉົຌເບຄຘົຌໃ຅ ແຖຝ ໃໝ່ຌ໇ເປພຈໃນ້ເປົຟຑໃ຅ຉໆກຟຌຂຽຌເປພຈໃນ້ຂພ໇ຌກຽຓຉົທ, ກຟຌຖຝຈົຓແຌທ຃ິຈ
ແຖຝ ກຟຌຂຽຌໄຈຈ້ ຓ຃ຌຸ ຌຝຑຟຍ.

຃. ຽຖບື ກຽຖໃບື ຄ຋ໃີເນ຃້ ທາຓປູ້ ຾ຖະ ຘາຓາຈຽກຍັ ກາຂໄຓຌູ ແຈ້

ເຓໆບເຖບກເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຉົຌຘົຌໃ຅ ແຖຝ ໃໝ່ແຖ້ທ ຉໟບຄ຃ຟຌຶຄເຊິຄເຖໆບຄເປົຟ຅ຝຓ຃ທຟຓຘຟຓຟຈເກພຍກ ຟຂ໇ຓຌ
ຉໞຟຄ໅ ເຑໆບຓຟຎຝກບຍໃຘ່ຍົຈຂຽຌໃນ້ຓເຌ໇ບໃຌຑຽຄຑ ນ ຍໆ ຊໟຟທໞຟ ເບກຝຘຟຌ ນ ຂ໇ຓຌ຋ໆຌຟຓຟຎຝກບຍໃຘ່ນຟກຍໆ
ຑຽຄຑ ເປົຟບຟຈ຅ຝໃຆ້ທກິ ຟຌເກພຍກຟຂຓ໇ ຌຑຟກຘຝໜຟຓ ນ ຘຟຑຟຈ຃ົຌເຑໆບຎຝກບຍໃຘ່ຍົຈຂຽຌຌພ໇ຌກໆໄຈ້. ໃຌກຖຝຌ
ນົທຂນ໇ ຟກກທໟຟຄເກຌໄຎ ເປຟົ ບຟຈ຅ຟກພຈໃນແ້ ຃ຍເຂົຟ໇ ເຆພໆຌທໞຟ ເຖບກຘຝເຑຟຝແຌທໃຈແຌທໜຶໆຄ ນ ເຖໆບຄໃຈເຖໆບຄໜຶໆຄ
ໃຌນົທຂໃ໇ ນງໞຌ໇ພຌ.

ຄ. ຽຖບື ກປູຍ຾ຍຍກາຌຂຼຌເນ້ຽໝາະຘ຺ຓກັຍນທ຺ ຂໄ

ປຍແຍຍກຟຌຂຽຌຓນຟງແຍຍ, ກບໞ ຌ຅ຝຂຽຌເປົຟ຃ທຌເຖບກປຍແຍຍ຋ໆເໝຟຝຘົຓກພຍເຌ໇ບໃຌ຋ໆ຅ຝຂຽຌເຆພໆຌ
: ຉບໟ ຄກຟຌຍພຌ຋ກຶ ເນຈກຟຌ຋ໆໄຈ້ໄຎ຋ພຈຘຝຌຝຘຶກຘຟ ນ ເນຈກຟຌ຋ໆຎຝ຋ພຍໃ຅ ເປົຟໃຆ້ປຍແຍຍກຟຌຍພຌ຋ຶກຎຝ຅ ຟ
ທພຌ ນ ຍຌພ ຋ກຶ ຅ຈົ ໝຟງ ເຑຟຝ຅ຝຆໞທງກຟຌຂຽຌໄຈ້ຘຝຈທກ, ໃຆ້ຑຟຘຟເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ຄໞຟງ, ບໞຟຌຓໞທຌ. ນຟກຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓ
຃ິຈເນພຌໃຌເຖໆບຄ຋ໆເຎພຌຍພຌນຟຘໞທຌຖທຓ ເປົຟບຟຈໃຆ້ແຍຍຍົຈ຃ທຟຓຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈເນພຌ. ກຟຌເຖບກປ ຍແຍຍ
ກຟຌຂຽຌໃນ້ເໝຟຝຘົຓກພຍເຌ໇ບໃຌຂບຄເຖໆບຄ຅ຝຆໞທງໃນ້ຂຽຌໄຈ້ຄໞຟງຂ໇ຌ ແຖຝ ເຎພຌຎຝໂນງຈຉໆກຟຌເຖບກໃຆ້
ຘຟຌທຌຑຟຘຟໃນ້ເໝຟຝຘຓົ ກພຍປຍແຍຍ ແຖຝ ເຌ໇ບໃຌ຋ໆ຅ຝຂຽຌບກຈໟທງ.

