The Dog Encyclopedia

SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

SPITZ-TYPE
DOGS

A team of huskies pulling a sled over icy wastelands epitomizes the type of dog known as a Spitz.
In fact, this group has diverse uses, including herding, hunting, and guarding; many smaller types
are kept solely as pets. Descent from wolves is apparent in most spitz-type dogs: the shape of the
head, the typical wolf coloring, and an alert expression.

Many of the modern spitz-type dogs and not infrequently ended up being Spitz dogs, both large and small, have
seen today originated centuries ago eaten themselves when the explorers ran the characteristics of animals bred
in Arctic regions, although a number, out of rations. Such spitz-type sled dogs specifically for living in extremely cold
including the Chow Chow (see p.112) were also once widely used by North climates. Typically, they have a very
and Akita (see p.111), come from East American hunters and fur trappers. thick double coat, which varies in
Asia. The more ancient history of the Today the sled-hauling spitz breeds are length and density according to the
spitz group remains uncertain. One popular for endurance racing and with origin of a breed. Other features
theory currently being explored is that tourists who want to try their hand at for preventing heat loss in low
spitz-type dogs all have their earliest dog-driving. Other spitz dogs have been temperatures are small, pointed,
origins in Asia, some migrating bred for hunting large game such as furry ears, and heavily furred feet. An
alongside tribal movements into wolf and bear, and for herding caribou. attractive addition to many breeds is
Africa and others across the Bering The Akita, originally from Japan, was the distinctive “spitz” tail that curls
Strait to North America. developed as a fighter and bear hunter upward over the back.
and now often works as a guard dog.
Breeds such as the Greenland Dog Among the small, nonworking spitz As house dogs, most spitz breeds
(see p.100) and Siberian Husky (see dogs are the Pomeranian (see p.118), are happy with family life, but
p.101) were used most famously for selectively bred down in size from they are not the easiest of dogs to
sled-hauling by the polar explorers of a larger type of dog, and the newly train. Without sufficient exercise
the 19th and early 20th centuries. These created Alaskan Klee Kai (see p.104), and amusement they can resort to
tough dogs worked in appalling weather a miniature husky. disruptive behavior such as digging
conditions, often on a diet of poor food, holes and barking.

99

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Greenland Dog POLAR EXPLORER

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color The Greenland Dog has played a vital role in
20–27in 60–106lb Over 10 years expeditions to the North and South Poles. The
(51–68cm) (27–48kg) explorers Robert Peary (1856–1920) and Roald
Amundsen (1872–1928) used the sled dogs and
This friendly dog has great strength and endurance and handling methods of indigenous Arctic peoples.
loves outdoor action but needs firm handling Amundsen (below) took Greenland Dogs on
his attempt to conquer the South Pole in 1911,
The classic sled dog of polar expeditions, a sled, they are hitched on separate lines and 11 of these survived to reach the Pole with
the Greenland Dog was used by indigenous so that each dog can pick its own way him. Greenland Dogs were used for working
peoples long before European and American across the terrain. on Antarctic bases until they were banned from
explorers discovered its worth. Dogs of this Antarctica as a non-native species in 1992.
type were brought to Greenland from Siberia The Greenland Dog needs careful
with migrating people 5,000 years ago. training and handling because it is both
powerful and stubborn, and has a strong
The dogs need endurance to work hard drive for dominance (although more with
in temperatures as low as -69°F (-56°C) other dogs than with people). The breed
and are trained to pull sleds of up to 1,000lb also needs physical and mental challenges
(450kg). The hunters also train their dogs to keep it busy, so does best in the hands
to hunt seals and walruses and even take of an experienced owner. With the right
on polar bears. The animals work as a pack owner, the Greenland Dog is a cheerful
but semi-independently: when pulling extrovert and affectionate companion.

Bushy tail curls
loosely over back

Black and fawn Small, erect,
wide-set ears

Lighter
markings

on face

Muscular,
compact body

Hair forms long Thick, weatherproof,
breeches on double coat
hindquarters
Large feet
Sturdy, heavily with thick hair
boned legs between toes

100

SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Siberian Husky BALTO—A DOGSLED HERO

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color Born in 1919, Balto was originally bred for
20–24in 35–60lb Over 10 years dogsled racing in Alaska, but in 1925 relay
(51–60cm) (16–27kg) teams of sled dogs were urgently needed to
help carry diphtheria vaccine from Anchorage
This versatile and sociable dog enjoys being a part of a to Nome to prevent an epidemic. Balto led
human “pack,” but its urge to chase needs to be controlled the last team, braving a fierce blizzard and a
freezing river to cover the final leg and deliver
Long used as a sled dog by the Chukchi Siberian Huskies make peaceable, lovable the vaccine safely. The team received a hero’s
people of northeastern Siberia, the Siberian companions but need plenty of exercise. welcome from the press. A statue of Balto
Husky has great endurance and an appetite They are independent-minded, and their was erected in Central Park, New York City,
for work. The thick double coat protects instinct to pull means that they need and a Hollywood movie was made
against extreme cold; at night the dog careful training on the leash. Siberian about his deeds.
uses its bushy tail to keep its face warm. Huskies have a strong pack instinct and
need to be with both people and other BALTO
In 1908 Huskies from Siberia were dogs. They tend to see small animals as STATUE,
introduced to Alaska for dogsled racing, prey, so owners should socialize their NEW YORK
notably the 408-mile (657-km) All-Alaska puppy with other pets early on. The coat
Sweepstakes. In 1930 the Soviets stopped should be groomed once or twice a week. Triangular, erect,
the export of Siberian Huskies, but that high-set ears
year the American Kennel Club recognized Foxlike
the breed. The Siberian Husky proved itself head
in polar expeditions, and in the US Army’s
Arctic Search and Rescue Unit during
World War II. The breed remains popular
in sports such as dogsled racing.

Arched neck

Slightly Wolf-gray
sloping
croup

Thick, medium-
length coat

Powerful, Long,
muscular thighs bushy tail

101

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS
102

SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Alaskan Malamute WORTH THEIR WEIGHT
IN GOLD
HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
23–28in 84–123lb 12–15 years All dogs have white underparts. During the 1896–99 Klondike Gold Rush,
(58–71cm) (38–56kg) prospectors would pay huge prices, up
to $1,500, for a team of Malamute dogs to
A large, sled-pulling dog that can adapt well to family transport their equipment from supply towns
life given sufficient space and exercise such as Skagway and Dawson City to the gold
fields. Each man was required to carry enough
The wolflike Alaskan Malamute is socializing can quickly become aggressive. supplies to last him for one year, including
named after the Native American Mahlemut The breed also has a strong chasing 1,000lb (454kg) of food. In winter a team of
people who bred these dogs to pull heavy instinct and can disappear far and fast Malamutes could haul half a ton of equipment
loads and travel great distances across in pursuit of small animals that it sees over the snow-covered terrain in subzero
the snow when sleds were the only mode as prey. Owners should be cautious about temperatures. In summer, used as pack animals,
of transport. Today it is still used to haul where and when to exercise this dog off they could carry a 50lb (23kg) load over a
freight in remote North American locations, the leash. A quick learner, the Alaskan distance of 20 miles (32km).
and successfully takes part in dogsled Malamute has a strong will, so needs
racing competitions. Also used on polar firm handling and training in good Erect, triangular ears Slight furrow
expeditions, this breed has staggering habits right from the start. with rounded tips and between eyes
amounts of stamina, strength, and
tenacity combined with a highly tuned The Alaskan Malamute settles well into furry inner surfaces
sense of direction and smell. domestic life as long as it has at least two
hours of exercise each day and a yard to roam
For all its toughness, the Alaskan in. A bored dog, with energy to spare, can be
Malamute is a friendly dog, at least toward destructive if left at home without
people, which means that it cannot be relied supervision. Although its thick coat sheds
on as a guard dog. It likes children but is in spring, there is a risk of overheating if
too big and boisterous to be left alone the dog is overexercised in hot weather,
with a small child. The Alaskan Malamute, and so needs access to shade. The hardy
especially the male, tends to be intolerant Alaskan Malamute is happy to sleep
of strange dogs, and without thorough outdoors, provided it has a companion.

Furry tail curls
up over back

Wolf-gray

Black nose

PUPPY Thicker hair
around neck

Heavily Thick, coarse outer White predominates
muscled coat over oily, on underbody

thighs woolly, deep undercoat

103

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Alaskan Klee Kai

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
Toy: Up to 13in (33cm) Toy: Up to 9lb (4kg) Over 10 years
Miniature: 13–15in (33–38cm) Miniature: 9–15lb (4–7kg)
Standard: 15–17in (38–44cm) Standard: 15–22lb (7–10kg)

A NEW BREED This energetic and inquisitive mini husky is confident
with owners but wary of strangers
This companion Spitz was created in Alaska by
Linda Spurlin and her family. The family mated This miniature version of the Siberian It is highly intelligent and curious,
Alaskan and Siberian huskies with small dogs to Husky (see p.101) was developed in the so enjoys obedience and agility contests,
create a mini husky and gave their new breed 1970s to be a house dog. The Alaskan Klee and some Alaskan Klee Kais have been
the name Klee Kai, derived from Inuit words Kai is found in three sizes: toy, miniature, trained as therapy dogs.
meaning little dog. Although the Alaskan Klee Kai and standard. There are two forms of coat:
remains rare, the breed has been recognized by standard (short) and full (slightly longer The Alaskan Klee Kai fits well in a
some organizations and there are now breeders’ and thicker). modest-sized home but, like its larger
groups in the US and several other countries. relative, has a great deal of energy and
The Alaskan Klee Kai appreciates needs plenty of exercise, including a long
Heavy-coated, company and likes to be treated as a pack walk each day, to stay in good physical
brushlike tail member within a family. However, unlike and mental health. In addition, it is highly
its larger Husky cousins, it is reserved with vocal, especially when “talking” to its
strangers, so requires careful training and family (this trait also makes Alaskan Klee
early socializing. Any children in the family Kais good watchdogs). The dogs molt
need to be taught to treat the dog gently, twice a year, and the full-coated type
as the Alaskan Klee Kai can snap if teased. needs regular grooming.

