INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN THE URBAN IDENTITY AND MEMORY AXIS

Ege University Publications
Faculty of Letters Publication No. 210

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN THE URBAN
IDENTITY AND MEMORY AXIS

Edited by
Arife KARADAĞ
Füsun BAYKAL

2021, İZMİR

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

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Arife KARADAĞ - Füsun BAYKAL

ISBN: 978-605-338-323-2

It was published by the decision of the board of Directors of Ege University
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Published with the support of Ege University Continuing Center (EGESEM)
Published with the support of Ege University Continuing Center (EGESEM)

2

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

EDITOR’S NOTE

Research, conservation and re-evaluation initiatives on industrial heritage are
relatively new compared to other types of heritage. This is not only related to the fact
that nearly two hundred years have passed since the industrial revolution, but also to
ignoring historical industrial areas. However, as anti-globalization views accept heritage
as a part of regional identity, regardless of its source, industrial heritage areas have also
become the target of protectionist studies today. Especially in both rural and urban areas
of Europe, the witnesses of the past of industrialization have become a current issue
for their preservation and reuse with different functions, since they play a major role in
the history of the continent, its economic, social and cultural identity and the formation
of landscapes. Because the reuse of industrial heritage in Europe, which is in the post-
industrial period, has been included in the responsibility of urban and spatial planning,
beyond the purpose of teaching the past to today’s generations and carrying it to the
future.

Industrial heritage is a part of cultural heritage, and it is divided into two parts as
tangible and intangible heritage. Tangible heritage includes industrial production facilities,
while intangible heritage includes traditional craftsmanship, products’ character, value and
location-related features, etc. In the renewal process of abandoned industrial facilities, it is
equally important to keep the identity and spirit of the place alive, as well as the restoration
works. For example, while reviving a mining town or a port city, every moment of the social
life in the past is kept alive. In recent years, many historical industrial cities have undergone
restructuring for post-industrial uses (culture, art, sports, tourism, etc.). These renewals
in cities give great support to improving the quality of life and sustainable development.
Conversion of urban depression areas and industrial complexes to green areas or opening
them to visits with new functions brings both socio-economic benefits and environmental
gains. The importance for visitors is that they are a tool for them to be informed about the
economic production history of that region. In addition, as seen in the examples in Europe,
new ones have been added to the social, environmental and symbolic meanings of the old
industrial areas at the edge of the cities, and some places have turned into the living spaces
of immigrants. The common point of industrial heritages, whether in the city or around it, is
that they represent a periodic model in the life cycle of industrialization.

3

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

The deep structural changes that began to be experienced in many industrial
regions in Europe since the second half of the twentieth century have raised the question
of what will happen to the large-scale remnants of industrial production, as well as
the legacy of the industrialization process. Because the closed facilities create visual
pollution, loss of value and unhealthy environments. However, rapid deindustrialization
also reveals that an era has come to an end, therefore it is critical to preserve the industrial
heritage elements that are the expression of past cultural identity and local history. With
this awareness, the collection of production technologies and structures remaining from
a functional order is revived, and they are given a “non-functional second life” chance.
Today, another one of the most important reasons behind the increasing value of industrial
heritage is the industrial transition process in the developed countries of the world. The
transition period has now been added to the pre-industrial revolution, industrialization
and post-industrial periods of the historical process. Thus, it is essential to preserve all
heritage resources in order to understand and learn from all these stages, because these
industrial milestones represent the collective memory in contemporary society. Today,
new value chains, diversification, dynamism, collaborative approaches, digitalization,
technological and social innovation, decarbonization, and green and circular economy are
centered in industrial zones that are experiencing a transitional period. More importantly,
it is aimed to eliminate regional, economic and social inequalities as a key element of
the industrial transition process. In this context, multiple partnerships, local working
groups, collaborative networks and effective policies are implemented in addition to
social innovation and social entrepreneurship. In short, in the 21st century, which is called
the “Century of Transitions”, in which the old, even today, is consumed very quickly
with innovative technologies and global developments, many new concepts such as green
agenda, green, growth, green economy, green consensus, circular economy, collaborative
economy, low carbon economy, resource efficiency, creative industry, industry 4.0, global
value chains, access to information and networks, cyber security, digital technology, smart
applications and integrated planning have been added to the concepts such as eco, bio,
organic, innovation, clustering and transformation that have emerged in recent years. As a
result, the importance of appropriating industrial heritage has become even more evident,
starting about two hundred years ago. And by paying attention to all these reasons, this
study has been carried out in order to make a scientific contribution to the protection of
industrial heritage.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

This internationally qualified work, titled “Industrial Heritage in the Urban,
Identity and Memory Axis”, which consists of and 20 different papers, was prepared
under the editorship of Ege University faculty members Assoc. Prof. Arife KARADAĞ
and Prof. Füsun BAYKAL, and was written on the axis of “Human and Economic
Geography”. In other words, the field of industrial heritage has been approached from
a multi-faceted perspective by taking the principles of cause-effect relationships,
establishing interest, temporal and spatial comparison and interpretation of distributions
of geography as reference. Thus, the inclusive power of geography has prepared the birth
of this book as an interdisciplinary product. In this respect, the book has the distinction
of being the first in Turkey in terms of both the innovation it brought to the science of
geography and the identity of a multi-part international publication on industrial heritage.
The book contains a chapter on each of the main topics related to industrial heritage. The
chapters follow a flow from theoretical and conceptual foundations to practical examples.
The fact that the subjects and authors are from different disciplines (Geography, History,
Architecture, City and Regional Planning, Sociology, Cultural Heritage Philology, etc.)
enriched the content of the book. In conclusion, we present this reference book, which
consists of “Industrial heritage” as a new cultural concept, cities, urban memory and
industrial heritage, tourism and industrial heritage, revitalization and evaluation of
industrial heritage in Europe, re-functioning of industrial heritage and examples from
Turkey, to the attention anyone who is interested with the belief that it will contribute to
the awareness and protection of industrial heritage, fill the publication gap in its field,
open new horizons and form the basis for new publications.

Assoc. Prof. Arife KARADAĞ
Prof. Dr. Füsun BAYKAL

December 2021, İzmir, TURKEY

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

CConotenntstents

Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City....................................... 9
Luis LOURES
A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage..................................................... 25
Elif Özlem AYDIN
Industrial Heritage Areas as a Rising Asset of
Sustainable Urban Conservation: Turkey’s Experience .................................... 49
Arife KARADAĞ - Leman İNCEDERE
Determinations on the Effect of Industrial
Heritage on Settlement Names in Turkey........................................................... 87
Cihan ÖZGÜN
The Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage Site
as Public Spaces in Post-Modern Cities............................................................ 107
Üftade MUŞKARA
Relationship Between Industrial Heritage and Tourism...................................... 131
Füsun BAYKAL
From Cultural Herıtage to Industrial Heritage:
Tourism and Cities.............................................................................................. 169
Gözde EMEKLİ
The Revitalization of the European Industrial Heritage
Through the “Route” Approach.......................................................................... 189
Füsun BAYKAL
Industrial Heritage and Italian Immigration
in the South of Brazil.......................................................................................... 225
Vania B.M. HERÉDIA - Giovanni LUIGI FONTANA
Telling the Perceived Industrial Heritage Phenomena
and Their Interpretations with Tourism Effect:
Some Cases of Lampang Province
in the Northern Region of Thailand.................................................................... 239
Siripen YIAMJANYA
The Importance of Re-Functioning Industrial Heritage
Structures in Istanbul within the Scope of Urban Sustainability........................ 271
Gözde ÇAKIR KIASIF

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

CConotenntstents

An Industrial Heritage Example on Istanbul Golden Horn Shore:
Unkapanı Mill...................................................................................................... 295
Füsun Seçer KARİPTAŞ
The Art of Turkısh Glass Tradition
“Beykoz-Paşabahçe Camköy” Project:
A Sustainable Model on the Protection of
Industrial Heritage Under the Cultural and Creative Industries.......................... 319
Jülide EDİRNE ERDİNÇ
Axis of Urban Identity and Memory
Industrial Heritage Experiences: Case of Izmir (Turkey) .................................... 337
Arife KARADAĞ - Leman İNCEDERE
Adaptive Reuse of an Industrial Heritage
in a 21st Century City: Samsun Tekel Tobacco Factory...................................... 367
Fatih US
Urban Amnesia and Industrial Heritage in Antalya............................................. 387
Emine BARBAROS AKAY - Hilal Tuğba ÖRMECİOĞLU - Aslı ER AKAN
The Relationship Between Industrial Heritage Structures
and Urban Memory: The Hatay Case................................................................. 415
Yücel DİNÇ - Çetin Furkan USUN
As an Industrial Heritage Value, Olive Oil Production
Landscapes in Ayvalık........................................................................................ 443
Güldane MİRİOĞLU
Aydin Textile Factory as in the Context of Industrial Heritage............................ 465
Sultan BAYSAN - Adil Adnan ÖZTÜRK - Lütfi BUDAK
Conservation of Industrial Cultural Heritage and Advantage to Tourısm:
Case of Çanakkale............................................................................................ 503
Şermin ATAK ÇOBANOĞLU - Ümran ŞENGÜL