5. ກາຌເຆ຿້ ທນາຌຽຂາ຺ໄ ເຌກາຌຂຼຌ

ຂພ໇ຌຉບຌກຟຌກຽຓກຟຌຂຽຌຌ໇ ຌບກ຅ຟກກຟຌກຽຓຂ໇ຓຌ ທຟຄໂ຃ຄປໞຟຄແຖ້ທ ຃ທຌເຖບກໃຆ້ຘຟຌທຌ຃ຟເທົ໇ຟ
ໃນ້ເໝຟຝຘົຓກພຍເຌ໇ບໃຌ຋ໆ຅ຝຂຽຌ. ຘຟຌທຌ຃ຟເທົ໇ຟ ເຑິໆຌເບ໇ຌບກດ່ຟຄໜຶໆຄທໞຟ: ” ໂທນຟຌ “ .ໂທນຟຌ຃ກຟຌໃຆ້ຊໟບງ
຃ຟ຋ໆຊກຉໟບຄ ແຖຝ ເໝຟຝຘົຓກພຍເຌ໇ບໃຌກໞຽທກພຍກຟຌໃຆ້ຊໟບງ຃ຟຈພໆຄກໞຟທຖທຓ຋ພຄກຟຌຂຽຌ ແຖຝ ກຟຌເທົ໇ຟ.
ຂ໇຃ທຟຓຉໞຟຄ໅຋ໆ຅ຝຌຟຓຟຂຽຌ ນ ເທົ໇ຟຉໟບຄຓເຌ໇ບໃຌຈ, ຓ຃ທຟຓໝຟງ຅ຝແ຅້ຄ ກຟຌຂຽຌ ນ ເທົ໇ຟເຖໆບຄໃຈເຖໆບຄໜຶໆຄ
ເປຟົ ບຟຈໃຆ້ໂທນຟຌຉໞຟຄກພຌແຖ້ທແຉ່຃ທຟຓເໝຟຝຘົຓ ຉຟຓຎົກກຝຉິໂທນຟຌຓ 5 ຎຝເຑຈ຃:

5.1 ຍຌັ ຖະງາງ຿ທນາຌ
ໝຟງເຊິຄກຟຌເຖົໆຟເຖໆບຄ, ຍບກເຖົໆຟເຖໆບຄ, ຍບກເຖົໆຟ, ບຝ຋ຍຟງເຖໆບຄຉໞຟຄ໅ ຉຟຓຖຟຈພຍຂບຄເນຈກຟຌ

ກຟຌຂຽຌຍພຌຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌ ຓ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄແຌ່ໃຘ່຃ທຟຓ຅ພຈເ຅ຌ, ກຝ຋ພຈປພຈ ເທົ໇ຟແຉ່ຍພຌນຟຘຟ຃ພຌໂຈງຍໆຆບກແຆກ

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຃ທຟຓປ້ຂບຄຉຌົ ຖົຄໄຎ. ກຟຌຂຽຌ຋ົທໆ ໄຎຓພກ຅ຝໄຆຍ້ ພຌຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌເຑຟຝຓພຌແ຋ກເນຌຟຝກພຍກຟຌຘໆຘຟຌ, ກຝ຋ພຈ
ປພຈແຉ່ໄຈ້຃ທຟຓນງຟງ຋ໆ຅ພຈເ຅ຌ. ຂຽຌຍົຈ຋ໆໄຆ້ຍພຌຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌໄຈ້ແກ່ຎຝນທພຈຘຟຈ. ຅ົຈນງຟງເນຈ, ຍົຈ
ຍພຌ຋ກຶ , ຌງິ ຟງ, ຉຟຌຟຌ ແຖຝກຟຌຂຽຌແຓຌ່ ເຑບໆ ກຟຌຘຝແຈຄ຋ຈພ ຘຝຌຝ ແຖຝ ຍົຈຂຟໞ ທເຎພຌຉ໇ຌົ . ນຖກພ ກຟຌຂຽຌຍພຌ
ຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌຓຈຄພໆ ຌ໇.

- ເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຂຽຌຉໟບຄເຎພຌເຖໆບຄ຅ິຄ, ຏ້ຂຽຌຉໟບຄຓ຃ທຟຓປ້ກໞຽທກພຍເຖໆບຄ຋ໆຉົຌເບຄ຅ຝຂຽຌເຎພຌດ່ຟຄຈ,
຃ທຟຓປຈ້ ໆພຄບຟຈເຎພຌຎຝຘຍົ ນ ຓຟ຅ຟກກຟຌ຃໇ົຌ຃ໟທຟຈທໟ ງຉຌົ ເບຄ.

- ເຖບກຂຽຌຘຝເຑຟຝແຉ່ຍພຌນຟຘຟ຃ພຌ.
- ນຌຌຸ ໃຆຘ້ ຍພ ຑຟຘຟ຋ຟຓຝຈຟ.
- ປຽຍປຽຌ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ໃນ້ຉໞເຌໆບຄ ແຖຝ ຘຟຑຌພ ກຌພ ຈ.

ຉ຺ທດ່າຸ ຄ: ກຟຌຍພຌຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌ

຃ຟທໞຟ “ ຍພຌຈິຈ ” (ຌພກຎຟຈ) ໃຌ຃ທຟຓເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ຂບຄ຃ົຌ຋ພຄນຖຟງ ຓພກ຅ຝເຖພໆຄໃຘຏ້຋ໆຓທິຆຟ຃ທຟຓຘຄເ຋ົໆຟ
ຌຌ໇ພ . ແຉ່຃ທຟຓ຅ຄິ ແຖທ້ ຓພຌຍໆແຓ່ຌແຌທຌພ໇ຌ, ຏ້ເຎຌພ ຍຌພ ຈຈິ ເຊຄ຅ຝຓທິຆຟ຃ທຟຓຘຄຑຽຄໃຈ ກເຎພຌຍພຌຈິຈເ຃ໆຄຈຽທເ຋ົໆຟ
ຌຌ໇ພ , ຍພຌ຋ໆ຅ິຄຉໟບຄຎຝກບຍຈໟທງ຅ຝຖິງຝ ຃ ກຟຌຎຝຑຶຈບພຌຈຄຟຓ. ຈໆພຄຌຌ໇ພ , ຍຌພ ຈຈິ ກ຃ຏ຋້ ປໆ ຈ້ ແຖຝ ຎຝຑຈຶ ຈ.

ຑຸຈ຋ຝຘຟຈຘຝໜຟກທໞຟ຃ຸຌຝ຋ຟ຋ໆຈໃນ້຃ົຌເຎພຌຍພຌຈິຈ຋ໆຈຓ 5 ດ່ຟຄ຃ ຘພຈ຅ຝ ຃຃ທຟຓ຅ິຄ, ຋ຟຓຝ ນ
ຘຸ຅ຝນິຈ຃ກຟຌຎຝຑຶຈຈ, ບຝນິຄຘຟ ຃ ຃ທຟຓຍຽຍຍຽຌ, ຘພຄທຟຖຝ ຃ ກຟຌຘພຄຖທຓຉົທ ແຖຝ ຋ຝຓຝ ຃຃ທຟຓຂົໆຓ
ໃ຅, ກຟຌຘຶກຘຟບົຍປົຓ຅ຈິ ໃ຅ເຎພຌຍຌພ ນຟຘຟ຃ຌພ ເຑຟຝທຟໞ ໃ຅ເຎພຌໃນ່ງຘຟຓຟຈຉພຈຘິຌ຋ຸກດ່ຟຄໃຌເຓໆບໃ຅ຎຟຈຊຝໜຟ,
ເຓບໆ ຅ຈິ ໃ຅ຄຟຓແຖທ້ ກຟຌຎຝຑຈຶ ບພຌໃຈກຄຟຓ.