Distinct stop

Triangular,
erect ears

Dense,
moderately
long coat

Eyes of
this dog
are
different
colors

Tapering
muzzle

Characteristic
facial mask

MINIATURE, Wolf-gray Black
STANDARD COAT and white
Lighter-colored
underparts STANDARD,
STANDARD COAT

104

SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Canadian Eskimo Dog

HEIGHT 20–28in (50–70cm) Any color
WEIGHT 40–88lb (18–40kg) Any markings allowed.
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

One of the oldest breeds of sled dog in the world, the Canadian Tail carried up or Short, straight,
curled over back muscular neck
Eskimo Dog, or Inuit Dog, is built for survival in the harshest

conditions. This breed has a natural instinct for running

with a pack and enjoys company, either canine or human.

Training should be firm, ideally with

plenty of fun.

Thick coat Short hair
has coarse lines ears
outer hairs

Powerful Piebald Deep,
jaws broad chest

Large, round,
arched feet

Chinook Karelian Bear Dog

HEIGHT 22–26in (55–66cm) HEIGHT 20–22in (52–57cm)
WEIGHT 55–71lb (25–32kg) WEIGHT 44–51lb (20–23kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–15 years LIFE SPAN 10–12 years

Developed as a sled dog at the beginning of the 20th century Developed in Finland, this fearless hunting dog was bred to
in the US, the Chinook is the result of various crosses between challenge big game, particularly bear and elk. The Karelian
mastiffs, the Greenland Dog (see p.100), and shepherd dogs. Bear Dog has a strong fighting instinct, which does not turn into
Active but gentle-natured, this is a fun-loving breed and aggression against people but may cause problems with other dogs.
makes an excellent all-around family dog. This breed is unlikely to settle well into domestic life.

Well–defined Medium- Thicker hair
thigh muscles length coat on neck

Straight,
coarse-textured,

outer coat

V-shaped ears, Well-defined
slightly darker white markings
than body

Sandy Ruff of Black and
longer hair white
around neck
Slightly
Oval feet with tucked-up
webbed toes belly

105

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Samoyed

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN
18–22in 35–66lb Over 12 years
(46–56cm) (16–30kg)

This strikingly attractive dog has a high-maintenance coat, Long, bushy tail
but its cheerful disposition makes it an excellent family pet carried over
back, falls to
one side

Developed by the nomadic Samoyedic This dog craves company and likes to be kept
people of Siberia, this beautiful dog was occupied mentally and physically. Intelligent
used for herding and guarding reindeer and spirited, a bored or lonely Samoyed will
and for sled-hauling. Although a tough, resort to mischief—whether it is digging
outdoor worker, it was also very much a holes or finding a way to escape through a
family dog, taking its place in its owner’s fence. The breed responds well to thoughtful
tent and enjoying human companionship. handling, but training requires patience and
These dogs were brought to England in persistence on the part of its owner.
the 1800s and were first seen in the US
around a decade later. Numerous myths Daily grooming is essential to keep
and unsubstantiated stories link the the Samoyed’s magnificent, stand-out
Samoyeds to the polar expeditions of coat in order and maintain its distinctive
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, silvery sheen. Seasonal shedding of the
but it appears likely that this breed undercoat can be very heavy but, except
was included among sled teams taken in very warm conditions, normally
to the Antarctic during the heyday of occurs only once a year.
polar exploration.
PUPPY
The modern Samoyed retains the
sociable and easygoing temperament that
made it so valued as part of a nomadic
family. Behind the smiling expression
characteristic of the breed is an affectionate
nature and a desire to be friends with
everyone. However, the Samoyed retains
the watchdog instincts for which it was
bred. Although never aggressive, it will
bark at anything that arouses its suspicion.

THE NOMADS’ COMPANION

Traditionally, the Samoyed dog has played a
central part in the lives of its Siberian owners,
and for some remote communities it still does
today (right). The nomads depended on their
dogs for guarding their reindeer herds and
encampments. These working dogs were also
members of the family; Samoyeds were allowed
free access to the choom (family tent), shared
the family’s food, and would sleep with the
children to keep them warm. The Samoyedic
people revered their dogs, and in return the
dogs developed a notable gentleness and
sympathy toward humans.

106

Erect, round-tipped ears SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS
thickly lined with hair
Dark eyes rimmed
Muscular, broad back with black

Ruff of longer,
denser hair
around neck
White

Broad, wedge-
shaped head

Thick, soft coat Typical smiling
with silver-tipped expression
outer hairs
107
Feathering on
back of front legs

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPITZ–T YPE DOGS

West Siberian Laika East Siberian Laika

HEIGHT 20–24in (51–62cm) Variety of colors HEIGHT 21–25in (53–64cm) White
WEIGHT 40–49lb (18–22kg) WEIGHT 40–51lb (18–23kg) Karamis
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years LIFE SPAN 10–12 years Piebald

Bred for hunting in the forests of Siberia, this handsome The popularity of this Russian hunting dog is widespread in its
dog is very popular in its native country. The breed is strong
and confident and eager to follow game, either large or small. own country and also reaches into Scandinavia. Bred for work, the
Although the West Siberian Laika has a steady temperament,
its readiness to hunt makes it unsuitable as East Siberian Laika is tough, active, and confident. Although it has
a house dog for most families.
a strong instinct for following big game, it is controllable,

steady-tempered, and

friendly with people. Straight coat with
lighter woolly
Tail carried Coat on neck and underlayer
in tight curl shoulders forms
longer collar
over back

High-set ears Sable Erect ears
held erect thickly lined
with hair
Sandy
Broad head

Long, muscular Sable White
upper forelegs black legs with
darker
Feet with hair speckles
between toes

Russian-European Laika Finnish Spitz

HEIGHT 19–23in (48–58cm) White HEIGHT 15–20in (39–50cm)
WEIGHT 44–51lb (20–23kg) Black WEIGHT 31–35lb (14–16kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years LIFE SPAN 12–15 years

This Laika was only acknowledged as a distinct breed in Finland’s national dog was bred for hunting small game and is still

the early 1940s. Strong but lean-limbed, the Russian-European used for sports in Scandinavia. With its pert, foxlike appearance,

Laika has been used mainly for hunting in Russia’s northern luxuriant coat, and enthusiasm for play, the Finnish Spitz makes

forests. A steady worker, this dog is excellent when Black an appealing family pet. The breed has a tendency Small,
used for its traditional purpose but does not adapt nose pointed
to bark a great deal; this should be discouraged ears

well to a domestic lifestyle. at an early age. Coat has sparsely

Tail carried distributed black hair Square,
over back
strong body

Hair on hind Bushy tail
legs forms
breeches Foxlike
head with
Narrow, narrow muzzle
triangular

head

Black

Reddish
brown

Muscled, Harsh-textured Lightly
slender legs coat with white colored
markings underparts

108

SPITZ–T YPE DOGS

Finnish Lapphund Lapponian Herder

HEIGHT 17–19in (44–49cm) Any color HEIGHT 18–20in (46–51cm)
WEIGHT 33–53lb (15–24kg) WEIGHT Up to 66lb (30kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years LIFE SPAN 11–12 years

Developed from the dogs used as caribou herders and guards Originally bred from Finnish Lapphunds (left), German
by the Sami people of Lapland, the Finnish Lapphund is enjoying
growing popularity, both in Finland and elsewhere. Affectionate Shepherd Dogs (see p.42), and working collies, this dog was
and faithful, this adaptable breed is willing to work, but is equally
happy as a family pet and watchdog. recognized as a separate breed in the 1960s. The Lapponian

Herder, or Lapinporokoira, is still kept for work by caribou

hunters, and sometimes as a house dog. This breed has

a calm and friendly nature.

Profusely Black Erect ears lined
long-haired tail with dense hair

Dense coat Black

Long, Fairly
dense coat wide-set, oval,
dark eyes
Dark
brown

Erect Tan

ears markings

Feathering on Thick mane, Oval feet covered Tan
back of front legs especially with thick hair markings
in males on deep
chest
Well arched,
oval feet

Swedish Lapphund Swedish Elkhound

HEIGHT 16–20in (40–51cm) Brown Black and brown HEIGHT 20–26in (52–65cm)
WEIGHT 42–46lb (19–21kg) WEIGHT Up to 66lb (30kg)
LIFE SPAN 9–15 years May have white mark on chest, feet, LIFE SPAN 12–13 years
and tip of tail.

Similar to the Finnish Lapphund (above) in all but color, Developed in Sweden’s northern forest regions, this large,
the Swedish Lapphund was once used as a caribou herder by the upstanding dog, also known as the Jämthund, was once kept for
nomadic Sami people. This breed is popular in Sweden as a house hunting elk, bear, and lynx. Popular with Sweden’s military forces,
dog but remains uncommon elsewhere. It enjoys company and this breed is the country’s national dog. Although
tends to bark if left alone for long periods. good with families, the Swedish Elkhound needs
careful handling when around other dogs or pets.
Long-haired, bushy
tail curled over back Dense coat
stands out
from body Dense Gray
topcoat

Erect ears High-set,
set well apart erect ears
lined with
Wedge- thick hair
shaped
Wolflike
head head

Cream Characteristic
undercoat lighter
markings
Black
Strong
oval feet

Compact,
oval feet

109

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Norwegian Elkhound Black Norwegian
Elkhound
HEIGHT 19–20in (49–52cm)
WEIGHT 44–51lb (20–23kg) HEIGHT 17–19in (43–49cm)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years WEIGHT 40–60lb (18–27kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years
Believed to have existed in Scandinavia for many

hundreds of years, the Norwegian Elkhound was

once used for tracking game, and is sturdy enough This breed is a smaller, rarer version of the

for sled hauling. Impervious to cold and wet Clearly gray-coated Norwegian Elkhound (left). Originally Pointed ears
defined with wide base
stop on
weather, this dog likes to be outdoors. head bred for tracking game, it is versatile enough to be

The breed has a strong hunting instinct a sled dog, herder, watchdog, or family companion.

and needs patient training. Short, It tends to bark readily but
compact body
can be taught to stop Solid black
Tightly curled on command.
tail carried high

Thick ruff Short, thick tail Tapering
around curls over back muzzle
neck
Broad top of head
Gray

Black-tipped Weatherproof
hairs on parts coat
of outer coat
Black
muzzle

Hokkaido Dog Variety of colors

HEIGHT 18–20in (46–52cm)
WEIGHT 44–66lb (20–30kg)
LIFE SPAN 11–13 years

Dogs of this type were brought to Thick tail Strong,
the Japanese island of Hokkaido by the curled straight back
migrating Ainu people (Ainu Dog is
the breed’s alternative name). Although over back
medium-sized, the Hokkaido Dog
was bold and tough enough to Smallish, dark,
hunt bear. Careful training and triangular eyes
socializing can make this dog
a good companion and
home guardian.

