The Dog Encyclopedia

WORKING DOGS

Karst Estrela
Shepherd Dog Mountain Dog

HEIGHT 21–25in (54–63cm) HEIGHT 24–28in (62–72cm) Wolf-gray or Black brindle
WEIGHT 55–93lb (25–42kg) WEIGHT 77–132lb (35–60kg)
LIFE SPAN 11–12 years LIFE SPAN Over 10 years Underside and extremities may have
white markings.

Formerly known as the Illyrian Shepherd Dog, this dog was A livestock guardian from the Estrela Mountains of Portugal, this
separated from another breed of the same name and renamed
the Karst, or Istrian, Shepherd Dog in the 1960s. Used for fearless, rugged dog was bred to protect flocks against predators
herding and guarding in the alpine Karst region of
Slovenia, this excellent working dog can make such as wolves. The Estrela Mountain Dog is a loyal and friendly
a good companion with careful training
and early socialization. but strong-willed companion that needs consistent and patient

Hair on neck forms obedience training. There are long-coated and short-coated
ruff and mane
varieties of the breed. Black hairs intermingle
with fawn hairs

Fawn

Head as wide Iron-gray Long head
as it is long Flat, long coat with broad,
rounded skull

Dark face mask

Long, Lighter
bushy tail gray
markings
Thick, slightly Thick ruff
Dark streak wavy topcoat around
on front of neck and
limbs LONG- chest
COATED

Portuguese Castro
Watchdog Laboreiro Dog

HEIGHT 25–29in (64–74cm) Wolf-gray Black HEIGHT 21–25in (55–64cm) Wolf-gray
WEIGHT 77–132lb (35–60kg) WEIGHT 55–88lb (25–40kg) May have a small white spot on chest.
LIFE SPAN 12 years Coat may be brindled; white coats have LIFE SPAN 12–13 years
colored patches.

Possibly descended from the powerful mastiffs brought into Named after its home village in the mountains of northern

Europe from Asia by nomadic herders, this breed is also known Portugal, this dog, sometimes known as the Portuguese Cattle Dog,

as the Rafeiro de Alentejo, named after the Alentejo region was bred to work as a livestock-guardian. Its distinctive alarm bark

of Portugal. Traditionally used for guarding, the starts low and ends high-pitched. This dog Triangular, drop ears
develops a strong bond with family
Portuguese Watchdog is vigilant and suspicious

of strangers. Formidable in size and strength, members but may be hostile Short, very thick,
to strangers. coarse-textured coat
though not aggressive, this dog is unsuitable

for novice handlers. Black
lips
Straight, Tail long-haired
dense coat
Triangular, Almond- on underside,
drop ears
shaped eyes usually carried low

Tail slightly
curved at tip

Broad chest

Fawn Mountain
with white brindle
markings

49

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Portuguese Sheepdog Catalan Sheepdog

HEIGHT 17–22in (42–55cm) Variety of colors HEIGHT 18–22in (45–55cm) Gray Black and tan
WEIGHT 37–60lb (17–27kg) WEIGHT 44–60lb (20–27kg) Sable
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years May have a small amount LIFE SPAN 12–14 years May have white markings.
of white on chest.

In its native country this shaggy, agile dog is sometimes known as Bred in Catalonia, Spain, as a flock-herder and guard, this hardy
the monkey dog. The Portuguese Sheepdog loves to be outdoors, dog has an attractive weatherproof coat that allows it to work in
herding. Lively and extremely intelligent, the breed has also gained almost any conditions. With high intelligence, a quiet temperament,
popularity as a companion and sporting dog in Portugal, although and a readiness to please, the Catalan Sheepdog is relatively easy to
it is little known elsewhere. train and makes an excellent family companion.

Crest on
top of head

Shaggy coat Black Rough- Fringed ears hang
resembles textured coat close to head
goat hair
Fawn Round, dark
Large eyebrows amber eyes
do not obscure
eyes

Long
beard and
mustache

Fawn

Tan markings Long hair
on lower legs extends
over feet

Pyrenean Sheepdog SEMI-LONG,
ROUGH-FACED

HEIGHT 15–19in (38–48cm) Gray Black and white
WEIGHT 15–31lb (7–14kg) Blue Blue coats may be merle, slate, or
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years Black brindle. Unmixed colors are preferred.

Small and lightly built for a sheepdog, Coat woollier on Fawn Long, swept-back hair
this breed has long been used for herding hindquarters on face and cheeks
flocks in the French Pyrenees. It
remained almost unknown beyond White LONG-HAIRED, Long hair on
its native mountain regions until the markings ROUGH-FACED legs extends
beginning of the 20th century. Lithe, on chest over toes
energetic, and ready to join in any
interesting activity, the Pyrenean Fawn
Sheepdog does well in canine with black
sports such as agility trials. For hairs
an active family, the Pyrenean
Sheepdog is an excellent pet.
The breed comes in two
coat varieties—long or
semi-long—and may
have a rough or
smooth face.

SEMI-LONG,
SMOOTH-FACED

50

WORKING DOGS

Border Collie FOREVER FAITHFUL

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of The town of Benton, Montana, is perhaps
20–21in 26–44lb Over 10 years colors best known for a dog that kept a six-year vigil
(50–53cm) (12–20kg) for his shepherd owner. The shepherd became
sick and died after coming to the town hospital
This superintelligent dog needs an experienced owner for treatment in 1936. The dog saw his coffin
and plenty of physical and mental activity loaded on to a train
and from that
The Border Collie’s reputation as the Primarily a working dog, the Border Collie point the
quintessential sheepdog reaches far beyond was not officially recognized as a breed by dog—named Old
the English-Scottish border where it the Kennel Club in the UK until 1976. Shep by station
originated. Almost all Border Collies are staff—met each
descended from a dog named Old Hemp, Tireless energy, a low boredom threshold, incoming train,
born in Northumbria (northern England) in and an independent spirit mean that the looking for
1894. Old Hemp was such a good sheepdog Border Collie needs plenty of physical and his master. His
that many other farmers wanted pups sired mental challenges every day if kept as a pet. devotion became
by him; he had more than 200 offspring. Many take part in dog agility competitions. famous. In 1942
These competitions, which started in the Old Shep was
When herding sheep a Border Collie UK in 1978, require owners to train and killed by a train.
works quickly and silently, responding direct their dogs to pass through a course He was buried
immediately to voice, whistle, or hand of obstacles. Border Collies excel in this on the bluff
commands from the shepherd. The dogs activity as, just like when herding sheep, overlooking the
are used to round up sheep, to move them they rapidly follow their owner’s commands. station, where a
from pasture to pasture or pen, and to There are two varieties of coat: moderately memorial to him
isolate individual animals, if necessary. long and smooth. was erected.

BRONZE STATUE OF
OLD SHEP IN FORT
BENTON, MONTANA

Distinct stop

Low-set tail Muscular, Black
reaches hock athletic body and white

Ears set
well apart

MODERATELY
LONG COAT

Feathering
on forelegs

51

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Collie

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Gold Black, tan, and white
20–24in 51–75lb 12–14 years Blue merle
(51–61cm) (23–34kg) Gold and white

This proud and beautiful, sweet-tempered dog makes a loyal Profuse
family companion but needs plenty of exercise feathering on
hindquarters
This rich-coated breed, a descendant of The herding instinct has not been
the rather less-refined Scottish working entirely bred out of Collies; their sharp
shepherd dogs, is much admired today awareness of movement may trigger an
as a pet and in the show ring. The Collie’s impulse to “round up” friends and family.
history may go back as far as Roman Early socializing can prevent this trait
Britain, but dogs recognizably of this type from becoming a nuisance.
did not attract wide attention until the
19th century. Queen Victoria is credited Like all breeds originally intended as
with popularizing the breed both in Europe working dogs, the Collie becomes restless
and the US. Later, Lassie, the highly when underexercised or left alone for long
intelligent star of film and television, periods, and may start to bark excessively.
confirmed the Collie’s status as one However, given an energetic daily run,
of the best-loved dogs of all time. it can be kept in a modest-sized house
or even an apartment.
This breed is mild-tempered and tolerant
of other dogs and pets. It is highly responsive This dog’s long, thick coat needs
to training and makes an affectionate and regular grooming to prevent
protective companion. However, the tangles and matting. More
people-loving Collie readily accepts visitors frequent grooming sessions
to the home and therefore does not make may be needed when
a good guard dog. An athletic breed, it is the dense undercoat
eager for fun and will take part eagerly in is being shed,
canine sports such as agility trials. which occurs
twice a year.

LASSIE—THE FAITHFUL FRIEND Feathered tail

The first Lassie film, Lassie Come Smooth hair
Home, was based on a book in below hock
which Lassie’s poor owners sell
her to a rich duke, but the dog
escapes and makes a long,
dangerous trek to return to her
family home. Several more
films and a TV series followed,
showing Lassie’s bravery and
loyalty to her human friends.
Despite the girl’s name, all of
the canine actors were male.
The original dog, Pal, was
actually rather badly behaved
before he was trained for his
life in the movies.