7



INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE:
THE PAST IN THE FUTURE
OF THE CITY

Luis LOURES1

Abstract

The concept of cultural heritage has clearly meant different things to different
groups of scholars and the public interested in reclaiming traditions and cultural landscapes.
Changes associated with urban growth often involve the destruction of built characteristics
and natural elements, eradicating the physical expression of former indigenous ways of life
that are a very important part of people’s culture. This fact was particularly evident after the
Second World War, when industrial landscapes faced deep transformations that in several
cases contributed to its dereliction and to the disappearance of numerous industrial values,
commonly known as industrial heritage. This phenomenon added to the necessity of reusing
abandoned industrial landscapes in detriment of consuming new ones, increases the need to
enlarge the interpretation of the term “cultural heritage”, to analyse and interpret the value
and significance of post-industrial landscapes and to develop new mechanisms to preserve
it. Furthermore, it is increasingly acknowledged that the values connected with culture and
heritage are highly significant for people’s lives and need to be identified and highlighted.
This paper presents a set of design principles that will be applied to the post-industrial
landscape of left margin to the Arade River. These principles describe in a general manner
the ways in which relevant resources created and deposited by the industrial society can be
enhanced and how they can best be reclaimed and used.

1   Prof. Dr., CIEO – Centro de Investigação sobre o Espaço e as Organizações Department of Landscape Architecture; Faculty

of Natural Resources, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, PORTUGAL.

e-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-6611-3417

9

Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City Luis LOURES

Introduction

“Cities are by far the largest creations of humanity” [44]; Cultural entities that contain
representations from the past, via the present, to the future, running through the entire cultural
evolution of the “city as object” [29]. In this way intrinsic values need to be determined, meaning
given to elements of the city, its importance identified and exceptional sites highlighted.

The history behind the birth and development of a city should be traced and features
revealed in order to retain, amend and transform implicit values. This analysis of society and
this understanding of an area lead to a social perception of the kind of place people wish to live
in, and to the realisation that the “whole” city is our ‘heritage’ [19, 50], regardless of whether it
is large, small, historic, industrial, old or new. Cultural landscapes give us a sense of place and
reveal our relationship with the land over time [9, 11, 16, 35, 54, 55]. They are special places that
contain aspects of our origin and development through their forms, features, and history of use.

The concept of cultural heritage has clearly meant different things to different groups of
scholars and the public interested in reclaiming traditions – and landscapes – presented as part
of shared, remembered pasts [12]. In 1949, the Statute of the Council of Europe, adopted in
London, quotes that: “to achieve a greater unity it is imperious to safeguard cultural heritage and
to facilitate economic and social progress” [48]. The years ahead proved that the conservation
and safeguard of the natural and cultural environment (people’s common heritage) was one of
the major issues confronting society. Since then, several basic legal instruments were adopted
in order to protect this heritage: the Bern, Granada, Valetta, Lugano, Strasbourg, and Florence
conventions are good examples of this purpose [25, 41].

The fact that historic areas are progressively coming under threat of new development
[52], and that the impact of new construction is noticed not only at nationally important sites,
but also in local areas – where small changes can be very significant, diminishing landscape
character and local distinctiveness – increased the need to develop new strategies and frameworks
to protect and highlight our cultural heritage, an idea directly connected with the necessity to
enhance the sense of place [38].

Considering that industrial heritage is an integral part of our culture, and that the member
states of the Council of Europe which have adhered to the European Cultural Convention on
the 19th of December of 1954 committed themselves – under Article 1 of that Convention –
to take appropriate measures to safeguard and to encourage the development of their national
contributions to the common cultural heritage of Europe; They recognised that heritage,
regardless of being architectural, vernacular, industrial, etc., is an irreplaceable expression of the
wealth and diversity of common culture. It is an “entity” shared by several people, which every
country must show real solidarity in preserving.

This paper presents a set of design principles that might be applied to post-industrial
landscapes that possesses environmental, cultural and social value. These principles
describe in a general manner the reasons why relevant resources created and deposited by
the industrial society should be identified and how they can best be reclaimed and used.

10

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

The Industrial Landscape

Industrialisation promoted significant changes in the landscape: greater densities
in urban areas and the urbanisation of the natural and rural environment. The city
acquired a new – industrial – face, and a new order [1]. This new landscape was defined
by the concentration of industries and by the needs of a growing population, often new
workers in a new society who demanded new public services and infra-structures, thus
contributing to the image of the typical 20th century settlement.

However, over the past decades globalization, deindustrialization, industrial
relocation and economic (re)conversion has had a profound effect on traditional industrial
areas all over the world and produced a vast array of obsolete industrial facilities and
the various impacts, which are generated from them [31]. The formal products of the
modernist movement have become obsolete, forcing this generation to decide on the
disposition of the last generation’s industrial environment [31].

In recent years, several researchers have contributed to evaluating, documenting
and developing remnants of the industrial society [5], in order to emphasise the necessity
of taking post- industrial landscapes into consideration in the planning of the city,
considering industrial heritage as a resource and as an integral part of collective identity.
The classification of the landscape as industrial implied a qualitative perception in
which territory and industrial infrastructures were analyzed from a functional, cultural
and historic perspective [53]. In this sense, and according to Borsi (1975), the industrial
landscape may be defined as “the landscape resultant from a thoughtful and systematic
activity of man in the natural or agricultural landscape with the aim of developing
industrial activities”. This definition enabled the recognition of an entire landscape as a
single “element”, as opposed to simply recognizing a building, or a group of buildings of
an industrial site, allowing the expansion of the conception of industrial preservation to
accommodate “recognized patterns of activity in time and place” [37].

The concept of industrial landscape is, in this logic, used to describe and classify
the “remnant” materials of the industrial culture in order to attribute them a new meaning
[23, 24], with the objective of creating a theoretical basis and a practical methodology
both for the study and for the intervention in these landscapes, to adapt them to new
production systems and new cultural uses.

Post-industrial landscapes: heritage or dereliction

Few towns or cities escaped factory closing in recent decades. This economic
upheaval has caused the Industrial landscape to be re-envisioned as no man’s land between
former industrial buildings and the ascendant post-industrial economy [22, 45, 49]. This
reality added to the fact that several countries are now facing various problems produced
by landscapes constructed during the modern period [e.g. industrial revolution], currently
in complete physical and functional decadency, contributed to enlarge the negative public
perception about these spaces.

11

Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City Luis LOURES

Even so, the meaning and the relevance of industrial landscapes is now larger than
ever, especially because of the creation of the Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial
Heritage in 2003. This charter specified clearly that the buildings and structures built
for industrial activities, the processes and artefacts used within them and the towns and
landscapes in which they are located, along with all their other tangible and intangible
manifestations are of fundamental importance [40]. They should be studied, their history
should be taught, their meaning and significance should be probed and made clear for
everyone and the most significant and characteristic examples should be identified,
protected and maintained, in accordance with the spirit of the Venice Charter (1964) [52],
for the use and benefit of today and of the future [40].

Figures 1 - 2. These photos represent good examples of several interventions that have been realised in
post-industrial buildings in the Algarve during the last decades. The designers chosen to destroy the buildings
completely, leaving the chimneys as if they represented the entire value of the building. Used by permission of
Luis Loures © 2007, all rights reserved.

However, the spaces that have been recognised and defined as industrial heritage,
still face inappropriate appraisal of material and cultural resources and stereotyped
ideas of industry, once the way in which they were designed do not satisfy the aesthetic,
ecological, and functional requirements and standards [3]. Appearance was and continues
to be almost everything, given that the assessment of the industrial heritage is often
anchored to visual values rather than to any other consideration of function or history [47].
Additionally, the interventions developed to post-industrial landscapes are frequently
reprehensible, contributing to the disappearance of various buildings with significant
meaning [e.g. figure 1 and 2]; besides that, they are often realized to isolated buildings,
which is a mistake [2], as the analysis and intervention in these landscapes should never
be directed to a single building, but to the entire industrial landscape.

12

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

When analyzing and re-developing these landscapes, landscape architects,
architects, designers and other planning professionals need to realise that post- industrial,
typically part of ordinary or vernacular landscapes, incorporate the passage of time [29,
30, 32, 43], representing multiple layers of time and cultural activity therefore being part
of the identity of a people and a place.

In this sense, these landscapes should be seen as assets, once as historic sites they
enhance the possibilities of creative practice in preservation, design, and planning, given
that they are by definition: unique, resulting from the combination of natural landforms and
buildings defining a particular place or region. These changes in perception contributed to
increase the relevance of industrial landscapes and to highlight the need to study and protect
the material and immaterial remains of our industry from a different perspective [13, 51].

What Future for the Industrial Heritage?