Muscular
neck

Coarse, straight coat Sesame

110

Akita

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
American: 24–28in (61–71cm) American: 65–115lb (29–52kg) 10–12 years
Japanese: 23–28in (58–70cm) Japanese: 75–99lb (34–45kg)

This strong dog has a variable temperament and requires THE FAITHFUL HACHI-KO
experienced handling to avoid wayward behavior
Born in 1923, Hachi-ko was an Akita Inu. Each
This big, powerful breed is descended and these formed the basis of the American day when his owner, Professor Ueno, went to
from hunting dogs bred in the rugged Akita, which is the breed now known work, Hachi-ko accompanied him to Tokyo’s
Akita Prefecture, on the island of Honshu as Akita today. The American Akita is Shibuya Station, then waited all day to walk
in Japan, to hunt large quarry such as deer, recognized in many countries as a separate home with him. In 1925 Professor Ueno died
bear, and wild boar. The Japanese Akita, breed from the Akita Inu, and is larger and at work. Hachi-ko waited for him—for more than
or Akita Inu, was first developed in the more imposing than its Japanese forebear. 10 years. He became a national hero for his
19th century as a fighting and hunting loyalty, and when he died, Japan held a day of
dog. The breed is a national treasure of The Akita is a substantial and strikingly mourning. A statue of Hachi-ko was erected at
Japan, and the dogs are seen as symbols handsome dog. It has a quiet dignity, is Shibuya Station (below), and each year a
of good luck. loyal and protective toward its human ceremony is held to honor him.
family, and is especially good with children.
The first Akita Inu was brought to the However, it tends to be domineering with
US in 1937 by Helen Keller. American other dogs. This breed needs an experienced
servicemen returning home after World owner and clear rules set at a young age to
War II brought more Akitas with them, prevent bad behavior.

Thick, bushy tail
curls over back

Fawn Black overlay

Black Red-fawn Triangular,
face mask erect ears

Deep, White markings
wide chest

Coarse outer coat
stands away from body

Well developed White chest markings
muscular extend down to feet
hindquarters

AMERICAN AKITA JAPANESE AKITA INU

111

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Chow Chow THE PET THERAPY
PIONEER
HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Cream Blue
18–22in 46–71lb 8–12 years Today many different dogs are used as “therapy
(46–56 cm) (21–32kg) Fawn Black dogs” to comfort troubled or stressed people. The
first canine therapy assistant was a Chow Chow
All colors may be shaded but not in patches named Jo-Fi, who worked with the father of
psychoanalysis himself: Sigmund Freud (below, in
This handsome dog with a coat like a teddy bear is loyal Austria c.1935). During therapy sessions, Jo-Fi
to its owner but can be reserved with strangers would remain in the room with Freud and was
given clues to the clients’ mental state. Jo-Fi
Dogs of this type have been known in China in Chinese is actually Songshi Quan, often would stay close to quiet or depressed people,
translated as “puffy lion dog.” Larger but move away from those who were tense.
for at least 2,000 years; one bas-relief carving numbers were imported to the UK in the late Freud noted that Jo-Fi had a calming, reassuring
19th century, and when Queen Victoria influence on his clients, particularly children.
from about 150BCE shows hunters with dogs obtained one, their popularity was assured.
The dogs were first shown in the US in 1890
resembling Chow Chows. The dogs’ original but were not popular there until the 1920s.

uses included hunting birds, guarding The Chow Chow is now usually kept as a
pet. Rather aloof in nature, the breed is
livestock, and, in winter, pulling sleds. In devoted to its family but may be wary of
strangers. It can have a dominant character,
addition, some of these dogs were raised as so needs firm training and early socializing.
It requires only moderate exercise but benefits
a source of meat and fur. They were prized from the mental stimulation of a daily walk.
The breed is notable for its thick coat and
by emperors and the nobility; in the 8th lionlike ruff, its furrowed face, and its
blue-black tongue. There are two varieties:
century CE one Tang dynasty rough-coated with an immensely thick,
upstanding coat, and smooth-coated, with
emperor had 5,000 chowlike short, dense hair.

dogs in his kennels.

The first few dogs

reached the West in the

late 18th century. They

acquired the name Chow

Chow in England, where

the term simply referred to

curios brought back from

East Asia. The breed’s name

PUPPY

Profuse coat stands Distinctive stop
out from body

Lighter hair on Blue-black Small, thick,
back of legs tongue rounded,
erect ears
Red
ROUGH-COATED Characteristic
Small, round feet scowling
expression

113

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Shikoku Sesame and black sesame Korean Jindo White
Red
HEIGHT 18–20in (46–52cm) HEIGHT 18–21in (46–53cm) Black and tan
WEIGHT 35–57lb (16–26kg) WEIGHT 20–51lb (9–23kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years LIFE SPAN 12–15 years

Once used as a boar hunter in remote mountain regions of Named after the Korean island of Jindo where it originated,
Japan, the Shikoku remained largely inaccessible for crossbreeding. the breed is popular in Korea but something of a rarity elsewhere.
As a result, this breed is very true to its origins. Resilient, agile, Used to hunt game, both large and small, the Korean Jindo’s
and keen to chase other animals, the Shikoku is challenging to keen instinct for chasing other animals may be difficult to curb.
train but forms a close bond with people it loves and trusts.

Fawn

Typical spitz tail Firmly erect ears Stiff hairs stand
Red sesame away from body

Longer coat on
backs of thighs

Dark eyes have Erect, pointed
keen expression ears lined with
dense hairs

Powerful Muscular, Tucked-up Thicker
hindquarters thick neck belly hair on
neck
Deep
chest

Rounded,
catlike feet

Shiba Inu White Black and tan Kai Range of red brindles

HEIGHT 15–16in (37–40cm) Red dogs may have a black overlay HEIGHT 19–21in (48–53cm)
WEIGHT 15–24lb (7–11kg) (red sesame). WEIGHT 24–55lb (11–25kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years LIFE SPAN 12–15 years

Japan’s smallest hunting dog, the Shiba Inu is a national One of the oldest and purest of Japan’s native dog breeds, the Kai
was given the status of national treasure in 1934. An active and
treasure and has been known in its native country for hundreds athletic hunter, used to running in packs, this dog may settle

of years. Bold and lively, the Shiba Inu makes a happy reasonably well into being a home companion but is not
recommended for a novice owner.
family dog, but can be unreliable if not socialized early
Strong,
on, and needs to have its Red thick neck
hunting instinct
controlled outdoors. Coarse-haired
coat

Longer-haired tail High-set tail carried Brindle
carried in high curl curved over back

Small, triangular ears Erect ears Head broad
incline slightly forward incline slightly with well-defined
stop and tapering
forward muzzle

Whitish Coat changes
undermarkings from solid color to

Rounded, brindle as
catlike feet dog matures

114

SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Kishu Japanese Spitz

HEIGHT 18–20in (46–52cm) HEIGHT 12–15in (30–37cm)
WEIGHT 29–60lb (13–27kg) WEIGHT 11–22lb (5–10kg)
LIFE SPAN 11–13 years LIFE SPAN Over 12 years

Now rare but much prized, the Kishu was possibly bred Erect ears Although the Japanese Spitz looks like a miniature version of the
hundreds of years ago for hunting large game in Japan’s incline Samoyed (see p.106), there is no evidence that the two have a common
mountainous Kyushu region. A national treasure, this forward descent. The breed was developed in Japan, and the popularity of
dog is quiet and faithful but can be a handful as a this bright and energetic little dog has spread worldwide. Persistent
companion because of its strong instinct to chase. barking is characteristic but can be controlled with training.

