JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson South America :
People and Economic Activities
12

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell about the factors of uneven population distribution in South America, Specially in Brazil.
• describe the economic activities of South American people.

People

South America is inhabited by American Indians (Red Indians), Europeans and Negroes.
The Red Indians are original inhabitants of the continent. Mayas, Incas and Aztecs are
the ancient tribes. They are economically backward. Some of them live in the forests of
the Amazon Basin and Andes Mountain. They still practise food gatherings, hunting and
fishing. South America is, now, settled by the people migrated from Spain and Portugal.
They came from Europe after 1500 AD. Spanish and Portuguese attacked South America
and destroyed Incas civilization. They made South America their colony.

Population Distribution in Brazil

The population distribution is uneven in Brazil. On the basis of population distribution,
Brazil is divided into five regions. The causes of uneven population distribution in Brazil
are as follows.

Densely Populated Region

(i) Southern Coastal region
This region lies in temperate climate. It is greatly
influenced by oceanic wind. This region gets
rainfall round the year. Soil is very fertile for
different types of cultivation. Ports and harbours
are promoting trade here. Tourism industry is
well developed. Different facilities are provided
by the government. Big industries have been
established. Many people from other regions
come to settle here. These reasons have led to
high density of population in this region.

(ii) South-east Brazil
The climate is very pleasant in this region because of oceanic influence. Rainfall is
regular. Soil is favorable for coffee production. Transportation is highly developed.
More minerals are deposited and used properly. Development is going on rapidly.

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Sparsely Populated Area

(i) Amazon Basin

This region lies in tropical region where
the climate is hot and humid. The dense
tropical rainforest is not easy to clear.
Soil is not suitable for agriculture. Floods
occur frequently. National investment
from the part of government is less.
Amazon jungle is being cleared for the
Fig: Amazon Basin

construction of trans-highway through Jungle. This may affect the environment and
lifestyle of the people here.

(ii) Central Brazil
The rainfall is not regular, land is not fertile, transport and other facilities are less.
Very few minerals are found here. Sometimes long drought takes place.

(iii) North-east Brazil
This is always hot and wet but rainfalls untimely. Long famine causes food scarcity.
Birth rate is high. People do not like to live here because of difficult living and
migrate to other regions.

Economic Activities

Agriculture
Agriculture is the main occupation in northern part of South America. Pampas area of
Argentina, Brazilian highland, central Chile, eastern coast etc are the main agricultural
regions of South America. Wheat, maize, rice, potato are grown as food crops and coffee,
cocoa, cotton and sugarcane are grown as cash crops. Brazil is the first coffee producing
country in the world. Cotton produced in Brazil is also famous all over the world. Argentina
exports wheat in large quantity.

Animal rearing

Lianis, Pampas and Campos grassland of South America are
the important areas for animal rearing. Cow and sheep are
reared mostly in Gran Chaco area of Argentina. Cattle are
reared for meat and milk here. Cattle are reared commercially
in large farms called 'Estencia' and the person who looks after
cattle are known as Gauchos. Beef cattle are the main animal
rearing here. Argentina is one of the largest producers of meat
and leading exporter of beef in the world. The cattle are sent
to modern slaughter houses. Meat is frozen and packed and Llama

exported through large ship having the facilities of big refrigerators. Sheep rearing is more
common in Brazilian highland, Orinoco Basin, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Sheep
are reared for meat and wool. Llama is an animal like sheep reared by indigenous people
living in Andes mountain. Llama is reared for wool, meat and as means of transportation
for carrying loads.

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Industry
Big industries have been established in Brazil with foreign investment. Most of industries
are based on agriculture and forest. Coffee processing industries, alcohol producing from
sugarcane like Copersucar Company, cotton and woolen textile industry, food processing
etc are the main industries in Brazil. Big industries which manufacture motor, car, ship
and aeroplane are also established here. But Brazil is in debt because of political instability
and over population. Petroleum refineries, tin producing industries, steel plant, match
and furniture making industries, meat packing industries are the other noted industries
in different countries of South America.
Fishing
People those who live in coastal part are involved in fisheries. Chile and Peru are the main
fishing nations of South America.