The concept of Industrial heritage was only introduced in England in the middle
of the twentieth century, during a period when several industrial buildings and landscapes
were destroyed [27]. By this time the concept of heritage crossed the boundaries of the
industrial era, moving to a past much closer to the present [14]. Since then several efforts
have been made in order to define what should and should not be considered as industrial
heritage. According to the Nizhny Tagil Charter the “industrial heritage consists of the
remains of industrial culture which are of historical, technological, social, architectural or
scientific value” and “the historical period of principal interest extends forward from the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the eighteenth century up to
and including the present day, while also examining its earlier pre-industrial and proto-
industrial roots” [40].

In this sense it is mandatory to recognize that landscape and architectural
heritage are a capital of unique spiritual, cultural, social and economic value [8]. Each
generation places a different interpretation on the past and derives new inspiration from
it, contributing to the creation of a capital built up over the centuries; the destruction of
any part of it leaves us poorer, since nothing new that we create will substitute that loss
[18]. The cultural heritage is not renewable, because it cannot be rebuilt once it has been
destroyed [46].

Given that, it is important to refer that landscape has tended to change incrementally,
with occasional major interventions that have been more frequently resultant of economic
or technical factors than political ones – note for example the case of the Algarve’s
region, where the change from an economy based agriculture and industrial activities to
an economy based in the tourism has changed the landscape completely, posing serious
problems on its management and safeguard –The Arraial Ferreira Neto (figures 3 and
4) is an example of a conversion of a cultural landscape associated to fishing activities
in which the spirit of the place was not totally maintained, once the new use (a five
star hotel) introduced considerable changes in the original structure of the building.

13

Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City Luis LOURES

Figures 3 - 4. Before and after images of the Arraial Ferreira Neto a post-industrial
landscape located in the Natural Reserve of Ria Formosa, Tavira.

Nonetheless, this space is located in the Natural Reserve of Ria Formosa (a protected
landscape), reason why the impacts of this intervention were noticed not only in the
former industrial landscape but also in the natural one).

Nowadays it is common to hear such
phrases as “landscape architecture must be
sensitive to its surroundings” or “it is essential to
develop a sustainable sensitive approach”. The
problem is that many times, technicians or local
authorities do not really understand what these
phrases mean, allowing the use of some design
techniques and strategies that modify the spirit of
the place (figure 5).

Figure 5. Boca do Rio Hotel Resort is a good example In this sense, before starting to develop a reclamation
of this policy, representing the conversion of a former or rehabilitation project for a post- industrial
industrial building into a hotel located right in the landscape it is important to find the answer for two
margin of the Arade River, where the chimney was different questions: ‘why’ and ‘how’ to reclaim and
the only element that lasts from the former structure. protect the industrial landscape?
Used by permission of Luis Loures © 2008, all rights
reserved.

14

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

The answer to the ‘why’ is often very clear. Industrial landscapes describe an
important part of the history of a place, thus, constituting a testimony of cultural, social
and economic conception and evolution which documents and interprets considerable
values for urban heritage. Furthermore, the analysis and recovery of these landscapes
constitute an opportunity that tends to be lost in time, considering the growing urban
pressure that, especially in pleasant and valuable landscapes, had several times led to the
disappearance of various industrial infrastructures, some with high heritage value and
significant relevance.

The answer to the ‘how’ is relatively more complex, once, even if there are
several possible answers to this question; each one includes generally several restrictions
enabled by the search for profit maximization by private and public sectors. Although
it is recognized that the economic and social dimensions of the rehabilitation process
cannot be dissociated from the environmental and cultural dimensions, and that the
cultural heritage has become a key factor in improving people’s surroundings, addressing
issues of social cohesion and encouraging economic development, little has been done in
order to rehabilitate the industrial buildings and its surrounding landscapes which were
often the catalysis to the creation of the urban settlement; and in addition to that design
professionals tend to highlight ‘how’ to manage cultural landscapes (redevelopment
proposals, analysis, cultural landscape reports, heritage management plans, etc.) but not
‘why’ should we be concerned with historic sites and places or ‘what’ are the expectations
and ‘which’ are the objectives we seek to accomplish by working with them.

“Now” that the post-industrial landscape is [more than ever] considered an asset
and as a catalyst for urban redevelopment by being a relevant element of the genetic code
of the city, according to which rebuilding from degradation should be performed [6], the
answers to these questions should be formulated in order to maximize the benefits that
may arise from its (re)development.

Fortunately, the changes introduced in the last years and the creation of normative
documents related with the need to protect and rehabilitate the post-industrial heritage
contributed to improve design’s quality during the past years (Figure 6 and 7).

Figure 6. Old post-industrial building located in the Figure 7. 3D representation of the design proposal to the
city of Tavira, Algarve, which will be converted into a post-industrial building presented in figure 6. Used by
residential area in the next year. Used by permission of permission of lt-studios © 2007, all rights reserved.
Luis Loures © 2007, all rights reserved.

15

Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City Luis LOURES

The post-industrial landscape of the left margin to the Arade River

The post-industrial landscape to the left margin of the Arade River is located in the
municipality of Lagoa, Algarve, which is characterized by the presence of Mediterranean
landscapes. The relevance of the Arade River and its surroundings in the local, regional
and national context is attested by numerous archaeological evidences found submerged
and around it [32]. In the beginning of the twentieth century the implantation of an
industrial center in the river margins promoted a significant development of the area,
which was enhanced during the First World War.

The whole process was one of great dynamism which would completely transform
the existing landscape. At this time almost two thirds of the population worked on industry
[36]. Nonetheless, during the late sixties the industrial activity collapsed and numerous
industrial structures left abandoned. This post-industrial landscape represents nowadays
an historic and cultural environment, in the sense of being a “system” which can tell the
history of how people have interacted with the landscape that they inherited, during a
period of massive socio-economic change as it was the industrial era.

Figure 8 represents a panoramic view of the left margin to theArade River, in which each
number is located right above a visible chimney from a former industrial building associated
with the fish transformation industry. The unity evidenced by this landscape is notorious, as well
as the impact that un-thoughtful de-characterizing interventions might have in it. For this reason
any design solution developed for this landscape should take into consideration the fact that:

1. This landscape has to be analysed as a whole and that there must be
analysis of [at least] five principles: (1) the sources of raw materials; (2) the
manufacturing facilities; (3) the power sources; (4) the services related with
the industrial complex, and the transport network; (adapted from Palmer and
Neaverson, 1991);

2. To achieve the expected aims the leading idea has to be clear and precisely
defined;

3. Cultural landscapes are related with recognized patterns of activity in place
and time. “They are manifestations of human activity in space (…) the essence
of what gives character to and defines place.” [20], and;

Figure 8. Panoramic view of the post-industrial landscape of the left margin to the Arade River.
16

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

4. These landscapes should be analysed using a holistic approach [10], which
include the ecological reality, as the physical and biologic part of the
ecosystems; the historic-cultural reality, as the element that connects people
with their place and history and enhances the possibilities of creative practice,
and the socio-economic reality, as the factor that contributes to enhance
community’s life quality.

In addition, the design solutions proposed to this landscape should follow these
design principles:

• Make explicit provision for public participation to ensure that the community

can play a role in shaping the (re-)development proposals;

• Ensure that development responds both to site and context, reinforcing the

sense of place and local distinctiveness;

• Promote adaptability and diversity through development that can respond to

changing social, technological and economic conditions;

• Promote the continuity of multifunctional spaces associated with industrial

buildings and street frontages, encouraging the utilization of reclaimed spaces
and promoting accessibility and local permeability;

• Reuse previously developed sites or unused buildings and ensure compact

development that enhances accessibility, affordability conviviality;

• Promote legibility through redevelopment that provides recognisable ways,

intersections and landmarks to help people find their way around and through
relevant vistas, well massed with a clear hierarchy of building scale and
spaces.

• Ensure that design creates places that have variety and choice through a

mixture of different uses, functions and activities;

• Ensure that all redevelopment of industrial buildings and spaces is of a human

scale, well detailed and landscaped;

• Locates development to protect environmental quality by avoiding areas

of ecological and cultural value; ensuring that new development enhances
biodiversity and reduces pollution whenever possible.

17

Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City Luis LOURES

Figure 9. Planning recommendations for the post-industrial landscape of the left margin to the Arade River.

Figure 9 represents a planning possibility which results from the application of a
normative theory based on the aforementioned principles, reason why, several other
planning options may be proposed. However, the main objectives of this study are
to present a set of values and principles that should be used in order to reclaim this
cultural landscape and to develop a specific plan where those values and principles are
applicable.

The design analysis and the search for public consensus [33] related with the
redevelopment plan of this landscape, consists, at this point, a possible option for further
research.

18

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

Discussion and Conclusions

“(…) the longer I look at landscapes and seek to understand them, the more
convinced I am that their beauty is not simply an aspect but their very essence and that,
that beauty derives from the human presence. (…) The beauty that we see in the vernacular
landscape is the image of our common humanity (…)”. This quotation by Jackson (1984),
specifies perfectly the reason why certain industrial landscapes have an intrinsic value,
that should be protected and highlighted in a similar manner as other cultural elements,
and considered part of our heritage.