A POSTER FROM THE 1994 FILM

52

Semierect ears WORKING DOGS

Abundant Dark eyes with
white mane intelligent, inquisitive
expression

Smooth-haired face

PUPPY

Long, very dense,
coarse-textured coat

Long, lean,
tapering head

Sable and white

53

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Smooth Collie

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Sable and white
20–24in 40–66lb Over 10 years Black, tan, and white
(51–61cm) (18–30kg)

A HELPING HAND This increasingly rare collie is calm and friendly, making
it ideal for the elderly or families with young children
Dogs have been used for many years to assist
blind, deaf, and disabled people, but there is Recognized as a breed in its own Vulnerable Native Breed, signifying a breed
now a new way to help those suffering right, the Smooth Collie shares many that registers fewer than 300 new animals
with Alzheimer’s Disease. Choosing Smooth physical features with the Collie (see p.52). per year; in 2010 just 54 new dogs were
Collies to do this work has proved enormously Both breeds are descended from Scottish registered. The breed is even less familiar
successful. The dogs are trained to guide their farm and herding dogs. Early Collies were in other countries.
owner home or remain with them until help smaller than today’s dogs, with shorter
arrives (below)—they carry a GPS on their muzzles, but during the 19th century The Smooth Collie is sometimes used
harness to locate them. Loyal and devoted, breeders created a taller, more elegant as a sheepdog or watchdog but is also a
these trained dogs are unusual because they animal for the show ring. As with the good house dog that enjoys being with
often work without any commands from their Collie, the breed was promoted by Queen people. Mild-mannered and friendly, it
owner and are also able to cope with the mood Victoria who kept both Collies and Smooth needs plenty of company, exercise, and
swings associated with the condition. Collies in her kennels. mental stimulation. The breed, like the
Collie, does well in agility and obedience
Today the Smooth Collie is less well- competitions. The short-haired coat is
known than its rough-haired counterpart. easy to maintain, needing little more
In the UK the Kennel Club has listed it as a than regular brushing.

One or both eyes Ears semierect
may be blue when alert

in blue merles

Long tail Muzzle
reaches rounded
hock joint
at end
Short, dense,
Characteristic coarse coat
white collar
Blue merle and chest

Oval feet with
arched toes

54

Shetland Sheepdog WORKING DOGS

HEIGHT 14–15in (35–38cm) Sable Black and white Smooth
WEIGHT 13–37lb (6–17kg) Blue merle hair on
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years Black and tan face
Dense mane
First bred in the rugged Shetland Islands, Close-set ears Long, Tricolor
beyond the northern coast of mainland thick coat
Scotland, this miniature collie is Black rim
hardy and resilient. Bursting with around eyes
energy but easily trained and
affectionate, the Shetland
Sheepdog adapts well to
family life and is a loyal
pet. Regular grooming
sessions are necessary
to maintain the
beautiful coat.

Long-
haired tail

Briard Slate-gray
Black
HEIGHT 23–27in (58–69cm)
WEIGHT 77lb (35kg) Eyebrows fall Fawn Short, high-set,
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years over eyes long-haired ears

In its native country this large Black nose
and lively French breed works as a
herder and guarder of sheep. Bold
and protective, but not aggressive,
the Briard is an excellent family
companion if given regular exercise
and room to run and play. This is
not a low-maintenance dog, since
the Briard’s long, thick coat
needs a lot of grooming.

Darker hairs Long, flowing,
blend in with slightly wavy coat
main body color

Strong,
muscular legs

55

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Old English Sheepdog

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Gray
22–24in 60–99lb Over 10 years
(56–61cm) (27–45kg) Any shade of gray or blue. Body and hindquarters
of solid color, with no white patches.

THE DULUX DOG This good-tempered and intelligent dog needs frequent
grooming to maintain its shaggy coat
To many English-speaking people around the
world, the Old English Sheepdog has become Native to southwest England, the Old recently it has fallen out of favor; in 2012
synonymous with Dulux, the international paint English Sheepdog is descended from large, only 316 new dogs were registered with
brand. The first Dulux advertisements featuring strong dogs used to guard livestock against the UK’s Kennel Club, prompting the Club
the dog appeared in 1961; it was felt that the big, wolves, as well as from the Bearded Collie to put the Old English Sheepdog on its
fluffy dog would give the film sets an appealing (opposite), and, possibly, breeds such as the watch list of endangered breeds.
family home feel. The dogs have been the stars of South Russian Shepherd Dog (opposite).
the shows for over 50 years, and some even had By the mid-19th century the dogs were This big, strong dog requires a great deal
their own chauffeurs. They and the brand made being used to drive livestock to market. It of exercise. The coat always has been dense
each other world famous; today, Old English was customary to dock the tail (bob it), to and shaggy; in the old days shepherds would
Sheepdogs are often recognized as show that the animal was a working dog and shear their dogs as well as the sheep and use
“Dulux dogs.” thus exempt from tax; the alternative name the hair to make cloth. However, modern
of Bobtail Sheepdog is still sometimes used. animals’ coats have become so thick that
they need constant care to prevent them
The breed was highly popular in the from becoming tangled and matted.
1970s and 80s, due to its use in movies
and advertisements, but more Eyes obscured
by coat

Small ears
covered by coat

Deep, relatively
short body

Longer coat on
hindquarters

Blue Very thick,
shaggy coat
with white
markings

White markings on
head, neck, and chest

56

WORKING DOGS

Bearded Collie Sandy Black Polish Lowland
Red-brown Sheepdog
HEIGHT 20–22in (51–56cm) Blue Any color
WEIGHT 44–55lb (20–25kg) HEIGHT 17–20in (42–50cm)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years WEIGHT 31–35lb (14–16kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years
Until the middle of the 20th century the Bearded Collie was
familiar only in Scotland and the north of England, where it Bred to work on the plainlands of Northern Europe as a herder and
was valued as a sheepdog. Now widely appreciated for its attractive
appearance, compact size, and gentle nature, this breed has a guard dog, this delightfully shaggy dog is both rugged and agile.
great appeal as a pet. However, it is more likely to enjoy the
space of a rural home than a compact urban environment. The breed has brains as well as brawn and responds readily to

training for a variety of purposes. Exercise and grooming

Long should be high on its owner’s agenda.
mustache
on muzzle Long hair falls

Long Slate-gray Thick, long, fluffy Black and tan over eyes
outer coat coat, fades with age
Arched
eyebrows do
not cover eyes

Large Heart-shaped,
nose drop ears
hidden by hair

White Blunt
collar muzzle

Toes hairy Oval-
between pads shaped
feet

Dutch Schapendoes South Russian
Shepherd Dog
HEIGHT 16–20in (40–50cm) Any color
WEIGHT 26–44lb (12–20kg) HEIGHT 24–26in (62–65cm)
LIFE SPAN 13–14 years WEIGHT 106–110lb (48–50kg) Ashen gray
LIFE SPAN 9–11 years Straw
Swift, tireless, and intelligent, this breed is the perfect natural Yellow and white
sheep herder. Moving as if on springs, a working Dutch
Schapendoes can run at high speed and bound lightly over This big sheepdog from the Russian steppes was bred not to round
almost any obstacle in its path. The breed has the temperament up flocks but to guard them against fierce predators. Quick to react,
to make a good companion but will not thrive without activity. naturally dominant, and highly protective, this breed, also known
as the Ovtcharka (sheep herder in Russian), needs
Heavily feathered, Long topknot of hair
long tail partially covers eyes an owner who can establish authority early on.

Full mustache Long, dense
and beard coat with

coarse texture

Elongated head
with broad
forehead

Black and Abundant, White Triangular,
white slightly drop ears
wavy coat
Feet covered
with long
hair

57



WORKING DOGS

Pembroke Welsh Corgi

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Fawn and sable
10–12in 20–26lb 12–15 years
(25–30cm) (9–12kg)

A sharp and confident watchdog with a big bark for its size, FIT FOR A QUEEN
this dog makes a good family pet if given enough exercise
The British royal family is well known for its
The more widely known of the two them ideally suited to driving cattle, sheep, love of dogs—and no breed is more closely
Corgi breeds, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi is and ponies to market by nipping at their associated with the Windsors than the Pembroke
distinguished from the Cardigan Welsh Corgi heels. Today, these alert and active little Welsh Corgi. King George VI, father of the
(see p.60) by its slightly smaller ears, lighter dogs are still used occasionally in herding reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, acquired
build, finer features, and, in some dogs, lack and dog agility events. Pembroke Welsh the first royal corgi, Rozavel Golden Eagle
of tail. The Pembroke Welsh Corgi Corgis make excellent watchdogs and (“Dookie”), in 1933. The Queen has owned
is the younger of the two, even though its enjoy family life, but they may revert to and bred Pembroke Welsh Corgis since she
ancestry has been traced back to 1107, when their herding instincts and nip ankles, a was 18 years old. One of her dogs, Monty
Flemish weavers and farmers first imported tendency that can be minimized by early (now deceased), starred with her in a James
dogs from Europe into western Wales. The training. Corgis have a tendency to gain Bond movie sequence at the opening ceremony
two breeds were crossed for a time in the weight easily so need a regulated regime of the 2012 London Olympics.
19th century, but the Pembroke Welsh Corgi of diet and exercise.
was recognized as a separate breed in 1934.
The Pembroke Welsh Corgi is notable
Corgis have a long for having a feature called a “fairy saddle”—
history as cattle an area over the shoulders where the
herders and guard fur grows in a different thickness and
dogs in Wales. Their direction from the rest of the coat. The
low-slung shape and name derives from the legend that fairies
general agility made used these dogs as their steeds.

Erect ears Foxlike
rounded at tips head with

PUPPY typical
markings

Black and tan Level topline “Fairy saddle”

Red

White
markings
on chest

Broad, deep,
white chest

Oval feet with
inner toes longer
than outer toes

59

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Cardigan Welsh Corgi

HEIGHT 11–12in (28–31cm) Any color
WEIGHT 24–37lb (11–17kg) White markings, if present, should not dominate.
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years

The two varieties of Welsh Corgi were classified as

separate breeds in the 1930s. Less popular as a house dog

than its relative, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi (see p.58),

the Cardigan Welsh Corgi

can be distinguished by

its larger round ears and Large, erect ears, Coarse-textured, Relatively long,
longer body. Full of rounded at tips short coat low-slung body

character, it fits well Foxlike head
into a small home.