Short, straight, Some longer Pure white Long mane covers
well-muscled back black hairs neck and shoulders

Thick, fringed Profuse,
tail carried in long coat
curl over back

White Small ears
carried erect

Short,
straight,
coarse coat

Red Small,
White markings on round,
feet and lower legs catlike
feet
Small,
round,
black nose

Eurasier Any color Italian Volpino Red

HEIGHT 19–24in (48–60cm) Coats should not be all white, liver, HEIGHT 10–12in (25–30cm)
WEIGHT 40–71lb (18–32kg) or with white patches. WEIGHT 9–11lb (4–5kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 12 years LIFE SPAN Up to 16 years

A modern and still rare breed, the Eurasier was created A favorite in Italy for over a century, this appealing little
dog was kept by nobility as a pampered pet, and by farmers
in Germany in the 1960s from crossing the Chow Chow as a watchdog. Quick to bark at strangers, the Italian Volpino
alerted bigger guard dogs to potential trouble. Lively and fun-
(see p.112), German Wolfspitz (see p.117), and
loving, the breed is suitable for almost any type of home.
Samoyed (see p.106). A good

companion dog, it is Harsh-textured
even-tempered and topcoat
calm but watchful.
Straight, Long-haired tail Long, Short
strong back carried in curl dense coat muzzle

It readily forms Fawn

close family bonds. White

Triangular, Well feathered
erect ears hindquarters

Dark face Round eyes
mask

Coat with Collar of Thick
black hairs longer hair collar of hair
around neck

115

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPITZ–T YPE DOGS

German Spitz

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
Klein: 9–11in (23–29cm) Klein: 18–22lb (8–10kg) 14–15 years
Mittel: 12–15in (30–38cm) Mittel: 24–26lb (11–12kg)
Gross: 17–20in (42–50cm) Gross: 37–40lb (17–18kg) GROSS

A bustling and happy dog, with good watchdog instincts, AGE AND WISDOM?
the German Spitz is quick to learn and suitable for any home
In a 19th-century German fable, illustrated below,
There are three sizes of the German German Spitzes enjoy lots of human a Spitz dog outwits a Pug that is trying to steal
Spitz—Klein (small) and Mittel (medium) attention, but they need careful training its bone. Whether Spitz breeds really are more
are both recognized by the KC, and Gross because they have an independent spirit intelligent than Pugs is not known, but Spitz
(giant) is recognized by the FCI. They are that can turn into willfulness without breeds were considered to be one of the oldest
all descendants of the herding dogs once firm leadership. The dogs can get along well breeds. In 1750, based on his knowledge of the
used by nomadic tribes of the Arctic. with children if they are taught to respect German Spitz, German naturalist Count Buffon
them. Once their place in the family has suggested that the Spitz was the ancestor of
Traditionally, German Spitz dogs were been established, these cheerful, affectionate all domestic dogs. Modern genetic evidence
used for hunting and livestock herding, dogs are excellent companions for owners of supports Buffon’s idea that some Spitz dogs
and as watchdogs; their thick undercoat and all ages. The immensely thick coat must be originated early, but today no one breed is
tough outer coat protected them in the cold groomed thoroughly every day to keep it considered ancestral to all others, and comparative
and wet. During the 19th century the dogs from becoming matted. intelligence is still a matter of debate.
became more popular as companion and
show dogs. Some of these dogs were also
exported to the US and gave rise to the
American Eskimo Dog (see p.121). All
varieties of German Spitz are relatively rare.

Tail curls Compact,
over back square body

Short hair on face

Moderately
broad head

Wolf-sable

Thick frill
around neck
and shoulders

Profuse double
coat with long
outer hair

Long Orange-sable
feathering on
MITTEL
back of legs

KLEIN

116

Schipperke Variety of colors SPITZ–T YPE DOGS

HEIGHT 10–13in (25–33cm) Wedge-shaped,
WEIGHT 13–18lb (6–8kg) foxlike head
LIFE SPAN Over 12 years
Small,
Sometimes called the Belgian Barge Dog, Tail naturally triangular
this breed was once used by Flemish very short
riverboatmen to guard their barges and ears
keep down rat populations. In the house Long Black
the Schipperke has lost none of its “culottes” on
watchful instincts and is wary of back of thighs Thickset body
strangers. A dog with a lively Distinctive mane
and likable personality, and cape around
it is an entertaining neck and shoulders
companion.

Dense coat

Keeshond German Wolfspitz

HEIGHT 17–18in (43–46cm) HEIGHT 17–22in (43–55cm)
WEIGHT 33–44lb (15–20kg) WEIGHT 60–71lb (27–32kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years LIFE SPAN 12–15 years

The Keeshond was used in the 18th century by the riverboatmen The German Wolfspitz is one of the oldest-known European
dogs. It has given rise to the Keeshond (left) and in some countries
and farmers of Holland as a watchdog. Not aggressive, this the two are not regarded as separate breeds. Highly trainable, it is
eager to be a part of family life. Suspicious of strangers, this dog
intelligent and outgoing breed has an amiable nature that barks readily but is not aggressive.

makes it a much-loved companion dog. The Keeshond

is willing to learn, and it mixes well with

people and other pets. Bushy tail Short, straight back

Gray, black,
and cream

Hair forms dense Long topcoat
breeches on back

of thighs

Characteristic Gray, black,
spectacle and cream
markings
Small, triangular,
around eyes erect ears

Long, thick Thick mane
ruff around over neck
neck and
shoulders

117

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Pomeranian

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any solid color
9–11in 5–7lb 12–15 years
(22–28cm) (2–3kg) Should be free from
black or white shading.

This affectionate miniature dog is brave and protective
despite its small size, and it makes an excellent family pet

This breed, the smallest of the German characteristics—its small size, luxuriant
Spitz-type dogs (see p.116), is known in some “puffball” coat, and cheerful nature—
countries as the “dwarf Spitz” (Zwergspitz were further refined.
or Spitz nain). The Pomeranian takes its
name from the region of Pomerania (now The intelligent, lively Pomeranian is an
in northern Poland/northeast Germany), affectionate pet. It enjoys human company
where its ancestors were bred as sheepdogs. and will become devoted to its owner.
However, the breed needs firm but gentle
The original dogs from Pomerania were training so that it will not become overly
much larger than today’s dogs, weighing dominant. Amazingly fast for their
as much as 31lb (14kg), and were usually size, these dogs should be supervised
white. These Spitz-type dogs were imported if running loose. The thick coat is not
from Europe into the UK from the 1760s difficult to groom but needs to be
onward; all dogs of this type were generally brushed every few days.
known as “Pomeranians,” whatever their
country of origin. PUPPY

During the late 19th century the
Pomeranian was selectively bred down to
“toy” size, partly due to Queen Victoria’s
enthusiasm for smaller dogs. Small
Spitz-type dogs of different colors were
imported from Germany and Italy to
develop the breed (and to eliminate the
old Pomeranians’ tendency to be snappy).
Breeders’ clubs were set up in the UK in
1891 and in the US in 1900. During
the 20th century the breed’s main

ROYAL PATRONAGE Longer hair on
hindquarters
When Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, came to
Britain in 1761 she was accompanied by several white
spitz dogs. These dogs were much larger than
Pomeranians are today but were nevertheless the
favored companion of German courtiers of the time.
The dogs rapidly became popular in Britain and
feature in several paintings by Gainsborough, such as
The Morning Walk (right). The popularity of the breed
increased further when Queen Victoria acquired several
smaller Pomeranians on a trip to Italy in 1888.

MR. AND MRS. WILLIAM HALLETT
(“THE MORNING WALK”) BY

THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH, 1785

118

SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Heavily plumed tail Small, erect ears
carried over back
Orange
Shorter hair
on lower legs Slightly oval, black-
rimmed, dark eyes

Abundant frill
around neck,
shoulders,
and chest

Smooth-haired,
foxlike face

Soft, fluffy
coat

119

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPITZ–T YPE DOGS

Icelandic Sheepdog

HEIGHT 17–18in (42–46cm) Gray Black
WEIGHT 20–31lb (9–14kg) Chocolate-brown
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years Tan and gray dogs may have black masks.

Also called the Friaar Dog, this hardy, muscular breed was Typical spitz tail
curls over back
brought to Iceland by early settlers. Its agility over rugged

terrain and shallow water plus its sharp barking make it

perfect for herding livestock. As a pet, it requires

plenty of exercise. There are two coat types:

long-haired and short-haired.

Erect ears slightly
rounded at tips

Smallish,
powerful body

Thick, Black
waterproof coat pigmented lips

White LONG-HAIRED
markings
on face

Tan with white
markings

Norwegian Lundehund

HEIGHT 13–15in (32–38cm) White Black and gray coats have white markings;
WEIGHT 13–15lb (6–7kg) Gray white coat has dark markings.
LIFE SPAN 12 years Black

Also called the Norwegian Puffin Dog, Reddish brown Black tips
this amazingly agile dog can tilt its head to some
back over its shoulder and splay its of hairs
forelegs out sideways. It was once used as
a puffin-hunter, and these traits, as well Black
as a double dewclaw on each foot, lips
enabled the dog to reach precarious
nests. As a pet, it needs plenty of
training and exercise.

Dense coat
sheds heavily

Double Six toes on
dewclaw each foot

120

SPITZ–T YPE DOGS

Nordic Spitz Norwegian Buhund

HEIGHT 17–18in (42–45cm) HEIGHT 16–18in (41–46cm) Red
WEIGHT 18–33lb (8–15kg) WEIGHT 26–40lb (12–18kg)
LIFE SPAN 15–20 years LIFE SPAN 12–15 years Red, wheaten, and wolf-sable coats may
have black mask, ears, and tip to tail.

This small, light spitz is Sweden’s national dog. Its local This medium-sized, agile farm dog was once used to

name, Norbottenspets, means spitz from the county of guard against bears and wolves. Today the breed thrives Pronounced
stop
Bothnia. It was once used to hunt squirrels and, when it has plenty of exercise and constant training.

more recently, game birds. A bright-eyed, Foxlike head A sharp barker that molts heavily twice a year, this
bushy-tailed dog, the Nordic Spitz is with typical
not difficult to train, but requires tan markings dog may not be ideal for Long, thick, harsh
a house-proud owner. topcoat with soft,
woolly undercoat
regular exercise.
Tightly curled tail
Compact carried over back
body

Erect, Triangular,
black ears erect ears

Black

White Wheaten Lighter
underparts
Well-defined Short,
tan patch on straight coat
hindquarters

American Eskimo Dog

HEIGHT Miniature: 9–12in (23–30cm); Toy: 12–15in (30–38cm); Standard: Over 15–19in (38–48cm)
WEIGHT Miniature: 7–11lb (3–5kg); Toy: 11–20lb (5–9kg); Standard: 20–40lb (9–18kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years

Despite its name, this is not a true Eskimo breed, but was White
developed in Germany and probably brought to the US by
German settlers in the 19th century. Once seen performing Long guard hairs
tricks in traveling circuses, the American Eskimo Dog is form topcoat
a fast learner and eager to please. The breed comes in
three sizes: toy, miniature, and standard.

