JBD Social Studies Book 10

E. Production and Test of Nuclear Bombs
Nuclear power is very important source of energy. We can use it for the positive change
of human life. But, nowadays some countries have the competition of producing nuclear
weapons. North Korea and Iran where it is believed that the weapons of mass destruction
like nuclear bombs, missile, etc are being regularly produced and tested. India and
Pakistan are competing in the production and test of missiles putting the entire south-Asia
in Peril. Nuclear bomb can kill large number of people once. If affects the environment. It
leaves the long term effects on human life.

F. Climate Change

The variation and fluctuation in atmospheric temperature, wind, moisture, rainfall
pattern is called climate change. This is a signified and lasting change in the statistical
distribution of rainfall, temperature and other weather pattern over periods ranging from
decades to millions of years. Climate change is the burning issue or a global problem in
the present days. Global warming and Green House Effects are the main causes of climate
change. When the amount of various artificial gases especially Chlorofluoro carbons
(CFCs), Carbon dthioexyidmea(kCeOa2)t,hiMcketlhaayneer i(nCHtr4o)p,oNspithreorgee.nTohxisidtehi(cNk ola)yeetrc.ofingcarseeassedsoeins
the atmosphere,
not allow the radiated energy from the earth to go in the space. It absorbs the heat or
returns it to the earth surface which causes the received heat to be more in amount than
the returned heat. Due to which, the temperature of the atmosphere increases gradually.

It has affected not only human beings but also the environment and whole eco-system.
Climate change has caused the polar ice to melt speedily and the ice in the Himalayas is
also melting. As a result, sea level increases. Because of rise in sea level, the settlements
in the coastal regions are in danger of sinking. Similarly, it has affected the nature of
vegetation, wild life, agriculture etc. It has resulted the depletion of Ozone layer and
caused acid rain. The food cycle of different plants and animals is getting affected. The
biodiversity of low and warm places have transferred to high and cold places and the
bio-diversity of high and cold places has been endangered due to the unfavorable climatic
condition.

The irresponsible human activities are mainly responsible for climate change. So, we
human beings should be active to prevent it. Following measures are suggested to
minimize it:
We have to bring down the use and amount of green house gases like CO2,
• CWFeChSa, vCeHt4oeutcs.e alternative sources of energy instead of petroleum products
• and coals.

• We must plant trees on barren lands and have to conserve forest.
• We have to make our life easy and have to reduce using of luxurious goods.
• We should raise public awareness of climate change.

G. Communicable Diseases: A Threat to Human Health
Various kinds of new diseases have been emerged in the world with the increasing of
population Ibola, SARS, MARS, Swine Flu, HIV/AIDS, Zika virus etc. have spread as

JBD Social Studies Book 10 345

epidemics in the world nowadays. Zika virus was found for the first time in the Zika
forest, Uganda. Since then this virus was remained in Africa. But the major epidemic was
reported on the Island of Yap (Miconesia), where nearly 75% of the population was
infected in 2007. It was spread in America, Asia and Canada as
epidemic in 2016. Zika virus is transmitted in people through
Aides mosquito bites. This is the same virus that transmit,
dengue. This virus is transmitted through infected mother to
womb, from blood transmission and unsafe sexual intercourse
with infected one.
Symptom and treatment: The most common symptom of Zika virus diseases are fever,
rash in skin, joint pain and conjunctivitis (red eye). Treatment of Zika virus consists of
relieving pain, fever and rest. Drinking plenty of water, controlling mosquito, change in
food behaviour etc are also recommended as its treatment. There is no vaccine or specific
drugs against this virus.

1 Very Short answer questions

a. Write any two measuring pillars of sustainable development.
b. What do you mean by disarmament?
c. Mention any two causes of terrorism.
d. Write any two contemporary issues going on in the world.
e. How would you react if somebody says, Nepal should increase investment

in nuclear power to protect us from two powerful neighbours'. Write in a
sentence.

