Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development
Centre, Sanothimi Bhaktapur as an additional material.
JBD
S CIAL
STUDIES
Author
Hom Bahadur G.C.
Publisher
JBD Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kalanki, Kathmandu, Nepal
Name : _________________________________________
Class :
Roll No. : ___________ Section : ___________
School :
___________
__________________________________________
Book : JBD Social Studies Book 10
Publisher : JBD Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kalanki, Kathmandu
Tel: 01-4252371, 01-4313294 (Kalanki)
Copyright : Publisher
Author : Hom Bahadur G.C.
Edition : 1st, 2071 B.S.
: 2nd Revised, 2072 B.S.
3rd Revised, 2074 B.S.
4th Revised, 2075 B.S.
5th Revised, 2077 B.S.
ISBN : 978-9937-602-51-8
Graphics Designing : Ananda Prasad Poudel,
Zeeta Computer Service Pvt. Ltd.
Jamemarket, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
Ph: 9841418545
Press : Mahabir Offset Press
Preface
JBD Social Studies fully covers the latest syllabus prescribed by Curriculum development
centre, Government of Nepal for school children. The secondary level series consists of two
books suitable for classes 9 and 10. This series is prepared especially for the students of
English medium schools of Nepal. It is profusely illustrated with examples, diagrams, sketch
maps, graphs and pictures at every stage to create a deep and long-lasting visual impact
on the young readers. I hope this series will fulfill the needs of students and teachers.
Writing with simplicity is not the same as simplifying. So, this series of books does not
avoid any ideas, because they happen to be complex. However, we have endeavored to
present the complex matter simply and have attached sample of pictures to make the
subject easy and lively.
About the book
• The book fully covers the latest syllabus prescribed by CDC, government of Nepal.
• Each lesson has been written in simple and lucid language.
• The latest and authentic dates and data are included in all the lessons.
• Sufficient exercises for homework and class work are given in each lesson.
• All exercises are based on child psychology and all these exercises are prepared as
the specification grid of CDC.
• Grid and other possible questions for Secondary Education Examination (SEE) are
given which help the students to be familiar with SEE exam.
• Special attention has been given to social, ethnic and geographical diversity, gender
equality, democratic norms, secularism and social integrity.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to the publishers who published my idea and
collection in the form of book. I cannot forget to desktop workers, designers, illustrators
and other persons who are directly and indirectly involved in this precious work. Again, I
would like to express my indebtedness to the principals, teachers who have recommended
JBD Social Studies Series to their students and schools.
The author and publisher invites suggestions from teachers and readers for improvement
of the book. We highly appreciate the constructive suggestions from all.
Hom Bahadur G.C.
Specification Grid
units Subject area period Knowledge and Creative, critical Ability to do ( Value and attitude Total Total
understanding 31% thinking and analysis, Application, Practical and no. of marks Time
problem solving 36% questions
Research skill)
Very Short Long Very Short Long Very Short Long
short short Very short Short Long short
1 We and our society 15 2 59
2 Infrstructure of 1 1 1 1
Development
16 1 2 59
1
Our Tradition, 2 59
3 Social Value and 16 2 59
Norms 2 11 20
1 3 15 26
3 12 22
4 Social problems and 1 1
solutions 1 3 12 22
19
5 Civic Sense 22 1
1
6 Our Earth 27 1 11
1
7 Historical Studies 22 1
8 Our Economic 18 1
Activity
Our International 1 1
9 Relationship and 15 1 1
Co-operation 1
2 59
total 170 4 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 0 21 75 135
Total marks
4 12 7 1 12 14 8 7 1 80 75
Question types No. of questions Marks Total
Very short 7 1 7
Short 10 4 40
long 4 7 28
Total 21 75
CONTENTS
UNIT 1 : WE AND OUR SOCIETY 1-27
Lesson 1 Human Resource Development 2
Lesson 2 Human Development Index and Nepal 8
Lesson 3 Concept of Regional Development and Federalism 14
20
Lesson 4 Provinces of Nepal
28-49
UNIT 2 : INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT
Lesson 1 Sustainable Development 29
33
Lesson 2 Projects Running in Nepal 38
41
Lesson 3 Skilled Human Resources and Employment
46
Lesson 4 Contemporary Development Goals and Nepal
50-87
Lesson 5 Formulation of Development Proposal in Local Level
UNIT 3 : OUR TRADITIONS, SOCIAL VALUES AND NORMS
Lesson 1 Our Heritage 51
Lesson 2 Folk Songs in Nepal 58
Lesson 3 Folk Musical Instruments of Nepal 63
Lesson 4 Our Classical and Folk Dance 68
Lesson 5 Our National Days 72
Lesson 6 International Personalities 75
Lesson 7 Universal Brotherhood 80
Lesson 8 Duty towards Senior Citizens 83
UNIT 4 : SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS 88-108
Lesson 1 Human Trafficking as Social Problem 89
Lesson 2 Domestic Violence and Untouchability 95
Lesson 3 Some Social Malpractices 99
Lesson 4 Role of International Organizations in Solving Social Problems 102
Lesson 5 Some Other International Organizations 106
UNIT 5 : CIVIC SENSE 109-155
Lesson 1 Legislature 110
Lesson 2 Executive 114
Lesson 3 Judiciary 118
Lesson 4 Constitutional Organs 121
Lesson 5 Other Constitutional Commissions 126
Lesson 6 Political Parties of Nepal 130
Lesson 7 Election Process 133
Lesson 8 Role of Citizen in Election 137
Lesson 9 Human Rights 140
Lesson 10 Women Rights in the Constitution of Nepal 145
Lesson 11 Rights of Indigenous Nationalities (Adibasi Janajati) 148
Lesson 12 Identification of Citizen and Citizenship 152
UNIT 6 : OUR EARTH 156-214
Lesson 1 Types of Climate and Factors Affecting the Climate 157
Lesson 2 Tropical Climatic Region 161
Lesson 3 Lifestyle in Tropical Climate 165
Lesson 4 Temperate Region 168
Lesson 5
Lesson 6 Lifestyle in Temperate Climate Zone 172
Lesson 7
Lesson 8 Frigid (Polar) Region 175
Lesson 9
Lesson 10 Natural Vegetation around the World 179
Lesson 11
Lesson 12 Effect of Climate and Geographical Diversity on Human Life 183
Lesson 13
Lesson 14 North America : Physical Features 186
Lesson 15
Lesson 16 North America : Natural Resources and Economic Activities 189
Lesson 17 South America : Physical Features 192
South America :People and Economic Activities 195
Africa Physical Features 198
Africa : Human Resource and Economic Activities 200
Earthquake and Tsunami 203
Map Study 208
Techniques of Drawing Map 212
UNIT 7 : HISTORICAL STUDIES 215-270
Lesson 1 Revolution of 2007 and Delhi Agreement 216
Lesson 2
Lesson 3 Political Events between 2007 to 2017 BS 221
Lesson 4 Social, Economic and Administrative Achievements from
Lesson 5
Lesson 6 2007 to 2017 B.S. 225
Lesson 7
Lesson 8 Political Events from 2017 BS to 2035 BS. 228
Lesson 9
Lesson 10 Major Political Events from 2036 BS to 2046 BS 231
Lesson 11
Lesson 12 Causes of Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System 235
Lesson 13
Lesson 14 Political Events from 2046 to 2062 B.S, 238
Political Events from 2063 onwards 242
Socio–economic Achievements After Mass Movement II 249
Causes of the First World War 252
Consequences of the First World War 256
Causes and Main Events of the Second World War 259
Consequences of the Second World War 264
Search, Identification, Protection and Promotion of
Historical Places 268
UNIT 8 : ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 271-322
Lesson 1 Current Periodic Plan 272
Lesson 2
Lesson 3 Tourism Industry: Importance and Possibilities in Nepal 279
Lesson 4
Lesson 5 Water Resource: An Important Source of Energy 285
Lesson 6
Lesson 7 Foreign Employment 289
Lesson 8
Lesson 9 Cooperative Organizations and their Economic Importance 294
Lesson 10 Financial Education 299
Financial Instruments 305
Insurance 308
Revenue and Taxation 312
Consumer Rights 318
UNIT 9 : OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP AND CO-OPERATION 323-351
Lesson 1 UNO and its Organs 324
Lesson 2
Lesson 3 Specialized Agencies of the UNO 329
Lesson 4
Lesson 5 Nepal’s Role in UNO 335
Lesson 6 Activities of United Nations in Nepal 339
Contemporary Events and their Impact 343
Globalization and Localization 347
SEE Exam Model Questions 352
1UNIT
WE AND OUR SOCIETY
� Human Resources Development
� Human Development Index and Nepal
� Concept of Regional Development and Federalism
� Provinces of Nepal
JBD Social Studies Book 10 1
Lesson Human Resources Development
1
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to
• describe the importance of human resources.
• tell the differences between HRD and HRM.
• say the challenges of human resources development in Nepal and their solutions.
People who utilize the available means and resources of a country by using their creativity
and potentiality in order to bring development in the country are called human resources.
Such resources are required in every sector of development. They are needed in education,
health, industry, civil service, transport, communication, banking, finance, agriculture,
construction, trade, aviation, research, administration and in many other fields.
The most important resources for the development of a country are human resources.
A country cannot be developed without human resources. No matter what natural and
other resources are available in a country but it is the matter of concern how many and
what types of human resources are available in a country.
Types of Human Resources
A country needs different kinds of human resources. These human resources can be
categorized in two broad bases based on skill and term/tenure of service.
A. Based on skill
On the basis of skill, human resource is further divided into three sub divisions.
