The Dog Encyclopedia

GUNDOGS

Cesky Fousek Wirehaired Pointing Griffon

HEIGHT 23–26in (58–66cm) Brown HEIGHT 20–24in (50–60cm) Liver or liver-brown
WEIGHT 49–75lb (22–34kg) WEIGHT 51–60lb (23–27kg) Liver-roan or white and brown
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years Brown coats may have ticked LIFE SPAN 12–13 years
markings on chest and lower limbs.

This breed, variously claimed to be of Czech, Slovakian, Related to the German Pointer (see p.245), bred by Dutchman
or Bohemian descent, is still popular in these areas but Edward Korthals, and adopted by French hunters, this is a versatile
is rare elsewhere. It is loyal and trainable, and usually and easy-going breed. It is not the fastest gundog, but it is popular
gentle around people, but is a natural hunter and for hunting where obedient, close-working dogs are needed—
so may be unreliable with other pets. qualities that also make it a valuable companion.

Dark roan with Large, Steel-gray with Straight, Body length
brown patches drop ears liver-brown coarse coat exceeds
patches
Tail traditionally docked leg length
to two-fifths of length

Beard of Shorter
soft hair liver hair

Deep-set, Hairy on ears Long
amber eyes eyebrows muzzle
with hairy
Bushy Hard, beard and
eyebrows protective mustache
coat
Deep chest
Compact, spoon-
shaped feet Round feet
with tight,
arched toes

Portuguese Pointing Dog Moderately Dark eyes
developed flews with dark rims
HEIGHT 20–22in (52–56cm) Slight dewlap
WEIGHT 35–60lb (16–27kg) Triangular,
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years Deep chest drop ears

Also known as the Perdigueiro Português,
which literally means the Portuguese
partridge dog, this breed was used as
a pointer for hunters with falcons or
nets. Still worked today, the Portuguese
Pointing Dog is level-headed and
obedient and so also makes an
amenable companion. However,
this tenacious hunter needs
considerable mental and
physical activity every day.

Red-yellow Short coat

White markings
on feet

249

CATALOG OF BREEDS | GUNDOGS

Spinone Italiano

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN White
23–28in 65–85lb 12–13 years Orange-roan
(58–70cm) (29–39kg) White and brown or brown-roan

This easy-going and relaxed companion can be quickly
distracted and is not ideal for house-proud owners

The origins of the Spinone Italiano are Spinone Italiano is still worked, although the Thick tail
unclear, but wire-haired pointer-type dogs faster Bracco Italiano (see p.252) is now carried low
have been known in Italy since the time of more popular for hunting in Italy.
the Renaissance; one such dog is featured
in the mural “The Court of Gonzaga,” In recent years the Spinone Italiano has
painted in the 1470s by Andrea Mantegna become a popular pet in various countries,
in the ducal palace at Mantua. prized for its gentle temperament and
loyalty. It needs plenty of daily exercise,
The modern breed originated in the but its tendency to move at a slower pace
Piedmont region of northwest Italy, and than many gundogs makes it a comfortable
acquired the name “Spinone” in the 19th walking companion. The coat requires little
century. This versatile “hunt, point, retrieve” care, aside from occasional brushing and
breed (see p.245) was the region’s most hand-stripping, although it does
popular hunting dog until the 20th century. retain smells.
The Spinone Italiano played a vital role for
Italian partisans during World War II, PUPPY
tracking enemy soldiers as well as bringing
in food. By the end of the war the number
of dogs was very low, so from the 1950s
Italian breeders formed a club to save it
from extinction.

The Spinone Italiano can follow both
airborne and ground scents and will
work even in heavy, thorny cover. It tracks
quietly and thoroughly, hunting close to
its handler and covering the ground in a
zigzag fashion, at a long-striding trot.
The dog’s rough coat protects it even in
dense thorn bushes and icy water. The

A THORNY NAME Large,
round feet
The breed now known as the Spinone
Italiano once had a variety of names,
according to the region in which it was bred.
One name was Bracco Spinoso, “prickly
pointer,” thought to refer to the dog’s rough,
bristly coat. The name “Spinone” links to the
word pino, the name for a kind of dense
Italian thorn bush, because the Spinone, with
its tough skin and coarse coat, was one of
the few dogs that could push through the
thorns to reach its quarry (shown here in a
French print from 1907).

250

Large, round, ocher eyes GUNDOGS
with kind expression
Long mustache
Triangular, blends into beard
pendant ears

Back curves gently

Slightly tucked-up belly White and orange

Coarse, Light-colored
dense coat nose

Broad,
deep chest

251

CATALOG OF BREEDS | GUNDOGS

Bracco Italiano

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN White
22–26in 55–88lb 12–13 years White and orange, amber, or chestnut
(55–67cm) (25–40kg)

NOBLE HUNTER This rare gundog is surprisingly athletic for its size, but
its level-headedness makes it a suitable family pet
During the Renaissance period dogs like the
Bracco Italiano were popular with the Italian A breed from northern Italy, the Bracco by the early 20th century but enthusiasts
nobility. The dogs were used with falcons to Italiano, or Italian Pointer, has ancestors saved the breed, and the Italian Kennel
hunt game birds. Aristocratic families such as dating back to at least the Middle Ages. Club drew up a standard for it in 1949.
the Medicis and the House of Gonzaga kept Dogs like this can be seen in paintings from The two types were brought under one
breeding kennels and produced dogs that the 14th century, when they were used to name, but the heavier and lighter dogs
were prized for their hunting skills. In 1527 drive game birds into nets. Once hunters can still be seen today.
it was recorded that some chestnut-colored started using guns, the breed evolved into
dogs had been given to the Court of France an all-purpose “hunt, point, retrieve” Still used as a working dog, the Bracco
as a present; the Piemontese dogs (seen below (HPR) gundog (see p.245). Italiano has a distinctive style of following
in a French print from 1907) were also highly a scent at a long-striding trot, with its
sought after in royal courts across Europe. By the 19th century there were two nose held high—“led by the nose,” as the
types: the tall, sturdy Bracco Lombardo Italians say. It is very fond of people and
from Lombardy, with a white and brown- makes a calm, gentle companion, although
roan coat, and the lighter, white-and-orange it needs lots of exercise and may have to be
Bracco Piemontese, adapted for working walked on a leash to control its strong
in the mountains. Numbers had declined hunting drive.

Roan with Pendant Slightly arched muzzle
chestnut markings ears with
rounded tips Nose matches
coat color

Well
developed
flews

Powerful
neck has
soft dewlap

Tail tapers
slightly

Oval-shaped feet

252

Pudelpointer Dead leaf Hard, rough Curling forelock
Black coat, with Brown
HEIGHT 22–27in (55–68cm)
WEIGHT 44–66lb (20–30kg) White markings dense undercoat
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years on chest
Beard and
Developed for both the field mustache
and home, this cross of lighter in
poodle and pointer aims color
to be the best of both:
intelligent, hardy, and
sociable, with excellent
all-around working abilities.
Most popular with hunters,
the Pudelpointer is an
amenable and cheerful
rural companion.

Saberlike tail Slightly
tucked-up belly

Oval feet

Slovakian Rough-haired Pointer

HEIGHT 22–27in (57–68cm)
WEIGHT 55–77lb (25–35kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

This breed is found under Almond-shaped, Straight, solid back Long, lean head
a variety of names, from amber eyes slopes slightly down
Slovensky Pointer to Wire- toward tail Drop ears with
haired Slovakian Pointer, and short, soft hair
Slovenský Hrubosrstý Stavacˇ
in its homeland. It is probably Harsh, Longer, softer,
descended from German hunting flat coat lighter-colored
dogs and shows their typical hair on muzzle
intelligence, good humor, and
energy. This is not a breed to Brown-shaded
leave alone at home because sable gray
it thrives on company
and activity. Rounded feet with
arched toes
White markings
on chest

253

CATALOG OF BREEDS | GUNDOGS
254

GUNDOGS

Pointer LITERARY POINTER

In the 19th century some Englishmen gave their

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors Pointers Spanish names in recognition of the
21–25in 45–75lb 12–13 years Spanish influence on the breed. One fictional

(53–64cm) (20–34kg) example is Ponto, mentioned in The Pickwick

Papers by Charles Dickens. The dog features

Friendly and intelligent, this athletic dog needs plenty in a tall tale told by the rascally Mr. Jingle;
allegedly, during a day’s shooting, Ponto stopped

of physical and mental activity if kept as a pet still, refusing to move, while staring at a notice
saying that the gamekeeper would shoot all

Pointers are a type of hunting dog falcons. From the 18th century, when it dogs in that area.
named for the stance they assume when they became popular to shoot birds on the wing, Pointers are
find game: standing still, with one foot they were used to locate game birds, especially intelligent dogs—
but reading may

raised and their nose pointing in the in upland areas. The breed has excellent be beyond even

direction of the game. These breeds air-scenting abilities, which help make it an their abilities!

developed in various European countries at effective pointer; it is less good at retrieving,

the same time. In Britain ancestors of the although it is sometimes used for this

Pointer appeared around 1650. These early purpose, too. The Pointer is noted for its

dogs may have resulted from crosses including speed and endurance, and is still used today in

the English Foxhound (see p.158), the hunting and field trials in the US and the UK.