Long, heavy tail

Short, Brindle
sturdy
legs Large,
rounded feet

Swedish Vallhund

HEIGHT 12–14in (31–35cm) Steel-gray
WEIGHT 26–35lb (12–16kg) Red
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years Red and gray coats may be mixed with brown or yellow.

Like the Welsh Corgis (above and p.58), which at first glance Wedge-shaped,
it closely resembles, the Swedish Vallhund was used as long head
a cattle-herding dog. This tough and workmanlike breed
continues to make itself useful on Swedish farms. Straight back
Uncommon as a house dog, it is gradually becoming more
widely known and appreciated for its happy personality.

Erect, pointed
ears

Dense,
harsh-textured
topcoat

Thick, Grayish White markings
muscular yellow on chest

neck Oval feet

60

New Zealand Huntaway WORKING DOGS

HEIGHT 20–24in (50–61cm) Tricolor Bright-eyed,
WEIGHT 40–66lb (18–30kg) Dark brindle alert expression
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years Currently may still appear in other colors.
Black
The New Zealand Huntaway lacks a breed standard and is not recognized Short, and tan
by any kennel club due to its mixed breeding, which may include German thick coat
Shepherd (see p.42), Rottweiler (see p.83), and Border Collie (see p.51).
Developed in New Zealand to be a working sheepdog, it is an excellent
worker and is also gaining popularity as a house dog.

Typical tan Long, strong legs
markings Large feet

Australian Kelpie Fine-boned but
muscular legs
HEIGHT 17–20in (43–51cm) Variety of colors
WEIGHT 24–44lb (11–20kg) 61
LIFE SPAN 10–14 years

The Australian Kelpie was developed Thick, brushlike, Short, thick,
to work as a sheepdog in the vast open slightly curved tail water-resistant coat
expanses of Australia. Energetic and
agile, the breed has seemingly endless Chocolate
reserves of stamina and a low boredom
threshold. An all-action dog, it
is best suited to a working life
where its herding skills can
be put to full use.

Foxlike head

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Australian Cattle Dog

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN
17–20in 31–40lb Over 10 years
(43–51cm) (14–18kg)

Strong, hardy, and workmanlike, this trustworthy
herding dog is a little wary of strangers

Once widely used for cattle driving ancestors. The breed is notable for its Long, broad,
and guarding, this breed is also called the tireless, easy gait and ability to produce muscular
Australian Heeler. It originated in the 19th sudden bursts of speed.
century when herdsmen needed a dog that hindquarters
could manage semi-wild cattle on vast The Australian Cattle Dog has many
ranches and run for long distances in rough merits as a family dog, being hardy, alert, Round feet
terrain and intense heat. In the 1840s a and loyal to its owner. An ancestry that with strong,
rancher named Thomas Hall crossed some includes the dingo has, however, made the arched toes
collies with dingos, creating the “Hall’s breed naturally suspicious of strangers. Bred
heeler” (the name “heeler” referring to the to work strenuous days and cover long
dogs’ tendency to drive cattle by nipping distances, it requires plenty of exercise.
at their heels). These dogs were, in turn, Ideally, the dog needs firm handling and
crossed with Dalmatians (see p.286), Bull work to make use of its mental and physical
Terriers (see p.197), and Kelpies (a black- energy, otherwise it will become bored and
and-tan herding breed). The Australian stubborn. Training is not difficult because the
Cattle Dog breed finally became established dog is highly intelligent and willing to
in the 1890s. please; it excels in herding, obedience,
and agility activities.
The crossbreeding had resulted in a dog
with strong herding instincts, the tough,
quiet nature of a dingo, and the Dalmatian’s
ability to work alongside horses. Many still
have the blue-merle coloring of their collie

Low-set tail
hangs in a
slight curve

Coat longer and
thicker on neck

Red speckle

62

Drop ears WORKING DOGS
PUPPY
Pronounced stop
Distinctive tan
markings on legs Tan markings
on throat

Blue

LONGEST-LIVED DOG

Australian Cattle Dogs are known for being
robust and healthy—but one, called Bluey, holds
the Guinness World Record as the longest-lived
dog. Bluey was born in June 1910 and was
owned by Australian couple Les and Esma
Hall. The dog worked for more than 20 years
herding sheep and cattle (as below) on a diet
of kangaroo and emu meat. He was finally put
down in November 1939, at the age of 29 years,
5 months, and 7 days.

63

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Lancashire Heeler

HEIGHT 10–12in (25–30cm) Liver and tan
WEIGHT 9–15lb (4–7kg)
LIFE SPAN 15 years

Intelligent, tough, and workmanlike, the Tail curves over Tan spots above
Lancashire Heeler is well suited to its original back when alert eyes and on cheeks
use as a cattle herder in the north of England.
The breed may have been the result of crosses Firm body with Black
between the Pembroke Welsh level back and tan
Corgi (see p.58) and the
Manchester Terrier (see Short,
p.212). Less inclined to glossy
be “nippy” than other
heelers, this good- coat
looking little dog
fits well with families
if trained carefully.

Small, rounded feet

Tan-colored legs

Bergamasco Light fawn and Isabella
Black
HEIGHT 21–24in (54–62cm) May have white markings.
WEIGHT 57–84lb (26–38kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

A sheepdog and guard dog, the powerful Bergamasco was bred for a

tough, outdoor life in the northern Italian mountains. Its weatherproof

coat is thick, greasy to the touch, and easily becomes matted, but once Broad, straight back Gray

the coat becomes flocked, grooming time is

greatly reduced. The Bergamasco

is companionable and loyal

but needs firm control. Pronounced
stop on skull
covered by hair

Tail carried
low

Flocked
coat

64

Pumi WORKING DOGS

HEIGHT 15–19in (38–47cm) Dense, wiry
WEIGHT 18–33lb (8–15kg) tufts on ears
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years
Cream Small, white markings may
Developed in Hungary during Gray occur on chest and toes.
the 18th century, the Pumi is a Gold
cross between the Hungarian Puli
(below) and terrier-type dogs from Narrow, Black
Germany and France. An excellent terrierlike
herder of livestock and a good head High-set tail
all-around farm dog, the Pumi has
proved to be equally successful
as a house dog. Bold and restless,
this breed thrives on action.

Thick,
curly coat

Well-muscled,
lean body

Hungarian Puli White May have small, white Small, black
Gray markings on chest and feet. nose
HEIGHT 14–17in (36–44cm) Fawn
WEIGHT 22–33lb (10–15kg) Eyes covered by Short,
LIFE SPAN Over 12 years long, corded coat Profusely coated round feet
tail curls over back
Thought to have been brought Black 65
into central Europe by the Straight,
nomadic Magyar tribes of muscular back
Asia, the Hungarian Puli was
traditionally used as a herding
dog. Affectionate and quick
to learn, it makes a good
family pet but gets bored
easily without fun and
company. Its corded coat
needs special attention.

Coat forms
long cords

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Komondor

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN
24–31in 79–135lb Under 10 years
(60–80cm) (36–61kg)

Not for novices, this large, powerful dog needs an experienced
owner who will give it time and attention

The Komondor is descended from guard in nature, the Komondor will fearlessly White
dogs brought to Hungary by a people called act to tackle anything it sees as a threat.
the Cumans, as they migrated westward The breed has strong guarding instincts
from what is now China to the Danube and can be loyal protectors of their home,
basin. The earliest written evidence of dogs although they are more suited to being
of this type dates from the mid-16th century, outdoor or farm dogs than family pets.
but they may have existed for centuries The Komondor’s independent nature
earlier. It was not until the early 20th and instincts, combined with considerable
century that the breed became size and strength, mean that ownership
known outside Hungary. should be considered only by those
with plenty of dog-handling experience
The Komondor was traditionally used and space. Daily grooming is essential
to protect sheep, goats, and cattle from to maintain the Komondor’s
wolves and bears. Left by their human extraordinary tasseled coat.
owners, they lived among the flocks and
worked independently to guard the livestock Long tail curved
from predators. Many were used slightly at tip
to guard military installations during World
War II and were killed in service, and as a
result the breed nearly died out. However,
a number of dogs were saved by a few
dedicated breeders. Today the largest
populations are in Hungary and the US,
where dogs have been used to guard
livestock from coyotes and other predators.
Although generally quiet and reserved

PUPPY

66

Nose is usually black, WORKING DOGS
but gray or brown is
IN SHEEP’S CLOTHING
sometimes seen
Not only does the Komondor look like the native
Drop ears hidden Hungarian sheep it is bred to protect, it is treated
under coat like one. The puppies are raised with sheep from
infancy and live with them all year round so the
sheep are not afraid of them. The dogs in turn
treat the sheep as members of their pack and
protect them. Raised in human company they
have similar protective habits toward family
members. The Komondor is even shorn like a
sheep each summer to remove the long, woolly
coat that protects it from the cold in winter.

Dark eyes partially
obscured by coat

Very long, heavy,
tasseled coat

67

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Aidi Fawn Brown (right)

HEIGHT 21–24in (53–61cm) Black
WEIGHT 51–55lb (23–25kg)
LIFE SPAN About 12 years Fawn, brown, and black coats may be spotted with white.

Also known as the Atlas Mountain Dog, this type of dog has been Thick, medium-
used for centuries as a guard dog by the nomadic peoples of Morocco. length coat
The Aidi is faithful, fearless, and always on the alert to protect its
owners and their possessions. But its strong guarding instincts mean
that this dog is not always suited to a domestic lifestyle.