The essential notion behind the need to protect the industrial heritage is that
those landmarks are not only connected with history, which is narratological, they are
also connected with memory, which according to Moore and Whelan (2007) is larger,
or something more, than history. So in order to maintain the uniqueness of a place, its
memory must be protected, maintaining the “genius loci” and the characteristics that
bring the past into the present [28].

In this sense, it is essential to continue studying the city as an evolutionary ‘object’,
by looking at culture and heritage, without forgetting that the values and the history of
the city do not end in the eighteenth century [15], they continue right to the twenty first
century. And, as Dolores Hayden (2000) has written: “cultural landscapes [including
industrial ones] tell us who we are, far more effectively than most architecture or exhibits
in museums ever can”. For this reason, the recovery of post-industrial landscapes should
be seen as part of larger, ongoing processes of architectural preservation and urban design,
once, it is not confined to the most symbolic factories. It includes, also, all the additional
elements and structures associated with the industrial activity [17]. It is imperious that
politicians, developers, stakeholders and planning professionals understand that the
maintenance of the urban layout is one of the most important features for the cultural
identity of a city, and that the industrial landscape is an important part of it. A place is only
a fragment of a cultural space, which was given consciously or subconsciously certain
meanings during the course of its creation.

In this way, industrial preservation and reclamation becomes more than the
celebration of the past, as important as that is; it becomes part of reconstructing the future.
Thus, industrial preservation that connects people, place, and history fosters a sense of
place and the power for community renewal. As Stan Allen (1999) said we should realise
that “working with and not against the site, something new is produced by registering the
complexity of the given”.

As it was shown the last decades of the twentieth century have been characterised
by the protracted decline of industry and industrial landscapes coupled with an explosion
of information technology. The progeny of the Industrial Revolution appear in the city
as tangible and intangible, social and cultural heritage [34] represented by numerous
industrial buildings which are disappearing from our built environment.

19

Industrial Heritage: The Past in the Future of the City Luis LOURES

Regarding the presented case study we may conclude that industrial history has
left deep marks on the Arade valley which frequently provides an explanation for the
current situation and points out references for understanding its complexity. The most
obvious and urgent problem is certainly the inspection and recording of the state of
industrial heritage in this landscape, where external assistance and involvement and the
establishment of a formal programme could probably facilitate major progress.

Furthermore, given the priceless historical and traditional heritage of the Arade
valley and its surrounding landscapes, historical and cultural aspects may become a
driving force in the development of the settlements enabling the creation of a cultural
centre with a very positive image that will attract investors as wel as tourists Nevertheless,
caution is called for in this sphere, once great care will have to be taken to ensure that the
tourism that is developed is “sustainable”, both respecting landscape, environment, and
heritage and producing fair benefits for the population.

Industrial reclamation proposals should therefore be a part of an overall urban
project - a local development strategy - which requires a broad, integrated approach
comprising all urban policy areas and promoting the reconciliation of heritage conservation
with social progress and sustainable economic development.

Finally, the development of an increasingly multicultural urban society, emphasises
the need of rising the “cultural dimension” of the city, where the rehabilitation of the
industrial patrimony appears to be an essential contribution to the creation of a shared
local identity and hence to the cohesion of the urban society. For this reason post-industrial
landscapes should be viewed as a resource and its recovery as an opportunity to develop
new multi- functional landscapes.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge financial support given by the Fundação
para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (SFRH/BD/29700/2006 – PhD. Grant) and advice
and guidance from the Municipality of Lagoa, specially the Landscape Architect José
Vieira.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

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23



A NEW CULTURAL CONCEPT:
INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE

Elif Özlem AYDIN1

Abstract

Firstly the critical changes related to revolutions such as agriculture, industry,
knowledge and digital will be summarized. After then social and cultural life moved from
agricultural life to manufacturing life for rationalism, mechanization and mass production
will be explained to characterize the complexity of how industrial revolutions change
the world. Significant number of factory and industries became useless in 20th century
within the technological developments in time. Industrial heritage will be explained as
the evindence of historical, technological, social, architectural and scientific value of
this industrial culture. The importance of the study and conservation of the remains of
industrial culture recognised by The Nizhny Tagil Charter declared in 2003. The procedure
beginning with awareness developed in 1970’s until 2003’s will be summarized. The
developments about industrial heritage planning and management approaches will be
discussed detailed.

1   Prof. Dr., Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture.

e-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0003-1902-577X

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

Introduction

Significant number of factory and industries became useless in 20th century with the
technological developments in time. Industrial heritage will be explained as the evidence
of historical, technological, social, architectural and scientific value of this industrial
culture. The importance of the study and conservation of the remains of industrial culture
firstly declared by The Nizhny Tagil Charter in 2003.

In the scope of this study, the critical changes related to revolutions such as
agriculture, industry, information and technology will be summarized firstly. After then
social and cultural life moved from agricultural life to manufacturing life for rationalism,
mechanization and mass production will be explained to characterize the complexity of
how industrial revolution changed the world. After then, the procedure beginning with
raising awareness from 1970’s until today will be summarized. The developments about

industrial heritage planning and management approaches will also be discussed in detail.

Critical Thresholds Based on Revolutions

The dynamics of the revolutions shaped the physical environment, led social
develeopments and changed life styles accordingly. According to well-known sociologist
and philosopher Alvin Toffler; human known history has undergone three critical
thresholds (Figure 1) (Koç and Teker, 2019).

Figure 1. Three critical thresholds in human known history
26

Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

The agricultural revolution which is the first threshold has emerged after the
Neolithic period of human history. During agricultural period the huntergatherer society
became farmer society. This period took thousands of years of humankind. People have
learned to live together. Living together brought the concept of property emerged, and
the foundations of fundamental rules and laws were established. It can be declared that
civilization of humanity relates with the agricultural facilities and agricultural culture
(Koç and Teker, 2019). Çatalhöyük dates back approximately 7100 BC, is well-known
one of the first phsical formation of agriculture period.

The second threshold is industrial revolution which began around 1750s in
England and spread to the European continent. The first spinning frames were created
on the British Isles. These were followed by mechanical weaving looms which formed
the textile factories. By time iron industry developed in the coal regions via discovery
how to turn coal into coke iron. By the discovery of steam engines to heat the furnace
ovens more quickly and effectively, the towers and the chimneys of industry shaped the
physical formation of the industrial zones. For economical reasons workers poured into
the new industrial centres. (ERIH website) Therefore, it can be declared that whereby
predominantly rural culture is being rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture
since increasing population during industrialization in industrial centers. The rationalism,
mechanization and mass production sense combined with increasing populution in city
centers transformed an agricultural society into an industrial society. The Industrial
Revolution brought a series of changes in the methods of manufacture, production and
distribution and drastically affected the economic and social life of the people. (History
Discussion website).

The third threshold is the “information and technology age” which is based on the
knowledge power. In the information society, the number of employees in the information
sector exceeded the number of employees in the industrial area and the production of
information and technology has become the essential element of creating value. After
1970s the third threshold started to display its influences on markets. Accordingly the
industrial culture moved a new form within information and developing technology (Koç
and Teker, 2019). All three of these thresholds have created new lifestyles, physical
formations and cultures. (Toffler, 1981).

Characterization of Industrial Culture

By the establishment of a significant number of factory and industries, social
and cultural life moved from agricultural life to manufacturing life for rationalism,
mechanization and mass production. These factories focused on scientific for efficient
business models and inventions such as steam power, railroads, electrification, and
assembly line. Economic development became very quick; national markets were created,
new network systems was formed since technological developments were entirely
implemented into the industries (Koç and Teker, 2019).

27

A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

The types of industrial buildings were shaped according to production.
Communication, iron and steel, paper, mining, salt, textiles, transport were the main
productions in 19th century and early 20th century in Europe where the industrial
revolution has begun. Each of them required different physical formation. The application
of different power types such as water, wind, steam engine, oil, electiricty requried the
renewal of the phsical formation of factories (ERIH website). The physical remains of
these plants and their landscapes are tangible part of industrial culture.

Industrial revolution transformed an agricultural society into an industrial society.
It was a long and slow process of change (History Discussion website). The increasing
collective life style in industrial settlements has changed the agricultural-based lifestyle
at these centers. Since adult women and men work in factories, kindergartens and new
types of educational buildings were required for young children. Mass housing models
had to be developed for increasing employees in industrial zones. The health problems of
factory workers have led to the need for healthcare structures with the capacity to treat
more people. The working class, who works hard all day in the factories, cannot produce
their own food and they used the bazaar and markets where they can do total shopping.
Social spaces such as parks, cafes and restaurants for socialization and religious buildings
for worship of the workers who works all day labor intensively, has been articulated to
the industrial settlements. These requirements have brought a new sociocultural life. This
sociocultural life can be described as intangible part of industrial culture.