Greyhound (see p.126), as well as Pointers are gentle, loyal, and obedient.

an old type of “setting They are affectionate family companions ILLUSTRATION
spaniel.” Later, crosses with and reliable with children, although they FROM AN 1837
the Spanish hunting dogs can be a little too boisterous with toddlers. EDITION OF
and with setter breeds were The breed has retained its hunting stamina, THE PICKWICK
PAPERS

made to improve the breed’s so these dogs need plenty of vigorous

pointing skill exercise every day.

and trainability. Very well-defined stop
At first Pointers were

used to “point” hare for

Greyhounds to pursue, Drop ears lie
or used for hunting with close to head

PUPPY

Long, slightly Well developed,
arched neck soft flews

Muscular
hindquarters

Fine, hard,
short coat

Orange and white

Orange spotting
on straight forelegs

Long, slightly
sloping pasterns

Oval feet with
arched toes

255

CATALOG OF BREEDS | GUNDOGS

French Pyrenean Pointer

HEIGHT 19–23in (47–58cm) Chestnut-brown
WEIGHT 40–53lb (18–24kg) Chestnut-brown dogs may have tan markings.
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

The most popular of the Typical chestnut- Broad, straight back
French pointers, the French brown head may be quite long
Pyrenean Pointer is still rare
and mostly used for hunting. Chestnut-brown Belly moderately
A swift and tireless breed, and white tucked up
it was created in southwest
France to work in mountain Nose matches
terrain. It is gentle and coat color
affectionate at home,
and makes an ideal Very short,
companion for the fine coat
more active owner.

Area of speckling
denser than French
Gascony Pointer
(see p.258)

Saint Germain Pointer Golden-yellow
eyes
HEIGHT 21–24in (54–62cm)
WEIGHT 40–57lb (18–26kg) Tapering, hock-length tail White with
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years carried horizontally orange markings

Also known as the Braque Saint-Germain, this is a fleet-footed
pointer and retriever of birds in field, woodland, and marshland.
However, its coat is not sufficiently insulated to make it an
all-weather dog. The Saint Germain Pointer is affectionate
but sensitive, needing firm yet gentle handling, and adapts
surprisingly well to urban family life.

Flews cover Pink nose
lower jaw

Long, deep chest

Long feet with
light-colored nails

256

Bourbonnais Pointing Dog GUNDOGS

HEIGHT 19–22in (48–57cm) Slightly tapered
WEIGHT 35–57lb (16–26kg) muzzle
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years
Pear-
The oldest and perhaps Brown, drop ears White with shaped
the most level-headed of all with rounded tips brown ticking head
French gundogs, this breed
is a versatile tracker, pointer, Line of belly Round feet
and retriever. Robust in build, rises steadily
giving an impression of
power, this dog is full
of stamina when
working but relaxed
and affectionate
when off duty.

Auvergne Pointer Ariege Pointing Dog

HEIGHT 21–25in (53–63cm) HEIGHT 22–26in (56–67cm)
WEIGHT 49–62lb (22–28kg) WEIGHT 55–66lb (25–30kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

The Auvergne Pointer, or Braque d’Auvergne, was bred in Rare even in its homeland in southwest France, the Ariege
Pointing Dog, or Braque de l’Ariège, is used for pointing and
central France by and for hunters, and it remains a tenacious retrieving, and has some tracking ability. It is almost exclusively owned
by hunters, and needs patient training to settle an enthusiastic nature
all-purpose hunting dog that can work all day over long distances. that can spill over into wildness, and plenty
to do if it is not to become destructive.
Friendly and intelligent, this is a lively, affectionate breed that

is easily trained and loves company.

The Auvergne Pointer will thrive

in any active household. Flews neatly
overlap
lower lip Tapering tail

White with Long,
fawn ticking straight
Compact feet muzzle
with well-
Typical black arched toes Short, Fine,
markings on glossy coat folded,
face and ears tan ears

White with
black markings

Black flecking over
white gives coat
blue appearance

257

CATALOG OF BREEDS | GUNDOGS

French Gascony Pointer

HEIGHT 22–27in (56–69cm) Chestnut-brown
WEIGHT 55–71lb (25–32kg) Chestnut-brown dogs may have tan markings.
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years

One of the oldest pointer breeds, the French Gascony Pointer, Broad, straight back
from southwest France, is still kept as a hunter’s dog as well as
a household companion. Loyal and affectionate, it has a sensitive Chestnut-brown
nature that responds best to gentle, consistent training. It is and white
a determined and enthusiastic tracker in the field.
Compact, almost
Drop ears with Chestnut-brown round feet
rounded tips eyes

Very fine,
short coat

Chestnut-brown flecking
less dense than on French
Pyrenean Pointer (see p.256)

Spanish Pointer Old Danish Pointer

HEIGHT 23–26in (59–67cm) HEIGHT 20–24in (50–60cm)
WEIGHT 55–66lb (25–30kg) WEIGHT 57–77lb (26–35kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years LIFE SPAN 12–13 years

Also known as the Perdiguero de Burgos, this dog was Its local name, Gammel Dansk Hønsehund, also translates as

bred to track deer, but is now mostly used for smaller game. Old Danish Chicken Dog or Bird Dog. This breed is still used

It is a reliable, easy-going breed that fits well into family life. as a determined tracker, pointer, and retriever, and even as

Nonetheless, it is an avid hunter—halfway between a scent a sniffer dog, but it also makes an even-tempered family

hound and a pointer—and thrives on work. White patch dog for those willing to give it plenty to do. Moderate
on head stop

Tail traditionally Liver-colored Liver
docked to patch patch
one-third of
natural length Liver flecking

Dark hazel White with Muscular,
eyes liver markings slightly
“throaty”
Broad, drop neck
ears with
Well rounded tips
developed
flews cover Liver
lower lip marbled

Round,
catlike
feet

258

Golden Retriever

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Cream
20–24in 55–75lb 12–13 years
(51–61cm) (25–34kg)

GUIDE DOGS FOR THE BLIND The temperament of this exuberant, easy-going gundog
has made it a family favorite in many countries
A guide dog (sometimes called a
“seeing-eye dog”) is a dog that helps One of the most popular breeds worldwide, The Golden Retriever is still used by hunters,
blind or partially sighted people get the Golden Retriever originated in Scotland and competes in field trials and obedience
in the mid-19th century, when the aristocrat competitions. It is effective in search and
around outside the home. The Lord Tweedmouth crossed his “Yellow rescue and in detecting drugs and explosives.
pure-bred or part-bred Golden Retriever” with the now-extinct Tweed The breed is also employed as a guide dog for
Retriever is one of the most Water Spaniel of the English-Scottish border blind people, an assistance dog for those with
popular dogs for this work. country. Later crosses were made with the other disabilities, and a therapy dog. Perhaps
It has the size and strength Irish Setter (see p.242) and the Flat Coated the only job at which it fails is being a guard
for leading people, and its Retriever (see p.262). The result was an dog because it is so friendly. It is enormously
intelligence makes it easy active, intelligent retriever that could work popular as a pet. Gregarious, responsive, and
to train for a wide variety for long distances in difficult upland terrain, even-tempered, this dog’s main goal in life is
of tasks. In addition, heavy vegetation, and icy water. It was also to please. It needs plenty of company and
its gentle, friendly noted for being easy to train and having a vigorous exercise, and loves games that
nature enables soft mouth when carrying game. involve retrieving and carrying things.
the owner to
bond with it easily.

Powerful but
chiseled head

Drop ears

Long, Dark
silky coat brown

Long tail eyes
without a curl

Gold

Lighter-colored Round,
undercoat catlike feet

259

CATALOG OF BREEDS | GUNDOGS

Labrador Retriever

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Chocolate
22in 55–82lb 10–12 years Black
(55–57cm) (25–37kg) May have a small, white spot on chest.

This family favorite owes its popularity to its kind and even Characteristic
temperament and its enthusiasm for sports and swimming otter tail, round
and hair-covered
One of the most familiar dogs, the Labrador Today the Labrador Retriever is still widely
Retriever has been topping popular dog lists used as a gundog and has proved efficient at Round,
for at least two decades. The dogs from other types of work, such as tracking for compact feet
which the present-day Labrador Retriever police forces. In particular, its steady
descended were not from the Canadian region character makes it a superb guide dog
of Labrador, as is commonly supposed, for the blind. However, it is as a family
but from the province of Newfoundland. dog that this breed has gained great
Here, from the 18th century onward, black popularity. The Labrador Retriever
dogs with waterproof coats were bred by local is loving and lovable, easy to train,
fishermen and used to help tow in catches and anxious to please, and reliable with
retrieve escaping fish. Dogs of this early type children and household pets—but
no longer exist, but a few were brought to it has too amiable a character to
England in the 19th century and these led make a good guard dog.
to the development of the modern Labrador
Retriever. By the early 20th century the breed This breed has energy to
was officially recognized and continued to burn and needs to be kept
be much admired by field sportsmen for its mentally as well as physically
excellent retrieving skills. active. Long daily walks are
essential, preferably with the
THE COTTONELLE PUPPY chance to have a swim along
the way. If this dog sees
For many years the Cottonelle Puppy water, it will plunge
has symbolized the Cottonelle® brand of toilet straight in. Underexercised
paper in the US. This vital but unglamorous and left to its own devices,
item has been given a soft, fluffy, appealing a Labrador Retriever may
image thanks to the golden Labrador Retriever be prone to excessive
puppies. The puppy has also become a feature barking or become
in Australia and more than 30 other countries, destructive. It tends
where it is known as the Kleenex puppy. to gain weight easily,
Andrex in the UK and Kleenex Cottonelle and lack of exercise
in Australia now use the puppy to promote combined with its
charities that train dogs for blind people insatiable appetite can
and others with disabilities. lead to weight problems.