Wide-set,
drop ears

Black patch Black
lips

White

Feathering on
back of legs

Australian Shepherd

HEIGHT 18–23in (46–58cm) Red, red merle Pronounced stop
WEIGHT 40–65lb (18–29kg) Black
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years All coats may have tan markings. High-set,
drop ears
Not an “Aussie” at all, this shepherd dog was bred in the US.

Its name derives from its ancestors, which were worked by

Basque shepherds who emigrated to Australia in the late Thick, wavy coat

19th century and then later moved on to the US. The

Australian Shepherd, still useful

as a ranch dog and tracker,

is becoming increasingly

valued as a pet. Tan markings

Blue merle White hair
extends across
neck, chest,
and legs

Bushy tail

68

WORKING DOGS

Hellenic Shepherd Dog

HEIGHT 24–30in (60–75cm) Variety of colors
WEIGHT 71–110lb (32–50kg)
LIFE SPAN 12 years Massive, flat-
topped head

The ancestors of this breed, Dark brown eyes Triangular, drop ears
which is also known as the with darker edges
Greek Sheepdog, may have Broad
been the sheepdogs brought chest Dense coat with
into Greece many centuries some sabling
ago by Turkish migrants.
Tough, brave, and a natural Fawn
guardian and flock leader, LONG-HAIRED
the Hellenic Shepherd Dog
has excellent qualities for
a working dog, but is too
dominant in temperament
to make a reliable family
companion. There are two
coat types: long-haired and
short-haired.

White feet
and legs

Abundant
hair on tail

Maremma Sheepdog Cursinu

HEIGHT 24–29in (60–73cm) HEIGHT 18–23in (46–58cm)
WEIGHT 66–99lb (30–45kg) WEIGHT Not known
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

The sheep herders of the central Italian plains have Dogs of this type have existed on the island of Corsica

long used the Maremma Sheepdog to guard their for over a hundred years, although the Cursinu has only

flocks. With an imposing stance and a magnificent, been recognized in France since 2003. Energetic, fast- High-set,
semierect
thick, white coat, this handsome dog has obvious Short hair moving, and versatile, it is used for both hunting and ears
on face
attractions but needs expert handling. Like many herding and, although it can adapt to home life, it is
Thick collar
dogs bred for outdoor work, this sheepdog is not of hair on probably at its best as a working dog.
neck
the ideal choice for the home. Small ears hang Short, thick,
flat at rest muscular neck
Heavy, wavy coat
Long tail,
Thickly carried in
haired, curl when
low-set tail
active

Black- Flat, wide
rimmed head

eyes

Fawn-brindle Short to medium-
length coat
White
Long, harelike feet

69

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Romanian Shepherd Dogs

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN White-beige Bucovina only may appear as white,
23–31in 77–154lb 12–14 years Black white-beige, black, or ashen-gray
(59–78cm) (35–70kg) and may have patches of color.
CARPATIN

MOLOSSUS DOGS These watchful and courageous dogs need space
and freedom to run and may be wary of strangers
Said to be descendants of ancient molossus
dogs that were crossed with local domestic dogs, In the mountainous Carpathian region of From the 1930s onward efforts were made
the Romanian Shepherd Dog is an impressive Romania, shepherds rely on large, robust to preserve all three types. The different
animal. The ancient molossus dogs were used dogs to guard their flocks in all weather. Romanian Shepherd Dog breeds were
in battle, for hunting (as seen in this frieze from Regional breeding has resulted in several provisionally recognized by the FCI in
c.645BCE), and for guarding property and working distinct types: the three main forms are the the early years of this century.
with livestock. Those used for herding were said Carpatin, the Bucovina, and the Mioritic.
by Aristotle (384–322BCE) to be “superior to The lean, wolflike Carpatin originated Romanian Shepherd Dogs are little
others in size, and in the courage with which they in the lower Carpathian-Danube area of known outside their native country. All
face the attacks of wild animals.” These attributes eastern Romania; the heavier Molossoid types are better suited to outdoor rather
are essential for the Romanian Shepherd Dogs Bucovina was developed in the northeastern than indoor life, and none is widely known
that are used to guard livestock today. mountains; and the shaggy-haired Mioritic as a companion dog. With strong watchdog
arose in the north. All types have to be strong instincts, Romanian Shepherd Dogs are
and courageous to defend livestock against highly territorial and suspicious of strangers.
predators such as wolves, bears, and lynxes. They need plenty of activity, as well as
early socialization and firm training.

Blaze extends White with
to muzzle cream and gray

Wolf-gray markings

Black
nose

Profuse hair
on tail

Slightly longer
hair on neck
forms ruff

Rough, slightly Coat longer than
wavy coat other Romanian
Shepherd Dogs
Feathering on
back of front legs White
markings
CARPATIN on feet

70 MIORITIC

Appenzell Cattle Dog WORKING DOGS

HEIGHT 20–22in (50–56cm) Havana brown Drop ears, raised
WEIGHT 49–71lb (22–32kg) forward when alert
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years
Reddish
Bred for herding and guarding on Alpine farms, Tail carried brown
in tight curl markings
the Appenzell Cattle Dog has also taken well to on face

urban life. The breed has a firm following in White
chest
Switzerland but is not yet widely known elsewhere.

Keen, alert, and full of energy,

this dog is at its best

when kept occupied. Small, almond-
shaped eyes

White blaze Dense, flat,
extends to shiny coat
sides of muzzle

Black

Entlebucher Mountain Dog White feet

HEIGHT 17–20in (42–50cm) White
WEIGHT 46–62lb (21–28kg) chest
LIFE SPAN 11–15 years Tricolor
Reddish brown
The smallest of several long-established Reddish brown High-set, markings on legs
Swiss mountain dogs, this cattle- markings drop ears
driving breed from the Entlebuch above eyes
valley is gaining popularity as Short, coarse,
a house dog. Bouncing with Back length longer glossy coat
high spirits, the Entlebucher than leg length
Mountain Dog is confident
and well behaved within
the family, but has strong
protective instincts and
is inclined to be wary
around strangers.

Slightly curved,
long tail

71

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

WORKING DOGS

Bernese Mountain Dog

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN CART DOGS
23–28in 71–120lb Under 10 years
(58–70cm) (32–54kg) In the past, people who couldn’t afford a horse
would use dogs to pull carts, leading to the
A beautifully marked, versatile breed with an attractive development of breeds such as the Bernese
personality and kind nature, this dog enjoys family life Mountain Dog. This breed was used in the
summer to transport milk, and later cheese,
This lovely dog takes its name from the and has become popular as a family dog. from the mountains where the cattle grazed
Swiss canton of Berne, where it traditionally Slow to mature, these dogs keep their to the valleys below. Because of this practice,
worked as an all-purpose farm dog; it was puppyish tendencies for longer than other dogs were sometimes referred to locally as
also used to pull carts to transport goods breeds. Although large and strong, the dogs Cheese Dogs. When not working as a draft
such as milk and cheese to market. The breed are not overly dominant. They enjoy human animal, the Bernese Mountain Dog was used
began to decline in the 19th century as other company and need to spend a lot of time to control stock and guard property.
types of dog were imported to Switzerland. around people, rather than be confined
Initial work on restoring the breed was done to a kennel or yard. The breed is affectionate
by Franz Schertenlieb who traveled all over and reliable with children. In recent years it
Switzerland looking for dogs and, later, has become popular as a therapy dog for
a Swiss professor called Albert Heim began older people, sick children, or those with
working to preserve and promote the breed special needs. It is also still used for farm
too. A breed club was formed in 1907, and work as well as search and rescue work.
during the 20th century the breed became
The eye-catching tricolor coat needs
popular worldwide. plenty of grooming to maintain its silky
The Bernese Mountain texture and characteristic soft sheen. The
Dog is attractive in coat is heavy, so this dog is not suited to
both looks and nature, extremely warm climates.

Triangular, White Broad head with
drop ears blaze well-defined stop
on head
Tricolor
PUPPY

Long, bushy, Broad, deep
jet-black tail chest with
white markings
Long, silky,
slightly wavy coat Reddish brown
markings extend
down to feet

73

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Greater Swiss Mountain Dog White Swiss Shepherd Dog

HEIGHT 24–28in (60–72cm) HEIGHT 21–26in (53–66cm)
WEIGHT 79–130lb (36–59kg) WEIGHT 55–88lb (25–40kg)
LIFE SPAN 8–11 years LIFE SPAN 8–11 years

Bred in the Swiss Alps, this huge, strong, striking dog was once Pure white shepherd dogs were first brought into Switzerland

used to haul carts full of dairy produce, for cattle herding, and for from North America in the 1970s. Developed over the next

guard duties. The dog had all but disappeared by the beginning of two decades, it was recognized in Switzerland as a breed

the 20th century, but breeding by enthusiasts saved it from extinction; in 1991. Good-tempered and intelligent, it is suitable

however, it is still rare. A true working dog, its agreeable temperament for both work and companionship. There

makes it a sociable family companion are two coat types: medium-haired

for those with room to spare. Tan spots and long-haired. Dark eyes
over eyes

Strong, White
muscular body

Coat has High-set,
symmetrical erect ears
pattern

Broad,
flattened skull

Black with tan Bushy tail
and white LONG-HAIRED
markings

Anatolian Shepherd Dog Kangal Dog

HEIGHT 28–32in (71–81cm) Any color HEIGHT 28–31in (70–80cm) Pale brown
WEIGHT 90–141lb (41–64kg) WEIGHT 88–143lb (40–65kg) Pale gray
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years LIFE SPAN 12–15 years White markings on feet and chest only.