It is known that the science of cognitive anthropology provides an interdisciplinary
approach to understand the dynamic tension and relationship between the emergence
of global structures and regional structures encouraging the productive cooperation
by a combination of cognitive science, cultural anthropology, occupational science
and engineering science. Industrialised countries usually have a tradition of handicraft
production which forms a basis for the acquisition of the skills of technological development
and transfer. In the initial stages of design and development, cultural elements tend to
dominate, in the later stages socio-industrial forces become more effective, transforming
the initial divergent phase into a convergent one (Rauner, 1997).

Value Chronology of Industrial Heritage

Historic environments formed in their own physical, social, economic and
technological conditions. For this reason, it is necessary to be sensitive about preservation
of enough samples from every period.

The production activities of the past and the architectural works created for this
purpose are considered within the scope of industrial heritage since the second half
of the 20th century: (Tanyeli, 2000: 50). Industrial cities and regions established after
the Industrial Revolution began to lose their functions towards the middle of the 20th
century due to rapidly changing technology. Especially after the Second World War, these
unfunctional plants were abandoned. The abandoned zones created environmental and

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

visual pollution in the cities over time and played a major role in the deterioration of the
socio-cultural and socio-economic life in the settlements.

Considering preservation history, the term of industrial heritage is entered into
architectural preservation field in the second half of the 20th century. The issue has been
discussed in international assemblies since the second half of the 20th century in terms of
both definition and preservation approaches. In the 20th century, the issue of preservation
of old industrial buildings that become useless in time was hardly accepted by the
public mostly. The origin of interest in industrial heritage is relevant with the interest
in technological developments. This relevancy is more common in the scope of old
models of machines that are frequently used today and personal items passed down from
generation to generation, which are found technologically interesting. The preservation
of the buildings within the scope of industrial heritage, which do not have aesthetic
value according to the the public, is generally more difficult than the preservation of
other cultural heritage (Kıraç, 2001). The preservation and sustainability of the industrial
buildings and their landscapes is possible with the social awareness of understanding
these works as the evidences of industrial culture.

“Industrial heritage” is a concept that was first introduced in England, where
industrial revolution and industrialization were effectively experienced, with the threat
of extinction of industrial structures in the second half of the 20th century (Figure 2).
When the importance of industrial ruins was first emphasized, the aim was beyond being
scientific; It was a reaction and concern for the collapse of existing industrial buildings as
a result becoming unfunctional, useless and worthless. (Şimşek, 2006).

Figure 2. Value chronology of industrial heritage.
Source: https://reindustrialheritage.eu/industrial-heritage-reuse

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

The first studies on the subject were initiated in 1950s in England. Decisions about
the registration and preservation of industrial monuments concentrated on abandoned
industrial areas in England. The “Industrial Monuments Survey” was established in 1963
and the first registration was initiated under the name “National Industrial Monuments
Records” (NRIM) (Kıraç, 2001).

Interest in industrial areas in France started in the 1970s. Since 1983, industrial
zones have started to be registered by an organization named “General Inventory”
(Inventaire Générale) and an industrial heritage group has been established under the
name of “Chamber of Industry Heritage” within this organization. After Britain and
France, the recording and preservation studies about industrial heritage accelerated in
Holland, Belgium, Scandinavian countries and after the end of cold war in many Eastern
European Countries (Kıraç, 2001).

At the first international conference FICCIM (First International Conference on
the Conservation of Industrial Monuments) held in 1973 on the protection of industrial
heritage in Ironbridge (England), which is known as the birthplace of the Industrial
Revolution, an organization to preserve industrial monuments was on the agenda. Related
to this agenda, The International Commitee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage
- TICCIH was established at the the same year to preserve, document, research and
communicate industrial heritage. TICCIH is a partner of ICOMOS regarding questions of
industrial heritage and acts as an expert witness to ICOMOS in this context. Its goals are to
promote international cooperation in preserving, conserving, investigating, documenting,
researching, interpreting, and advancing education of the industrial heritage. TICCIH holds
international meetings on a predetermined topic, monitors the industrial monuments,
problems and developments in the member countries and publishes a bulletin called
“TICCIH Bulletin”. TICCIH has defined itself as an international organization dealing
with industrial archeology and industrial heritage; summarized its purpose as to work
on the remnants of industrialization and to preserve them. As a method in its studies, the
organization tried to group the industrial heritage and production types. Establishment of
this concept; It aimed to make the subject easier to understand by dividing it into sections
such as agriculture-food production, hydroelectric-electrochemical industry, mining-coal
industry, paper industry, textile industry, metallurgy, water, communication structures,
mints and railways (TICCIH website).

Another institution conducting extensive studies on industrial heritage is
European community founded in 1999 called as The European Route of Industrial
Heritage - ERIH (European Industrial Heritage Route). ERIH is  the European Route
of Industrial Heritage,  a network of important and interesting industrial heritage sites
in Europe. It is the common link between them all. From disused production plants to
industrial landscape parks and inter-active technology museums. With this network, it
is expected to introduce the industrial heritage values o​​ f Europe, to protect this heritage
and to contribute to tourism and accordingly, it will contribute to the economic growth of
Europe (ERIH website).

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

Currently ERIH presents over 2,000 sites of all branches of industry from all European
countries. The database of sites is continuously being expanded. Each site of ERIH’s object
database is assigned to one or more Theme Routes which are structured according to industrial
sectors. 14 Theme Routes (with 44 sub-categories) focus on specific questions relating to
European industrial history and reveal - offen in connection with the biographies - potential
links between radically different industrial monuments all over Europe (ERIH website).

These routes are related to the diversity of Europe’s industrial history; application of
power, communication, housing and architecture, industry and war, iron and steel, industrial
landscapes, mining, paper, production and manufacturing, salt, service and leisure industry,
textile, transport, water. Within the scope of the European Industrial Heritage Route,
industrial areas related to the thematic setup of interest can be determined and personal
routes can be created or industrial areas in different thematic setups can be experienced
by visiting a connection point on regional routes. While individual visits are possible,
some of the visits are made as mass tourism. Within the scope of this developed industrial
tourism network, it is aimed to exhibit cultural heritage elements related to thematic fiction,
industrial heritage buildings and original machines in these structures (ERIH website).

A country-wide study was also carried out by Germany. The regional project center
called The Industrial Heritage Trail covers an area of 400 km in diameter with the city of
Ruhr. It is a part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The series of routes were
developed between 1989 and 1999, however additions are still being made.

Many places such as Zollverein Coal Mine Complex in Germany (Photo 1),
Engelsberg Iron mines in Sweden, Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Areas in England are
included in the UNESCO’s world architectural heritage list.

Photo 1. Zollverein coal mine complex; 2012.
Source: E.Ö. Aydın archive.

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

DoCoMoMo (Documentation and Conservation of Modern Movement) continues
to work on modern industrial buildings built early 20th century. Other national and
international societies working on industrial heritage and archeology are listed below :

• ICOHTEC (International Committee for the History of Technology),
• SHOT (Society for the History of Technology),
• NEKTAR (Europäischen Netzwerk der Kultur der Arbeit),
• E-FAITH (European Federation of Associations of Industrial and Technical

Heritage),
• AIA (Association for Industrial Archeology) - UK,
• Industriedenkmal Stiftung - Germany,
• Comité d’Information et de Liaison pour l’Archéologie - France,
• CILAC (l’Étude et la Mise en Valeur du Patrimoine Industriel) - France,
• SIA (American Society for Industrial Archeology) - USA,
• Japan Society for Industrial Archeology - Japan.
• APPI  - Associação Portuguesa para o Património Industrial Portugese

Association for Industrial Heritage

These organizations, which were established to research the history of technology
and share the acquired knowledge, organize national or international meetings every
year and prepare periodicals. Through these organizations, people working on research,
documentation, preservation and re-functioning of industrial heritage come together.

The importance of the study and conservation of the remains of industrial culture
first declared by The Nizhny Tagil Charter in 2003. The Nizhny Tagil Charter for the
Industrial Heritage was originated by TICCIH in July 2003 and presented to ICOMOS
for ratification. The Nizhny Tagil Charter is a general statement about Industrial heritage,
its values and significance, and outlines principles for legal protection and management.

The Nizghy Tagil Charter (ICOMOS website)

Preamble:

The earliest periods of human history are defined by the archaeological evidence
for fundamental changes in the ways in which people made objects, and the importance
of conserving and studying the evidence of these changes is universally accepted. From
the Middle Ages, innovations in Europe in the use of energy and in trade and commerce
led to a change towards the end of the 18 th century just as profound as that between
the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, with developments in the social, technical and economic
circumstances of manufacturing sufficiently rapid and profound to be called a revolution.
The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a historical phenomenon that has affected

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

an ever-greater part of the human population, as well as all the other forms of life on our
planet, and that continues to the present day. The material evidence of these profound
changes is of universal human value, and the importance of the study and conservation of
this evidence must be recognised. The delegates assembled for the 2003 TICCIH Congress
in Russia wish therefore to assert that the buildings and structures built for industrial
activities, the processes and tools used within them and the towns and landscapes in which
they are located, along with all their other tangible and intangible manifestations, are of
fundamental importance. They should be studied, their history should be taught, their
meaning and significance should be probed and made clear for everyone, and the most
significant and characteristic examples should be identified, protected and maintained,
in accordance with the spirit of the Venice Charter [1], for the use and benefit of today
and of the future.