5.2 ກາຌຑັຌຖະຌາ຿ທນາຌ
ກຟຌຑພຌຖຝຌຟໂທນຟຌຌ໇ ຓ຅ຸຈຎຝຘົຄແຉກຉໞຟຄກພຍຍພຌຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌ ຓເຎົ໇ຟໝຟງເຑໆບ຃ທຟຓແ຅່ຓແ຅້ຄ

ຖຝບຽຈຖຝບ ເປຈພ ໃນຏ້ ບ້ ໞຟຌເກຈຓບຟຖົຓ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘກຶ ໄຎກພຍຏຂ້ ຽຌ. ກຟຌໃຆ້ໂທນຟຌຎຝເຑຈຌ໇ຏ້ຂຽຌ຅ຝຉໟບຄ
ຘບຈແຆກ຃ທຟຓປຘ້ ຶກໄຎໃຌຍົຈ ໂຈງແຌໃຘກ່ ຟຌຘໟຟຄຑຟຍ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓປຘ້ ຶກ. ຘຝຌພ໇ຌ, ຅ິໆຄຓພກນ໇ຌ຃ຟ, ນ໇ຌຘຽຄ, ໃຆ້
ຑຟຍຑົຈ, ເຊຄິ ທໞຟເຌບ໇ ໃຌຓໜໟບງແຉ່ກໂຈຈເຈຌພໆ ຈໟທງ຃ທຟຓຘຟຌທຌໂທນຟຌ຋ໆໜຟໟ ຅ຍພ ໃ຅. ກຟຌຂຽຌໂທນຟຌຎຝເຑຈຌ໇
ໄຈແ້ ກ່ກຟຌຂຽຌ຃ທຟຓຘທງຄຟຓຂບຄຘຝຊຟຌ຋ໆຉໞຟຄ໅, ກຟຌງົກງໟບຄຍຸກ຃ົຌ, ກຟຌຑພຈຑຟກ຅ຟກ຃ົຌປພກ. ກຟຌຑພຌຖຝ
ຌຟໂທນຟຌຓນກພ ກຟຌຈພຄໆ ຌ:໇

- ເຖບກໃຆ້ຊບໟ ງ຃ຟ຋ຈໆ ເຑບໆ ໃນຘ້ ຃ໆ ທຟຓໝຟງ, ຘຑໆ ຟຍ, ຘໆບຟຖຓົ ເໝຟຝຘຓົ ກຍພ ເຌ໇ບໃຌ ຈພໆຄຌພຌ໇ , ຅ິໆຄເຖບກ຃ຟ຋ໆໃນ້
຃ທຟຓໝຟງຆພຈເ຅ຌ, ບຟຈເຖບກໃຆ້຃ຟ຋ໆໃນ້ຘຽຄຘຟຏພຈ ເຑໆບໃນ້ເກຈຘຽຄຓໞທຌຈໟທງກຟຌຘຟຏພຈຘຝນຝ ນ
ຑຝງພຌຆຝຌຝດຌ່ ຟກຟຍກບຌບກຈໟທງ.

- ເຌ໇ບໃຌໃ຅຃ທຟຓຈ ເຊຄທໞຟງຶຈງຟທກຉຟຓ ແຉ່ຘິໆຄຘຟ຃ພຌແຌ່ໃຘ່ໃນ້ເກຈຑຟຍ, ບຟຖົຓ ແຖຝ ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘຶກບພຌ
ຘບຈ຃ບໞ ຄກພຍເຌບ໇ ໃຌ

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- ຍຟຄກຖຝຌກໃຆບ້ ຎຸ ຝຓຟໂທນຟຌ ແຖຝ ຘຟ຋ົກໂທນຟຌ ເຑບໆ ໃນເ້ ຌ໇ບໃຌຓ຃ທຟຓແ຅່ຓແ຅້ຄ.