After a long history as a livestock guardian, this hardy and Known as the national dog of Turkey, the Kangal Dog is a
powerful breed is still used in Turkey as a working dog. Bred for mastiff-type mountain dog bred in central Turkey to guard flocks
its courage and independence of spirit, the Anatolian Shepherd against wolves, jackals, and bears. The breed is strongly protective
Dog respects the authority of a firm and loving owner. If kept toward its human family. It is independent-minded and needs
as a companion dog, training and
socializing should begin early. experienced handling and a lot of exercise.

Long tail Thick coat Black muzzle
curls up at tip

Throat has
dewlap

Slight Dark Darker-colored,
furrow face drop ears
down head mask

Slight
dewlap

Fawn Pale yellow

Large
feet

74

WORKING DOGS

Akbash Central Asian Shepherd Dog

HEIGHT 27–31in (69–79cm) HEIGHT 26–31in (65–78cm) Variety of colors
WEIGHT 75–130lb (34–59kg) WEIGHT 88–174lb (40–79kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–11 years LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

A powerful Turkish breed developed for guarding flocks, Akbash- The nomadic herdsmen of Central Asia—the regions now
type dogs have probably been around for several thousands of years. known as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and
Used on ranches in North America as a livestock and property Kyrgyzstan—have used dogs of this type to protect their flocks for
guard, the Akbash is best suited to a working life and needs skilled hundreds of years. Once bred selectively in the former USSR, this
handling to prevent behavior problems. There are two coat types: rare breed needs early socialization. There are two coat types: short-
medium-haired and long-haired. haired and long-haired.

Shorter hair Moderate stop
on face
Heavily Weatherproof, White with
feathered tail White coarse coat Dense coat lemon markings

Feathering on Biscuit Typical mastiff- Powerful
back of legs type body shoulders
LONG-
HAIRED SHORT-HAIRED Large,
rounded
feet

Caucasian Shepherd Dog Leonberger

HEIGHT 26–30in (67–75cm) Variety of colors HEIGHT 28–31in (72–80cm) Sandy
WEIGHT 99–154lb (45–70kg) WEIGHT 99–170lb (45–77kg) Red
LIFE SPAN 10–11 years LIFE SPAN Over 10 years May have white markings.

Developed from various large dogs, this shepherd dog was Named after the Bavarian town of Leonberg, this breed was
once used to guard flocks in the Caucasian regions. In the 1920s developed in the mid-19th century by crossing a St. Bernard (see
selective breeding of this dog began in the former USSR and p.76) with a Newfoundland (see p.79). After the two World Wars,
continued later in Germany. An excellent watchdog, it requires Leonbergers had almost disappeared, but the breed has recovered
careful handling if it is to be a good companion. and is popular for its splendid looks and friendly nature.

Massive head Feathered tail,
lighter on
Heavily Sable underside Thick, fairly
feathered tail long coat

Dark muzzle Mane on neck
PUPPY and chest

Black mask

Deep Lion-gold
chest
Dense, coarse Feathered
coat stands Feet thickly forelegs
insulated with
away from body white hair

75

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Saint Bernard

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Brindle
28–30in 130–180lb 8–10 years
(70–75cm) (59–81kg)

This kindly giant has a delightful temperament but its White patch
unrivaled size prohibits it from being a pet for many

Originating in the 18th century, this breed dogs. During the 19th century the breed
was created by the monks of St. Bernard’s became popular outside Switzerland,
Hospice in the Swiss Alps. The monks particularly in England where the Saint
crossbred the various mastiff-type dogs Bernard was crossed with English Mastiffs
that had existed in the Swiss valleys for to produce a larger, heavier dog.
centuries, probably for use as watchdogs and
companions. The dogs’ unique rescue duties The Saint Bernard is calm and
date from the late 18th century. The animals affectionate, and is especially good with
could smell people hidden under snow and children. It is relatively rare as a house dog
sense impending avalanches. The monks sent due to its giant size and its need for plenty
the dogs out in groups to find lost travelers; of space and food. There
one dog would lie beside a casualty to keep are two coat types:
the person warm while another would smooth-haired and
return to the monastery to alert the monks. rough-haired.
However, the image of the rescuing Saint
Bernard carrying a cask of medicinal Bushy
brandy around his neck is apochryphal. white tail

During the severe winters of 1816–18 Characteristic
many dogs died doing rescue work, and white markings
numbers fell dangerously low. In the 1830s
some crosses were made with Newfoundland on legs
dogs (see p.78), but the crossbreeds’ long
hair picked up too much snow and ice,
making them unsuitable for rescue work.
The crosses were given away and the monks
returned to breeding the shorter-haired

BARRY THE MOUNTAIN RESCUE DOG

The most famous Saint Bernard rescue dog
was a male named Barry, who lived from
1800 to 1814. He was owned by the monks
of St. Bernard’s Hospice. Barry is said to have
rescued more than 40 people, including a
young boy whom he found in a cavern of
ice; the dog revived the boy by licking him,
and then carried him back to the monks.
Since then, the hospice has always named
one of their dogs Barry in his honor.
A monument to the original Barry (right)
can be found in the Paris dog cemetery.

CIMETIÈRE DES CHIENS
D’ASNIÉRES-SUR-SEINE,

PARIS, FRANCE

76

WORKING DOGS

White markings
on face

PUPPY

White
collar

Broad, straight back

Slightly
pendulous
flews

Long, thick neck
with pronounced
dewlap

Typical black Flat, deep
shading cheeks

Smooth
coat

Orange and white

SMOOTH-HAIRED

77

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Tatra Shepherd Dog Pyrenean Mastiff

HEIGHT 24–28in (60–70cm) HEIGHT 28–32in (72–81cm)
WEIGHT 79–130lb (36–59kg) WEIGHT 120–154lb (54–70kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years LIFE SPAN 10 years

Still used for protecting and herding flocks in the high Tatra A native of Spain, the Pyrenean Mastiff was originally kept for
mountains of Poland, this huge and handsome dog takes its duties
just as seriously when guarding home and household. Usually guarding mountain flocks. Large and courageous enough to take
gentle with those it knows, this breed requires an experienced
owner with a watchful eye for potential aggression if it is to on a bear or a wolf, this breed is now often used as a house
be kept as a companion.
guard. Intelligent and calm, it can also be a good

companion dog if it has the right training. Small, almond-
shaped eyes

Dense, slightly Dense, bristly White
wavy coat textured coat
White

Triangular, Lips and Long, plumed tail
drop ears with eyes have
dark edges Well-defined
rounded tips face mask
Deep mane
around neck

Hair shorter on Irregular patch
lower legs and feet same color as
face mask

Great Pyrenees Pure white

HEIGHT 26–28in (65–70cm)
WEIGHT 88–110lb (40–50kg)
LIFE SPAN 9–11 years

One of the most imposing of all dogs, this breed comes from the Dark, amber-colored
eyes with black rims
French Pyrenees, where its traditional role was as a guarder of flocks. White with
tan patches

Thoroughly assimilated into modern family life, the Great Pyrenees

is calm-natured and unaggressive, reliable in the home, and good

with children. Despite the dog’s huge size and strength, it does Tan
patch
not need an excessive amount of exercise. Owners should,

however, be prepared to put their energies into grooming. on rump

Tan patches and dark Plumed tail
shading on head
Double dewclaws
Dense, wavy coat on hind legs,

hidden by hair Heavy mane
around
neck and
shoulders

78

WORKING DOGS

Newfoundland Dark brown

HEIGHT 26–28in (66–71cm) Massive head Black Dense, coarse,
WEIGHT 110–152lb (50–69kg) slightly oily coat
LIFE SPAN 9–11 years Bushy
tail
Although the Newfoundland is
associated with the Canadian
province of the same name, the
dog’s true origins are uncertain.
Historically employed by
fishermen to retrieve nets,
it is sometimes used today
for sea rescues. The breed
has a protective nature and
is renowned for being gentle
with children. Its large
size rules this dog
out as a pet for
a small home.

Feathered
forelegs

Large
feet

Landseer Black head with
well developed stop
HEIGHT 26–28in (66–71cm)
WEIGHT 110–152lb (50–69kg) Strong neck
LIFE SPAN 9–11 years

This color variant of the Newfoundland (above) is regarded
as a distinct breed in some countries. The Landseer is named after
the mid-Victorian British painter Sir Edwin Landseer, who often
painted these dogs. Aside from its bicolored coat, this dog
shares all the attributes of solid-colored Newfoundlands,
being placid, friendly, and dependable.

Distinctive,
black saddle

White with Short hair in
black markings front of legs,
feathered behind

79

CATALOG OF BREEDS

WORKING DOGS

Tibetan Mastiff

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Slate-gray Black and slate-gray dogs
24–26in 85–280lb Over 10 years Gold may have tan markings.
(61–66 cm) (39–127kg) Black

One of the smaller mastiffs, this independent dog is THE WORLD’S MOST
extremely loyal but may take time to train and socialize EXPENSIVE DOG

One of the world’s oldest dog breeds, the to become well-known in the UK from the The Tibetan Mastiff is still uncommon beyond
Tibetan Mastiff was traditionally used to 1970s onward. Tibetan Mastiffs are also its native land, but this ancient breed has
guard livestock by nomadic shepherds in the becoming popular in China, where they are become something of a status symbol in China.
Himalayas, as well as to protect villages and regarded as bringers of health and prosperity. In 2011 a young dog named Hong Dong (Big
monasteries. The dogs were often left to Splash) was sold to a Chinese coal baron for
roam free at night to guard villages, or left In its native country, the Tibetan Mastiff 10 million yuan ( just over $1.5 million), so
behind to guard shepherds’ families when the can still be rather large and fierce. However, becoming the world’s most expensive dog.
men moved their flocks to higher pastures. in the West, selective breeding and training Big Splash was prized not only for being a
have greatly reduced any aggressive perfect physical specimen, but also because
Ancestors of these dogs were brought tendencies. The Tibetan Mastiff has strong his coat was red—a lucky color in China.
westward with the armies of Attila the Hun protective instincts, especially with children.
and Genghis Khan, laying the foundations It is a good house dog and companion,
although it is fairly independent-minded
for some of today’s giant and not overtly affectionate. The breed
Molossus breeds. takes time to reach full maturity and needs
Since the 18th century thorough, steady training.
small numbers of
Tibetan Mastiffs Tibetan Mastiff bitches come into season
have been exported once a year rather than twice, as is usual for
to the West, but the dogs. The coat needs plenty of grooming
breed only started and is not suited for hot, humid climates,
but it does not have dander, which reduces
PUPPY the risk of allergic reactions.