PUPPY

260

GUNDOGS

Moderate stop

Powerful neck

Level topline

Weatherproof, Yellow
short coat
Broad head
Medium-sized
hazel eyes

Black nose
fades to light
brown with age
Broad chest

261

CATALOG OF BREEDS | GUNDOGS

Flat Coated Retriever

HEIGHT 22–24in (56–61cm) Liver Shallow stop
WEIGHT 55–79lb (25–36kg)
LIFE SPAN 11–13 years Feathering
on chest
One of the earliest retriever breeds, this was once a favorite Round,
close-knit feet
among British gamekeepers. Today it is still worked but is Smooth, short
hair on head
more often found as a good-natured and handsome pet. Black
Black
Lively and brimming with enthusiasm, the Flat Coated
Round feet with
Retriever is also level-headed and obedient. It has a Well well arched toes
deep bark so can make a good guard dog. feathered

tail

Dense coat

Curly Coated Retriever

HEIGHT 25–27in (64–69cm) Liver
WEIGHT 60–71lb (27–32kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years

Bred for hunting waterfowl, this rare British retriever is Thick, tightly
worked and used as an assistance dog, as well as being curled coat
kept as an affectionate and level-headed companion.
High energy levels and a need for company make this Tail almost
dog more suited to a rural life reaches hock
than to an urban home.

Small, triangular,
drop ears

Oval eyes
match coat
color

262

Chesapeake Bay Retriever

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Straw to bracken
21–26in 55–79lb 12–13 years Red-gold
(53–66cm) (25–36kg) May have small, white markings.

SHIPWRECK SURVIVORS This even-tempered, hardy dog is suited to country
life and loves plenty of attention and exercise
The origin of the Chesapeake Bay Retriever dates
back to 1807, when two Newfoundland-type This retriever, also known as the With typical retriever gentleness but
pups were rescued from a sinking ship off the Chessie, originated in the state of an alert, determined personality, the
coast of Maryland. The pups—a “dingy red” dog Maryland. A superb water dog, it was Chesapeake Bay Retriever is still used
named Sailor and a black bitch called Canton developed to retrieve waterfowl in the cold, for hunting today. It will work under all
(after the ship)—were separated and given rough waters of Chesapeake Bay. During the conditions, including strong tides and high
to different owners. They proved themselves to 19th century the Chesapeake Bay dogs were winds, and will even break ice with its
be superb waterfowl retrievers—enthusiastically so admired that a cast-iron manufacturer forepaws to reach its quarry. Dogs have been
leaping into the water to retrieve shot birds (as made and used statues of the founding known to retrieve several hundred birds in
below). Crossed with local dogs, including Flat dogs, Sailor and Canton, as its company a day. The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a
Coated Retrievers (opposite) and Curly Coated emblem. By the 1880s the Chesapeake superb swimmer, aided by webbing between
Retrievers (opposite), they produced the first Bay Retriever had emerged as a distinct its toes, and a short, dense, oily coat that is
Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. type, and the breed was recognized by water-repellent. The breed also makes a
the American Kennel Club in 1918. good companion, although it needs plenty of
The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is now activity, especially swimming and retrieving,
the state dog of Maryland. to match its high energy levels.

Moderate stop

Brown

Medium- Color of nose
length, slightly matches coat
curved tail
Oily, wavy
double coat

Deep chest

Harelike feet

263

Mexican pet
A Chihuahua may fit into a handbag
but it is not a fashion accessory. This
little breed from Mexico needs exercise
as much as any larger dog.

COMPANION DOGS

COMPANION
DOGS

Almost any dog can provide companionship. Many dogs once used for outside work, such as
herding, have moved indoors with the family. Usually, these breeds have been developed for
specific tasks and so are traditionally grouped according to their primary function. With a few
exceptions, the companion dogs included here are bred solely as pets.

Most companion dogs are small Companion dogs have a long history. A bizarre, that serve no useful function
breeds, created primarily to sit on number of them originated thousands but are designed to appeal—for
laps, look decorative, and entertain of years ago in China, where small example, the humanlike flat faces
their owners without taking up dogs were kept in the imperial courts and large, round eyes of the Pekingese
much room. Some of them are toy as ornaments and a source of comfort. (see p.270) and the Pug (see p.268).
versions of larger working breeds. Until the late 19th century companion Some have extravagantly long coats,
The Poodle (see p.229), for example, dogs everywhere were almost curly tails, or—in the case of the
once used for herding or for exclusively the pampered pets of the Chinese Crested Dog (see p.280)—
retrieving waterfowl, was bred down wealthy. As such, they often featured no hair at all, apart from a few tufts
in size to a toy dog that could no longer in portraits, depicted sitting prettily in on the head or legs.
perform that practical function. Other, the drawing room or with children
larger, dogs sometimes grouped with as a nursery plaything. Some, such as In modern times companion dogs are
companion breeds include the the English Toy Spaniel (see p.279), no longer a symbol of class. They find
Dalmatian (see p.286), whose career owe their enduring popularity to the a place with owners of all ages and
included a short-lived spell as a former patronage of royalty. circumstances, in small apartments
carriage escort, as much for prestige as well as in large country homes.
as guard duty. Now that this job no Appearance has always mattered Although still chosen for their looks,
longer exists, Dalmatians are rarely in the breeding of companion dogs. these dogs are also sought after as
used for any working purpose. Over the centuries selective breeding friends that give and demand affection
has produced characteristics, some and adapt happily to family activities.

265

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Brussels Griffon

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Black and tan SMOOTH-HAIRED
9–11in 7–11lb Over 12 years Black (PETIT BRABANÇON)
(23–28cm) (3–5kg)

This lively, well balanced dog with a terrierlike disposition FROM STABLE TO ROYAL PET
adapts well to city life but remains rare outside Europe
The Brussels Griffon is descended from the
This little dog originated in Belgium, today, although these dogs have featured little rough-haired dogs that were often seen in
where it was kept as a stable dog. This in major movies such as As Good As It Gets Brussels streets and known as “little street urchins.”
dog was related to the Affenpinscher (see and Gosford Park. The dogs were favorites with the city’s hansom
p.218), from which it probably inherited its cab drivers, who kept them in the stables for
“monkey face.” During the 19th century it There is a smooth-haired variety known catching rats. During
was crossed with the Pug (see p.268) and the as the Petit Brabançon, and a rough-haired the 19th century the
Ruby English Toy Spaniel (see p.279), variety with a distinctive beard. In some breed became popular
the latter producing the reddish or black countries black rough-coated dogs are defined throughout society as a
and tan coloring seen in some dogs. as Belgian Griffons, and all other colors of companion dog. One of
rough-haired dog as Brussels Griffons. the foremost supporters
Despite its popularity in the late 19th was Queen Marie Henriette
century, by 1945 the Brussels Griffon Bold and confident but affectionate, of Belgium (right, with her
had almost disappeared in Belgium. It the breed is an entertaining companion, maid of honor), who
was only saved by breeders importing although it may be too sensitive for homes brought the breed to
dogs from the UK. It is still uncommon with small children. It enjoys a good walk international fame.
and being pampered.

High-set tail curves over Round head with
back when active upturned nose

Semierect, high-set
ears with shorter hair

Wiry coat

Smooth coat

Distinctive Wide,
bearded chin deep chest

Red

Compact,
square body

Rounded,
catlike feet

ROUGH-HAIRED SMOOTH-HAIRED
(BRUSSELS GRIFFON) (PETIT BRABANÇON)

266

COMPANION DOGS

American Bulldog Olde English Bulldogge

HEIGHT 20–27in (51–69cm) Variety of colors HEIGHT 16–20in (41–51cm) Variety of colors
WEIGHT 60–125lb (27–57kg) WEIGHT 51–79lb (23–36kg)
LIFE SPAN Up to 16 years LIFE SPAN 9–14 years

Early English settlers brought the Bulldog (see p.95) with them This muscular dog is a re-creation of the original 19th-century
to the US. Two breeders, John D. Johnson and Alan Scott, used Bulldog. It was developed in the US during the 1970s by David
the English variety to develop the American Bulldog, which is taller, Leavitt to eliminate some of the health problems that are now
more active, and more versatile than its English counterpart. seen in the modern Bulldog (see p.95). Confident and courageous,
Male dogs are significantly heavier than females. these intelligent dogs are excellent family companions.
However, they benefit from early
Well developed socialization and training.
flews
Wide, muscular back
White
Short coat

Large, White and tan
broad head
Round,
Red brown eyes,
set wide apart
Broad
chest Button
ears

Short, Broad
glossy coat chest

Rounded, catlike feet

French Bulldog Black brindle

HEIGHT 11–13in (28–33cm)
WEIGHT 24–29lb (11–13kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

A sturdy, compact little dog, the French Bulldog Well pronounced Distinctive “bat”
makes an excellent companion, but has few stop ears—wide at base,
boundaries and will want to share its owner’s
favorite chair. Always ready for fun, the dog rounded at top
may need kind but firm direction. This
breed is a descendant of the British
Toy Bulldog taken to France in
the 19th century.