Triangular, erect, slightly Round, black-
blunt-tipped ears rimmed eyes
set well apart

Jet-black TOY Profuse ruff at
lips neck and chest

MINIATURE 121

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Papillon

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN White
8–11in 5–11lb 14 years Black and white
(20–28cm) (2–5kg) White coats may have any color patches except liver.

Dainty and delightful, but definitely not delicate, this dog Long, plumed tail
makes a fun-loving and intelligent companion falls over back

The Papillon is named for its erect, fringed In the UK and the US, both the Papillon
ears, resembling butterfly wings (the word and the Phalène are regarded as the same
papillon is French for “butterfly”). The breed, since the two types can occur in
breed is descended from the “dwarf the same litter. The FCI refers to both
spaniels” that were popular in the royal types as Continental Toy Spaniels.
courts of Europe from the Renaissance
onward. This type of dog was often Today the Papillon is most often
portrayed in paintings of and for the seen as a pet or in the show ring.
nobility, such as the 1538 Venus of Urbino These lively, intelligent dogs love
by Titian. In 17th-century France similar human companionship and enjoy
dogs were imported and bred at the court plenty of play and exercise. They
of Louis XIV, and in the 18th century they require early socializing with
were the pampered favorites of Madame other dogs and strangers,
de Pompadour and Marie Antoinette. since some individuals can be
nervous. The long, fine, silky
The earliest form of the Papillon had coat needs daily grooming to
drop ears; this type still exists and is prevent mats from forming.
known as the Phalène (French for “moth”).
Toward the end of the 19th century the
modern Papillon with its erect ears began
to appear, and this version is now much
more commonly seen. In both types the
ears are notable for their long, silky fringes.

Long-fringed, Head rounded
“butterfly-wing” ears between drop ears

Tricolor White
PAPILLON with black
patches
122
PHALÈNE

Full, soft coat SPIT Z-T YPE DOGS

Level back Pronounced
stop

Fine, pointed muzzle
on rounded head

FRENCH COURT LAPDOG

In the past lapdogs were luxuries that only the
wealthy could afford. Small, spaniel-like
dogs, resembling the Papillon, start to appear
alongside their owners in portraits painted
around 1500. Their popularity in Continental
Europe continued to increase, and by the
18th century the Papillon had become a
firm favorite of the French court (as can be
seen in Jean Baptiste Greuze’s 1774 portrait of
Madame de Porcin, below). Marie Antoinette
kept them as boudoir dogs and it is said that,
in 1793, she carried her dog Thisbe with her
to the guillotine.

Deep chest

Tricolor

Elongated,
harelike feet

123

High speed
On the racetrack, greyhounds have
been recorded as reaching top speeds
of around 45mph (72km/h). They are
one of the fastest living animals.

SIGHT HOUNDS

SIGHT
HOUNDS

Canine speed merchants, the sight hounds—or gazehounds as they are sometimes called—are
hunting dogs that locate and follow their prey primarily by using their keen eyesight. Streamlined,
lightly framed, but powerful, a sight hound in pursuit of quarry moves rapidly and turns with great
flexibility. Many dogs in this group were bred to hunt specific prey.

As shown by archeological evidence, a pronounced stop or, as in the case and occasionally still are, used
lean, leggy dogs have been hunting of the Borzoi (see p.132), has no stop by sheikhs for hunting gazelle in
alongside humans for thousands of at all. Typically in a sight hound bred the desert. In pre-Soviet Russia the
years, but the early development to hunt and snap up small prey, the spectacular Borzoi was the dog of
of modern sight hounds is not entirely head is carried low when the dog choice for the nobility and even
clear. It is likely that many crosses runs at full stretch. Another common royalty, specifically bred for running
involving a diversity of other breeds, feature of sight hounds is a deep chest down and killing wolves.
including terriers, went into the accommodating a larger than usual
creation of classic sight hounds such heart and allowing for good lung Today sight hounds are used for
as the Greyhound (see p.126) and the capacity. Short or fine, silky coats racing and coursing and are very
Whippet (see p.128). tend to be the norm among this often kept as pets. Usually non-
group of dogs; only the Afghan aggressive, although sometimes
Most sight hounds are easily Hound (see p.136) is very long-haired. a little aloof, sight hounds make
recognizable as a type. Selective attractive family dogs but need to
breeding has developed characteristics Graceful and aristocratic, sight be handled with caution when
designed to promote speed: strong, hounds during their history have outdoors and may be best exercised
supple backs and an athletic build been the favored hunting dogs of the on a leash. Their instinct to pursue
enable the body to stretch out at full wealthy and well born. Greyhounds, small animals can be strong enough
gallop; long-striding, elastic limbs, or at least coursing dogs very similar to override all obedience training.
and powerful hindquarters to provide to the modern breed, were kept by A sight hound chasing after what
impulsion. Another characteristic is the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. For it perceives to be prey is almost
a long, narrow head that either lacks centuries Salukis (see p.131) were, impossible to stop.

125

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SIGHT HOUNDS

Greyhound MICK THE MILLER

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color The UK’s first great racing Greyhound was an
27–30in 60–66lb 11–12 years Irish dog belonging to a priest. Born in 1926,
(69–76cm) (27–30kg) Mick the Miller was sickly as a pup but won 15
races in Ireland. He then triumphed at the 1929
Capable of astonishing speed, this dog makes a docile and Derby at London’s White City, breaking the
gentle family pet and is content with short bursts of exercise world speed record over 525 yards. From 1929
to 1931 Mick the Miller (right) won an array of
Developed in the UK, the greyhound’s Capable of reaching 45mph (72km/h) major races, and he
earliest ancestors were once thought to in short bursts, the sleek and powerful became a firm favorite
have been the slender hounds depicted Greyhound is built for running. with the public. Once
in Egyptian tombs dating from around It is still used for hare coursing but is retired, he earned
4000BCE. However, DNA evidence has more commonly seen at dog races. Some $90,000 in stud
suggested that, despite appearances, the Greyhounds are also bred for the show fees, and also
breed is more closely related to herding ring; these are larger than racing dogs. appeared in a movie.
dogs. Another possible ancestor is an He died in 1939.
ancient Celtic dog called the Vertragus, Retired racing Greyhounds are becoming
used for hunting and hare coursing. popular as pets. They are gentle and easy MICK BEING MASSAGED
to keep, requiring only moderate exercise, WHILE IN TRAINING AT
Large, athletic sight hounds were known but their slender frame and thin coat mean WALTON-ON-THAMES
in Britain by 1000CE. At first they were that they need protection from the cold.
commonly used for hunting, but during Small, rose
the Middle Ages only the aristocracy could Long and ears, fine
afford to keep them. In the 18th century narrow head in texture
hare coursing became popular among the
upper classes, and the first Greyhound Muscular, long,
stud books were opened. slightly arched neck

Brindle

Short,
smooth coat

Deep chest Straight,
housing powerful long
forelegs
lungs and heart

Long, low-set,
tapering tail

126

Italian Greyhound

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
13–15in 9–11lb 14 years
(32–38cm) (4–5kg) Black and blue with tan markings,
and brindle not permitted.

This miniature, satin-skinned greyhound enjoys creature A KING’S BEST FRIEND
comforts but needs more exercise than its size might suggest
Frederick the Great of Prussia (seen below, right,
This mini-greyhound originated in its noble past, the Italian Greyhound loves in a wood engraving after an 18th century
Mediterranean countries—small to be pampered. Usually devoted to its drawing) was said to have owned more than
greyhound-type dogs feature in Turkish and human family, the breed needs plenty of 50 miniature greyhounds and even took one
Greek art dating from 2,000 years ago, and interaction with people, otherwise it may to battle in his saddlebag during the Seven
a similar dog was found in the lava flows at become bored and wayward. It is more Years’ War (1756–63). When this dog died,
Pompeii. By the time of the Renaissance, hardy than its delicate frame would Frederick had it buried at his favorite residence,
miniature greyhounds were much favored suggest, but it can still be injured by the Sanssouci Palace, in Potsdam. Frederick had
pets in the Italian court. They were brought active children or other, larger dogs. wished to be buried after death alongside his dog,
to England in the 17th century and became but his successor did not allow it. Frederick died
highly popular there and in the other royal The breed’s short coat and thin skin in 1786 but it was only in 1991 that his remains
courts of Europe. make it susceptible to cold and wet weather, were moved and his wish granted.
so it will need a jacket when going outdoors
The Italian Greyhound needs daily in wintry conditions.
exercise and mental stimulation. Despite
its small size, the breed is fast and can Large eyes
reach 40mph (64km/h) in a sudden burst.
It is highly energetic and intelligent, with
a strong chasing instinct. As suggested by

Short, satin- Red-fawn
soft coat
Long, slender, Rose ears placed
Fine, supple skin gracefully well back
arched neck
Long, flat,
Very fine narrow head
muzzle

Long, fine tail Very
set very low fine-boned
legs

ADULT AND
PUPPIES

127

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SIGHT HOUNDS

Whippet

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
17–20in 24–40lb 12–15 years
(44–51cm) (11–18kg)

The ultimate sprinter, this dog is calm, sweet-natured,
and adoring at home but remains an avid hunter

The fastest domesticated animal for its towns. Today the breed is still used for Fine-haired,
weight, the Whippet is capable of speeds racing, as well as lure coursing and agility short coat
of up to 35mph (56km/h). It has impressive trials, but is mostly kept as a pet.
powers of acceleration, and can twist and Long, tapering
turn at speed with dexterity. This elegant Quiet, docile, and affectionate, the tail reaches as
little dog was developed in the north of Whippet behaves well in the house and
England in the late 19th century by crossing is gentle with children. A sensitive breed, far as hock
the Greyhound (see p.126) with various it needs tactful handling and is easily
terriers. Originally bred for hunting hare, distressed by rough play or harsh commands.
rabbit, and other small game, the Whippet With its delicate skin and short, fine hair,
soon became popular as an affordable the Whippet needs to wear a coat in cold
sporting dog. Whippet racing, held wherever weather. Its own coat is almost odor-free,
there was enough space for dogs to sprint a without a doggy smell even when wet.
couple of hundred yards, became a regular Puppies with long coats are occasionally
fixture for working men of mill and mining born but are not officially recognized.