Bushy tail carried
curled over back

Short-haired
drop ears

Black with
tan markings

Powerful
jaws

Typical tan Dense, straight coat Coat forms White star
markings mane around on chest
on legs neck and
shoulders 81

Feathering
between toes

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Tibetan Kyi Apso Slovakian Chuvach

HEIGHT 22–28in (56–71cm) Any color HEIGHT 23–28in (59–70cm)
WEIGHT 68–84lb (31–38kg) WEIGHT 68–97lb (31–44kg)
LIFE SPAN 7–10 years LIFE SPAN 11–13 years

Only a handful of Kyi Apsos have appeared outside Tibet and Originally a shepherd’s guard dog from the Slovakian Alps,
the Slovakian Chuvach has been developed successfully into a
the breed is elusive even in its own country. Traditionally, this good house dog. This large, powerful breed retains the alertness
and watchfulness that made it a superb defender of farms and
dog is a guard of flocks and homes. The Tibetan Kyi Apso has livestock. Tactful training is needed to achieve the best results.

a characteristic springy gait, and is agile and capable of rapid

bursts of speed. Low-set, Slightly wavy High-set,
pendant ears coat drop ears
Tail carried
high in a curl Dense,
wiry coat

Strong Profusely feathered,
hindquarters low-set tail

Bearded face Broad
forehead

Black Neck broad White
and tan relative
to body

Short hair
on face

Kuvasz Hovawart Blonde

HEIGHT 26–30in (66–75cm) HEIGHT 23–28in (58–70cm)
WEIGHT 71–115lb (32–52kg) WEIGHT 62–99lb (28–45kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years LIFE SPAN 10–14 years

Probably the oldest and best known of Hungary’s breeds, Little known as a companion dog but growing in popularity,
the Kuvasz was once used as a shepherd’s guard dog. the Hovawart’s forerunners were used as farm dogs in the 13th
The breed’s naturally protective instincts may lead to century. The modern breed was developed in Germany in the first
aggressiveness, and it takes firm training to make the half of the 20th century. Very hardy and ready to go outdoors in any
Kuvasz an acceptable house dog. weather, it is a friendly and faithful house dog. The Hovawart is not
difficult to train but may need careful handling around other dogs.
Broad head with
White minimal stop

Long, extremely Black Dense coat
muscular thighs

Triangular, drop Skull and
ears with muzzle equal in
rounded tips length

Coarse, wavy Muscular Feathering on Oval feet
coat neck forelegs may with arched
be very long toes

Black
and gold

82

WORKING DOGS

Rottweiler IN SAFE HANDS

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN The eagerness of a Rottweiler to please its
23–27in 84–130lb 10–11 years owner makes it an easy and rewarding dog
(58–69cm) (38–59kg) to train. This quality combined with its size
and strength makes it an ideal dog for law
This big, burly, protective dog makes a good companion enforcement and security work. Quick to react,
if well socialized by an experienced owner and obedient to its handler, it has sufficient
strength to restrain even the most persistent
The Rottweiler is descended from dogs Today, Rottweilers are extensively used of law breakers. Employed extensively by the
used by Roman armies to drive cattle on by military and police forces, as guard dogs, military and police in Germany during WWI,
long marches. Some of the drovers and and in search and rescue work. the Rottweiler was introduced to the US
their dogs settled in southern Germany, and the UK in the 1930s. They are now the
where the dogs were interbred with local The Rottweiler has acquired an image police dog of choice in several countries.
cattle dogs. The breed was centered in the as a vicious guard dog and an intimidating
livestock-trading town of Rottweil in status symbol. However, despite the breed’s
southern Germany, where they were used great strength, impressive swagger, and
to herd and drive cattle, hunt bear, and easily aroused protective responses, it is
pull carts as butchers’ dogs. During the not naturally ill-tempered. With thoughtful
19th century these jobs died out and training from a firm and experienced owner
the breed dwindled almost to extinction. who is alert to potential triggers of aggression,
It was revived in the early 20th century, this dog makes a calm and obedient
particularly for work as a police dog companion. Rottweilers are more agile
because of its guarding and fighting instinct. than their size and sturdy build might suggest,
and appreciate plenty of vigorous exercise.

Broad head with Tan markings clearly
well-defined stop defined on head

Small, drop ears

Short, smooth,
shiny coat

Deep muzzle
with firm flews

Broad,
deep chest

Tan chest
markings

Black and tan

Tan markings
on legs

83

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Chinese Shar-Pei

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
18–20in 40–55lb Over 10 years
(46–51cm) (18–25kg)

A generally friendly temperament is hidden Tail carried high
behind this dog’s scowling face and curved over

The origins of this native Chinese breed breeding the dogs to
accentuate their wrinkled
are not known, but dogs of this type are faces, producing what the
Chinese called the meat-mouth
shown on pottery dating from the Han type (as opposed to the traditional,
cleaner-faced bone-mouth form).
dynasty (206BCE–220CE) and are mentioned However, breeding for excessively
loose and folded facial skin caused
in manuscripts dating from the 13th century. the dogs to develop entropion (a
painful condition in which the
The Chinese Shar-Pei’s traditional jobs eyelashes turn inward), and so this
practice has now largely stopped.
included herding and guarding livestock,
The Chinese Shar-Pei’s amiable
hunting, and fighting; the dog’s wrinkled nature and compact size make it
suitable for a town or country home.
skin and bristly coat made it difficult for The dog’s distinctive appearance
includes the famous wrinkles, which
other dogs to grab hold of the animal. (The are limited to the head and shoulders
on adults; a blue tongue; small,
name Shar-Pei roughly means “sandy coat,” triangular ears; and a snub nose,
which some Chinese people call a
referring to the rough texture of the hair). butterfly-cookie nose. The coat
varies in length from very short
During the 20th century the numbers and prickly to the touch (the horse
coat) to slightly longer and
dwindled almost to extinction in mainland smoother hair (the brush coat).

China, although the Shar-Pei was still

being bred in Hong Kong and Taiwan.

In the 1970s the

breed became

popular in the

US, and, at

least for a

while, owning

a Chinese Shar-Pei

became a fashion

statement due to its

PUPPY rarity. People started

FIT FOR THE TASK

The similarity between dog artifacts of the
Han dynasty (206BCE–220CE) and the Shar-
Pei are very striking, despite the drop ears
and much looser, wrinkled skin of the
modern dog. It is thought that these
features were developed when the Shar-Pei
was used as a fighting dog. Small, drop ears
minimized the chance of injury, and the loose
skin prevented its adversary from getting
a firm grip, allowing the Chinese Shar-Pei
to maneuver and defend itself.

EARTHENWARE STATUE,
EASTERN HAN DYNASTY

84

Small, high-set, WORKING DOGS
button ears
Wrinkles on
Wrinkled skin forehead give
over shoulders frowning expression

and neck Typical flews
of a meat-
Back dips slightly mouth type
behind withers

Short, velvety,
“horse” coat

Square, sturdily
built body

Broad
muzzle with
fleshy flews

Fawn

Loose skin on back
and legs wrinkles
when dog is seated

85

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Beauceron Gray, black, and tan Majorca Shepherd Dog
May have a few white chest hairs.
HEIGHT 25–28in (63–70cm) HEIGHT 24–29in (62–73cm)
WEIGHT 65–85lb (29–39kg) WEIGHT 77–88lb (35–40kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–15 years LIFE SPAN 11–13 years

A herding and guard dog from the flatlands of the Beauce region Comparatively rare worldwide, the Majorca Shepherd Dog
in central France, the Beauceron is an excellent worker and, in the is regarded with pride in Majorca, where it was once widely
right situation, a gentle family companion. This big, strong dog used as a shepherd dog, and is now popular as a show dog.
can be intolerant of other dogs; early training is needed to Although usually willing to obey, this breed has strong herding
minimize potential problems. instincts and can be defensive with strangers and other dogs.

Coarse-textured, Drop ears
short coat
Slightly Black
sloping croup Short coat

Tan markings
on muzzle

Wide head Small,
wide-set eyes

Black and tan

Double dewclaws Small feet with
on hind feet arched toes

Lower legs Tapering
tan in color tail

Taiwan Dog Mallorca Mastiff

HEIGHT 17–20in (43–52cm) Variety of colors HEIGHT 20–23in (52–58cm) Black
WEIGHT 26–40lb (12–18kg) WEIGHT 66–84lb (30–38kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years LIFE SPAN 10–12 years

The Taiwan Dog, formerly known as the Formosan Mountain The Mallorca Mastiff, also known as the Ca de Bou, has a
Dog, is something of a rarity, even in its native country. It is
believed to have descended from the semi-wild dogs once used for background that includes fighting and bullbaiting. A powerful
hunting in the interior of Taiwan. The breed makes an intelligent
family dog, but its hunting instincts need to be kept in check. breed, it has the typical mastiff-type build and watchful nature.