2 Short answer questions

a. What do you mean by contemporary events? Make a list and explain any one
of them.

b. What is terrorism? What can be done to end terrorism ? Write in points.
c. Write an editorial mentioning the negative impacts of explosive things.
d. Explain the affects of climate change in your locality.
e. Mention the ways of controlling Zika virus.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. How do you debate to the person who argues that the nuclear power should
be developed in Nepal?

b. Write a letter to the Ministry of Science and Technology mentioning the ways
of minimizing the affects of climate change.

c. Mention one of the contemporary issues of Nepal and describe its cause and
effect.

d. Various multilateral and bilateral agreements have been signed as disarmament
treaty but the production and test of nuclear bomb, missiles and other weapons
has increased in the world. Why? How can it be controlled?

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Lesson Globalization and Localization

6

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell the definition of globalization and localization.
• explain the positive and negative impacts of globalization and localization

Concept of Globalization

Globalization is a process of integrating the globe through increasing flows of capital,
products, services, ideas, and people across international borders. It is a such bridge
which joins the economy, culture, politics and people of the world. This process has been
brought by the revolutionary development of information technology, transportation
and liberalization of trade. Globalization is inevitable at the existing scenario of world
economy. The whole world has changed into a small village due to globalization, now.
Therefore, Pro. Brown had said, 'A world without border'.

The concept of globalization is modern concept which was started from the middle of
20th century. Moreover, the vision which was developed after the end of cold war in the
decade of 1990 influenced more to the world. The concept of democracy, privatization,
liberalization, human rights, etc originated in developed countries and extended in
developing countries. It is believed that the economic concept adopted in western
countries were followed by developing countries due to globalization. The impact of
globalization is not only in economic sector but it has also affected the cultural tradition,
values and norms.

Factors and Features of Globalization

There is interconnection among economic, information, communication and human wishes
in the present world. There is inflow of ideas, services and goods in the world without any
restriction. The rapid development of information technology has made the world closer.
In the present context, globalization is a natural by product of market tendency. Foreign
aid, medias, multinational companies, international economic institutions, tourism,
technology, education, human rights, politics, diplomacy etc are directly or indirectly help
in the process of globalization. The main factors of globalization are as discussed below:

JBD Social Studies Book 10 347

a. Multinational companies
Multinational companies operate in many countries of the world. They offer
qualitative products in competitive price. These companies dominant vast amount
of resources in money, technology, information and management.

b. Information and communication
Information technology accelerates the process of globalization. There is no
restriction of time, space and market approach for information technology. The
event of the world that we can listen and watch within short period of time due to
the various means of communication. The number of internet, facebook, twitter
etc user is increasing in tremendous speed which has made the world very close.
E-business, E-Coomerce have been replacing traditional channel of distribution.

c. Development of transportation
Advanced means of transportation have shorten the distance of the world. People
can travel every corner of the world easily. They can learn and share the culture of
each other.

d. Liberalization in economic policy
Every country has been forced to liberalize the domestic economic policies because
of foreign flow of capital and investment. They have opened their industry, labour
market and service doors to foreign investors.
The major features of globalization can be summed up in the following points:
• Economic interdependence of all the countries in the world.
• Integration of national economies into one global economy.
• Free movement of capital, goods, services across international borders.
• The world as a free market zone with no trade barriers and control regime.
• Impact of foreign culture in developing and least developed countries.
• Liberal flow of foreign direct and indirect investment across borders.

Strength and Weakness of Globalization

Globalization has created opportunity in one side and in another side it has increased
dependency in developing and least developed countries. So, it has both positive and
negative effects. These are listed below in points.

Positive effect/strength
• It has helped to increase economic growth, eliminate poverty and to reduce
trade imbalance of developing countries by improving the relationship with
other countries.

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• It has helped to increase foreign investment and help in developing or least
developed countries so that these countries have extended quality education
and health facility.

• People get the information of culture, art, politics and way of living of the
developed countries through television, satellite, radio, internet aeroplane etc.

• The concept of liberalization and privatization has developed.
• If has supported in trade diversification, flow of capital, development of

technology and free market economy etc.
• Foreign employment and skill of labour has been increased.
• It encourages the developing countries in development and economic reform.