They are:
Human Resources
Skilled Human Resources Semi Skilled Human Unskilled human
Resources Resources
(i) Skilled human resources: The human resource having special skill, knowledge
and efficiency to do specific work is called skilled human resources. Doctors,
engineers, teachers, pilots, etc. come under this category.
(ii) Semi-skilled human resource: The human resource who don't have perfect
2 JBD Social Studies Book 10
skill or knowledge but can assist to the skilled human resource is known as
semi-skilled human resources. It includes nurses, overseas, drivers, etc.
(iii) Unskilled human resources. The person who has no more knowledge or skill
of doing work is called unskilled human resource. General workers, labourers
etc. are its examples.
B. Based on term/tenure of service:
i) Short-term human resource: Short term human resources refer to the
workforce, produced for the short period of time. This type of human resource
is shortly prepared, targeting to be fulfilled for short duration. The demand of
such human resources has been increased day by day. These human resources
are required in poultry farming, sericulture, bee keeping, silk production, local
construction work, book keeping, tourism industry, cottage industry, etc. Census
enumerators, tourist guide, hotel and resort manager, organizer of feast and
festival, field assistants, compounders, typists, election monitors, temporary police,
data collectors, insurance agent, etc. are some of the examples of short-term skilled
human resources.
ii) Long-term human resource: The human resources prepared for the long
period of time are known as long-term skilled human resources. Long-term human
resources are essential for the continuous progress of the country. Long-term human
resources are required in science and technology field, in civil service, military
force, etc.
iii) Sustainable human resources : Sustainable human resources are needed for
sustainable development of a country. It is the continuous process of preparing
human resources. Government should understand the need and demand of the
market and has to prepare human resources continuously.
Human Resources Development (HRD) and Human Resources
Management (HRM)
Human Resources Development (HRD) and Human Resources Management (HRM) come
under human resources. Human Resource Development means the planning for preparing
human resources. How many human resources are required at present and in the near
future for a country or an organization can be understood from the human resource
development. It helps to make the work of an organization effective. It is the framework
for helping employes to develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge and
abilities. In broad sense, Human Resources Development in the organizational context
is a process by which the employees of an organization are helped in a continuous way
to acquire or sharpen capabilities required to perform various functions associated with
JBD Social Studies Book 10 3
their present or expected future role. The concept of Human Resources Development was
introduced by Leonard Nadler in 1969. He defined 'HRD as those learning experiences
which are organized for a specific time and designed to bring about the possibility of
behavioural change.' HRD is an integral part of Human Resource Management, which
addresses the various aspects of training and skill for any kinds of worker, technician
or administrator. Human Resource Development is related to personality and skill
development of workers. It can be managed by formal, informal education and training.
Human Resource Management (HRM) is the process of hiring and developing employees
so that they become more valuable to the organizations. It is directly connected with
employees and it emphasizes in the satisfaction and need of employees. Human Resources
Management includes conducting job analysis, planning personnel needs, recruiting the
right people for the job, orienting and training, managing wages and salaries, providing
benefits and incentives, resolving, disputes and communicating with all employees at all
levels. Freedom and interrelated existence of employee is developed in Human Resources
Management. It emphasizes the wholistic development of employee and organization and
makes employees responsible towards their work. In short, this is a concept in which full
responsibility is given to the employees and motivated them towards their work by giving
reward or punishment.
Importance of Human Resource Development Plan
Human Resource Development plan is required for the proper management of employee
of any level and any type of any organization. An organization gets able or skilled human
resources to fulfill its objectives. Human Resource Development is important for recruiting
the right person for right job, for upgrading the level of working ability, skill and technology
of employees. It is also important for the improvement of an organization and to protect
the norms and values of the organization. Human Resource Development plan motivates
both employee and organization. It manages planning, organizing, policy making,
coordinating and budgeting of an organization. It also helps in effective communication,
supervision and leadership development of the organization. It extends the relationship
between the human resources of the organization and its stakeholders. Human Resource
Development helps to utilize time, capital mobilization, energy management, expected
achievement, training development and reduction in loss so that the organization gets
high productivity.
Need of Human Resource Development
The need of Human Resource Development is mentioned in following points.
• It is needed for fulfilling and managing the employees as required.
• It is required to demand and recruit the employee on the basis of Human Resources
Development plan.
• It helps to analyse the cost of labour.
4 JBD Social Studies Book 10
• It helps to find the availability and possibility of skilled and specialized workers
required for the country.
• It is needed to bring diversity in work.
• It is also needed for increasing the productivity of an organization by managing the
available human resources.
Steps and Procedure of Human Resource Development
An organization has its specific goals and objectives. The process of preparing human
resources to achieve the objectives in effective and systematic way is known as the
procedure of Human Resources Development. It is a continuous process. Following are
the steps of human resource development:
(i) Preparation of preliminary human resources plan,
(ii) Analysis of present human resources,
(iii) Assumption of need of human resources for future, development of employment
programme and training
(iv) Development of employment programme and training, etc.
Following procedures are applied for developing the human resources in an organization.
• Determining of the goal and objectives of an organization.
• Forecasting the required staff for the future.
• Analyzing the types and number of employed and their quality, and recent available
human resources.
• Deciding the attitude and level of workers, budget and other aspects of the
organization.
• Provision of skill development training, refreshment training and other training.
• Evaluation and motivation of staff.
Challenges and Ways Forward of Human Resources Development in
Nepal
Human resource development nowadays is considered as the key to higher productivity,
better relations and greater profitability for any organization. HRD makes people more
competent. It develops new skill, knowledge and attitude of the people in the concerned
organizations. An environment of trust and respect can be created with the help of human
resource development. It improves the all-round growths of the employees. It also improves
team spirit in the organization. It improves the participation of worker in the organization.
Skilled and motivated human resources are the pillars of nation building. However, Nepal
is facing the problem of such human resources. According to the latest census, the literacy
rate of Nepal is 65.9 percent and the active population (15–59 years) is 57 percent. The
number of unemployed is increasing day by day in our country. The country has the lack
JBD Social Studies Book 10 5
of skilled human resources and on other hand, the number of unemployed has increased
day by day. As a result, large number of youths is going abroad in search of job. There is
lack of harmony between available human resources and demanded human resources in
the country. Therefore, government should make a good and farsighted plan for human
resource development in Nepal. Our country has many challenges in the sector of human
resource development. Some of such challenges are listed below:
• Lack of skilled human resources as per the need of national and international
requirement.
• Provision of scientific and technical education as need of the country.
• To keep the proper coordination among the training centers established in the
country.
• Determination of including the access of rural area, women, Dalit, backward area,
class and community and upgrading of their efficiency.
• To maintain the proper agreement between produced human resources and
demanded human resources.
• Lack of proper human resources development plan and policy.
• Lack of capital and proper management of productive human resources.
Ways forward (foresight)
Human resources development is a series of organized activities, conducted within a
specialized time and design. It sharpens capabilities required to perform various functions
as need of the nation and organization. Therefore, the government should make long-
term human resource development plans with work plan to overcome the challenges
of human resource development in Nepal. The following programmes are suggested to
implement for the human resource development in our country.
• Produce skilled and capable human resources who can compete in national and
international market.
• Maintain balance between demand and supply of skilled human resources.
• Emphasize in technical education and vocational training so that people can create
job or be self employed.
• Conduct uniform programmes for skilled human resource development throughout
the country.
• Increase ability of the organizations, which are involved in human resource
development.
• Prepare and implement the perfect policy regarding human resource development.
• Conduct programmes for developing the leadership in youths.
• Develop the ability of targeted groups.
• Define work in new way and develop job oriented education.
• Transfer skill and technology in national level human resources so that they can
compete in international market.
6 JBD Social Studies Book 10
1 Very short answer questions
a. What is meant by human resources?
b. Mention any two human resources available in your community.
c. Why is sustainable human resources needed for the country? Give one reason.
d. Why is human resource development plan necessary?
e. Write down the full form of HRD and HRM.
2 Short answer questions
a. Describe the need and importance of human resource development in the
context of Nepal.
b. Write any four differences between human resource development and human
resource management.
c. What type of plan is made to develop human resources in Nepal?
d. Describe the procedure of human resource development in short.
e. Mention the challenges that a country faces while making human resource
development plan.
Extra Questions for More Practice
a. If your were the planner, what programmes would you make for the
development of human resources in Nepal? Write your plan.
b. Prepare a short report about the human resource development of your school
on the basis of the following questions.
i. What kind of human resources is developing in school?
ii. Why is it necessary to develop human resources in school?
iii. What type of plans are implemented to develop human resources in
your school?
iv. What type of human resources are required to make your school better
than other schools?
v. What challenges may come while making human resource development
plan in your school?
c. What type of relation is there between human resources and employment?
Which sector has lack of human resources in Nepal? What should be done to
develop Nepal? Describe.
JBD Social Studies Book 10 7
Lesson Human Development
Index and Nepal
2
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell the concept of Human Development Index (HDI)
• calculate the Human Development Index
• say about the quality of life and happiness planet index
Concept of Human Development Index
Human Development refers overall development of people of a country.
It is defined as the process of enlarging people's freedoms, opportunities
and improving their well being. Human development can be measured
and analyzed through life expectancy, school enrollment and Gross
National Income (GNI) per capita. These indicators are calculated
mathematically and expressed in number. It is called Human Development
Index (HDI). In other words, HDI is the numerical calculation of the life
expectancy, education, PCI indicators that are used to rank countries of Mahabub Ul Haq
human development. In broad sense, Human Development Index (HDI)
is defined as a summary measures of average achievement in key dimensions of human
development i.e. life expectancy, school environment and decent standard of living.
The concept of HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub Ul Hag and Indian
economist Amartya Sen in the 1970s and later it was introduced by UNDP in 1990. Now,
UNDP publishes Human Development Index of different countries each year.