Short coat Strong,
Fawn thickset
neck

Pied with white
predominant
over black

267

CATALOG OF BREEDS

COMPANION DOGS

Pug CHANGING FACES

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Silver The appearance of Pugs has changed radically
10–11in 13–18lb Over 10 years Apricot since the 19th century, as can be seen in the 1893
(25–28 cm) (6–8kg) Black etching below. Pugs at this time had a longer
muzzle and lacked the flat face and upturned
This playful, even-tempered, and intelligent dog loves nose of today’s dogs. Their legs were also longer
people but can sometimes be stubborn and their bodies more muscular and less square.
The features seen in modern Pugs started to
Small, stocky, puglike dogs have existed William and Mary of Orange when appear toward the end of the 19th century.
for many hundreds of years, but the ancestry they acceded the British throne in 1689. Both of the Pugs below have clipped ears, a
and origin of the Pug breed remain uncertain. During the 18th century the dogs’ common practice that was banned in the UK
Genetic evidence suggests the Pug is most popularity increased further and they by Queen Victoria, who considered it cruel.
closely related to the Brussels Griffon and in appeared in paintings by Francisco Goya
particular to the smooth-haired Petit (1746–1828) and William Hogarth (1697–
Brabançon (p.266). It also has a shared 1764) (see p.22).
ancestry with both the Pekingese (p.270)
and the Shih Tzu (p.272). It is likely that the In the 19th century Pugs were imported
Pug is linked with these dogs through the to the US, where the breed was officially
extinct Chinese Happa Dog (see box p.270). recognized in 1885. Imports of dogs from
China to the UK in 1877 introduced a third
Puglike dogs were brought to Europe in color—black—which the Kennel Club
the 16th century by recognized in 1896.
the Dutch East India
Company traders. The Pug’s wrinkled, sad-looking, little face
The dogs became very belies its cheerful, and often mischievous,
popular with the Dutch outgoing character. Highly intelligent, loving,
aristocracy and were and loyal, it is good with children and other
brought to Britain by pets. The breed thrives on regular exercise
but does not need a great deal of space.

PUPPY Dark, button Upturned nose Highly wrinkled,
ears flat, face

Fawn

High-set, Large, dark,
tightly round eyes

curled tail

Short, thick
neck

Black
mask

Smooth, Broad chest
glossy coat

269

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Pekingese

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
6–9in 11lb Over 12 years
(15–23cm) (5kg)

Dignified and courageous yet sensitive, this good-natured THE LION AND
dog has a mind of its own, making it difficult to train THE MARMOSET

Named after the Chinese capital (formerly By the 1820s breeding had reached its height In Chinese legend, the story is told that a
Peking, now Beijing), the Pekingese has been in China and the best dogs were painted by lion once fell in love with a marmoset—an
revealed through DNA analysis as one of court artists in “Imperial dog books,” which impossible love because of their differing sizes.
the oldest dog breeds in existence. Small, served as a visual pedigree. The dogs reached The lion therefore begged Ah Chu, the protector
snub-nosed dogs have been associated the West when the British sacked the Imperial of animals, to shrink his body to the same size
with the Chinese Imperial Court since at Palace in 1860, capturing five of them. Less as the marmoset, but keep his lion’s heart and
least the Tang dynasty (618–907CE). They controversially, in the 1900s the Dowager character. From the union of the two animals,
were considered sacred because of their Empress Cixi gave dogs as presents to some the Fu Lin, or “lion dog” was born (shown below
resemblance to the lion—an exalted symbol of her European and American guests. in an illustration from an Imperial Dog Book
of Buddha—and could only be owned by with a Happa Dog, right).
royalty. Commoners had to bow to the dogs, The perfect dog for an apartment, the
and anyone caught stealing one was put to Pekingese loves exercise but not long walks.
death. The smallest individuals were “sleeve It makes a loyal and fearless companion but
dogs,” carried as guard dogs in noblemen’s can be jealous of children and other dogs.
billowing sleeves.
Long, coarse,
Lionlike mane straight topcoat
around face
Gold

Very short muzzle

Lighter-colored
undercoat

270

COMPANION DOGS

Bichon Frise Coton de Tulear

HEIGHT 9–11in (23–28cm) HEIGHT 10–13in (25–32cm)
WEIGHT 11–15lb (5–7kg) WEIGHT 9–13lb (4–6kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 12 years LIFE SPAN Over 12 years

Sometimes known as the Tenerife dog, the Bichon Frise—a This small, long-haired dog is known for its happy temperament.
descendant of the French Water Dog (see p.229) and the Poodle The Coton de Tulear enjoys the company of humans as well as other
(see p.229)—was allegedly taken from Tenerife to France. This dogs and does not like to be left alone. It is sometimes called the
is a happy, little dog that loves to be the center of attention and Royal Dog of Madagascar, where the dog existed for several
does not like being left alone. hundred years before being introduced to France.

Topcoat is Well feathered Non-shedding,
coarser than soft, tail soft coat
dense undercoat
White
Round,
black Strong, powerful
eyes muzzle

White Pendant
ears

Round foot,
exaggerated
by cut of
coat

Lhasa Apso Variety of colors

HEIGHT Up to 10in (25cm)
WEIGHT 13–15lb (6–7kg)
LIFE SPAN 15–18 years

First bred in Tibet as a watchdog for temples and monasteries, Dark, medium-sized Heavily feathered,
the Lhasa Apso was brought to Europe via India in the 1920s. eyes covered by hair pendant ears
It is a small, hardy dog that will happily walk for miles. Its
long, flowing coat is not difficult to care for. Very
affectionate, it can also be fairly stubborn.

High-set, Cloak of heavy,
plumed tail straight hair, with
with kink at end
thick undercoat

Wheaten
and white

271

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Shih Tzu

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Variety of colors
Up to 11in 11–18lb Over 10 years
(27cm) (5–8kg)

This intelligent, bouncy, and outgoing dog loves being part
of the family, making it a popular pet around the world

This sturdy breed is descended from the dogs survived in the UK and Norway, and the Black and
small, long-haired “lion dogs” that were English dogs formed the basis of today’s Shih white
originally bred in Tibet. Tibetan lamas Tzu. The breed was officially recognized in
(spiritual leaders) sent some of these valuable the UK in 1934. English Shih Tzus were
dogs as tributes to the Chinese emperors, exported to Europe and Australia and, after
and these were then crossed with small World War II, reached the US, too. In their
dogs imported from the West in previous native land, however, numbers had been in
centuries. Like the Pekingese (see p.270), the decline, and by the time of the Communist
Shih Tzu was revered as a holy dog because it revolution in 1949, Shih Tzus had become
resembled the Chinese notion of a lion, which almost extinct in China. Today the Shih Tzu
was a holy Buddhist symbol. The breed name is one of the world’s most popular toy breeds.
means “little lion” in Chinese. Despite its dignified carriage, the Shih Tzu

The Shih Tzu was a favorite with makes an affectionate and friendly
royalty. During the late 19th century pet, although it can be strong-
Dowager Empress Cixi kept willed. The long coat requires
breeding kennels for Shih Tzus daily grooming but sheds little
(as well as Pugs (see p.268) and or no hair, making this breed
Pekingese (see p.270), but after suitable for allergy sufferers.
her death in 1908 the dogs
were dispersed. Gold with
black mask
After China became a
republic in 1912, Shih Tzus PUPPY
were exported overseas.
Small groups of imported

A NEW DISCOVERY

In 1930 two small black-and-white dogs, a male
and a female, were imported to the UK by Lady
Brownrigg, an avid dog breeder (right). A second
male was taken to Ireland. Descendants of these
three dogs were the foundation stock of Lady
Brownrigg’s kennel and are ancestral to many
of the dogs that exist today. When first shown
in 1933, in a class for Tibetan dogs, it was
immediately apparent that Lady Brownrigg’s
dogs were different from the Lhasa Apso (see
p.271) and the Tibetan Terrier (see p.283) and
this led her to form the Tibetan Lion Dog Club
and write the first breed standard.