THE POOR MAN’S RACEHORSE The Whippet has abundant energy and
should be given regular exercise and, in safe
In the industrial areas of 19th-century England, areas, plenty of opportunity to run free. It
rag racing with Whippets, in which the dogs is generally good with other dogs but has
chased a lure made of cloth, was immensely a strong hunting instinct and chases cats
popular. Working families took great pride in and small animals if given the chance.
their racing Whippets and valued the extra
income that winning dogs could earn. The A Whippet will tolerate, or at least
breed came to be known as the “poor man’s ignore, a household cat if the two are
racehorse.” The owners lavished care on their raised together, but it should not be left
dogs, allowing them to share the family’s food unsupervised with other family pets such
and even the children’s beds. as rabbits or guinea pigs. This breed is
wary of strangers, so it makes a
reasonable watchdog. Toward its
owners, the Whippet shows
unswerving loyalty.

Neat, oval feet with
well arched toes

THE CRADLEY HEATH
WHIPPET RACING
CLUB, UK, 1961

128

SIGHT HOUNDS

Rose ears

Brindle
and white

Muscular,
elegant outline

Darker muzzle

Silver-fawn

Expressive,
oval eyes

Tucked-up
belly

Well muscled
hindquarters

Deep chest

129

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SIGHT HOUNDS

Rampur Greyhound Hungarian Greyhound

HEIGHT 22–30in (56–75cm) Any color HEIGHT 24–28in (62–70cm) Any color
WEIGHT 59–66lb (27–30kg) WEIGHT 55–88lb (25–40kg)
LIFE SPAN 8–10 years LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

Now rare, the Rampur Greyhound was once the favorite This dog, once used for hunting rabbit and fox, may have

sporting companion of Indian princes. Used mainly to hunt entered Hungary with the Magyars over 1,000 years ago.

jackal and deer, this powerful dog was also capable of bringing Not as fast as a Greyhound (see p.126) but tougher and

down wild boar. The breed’s origins are uncertain, but may tireless, the Hungarian Greyhound (or Magyar
Agar) needs a regular run. It makes a
include crosses between the English Greyhound faithful and protective companion. Large, rose
ears raised
and native Indian breeds chosen for when alert

their strength and tenacity. Black
and tan
Broad, straight,
Brindle White firm back
markings
Long, thin,
tapering tail Elongated muzzle
and wedge-
Long, narrow, shaped head
pointed nose

on flat skull

Tucked-up Short,
belly dense,
smooth
Long tail coat
reaches hock
Tan markings Arched feet and
on lower legs strong claws for
good grip at speed

Polish Greyhound

HEIGHT 27–31in (68–80cm) All colors
WEIGHT 143–187lb (65–85kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years

Possibly a mix of the Greyhound (see p.126) and the Borzoi (see p.132) Long, powerful,
in origin, the Polish Greyhound is stronger and sturdier than other muscular neck
sight hounds. It is bred to hunt bustard (a large, cranelike bird)
and wolves, and is a popular track racer. The Polish Greyhound
requires firm training, plenty of exercise, and regular brushing.

Sable White blaze Long tail, White
on head strong at base markings
on chest

Black and tan

White tail tip

130

SIGHT HOUNDS

Saluki PRIZED HUNTER

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors Early drawings of the Saluki (as in the illustration
23–28in 35–65lb 12 years from the early 1840s below) show dogs with
(58–71cm) (16–29kg) well developed feathering on legs and tail.
However, they are depicted without the
This slim-framed, sleek, and intelligent gazelle hunter long feathering on the ears that is typical
makes a loyal and courageous family companion of the feathered-coat variety today. The Bedouin
traditionally prize these dogs for their hunting
One of the oldest breeds in existence, Although Muslims traditionally viewed prowess rather than their appearance. Salukis
Saluki-type dogs have been used as dogs as unclean, they made an exception for are used to hunt fast-moving prey such as
hunting dogs for thousands of years. the Saluki, allowing it to live in the family gazelles (giving rise to the alternative name
They are shown on wall carvings from tent. Salukis were never sold, but they might “gazelle-hound”), as well as fox and rabbit.
the Sumerian empire (in what is now be presented to people as a mark of honor.
Iraq), dating from 7000–6000BCE, and
on paintings in ancient Egyptian tombs; The Saluki is gentle but may seem aloof
their mummified bodies have been found to strangers, although it is more loving to
buried with pharaohs. Similar dogs were its owners. It is highly intelligent, so needs
known in China in the Tang dynasty plenty of mental and physical challenges if
(618–907CE), and were first brought to it is not to become bored and willful. Its
Europe by Crusaders in the 12th century. strong chasing instinct needs to be kept
under control. There are two coat types:
The Saluki is esteemed in the Middle smooth and feathered.
East for its swiftness; over long distances,
it can be faster than a Greyhound (see p.126).

Pendant ears
with long,
silky hair

Long, narrow head

Long, slender, Cream
supple neck

Smooth, soft, Black
silky coat and tan

Golden Deep,
narrow chest
Slight feathering on
back of front legs FEATHERED
COAT

131

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SIGHT HOUNDS

Borzoi

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
27–29in 60–106lb 11–13 years
(68–74cm) (27–48kg)

A CULTURAL ICON This noble Russian hound combines speed, elegance, and
a desire to chase with a certain nonchalance
The powerful, glamorous Borzoi has won itself
a place in literature and film. Leo Tolstoy’s epic Descended from Central Asian sight Constantin Esmont persuaded the Soviet
novel War and Peace contains a powerful hounds, this tall, elegant dog was brought government to preserve the Borzoi for use
description of a Borzoi pack hunting a wolf. westwards by traders. Once known as the by hunters in the fur trade. In Russia the
In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and Damned, Russian Wolfhound, the Borzoi was bred to Borzoi is still valued mainly for its hunting
the main character’s girlfriend compares him to a hunt wolves for Russian tsars and nobility; abilities, but outside the country it has
“Russian wolfhound”; he is flattered because they the original dogs were crossed with been bred for many years as a show dog
Greyhounds (see p.126) for speed, and and companion dog.
are “usually with native Russian dogs for strength and
photographed with resistance to cold. The nobles would take as Today the Borzoi is happy in a regular
princesses and dukes.” many as 100 dogs on a hunt, releasing them home environment but needs plenty of long
The Borzoi was a in groups of three to bring down a wolf; one walks and runs as well as training to control
favorite subject in Art dog would attack the wolf’s hind quarters, its strong chasing instinct. It also requires a
while the other two caught its neck. routine of brushing and bathing to keep its
Deco art and has long, wavy coat in top condition.
featured in many After the Russian Revolution in 1917,
movies—in addition many of these “aristocratic” dogs were
to being an elegant killed, but during the 1940s a soldier named
companion for
movie stars. Short, smooth Black mask
coat on head
ALEXANDRA, WIFE
OF EDWARD VII, WITH
HER PET BORZOI

Narrow, refined head
with imperceptible stop

Silky, long coat

Profuse frill
on neck

White with Short hair on Hare-shaped
red markings front of legs feet with
well padded toes
Long-haired,
low-set tail

132

Deerhound SIGHT HOUNDS

HEIGHT 28–30in (71–76cm) Small, rose ears
WEIGHT 82–101lb (37–46kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–11 years Red-fawn or sandy red
Black brindle

Once the preserve of Scottish stag-hunting nobility, this Blue-gray

shaggier version of the Irish Wolfhound (see p.134) is now as Long tail, thick at Pointed
base, carried low muzzle
much at home in a cozy living room as it is by a baronial Long,
strong
log fire. It is lazy and companionable indoors, neck

as long as it has a strenuous walk every Coat softer Harsh, thick,
day and plenty of outdoor space. on head wiry, dark coat
and chest

Silky haired, lighter-
colored mustache
and beard

White toes

Spanish Greyhound Very shallow stop

HEIGHT 23–28in (58–72cm) Any color Sandy
WEIGHT 44–66lb (20–30kg) WIRE-HAIRED
LIFE SPAN 12 years
133
Thought to be a descendant of dogs that came into the Long, straight back

Iberian Peninsula with the Celts around 500BCE, Compact, well
muscled body
the Spanish Greyhound is a fast-footed hunter. Long tail ending
in fine point
Once kept only by royalty, the breed Long, lean head

became widely popular for

coursing and racing. Spanish

Greyhounds are not hard

to train as house dogs

but have high exercise

requirements. There

are two coat varieties: Almond-
smooth-haired and shaped eyes

wire-haired.