Purpose of Measuring HDI
Human Development Index (HDI) measures all aspects of human development. It is used
for comparing the countries in their development level. The other purposes of measuring
HDI is listed below:
(i) To identify the condition of human development.
(ii) To determine the areas to be improvement in human development.
(iii) To improve the human development condition of a country.
(iv) To prepare the bases of future strategy for the improvement of human
development condition.
Method of calculating HDI
HDI is measured for the countries in the context of human development. HDI is expressed
in number that lies between 0-1, where 0 refers to the most inferior level and 1 refers to
8 JBD Social Studies Book 10
the most superior country. HDI compares the development level between the countries. It
also indicates that what facilities are provided to the people of a particular country.
HDI is calculated by using the following indices/dimensions.
(a) Health: Life expectancy at birth
(b) Education: Expected years of schooling for school age children and average
years of schooling in the adult population.
(c) Income: Measured by Gross National Income (GNP) per capita (US $)
HDI of any country is calculated by using the following formula. These formulas were
updated in 2010 to calculate HDI.
Step 1
Life expectancy of – World's minimum life
concerned country expectancy
Life expectancy Index =
Step 2 World's Maximum life – World's minimum life
expectancy expectancy
Mean year of schooling of Expected year of schooling of
concerned country (MYS) concerned country (EYS)
15 +
18
Education Index =
Step 3 2
log (GNP per capita income – log (World's minimum GNP
of concerned country)
per capita income)
Income Index =
log(World's maximum – log (World's minimum
GNP PCI) GNP PCI)
Step 4
Human Development Index = 3 Life expectancy index × Education index × Income index
Facts 9
• World's maximum life expectancy = 89.52 year
• World's minimum life expectancy = 49.81 year
• Nepal's life expectancy = 71 year (UN report 2015)
• World's maximum GNP per capita Income = 104360$
• World's minimum GNP per capita Income = 600 $
• Nepal's GNP per Capita Income = 1160$ ( UN report 2015)
• Nepal's mean year of schooling (MYS) = 3.2
• Nepal's Expected year of schooling (EYS) = 12.4
JBD Social Studies Book 10
For example : Calculate the Human Development Index of Nepal on the basis
of the facts as given.
Now, Life expectancy of Nepal – World's minimum life expectancy
Life expectancy =
World's maximum of expectancy – World's minimum life expectancy
71 – 49.81 = 21.19 = 0.533
= 39.71
89.52 – 49.81
Education Index = Nepal's MYS Nepal's EYS
Education Index = 15 + 18
3.2 12.4 2
+ = 0.213 + 0.689 = 0.902 = 0.451
15 18 22
2
log(Nepal's GNP PCI) – log (World's Minimum
GNP PCI)
Income Index =
log(World's maximum
GNP PCI) – log(World's minimum
GNP PCI)
= log(1160–600) = log(560) = 0.548
log(104360–600 log(103760)
Human Development Index = 3 Life expectancy index × Education index × Income index
3 0.533 × 0.451 × 0.548
=
= 0.509
According to given data, the HDI value of Nepal is 0.509.
10 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Nepal in HDI
The HDI is an average measure of basic human development achievements in a country.
It is a summary measure for assessing long-term progress in three dimensions of human
development i.e. a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of
living. HDI examines the intrinsic relationship between work and human development.
Work or employment determines, the health, condition, education status and living
standard of the people. UNDP had started to publish Human Development Report to
compare the human development situation of the countries since 1990 A.D. It was began
to be published focusing on economic progress or richness of human lives. But, now it
focuses on economic as well as social aspects of the people while publishing HDI. The
following table shows the situation of Human Development Index of Nepal.
Year 2018 2017 2015 2010 2008 2005 2000 1990
Score 0.579 0.574
Rank 147 144 0.568 0.527 0.501 0.447 0.44 0.380
145 146 138 136 137 120
Source : Human Development Report, 2019
According to this table, Nepal's ranking in the HDI has gone up by a notch. But still it
is less in global context. The Report released in 2019 by UNDP shows that Nepal ranked
147 with a score of 0.579 among 188 countries. The report says that Nepal is in the
medium human development category among 189 countries. It has suggested Nepal to
increase investment in agriculture, industry and infrastructure to bridge the widening gap
between rural and urban people.
In SAARC countries, Sri Lanka topped the list in human development. India, Maldieves,
Bhutan, Bangladesh including Sri Lanka are above Nepal whereas Pakistan and Afghanistan
are below Nepal. The following table shows the HDI of SAARC countries.
Rank Countries Score Rank Countries Score
71 Sri Lanka 0.780 135 Bangladesh 0.614
104 Maldieves 0.719 147 Nepal 0.579
130 India 0.647 152 Pakistan 0.560
134 Bhutan 0.617 170 Afghanistan 0.496
Source: Human Development Report, 2019
According to the above table, Sri Lanka is in top position with score of 0.780 and
Afghanistan in the lowest position with score of 0.496 in 2018 A.D. Nepal is in the 6th
position among SAARC countries with the score 0.579 in 2018 as UNDP report.
JBD Social Studies Book 10 11
Reasons of poor human development in Nepal
Nepal lies in medium level category of Human Development Index according to UNDP.
As mentioned in the report of 2019, one hundred and forty five countries have good
condition of human development among one hundred eighty eight countries, whereas
forty two countries are below Nepal. It shows the condition of human development in
Nepal is still low/poor. The following are the reasons behind it.
• Traditional belief, superstition and orthodoxy thought.
• Gender discrimination.
• Lack of industrial development and job opportunities.
• Illiteracy and extreme poverty.
• Lack of women empowerment and women participation in decision making.
• Less investment in agriculture, education and in infrastructure development.
• Lack of health services, health awareness and nutrition.
• High infant mortality and less school enrollment of children.
Ways of improving HDI of Nepal
• Huge investment should continuously be made in education and health sector.
• Government should focus on raising per capita income, for which the economy
has to expand rapidly.
• Our country needs to reduce human development disparity among men and
women by increasing women's participation in different fields.
• Need to expand women's opportunities, choices and freedoms.
• Launch different programmes to increase school enrolment of children.
• Provide health facilities, awareness in child care and nutritious food.
• Increase investment in agriculture, industry and infrastructures.
Study the following tables
Countries having high human development index
Rank Countries Score
1. Norway 0.954
2. Switzerland 0.946
3. Treland 0.942
4. Germany 0.939
5. Hongkong 0.939
Source: Human Development Report, 2019
12 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Countries having low human development
Rank Countries Score Rank
189 Niger 0.377 184
188 Central African Republic 0.381 185
187 Chad 0.401 186
186 South Sudan 0.413 187
185 Burandi 0.423 188
Source: Human Development Report 2019
UNDP has categorized HDI into three levels i.e. high, medium and low as given below:
• High human development (0.800 and above score)
• Medium human development (0.500 - 0.799 score)
• Low human development (less than 0.500 score)
1 Very short questions
a. What is meant by Human Development Index?
b. What indices are used to calculate the HDI?
c. What type of country is Nepal in terms of Human Development Index?
d. What do you think is the main cause of low human development in Nepal?
e. Write the formula to calculate HDI?
2 Short answer questions
a. What type of country is Nepal in terms of Human Development Index?
Describe.
b. Compare the HDI of Nepal with other countries of SAARC.
c. What are the reasons of low human development in Nepal? Make a list of
them.
d. What should be done to improve Nepal's status in human development?
Mention your suggestions.
e. Make a comparison of HDI with that of Nepal.
JBD Social Studies Book 10 13
Lesson
3 Concept of Regional
Development and Federalism
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell the concept of regional development and federalism
• tell the reasons of creating development regions.
• explain the merits and demerits of federalism
Concept of Development
Development is the process of positive change. It does not remain constant. Life becomes
simple, prosperous and happy from development. The ultimate goal of development is to
increase the living standard of people and to make them satisfied. It makes people self
reliant and increases skill on them. Human beings make the development as their will
and interest. Therefore, human resource is important for the development. Various means
and resources are required for development. Water, soil, forest, mountain, mineral, etc.
are natural resources. These resources should be used in optimum way without harming
their original status. Human resources are required for the proper mobilization of natural
resources. Human resources lead the development.
There are different dimensions of development. It includes rural, public, urban, human
resources and economic development, environment protection, climate change,
administrative improvements etc. Development brings positive and structural improvement
in physical, human, social and cultural condition of a country. Social, economic and
cultural progress are included in the concept of development so that it is connected with
the supply of human needs. Generally, the following aspects are included in the concept
of development:
• Economic, social, political and cultural progress of the country
• Increment in the productivity of goods and services
• Effective and goal-oriented addressing of demand
• Personal freedom and equality
• Step forward towards modern thought from traditional concept
• Effective use of social belief and value
• Economic and social change
• Poverty alleviation and fulfillment of demand
• Freedom from hashed economy and development of self respect
14 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Regional Development in Nepal
Nepal is one of the small and land-locked countries situated in south east Asia. Tibet, an
autonomous part of China, borders Nepal in the north. Similarly, India separates Nepal in
the south, east and west. On the basis of physiographic landscape, Nepal is divided into
three geographical divisions viz. the Himalayan Region, Hilly Region and Terai Region.
These three natural regions are totally different in physical, social, cultural and economic
condition from one another.
The pace of development is difficult and expensive in the Himalayan and Hilly regions
due to the presence of high mountains and steep land. Therefore, there is lack of
infrastructure development like transportation, communication, education, etc. in hilly
and the Himalayan regions. Population is unevenly distributed in hilly and Himalayan
regions due to less development, complex land structure, unfavorable climate and difficult
living. Population density is also less in these regions.