Negative effects/ weakness
• People of developing and least developed countries remain far from the
advantages of science and technology.
• It affects developing countries in their foreign policy as well as domestic
decision.
• Globalization hampers the local culture. People imitate the culture of developed
countries which affects in traditional norms and values of developing countries.
• Political structure, social behaviour, economic pattern are directly affected due
to the globalization process.
• It increases the dependency on national unity, nationality and domestic
economy. So, the voice of the poor countries is being weaker or voiceless.
• Lack of skilled manpower in developing and least developed countries due to
brain-drain.
• Impact of global organization like IME, WTO, WB will increase and the profit
of the industries goes in other countries.
• Transportation of drugs, weapons, contaminated disease etc. may increase.
• National economy will be destroyed due to the expansion of multinational
companies. It also increases the gap between the poor and rich due to inequal
access in means and resources.

Globalization is the need of age but it has also invited a number of risks. We should feel
secure by managing every think in this fast pace of life. We should enable us to tackle
every stage of globalization in a more equitable way.

Localization

Localization is an opposite condition of globalization. Localization is the process of
limiting the product, goods and services in certain place only. It gives the priority to only
a specific country or place. It emphasizes in the promotion of local art, culture, customs,
tradition and social norms and values. It has forwarded the view of giving priority to the

JBD Social Studies Book 10 349

view, idea and interest of local people. It focuses in the society based on knowledge by
extending the access of information technology at local level. Localization gives priority
to link new discoveries in local knowledge and technology. In conclusion, localization is
the adaptation of a product or service to meet the needs of a particular culture or desired
population.

Most of the people are still living in villages in many developing countries. The uncontrolled
power of global markets has been unable to reduce poverty. Localization emphasizes on
local people and local production. It increases the participation of local people in resource
mobilization. The distribution of goods and services is limited in local level. Local people
manage everythings in their original form and transfer to the coming generations. The
feeling of one's increases due to the concept of localization. This concept is very close
to the concept of decentralization. This concept helps to uplift the backwarded class,
community and areas. It emphasizes to the small area and focuses on the happiness and
prosperity of local people. Therefore, localization process is more effective in poor and
developing countries.

In the present context, both the politics and development are localized due to the change
of information technology and civic awareness. The participation of local people in politics
and development has been increased. Localization of politics, distribution of service in
local level, direct involvement of people in politics, socio-economic development of local
level etc are some of the examples of localization. The importance of localization has
increased due to the concept of federal system.

Strength and Weakness of Localization

Localization always gives the priority in unity in diversity. It protects the originality of
local level. Different international organizations and multinational companies have also
adopted the concept of globalization emphasizing on localization. The UN millennium
goals were also prepared by focusing localization. Therefore, localization is important for
the protection and promotion of local culture, language, social norms and values and for
the development of local area. However, there are some positive and negative effects of
localization. They are:

Positive aspects/strength
• It gives the priority in the development of backwarded people and areas.
• It presents the vision of people centralized development.
• It preserve the nationality by awarding the people against foreign interference.
• It emphasizes in the consumption of local products.
• It plays very important role in the promotion and protection of local culture,
customs, tradition and social norms and values.
• It discourages in internationalization of labour and goods.

Negative aspects/Weakness:
• It controls in the use of international goods and services.

350 JBD Social Studies Book 10

• It focuses in the development of small and limited area only.
• This concept makes the people more orthodoxy in their culture and traditions.
• People are restricted from liberalize market policy and culture.
• It prohibits in globalization of goods and services.
• It focuses on certain geography than wholestic development of nation.
We should accept the globalization without disturbing our culture, development and
language. We should not hastily believe that globalization has all positive economic
implications only. We should think relative benefits of both globalization and localization
and need to implement them properly as for the development of the country.



1 Very short answer questions

a. How does globalization affect to developing country? Write in a sentence.
b. What do you mean by a world without border?
c. How is localization different than globalization? Write a different.
d. Present world is a global village? Prove in a sentence.
e. How can Nepal take benefit from globalization?