ຉທ຺ ດຸ່າຄ: ກຟຌຑພຌຖຝຌຟໂທນຟຌ

ຈທຄຉຟເທພຌກ ຟຖພຄເປພໆຄປຍຖບງຉົທຂ໇ຌຘຄ຅ຟກຂບຍຒ້ຟຘຟຈແຘຄຖພຈຘຝໝຘ຋ບຄບໞບຌໄຎ຋ົໆທ຋ົໆຄຌຟ຋ໆຓຉົ໇ຌ
ເຂົ໇ຟຊບຈປທຄຘຸກເນບຄເປບຄເປໆບ ເຍິໆຄແຖ້ທຘໟຟຄຑຟຍຘທງຄຟຓ຅ພຍບົກ຅ພຍໃ຅. ຘຟງຖົຓຑພຈຏໞຟຌເຍົຟ໅ ເໝບຌກພຍທໞຟ
ຓພຌດ້ຟຌຉົ໇ຌເຂຟົ໇ ເ຅ພຍຎທງ ຈທໟ ງ຃ທຟຓແປຄຂບຄຓພຌຉົຌ໇ ເຂົ໇ຟກໄນທຉຄຉຟຓ຅ພຄນທຝຂບຄຘຟງຖົຓ ຋ົໆຄຌຟ຋ໆກທໟຟຄໄກຘຸຈ
ຘຟງຉຟຎຽຍເໝບຌໜບຄຌຟ໇ ຃ຟບຌພ ກທຟໟ ຄໃນງໞໄຑຘຟຌ ຋ໆຓ຃໇ຌຒບຄຌໟບງຖບງໄຖ່ກພຌດ່ຟຄຓໞທຌຆໆຌ ແຖຝ ຍໆຂຟຈຘຟງ.
ຆຟທຌຟກຸ່ຓຌໟບງໃນງໞ຋ໆແຌຓເນພຌແຉ່ໄກເຎພຌ຅ຸຈຘຈຟ໅ ຋ໞຟຓກຟຄ຃໇ຌຒບຄຘ຃ຟຓຌພ໇ຌ ກຟຖພຄຖົຄຓເກພຍກໞຽທໝຟກຏົຌ
ແນ່ຄກຟຌຏຝຖິຈຂບຄເຂົຟເ຅ົ໇ຟ ຉົ໇ຌເຂົ໇ຟ຋ໆເໜພຄຉຄຈໟທງ຃ທຟຓແປຄຂບຄຖົຓຌພ໇ຌ ກໃນ້ເກຈ຋ໞຟ຋ກຝຉຖຉຖົ໇ຌ ແຖຝ
ເຆຌຆທຌໃນ້ຆຟທຌຟເກພຍຓພຌໄຎ. ຓພຌ຃ົຄກຝຆຸຍກຝຆິຍຈໟທງຑຟຘຟ຋ໆບໞບຌນທຟຌທໞຟ ເກພຍກໞຽທຑທກເປົຟເຘງເຊງ,
ຑທກເປົຟຑໟບຓແຖ້ທ ຋ໆ຅ຝ຋ໟບຌໂປຓ຃ທຟຓນບຓ຅ຟກຑ໇ຌຈິຌ ແຖຝ ຘຟງຌ໇ຟ, ຃ທຟຓບົຍບຸ່ຌ຅ຟກ຋ໟບຄຒ້ຟ ຓຟຎຸຄແຉ່ຄ
ເຎຌພ ເຓພຈເຂ໇ົຟຈໟທງ຃ທຟຓປພກ, ຃ທຟຓນບຓນທຟຌ຋ພຄຓທຌ ຑທກເປົຟຂຓບຍໃນ້ແກ່຋ຟໞ ຌ ເຑໆບຍຖິກຟຌດຟ່ ຄຓ຃ທຟຓຘຸກ
ຆົໆທຌຖິ ຌພ ຈບຌ.

5.3 ຽ຋ຘະໜາ຿ທນາຌ
ເ຋ຘຝໜຟໂທນຟຌໝຟງເຊິຄ ກຟຌຂຽຌເຑໆບໃນ້ຏ້ບໞຟຌເນພຌ຃ຸຌ ແຖຝ ໂ຋ຈ ເຑໆບແຌຝຌ ຟຘພໆຄຘບຌ ແຖຝ