2 Short answer questions

a. Describe population distribution of Brazil with reasons.
b. Describe in brief the economic activities of South America.
c. 'Argentina exports meat in large quantity. Explain with reason.
d. Copersucar is the tenth biggest company of Brazil run by the internal investment of

Brazil. It produces alcohol from sugarcane and uses it as fuel in motor car instead of
petrol. Mention any four advantages of such industries. Do you suggest to establish
these industries in other countries?
e. Write down the similarities and differences between Yak and Llama.

3 Long question

Insert the following. On the outline map of South America, :
Brazilian highland, Argentina, Amazon river, Llama rearing area, Gran Chaco, Peru,
Chile, Cocoa production area Lianos.

Extra Questions for More Practice

Fill up the following in the map of South America. (Use an Atlas)
a. Equator, Sao-Paulo, Folkland, Island, Patagonia desert, Titicaca Lake, Amazon
forest, Rio-De Jane Rio, Andes Mountain Range, Cape Horn,
b. Tropic of Capricorn, Salvador, Pacific Ocean, Atacama desert, Cotapaxi, Buenos
Aires, Brasilia, Parana river, Galapagos- Island.
c. Caribbean Sea, Thanos, Main Oil production area, Gulf of penas, Paraguay,
Campos, South Atlantic Ocean, Lima, Ecuador
d. Quito, Uruguay river, Trinidad island, Gulf of Panama, Venezuela, Bogota,
Lake Popo, Amazon highway, Wheat production area.

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Lesson Africa
Physical Features
13

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• describe location and physical features of Africa

General

Africa is the world's second largest continent. It has an area of approximately 30,300,000
sq km. It extends from 37°21' N to 34°52' S latitude and 51°23' E to 7°33' W longitude.
It is the only continent to have both the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn passing
through it and almost with the same distance north and south of the equator.

Physical Features

Africa has diverse landscape as described briefly below:

Mountains
South Africa has mountain range in
the north-west and south-east. These
mountains are not so high. There is the
Atlas Mountain and Cape range in the
north. Both are young fold mountains like
the Himalayas. Drakensberg Mountain is
in southern tip of Africa.

The Great desert
Sahara, which covers almost all of North
Africa, Kalahari and Namib are the great
deserts of Africa.

Plateaus
Africa is itself a continent. Most parts of
it consist a number of plateaus which
are not eroded by any external agents.
Sahara plateau, Deccan plateau, plateau
of Sudan etc are the main plateaus of
Africa. Because of more plateaus, Africa is
known as a plateau of plateaus.

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Great Rift Valley

Rift valley is the narrow land form sinking between two faults.
In eastern Africa, a rift valley extends from Lake Malawee in
the south to Red Sea in the north. This valley is about 700 km
long and 3000 meters deep.

River valley

Nile river valley made by Nile river in the north east and Fig: Rift Valley

Congo Basin made by Zaire (Congo) river in the mid part of Africa are the major river

valleys here.

Volcanic Mountains

In the eastern part of Africa, there are few volcanic mountains. These are made by volcanic
eruption and the deposition of lava. Mt. Kilimanjaro, the highest peak of Africa, is a
volcanic mountain. Its height is 5895m and is covered with snow.

Rivers and Lakes

Many big rivers flow in Africa. The Nile, the

Zaire (Congo), the Niger and the Zambezi are

four major rivers of Africa. The Nile River is the

longest river of the world, where the Egyptian

civilization was developed in the past. River

Kagera is the main source of Nile. Blue Nile and

White Nile are tributaries of Nile River. Victoria

Falls made by Zambezi is world famous and one

of the largest waterfalls of Africa. Fig: Congo River

Chad, Victoria, Alberta, Edward, Tanganyika, Rudolf and Nyasa are the main and great

lakes of Africa.

1 Short answer questions

a. Describe the physical features of Africa briefly.
b. 'Africa has heterogeneous landscape.' Explain.
c. Why is Africa called a plateau of plateaus? Give reasons.

2 Long question

Fill up the following in outline maps of Africa.
Atlas Mountain, Rift Valley, Red Sea, Chad, Namib desert, Tropic of Cancer, Congo
River, Victoria Falls and Mt. Kilimanjaro.

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Lesson Africa :

14 Human Resource and Economic Activities

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• describe the causes of less development of Africa and its economic activities

Africa is the continent of having more than 800 black tribal groups. They had established

their kingdoms about 500 years ago. North and east Africa were occupied by Arabian

people. Trade had

flourished in north

and east of Africa. The

European came here

for trade and research

after 1650 A.D.