Definition of industrial heritage

Industrial heritage consists of the remains of industrial culture which are of historical,
technological, social, architectural or scientific value. These remains consist of buildings
and machinery, workshops, mills and factories, mines and sites for processing and refining,
warehouses and stores, places where energy is generated, transmitted and used, transport
and all its infrastructure, as well as places used for social activities related to industry such
as housing, religious worship or education. Industrial archaeology is an interdisciplinary
method of studying all the evidence, material and immaterial, of documents, artefacts,
stratigraphy and structures, human settlements and natural and urban landscapes [2],
created for or by industrial processes. It makes use of those methods of investigation that
are most suitable to increase understanding of the industrial past and present. The historical
period of principal interest extends forward from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
in the second half of the eighteenth century up to and including the present day, while also
examining its earlier pre-industrial and proto-industrial roots. In addition it draws on the
study of work and working techniques encompassed by the history of technology.

Values of industrial heritage

I. The industrial heritage is the evidence of activities which had and continue to have
profound historical consequences. The motives for protecting the industrial heritage are
based on the universal value of this evidence, rather than on the singularity of unique sites.

II. The industrial heritage is of social value as part of the record of the lives of ordinary
men and women, and as such it provides an important sense of identity. It is of technological
and scientific value in the history of manufacturing, engineering, construction, and it may
have considerable aesthetic value for the quality of its architecture, design or planning.

III. These values are intrinsic to the site itself, its fabric, components, machinery
and setting, in the industrial landscape, in written documentation, and also in the
intangible records of industry contained in human memories and customs.

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

IV. Rarity, in terms of the survival of particular processes, site typologies or
landscapes, adds particular value and should be carefully assessed. Early or pioneering
examples are of especial value.

The importance of identification, recording and research

I. Every territory should identify, record and protect the industrial remains that it
wants to preserve for future generations.

II. Surveys of areas and of different industrial typologies should identify the extent
of the industrial heritage. Using this information, inventories should be created of all the
sites that have been identified. They should be devised to be easily searchable and should be
freely accessible to the public. Computerisation and on-line access are valuable objectives.

III. Recording is a fundamental part of the study of industrial heritage. A full record
of the physical features and condition of a site should be made and placed in a public archive
before any interventions are made. Much information can be gained if recording is carried
out before a process or site has ceased operation. Records should include descriptions,
drawings, photographs and video film of moving objects, with references to supporting
documentation. Peoples’ memories are a unique and irreplaceable resource which should
also be recorded when they are available.

IV. Archaeological investigation of historic industrial sites is a fundamental
technique for their study. It should be carried out to the same high standards as that of sites
from other historical or cultural periods.

V. Programmes of historical research are needed to support policies for the protection
of the industrial heritage. Because of the interdependency of many industrial activities,
international studies can help identify sites and types of sites of world importance.

VI. The criteria for assessing industrial buildings should be defined and published
so as to achieve general public acceptance of rational and consistent standards. On the
basis of appropriate research, these criteria should be used to identify the most important
surviving landscapes, settlements, sites, typologies, buildings, structures, machines and
processes.

VII. Those sites and structures that are identified as important should be protected by
legal measures that are sufficiently strong to ensure the conservation of their significance.
The World Heritage List of UNESCO should give due recognition to the tremendous impact
that industrialisation has had on human culture.

VIII. The value of significant sites should be defined and guidelines for future
interventions established. Any legal, administrative and financial measures that are
necessary to maintain their value should be put in place.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

IX. Sites that are at risk should be identified so that appropriate measures can be
taken to reduce that risk and facilitate suitable schemes for repairing or re-using them.

X. International co-operation is a particularly appropriate approach to the
conservation of the industrial heritage through co-ordinated initiatives and sharing resources.
Compatible criteria should be developed to compile international inventories and databases.

Legal protection

I. The industrial heritage should be seen as an integral part of the cultural
heritage in general. Nevertheless, its legal protection should take into account the special
nature of the industrial heritage. It should be capable of protecting plant and machinery,
below-ground elements, standing structures, complexes and ensembles of buildings, and
industrial landscapes. Areas of industrial waste should be considered for their potential
archaeological as well as ecological value.

II. Programmes for the conservation of the industrial heritage should be integrated
into policies for economic development and into regional and national planning.

III. The most important sites should be fully protected and no interventions allowed
that compromise their historical integrity or the authenticity of their fabric. Sympathetic
adaptation and re-use may be an appropriate and a cost-effective way of ensuring the
survival of industrial buildings, and should be encouraged by appropriate legal controls,
technical advice, tax incentives and grants.

IV. Industrial communities which are threatened by rapid structural change
should be supported by central and local government authorities. Potential threats to the
industrial heritage from such changes should be anticipated and plans prepared to avoid
the need for emergency actions.

V. Procedures should be established for responding quickly to the closure of important
industrial sites to prevent the removal or destruction of significant elements. The competent authorities
should have statutory powers to intervene when necessary to protect important threatened sites.

VI. Government should have specialist advisory bodies that can give independent
advice on questions relating to the protection and conservation of industrial heritage, and
their opinions should be sought on all important cases.

VII. Every effort should be made to ensure the consultation and participation of
local communities in the protection and conservation of their local industrial heritage.

VIII. Associations and societies of volunteers have an important role in identifying
sites, promoting public participation in industrial conservation and disseminating information
and research, and as such are indispensable actors in the theatre of industrial heritage.

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

Maintenance and conservation

I. Conservation of the industrial heritage depends on preserving functional
integrity, and interventions to an industrial site should therefore aim to maintain this as
far as possible. The value and authenticity of an industrial site may be greatly reduced
if machinery or components are removed, or if subsidiary elements which form part of a
whole site are destroyed.

II. The conservation of industrial sites requires a thorough knowledge of the
purpose or purposes to which they were put, and of the various industrial processes which
may have taken place there. These may have changed over time, but all former uses
should be examined and assessed.

III. Preservation in situ should always be given priority consideration. Dismantling
and relocating a building or structure are only acceptable when the destruction of the site
is required by overwhelming economic or social needs.

IV. The adaptation of an industrial site to a new use to ensure its conservation is
usually acceptable except in the case of sites of especial historical significance. New uses
should respect the significant material and maintain original patterns of circulation and
activity, and should be compatible as much as possible with the original or principal use.
An area that interprets the former use is recommended.

V. Continuing to adapt and use industrial buildings avoids wasting energy and
contributes to sustainable development. Industrial heritage can have an important role
in the economic regeneration of decayed or declining areas. The continuity that re-use
implies may provide psychological stability for communities facing the sudden end a
long-standing sources of employment.

VI. Interventions should be reversible and have a minimal impact. Any unavoidable
changes should be documented and significant elements that are removed should be
recorded and stored safely. Many industrial processes confer a patina that is integral to
the integrity and interest of the site.

VII. Reconstruction, or returning to a previous known state, should be considered
an exceptional intervention and one which is only appropriate if it benefits the integrity of
the whole site, or in the case of the destruction of a major site by violence.

VIII. The human skills involved in many old or obsolete industrial processes are a
critically important resource whose loss may be irreplaceable. They need to be carefully
recorded and transmitted to younger generations.

IX. Preservation of documentary records, company archives, building plans, as
well as sample specimens of industrial products should be encouraged.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

Education and training

I. Specialist professional training in the methodological, theoretical and historical
aspects of industrial heritage should be taught at technical and university levels.

II. Specific educational material about the industrial past and its heritage should
be produced by and for students at primary and secondary level.

Presentation and interpretation

I. Public interest and affection for the industrial heritage and appreciation of
its values are the surest ways to conserve it. Public authorities should actively explain
the meaning and value of industrial sites through publications, exhibitions, television,
the Internet and other media, by providing sustainable access to important sites and by
promoting tourism in industrial areas.

II. Specialist industrial and technical museums and conserved industrial sites are
both important means of protecting and interpreting the industrial heritage.

III. Regional and international routes of industrial heritage can highlight the
continual transfer of industrial technology and the large-scale movement of people that
can be caused by it.

[1] The ICOMOS ‘Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of
Monuments and Sites’, 1964

[2] For convenience, ‘sites’ will be taken to mean landscapes, complexes,
buildings, structures and machines unless these terms are used in a more specific way.

Memorandum of understanding has been signed in 2014 between ICOMOS
(International Council on Monuments and Sites) and TICCIH (The International
Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage) to establish a framework for
collaboration on the conservation of industrial heritage.