ຎຝຉິຍພຈຉຟຓ, ໃນ້ຓແຌທ຃ິຈບໞຽຄໄຎຉຟຓ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈຂບຄຏ້ຂຽຌ. ກຟຌຂຽຌເ຋ຘຝໜຟໂທນຟຌ຅ິໆຄງຟກກທໞຟກຟຌຂຽຌ
ຍຌພ ຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌ ແຖຝ ຑຌພ ຖຝຌຟໂທນຟຌ ແຉຉ່ ບໟ ຄໃຆທ້ ຋ິ ຆພກ຅ຄຏບ້ ຟໞ ຌ, ກຟຌຂຽຌເ຋ຘຝໜຟໂທນຟຌເໝຟຝກພຍກຟຌ
ຂຽຌຍົຈ຃ທຟຓ຋ໆຘຝແຈຄເຊິຄ຃ທຟຓກຝຉພຌງກຝຉຝເທ຋ ຃ທຟຓຆໆຘພຈຘຸ຅ຝຖິຈ, ຃ທຟຓຑຟກຑຽຌ, ຎຝດພຈຓພຈ຋ຝງພຈ,
຃ທຟຓເຓຈຉຟກຝຖຸຌຟ ແຖຝ ເຖໆບຄ຋ໆກໞຽທກພຍ຃ຟຘພໆຄຘບຌ຋ຟຄຑຸຈ຋ຝຘຟຘຝໜຟ, ນພກກຟຌຂຽຌເ຋ຘຝໜຟໂທນຟຌຓ
ຈໆຄພ ຌ໇:

- ຉໟບຄໃຆ້ໂທນຟຌຉໞຟຄ໅຃ ຍພຌຖຝງຟງໂທນຟຌ, ຑພຌຖຝຌຟໂທນຟຌ, ບຸຎຝຓຟໂທນຟຌ ແຖຝ ຘຟ຋ົກ
ໂທນຟຌ. ຋ພຄຌ໇ເຑໆບໃນ້ເຌ໇ບໃຌຆພຈເ຅ຌ຅ຝແ຅້ຄ ຓ຋ພຄຍພຌນຟຉົ໇ຌຉ ແຖຝ ຘຟປບຄ. ຏ້ບໞຟຌຓ຃ທຟຓ
ເຂົ໇ຟໃ຅ ເກຈຓ຃ທຟຓປ້ຘຶກຌຶກ຃ິຈ຃ໟບງບໞຽຄໄຎຉຟຓຏ້ຂຽຌ, ຊໟຟເຎພຌກຟຌຘຝແຈຄ຃ທຟຓ຃ິຈເນພຌ
຃ທຌບຝ຋ຍິ ຟງຈຟໟ ຌ຃ຌຸ ຎຝໂນງຈ ແຖຝ ເຎພຌໂ຋ຈ ນ ຘຝແຈຄເນຈ ແຖຝ ຏົຌ.

- ຏ້ຂຽຌເ຋ຘຝໜຟໂທນຟຌ ຉບໟ ຄຓ຃ທຟຓປກ້ ຽໞ ທກຍພ ເຖບໆ ຄ຋ຉໆ ົຌ຅ຝຂຽຌ ຉໟບຄປ້ໃຆ້ເນຈຏົຌ ແຖຝ ນພກ
ຊຟຌບຟໟ ຄບຄ຃ທຟຓ຃ຈິ ເນພຌ຋ຉໆ ົຌຘຝເໜຓຟຖຽຄຖຟຈຍພ ຂ຃໇ ທຟຓໃນຘ້ ຟຑພຌກພຌ.

ຉ຺ທດ່າຸ ຄ: ກຟຌຂຽຌເ຋ຘຝໜຟໂທນຟຌ.

ຓຌເຆ໇ບ຋ຟຄັຈ຋ຝຌຝ຋ຟຂບຄຆຟຈ ເຎພຌຘິໆຄຘ ຟ຃ພຌໃຌກຟຌດພ໇ຄດຌເຊິຄ຃ທຟຓເຎພຌຆຟຈ. ຉຟຍໃຈ
ທຈພ ຋ຝຌຝ຋ຟ຋ຟຄຈຟໟ ຌທຈພ ຊຸ ແຖຝ ຅ຈິ ໃ຅ບພຌເຎພຌຓຌຓຖຝຈົກຂບຄຆຟຈງພຄໄຈ້ປພຍກຟຌຎົກຎພກປພກຘຟ ແຖຝ ຘຍ຋ບຈ

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