Terai region has plain land with alluvial soil. The pace of infrastructure development is
fast and easy due to its plain landforms. Most of the districts of this region are connected
to Kathmandu and other important cities of Nepal by roadways and airways. The existing
natural resources are also diverse in these three geographical regions. For these reasons,
the disparity in development has increased in these three regions. Therefore, with a view
to maintaining balanced development in all the regions, Nepal was divided into four
development regions in 2029 BS. The Western Development Region was big and that
lacked in development again. So, one more development region, Far-western Development
Region including Seti and Mahakali zones was added in 2037 BS. Thus, Nepal had five
development regions to disseminate the plans and policies of equal development.
Why were Development Regions Created?
A development region is an administrative or a political division of an area or country. It
is created for the overall development and for smooth running of administration in the
region. It helps to bring a balanced development in every part of the country. These regions
were created to promote national unity reducing the regional disparity in development.
It was not possible to utilize the natural and human resources of all parts of the country
without regional development. The effective administration in all parts of the country
was also difficult from the center. So, development regions were made to decentralize
and devolve the political and administrative power on local authority. In conclusion, the
following were the reasons of creating development regions.
a. To develop every nook and cranny/corner of the country in proportionate way
by utilizing the available resources
b. To control human migration by using human resources for the equal
development of all the parts
c. To run administration smoothly by establishing different regional offices
d. To decentralize the power from the centre to local authority
JBD Social Studies Book 10 15
Concept of Federalism in Nepal
Federalism is a political system where a country is divided into different states/provinces
with dual government system i.e. national government in the capital and provincial
government in each province. Federalism helps in proportionate development of all
areas by reducing the social, racial and economic disparity. The concept of federal division
of the country was started from Switzerland in 1884. At present about 49 countries of the
world have the federal system.
Unitary system of
government was
practised in Nepal since
its unification. Different
administrative regions
were created for all
round development
and to decentralize the
power and authority.
Similarly, these regions
were created to utilize
the resources for fulfilling
the needs of people. But
neither the power and
authority was delegated nor development was forwarded as per the need of people. The
need and expectation of people could not be fulfilled by regional development only. Many
people felt more neglected and exploited from unitary system of government. People
vehemently demanded an alternative system of government that could prove to be truly
democratic and progressive.
Nepal has become Federal democratic republican country since 15 Jestha, 2065 B.S. The
Constitutions of Nepal has divided our country into seven provinces. The following bases
were taken as measuring bases while dividing Nepal into federal structure.
• Historical base
• Identity
• Regional base
• Geographical base
• Economic power and means and resources
Need of federalism in Nepal
Federal system of government was the need of time in Nepal. People of some regions and
classes felt badly neglected from the long practice of unitary system. They wanted to form
their government for themselves. Their need was to get equal access of all on natural
and economic resources. So the people expressed their view of federalism during the
16 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Mass Movement II in 2062/063 BS. People felt the need of federalism for the following
reasons:
(i) To protect multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-cultural diversity of the country.
(ii) For proportional development of all parts of the country
(iii) To disperse and decentralize the power truly
(iv) To strengthen national integrity, freedom and equality
(v) To increase public participation in development endeavors
(vi) To reduce social, racial and economic disparity
Advantages and Disadvantages of Federal System
It is said that federal system is more democratic political system than other. However, it is
also not totally perfect. All political systems have some merits (advantages) and demerits
(disadvantages).
Merits/good aspects of federal system
• Federal system of government represents the unified government of people,
which reduces gap between people and government.
• A country is divided into different provinces in federalism. Each state maintains
its own structural framework, develops its constitutional practices and many
things differ from each other.
• Ethnic, backwarded and minority people are given more priority. So, their
access increases in natural and economic resources of the country.
• Accelerate development works utilizing the resources in optimum way.
• States or provinces strengthen internal security and maintain peace and order,
which increases people's participation in each sector.
• Federal system makes country sovereign and democratic.
Demerits/bad aspects of federalism
• There is national and provincial government in federal system. Poor countries
like Nepal cannot bear all the expenses of the federal governments. In short,
federal system is very expensive.
• There is high chance of fragmentation of the country due to the disagreement
or interest of one particular group or ethnic group.
• Sometimes there may be conflict between two states in the case of boundary
and in the use of natural resources which can lead the states to rivalry position.
• There is unhealthy competition in infrastructure development, use of natural
resources, industrial development and in employment opportunities. It creates
regional inequalities and widens the gap between the states.
JBD Social Studies Book 10 17
Functions of Central and Provincial Government
Federalism has dual system of government. A government is formed in each state and to
control and monitor them a federal government is formed in the centre. They are called
state governments and central government respectively. The functions and power sharing
of these governments are clearly determined in the constitution of the country. Following
are the functions of the central and provincial governments.
Central Government
a. National security: Central government maintains national security. It deploys
the military force, armed police and national security forces to maintain security
situation of the country.
b. Foreign affairs: Central government has the right of maintaining diplomatic
relationship with other countries. It keeps friendly relationship with all the
countries. It establishes embassy, consulate office and other offices and also appoints
ambassador, consul and other officials to strengthen diplomatic relations.
c. National monetary policy: Monetary policy plays a vital role in the economic
growth of the country. Similarly, it controls price of goods. So, the central government
makes monetary policy of the country.
d. Monitoring and controlling of state governments: Sometimes, state government
may exercise unlawful power. It creates problems among the people and may provoke
civil war. In such situation, central government may declare state of emergency and
keep control and direct the respective states until other appropriate arrangement is
made.
Beside these, central government builds national highways, railways, constructs big
hydro projects, maintains postal service, makes common federal law as its duty and
responsibility.
Privincial / State Government
a. Formulate state laws: State government has a legislative body elected by the people
of respective states. They formulate laws as need of state and govern themselves.
b. Public security : Providing security to general people is the main responsibility
of the state government. They maintain internal security by constituting their own
state police and armed police force.
c. Development activities: State governments launch all kinds of local development
activities. They can run small hydro projects, construct local roads, make local
education policy and other related works as needed for the people.
d. Promote and preserve language, art and culture: Different people having
different dialects, caste, religion, skill and culture live together in a state. Therefore,
state governments have the responsibility of protecting and promoting all languages,
arts, cultures, customs, religions, heritage etc.
18 JBD Social Studies Book 10
1 Very short answer questions:
a. What do you mean by federalism?
b. Why has our country been declared a federal state? Write in one sentence.
c. Differentiate between the principle of federalism and decentralization in one
point.
d. What is meant by unitary system of government?
e. What is decentralization?
2 Short-answer questions
a. What is development? What are the aspects included in the concept of development?
Write in four points.
b. Regional development was introduced as the concept of decentralization. But
in fact, the concept of decentralization could not be implemented properly.
Prove this statement with reasons.
c. Why is federalism felt necessary in Nepal?
d. Explain the functions of the central government.
e. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of federal system of government
in short.
Extra Questions for More Practice
a. Trace the given map of Nepal and divide
it into seven provinces and locate your
home town on it.
b. What is the importance of federal
administrative system in Nepal?
Mention any four benefits.
c. Write a letter to your friend living
abroad stating the socio-economic effects of the federal system.
d. If you were asked to divide Nepal into federal states, how would you divide it
and what bases would you take? Explain.
e. Explain in brief any four possible sectors where there is control of only the
central government in Federal system.
JBD Social Studies Book 10 19
Lesson
4 Provinces of Nepal
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• introduce provinces of Nepal
• compare different provinces in terms of area, population, electricity and economic status.
Nepal is divided into seven provinces. A brief introduction of these provinces is given
below.
Provinces Governors
Province 1 : Somnath Adhikari
Province 2 : Tilak Pariyar
Bagmati Province : Bishnu Prasad Prasain
Gandaki Province : Amik Sherchan
Province 5 : Dharmanath Yadav
Karnali Province : Govinda Prasad Kalauni
Sudurpaschim Province : Sharmila Kumari Panta
Province No. 1 (25,905 Sq km)
This province lies in the eastern part of Nepal. It has
an area of 25,905 sq.km. Fourteen districts of eastern
Nepal are included in this province. They are
Taplejung, Panchthar, Ilam, Sankhuwasabha,
Tehrathum, Dhankuta, Bhojpur, Khotang,
Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga, Udayapur, Jhapa,
Morang and Sunsari. Rai, Limbu, Tamang, Lepcha,
Rajbansi, Koche, Meche and Sherpa are the main
inhabitats of this province. The tallest mountain Mt.
20 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Everest, the third tallest mountain Kanchanjungha, Sagarmatha and Makalu Barun
National park etc. are located here. Baraha Chhetra, Pathivara, Halesi Mahadev, Chhintang
Devi temple are the main religious
places of this province. Paddy, maize, Sher Dhan Rai has been
wheat are the main food crops and jute, appointed the Chief Minister
tea, sugarcane, tobacco, etc. are the cash of Province 1. He was born in
crops here. Biratnagar Jute Mill, Sugar Bhojpur. He joined politics from
Mill, Cotton Mill, Tea industries etc. All Nepal National Free Students
have been constructed and run in this Union. He has a Masters degree
province. More agriculture land, in sociology.
contribution in Gross Domestic
Production (GDP) from agriculture, more literate people, etc are the positive aspects of
this province.
Province No. 2 (Area 9,661 sq km)
This province lies in the south-east Terai of
Nepal. It includes Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusha,
Mahottari, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara and Parsa
districts. Yadav, Tharu, Terai Dalit and Muslim
people mostly live in this province. It has the
majority of Madhesi people. East-west highway
and postal highways connect all the
districts of this province. Most of the big Mohammad Lal Babu Raut
industries are established here. Rajbiraj, has been appointed the Chief
Birgunj, Janakpur etc are the main cities Minister of Province 2. Raut
here. Ramjanaki temple, Chhinnamasta hails from a Muslim community,
temple and Gadimai temple etc are the He was elected to the provincial
major religious places located in this assembly from Parsa-2(A) in the
province. Plain agriculture land, more latest provincial assembly polls.
population, high per capita income,
more contribution of agriculture, fisheries and industries in Gross Domestic Production,
etc are the positive aspects of this province.