When handled firmly but quietly, this dog socializes well, but it

is probably better suited to life as a guard dog rather than as a

Brindle family pet. High-set, Black mask
rose ears
Sickle-shaped, Short, Body length
high-set tail, hard coat exceeds leg length
profusely

covered in hair

Black nose Brindle
Erect ears
Strong neck
Strong, Tucked-up with slight
slender legs belly dewlap

Short coat Fawn

86

WORKING DOGS

Dogo Canario Dogo Argentino

HEIGHT 22–26in (56–66cm) Brindle HEIGHT 24–27in (60–68cm)
WEIGHT 88–143lb (40–65kg) May have white markings. WEIGHT 79–99lb (36–45kg)
LIFE SPAN 9–11 years LIFE SPAN 10–12 years

Bred in the Canary Islands in the early 19th century as a Originating in the 1920s in Cordoba, Argentina, the Dogo
fighting dog, the Dogo Canario is believed to include the Mastiff Argentino was the creation of a local doctor who wanted a dog
(see p.93) in its ancestry. Difficult to train and socialize, a Dogo for hunting large game. Breeding from old fighting dogs such as
Canario is manageable if the owner understands and controls mastiffs and the Bulldog (see p.95) produced this new dog. The
the dog’s dominant nature. Early socialization is essential. Dogo Argentino has a kind temperament but can be overprotective.

Darker muzzle

Tail extends Short Drop ears Body length
to hock coat exceeds leg length
White

Pronounced Square Characteristic
dewlap head with slightly concave
powerful jaw muzzle

Muscular Large, round, Short coat Strong
body catlike feet Round feet neck with
skin folds
Fawn at throat

Fila Brasileiro Uruguayan Cimarron

HEIGHT 24–30in (60–75cm) Any solid color HEIGHT 22–24in (55–61cm) Fawn
WEIGHT Over 88lb (40kg) WEIGHT 73–99lb (33–45kg) Fawn coats may have black shading.
LIFE SPAN 9–11years LIFE SPAN 10–13 years

Bred to guard large estates and livestock, the Fila Brasileiro The ancestors of this breed were dogs brought into Uruguay
by Spanish and Portuguese colonists and crossed with local dog
does not fear intruders of any kind. Huge but beautifully breeds. Bred by farmers in the remote area of Cerro Largo, the
Uruguayan Cimarron was used for guarding and herding. Like
proportioned, this dog exudes confidence and determination. many working dogs, a Uruguayan Cimarron kept as a companion
needs an experienced owner.
Although the Fila Brasileiro is kind and quiet within a family,
Triangular ears
the average owner may find the breed’s hunting and protective with rounded tips

instincts difficult to manage.

Large, Well-defined
drop ears eyebrows

Short, Brindle
smooth coat

Thick tail Brindle
reaches hocks

Loose, thick Massive, Deep chest with
skin on throat broad head white markings

Broad chest with Strong,
white markings powerful jaws

Forelegs Close-fitting,
more heavily short-haired coat
boned than
hind legs Rounded,
catlike feet
White
markings
on feet

87

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog Broad, Wide-set,
flat head triangular,
drop ears

HEIGHT 18–24in (46–61cm) White
WEIGHT 55–90lb (25–41kg) Dogs may have patches of any color.
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years.

Bulldog-type dogs were once commonly used as guards in the plantations
of southern Georgia. By the early 19th century such dogs were almost
extinct, but dedicated breeding over the next 200 years regenerated the
type and produced the Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog. This dog is still rare
and not widely known outside the US. Muscular and intrepid, an
Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog has strong protective instincts, but it is easy
to train to be a well behaved and affectionate companion. Energetic
outdoors, this dog is happiest when given plenty of exercise.

White with Strong,
blue merle muscular body

markings Broad chest

Blue eyes

Catlike feet Short muzzle with Loose flews
well-defined stop

Boerboel Variety of colors Spanish Mastiff Any color
May have darker face mask.
HEIGHT 22–26in (55–66cm) HEIGHT 28–31in (72–80cm)
WEIGHT 165–198lb (75–90kg) WEIGHT 115–221lb (52–100kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years LIFE SPAN 10–11 years

The Boerboel was developed from the large, mastiff-type dogs Once used for guarding livestock and homes in Spain, the
brought, from the 17th century onward, by settlers to the Cape Spanish Mastiff still carries out its traditional duties. The breed
area of South Africa. Affectionate with family and friends, the is also popular in its native country as a companion dog. Kind
Boerboel is a formidable guard dog of huge size and strength. and loyal within the family, this breed can be aggressive with
An experienced owner and early socialization are very important. strangers and other dogs.

Strong, Characteristic Fawn Almond-
muscular neck massive, shaped eyes
square head
Thick tail tapers
slightly to tip Darker tip
to muzzle
Double dewlap

Darker muzzle Long, Drop ears
and drop ears bushy tail

Powerful Short, Fawn Coat has
hind legs sleek some
coat Large, sabling
catlike feet

88

WORKING DOGS

St. Miguel Cattle Dog Cane Corso

HEIGHT 19–24in (48–60cm) Gray brindle HEIGHT 24–27in (60–68cm) Gray May have
WEIGHT 44–77lb (20–35kg) WEIGHT 88–110lb (40–50kg) Stag-red white markings.
LIFE SPAN About 15 years LIFE SPAN 10–11 years Brindle

Also known as the Azores Cattle Dog, this robust cattle herder Descended from Roman fighting dogs, the Cane Corso is now
and guard dog originally came from the Azorean island of São
Miguel. The breed is quiet and obedient with a trusted owner but used mainly for guarding and tracking. More graceful in build than
needs careful handling where children or strangers are concerned.
many types of mastiff, this is nonetheless an extremely strong and

robust breed. It can make a good house dog, but experienced

Short, and responsible ownership is essential.
smooth coat
Thick, slightly Typical mastiff-
Wide mouth curved, high-set tail shaped head
with powerful
Black Short,
jaws glossy coat

Loose-hanging
flews

White markings Fawn brindle
on chest
Triangular
drop ears Dark muzzle Fawn

Powerful body

Oval feet

PUPPY

Dogue De Bordeaux

HEIGHT 23–27in (58–68cm)
WEIGHT 99–110lb (45–50kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years

This old French breed was once used for hunting and fighting.

The Dogue de Bordeaux’s instincts make it a natural guard dog Muscular,
loose-skinned neck
but, lacking aggression, it is easier to train and socialize than Short, fine-haired,
soft coat
some mastiff types. Experienced handling is still necessary,
Fawn

however, if this powerful and Head furrowed
athletic dog is to fit with wrinkles
comfortably into
a family home. Brown nose

Thick tail
carried low

at rest

Dewlap from
throat to chest

Heavily
muscled legs

89

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Boxer

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Gold High-set
21–25in 55–71lb 10–14 years Black brindle tail, held
(53–63cm) (25–32kg) White markings should not exceed a third of coat color. upright

This clever, loyal, exuberant, and fun-loving dog is ideal
for an energetic owner who enjoys an outdoor life

Once a Boxer-owner, always a Boxer- into late maturity. Almost any sort of fun Muscular
owner—this German breed is so big on keeps a Boxer happy but, ideally, it needs hindquarters
personality that few who live with it ever a good two-hour walk every day with
look at another type of dog. The Boxer plenty of room for romping around in the
in its modern form was developed in the open. At home, given its stamina and
19th century, and its ancestry is thought curiosity, a Boxer enjoys a large yard
to include mastiff-type dogs such as the where it has space to roam and
Great Dane (see p.96) and the Bulldog interesting corners to explore.
(see p.95). Powerful and athletic, it was bred
primarily for fighting and bullbaiting, but This highly intelligent dog can be a
was also used for farm work, hauling, and handful to train but is obedient provided
for hunting and holding down large game it receives calm and consistent commands
such as wild boar. Because of its endurance and clear leadership. With early socializing,
and courage, the breed is used today as a a Boxer is likely to get along well with any
police and military search and rescue dog other pets in the family, although out on
and for guard work. walks its hunting instincts may
be aroused if there are birds
The Boxer’s history, its proud, upstanding or small animals to chase. 
attitude, and forward-thrusting jaw give
the impression of an intimidating dog, PUPPY
and certainly it can be protective of home
and family, but it makes a wonderful
companion. It is loyal, affectionate,
endearingly attention-seeking, and a
boisterous but tolerant friend for children.
This energetic breed suits fit, active owners
since it keeps its high spirits and playfulness

WHAT’S IN A NAME?

There are several stories about how the Boxer
got its name—the most charming, but also the
most unlikely, is based on the observation that
these dogs, when meeting, often stand on their
hind legs and use their front feet to push against
one another. An Englishman, upon seeing this,
said it reminded him of prize fighters sparring
and so called the dogs “Boxers.” Historically, the
dogs were used as fighting dogs and it is this fact
that is more likely to account for their name.