Gradually, they

invaded and ruled

over Africa. European Fig : African Race

started to divide and rule policy in Africa. They also divided Africa in small states and

ruled for eighty years. Many countries became independent but sowed the seed of civil

war among different racial groups which is still continue in some of the countries. Military

rule began time and again in most of the countries of this continent. Now, spread of HIV/

AIDS is a great challenge in most of the African countries. Many youths and active people

have already died. So, the countries are facing great problem of human resource. Similarly,

governments look after the orphan children and the

old ones instead of expending the budget in

development work. Moreover, people are suffering

from poverty, illiteracy, diseases, famine, civil war

and many more problems in most of the countries of

Africa. So, African countries are unable to mobilize

available means and resources for the development

of their country. Therefore, African countries are A man of Somalia
lagging behind than other countries in development.

The pace of urbanization is very slow in Africa. Agriculture is the main occupation of the
people but they have subsistence type of agriculture in Africa. Animal rearing is the

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another occupation here. Unwanted grazing has increased. Due to over grazing, most of
the areas are getting barren and infertile. So, there is scarcity of food causing a great
problem of hunger in most of the African countries.

In some of the places commercial
agriculture is practised. Various big
estates have been established to
grow banana, coffee, cocoa, cysul
(jute like plants) in large quantity.
Such estates have been established
in Kenya, Tanzania, Lesotho, South
Africa, etc. These estates are being
run by government, big companies
and rich people. There are good
facilities of food, water, shelter for
workers in the estate.

Africa is very rich in wild

animals. Savanna region of

Africa is called zoo of the world.

Many kinds of both carnivorous

and herbivorous animals like-

monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas,

hippopotamuses, crocodiles,

zebras, elephants, giraffes, lions,

leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, desert

foxes etc are found in Africa. To

protect illegal hunting of the

wildlife, many wildlife reserves

and national parks have been

established. Kenya has more than

40 such national parks. Hunting animal is strictly prohibited. Many tourists all over

the world visit the Savanna region. Tourists enjoy jungle safari by mini bus. So, these

countries earn a lot of foreign currency. But these countries have got many problems in

tourism industries. The major solutions are:

a. Tourists want to watch wild animals closely. So, there should be the provision
of close view of animals without disturbing them.

b. Adequate food, sufficient drinking water and transportation facility should be
provided to tourists.

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c. Peaceful environment, sufficient grazing field, good natural environment
should be managed for wild animals.

d. There should be enough pasture land for domestic animals, enough water and
cultivable land for local people.

e. To control poaching of horns, tusks, skin etc, there should be skilled and well
trained security guards.

1 Short answer questions

a. 'Africa is lagging behind in development'. Explain with reasons.
b. Describe the economic activities of Africa.
c. The following picture is Cairo city, a capital of Egypt, located in bank of Nile

river. It lies in desert where occurs very less rainfall. What are the reasons of
being so big city there? Write down the basses.
d. Write an account on commercial farming of Africa.
e. Famine, civil war, HIV/AIDS, illiteracy, drought and poverty are like the identity
of Africa. These things represent Africa negatively but these are bitter truth.
What should be done to make developed, beautiful, peace and economically
strong Africa against of this saying. List any four important activities to be
done in Africa.

2 Long question

Fill up the following in the map of Africa.

Drakensberg, Kenya, Savanna region, Madagascar, Niger river, lake Tanganyika,
Sahara desert, Sudan plateau, Cameroon.

Extra Questions for More Practice

Fill up the following in the map of Africa
a. Cape town, Equator, Victoria lake, Mediterranean sea, Kalahari desert, Cairo,

Cannary island, Zambazi river, Sahel region.
b. Congo Basin, Kinshasa, Atlantic ocean, River Zaire, Tropic of Capricorn, Suez

Canal, Orange river, Dakar, Dymond production area.
c. Pigmy settlement area, petroleum production area, Gulf of Guinea, Senegal

river, Tripoli, Johannesburg, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediteranean vegetation,
Gold mine and Malawee lake.

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Lesson Natural Disaster
(Earthquake and Tsunami)
15

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell the cause and affects of earthquake and Tsunami
• save them during earthquake and Tsunami and ready to help to other during earthquake
and Tsunami.