LADY BROWNRIGG WITH
SOME OF HER SHIH TZUS

272

Heavily plumed tail COMPANION DOGS
with white tip
Hair grows upward
Long, dense around muzzle
topcoat

Short, muscular legs White blaze
hidden by long coat on forehead

273

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Löwchen Any color Bolognese

HEIGHT 10–13in (25–33cm) HEIGHT 10–12in (26–31cm)
WEIGHT 9–18lb (4–8kg) WEIGHT 7–9lb (3–4kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–14 years LIFE SPAN Over 12 years

The Löwchen originated in France and Germany. The name This breed originates from northern Italy; similar dogs were
Löwchen is German for “little lion,” hence its other name, the Little known as far back as Roman times and are represented in many
Lion Dog. It is a compact dog with a bright expression and a 16th-century Italian paintings. Slightly more reserved and shy than
reputation for agility and quickness. The Löwchen’s intelligent, its relative the Bichon Frise (see p.271), the Bolognese loves people
outgoing attitude makes it a pleasure to live with. It is highly and will form a close relationship with its owner. Like the Bichon
recommended as a pet and its size and non-shedding Frise, it has a non-shedding coat.
coat make it an ideal family dog.
Distinctive, Body length
Long, wavy coat non-shedding, same as height
to withers
Tail carried high flocked coat
over back
Round, black-
Brown rimmed eyes

Black High-set,
and drop ears
silver

Coat often White
long at front,
and clipped
at back

Maltese Havanese Any color

HEIGHT Up to 10in (25cm) HEIGHT 9–11in (23–28cm)
WEIGHT 5–7lb (2–3kg) WEIGHT 7–13lb (3–6kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 12 years LIFE SPAN Over 12 years

An ancient dog from the Mediterranean, Maltese-like dogs The Havanese is the national dog of Cuba, where it is known
are mentioned in writings as far back as 300BCE. This is a lively, as the Habanero. A relative of the Bichon Frise (see p.271), it
fun-loving, little dog that belies its chocolate-box appearance. was probably brought to Cuba by Italian or Spanish traders.
The long, silky coat is a major commitment—it does not shed The Havanese loves to be at the center of its family, plays
but requires daily grooming to prevent matting. endlessly with children, and is also a good watchdog.

Short, cobby—or Long, High-set Soft, silky,
square—body silky coat tail carried wavy
over back topcoat
Tail carried
with hair Wheaten

to one side Drop ears, set
just above eyes
Well feathered,
long ears hang

close to head

White

274

Russian Toy

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Red
8–11in Up to 7lb Over 12 years Black and tan
(20–28cm) (3kg) Blue and tan

TINY TERRIER Small but not delicate, and with a big personality,
this lovable dog thrives on human company
Small dogs have always been very popular
as pets and many different breeds have been Also known as the Russkiy Toy, this smooth-haired Russian Toy. The long-haired
created. One of the most recent is the Russian miniature dog is descended from English Russian Toy appeared in Moscow in 1958
Toy, which was accepted by the FCI in 2006. Toy Terriers (see p.211), which were first when a puppy with a silky coat and fringed
It is one of the smallest breeds in the world, brought to Russia in the 18th century to ears was born to smooth-haired parents.
and is about the same size as a Chihuahua indulge the aristocracy’s enthusiasm for the
(see p.282). Despite English way of life. This association with After the fall of the Soviet Union in
its small size, two nobility led to a serious drop in numbers the 1980s, numbers of both the long- and
features of this tiny during the Communist Revolution of 1917. short-haired toy terriers declined again, this
terrier are described Then in the late 1940s the decline was time due to an influx of Western breeds.
as large—its dark, further exacerbated when only dogs Though both types of Russian Toy remain
expressive eyes, with a military function were bred. A few rare, official recognition in Russia in 1988
and its erect, miniature dogs did, however, survive and ensured their survival. Despite its tiny size and
triangular ears. their descendents became known as the fragile appearance, the Russian Toy is active
and energetic, and usually has robust health.

SMOOTH- Small,
HAIRED PUPPY round head

Pronounced
stop

Ears fringed with Round,
long, silky hair prominent
eyes

Long, slightly
wavy coat

Well feathered Brown Short,
tail extends and tan close coat
to hocks
Fawn
with black
overlay

Slight feathering SMOOTH-HAIRED
on back of legs

LONG-HAIRED

Small,
oval feet

275

CATALOG OF BREEDS

COMPANION DOGS

Poodle WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any solid color
Toy: 7–9lb (3–4kg) Over 12 years
HEIGHT Miniature: 15–18lb (7–8kg)
Toy: up to 11in (28cm) Medium: 46–77lb (21–35kg)
Miniature: 11–15in (28–38cm)
Medium: 15–18in (38–45cm)

This highly intelligent, extroverted dog with a natural talent CLIPPING STYLES
to amuse, is active, agile, and quick to learn
Poodles need to have their coats clipped
The smaller sizes of Poodle that today they are one of the most well-loved because they do not shed hair. In most clips,
exist today are based on the Poodle breeds in the US. The most widely some parts of the coat are left long while others
(see p.229), and came into existence only recognized of the small Poodles are the are shaved. The original styles for working
a short time after the Poodle emerged, Miniature and Toy. Another size, Poodles (see p.229) were designed to protect
by deliberate downsizing of the larger dogs. recognized by the FCI, is the Medium the legs from undergrowth and keep the vital
Poodlelike dogs appear in engravings by Poodle (also known as the Klein Poodle or organs warm, while the face, hindquarters, and
German artist Albrecht Dürer, from the late Moyen Poodle), which is intermediate in size upper legs were shaved for cleanliness and ease
15th to early 16th century. These little between the Standard and Miniature. of movement. Showing, performance, and
poodles have always been companion dogs; professional grooming have given rise to a
highly popular in the French court between One unusual use for small Poodles has number of clips, two of which are shown in
the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XVI, been as circus dogs—their intelligence the 19th-century engraving below.
they were also favorites in the Spanish court, makes them easy to train for a wide variety
of tricks. It has been suggested that circus
and entered England in the life as well as the show ring has given
18th century. Small rise to the variety of fancy poodle clips.
poodles were introduced
to the US in the late The Poodle is energetic, intelligent,
19th century but affectionate, and eager to please.
did not become A sensitive dog, it tends to bond most
popular until the closely with one person. The coat is
1950s; however, non-shedding, although it does need
regular brushing and clipping.

PUPPY Low-set,
long, drop
Moderate ears
stop

Short, strong back

Clipped, woolly Apricot Small, oval
coat slightly MINIATURE feet covered
longer on legs by hair

277

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Kyi Leo Variety of colors
May have tan markings.
HEIGHT 9–11in (23–28cm)
WEIGHT 9–13lb (4–6kg)
LIFE SPAN 13–15 years

A playful, affectionate American breed that is gaining popularity, the Tail curls over Long hair
Kyi Leo is named after its parents: Kyi, Tibetan for “dog,” after its Lhasa back when alert covers eyes
Apso parent from Tibet; and Leo, Latin for “lion,” after its Maltese
parent, which was once called the Body length Heavily
Lion Dog. Suited to indoor exceeds feathered,
life, this alert dog makes leg length drop ears
a good watchdog.
Rounded
Long, thick, feet with hair
silky coat between toes

Short
muzzle
with beard

Black
and white

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

HEIGHT 12–13in (30–33cm) Prince Charles (right)
WEIGHT 11–18lb (5–8kg) Ruby
LIFE SPAN Over 12 years
White lozenge
mark on head

A relative of the English Toy Spaniel (opposite), ancestors of Blenheim Long, silky,
this breed date back centuries. With large, dark eyes, a melting well feathered coat
expression, and an ever-wagging tail, the Cavalier King Charles
Spaniel is game, easy to train, and loves children—making it the with slight wave
perfect family pet. Its silky coat requires regular grooming.

High-set, Short muzzle
pendant ears

King Charles

Feathering on
back of legs

278

English Toy Spaniel

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Ruby
10–11in 9–13lb Over 12 years King Charles
(25–27cm) (4–6kg)

A ROYAL FAVORITE Naturally well behaved and eager to please, this dog
makes a gentle and affectionate companion
King Charles II of England (1630–85) doted on his
companion dogs, which were allowed to roam all Also known as the King Charles Spaniel, 19th century there were four varieties: the
over the palace, even on state occasions. (Anthony this British breed is related to the Cavalier King Charles (black and tan in color);
van Dyck’s painting, below, shows Charles while King Charles Spaniel (opposite), although the Blenheim (red and white); the Ruby
still a child with two of his siblings and two of the the latter is a more recent breed. The (deep red); and the Prince Charles (white
treasured dogs.) The diarist Samuel Pepys noted ancestors of the English Toy Spaniel were with black and tan markings). All four
how much the king loved them—even his “silliness” first seen in European and English royal types were reclassified as one breed—the
in playing with his dog instead of attending to courts in the 16th century, and thought English Toy Spaniel in 1903.
business in meetings. The king’s strong attachment to be descended from small Chinese and
remains to this day, as the descendants of his dogs Japanese breeds. The modern English Toy Spaniel is
are called King Charles Spaniels. a quiet, obedient, but playful dog and
The original “comforters” looked like makes an excellent family pet. The breed
other spaniels, and some were used for lives quite happily in a small home and
hunting. From the late 18th century they needs only moderate exercise. It loves
were crossed with the Pug (see p.268) to company, so should not be left alone for
give a fashionably short nose and became long periods. The long coat requires
exclusively lap dogs. By the end of the grooming every few days.

Short, upturned Very Characteristic
muzzle with large, pronounced domed head

Prince Charles wide nostrils stop

Pendant ears Slightly undershot
Long, jaw (lower jaw
silky coat longer than upper)

Blenheim

Well padded Tan
feet markings
on legs

279

Ready for action
The alert expression, muscular body,
and tail carriage of this Chinese Crested
epitomize its playful personality. The
long, flowing head crest and fringed
ears add to its appeal.