In recognition of the lack of an Industrial Heritage Charter, ICOMOS (the
International Committee on Monuments and Sites) working with TICCIH (the International
Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage) developed principles of
best-practice for the conservation of industrial heritage. The Dublin Principles for the
Conservation of Industrial Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes were the
result of this collaboration. Their adoption by ICOMOS International at their General
Assembly in Paris in December 2011 was a major step in the recognition of the significance
of industrial heritage, and the need for its conservation, protection and enhancement.

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

The Dublin Principles for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage
Sites, Structures, Areas and Landspaces (TICCIH website)

Preamble:

The global process of industrialisation observed over the past two centuries
constitutes a major stage of human history, making its heritage particularly important
and critical to the Modern World. Precursors and beginnings of industrialisation can
be recognized in many parts of the world well back into ancient times through active
or archaeological sites, and our attention extends to any examples of such process
and its heritage. However, for our purposes, these joint principles’ primary interests
coincide with the common notions of the Modern Era Industrial Revolution, marked
by distinctive and dedicated production, transportation and power-generating or
harnessing processes and technologies, trade and commercial interactions, and new
social and cultural patterns.

The industrial heritage is highly vulnerable and often at risk, often lost for lack
of awareness, documentation, recognition or protection but also because of changing
economic trends, negative perceptions, environmental issues or its sheer size and
complexity. Yet, by extending the life-cycle of existing structures and their embodied
energy, conservation of the built industrial heritage, can contribute to achieving the goals
of sustainable development at the local, national and international levels. It touches the
social as well as the physical and environmental aspects of development and should be
acknowledged as such.

Over the past decades, growing research, international and interdisciplinary
cooperation as well as community initiatives have greatly contributed to a better
appreciation of the industrial heritage and increased collaboration between stewards,
stakeholders and professionals. This progress has benefitted from the development of a
corpus of international references and guidelines by ICOMOS – the International Council
on Monuments and Sites, and the implementation of international recommendations and
instruments such as the World Heritage Convention adopted by UNESCO in 1972. In
2003, The International Committee for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage (TICCIH)
adopted its Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage, a first international reference
text of such recognition to guide protection and conservation in the field.

Acknowledging the particular nature of the industrial heritage and the issues and
threats affecting it as a result of its relation to the contemporary economic, legal, cultural
and environmental contexts, ICOMOS and TICCIH wish to expand their cooperation by
adopting and promoting the dissemination and use of the following Principles to assist
in the documentation, protection, conservation and appreciation of industrial heritage as
part of the heritage of human societies around the World.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

(1) Definition:  The industrial heritage consists of sites, structures, complexes,
areas and landscapes as well as the related machinery, objects or documents that
provide evidence of past or ongoing industrial processes of production, the extraction
of raw materials, their transformation into goods, and the related energy and transport
infrastructures. Industrial heritage reflects the profound connection between the cultural
and natural environment, as industrial processes – whether ancient or modern – depend
on natural sources of raw materials, energy and transportation networks to produce and
distribute products to broader markets. It includes both material assets – immovable and
movable –, and intangible dimensions such as technical know-how, the organisation of
work and workers, and the complex social and cultural legacy that shaped the life of
communities and brought major organizational changes to entire societies and the world
in general.

(2) Industrial heritage sites are very diversified in terms of their purpose, design
and evolution over time. Many are representative of processes, technologies as well as
regional or historical conditions while others constitute outstanding achievements of
global influence. Others are complexes and multiple site operations or systems whose
many components are interdependent, with different technologies and historical periods
frequently present. The significance and value of industrial heritage is intrinsic to the
structures or sites themselves, their material fabric, components, machinery and setting,
expressed in the industrial landscape, in written documentation, and also in the intangible
records contained in memories, arts and customs.

I - Document and understand industrial heritage structures, sites, areas and
landscapes and their values

(3)  Researching and documenting industrial structures, sites, landscapes and
the related machinery, equipment, records or intangible aspects is essential to their
identification, conservation, and the appreciation of their heritage significance and value.
Human skills and knowledge involved in old industrial processes are a critically important
resource in conservation and must be considered in the heritage evaluation process.

(4)  Researching and documenting industrial heritage sites and structures must
address their historical, technological and socio-economical dimensions to provide
an integrated base for conservation and management. It requires an interdisciplinary
approach supported by interdisciplinary research and educational programmes to
identify the significance of industrial heritage sites or structures. It should benefit from
a diversity of sources of expertise and information including site surveys and recording,
historical and archaeological investigation, material and landscape analysis, oral history
and/or research in public, corporate or private archives. Research and preservation of
documentary records, company archives, building plans, and specimens of industrial
products should be encouraged. The evaluation and assessment of documents should be
undertaken by an appropriate specialist in the industry to which they relate to determine
their heritage significance. The participation of communities and other stakeholders is
also an integral part of this exercise.

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

(5) Thorough knowledge of the industrial and socioeconomic history of an area
or country or their links to other parts of the world is necessary to understand the
significance of industrial heritage sites or structures. Single industry context, typological
or regional studies, with a comparative component, aimed at key industrial sectors or
technologies are very useful in recognizing the heritage values inherent in individual
structures, sites, areas or landscapes. They should be accessible and searchable by the
public, scholars as well as managers.

Ensure Effective Protection and Conservation of the Industrial

Heritage Structures, Sites, Areas and Landscapes

(6) Appropriate policies, legal and administrative measures need to be adopted
and adequately implemented to protect and ensure the conservation of industrial heritage
sites and structures, including their machinery and records. These measures have to
address the close relation between the industrial heritage, industrial production and the
economy, in particular with respect to rules for corporations and investments, trades
or intellectual property such as patents, and standards applicable to active industrial
operations.

(7)  Integrated inventories and lists of structures, sites, areas, landscapes their
setting and associated objects, documents, drawings and archives or intangible heritage
should be developed and used as part of these effective management and conservation
policies and protection measures. These should benefit from a legal recognition, adequate
conservation and management to ensure that their significance, integrity and authenticity
are maintained. In the case of industrial heritage identified through fortuitous discovery,
temporary protection should be granted to allow time necessary for proper heritage
documentation and research.

(8) In the case of active industrial structures or sites of heritage significance,
it must be recognized that their continued use and function might carry some of their
heritage significance and provide adequate conditions for their physical and economic
sustainability as a living production or extraction facilities. Their specific technical
characteristics and features need to be respected while implementing contemporary
regulations such as building codes, environmental requirements or risk reduction
strategies to address hazards of natural or human origin.

(9) Protection measures should apply to buildings and their contents since
completeness or functional integrity is especially important to the significance of industrial
heritage structures and sites. Their heritage value may be greatly jeopardized or reduced
if machinery or other significant components are removed, or if subsidiary elements
which form part of a whole site are destroyed. Legal and administrative frameworks
should be developed to enable authorities to respond quickly to the closure of operating
industrial heritage sites and complexes to prevent removal or destruction of significant
elements such as machinery, industrial objects or related records.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

Conserve and Maintain the Industrial Heritage Structures, Sites, Areas
and Landscapes

(10) Appropriate original or alternative and adaptive use is the most frequent way
and often the most sustainable way of ensuring the conservation of industrial heritage
sites or structures. New uses should respect significant material, components and patterns
of circulation and activity. Specialist skills are necessary to ensure that the heritage
significance is taken into account and respected in managing the sustainable use of these
industrial heritage sites and structures Building codes, risk mitigation requirements,
environmental or industrial regulations, and other standards should be implemented in
an adapted way to take heritage dimensions into account when they are enforced through
physical interventions.

(11) Wherever possible, physical interventions should be reversible, and respect the
age value and significant traces or marks. Changes should be documented. Reverting to a
previous known state may be acceptable under exceptional circumstances for educational
purposes, and must be based on thorough research and documentation. Dismantling and
relocating are only acceptable in extraordinary cases when the destruction of the site is
required by objectively proved overwhelming economic or social needs.

(12) In case of prospective redundancy, decommissioning, and / or adaptation of
industrial heritage sites or structures, the processes should be recorded including, for
example, where components have to be demolished and machinery has to be removed.
Their material form as well as their functioning and location as part of the industrial
processes should be exhaustively documented. Oral and / or written stories of people
connected with work processes should also be collected.

IV Present and communicate the heritage dimensions and values of industrial
structures, sites, areas and landscapes to raise public and corporate awareness, and
support training and research

(13)  The industrial heritage is a source of learning which needs to be
communicated in its multiple dimensions. It illustrates important aspects of local, national
and international history and interactions over times and cultures. It demonstrates the
inventive talents related to scientific and technological developments, as well as social
and artistic movements. Public and corporate awareness and understanding for the
industrial heritage are important means for its successful conservation.