The devastating activities caused by natural process which may take the life and damage
the property is called natural disaster. These disasters are more dangerous and does not
leave anyone. Flood, landslide, avalanche drought hailstone, lightning, fire, volcanic
eruption, earthquake, Tsunami, deluge, storm, glacier explosion, hurricane etc. are
common natural disaster in the world. Among them two natural disasters, earthquake
and Tsunami have discussed in this lesson.

Earthquake
Any sudden movement of a portion of the earth's crust due to natural cause, which
produces a shaking or trembling of the earth vertical and horizontal is known as an
earthquake. The up and down vibration of the earth's surface is called vertical quake and
left and right movement of the earth is called horizontal quake.
The sudden shock sets up vibrations in the earth and
they take the form of waves within the earth. The place
inside the earth where these vibrations originate is
called hypocenter and the point on the earth's surface
which vertically above the hypocenter is the epicenter.

The waves extended
during earthquake
are called seismic
waves. These waves, intensity, origin and magnitudes
of an earthquake are recorded in an instrument called
seismograph. This consists of a pendulum at the end of
which a pen is fixed. The pen touches and marks zigzag
lines in a paper rolled over a cylinder in the event of an
earthquake. Several seismographs are kept in different
directions to record the directions, length and intensity
of earthquake. The magnitude or intensity released
during an earthquake is measured in Richter scale. This
is a device made by Charles F. Richter in 1935 AD. More
than 6 Richter scale earthquake is more destructive.

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Causes of Earthquake
a. The chief cause of earthquake is the sudden slipping of the earth's crust causing
fractures or faults. The movement of the molten rocks underneath the surface
produces vibration on the surface of the earth.
b. The sudden shifting of continental plates cause vibration or waves into the
surrounding part of the earth.
c. Another cause of earthquake is volcanic activity. During volcanic eruption, the
molten magma comes out which gives vibration on the earth. Earthquake is
often common in most volcanic areas.
d. Expansion and contraction of gaseous stage inside the earth also cause
earthquakes.
e. Minor causes of earthquake are sudden landslide, fall of construction work,
atomic explosion etc.

Effect of Earthquake
Earthquakes are the most terrifying of all natural phenomena because it causes great loss
of life and property. The greatest danger in an earthquake is the falling of house. It destroys
bridges, big building, schools, colleges, industries etc and takes the lives of many people. Fire
may cause in cities. People die of hunger and starvation and epidemics of disease may
spread. Similarly, earthquake may cause changes in the earth's surface. Vibration often
causes landslide in mountainous regions. It can cause rising and submerging of the land
as well it can cause faults on the earth's surface. The great danger of earthquake in coastal
region is Tsunamis.
Safety Measures
Natural disaster occurs suddenly. Earthquake also comes without the knowledge of
people. Therefore, the people should adopt a high level of alertness and have to manage
the following safety measures.

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Before Earthquake
(a) Have a disaster plan. Know whether you're at risk for danger or not.
(b) Practise safety drill of drop, cover
and hold. Where drop means to drop
down in the floor, get down on your
hands and knees make your body as
small as possible, cover refers to get
under table, desk, cupboard in order
to protect your head, neck and spinal cord from the falling objects and hold
means to hold on to the sturdy cover firmly so that it does not slide or move
during shaking and stay calm.
(c) Prepare disaster supplies Kit (Jhatpat Jhola) for your home. Include a first
aid kit, fast food like noodles, biscuit or canned food, bottled water, battery–
operated radio, flash or tourch light, protecting clothing, important documents
etc in the bag.

During earthquake
(a) Hide yourself under a table, desk, window or door considering the ceiling or
roof of the house during an earthquake.
(b) Stay away from the objects which may fall on you.
(c) Stay away from trees, buildings, electric wires and poles if you are outdoors.
(d) Turn off the electric switches and gas.
(e) Stay calm without running here and there.
(f) Listen to radio or news.

After earthquake
(a) Report to the government, police, non-governmental organizations to provide
relief and rescue.
(b) After an earthquake, go quietly to an open space and provide help to other if
necessary.
(c) When re-entering homes, use extreme caution. Check for gas leaks, open
windows and door, check electricity and arrange the things in proper place.