2 Short answer questions

a. What is globalization? List the features of globalization.
b. Describe the causes/factors of globalization.
c. Make a table showing the positive and negative aspects of globalization.
d. What is meant by localization? How is the concept of localization different

than globalization?
e. Mention the strength and weakness of localization.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Prepare a model of debate on globalization versus localization.
b. 'Globalization is the main cause of increasing dependency of Nepal'. How?

Prove this statement with examples.
c. Which concept do you give more preference between globalization and

localization? Why? Give reasons.
d. National economy will be collapsed due to the rapid extinctions of multinational

company. Do you agree with this statement? Give your logic.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 351

SEE Exam Model Questions

Class: 10 FM: 75
Subject: Social Studies PM: 30
Time: 2:15 hrs
Attempt all the questions

Group “A”

Very short answer questions: 7×1=7
1. Why has our country been declared a federal state? Write in one sentence.
2. What is meant by Millennium Development Goal?
3. Write a slogen awaking the people against domestic violence.
4. To which caste is the Hudkeli dance associated?
5. Who was Ratna Kumar Bantawa? Why is he still remembered in Nepalese

politics?
6. Identify the given logo and write its one function.
7. Various legal provisions have been made in order to protect fraud against

consumer’s right but the consumers are still cheated from businessmen in
Nepal. Why? Give two reasons.

Group "B"
Short answer questions:
10×4=40

8. What do you mean by restructuring of a Nation? In how many layers the federal system of
Nepal is divided? Give a brief introduction.

9. Write any four efforts made by government to prepare skilled manpower.

10. Write an editorial to Kathmandu Post about the declining interest of young generation in
our folk musical instrument.

11. Dowry system is a solid bad custom. How far the present activities effective in Nepal to
control this custom? Present your view.

12. Mention the provisions made to Adibasi Janajati in Nepal.

13. You are the inhabitant of tropical monsoon type of climatic region. If you were inhabitant
of Mediterranean climatic region, what differences would you feel in climatic condition of

winter and summer? What economic activities you would have been involved in?

14. Why is the climate differ from one place to another place? Explain with reasons.

15. Draw a timeline on the basis of given incidents:

A. 2059 Jestha 14 …………………………………………………..

352 JBD Social Studies Book 10

B. 2070 Mangsir 4……………………………………………………

C. 2072 Baisakh 12………………………………………………….

D. 2072 Asoj 3 …………………………………………………………

16. How can Visit Nepal 2020 help to promote tourism in Nepal? Explain.

17. UNO was established to maintain the peace in the world but the threat in peace has increased
in these days. What should UNO do to maintain the sustainable peace in the world? Write
your view with logic.

Group "C"

Long answer questions 4×7=28

18. What do you mean by constitutional organ? Name the constitutional organs mentioned in

the present constitution and explain the formation and function of women commission and

inclusive commission.

19. Draw the full page map of Nepal and fill up following places on it:

(a) Lakpa Dorje Hill

(b) Talcha airport

(c) Babai river

(d) Bhakti Marga
(e) Bishajari tal
(f) Lomanthang

Or

Insert the following places in the given map of the world.

Johannesburg, Mozambique Channel, Yuela River, Gulf of Penas, Tropic of Cancer, South
Atlantic Ocean, Bering sea, Sierra Nevada range, prairies area

20. The Second World War was the result of dictators. Explain this statement giving reference of
dictatorial rule of Germany, Italy, Spain and Russia of that time.

Or

You might have talked with a lawyer or politician about the proper implementation of the
constitution of Nepal, 2072. Write a report based on your conversation in the following sub
headlines:

Introduction, objectives, methodology, findings, conclusion and recommendation

21. Foreign employment is base of our economy. It has faced many challenges. Mention any four
challenges of foreign employment and explain any five solutions of these challenges.



JBD Social Studies Book 10 353

N Some Outline Maps
Nepal

354 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Africa

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North America

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South America

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World Map

358 JBD Social Studies Book 10