(14)  Programmes and facilities such as visits of active industrial heritage sites
and the presentation of their operations as well as the stories and intangible heritage
associated with their history, machinery and industrial processes, industrial or city
museums and interpretation centres, exhibitions, publications, websites, regional
or trans-boundary itineraries should be developed and sustained as means to raise
awareness and appreciation for the industrial heritage in the full richness of its meaning
for contemporary societies. These should ideally be located at the heritage sites itself
where the process of industrialisation has taken place and can be best communicated.

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

Wherever possible, national and international institutions in the field of research and
conservation of heritage should be empowered to use them as educational facilities for
the general public and the professional communities.

Today industrial heritage / landscape sites, which have been discussed since 1970,
are evaluated within the framework of the Dublin principles agreed in 2011 of which text
above cited. Industrial heritage consists of a broad range of physical remains and objects
including landscapes, sites, structures, machinery and documents which provide evidence
of these various types of industy. It includes both material assets and intangible elements
such as technical knowledge, work management, and social and cultural legacy. Thus the
study and appreciation of industrial heritage can appeal to a people from many different
backgrounds including, but not limited to archaeologists, engineers, geographers,
historians, architects, sociologists and those employed in industry (ICOMOS website).

Industrial Heritage Planning and Management Approaches

Changes associated with urban growth often involve the destruction of built
characteristics and natural elements, eradicating the physical expression of former indigenous
ways of life that are the significant part of people’s culture. This fact was particularly evident
after the Second World War when industrial landscapes faced deep transformations which
have also caused the neglect and disappearance of numerous industrial values, commonly
known as industrial heritage. This phenomenon added to the necessity of reusing abandoned
industrial landscapes in detriment of consuming new ones, increases the need to enlarge the
interpretation of the term “cultural heritage”, to analyse and interpret the value and significance
of post-industrial landscapes and to develop new mechanisms to preserve it. Furthermore, it
is increasingly acknowledged that the values connected with culture and heritage are highly
significant for people’s lives and need to be identified and highlighted (Loures, 2008).

The main problems encountered in the preservation of industrial heritage can be
listed as below;

• Abandonment,
• Neglect,
• Rapid technological changes,
• Bad repairs,
• Speculations,
• Insufficient framework of preservation laws,
• Wrong plan decisions
• Economic conditions forced by the scale in making reuse decisions,
• A widespread lack of public support.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

It is a sustainable approach to preserve/assign new function to historical industrial
buildings that have remained unfunctional for various reasons. Due to reasons such as
the concept of sustainability not being well-established, insufficient conservation laws
and expectations of income, such structures are constantly being renewed or transformed
especially in underdeveloped or developing countries. In addition to destroying cultural
values, the destruction of historical buildings that have lost their function is also costly.
The destruction of industrial facilities can cause environmental threats.

The preservation of such structures is a very positive approach in terms of
sustainability, as well as documenting and recognizing both the cultural traces and
technological competence of the period. The preservation of such structures makes a
great contribution to the ecological balance in terms of the conservation of raw materials,
energy and soil (area) as well as cultural continuity.

Buildings have negative effect upon environmental values during their life cycles.
The life cycle of a building is composed of production of building materials, transport of
building materials, construction phase, using phase and demolishing phase (Figure 3).
Each phase may cause environmental problems (Esin, Coşgun, and Aydın, 2007).

Figure 3. Diagram of building life cycle
Source: Esin, Coşgun, and Aydın, 2007.

The most basic way to reduce negative environmental impacts of buildings is to extend
using phase of the buildings as long as possible. Extension of duration of usage of the buildings has
a great importance in terms of reducing energy and natural resource consumption and preventing
environmental pollution. From this point of view, it seems that to preserve the buildings which have
cultural heritage value and to refunction them to extend the usage phase are sustainable approaches
which have positive impacts on the natural environment. (Kayıhan and Aydın, 2017).

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

It can be declared that to transform historic industrial buildings into living spaces
with the suitable functions is the best preservation method. During assiging new functions
to historic industrial buildings the required process can be summarized as below :

• Detailed documentation investigated the architectural features, what type of
energy is used, what kind of machines it contains, whether there are extensions,
etc. of the plant,

• Determination of preservation decisions such as cleaning, repair, consolidation,
integration, re-functioning and redesign when necessary,

• Application,
• Usage.
To maintain the tradition of the factories whose original spatial order is preserved,
to assign new functions to the factories whose original spatial order cannot be preserved,
is an approach that preserves its validity today regarding the sustainability of the industrial
heritage (Oral and Ahunbay, 2005).
It should not be ignored that the most important purpose of re-functioning is to
ensure the continuity of the industrial heritage, and the new function to be given should
be an application that contributes to the city culture and improves the quality of urban life.
It is recommended to prefer public uses rather than function choices that will serve only a
limited segment of the society (Köksal, 2005).
The precautions to be taken while formulating a management plan should be
determined due to the discussions made with entire disciplines related to the issue. The
matters regarding the report on constituted assessment report during “The Industrial
Heritage Seminar” held in Blaenavon, 2006 are as the following (Event Report, 2006):
• Financial and environmental sustainability during the management of present

heritage,
• The accordance of the function considered to be acquired to the present

heritage and local social demands,
• Development of extended tourism information networks and connections in

order to foster re-valuing of industrial heritage,
• Definition and discussion on general problems of industrial heritage projects

by the union of entire disciplines related to the issue.
• The issue on which of the industrial settlements, how and within what kind of

a program to be acquired to urban/rural life or cultural tourism in the scope
of industrial heritage inventory that is suggested to be prepared global-wide
should be considered from two main aspects.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

These are examination of present plants due to their histories, architectural,
scientific, technological and social features; as well as determination of their statuses
in the frame of general management plan to be developed in the world. About their
determination of statuses: Which national and international markets are available with
respect to the properties of industrial heritage to be assessed? Who are the counterparts?
How can the site be promoted to the visitors currently and in the future more attractively
and beneficiary? Can mixed functioning be preferred for its sustainability? What is the
cost of restoration and management? Will it be financially self-sufficient in the 5-10 years
of period? How long will it be able to make profits? Will there be a possibility to find
strategic and business partners? Can there be advertisement possibilities by using the
links of similar sites internationally? Finding solutions due to such questions and making
feasibilities in global-wide with respect to the solutions is appropriate.

“The Industrial Heritage Seminar” held in Blaenavon, 2006, the benefits and
contributions to the growth of the issue was examined in the re-vitalisation of industrial sites
assessment report. These benefits and contributions are listed below (Event Report, 2006):

• Social contributions and benefits:
- Increase in social mobility is achieved.
- Remarkable vernacular benefits are achieved.

• Contributions and benefits for sustainability:
- The heritage locations increase the tendencies to live, work and visit
these spots.
- Contributions are made by developing cultural property diversities and
preservation.
- Making use of present values sustainably decreases the demands for new
establishments.
- Plays a descriptive role for conveying the industrial sites to next
generations in the best conditions.

• Contributions and benefits for tourism:
- Re-vitalisation of industrial sites fulfil the increasing cultural tourism
route demands world-wide.
- Regarding experiences and identity of the individual history is an
attraction for everyone.

• Contributions and benefits for economy:
- New employment opportunities are created.
- Encourages education opportunities on building and heritage
management.
- Historical heritage sites are places people live, work and even invest.
- Creates self-sufficient economies.
- Makes contributions to the national economy.

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A New Cultural Concept: Industrial Heritage Elif Özlem AYDIN

The route of industrial heritage whose many important benefits are distinguished,
mostly serve for tourism. Minimum interferences are accepted for the integration in the
urban life of these historically, architecturally, scientifically, technologically and socially
unique industrial heritage samples that take place in this scope; while on the other
examples re-utilisation with extensive interferences might be permitted. It is observed
that the social statuses of the participants of such visits and their awareness are higher
than average tourist profiles (Event Report, 2006).

Conclusion

As declared in Nizhny Tagil Charter the Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a
historical phenomenon that has affected an ever-greater part of the human population, as well
as all the other forms of life on our planet, and that continues to the present day (ICOMOS
website). The industrial revolution, which has affected and transformed the earth and humanity
for nearly 200 years, has created a new culture and lifestyle that we define as industrial culture.

The most important outputs of alive industrial areas can be listed as:
• Teaching the industrial history of the geography in which it is located,
• Becoming places of memory,
• Forming a basis for scientific discoveries,
• Transferring the process of technology,
• And displaying the sociological change/transformation opportunities offered

to the users of enterprises and their immediate environment in the past.

There has been a worldwide consensus on the preservation and sustainability of the
tangible and intangible heritage of this culture after the 2000s. In the European continent,
progress has been made during documentation, preservation and re-functioning of
industrial heritage and landscape, but these studies have been limited worldwide. For
the management of this heritage and how to display and evaluate it, the spreading area,
form and local values of this heritage in the world should be considered within a holistic
perspective. Attention should be paid to maintain the tradition of the factories whose
original spatial order is preserved, to assign new functions to the factories whose original
spatial order cannot be preserved for their sustainability.

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Industrial Heritage in the Urban Identity and Memory Axis

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