Earthquake and Nepal

Nepal is as disaster prone country. Floods, landslides, epidemics and fire cause considerable
loss of life and property in Nepal every year. Earthquake, on the other hand are not so
frequent but has the potential for causing the greatest damage. Not many people in Nepal
realize that Nepal is among the high countries in terms of earthquake occurrences. Nepal
is a seismic prone country and the risk it faces from earthquakes are very high. Unplanned
urbanization, high population, narrow road, no earthquake resisting buildings, lack of
awareness or education related to earthquake are the major causes of great loss of life
and property in Nepal.
There is a long history of earthquake in Nepal. The Great Himalayas, Mahabharat range
and Chure range were formed due to great tectonic forces. But the historical record of
earthquake is found from 1255 A.D. (1312 BS). According to historical record and verbal

JBD Social Studies Book 10 205

saying, Nepal has faced great earthquake nearly in eighty years. The great earthquake of
8.3 Richter scale magnitude striked Nepal on Magh 2, 1990 BS (1934 A.D.) It caused
considerable damage to buildings along with great loss of life. The another earthquake

occurred in Nepal on Bhadra 5th 2045 BS (1988 A.D.), which hit
greatly in eastern Nepal. A massive earthquake called Gorkha
earthquake of 7.6 magnitude struck Nepal on Saturday, Baisakh
12th, 2072 BS (25th April, 2015 A.D.). It took the life of nearly
9,000 people, 22000 people injure and nearly four lakh houses
were damaged. It also destroyed many historical and religious
places of 14 districts of Nepal. More than 400 after-shocks were
taken place for a year after this destructive earthquake.

Nepal sits across the boundary between Indian and Tibetean
plate which are still moving towards each other by two meters per century. This
movement creates pressure within the earth, which builds of and can only be released
through earthquakes. This is the only main cause that earthquake can happen in Nepal.
So we should be in alert position. Earthquake doesn't kills us, but our infrastructure
will kill. Therefore, we should make earthquake resisting infrastructure to save us from
earthquakes.

Tsunami

Tsunami is a Japanese word which is meant a harbour waves or seismic sea waves. It
is defined as a series of ocean waves with very long wave lengths caused by large-scale
earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption and meteorite impacts. Tsunami can have wave
lengths ranging from 10-500km and wave periods of upto an hour. It travels at around
200m/s or more than 700km/h. So, tsunami is more destructive. It swifts the human
settlements, destroy the houses, bridges and other infrastructures. Similarly, it takes the
life of people. A great Tsunami was occurred at Sumatra island of Indonesia in 2004.
It has affected whole Indian ocean. Nearly four lakhs people were killed due to that
tsunami. Another great tsunami was generated in Pacific ocean in 2010. It caused the
great destruction in Japan.

Tsunami: cause and effect

Tsunami are generated by any large impulsive displacement of the sea level. The most
common cause of the tsunami is sea floor uplift associated with an earthquake. Tsunamis
are also triggered by landslide into or under the water surface and can be generated by
volcanic activity and meteorite impacts.

Effects

Following are the effects of Tsunami
(a) It causes the great loss of life and property near the seal ocean.
(b) Tsunami caused flood and waves in towns and swift away the physical
structures.

206 JBD Social Studies Book 10

(c) It causes the economic crisis, hunger, theft and other problems as well as
epidemic spreads.

(d) It brings the changes on the landscape and may cause underwater landslide.

Safety measures

Anytime and anywhere natural disaster may occur. But Tsunami only occurs on the sea
and affects the areas or cities near the seashore. Therefore, the people near the coastline
should be in high alert and should adopt appropritate safety measures. Following are
some of the tips to be remain safe from tsunami.

(a) Plan an evacuation or empty route.
(b) Stay alert for tsunami warnings
(c) During tsunami, never stay in coastal area to watch it.
(d) Go in elevated area and listen radio.
(e) Do not return to an affected area until authorities say it is safe because tsunami

is a series of wave.

1 Short answer questions

a. What is seismograph? How does it work? Explain with figure.
b. Define earthquake and describe its causes.
c. List various safety measures against earthquake.
d. What is Tsunami? How is it occurred? Mention its safety measures.
e. How do you protect yourself if an earthquake occurs while you are studying

at school?

2 Long answer question

Complete the following table with the causes and effects of earthquake and tsunami

as given below.