Chinese Crested

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
9–13in Up to 11lb 12 years
(23–33cm) (5kg)

GYPSY ROSE LEE This elegant, intelligent dog attracts attention wherever
it goes, but doesn’t require a lot of outdoor exercise
One of the first breeders of the modern Chinese
Crested dog was the famous American burlesque Hairlessness is a feature of several dog The variety of Chinese Crested that does
performer Gypsy Rose Lee. Lee first encountered breeds around the world. It is the result of a have hair—the Powderpuff—has a long,
the breed when her sister gave her a Chinese genetic mutation that was initially considered soft coat that needs regular grooming
Crested dog that she had rescued from an a curiosity but then became desirable since to prevent matting. Both coat varieties can
animal shelter. Lee (below, left) included the dog the breed did not harbor fleas, shed hair, occur in the same litter. Some Chinese
in her act, thus helping to publicize the breed. or have body odor. Although the Chinese Crested dogs are more lightly built than
She also founded the Lee breeding kennels Crested requires little grooming, its bare skin others. These fine-boned individuals are
for Chinese Crested dogs in the 1950s, and is sensitive: in winter it needs a coat to keep referred to as the deer type, while Chinese
established one of the two main bloodlines it warm, and in summer requires protection Crested dogs that have a heavier build are
that exist today. from the intense heat of the sun, which can known as the cobby type.
burn and dry out its skin. This delicate skin,
combined with the fact that the breed needs Dark brown Long,
little exercise and activity, makes it unsuitable with white soft coat
for owners who spend a lot of time outdoors. markings
However, it is an ideal companion dog for
older people due to its happy and friendly POWDERPUFF
nature and playful personality. VARIETY

Large, Distinctive
erect ears stop

Fine-grained, Long, flowing crest
smooth skin extends from stop

to base of neck

Blue

Plume of hair on Sock of white
lower section of tail hair encircles
lower legs and feet

281

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Chihuahua

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
6–9in 5–7lb Over 12 years Always a single color—never dappled or merle.
(15–23cm) (2–3kg)

This companionable, intelligent, tiny dog with a large-dog GIDGET—THE TACO BELL DOG
personality makes a devoted pet
In 1997 a Chihuahua named Gidget was chosen
The smallest dog breed in the world, the The Chihuahua typically has an “apple as the mascot for the “Taco Bell” Tex-Mex food
Chihuahua is named after the Mexican state head” (short nose and rounded skull). chain. Gidget was a female, although the
where it was discovered in the 1850s. It is There are two main varieties: short-haired “character” she played in advertisements had
most probably descended from the Techichi, and long-haired. Both coats need only a male human voice with a “Mexican” accent. She
a small, mute dog kept by the indigenous minimal grooming. became a superstar and made the brand hugely
Toltec people (c.800–1000CE) and sometimes popular. Once the advertising campaign ended
eaten or sacrificed in religious rituals. The breed makes a lovable companion in 2000, Gidget appeared in further commercials
dog and often becomes very attached as well as a movie (Legally Blonde 2: Red, White,
Little dogs were known to explorer to its owner. It benefits from short walks & Blonde). She died in 2009 at age 15.
Christopher Columbus and to the Spanish and games every day. It is not usually
conquistadors by the 15th–16th century. recommended for children; adult owners
Chihuahuas were first imported to the US should take care to treat it as a dog rather
in the 1890s, and the AKC recognized the than a toy or fashion accessory.
breed in 1904. In the 1930s and 40s stars
such as actress Lupe Velez and bandleader Large, triangular,
Xavier Cugat made the Chihuahua batlike ears
fashionable as a lap dog, and it is now
one of the most popular breeds in the US.

Medium-length tail Smooth, Distinctive
carried high over back glossy topcoat apple-shaped head

Large, round eyes

Fawn
Red

Small, Coat has
dainty feet lighter
underparts
LONG-HAIRED
SHORT-HAIRED

282

COMPANION DOGS

Tibetan Spaniel Any color Head small in
proportion to body
HEIGHT 10in (25cm) Expressive, oval,
WEIGHT 9–15lb (4–7kg ) dark brown eyes
LIFE SPAN Over 12 years

This small dog has a delightful, easy-going temperament. Bred and
owned by the monks of Tibet, the Tibetan Spaniel has a long history
and was first brought to the UK around 1900 by returning medical
missionaries. In spite of its slightly haughty expression, this dog is
only too happy to run around
a yard and play.

Feathered,
pendant ears

Sable

White
chest

Tibetan Terrier Variety of colors

HEIGHT 14–16in (36–41cm)
WEIGHT 18–31lb (8–14kg)
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years

Resembling a miniature Old English Sheepdog Long hair Feathered tail
(see p.56), the Tibetan Terrier was originally falls over curls over back
bred for herding and was also used as a eyes
guard dog for traders journeying to and
from China. This medium-sized dog Caramel
requires a firm hand, but the reward and white
is a loyal, devoted companion. The
long coat needs daily grooming.

Silky topcoat

Feathering covers
round, snow-
shoelike feet

283

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Japanese Chin North American

HEIGHT 8–11in (20–28cm ) Red and white Shepherd
WEIGHT 5–7lb (2–3kg )
LIFE SPAN Over 10 years HEIGHT 13–18in (33–46cm) Red merle
WEIGHT 15–31lb (7–14kg) Blue merle
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years
Ancestors of the Japanese Chin are thought to have been a royal
gift from China to the Emperor of Japan. This dog was bred Downsized from the Australian Shepherd (see p.68) Drop ears
especially to warm the laps and hands of the ladies of Japan’s by American breeders, this dog is sometimes called
Imperial Palace. Happy living in a small space, it makes an the Miniature Australian Shepherd. It is highly
ideal apartment dog but its profuse coat sheds heavily. intelligent, easy to train, and very good with children.
The North American Shepherd is eager to please,
Feathered Compact, Upturned but can be quite destructive
tail curves square nose if left on its own for long
over back body periods of time.

Symmetrical Black
marking on Well feathered tail
domed head

Brown Coat has tan and
eyes white markings

Black and Long, straight,
white silky coat

Danish-Swedish Farmdog

HEIGHT 13–15in (32–37cm) Tricolor
WEIGHT 15–26lb (7–12kg)
LIFE SPAN 10–15 years

This working dog has historically been used on farms Rounded croup White
in Denmark and Sweden as a herder, watchdog, and Short, smooth coat muzzle and
ratter, as well as a companion. Always eager to play,
the Danish-Swedish Farmdog is good with children, blaze
so can make a great family dog, but it does have
a tendency to chase White with
small animals. tan patches

High-set,
button ears

Triangular-shaped
head is small in
relation to body

284

COMPANION DOGS

Himalayan Sheepdog

HEIGHT 20–25in (51–63cm) Gold
WEIGHT 51–60lb (23–27kg) Black
LIFE SPAN 10–11 years Black and tan (right)

Also known as the Bhotia, this Drop ears
rare dog from the foothills of the lie close
Himalayas is related to the larger to head
Tibetan Mastiff (see p.80), but
its exact origins and former uses Level back
are obscure. This is a powerful
dog with a strong herding
instinct. Kept as a family pet,
it is a good companion and
an efficient guard dog.

Creamy
white

Thick, Long, coarse
bushy tail topcoat

Catlike feet

Thai Ridgeback Isabella Muzzle longer
Red than skull
HEIGHT 20–24in (51–61cm) Blue
WEIGHT 51–75lb (23–34kg) Short,
LIFE SPAN 10–12 years smooth
coat
An old breed and unknown outside Thailand until the mid-1970s, the Thai Ridge of hair on back lies
in opposite direction
Ridgeback has since gained recognition in other countries. It was used for to rest of coat

hunting, to follow carts, and as a guard dog. Its earlier geographic isolation Black

has resulted in most of its original natural instincts and drives remaining,

since there were few chances for it to breed with other dogs. Today, it is

primarily kept as a companion dog, and is naturally

protective of its home and family. It can make

a loyal, loving pet, but is often suspicious

of other dogs, and can be aggressive or Erect Slightly
shy if not properly socialized. ears wrinkled
forehead

285

CATALOG OF BREEDS | COMPANION DOGS

Dalmatian

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN White with liver spots
22–24in 40–60lb Over 10 years
(56–61cm) (18–27kg)

This playful and easy-going dog makes a good family pet, Black spots
but needs plenty of exercise and persistent training are round and
clearly defined
The Dalmatian is the only spotted dog still keep Dalmatians as mascots. The
in existence today. Its ancestry is unclear, Round, catlike feet
although spotted dogs have been known breed is also an emblem of the American with well arched
since ancient times in Europe, Africa, and toes
Asia. The FCI has defined the breed’s area Anheuser-Busch beer company, often seen
of origin as Dalmatia, a region of Croatia
on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. running beside the wagons pulled by the

The breed has had many uses, including famous Clydesdale horses.
as a hunting dog, a dog of war, and a guard
for livestock. The Dalmatian was especially The Dalmatian is intelligent, friendly,
popular in the UK during the early 19th
century, when it was known as the “carriage and outgoing. It loves human company and
dog” because it was trained to run under
or beside horse-drawn carriages, often still has an affinity with horses. However,
traveling very long distances. As well as
looking elegant, it protected the horses it does have a great deal of energy and can
and carriage from marauding stray dogs.
be stubborn and aggressive with other
In the US the Dalmatian was used
as a “fire-house dog,” running with the dogs, so an owner needs to give
horse-drawn fire engines and barking to
clear the way for them. Some fire stations it an active lifestyle and dedicate

101 DALMATIANS time to training.

The puppies are born pure

white, and the black or

liver spots only start to

appear from about

four weeks of

age. The white

coat sheds a

great deal. Tail tapers
from base
to tip

The 1956 children’s book The Hundred and One
Dalmatians by Dodie Smith tells the story of a
litter of Dalmatians that is kidnapped by the evil
Cruella De Vil, to be skinned and turned into
coats. They are, fortunately, rescued by their
parents, Pongo and Perdita. Dalmatians became
hugely popular thanks to the two Walt Disney
films that followed. However, many new owners
lacked the experience to cope with this energetic
breed, and countless Dalmatians were
abandoned and ended up in rescue shelters.