Bagmati Province (Area 20,300 sq. km)
This province lies in the central part of the country.
The federal capital, Kathmandu lies here. It includes
thirteen districts of Nepal. They are Dolakha,
Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Kavre Palanchowk,
Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dhading,
Chitwan, Makawanpur, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur and
JBD Social Studies Book 10 21
Kathmandu. It is one of the developed and densely populated provinces. Many types of
ethnic groups live in this province. Bhote, Sherpa, Newar, Tharu and Tamang people are
in majority. Some of other caste/ethnic groups like Brahmin, Chhetri, Dasnami, Magar,
Gurung, etc are also living in different Dormani Poudel has been
parts. Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, appointed the Chief Minister
Banepa, Hetauda, Narayangadh, of Bagmati Province. Poudel is
Dhulikhel are the main cities located in the former Mayor of Hetauda
this province. Gosaikunda, Municipality. He is experienced
Swoyambhunath, hand in Nepal’s decentralization
Pashupatinath,
Budhanilakantha, Boudhanath stupa, and local bodies.
Dolakha Bhimeshwor, Dakshinkali,
Planchowk Bhagawati etc. are the religious centres here. It contributes more in total
Gross production of the country. Large number of active population, more infrastructure
of development, mine excavation and more hydro projects, etc are the positive aspects of
this province.
Gandaki Province (21,504 sq km)
It is located in the western part of Nepal. This
province is famous for tourism development.
Many mighty Himalayas such as Dhaulagiri,
Nilgiri, Machhapuchchhre, Annapurna, Manaslu,
Himchuli are located here which attract the
tourist from all over the world. Phewa lake,
Begnas lake, Rupa and Tilicho lake, Davids falls,
gorge of Seti river, Muktinath, Manakamana,
etc. are other attractions. Pokhara, Manang,
Mustang, Lamjung, Gorkha are the main Prithvi Subba Gurung has
tourist destinations here. Gurung, Magar, been appointed the Chief
Brahmin, Chhetri, Thakali, Dura people are Minister of Gandaki Province.
the main inhabitants. It includes 11 districts He was born in Lamjung. He
of Nepal. They are Gorkha, Lamjung, served in various capacities in
Tanahun, Kaski, Manang, Mustang, Parbat, UML since 1979.
Syangja, Myagdi, Baglung and Nawalparasi
(East of Bardaghat Susta). Kaligandaki 'A', Modi Khola, Marsyangdi, Phewa, Gandaki,
etc. hydro projects have been established in this province. Manakamana, Bindhyabasini
temple, Rishikesh temple, Muktinath temple, Baglung Kalika, Galeshwor etc. are the
famous religious places. Less man-land ratio, more hydroprojects, high literacy, more
tourist destinations, good sanitation and high access of drinking water are the positive
aspects. Similarly, more frozen land, less agriculture land, less transportation network,
less industrial development etc. are some of the obstacles for development.
22 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Province No. 5 : (22,288 sq km)
It is located in south-west of Nepal. It includes
is twelve districts of Nepal. These districts are
Nawalparasi (west of Bardaghat Susta),
Rupandehi, Kapilbastu, Palpa, Arghakhanchi,
Gulmi, Rukum (eastern part), Rolpa, Pyuthan,
Dang, Banke, Bardia. It lies totally in the
south of Nepal. So, this province has not any
mountain ranges. Dang, Deukhuri, Rampur,
Madi, etc. are the big valleys of this province.
This province is saturated by Kaligandaki,
Rapti, Bheri, Badigadh rivers. Lumbini, Ridi, Resunga, Bhairabsthan, Swargadwari,
Thakurdwar etc are religious and tourist Shankar Pokhrel has been
appointed the Chief Minister of
centers. Sikta, Babai, Banganga, Tinau Province 5, elected as provincial
irrigation projects have helped to yielding assembly member from Dang-2
more agriculture production. Bhairahawa, (A). He was elected Member
Butwal, Nepalgunj, Lamahi, Rajapur, of Parliament from Dang-2 in
Kohalpur, Tansen, Bijuwar, Krishnanagar,
Bhaluwang, Tulsipur, etc are main business 1994.
hubs here. Magar, Gurung, Brahmin,
Chhetri, Thakali, etc are main tribal groups residing in this province. The birthplace of
Gautam Buddha and Lumbini Boudha university are also located here. Good transport
network, plain area, more irrigation facilities and high probability of religious tourism are
the positive aspects. More earthen roads, medium social and economic indicators, low
literacy rate, poverty are the main challenges.
Karnali Province (27,984) sq km)
It is the biggest province of Nepal. It includes ten
districts of mid-western part of Nepal. Rukum (western
part only) Salyan, Dolpa, Jumla, Mugu, Humla,
Kalikot, Jajarkot, Dailekh, Surkhet districts are
included in this province. Kanjirowa, Patarasi, Changla,
Gorakha, Danphesail are the main mountain peaks
here. The two beautiful lakes, Rara and Mahendra Bahadur Shahi: has
Phoksundo, and two big rivers Bheri and been appointed the Chief Minister
Karnali lie in this province. Birendranagar, of Karnali Province. He was elected
Chhinchu, Sallibazar, Jumla are the main from Kalikot.
trade centres here. This province is famous
for apple, medicinal herbs and Yarsagumba.
Ratna highway, Karnali highway, Chhinchu-Jajarkot highway etc are the main road
JBD Social Studies Book 10 23
networks. Deutibajai, Chandannath, Shey Gumba, Kankre Bihar etc. are the
major religious places. It has low population density. This province is lagging behind in
development because of its difficult land structure. It has great potentiality of hydro
production. More grazing field for animal rearing, availability of medicinal plants, more
forest covered area, favourable climate for apple and other fruit farming, etc. are the
positive aspects. Less industrial area, illiteracy, insufficient food and nutrition, more
earthen road, no running hydroproject, steep land structure, etc. are the negative aspects
of this province.
Sudurpaschim Province (19,539 sq km)
This province is located in the far west
of Nepal. It is made from the district
of former far western development
region. It has nine districts: Bajura,
Doti Bajhang, Achham, Darchula,
Baitadi, Dadeldhura, Kanchanpur, and
Kailali. Api, Saipal, Vyasrishi,
Yokapahad, Jethibahurani, etc. are
famous mountain peaks. Shuklaphant
a wildlife reserve, Khaptad National
Park, Tanakpur dam, Karnali bridge,
Ghodaghodi lake, etc.are the main
tourist destinations. Ugratara,
Shaileshwari, Badimalika etc. are the
main religious centres. Bhimduttanagar, Dipayal, Silgadhi, Attariya, Dhangadhi,
Mahendranagar, Tikapur, Lamki, Dadeldhura, Darchula etc. are the main trade centers.
Millet, maize, barley, oilseeds, cotton, etc. are the main agriculture productions of this
area. Tharu, Chhetri, Thakuri, Brahmin, Tinkari people live in majority. The southern part
is joined by east-west Mahendra highway and all the districts are connected with road
network. Tanakpur barrage is the main hydro project. There will be the great change in
the living standard of people after the Trilochan Bhatta has been
construction and completion of Pancheshwar appointed the Chief Minister of
multipurpose project and western Seti hydro Sudurpaschim Province. Elected as
project. Connected all the districts with road member of provincial assembly from
network, easy access in India, sufficient Doti, a politburo member of the
food production, big rivers and high Maoist Centre.
potentiality for hydro projects, etc are the
positive aspects here. Difficult geography, more social evil practices, superstitious beliefs,
illiteracy, are the main obstacles to development.
24 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Comparative Studies of Province
Area and population
All the provinces are unequal in terms of area and population. Some provinces are
big in size but the population is less and in some provinces the population is more in
Comparison compare to their area. Following table shows the comparison between area
and population of different provinces in Nepal.
Provinces Area in sq.km Population Population density
1 25,905 45,34943 175/sq.km
2 9661 5404145 550/sq.km
Bagmati 20,300 5529452 272/sq.km
Gandaki 21504 2413907 108/sq.km
5 22288 48,91025 217/sq.km
Karnali 27984 1168515 49/sq.km
Sudurpaschim 19539 2552517 130/sq.km
Total 147181 2649450 180/sq.km
Condition of land use
The development of the country or province depends on how the land is used there. The
information of land use of a place can be studied from the land use map. The rate of
economic development and about the protection of environment is known from the land
structure, productivity of land and geographical features of any place or province. The
land use of different provinces is shown below in the table:
Provinces (Area in sq.km)
Land use type 1 2 Bagmati Gandaki 5 Karnali Sudurpaschim
Agriculture area 9321
Grassland area 1239 5811 5807 4015 8632 3853 5394
Forest area 8452
Bush covered area 3461 41 940 1686 291 3134 1107
Barren land 360
Snow covered area 1629 3008 9668 7067 11366 20530 4181
Water land
36 124 1399 4261 1469 8031 1100
270 288 343 93 1253 334
0 613 3548 0 3112 559
20 17 28 67 52 33
Source: World Food and Agriculture Organization, report 2014
Electricity
Electricity is also one of the important infrastructures of the development. There are
different sources of generating electricity in the world but hydro electricity is the main
source of electricity in Nepal. The following table shows the present distribution of
electricity in different provinces of Nepal.