Black White chest
SMOOTH-HAIRED markings

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SIGHT HOUNDS

SIGHT HOUNDS

Irish Wolfhound GELERT

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors In Welsh legend, Gelert was the favorite
28–34in 105–150lb 8–10 years hound of Prince Llewellyn the Great. One day
(71–86cm) (48–68kg) Llewellyn went hunting, leaving Gelert behind,
and on his return was horrified to find his baby
A loyal, dignified, and docile hound, this gentle giant is the son missing and Gelert with blood on his jaws.
world’s tallest breed and needs room to relax and run Believing that Gelert had killed the baby,
Llewellyn ran the dog through with his sword.
This breed derives its name from its the dogs became very scarce. In the 1870s Just then the baby cried; Llewellyn found him
traditional use in hunting wolves. Dogs a British Army officer, Captain George A. lying on a wolf, which Gelert had clearly killed.
of this type have been known in Ireland Graham, started a program to revive it, Stricken with remorse, Llewellyn buried Gelert
for thousands of years; Irish chieftains and using outcrosses to breeds such as the with a memorial stone in honor of his dog.
kings used them as dogs of war, as well Scottish Deerhound (see p.133) and the Today a sculpture of Gelert (below) stands near
as for hunting wolves and elk. The “great Great Dane (see p.96). In 1902 an Irish his grave in Beddgelert, Wales.
hound,” or cu, is mentioned in Irish laws and Wolfhound was presented to the Irish
literature, and was known to the Romans, too. Guards as a regimental mascot, and the Oval, dark eyes
breed still performs this role today.
For centuries the dogs were reserved for
royalty and the nobility and were given as Despite its imposing appearance—this
presents to important foreigners; so many giant, heavy breed can reach well over 6ft
(1.8m) tall when standing on its hind legs—
were given away that their the Irish Wolfhound has a calm, gentle
export was prohibited in nature. It is often kept as a companion dog
1652 so that Ireland and needs and enjoys human company.
would not be overrun However, it is best suited to owners who can
with wolves. However, afford substantial food bills and who have
sufficient indoor and outdoor space to keep
once the last wolf was such a large, heavy dog. The coarse coat
killed in 1786, the Irish requires regular brushing and combing.
Wolfhound lost its
traditional purpose and

Dark gray
brindle

PUPPY Red brindle Small, rose ears

Coarse coat

Hair especially
wiry under jaw
and over eyes

Strong,
muscular
neck

Deep chest

White markings
on feet and chest

135

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SIGHT HOUNDS

Afghan Hound

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
25–29in 50–64lb 12–14 years
(63–74cm) (23–29kg)

WORLD’S FIRST The supermodel of dogs, this breed makes a glamorous,
CLONED DOG aloof, and high-maintenance but affectionate pet

In 2005 Seoul National University in South Korea The origin of the Afghan Hound is The Afghan Hound was not known outside
amazed the world by revealing Snuppy, the first unknown, but its ancestors are thought Afghanistan until the late 19th century when
cloned dog. Snuppy was created using DNA to have been brought along trade routes to British soldiers first brought it to England. In
from an adult Afghan Hound’s ear cells, inserted Afghanistan. There, people used it to hunt the 1930s Marx Brother Zeppo introduced
into eggs from female dogs. A total of 123 hare, deer, and wild goat, as well as wolves this breed to the US, and it has been popular
surrogate mothers were used, and three pups and snow leopards. The dogs were suited to since with celebrities.
were born, of which Snuppy was the sole such work since they had agility and stamina,
and were adept at running fast over rough Today, the Afghan Hound is a spectacular
survivor—genetically identical to terrain, turning quickly, and leaping up show dog and a loving, if occasionally
his father. In 2008 Snuppy mountain slopes. The long, silky coat gave wayward, family pet. It also excels at lure
became a father himself, with protection from cold, while the large feet coursing (chasing a mechanical lure) and
ten puppies being born to could grip well and were resistant to injury. obedience events. The dog needs plenty of
two cloned mothers. Various types existed in Afghanistan; dogs exercise, including chances to run freely.
from desert areas were lighter in build, with The Afghan Hound’s long show coat needs
SNUPPY (RIGHT) a finer coat, while those from the mountains a great deal of regular grooming.
SITS NEXT TO were more heavy-coated.
THE DOG FROM
WHICH HE WAS
CLONED

Long muzzle Dark eyes, almost
and skull triangular-looking,
slanting slightly upward

Tail is relatively bare, Pendant ears covered Red Darker hair
carried in a ring and with long, silky hair on ear tips
raised when moving
Gold

Long, silky coat
has fine texture
except along short,
close saddle

Feet strong and
covered with
thick, long hair

136

SIGHT HOUNDS

Sloughi Darker face
and ears
HEIGHT 24–28in (61–72cm)
WEIGHT 44–60lb (20–27kg) Lean, muscular body Elongated,
LIFE SPAN 12 years with curved topline wedge-shaped
muzzle
Long established in North Africa, Sandy
where it is much prized as a hunting Prominent
dog, the Sloughi has only recently breastbone
become known in the US and
Europe. This quiet-natured breed is Neck arched
a pleasant companion and likes and elegant
home life. A Sloughi needs early
socializing with other household Long, thin,
pets since its urge to chase small oval feet
animals is strong.

Tough, fine,
close-fitting coat

Azawakh Head is narrow
and chiseled
HEIGHT 24–29in (60–74cm)
WEIGHT 33–55lb (15–25kg) Muscles and bones
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years visible beneath fine skin

This long-legged hound comes from the desert areas of the southern Fawn

Sahara. The Azawakh is used by nomadic tribes for hunting, guarding, Characteristic
white stockings
and as a companion dog. It has exceptionally fine skin. With careful

handling and a daily run,

the Azawakh settles well Neck long, fine,
muscular, and
as a house pet. Wide-set, slightly arched
pendant ears Short coat

Long muzzle 137

Typical white bib

Long, tapering
tail has a white
brush tip

Pack hunting
Foxhunting with pack hounds was
once a familiar sight in rural UK.
The modern alternative is drag hunting—
where hounds follow an artificial scent.

SCENT HOUNDS

SCENT
HOUNDS

A keen sense of smell is an essential part of being a dog. The sharpest noses belong to the scent
hounds, which track prey more by following scent than by using their eyes, as the sight hounds
do (see pp.124–25). These dogs, which often hunt in packs, have a natural ability to pick up a trail,
even if it is days old, and will follow it single-mindedly.

It is not known exactly when detection, and long, pendant ears. the Dachshund (see p.170), an agile
certain dogs were first recognized Bred for staying power rather than little dog, adept at getting in and
for their exceptional ability to hunt speed, they are strong-bodied, out of tight spots. The Otterhound
by scent. The origins of the modern especially in the forequarters. The (see p.142), which hunted its quarry
scent hound possibly date back to breeds of scent hound known today in rivers and streams, sometimes
the mastiff-type dogs of the ancient were selectively developed not only swimming for much of the time,
world, brought into Europe by traders according to the size of prey that has a water-repellent coat and more
from the region that is now Syria. By they followed but also the countryside extensive webbing between its toes
the Middle Ages hunting with packs that the hunts covered. The English than most dogs.
of scent hounds was a widespread and Foxhound (see p.158), for example,
popular sport, the quarry including is comparatively fleet and lightly With a ban on hunting with
fox, hare, deer, and wild boar. Pack built for accompanying a mounted hounds in the UK, the future of
hunting arrived in North America in hunt over mostly open terrain. Similar British breeds such as the English
the 17th century with English settlers, in general appearance but much Foxhound or Harrier (see p.154)
who brought their own foxhounds smaller, the Beagle (see p.152) hunted is uncertain. Although usually
with them. hare, sometimes in thick undergrowth, gregarious and good with other
with followers on foot. Some short- dogs, pack hounds rarely make
Scent hounds come in all sizes, but legged dogs were bred to follow or dig satisfactory house pets. They need
typically have substantial muzzles out quarry below ground. The best space, are often vocal, and their
packed with odor-detecting sensors, known of these small scent hounds is eagerness to follow any scent trail
loose, moist lips that also aid scent can make them difficult to train.

139

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SCENT HOUNDS

Bruno Jura Hound Strong
muzzle
HEIGHT 18–22in (45–57cm)
WEIGHT 35–44lb (16–20kg) Light
LIFE SPAN 10–11 years brown eyes

One of two similar breeds of hound developed in the Swiss Jura mountain Short,
region, this is one of four laufhunds (see p.173) that probably descended from thick coat
older, heavier French breeds. Used mainly for rabbit hunting, it has a powerful
nose and great strength and agility when working on steep terrain. Restless
and ever on the go, this breed does not enjoy indoor confinement.

Domed head Tapering tail curves
smaller than in slightly upward
St. Hubert Jura
Hound (below)

Rounded feet Long, large
with strong ears set well
nails and back and low
tough pads
Tan with
black blanket

St. Hubert Jura Hound Massive,
domed head
HEIGHT 18–23in (45–58cm)
WEIGHT 33–44lb (15–20kg) Loose upper
LIFE SPAN 10–11 years lip covers
lower lip
Sharing a common history with the Bruno Jura Hound (above) and closely resembling it, Large,
pendant ears Forelegs
the St. Hubert Jura Hound is distinguished by its larger size and smoother coat. A strong straight
and strong
tracker, the St. Hubert Jura Hound bays loudly when following a scent. It has great

stamina for hunting rabbits, foxes, or deer.

Back straight, broad,
and muscular

Smooth, short coat Tan with
black blanket
140
Dark hazel
to brown
eyes

SCENT HOUNDS

Bloodhound THE CANINE
SUPER-SLEUTH
HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Black and tan
23–27in 79–110lb 10–12 years Liver and tan Historically used in Britain for stag hunting,
(58–69cm) (36–50kg) Bloodhounds are superb tracking dogs, as
depicted in the 17th century engraving below.
Gentle and sociable despite its size, this dog has a deep As deer numbers fell, the Bloodhound became
bellowing voice and a strong desire to hunt somewhat redundant, though a few were
kept on large estates to track down poachers.
The ultimate scent hound, the Bloodhound During the 19th century French breeders Early settlers in the US used Bloodhounds
is sometimes called a nose with a dog imported some Bloodhounds to resurrect to track people, too. As recently as 1977, two
attached. Dogs of this type have appeared in the old Chien de St. Hubert breed. Later 14-month-old Bloodhounds—Sandy and
written records since the 14th century, in the 19th century people began to breed Little Red—tracked down prison escapee
although they are thought to be even older. pure Bloodhounds in the US; Americans James Earl Ray, the man who shot Civil
The dogs were used to hunt deer and wild have used the dogs for tracking criminals Rights leader Martin Luther King.
boar and to follow people. In Scotland and missing people, and evidence from
sleuthhounds were used to track the a Bloodhound can be admissible in a
raiders and cattle thieves who operated court of law.
along the English-Scottish border. In the
17th century the eminent scientist Sir Robert The tracking instinct is so strong that it
Boyle told of a Bloodhound that tracked can make obedience training difficult, since
a man over seven miles and through two the dog will be easily distracted by scents
busy towns, tracing the man to the very around it. Nevertheless, this good-natured
room where he was concealed. dog is an excellent family companion for
those with room to spare.