PUPPY

286

COMPANION DOGS

Clearly defined stop

White with
black spots

High-set, drop Black nose
ears taper to

rounded points

Short, dense,
glossy coat

287

Goldendoodle
This attractive dog is a cross between
a Poodle and a Golden Retriever. The
characteristics of the Poodle parent are
clearly evident.

CROSSBREEDS

CROSSBREEDS

Dogs of mixed breeding vary from the so-called designer dogs, with purebred parents of two
different recognized breeds, to the bit-of-everything type, the result of accidental, random crosses
(see p.298). Some designer hybrids are now extremely fashionable. They are mostly given whimsical
combination names, such as Cockerpoo (a Cocker Spaniel-Poodle cross).

One of the reasons for creating crosses, although occasionally it has traits found in other breeds, such
modern hybrid dogs was to mix proved possible to produce a standard as the collie’s enthusiasm for work,
the desired characteristics from one and attempt to breed dogs to type. An and the tenacity of the terrier.
breed with the non-shedding coat of example of this is the Lucas Terrier
another. A cross of this type currently (see p.293), the result of crossing the Prospective owners of a crossbreed,
enjoying great popularity is the Sealyham Terrier (see p.189) and designer dog should take into account
Labradoodle (see p.291), a mixture of the Norfolk Terrier (see p.192). the personalities and temperaments
Labrador Retriever (see p.260) and Currently, few such crosses have of both breeds involved in the mix.
Poodle (see p.229). However, achieved official breed recognition. These may be very different and either
even when the parents are readily one might predominate. It is also
recognized breeds such as these, it Deliberate mixing of two specific important to consider both parent
may be impossible to predict which breeds to produce particular dogs’ requirements for general care
side of the family the puppies will characteristics has proliferated since and exercise.
favor. Labradoodles, for example, the end of the 20th century, but is by
show little consistency from litter no means a modern trend. One of the All crossbred dogs are commonly
to litter, some puppies inheriting best-known crossbreeds, the Lurcher believed to be more intelligent than
the curly poodle coat while others (see p.290), has been around for several pedigree dogs, but there is no sound
are more obviously influenced by hundred years. This dog combines the evidence for this. Random breeds
the Labrador parent. Such lack of qualities of speedy sight hounds, such are often said to be healthier than
standardization is common in designer as the Greyhound (see p.126) and purebreds, and it is true that they are
Whippet (see p.128), with desirable at much lower risk of the inherited
diseases prevalent in some breeds.

289

CATALOG OF BREEDS | CROSSBREEDS

Lurcher Any color

HEIGHT 22–28in (55–71cm)
WEIGHT 60–71lb (27–32kg)
LIFE SPAN 13–14 years

Famed as a poacher’s dog and used to hunt rabbit and Blue merle
hare, Lurchers were traditionally first-generation
crosses of a sight hound with a terrier or Round eyes Fine,
a herding dog. Today they are also give alert pointed
bred with each other and ideally expression muzzle
are greyhound size. In the home
Lurchers are peaceful and tolerant
and make fine family companions.

Rough coat Long,
slender

legs

Slight Belly distinctly
feathering tucked up

on tail

Cockerpoo Any color

HEIGHT Toy: Up to 10in (25cm); Miniature: 11–14in (28–35cm); Standard: Over 15in (38cm)
WEIGHT Toy: Up to 11lb (5kg); Miniature: 13–20lb (6–9kg); Standard: Over 22lb (10kg)
LIFE SPAN 14–15 years

Most Cockerpoos are first-generation crosses Large, round, Long hair
of a Toy or Miniature Poodle (see p.276) dark eyes on muzzle
with a Cocker Spaniel or sometimes
English Cocker Spaniel (see pp.222– Square and
23). They are particularly valued for compact body
their tractable and affectionate
characters. Their appearance is
a variable mix of the parent breeds,
but always with a wavy coat that
sheds very little.

Drop ears covered
with long, silky hair

Tail usually STANDARD Light fawn
feathered
Large paws
covered
with hair

290

Labradoodle

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
Miniature: 14–16in (36–41cm) Miniature: 15–24lb (7–11kg) 14–15 years
Medium: 17–20in (43–51cm) Medium: 31–44lb (14–20kg)
Standard: 21–24in (53–61cm) Standard: 51–65lb (23–29kg)

DONALD CAMPBELL’S DOG Increasingly popular, this dog’s reliably playful, affectionate,
and intelligent temperament reflects its parentage
Individual crosses between the Poodle and the
Labrador Retriever were known before the This hybrid dog was founded when Wally In Australia the Labradoodle is on its way
founding of the Labradoodle as a “breed.” One Conron of Guide Dogs Victoria, Australia, to becoming a pedigree breed. Elsewhere it
such dog belonged to Donald Campbell, CBE received a request from a vision-impaired remains a crossbreed, with no official status
(below, left), who set land and water speed woman in Hawaii who needed a guide dog but in huge demand.
records in Britain in the 1950s and 60s. In his that would not aggravate her husband’s
1955 autobiography, Into the Water Barrier, dog allergy. Conron mated a Poodle First-generation crosses vary in
Campbell referred to his beloved Maxie, a (a breed with a coat suitable for people appearance; later Labradoodle-only
Labrador-Poodle cross born in 1949, as with allergies) with a Labrador Retriever breedings are more predictable. There
a “Labradoodle”—long before breeder guide dog. One of the resulting puppies, are now two main Labradoodle varieties,
Wally Conron used the name in Australia. a male named Sultan, had the required distinguished by coat type: wool coat
non-irritating coat and a good (tightly curled like a Poodle’s) and
temperament. He became the first fleece coat (long and loosely curled).
recognized Labradoodle, a cross between
the Labrador Retriever (see p.260) and The Labradoodle has rapidly gained
Poodles (see pp.229, 276). popularity as a family dog. The dog’s
friendly, intelligent nature attracts owners
as much as its appearance.

Apricot Large, round,
dark eyes
Long,
curved tail Drop ears
Body slightly
Tucked-up heavier than a
belly Poodle (see p.229)

STANDARD Cream underparts

Curly coat has
little dander

Medium-sized,
round feet

291

CATALOG OF BREEDS | CROSSBREEDS

Bichon Yorkie Variety of colors

HEIGHT 9–12in (23–31cm)
WEIGHT 7–13lb (3–6kg)
LIFE SPAN 13–15 years

Some crossbreeds are created deliberately, High-set Round, dark eyes Dark nose
but the first Bichon Frise (see p.271) ears
and Yorkshire Terrier (see p.190) mix Round,
was a happy accident that breeders Double-layered, tight feet
have chosen to repeat. The result silky, curly coat Small, semi-erect,
is the Bichon Yorkie—a dog that is drop ears
usually larger than the diminutive
Yorkshire Terrier, with the feisty Broad, deep,
spirit of its terrier parent white chest
tempered by the more Legs longer than
compliant nature of Staffordshire
the Bichon Frise. Bull Terrier’s
(see p.214)
Darker,
plumed tail

Orange
and white

Bull Boxer Any color

HEIGHT 16–21in (41–53cm)
WEIGHT 37–53lb (17–24kg)
LIFE SPAN 12–13 years

The Bull Boxer is a cross between the laid-back Boxer Long, Black
(see p.90) and bullbaiting dogs such as the Staffordshire tapering,
Bull Terrier (see p.214), which is highly popular but may Smooth,
be difficult with other pets. The Bull Boxer occupies curved shiny, short,
the middle ground in size and character. tail dense coat
This dog needs commitment,
but rewards its owner well.

Rounded eyes have
alert expression

White markings
on feet

292

Lucas Terrier

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN White
9–12in 11–20lb 14–15 years
(23–30cm) (5–9kg) Tan coats may have a black or badger-gray saddle. White
coats may be marked with black, badger-gray, and/or tan.