Causes of Effects of Causes of tsunami Effects of tsunami
earthquake earthquake

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Lesson Map Study

16

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• draw a map of Nepal and locate different places by using proper symbols

Map is a real representation of any or whole parts of an object or earth. It is the presentation
of geographical facts. Map is essential for the presentation of geographical information
and statistics in the present days. Everyone should have the skill of map drawing and
reading. The skill of drawing map is called cartography. Heading of map, North direction,
use of appropriate symbols, scale are basic things of map. A map cannot complete without
these things. The scale should be fixed in ratio of paper size and real size of the map on
ground. International sign/symbol should be used on the map. These signs or symbols
are called conventional signs. These signs/ symbols help to find the facts in the map.
Following are some of the common symbols and colour used in the map.

Symbols

Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
Mountain peaks Temple

Mountain range Church
/ Capital city Gumba/Stupa
Airport
City/town

Road Wheat field
River International border

grassland water fall

Forest national boundary
Industry distribution pattern

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Lake North direction

National park School
Bridge University

Pass Rail way

Ropeway/cable car

Colours Sse for
Green : forest, grassland, woodland
Blue : water, canals, sea, lake, rivers, coastline
Brown : land features, rock, sand, eroded areas
Black : road, railway, building, bridge, telephone line etc.
Pink : international boundary
Red : national roads/main roads

Technique of Drawing Map of Nepal

Draw a rectangle MNOP. Make MN=OP =20cm and MP = ON = 10cm. Make XY measuring
10cm from M to N and O to P and join XY making a vertical line with dotted line. Measure
3cm from M along MN and mark A. Similarly, measure 3cm from M along MP and mark
B. Again measure 3cm from O along OP and mark C. In the same way, measure 3cm from
O along ON and mark D. Now join AB, CD, AD and BC as shown on the figure.

MA X N

B
D

P
Y CO

Map

JBD Social Studies Book 10 209

Note: Lots of practice is needed for a nice drawing.
Useful tips while locating the facts on the map
- Use proper symbol.
- Fill up inside the map. Avoid writing name outside the map giving arrow.
- Give the heading of map such as physical map of Nepal, Road networking map,

political map etc.
- Give direction and scale.
Example

1 Long answer questions

a. Draw an outline map of Nepal by using appropriate sign and symbols and
insert the following facts in it;

Saipal Himal, Nepalgunj, Muktinath, Kamala river, Tea production area,
Araniko Highway.

b. Draw a map of Nepal in the rectangle of 20 cm × 12 cm and fill up the
following items:

Kanchanjunga, coffee production area, Rara lake, Mahakali river, Ilam, Prithvi
highway

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Extra Questions for More Practice
Draw separate maps of Nepal and fill up the following:

 Cities: Mahendranagar, Dhangadhi, Darchula, Birendranagar, Nepalgunj,
Manma, Gamgadhi, Dang, Ghorahi, Baglung, Kusma, Beni, Pokhara,
Kapilbastu, Butwal, Bhairahawa, Palpa, Gorkha, Bidur, Chame, Birgunj,
Hetauda, Kathmandu, Patan, Bhaktapur, Biratnagar, Kakarbhitta, Ilam,
Dharan, Dhankuta, Narayanghat, Namchebazar, Phidim.

 Lakes and rivers: Ghodaghodi, Bhulbule, Rara, Phoksundo, Phewa, Begnas,
Rupa, Chhorolpa, Bishajari, Ranipokhari, Mahakali river, Karnali river, Bheri,
Rapti, Budigandaki, Seti, Trishuli, Marsyandi, Modi, Kaligandaki, Kamala,
Bagmati, Likhu, Tamor, Arun, Narayani, Koshi, Mechi

 Mountain peaks and highway: Api, Saipal, Kanjirowa, Changla, Dhaulagiri,
Annapurna, Machhapuchhre, Ganesh, Manaslu, Pumori, Dorje Lakpa, Lhotse,
Makalu, Sagarmatha, Kanchanjunga, Araniko highway, Prithvi highway,
Tribhuwan highway, East-west (Mahendra) highway, B.P. Koirala highway,
Ganeshman Singh highway, Bhimdtta Panta highway, Pasang Lhamu highway,
K.I Singh Marga, Balabhadra highway, Puspalal highway, Bhupiserchan
highway

 National parks and other tourist centers: Makalu Barun National Park, Langtang
National Park, Sagarmatha National Park, Kanchanjungha Conservation Area,
Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Annapurna Conservation Area, Chitwan National
Park, Rara National Park, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Shivapuri National
Park, Phoksundo National Park, Bardia National Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife
Reserve.