JBD Social Studies Book 10 25
Provinces 1 2 Bagmati Gandaki 5 Karnali Sudurpaschim
Installed capacity (Mw) 0 0 355 304 184 0 06
Proposed 1,422 0 2228 317 1,234 0
Source : NEA report 2073
Economic Sector
The following table shows the industrial distribution in different provinces.
Provinces 1 2 Bagmati Gandaki 5 Karnali Sudurpaschim
No. of 727 1029 978 384 885 Some small Some small scale
industries
scale industries industries
Source: Department of industry, GoN
Province no. 3 occupies the first position in electricity, gas and water and province no. 6
is the least contributed province in this sector. The contribution of province no. 3 is in top
position in construction , wholesale and retail trade, hotel and restaurant, transportation,
communication and storage, financial mediator, real state and commercial service, public
administration and defence, education, health and other community, social and individual
services. The contribution of province no. 1 and 5 is in second and third position in the
same sectors respectively. Province no. 4 and 6 are in least contributed provinces in the
above mentioned economic sectors.
1 Very short answer questions.
a. What is the total area of province no. 1?
b. Mention any two positive aspects of province no.2.
c. Which province is shown in the map?
d. Which are the biggest and smallest provinces
in terms of area? Name them.
e. Deuda dance is one of the popular dance of
Nepal. In which province of Nepal is Deuda
dance popular?
2 Short answer questions.
a. Compare the provinces of Nepal in terms of area and population.
b. Compare and contrast between province no. 2 and 5.
c. Karnali and Sudurpaschim Provinces have no big industries? Why? Find as
more as possible reasons.
26 JBD Social Studies Book 10
d. Draw the map of Gandaki Province and mention any two rivers and two
highways there.
e. Write down the positive and negative aspects of province 5 in table and
mention the challenges of development in this province.
Extra Questions for More Practice
a. Write a letter to your friend living in another province than you giving short
introduction of your province.
b. Do you think that the provincial division helps in proportionate development
of the country? Give your logic in support of your answer.
c. If you were elected the chief minister of your province, how do you develop
your province? Make your plan.
d. Study the table given below and answer the questions that follow.
Provinces (Area in sq.km)
Land use type 1 2 Bagmati Gandaki 5 Karnali Sudurpaschim
Artificial structure 7
Agriculture area 9321 0 188 9 15 0 2
Grassland area 1239
Forest area 8452 5811 5807 4015 8632 3853 5394
Bush covered area 3461
Barren land 360 41 940 1686 291 3134 1107
Snow covered area 1629
Water land 36 3008 9668 7067 11366 20530 4181
124 1399 4261 1469 8031 1100
270 288 343 93 1253 334
0 613 3548 0 3112 559
20 17 28 67 52 33
Source: World Food and Agriculture organization, report 2014
Questions:
a. In which province is more agriculture land? How does it affect in development?
b. Which province has more snow covered area? What might have its affect in
development?
c. Which province has less forested area? What may be its alternate?
d. How does more grassland area support in development? Describe.
JBD Social Studies Book 10 27
2UNIT
INFRASTRUCTURES OF
DEVELOPMENT
� Sustainable Development
� Projects Running in Nepal
� Skilled Human Resources and Employment
� Contemporary Development Goals and Nepal
� Preparation of Development Plan in Local Level
28 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Lesson Sustainable
Development
1
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• explain the concept of sustainable development
• tell the importance of sustainable development
Concept of Sustainable Development
Proper management Public participation in
of population all levels of development
Balanced environment Sustainable Conservation and wise
Development use of natural resources
Reduction in extra use
of chemical fertilizer Proper management
of water resource and
agricultural land
Sustainable development is long-term development by which the needs of present
generation are fulfilled without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs.
In other words, sustainable development is such a process of
development which does not hamper the social, cultural and
environmental setting of an area while carrying out development.
The concept of sustainable development was introduced in 1972
when governments of different countries met in Stockholm, Sweden,
for the UN conference on the Human Environment. The General
Assembly of the UNO passed a resolution to establish a commission
related to environment and development in 1983. According to
this UN proposal, the 'World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED) was established on the chair of Gro Harlem Gro Harlem Brundtland
Brundtland, the then Prime Minister of Norway. This commission
is popularly known as Brundtland Commission and it Submitted the report in
JBD Social Studies Book 10 29
1987 A.D. It defined sustainable development as the "development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs."
Sustainable development is based on the principle of long-term vision. The main aim
of sustainable development is to maintain a balance among population, environment
and development. It reduces the consumption and helps to conserve the resources. It
encourages local people to participate in development work. It has also given emphasis
on the development of eco-friendly technology to get optimum advantages from the
minimum use of resources. It protects the socio-cultural setting and minimizes the risk of
the life of living organisms. It helps to solve the problems, which come while carrying out
development activities. In short, sustainable development is long lasting development
without disturbing wildlife, natural resources and socio-cultural setting of an area.
Importance of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is important for conserving the natural resources. If there is
excessive use of natural resources without thinking its preservation, that may extinct and
cause problems to living organisms. The development that we expect cannot be achieved
without sustainable development. It is useful to change people's knowledge, skill and
thinking and also increases the responsibility of local people in protection and promotion
of their own resources. In this regard, sustainable development has a great importance.
The importance is listed below in points.
• Sustainable development focuses on the appropriate use of resources.
• It helps to conserve the ecosystem and biodiversity of a place.
• It encourages people for development, anti-deforestation, conservation of
social norms and values, less use of chemical fertilizers and it increases the
participation of people in conservation of resources.
• Sustainable development accelerates economic and social development
without environmental deterioration.
• It helps to fulfill the need and demands of human through the limited
resources.
• It helps to preserve important heritage and gift of society such as human-made
social traditions, customs, religious places and cultures.
• It reduces the regular repairing and maintenance cost of development projects.
• It helps to increase and widen economy.
• It promotes the use of reduction, recycling and re-use of materials.
Objectives of Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a growth that satisfies today's need without harming
the needs of future generations. It emphasizes on environmental protection where
the competition is not between development and environment. It is integrates both
30 JBD Social Studies Book 10
environment and development. Sustainable development has a primary objective of
increasing per capita income through viable and balanced use of environmental resources.
The other objectives of sustainable development are mentioned below.
• To eradicate poverty
• To progress and develop human life
• To protect environment effectively
• To use available means and resources properly
• To achieve high, static and continuous economic growth
• To maintain gender equality
Features of sustainable development
• It helps to sustainably manage the means and resources.
• It helps to transfer the beautiful world for future generation.
• It emphasizes on environmental protection with eco-friendly approach.
• It helps in getting, mobilizing and protecting means and resources.
• It controls the culture of "use and throw".
• It helps in high and wide economic growth.
• It emphasizes on the use and promotion of 3 'R' i.e. recycle, reduce and reuse
of materials.
Dimensions of sustainable development
Sustainable development keeps the direct link with social, economic, cultural and
humanitarian activities. These social, economic, cultural and humanitarian concerns of
human beings are the dimensions of sustainable development. According to UNESCO,
sustainable development has the social, economic, natural and political dimensions. The
given chart shows the dimensions of sustainable development.
Governance Social / Cultural
Human Sustainable development Economic
Political Natural
Fig: Dimensions of Sustainable development
JBD Social Studies Book 10 31
1 Very Short answer questions
a. Define sustainable development in a sentence.
b. When was the concept of sustainable development introduced?
c. What is Bruntland Commission?
d. Write any two points of importance of sustainable development.
e. What are the four dimensions of sustainable development according to
UNESCO?
2 Short answer questions
a. Describe the concept of sustainable development with a diagram.
b. Mention the objectives of sustainable development and describe any two of
them.
c. Write the advantages of sustainable development in points.
d. Mention the problems and challenges of the implementation of sustainable
development in Nepal.
e. 'Unplanned development is destruction' Prove this statement with example.
3 Extra Questions for more practice
a. Study the given figure and answer the questions that follow:
Figure 1 Figure 2
Questions
(i) What differences do you find in the pictures?
(ii) What are the causes of creating the condition as given in the figure 2 ?
(iii) Mention the long-term environmental effects that can be created from
figure 1.
(iv) Why do you want the condition as of figure 2 in your community?
b. What aspects should be kept in mind while conducting the development
activities according to the concept of sustainable development?
c. What programmes should be launched for sustainable development in Nepal?
32 JBD Social Studies Book 10
2 Lesson Projects Running in
Nepal
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell the benefits of projects running in Nepal
• describe some major projects running in Nepal
A project is an action oriented programme which has specific aims and objectives and
it completes within a targeted time. A good plan helps to develop a good project. A
country should have a good or visionary plan for its overall development. A good project
utilizes available means and resources properly. It helps to create employment and foster
economic development of the country. A project may be small or big on the basis of its
investment, goal, expected result and benefited area or people. Different projects have
been running in local level, others are in provinces and some projects are at national
level. National projects are the identity of nation and almost all the people of the country
are benefited from these projects. There are 21 national level projects in Nepal. These
projects are running to achieve proportionate development throughout the country. These
projects are also known as the projects of national pride. The name and their progress is
given below.