Deep-set eyes give Heavy, loose upper lip
solemn expression
Very long,
Shaded red pendant ears
Pronounced
dewlap

Smooth, short, Lower ears
weatherproof coat curl inward

Long, thick,
tapering tail

141

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SCENT HOUNDS

Otterhound

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any hound color
24–27in 66–115lb 10–12 years
(61–69cm) (30–52kg)

Easy-going and affectionate, this boisterous dog has retained
a strong hunting instinct and needs plenty of exercise

As its name suggests, this shaggy-coated and good-natured but, as is the case with
hound was once used for hunting otters. many former pack hounds, can be difficult
Though its exact origins are uncertain, to train. Being large and boisterous, the
dogs of a similar type, working in packs, breed is not recommended for small homes
were known in England from about the or families with elderly members or young
18th century, and there are records of children, since there is a risk of them being
otter-hunting with pack hounds as far back knocked over. The Otterhound is best suited
as the 12th century. When otters became to owners who enjoy outdoor activities and
a protected species, and otter hunting was have a large yard or access to open spaces
banned in the UK in 1978, the number of where the dog can run safely. Bred for
Otterhounds declined sharply. The breed hunting in water, this hound loves swimming
is now considered rare, with fewer than 60 and will splash around happily in streams
puppies being registered by the Kennel Club for hours if given the opportunity.
each year. Small numbers of Otterhounds
are found in other countries, including the The Otterhound’s dense, coarse coat
US, Canada, and New Zealand. is slightly oily, and therefore water-repellent.
Regular grooming is usually enough to
The Otterhound is a strong, energetic keep the long topcoat free from tangles;
dog that, given sufficient exercise, readily the longer facial hair may need
adapts to life in the home. It is intelligent washing occasionally.

AN ENDANGERED BREED High-set tail
reaches hock
The Otterhound is the most vulnerable dog breed
in the UK; in 2011 only 38 new dogs were Hair slightly longer
registered. Their decline in popularity can be on underside of tail
linked to a number of events. In the late 1920s
the breed’s reputation suffered with the
publication of Tarka the Otter, which features
a hunting Otterhound named Deadlock as the
enemy of the otter hero, Tarka. Then in 1978
otter hunting was made illegal, although this did
not have a great effect, since packs were simply
switched to hunting mink. Finally, all hunting
with packs of dogs was banned in the early 2000s.

142

Head well covered SCENT HOUNDS
with hair
Long, pendant
Black and tan Rough, ears fold in on
waterproof coat leading edge

Deep chest

Large, round feet
with well-developed
webbing between toes

143

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SCENT HOUNDS

Grand Griffon Vendéen

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Fawn Black and white
24–27in 66–77lb 12–13 years Black and tan Tricolor
(60–68cm) (30–35kg) Fawn dogs can have black overlay

THE CLERK’S DOG This well proportioned, passionate hunter is intelligent
and family-friendly but is best-suited to a rural lifestyle
The name “griffon” comes from the French
word greffier, meaning “clerk.” The ancestors There are four varieties of Griffon Vendéen, coat, with its dense undercoat and wiry
of the Grand Griffon Vendéen (and of other all originating in the Vendée area of western topcoat, gives protection against all types
griffon breeds) were white, wire-haired hunting France. The Grand Griffon Vendéen, as its of vegetation and weather.
dogs. One of the first people to breed this type name implies, is the largest; it is also the
of dog, in the 15th century, was a French clerk. longest established. Its ancestry includes Coat colors include mixtures of
For this reason, the early name for the dog the 15th-century “greffier dog,” the Griffon black, white, tan, and fawn. There are
was “greffier dog,” which became shortened Fauve de Bretagne (see p.149), and the now several varieties of fawn with black-
to “griffon.” Later, the word “griffon” became extinct Griffon de Bresse, as well as rough- tipped hairs, known traditionally as
more widely used to denote various types of coated hunting dogs from Italy. “hare color,” “wolf color,” “badger color,”
rough-haired hunting dog. or “boar color.”
The breed was historically used for
hunting large game such as deer and wild This dog has a beautiful musical voice
boar, and is still used for these purposes and an appealing personality. It also has
today. It works as a pack hound or on a a strong tracking instinct and is rather
leash. It is willing to follow trails even in independent-minded, so requires careful
thick undergrowth; the double-layered training and firm handling. In addition, the
dog needs plenty of space and daily exercise.

White and Narrow, Eyebrows
orange inward-turning pronounced but
not covering eyes
ears covered
in fine hair Front of
muzzle has

square
appearance

Long,
feathered tail

Rough,
bushy coat

144

Griffon Nivernais SCENT HOUNDS

HEIGHT 21–24in (53–62cm) Eyes dark
WEIGHT 51–55lb (23–25kg) with lively,
LIFE SPAN 12–15 years penetrating gaze

One of the oldest French sporting dogs, this breed has Sandy
bloodlines that include the English Foxhound (see p.158) and with black
the Otterhound (see p.142). Used for tracking wild boar, the overlay
Griffon Nivernais has great endurance. It may work
individually but usually hunts in Bushy eyebrows
a pack. The rough, tousled coat noticeable but not
provides protection against
thick vegetation. covering eyes

High-set tail Long,
bushy coat
Dense, rough,
shaggy coat

Large,
black
nose

Briquet Griffon Vendéen

HEIGHT 19–22in (48–55cm) Fawn with black overlay Black, tan,
WEIGHT 35–53lb (16–24kg) Black and tan and white
LIFE SPAN 12 years White and black
White and
Briquet means “medium sized”—an apt description for this orange

well proportioned hound. A handsome and determined chaser

of wild boar and roe deer, it is a scaled-down version of the

Grand Griffon Vendéen (opposite), from which it was bred.

This hound hunts in a pack

but can adapt to urban

life if introduced to

it early on. Brown nose

Long, pendant ears
set below eye level

145

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SCENT HOUNDS

Basset Hound

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
13–15in 40–60lb 10–13 years Any recognized hound color.
(33–38cm) (18–27kg)

This low-slung, floppy-eared dog is a superb tracker but, THE HUSH PUPPIES® DOG
despite its strong hunting instinct, makes an affectionate pet
The Basset Hound is famous as the symbol of the
The “Basset” breeds of dog originated in the 1870s, and the first breed standard for Hush Puppies® brand of shoe. The shoes and
in France; the name is derived from the the Basset Hound was established in the UK the name both originate from 1950s America.
French word bas, meaning “low,” and at the end of the 19th century. “Barking dogs” at the time was slang for tired
refers to their low-slung, short-legged shape. feet, and as real-life barking dogs were sometimes
Dogs of this type had existed in France for Today some Basset Hounds are still quietened with corn fritters called “hush puppies,”
centuries, but the first actual mention of used for hunting and tracking, either in one of the sales managers saw the potential of
“basset” dogs appeared in a French hunting packs or alone. The breed is well suited the name for the comfortable range of shoes. The
text written in 1585. These dogs were for small game such as fox, hare, opossum, Basset Hound with
ideal for men who hunted on foot because and pheasant, and for working in heavy its relaxed look was
they followed trails at a slow pace. After the cover. This consummate sniffer dog has quickly adopted for
French Revolution in 1789, Basset breeds a very keen sense of smell and a strong the logo. In the 1980s
became more popular as a common tracking instinct; once it has picked up a dog named Jason
man’s dog and were typically used to a scent it may follow the trail tenaciously, featured in several
hunt rabbit and hare. immune to all distraction. witty print and TV
advertisements,
The Basset Hound first attracted great Most Basset Hounds are kept as family making the brand
attention at a dog show in Paris in 1863. pets. The breed is intelligent, calm, loyal, hugely popular
English people began to import the dogs and affectionate, but can be stubborn, so worldwide.
needs kind and firm training.
A 1965 MAGAZINE
ADVERTISEMENT

FOR HUSH PUPPIES®

Eyes soft, sad-looking, Low-set,
and slightly sunken pendant ears

PUPPY Long, deep body— Dark nose with
heaviest-boned of all large, wide-
Broad and
level back dogs for its height open nostrils

Short coat

Tricolor

Folds of skin
on legs

Body low but allows
free movement over
all types of terrain

146

The Bloodhound in all but size!
The short legs of the Basset Hound result from
a genetic condition that also causes limb
distortion, typically producing a cabriolelike
shape. Slower than its larger cousins, but
nonetheless effective at following a scent, it
can be easily followed by hunters on foot.

CATALOG OF BREEDS | SCENT HOUNDS

Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen

HEIGHT 15–17in (38–44cm) White and orange
WEIGHT 40–44lb (18–20kg)
LIFE SPAN 12 years

This basset-type Griffon Vendéen hound was originally White with Long, pendant ears
developed in France for hunting rabbit. Today it is used for black grizzle and
tracking all types of game, from rabbit to wild orange markings
boar. Brave and tenacious when on the
trail, the short-legged Grand Basset
Griffon Vendéen is adept at working
in difficult countryside such as
dense scrub.

Prominent
nose with
wide nostrils

Flat, hard hair
with thick
undercoat

Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen Long eyebrows, Pendant ears
beard, and turned inward
HEIGHT 13–15in (33–38cm) mustache
WEIGHT 24–42lb (11–19kg) Rough, thick,
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years coarse coat

Smallest of the Griffon Vendéen breeds of France, the Petit
Basset Griffon Vendéen is an alert, active, and vigorous hound,
capable of a long day’s hunting. Short legs, a body twice the dog’s
height, and a thick, rough coat make this breed ideal for work in
dense, brambly undergrowth. Full of restless energy, the

Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen is a family dog for
people who enjoy spending time outdoors.

White, black
and orange

148