90

High-set, drop ears WORKING DOGS
with rounded tips
Distinct stop
Arched neck

Body square
in profile

Fawn

Short, broad
muzzle

White chest

Smooth coat

Expressive face with
dark brown eyes and

wrinkled forehead

Tucked-up belly

Lower jaw longer than
upper jaw (undershot)

White feet
and lower legs

91

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Neapolitan Mastiff

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
24–30in 110–154lb Up to 10 years
(60–75cm) (50–70kg)

HAGRID’S GIANT PET This canine heavyweight makes a loyal companion
for a responsible owner with plenty of space
In the stories about Harry Potter, the boy wizard,
Fang is a dog belonging to the half-giant Rubeus The ancestors of this imposing breed The breed has an intimidating appearance:
Hagrid, keeper of the grounds for Hogwarts were the Molossus fighting dogs used in huge, heavy-headed, and with a stern
School. Despite his scary exterior, Hagrid has the Roman amphitheater and as dogs of expression. Despite its heavy frame, the
a kind heart. He is noted for keeping dangerous war in the Roman armies. The armies took Neapolitan Mastiff can be quick and agile
pets and lovingly overlooking their ferocity. Like the dogs with them across Europe, thus when taking action against threats to its
his master, Fang looks fierce but is friendly, with giving rise to the various mastiff breeds. owners or territory. The breed is now
a bark a lot worse than his bite. Although he is In the area around Naples, these dogs employed by the Italian armed forces
called a “boarhound” in the books, Neapolitan survived as guard dogs, produced by and police force, and is used as a guard
Mastiffs were chosen for the films; their size breeders known as Mastinari. Although dog on farms and country estates.
and appearance matches Fang’s character highly prized, their numbers dwindled,
exactly. Fang is seen below on the red carpet until, in the 1940s, they became primarily The Neapolitan Mastiff can be calm,
at the premiere of Harry Potter and the Half- known through enthusiasts, including the friendly, and devoted to its family, but it
Blood Prince held at the Gard du Nord, Paris. writer Piero Scanziani who had his own needs a confident and capable owner to
breeding kennels. The dog is now honored socialize it effectively. Because of its size,
as the national mastiff of Italy. this dog needs lots of living space and
can be expensive to maintain.

Large head with
loose-fitting skin

Drop ears set well
apart on broad skull

Gray Deep muzzle
with pendulous
Tail thick at flews
base, tapers
to tip Moderate
dewlap

Short coat with
harsh texture

White patch
on tip of toe

92

Mastiff

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Apricot
28–30in 175–190lb Under Brindle
(70–77cm) (79–86kg) 10 years May have some white on body, chest, and feet.

Strong and imposing, but calm and affectionate, this MASTIFF IN MOTION
intelligent guard dog thrives on human company
Historically, Mastiffs looked somewhat different,
One of the oldest British breeds, Pure-bred Mastiffs first appeared in being more lightly built and about 3in (10cm)
the Mastiff is another breed that was the 19th century on large country estates, taller than the dogs seen today. This series of
developed from Molossus dogs that but by the end of World War II numbers pioneering photographs taken by Eadweard
were probably brought to Britain during had fallen drastically in Britain. The breed Muybridge in the late 19th century were part
Roman occupation. In later centuries, was revived by importing dogs from the US, of his extensive study on animal locomotion.
they were the “dogs of war” mentioned and has gradually risen in popularity. It allowed people to observe how a breed like
in William Shakespeare’s Henry V: one the Mastiff, not known to be overly energetic,
Mastiff defended its wounded owner, Sir Despite its violent history, the Mastiff is moved. It could then be compared with athletic
Piers Legh, against French soldiers during even-tempered, amiable, and likes company, dog breeds, such as the Greyhound (see p.126),
the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Mastiff- preferably human. Sheer size is probably the which Muybridge also filmed running.
like dogs were also used in medieval Britain most serious drawback to housing, feeding,
for guarding homes and protecting livestock and exercising this breed. It is intelligent and
from wolves, as well as in dogfighting, trainable, but needs an owner with the
bullbaiting, and bearbaiting. When these experience and physical strength to exert
sports were banned the breed declined. firm control and ensure that its guarding
instinct does not get out of hand.

Long, broad body Small, flat, black ears,
set high on head

Fawn Wide-set,
small eyes

Black muzzle

Forehead wrinkles
when alert

Pendulous
flews

Short coat,
thickest over neck
and shoulders

Straight,
big-boned legs

93

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS

Bullmastiff Red Broholmer Black
Brindle
HEIGHT 24–27in (61–69cm) HEIGHT 28–30in (70–75cm)
WEIGHT 90–130lb (41–59kg) WEIGHT 88–154lb (40–70kg)
LIFE SPAN Under 10 years LIFE SPAN 6–11 years

A cross between the Old English Mastiff and the Bulldog Historically a hunting dog, and later a farm guard Darker
(opposite), the Bullmastiff was developed to be a gamekeeper’s dog, the Broholmer is now almost exclusively kept muzzle
guard dog. With a more reliable temperament than many other at home. The breed had all but disappeared by the
mastiff types, this breed makes an intelligent and faithful house mid-20th century but was revived and “reconstructed” Slightly
dog. The Bullmastiff’s square and solid frame houses a lively by enthusiasts, though it is rarely seen outside its pendulous
spirit and boundless energy. native Denmark.
flews
Fawn Thick,
muscular White
High-set tail, marking
broad at base, neck on chest
tapers to hocks
Short, flat coat

Large, heavy, Low-set,
broad head broad tail

Dark ears set high
and wide apart

White
markings
on chest

Short, flat coat Golden-red

Black
muzzle

Tosa Fawn
Black
HEIGHT 22–24in (55–60cm) Brindle
WEIGHT 82–198lb (37–90kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

The Tosa was developed from progressive crossbreeding Short coat
between Japanese fighting dogs and Western breeds such
as the Bulldog (opposite), Mastiff (see p.93), and Great
Dane (see p.96). Very large, strongly built, and possessing
a latent fighting instinct, the Tosa is considered to be a
dog that should only be owned by expert handlers.

Thick,
tapering tail

Dewlap Red Small,
on neck white
marking

94

Bulldog

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
15–16in 51–55lb Under 10
(38–40cm) (23–25kg) years

Full of character, this dog has become the symbol THE ENGLISH BULLDOG
for courage, determination, and tenacity
The Bulldog has come to exemplify traditional
A traditional British breed, the Bulldog minimizing the aggression in their nature, Englishness. The 18th-century fictional character
has descended from small Mastiffs. The so the modern breed is very different from John Bull, made famous by cartoonists such as
name comes from the dog’s original use in its fierce predecessor. James Gillray, was shown with a Bulldog by his
bullbaiting, during which the dog would side; both man and dog stood for the plain,
attack the bull from below and hang on to its The Bulldog is now known as a honest Englishman who was fond of his food
nose or throat. The wide head and protruding good-natured and lovable companion. and not averse to a fight. The tenacious bulldog
lower jaw gave the Bulldog its legendary grip, It does have a stubborn streak as well as spirit became associated with World Wars I
while the position of the nose, tipped back a protective instinct, and these traits need and II (shown below in a WWI postcard), and is
behind the mouth, allowed the dog to keep to be handled with tact, although they perhaps most closely linked with Prime Minister
breathing without relaxing its bite. rarely develop into aggression. With a Winston Churchill and his speech in 1940
squat and massively muscled body, rousing the embattled nation to defend itself
Bullbaiting was banned in Britain in wrinkled head, and upturned nose, this against its enemies.
1835, but from the mid-19th century the breed has character rather than beauty.
dogs began to be featured in the show ring. Despite its waddling gait, the Bulldog
Breeders started producing dogs with needs plenty of exercise to prevent it from
more exaggerated physical features while gaining too much weight.

Sloping, muscular
shoulders

Smooth White Coat has fawn
coat and fawn markings

Distinctive High-set,
upturned nose rose ears

Thick,
pendant

lips

Lower jaw longer
than upper jaw
(undershot)

Broad, round,
deep chest

Hind legs longer Thick, short forelegs
than forelegs set wide apart

95

CATALOG OF BREEDS | WORKING DOGS
96

WORKING DOGS

Great Dane A HERO NAMED
SCOOBY DOO
HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Blue
28–30in 101–120lb Under Black The cartoon dog Scooby Doo is the hero of
(71–76cm) (46–54kg) 10 years Brindle a long-running TV series created by Hanna-
Barbera. His creator, artist Iwao Takamoto,
A colossal but gentle and affectionate family pet, this dog was inspired by a woman he knew who bred
is easy to maintain but needs plenty of room Great Danes. After she had described to him
the ideal pedigree dog, Takamoto comically
Sometimes called “the Apollo of dogs” Guinness World Record for being the tallest distorted these features to create a gangling,
after the Greek god, the Great Dane exhibits dog in the world. The record holder in 2012, chicken-hearted character with a dopey face.
elegance and dignity with tall stature, to a dog named Zeus, was measured at 3ft 8in Yet despite being frightened of everything,
make for a truly impressive animal. In fact, (1.12m) from the ground to his withers— Scooby Doo and his hapless human friend
dogs resembling the Great Dane can be seen the same height as a child’s pony. Shaggy (below) rescue their friends and defeat
in ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek art. villains, triumphing every time!
The modern breed first appeared in the 18th Despite its imposing appearance, the
century in Germany—not Denmark, as its easy-going Great Dane is a gentle giant, Triangular,
name suggests—where it was developed usually friendly toward people and other drop ears
to hunt bear and wild boar. The original animals. These dogs need a lot of human
German boarhounds, thought to have been company, and can be costly to keep, but are
a mixture of mastiff-type dogs and Irish rewarding family pets. They are content to
Wolfhounds, were crossed with Greyhounds be house dogs, provided there is enough
to create a tall, agile, long-striding dog, space for them to move around freely and lie
with the speed and strength to bring comfortably. They are also effective guard
dogs. The Great Dane needs plenty of
down large quarry. exercise, but young pups should not be
Great Danes are one allowed to run around too
much—their fast-
of the tallest of all dog growing bones cannot
breeds, and several cope with the strain.
individuals have held the

PUPPY Long, arched neck Broad muzzle
with no loose skin
Dark shading
Deep, long on head
body and ears

Slightly Straight Harlequin
tucked-up belly forelegs
97
Fawn

Catlike feet

Pulling together
A team of Siberian Huskies plows
effortlessly through deep snow. With an
experienced handler, these hardy and
tireless dogs work together superbly.