S.N. Projects Name Progress till 2073 Magh
1. Budhigandaki hydroelectricity project Preparing DPR, landpulling
2. Pashupati Area Development Trust Preparing main plan
3. Lumbini Area Development Trust Preparing main plan
4. President Chure protection programme Study and monitoring only
5. Pushpalal Lok marga (Mid hill highway) Satisfactory progress
6. Kathmandu - Terai - Madhes Fast Track Negligible progress
7. North - South Koshi Corridor Unsatisfactory progress
8. Postal Highway (Hulaki Rajmarge) disturbed for a year
9. East-West Electric Runway being studied
10. Upper Tamakoshi Hydro-Project 81% progress
11. Melamchi Drinking Water Project 75-80% work completed
12. Babai Irrigation Project 70-75% progress
13. Sikta Irrigation Project 60% work completed
14. Ranijamara - Kulariya - Irrigation project 70% work completed
JBD Social Studies Book 10 33
15. Bheri-Babai Diversion 8-10% progress
16. Bhairahawa Airport (Gautam Buddha International normal progress
Airport)
17. Second International Airport (Nijgadh) zero progress
18. Western-Seti Hydro Project zero progress
19. Pokhara Regional International Airport work in progress
20. North-South Karnali Corridor Work in progress
21. Kaligandaki Corridor 75% work completed.
Source: Kantipur Daily and report of Auditor General.
The progress of most of the national level projects is not satisfactory. Political instability,
unstable policy, frequent change of bureaucrats with the change of government, lack of
budget, political protest, lack of good governance, high corruption, etc. are the major
causes of zero or less progress of these projects.
A short description of some of the national glory projects is given below:
A. President Chure Consavation Programme
A small mountain range that lies
between Mahabharat Range and
Terai extended from east to west
is known as Chure range. It is
made of sand, small pebbles and
sedimentary rocks. Thus, this range
is the main source of underground
water for Terai Region.
This region has full of bio-diversity, unique socio-cultural setting and different geo-economic
conditions. Thus, the government has given top priority for the protection of Chure range.
This programme was started from 2067/068 under the program of the Ministry of Forest
and Land Protection in order to keep balance between environment and living standard of
the people. The main objective of this programme is to protect bio-diversity, forest product
and to maintain environmental balance. This programme was declared as the programme
of national pride in the fiscal year of 2070/071. A full authorised committee, President
Terai Madhesh Chure Protection Development Committee is formed to complete its work.
Short description of Chure Protection Programme
Extension : From Ilam in the east to Kanchanpur in the west.
Area : 12.78% land of total land of Nepal
Population density : 392 persons per sq.km
Altitude : 200 - 2100m
Geographical structure : Sedimentary rocks and weak land structure
Plant diversity : 1570 flowery species
34 JBD Social Studies Book 10
B. Pokhara Regional International Airport
This project is running at Chhinedanda
of Pokhara covering 3600 Ropani land.
The main objective of this project is to
establish Pokhara as one of the tourist
destinations of the world. This project
was inaugurated on Baisakh - 1, 2073
by the then Prime Minister K.P. Sharma
Oli. The estimated cost of this project is
20 Arab 30 crore. This project has the
aim of constructing 2500m long and
45m wide concrete black topped road, taxi parking area, internal and international
terminal building, air traffick control tower, air bridge with 50m length, etc. structure
inside it. This airport will have the capacity of flying Boeing Jet Plane.
C. Budhi Gandaki Hydro Power Project
This project is a storage type project
located in the border of Gorkha and
Dhading districts at about 80 km west
from Kathmandu. The water of Budhi
Gandaki is collected in the dam which is
constructed at Gyalchowk 9, Siurenitar,
Gorkha. Budhi Gandaki Hydropower
Project aims at contributing to the
social and economic development of
Nepal through increasing electricity generation capacity of the country. It has the
capacity of 1200 MW.
The total cost for this project is estimated 2 Kharab 54 Arab 95 Crore and 50
Lakh. Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Development Committee is the main funding
institution of this project. Asian Development Bank, World Bank, International
Financial Institution are international donor agencies of this project. It is fully
controled, monitored and supervised by Government of Nepal. This project is said
to be completed within 8 years after its start.
D. Puspalal Marga (Mid hill Lokmarga)
Mid hill highway is the parallel highway of east-west (Mahendra) highway in the hilly
region. The length of this highway is 1776km. It starts from Chiyo Pass (Bhanjyang)
of Panchthar in the east and ends at Jhulaghat of Baitadi in the far west connecting
23 districts of hilly region and 215 villages. More than seven million people will
be benefited after completion of this highway. The government has the aim to
JBD Social Studies Book 10 35
develop ten model towns along the highway. They are: Patan (Baitadi), Sanfebagar
(Achham), Rakam (Dailekh), Chaurjahari (Rukum), Burtibang (Baglung) Dumre
(Tanahun), Galchi (Dhading), Khurkot (Sindhuli), Basantapur (Tehrathum) and
Phidim (Panchthar). The main objective of this highway is to connect hilly areas in
road network. It was started with the aim of rapid development of hilly region from
2064/065 BS. The estimated cost of this project is 39 Arab NRs. This project will be
completed from the internal means and resources of Nepal government.
E. Upper Tamakoshi Hydro Project
Upper Tamakoshi hydro-electricity project is one of the 21 nationally prioritized
projects of Government of Nepal. This project is running at Lamabagar, the northern
area of Dolakha district. This project has 456 mw capacity and it will be generated
from Tamakoshi river in run-off water model. This project was started in 2063 BS
with the target of completing in 2073 BS. But it could not be completed within
targeted time due to Gorkha earthquake and unofficial blockade of India. This
project is fully funded by Nepal Electricity Authority, Karmachari Sanchaya Kosh,
Nepal Telecom, Citizen Investment Trust, National Insurance Company etc.
Besides these projects, many small, medium and large scale projects have been
launched in different parts of the country. These projects mobilize natural resources,
human resources and help to develop the nation.
1 Very short answer questions
a. What do you mean by a project?
b. Write any two benefits of development project.
c. Mention any two projects running in your locality.
d. How many projects are there as the projects of national pride in Nepal?
e. What is the main object of Mid Hill highway?
2 Short answer questions
a. Describe the need and importance of development project for the development
of the country.
b. Write short description of President Chure protection project on the basis of
the following points.
(i) Name of the project
(ii) Objective of the project
(iii) Catchment area of the project
(iv) Estimated cost
36 JBD Social Studies Book 10
c. State any four ongoing national pride projects of Nepal and write a brief
introduction of any one of them.
d. Pokhara Regional International Airport is one of the ongoing projects of Nepal.
State its importance in four points.
e. Most of the projects in Nepal do not complete in time. Why? Mention the
reasons and give three solutions.
Extra Questions for More Practice
Name of Projects Objectives
Puspalal Marga ..........................................
.......................................... to protect bio-diversity and forest
Pokhara Regional airport ..........................................
.......................................... reliable alternative of managing energy crisis of
Nepal.
b. Suppose you are a planner. If you got an opportunity to prepare a project,
which one would you prefer? Write a brief note with reasons.
c. Find the details about Kathmandu-Terai-Madhes Fastrack with the help of
newspaper or T.V. or internet.
d. What benefit will you get after completion of upper Tamakoshi Hydro-
electricity Project ? Describe in points.
e. Mention the advantages of mid-hill highway in four points.
f. Some of the national pride projects are constructed in internal investment.
What is your view in this regard? Give your logic.
g. Prepare a short project to be conducted in your school on the basis of the
following subheadings-
(i) Name of the project
(ii) Objectives
(iii) Required materials
(iv) A starting and ending date
(v) Required human resources
(vi) Estimated cost after completion of the project
(vii) Advantages
JBD Social Studies Book 10 37
Lesson Skilled Human Resources
and Employment
3
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell about skilled human resources
• describe the importance of skilled human resources
• say about the present situation of skilled human resources
Introduction
Development is the process of positive change. It helps to forward the nation in economic,
social, educational, health and other sectors. It ensures quality of life of all the people in
a country. But development does not occur
itself. It depends on the resources available
in the country. Development cannot be
gained without appropriate mobilization of
resources. These resources can be divided
into three types. They are:
(i) Natural resources
(ii) Economic/financial resources
(iii) Human resources
Natural resources are the gift of nature. They are found on the earth free of cost. These
resources are gifted to fulfill the need of people. Such resources are water, forest, soil,
high mountains, wild animals, scenery, himalayas and minerals. These resources should
be used in optimum way without harming their original status.
Financial resource is related to money or capital. It is required for the mobilization of
natural and human resources. Different technology, technician and machinery are needed
for the development work. We need to pay money for these things. So the country should
be financially strong. Bank, financial institutions, investment, revenue, industry and other
income generating institutions come under financial resource.
A country cannot develop in the absence of specialized knowledge, skill and competency
in the respective fields. Only the skilled human resources can fulfill these needs of
the country. Therefore, the country should produce skilled human resources such as
farmers, doctors, engineers, administrators, compounders, nurses, teachers, professors,
educationists, planners, mathematicians, pilots, etc. required by the country.
38 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Need and Importance of Skilled Human Resources
The people who have specific knowledge and skill to do specific work systematically and
effectively are called skilled human resources. In the absence of skilled human resources,
a country cannot be developed. Various kinds of skilled human resources such as farmers,
doctors, engineers, administrators, nurses, teachers, professors, educationists, planners,
mathematicians, pilots, etc. are required for the overall development of the country. So,
the country should produce different types of skilled human resources as required for the
country. Skilled human resources play very important role in the country. The need and
importance of human resources are listed in points below:
• They derive natural resources in the proper way and make forward to the nation.
• They provide different services such as education, transportation, communication,
research, engineering, designing, invention and etc to other people.
• They perform different jobs in skilled way and provide raw materials for subsistence
of selling.
• They are thoughtful, intelligent, skilled and diligent people. So, they provide
specialists.
Ways of Producing Skilled Human Resources
Skilled human resources play vital role in the development of the county. They utilize
available resources in the proper way. They manufacture different goods by using local
raw materials. They provide different services to the people.