This friendly, non-yappy terrier thrives on long walks CREATING A WORKING
and gets along well with children and other pets TERRIER

This rare working terrier was produced in to promote and improve the Lucas Terrier. Sir Jocelyn Lucas was a well-known Sealyham
the 1940s by crossing Norfolk Terriers (see The Lucas Terrier Club created a breed breeder who was unhappy about the increase
p.192) with Sealyham Terriers (see p.189). standard in 1988 and in recent years has in size and weight of show dogs. Not only were
The Lucas Terrier is named after its first been trying to obtain official recognition— they no longer suited to the work for which they
breeder, Sir Jocelyn Lucas, a British to date unsuccessfully. There are now were bred, but his dogs also sometimes had
politician and sportsman who wanted to believed to be around 400 of these dogs whelping problems when crossed with show
develop a hunting dog that was smaller in the UK and around 100 in the US. dogs. As a result, he decided to outcross his
and more nimble than the Sealyham dogs with Norfolk Terriers when he bred from
Terrier. From the 1960s Lucas Terriers Today the Lucas Terrier is kept mainly as them for the first time. He was so impressed
were also exported to the US, where they a companion dog. Biddable, smart, and eager with the puppies from
proved popular with a variety of people, to please, the breed is easy to train. It is also these matings that
including Hollywood stars. good with children and well behaved in the he continued
house, provided it has a vigorous daily walk. breeding them,
After the death of Sir Jocelyn and his It has typical terrier traits, such as enjoying and in doing
business partner, the Hon. Enid Plummer, play and loving to dig, but is less inclined to so created the
a breed society was set up in the UK in 1987 bark than many other terrier breeds. Lucas Terrier.

Thick-rooted, Almond-shaped, SIR JOCELYN
well furred tail dark eyes LUCAS WITH
MINIATURE
Small, V-shaped ears
SEALYHAM
PUPPIES

Body length
exceeds

leg length

Black
nose

Long hair forms
mustache and beard

Medium-length,
coarse coat

Light tan

293

CATALOG OF BREEDS | CROSSBREEDS

Goldendoodle

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Any color
Up to 24in 51–90lb 10–15 years
(61cm) (23–41kg)

ALLERGY SUFFERER’S DOG A delightful new crossbreed, this dog is sociable
and easy to train and a pleasure to live with
The Goldendoodle is often spoken of as a
“hypoallergenic” or “non-shedding” dog suitable One of the newest “designer dogs,” each other, or bred back to Poodles.
for people who normally have allergies to this mixture of the Poodle and the Golden There are three coat types: straight, like
dogs. While there is no such thing as a truly Retriever (see p.259) was first bred in the a Golden Retriever’s coat; curly, like a
hypoallergenic dog (that is, rarely or never US and Australia in the 1990s. Since then Poodle’s coat; and wavy, with loose,
causing allergies), Goldendoodles do shed the Goldendoodle’s growing popularity shaggy curls.
more lightly than other breeds, especially those has encouraged breeders elsewhere to
Goldendoodles with curly or wavy coats, and continue its development. The original Goldendoodles are in demand as guide
their skin sheds less dander. This may make them “standard” Goldendoodles were crosses dogs, assistance dogs, and therapy dogs,
more suitable as pets for people who are known between the Standard Poodle (see p.229) and for search and rescue work. They
to have allergic reactions to dogs (or dog hair). and the Golden Retriever, but from 1999 are also hugely popular as pets; in 2012
smaller “medium,” “miniature,” and US musician Usher bid $12,000 for a
“petite” Goldendoodles have been bred, Goldendoodle puppy at a charity auction.
with the smaller sizes having Miniature Energetic but gentle, Goldendoodles are
Poodle or Toy Poodle parents (see p.276). usually easy to train. They get along well
with children and other pets and love
Most of these dogs are first-generation human company.
crosses and vary considerably in appearance.
Goldendoodles may also be crossbred with Dark eyes with
kind expression

Drop ears Well-defined stop
slightly darker Brown nose
than rest of coat

Darker saddle
of hair

Thick,
curly coat

Apricot

Heavily Slightly
feathered tucked-up belly
tail
Front feet
294 larger than

back feet

Labradinger

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Yellow
18–22in 55–90lb 10–14 years Liver
(46–56cm) (25–41kg) Chocolate

TREO, THE ARMY DOG This attractive all-arounder is suitable as both a gundog
and family dog, given sufficient exercise
A Spaniel-Labrador cross named Treo has
become a military hero for his work with the A cross between the Labrador Retriever finer-featured head. They are larger than an
British Army in Afghanistan. Treo was originally (see p.260) and the English Springer Spaniel English Springer Spaniel, with longer legs.
given to the army because of his tendency to (see p.224), this dog is also sometimes known The coat may be straight and flat, or a bit
snap and growl at people. However, he went on as the Springador. Unplanned mixing of longer and more ruffled.
to distinguish himself as an arms and explosives these two breeds is likely to have occurred
detection dog, working with handler Sergeant for centuries on traditional country estates The Labradinger is an excellent gundog
Dave Heyhoe. On two occasions he detected where such gundogs were kept. Benefiting that can be trained both to retrieve like a
chains of roadside bombs planted from recent interest in “designer” Labrador and to flush game as a spaniel does.
by the Taliban, enabling the crossbreeds such as the Labradoodle It is also proving very successful as a family
bombs to be defused and (see p.291), the Labradinger has now dog. These dogs are intelligent, fun-loving,
saving many lives. He was acquired both popularity and a name. affectionate, and highly people-oriented.
awarded the Dickin They need lots of company and plenty of
Medal—the “Animals’ Labradingers vary in appearance, but exercise every day, including walks and
Victoria Cross”— they tend to be smaller and lighter in build games, to prevent them from becoming
for his bravery. than a Labrador Retriever, with a slightly bored and developing behavioral problems.

TREO AND Drop ears with Amber eyes
HANDLER rounded tips
SERGEANT DAVE
HEYHOE POSE Slight stop
WITH DICKIN
MEDAL

Level back

Thick tail
extends to

hock

Black White
marking on
Soft, deep chest
wavy coat
295
Compact feet with
well arched toes

CATALOG OF BREEDS

CROSSBREEDS

Puggle A CELEBRITY PET

HEIGHT WEIGHT LIFE SPAN Red or tan Any of these colors with The Puggle’s meteoric rise to fame has been
10–15in 15–31lb 10–13 years Lemon white (particolor). May helped by the huge celebrity interest in the dog.
(7–14kg) Black have black mask. Stars such as James Gandolfini, Jake Gyllenhaal,
(25–38cm) Uma Thurman, and renowned dog-lover Henry
Winkler (below) are just a few of those who own
A sweet-tempered, intelligent dog that makes an ideal a Puggle. In taking the dogs with them to parties,
family companion if given sufficient exercise TV shows, and media events, and being
photographed with them, celebrities have helped
One of the most newly created “designer more than 50 percent of sales of crossbred introduce the Puggle to the public. People
dogs,” the Puggle is a cross between a Pug dogs. The Puggle is now the most popular wanted to know what this unusual dog was and
(see p.268) and a Beagle (see p.152). These crossbreed in the US and in 2013 puppies some then went further and purchased one.
dogs were developed in the US in the 1990s. were sold for as much as $1,000 each.
The breeders’ original goal was to produce Very pronounced
a dog with a Pug’s compact size and a The Puggle looks like a snub-nosed Beagle, stop
Beagle’s sweet nature, but without some and often has a curly tail and black facial
of the health problems that can afflict Pugs. mask like a Pug. Easy to train, it makes a
The new crossbreed is now registered with lively and affectionate family dog, bonding
the American Canine Hybrid Club. easily with its owners and loving human
company. It is good with children and readily
In recent years the Puggle has seen a huge accepts strangers and other dogs. Because it
rise in popularity. It was named in the US will easily adapt to living in an apartment, it
is particularly popular in urban areas such as
media as the “Hottest Dog of Los Angeles and New York. The Puggle
2005” and has been an needs daily walks, including games, to keep
enormous hit with celebrities happy. The short-haired coat requires little
and Hollywood stars. In grooming, aside from a weekly brushing.
2006 Puggles accounted for

Square body Drop ears with
some black hairs

YOUNG DOG

Lighter-colored Short, dark
chest and throat muzzle

Fawn

Short, smooth
double coat

Compact,
round feet

297

CATALOGUE OF BREEDS | R ANDOM BREEDS DOGS WITH UNKNOWN
ANCESTORS
Random Breeds
Smooth, silky
These dogs may lack a pedigree but they coat like a
can provide love, companionship, and fun Border Collie’s
(see p.51)
Dogs with random breeding are usually of
unknown ancestry, with the parents themselves
likely to be the result of accidental mixings.
Choosing a random-bred puppy is a bit of a
lottery for prospective owners as it is difficult to
predict what the dog will look like at maturity.
But random-bred dogs tend to be healthier than
pedigree dogs as there is less likelihood of an
inheritable genetic disorder being passed on.
Many rescue centre dogs are random crossbreds;
in the majority of cases they make excellent pets.

Semi-long, soft coats Head is like that of a
Dogs that may have collies Labrador Retriever (see p.260)
or spaniels among their
ancestors often have silky High-set, drop ears
coats with feathered legs, and with fringed edges
fringed ears that are either
semi-erect or hang down
close to their heads.

Feathered legs Silky coat with
with tan markings feathering
resembles
a spaniel’s

Asymmetrical black
patches less acceptable
in pedigree dogs

Semi-erect ears Longer hair on
underside of neck

and on chest

Semi-long, wavy coat
is typical of a collie

Short hair on
front of forelegs

298