They are very important for the overall development of the country. Therefore, priority
should be given in producing skilled human resources in the country
• Implementing scientific education policy as need of time
• Developing technical and practical education system as need of the country
• Providing various trainings to the people
• Managing technical and vocational as well as other educational facilities in rural
areas
• Providing the knowledge of information technology and its use
• Involving students in study, research and visit of various fields
Skilled Human Resources and Employment Opportunity
Skilled human resources and employment opportunity are inter-connected. Well educated,
trained, experienced and hard working human resources easily get job opportunity.
They can be self employed. They can establish their own industry, institution, firm or
organization and can provide opportunities to other to be employed in their offices. Skilled
human resources have special knowledge and skill to maximum utilization of available
resources. Skilled human resources help to develop transportation sector, health sector,
communication, energy sector, education sector and other infrastructures of the country,
JBD Social Studies Book 10 39
where other semi-skilled and unskilled human resources also can be employed. Skilled
human resources are required from the formulation of plan to its implementation. The
countries having more skilled human resources have no problem of job for generating
employment opportunities.
Employment also supports to sharpen the skill of human resources. They learn different
skills and promote work experience. The refreshment training boosts up the confidence
of the employee. Employment is a source of earning. It helps to make high living standard
of the employees and their family. It also helps to transform the unskilled and semi skilled
human resources into skilled human resources.
So the government's policy should be encouraging for the skilled human resources such
as doctors, engineers, teachers, planners, administrators, nurses, etc. USA, UK, France,
Germany, Canada, Russia, and other European and American countries are developed
and there are sufficient employment opportunities because of skilled human resources.
A country's peace, progress and prosperity depend on its development. Therefore, the
government should give priority to produce more skilled human resources as need of
time and situation.
1 Very Short answer questions
a. What is meant by means and resources?
b. Write down the types of resources.
c. Mention any two importance of skilled human resources.
d. How can skilled human resource be produced?
e. Employment supports to produce skilled human resource. How? Write in a
sentence.
1 Short answer questions
a. What do you mean by skilled human resources? Why does a country need
skilled human resources ? Explain.
b. Describe the relationship between skilled human resources and employment
opportunity.
c. Nepalese skilled human resources are leaving for foreign countries. One of
your brothers is also going for work abroad. Write an e-mail to your brother
telling him to return and contribute to nation building by utilizing his skill and
knowledge.
d. Which profession do you prefer in the future? Why? Give four reasons.
e. Write any four efforts made by government to prepare skilled human resources
in Nepal.
40 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Lesson Contemporary Development
Goals and Nepal
4
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• introduce Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals
• explain the achievement of Nepal in Millennium Development Goals.
Millennium Development Goals
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight goals to achieve by all the developing
and least developed countries by 2015 A.D. It responds to the world's main development
challenges. The MDGs were drawn from the actions and targets contained in the
Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations and signed by 147 heads of
state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit on 8th September 2000. Many
national, international agencies and civil society groups worked to achieve these goals.
National and international resources have also been allocated for this purpose.
In developing and least developed countries, more than 25% population is below poverty
line. Their per capita income is less than 1 dollar per day. The proportion of people who
suffer from hunger is more in such countries. The ratio of school enrollment of children is
miserable. Literacy rate of such countries is below 50%. Similarly, human right situation,
gender disparity, access in economic resources, women empowerment, environmental
sustainability, maternal and infant mortality rate, etc. are in deteriorating condition. To
improve the situation, UNO had fixed eight goals and twenty one indicators to be achieved
by 2015.
Achievement of Millennium Goals (MDGs) in Nepal
Nepal was a signatory of Millennium Development Goals. Nepal committed to achieve
the goals by 2015 A.D. Nepal began to give priority to achieving the Millennium
Development Goals in its periodic plan. The 10th three-year plan made sole objective
to alleviate poverty. The 13th plan (2070/71-2072/73) focused to reduce economic and
human poverty. It aimed to bring the visible change in the lives of general people and to
reduce the population below poverty line by 18%. The 13th plan also fixed the goal to
upgrade the country from least developed country to developing country by 2022 A.D.
and to make the country of medium per capita income by 2030 A.D.
Nepal has made significant progress in the attainment of MDGs despite the long political
instability, coupled with the long absence of local election, pro-longed transition of peace
and constitution drafting process and internal armed conflict. According to progress
JBD Social Studies Book 10 41
review held in 2010, Nepal has been achieving six goals out of 8 goals. Sixty indicators
were fixed for measuring the Millennium Development Goals. Nepal has got the progress
in almost all the indicators. Nepal has made great progress in eradication of extreme
hunger and poverty. The population of earning below 1 dollar per day is 16.4% and the
population below poverty line is 23.8% as mentioned in the progress report.
The following table shows the progress of Nepal in achieving Millennium development
goals.
Millennium Development Goals Nepal's target (Base year 1990) Achievement
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme To reduce the population below 23.8%
hunger and poverty poverty line by 21%
Goal 2:Achieve universal To provide primary education for Total enrolment in primary level:
primary education all children 96.2% literacy rate: 88.6% (15-24
year age group)
Goal 3: Promote gender equality To end gender discrimination in 1:3 girl boys ratio in primary
and empower women school admission of children level and 44.8 percent
contribution of women in non
agriculture sector
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality To reduce child mortality by 1/3 38 per thousand (below 5 years)
or 54 per thousand
Goal 5: Improve maternal health To reduce maternity mortality by 258 per lakh live birth
1/4 or 213 per lakh live birth
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Control, prevention and HIV infection on 0.20% in both
malaria and other diseases eradication of diseases male and female between the age
group of 15-24 years
Goal 7: Ensure environmental To increase forest covered area by 39.6% forest covered area and
sustainability 40% and drinking water facility 83.6% drinking water service
for 73% population
Goal 8: Develop a global To develop world wide co-work Total foreign help mobilization
partnership for development for development 55.3%
Sustainable Development Goals (2016-2030)
Introduction
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a set of seventeen 'Global Goals' with 169
targets initiated by the United Nations through a deliberative process involving all its
member states as well as global civil society. After the end of Millennium Development
Goals 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals 2016-2030 have been implemented as
a next step of development plan. The history of the SDGs can be traced to 1972 but the
main focus was given on the UN conference on Environment and Development held in Rio
De Jenerio in 1992, which was popularly known as Agenda 21. The Rio + 20 conference
of Solo, Indonesia in July 2011 proposed the idea of SDGs. The NGO conference in
September 2011 in Born, where 17 sustainable development goals and associated targets
were prepared. These goals were formally discussed in the global meeting of Rio-De-
42 JBD Social Studies Book 10
Jenerio in July 2012 and it entered in UN General Assembly in September 2014 AD. One
year later, all 194 member countries of the UN adopted the 2030 Development Agenda
as a title of transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on 25
September 2015. Nepal is also the signatory country of SDGs.
Sustainable Development Goals and targets of Nepal.
Goal 1 : End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Target of Nepal : To cut off extreme poverty by more than half till 2030 AD, including
the people having less than $1.25 earning a day.
Goal 2 : End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture.
Target of Nepal : To make access of all people who are poor and in risk condition
including infants in secure, nutritious and enough food.
Goal 3 : Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages.
Target of Nepal : To reduce maternal mortality rate to 70 deaths per 100000 birth by
2030 AD.
Goal 4 : Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.
Target of Nepal : To ensure to all boys and girls equitable, qualitative and free primary
and secondary education including differently able children by 2030
and to get effective learning outcomes from it.
Goal 5 : Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Target of Nepal : To end all kinds of discrimination against girls and women and to
ensure women participation in all level decision making process.
Goal 6 : Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all.
Target of Nepal : To increase chief and equal access of all in pure and affordable
drinking water and to declare all communities Open Defecated Free
Zone(ODF) by 2030.
Goal 7 : Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy
for all.
Target of Nepal : To ensure access to affordable, reliable and modern energy for all by
2030.
Goal 8 : Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full
and productive employment and decent work for all.
Target of Nepal : To increase at least 7 percent annual per capita economic growth of
GDP and to eradicate child labour.
Goal 9 : Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and promote innovation.
Target of Nepal : To develop equal access of all in qualitative, sustainable and
resilient infrastructure which helps in human welfare and economic
development.
Goal 10 : Reduce income in equality within and among countries.
Target of Nepal : To increase the income of 40 percent people of below poverty line
JBD Social Studies Book 10 43
more than national average by 2030.
Goal 11 : Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable.
Target of Nepal : To ensure the access of all in affordable and resilient settlements and
in basic services. To upgrade the slum settlements by 2030.
Goal 12 : Ensure sustainable, consumption and production patterns.
Target of Nepal : To achieve sustainable management of natural resources by 2030.
Goal 13 : Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
Target of Nepal : To increase the ability of bearing the risk related to natural disaster
and climate change.
Goal 14 : Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
for sustainable development.
Target of Nepal : This goal is not relevant to Nepal.
Goal 15 : Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat decertification, and half
biodiversity loss.
Target of Nepal : To ensure the sustainable use, protection and promotion of terrestrial
eco-system such as forest, simsar (wetland), mountain and dry land.
Goal 16 : Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels.
Target of Nepal : To reduce all kinds of violence and death rate related to these violence
in rapid way and to reduce corruption.
Goal 17 : Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development.
Target of Nepal : To improve the internal capacity of collecting revenue including tax.
1 Very Short answer Questions
a. When was Millennium Development Goal started? And for how many years?
b. How many goals and indicators were fixed to achieve MDGs?
c. What is meant by Sustainable Development Goals?
d. Mention the time duration of Sustainable Development Goals?
e. What is the main objective of launching Sustainable Development Goals?
2 Answer the following questions:
a. What is meant by Millennium Development Goals?
b. Mention the eight goals/objectives of Millennium Development Goals.
c. Did Nepal get success to achieve Millennium Development Goals? Give your
logic.
44 JBD Social Studies Book 10
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