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Lesson Techniques of Drawing Map

17

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• Say the traditional and modern techniques of map drawing

Map is very important tool of a geographer or other person. It is one of the visual aids
to learn about places. It gives at a glance a good amount of accurate information in
the limited space available on a piece of paper. Maps, like the printed word, are an
essential part of the modern communication. Our thoughts are no more confined only to
our immediate surroundings. Today, our range of interest includes the entire globe and
universe. Therefore, map should be correct and accurate. Different techniques have used
while drawing the map. Some of such techniques are discussed below.

Traditional/Common techniques
(i) Free hand method: A map is drawn with or without looking the real map
in this method. It needs more practice to draw the exact map.
(ii) Tracing method: A tube light is fixed on glass framed table. The main map
is kept in inner part of the table and map size blank paper is kept in upper
part of the table when the tube light is turn on the map is printed in the blank
paper with the help of light in this method.
(iii) Photocopy method: A photocopy machine is used to print other one or
more maps in this method.
(iv) Use of carbon paper: A ready made map is drawn in another paper with
the help of carbon paper.
(v) Oscillating Heat Pipe (OHP): Light is reflected on the map made in
transparent plastic paper through OHP machine. The map is seen on the wall
and it is drawn there with the help of pencil.
(vi) Stencil method: A map is created on to a stencil paper by forcing the ink
through stencil (letho) machine.
(vii) Square method: Different squares of same size are drawn in blank sheet
of paper and on the map. A map is drawn on the blank sheet by observing the
exact borders of the map in the same square.

(viii) Template method: A map is cut in different pieces and a frame or block is
made from these pieces in this method. A blank sheet is kept over the from or
block and marked over the paper as the real one.

212 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Modern Techniques

(a) Geographical Information system (GIS)

GIS is a computer based tool that
analyzes, stores, manipulates
and visualizes geographic
information on a map. It lets
you query or analyze a database
and receive the results in the
form of some kind of map. GIS
has many uses. It is used for
weather forecasting, population
forecasting and land use
planning. In a GIS, geographic
information is described
explicitly in terms of geographic
coordinates such as latitude,
longitude or some other national grid or also implicitly in terms of a street address,
postal code, etc. GIS contains the ability to translate implicit geographic data into a
explicit map location. This process of converting data in map form images is called
geo coding.

(b) Global positioning system (GPS)

It is a satellite based
navigation system
made up to a network
of 24 satellites placed
into orbit. GPS was
originally intended for
military applications,
by USA in 1982s, the
US government made
the system available
for civilian use. GPS
works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.

GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal
information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use trilateration to
calculate the user's exact location. GPS provides the information of latitude, longitude
and altitude of a place. It makes easier to draw the map. The other information such
as speed, bearing, track, trip, distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset
time and more can be gathered through GPS.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 213

(c) Google Earth

It is a virtual globe map and geographical
information program which give us
the information round the earth. It is a
computer software from which we can
find the geographical information in our
computer or in smart phone. It helps to
find local business, street view, roadmap,
and driving direction. It is a desktop web

making service developed by Google.

2 Short answer question

a. Differentiate between traditional technique and modern technique of map
drawing.

b. Draw a map of your school ground by using the scale 1 cm is equal to 10 m.

c. Draw a sketch map from your home to school and show all the details on it.

d. Mention the importance of Geographical Information System (GIS) technique
in short.

e. Draw a map of Nepal and divide it into seven provinces.

3 Long answer question

a. Draw a full page map of Nepal and insert the following facts by using the
appropriate symbols:

(i) Lomangthang (ii) Talcha airport

(iii) Mid-hill highway (iv) Yokapahad

(v) Kankai river

b. Draw an outline map of Nepal and insert the following places in it.

(i) Mt. Api (ii) Coffee production area

(iii) an area of iron ore (iv) Banke National Park

(v) Bishajari lake

214 JBD Social Studies Book 10

7UNIT

HISTORICAL STUDIES

� Revolution of 2007 and Delhi Agreement
� Political Events Between 2007 to 2017 BS
� Social, Economic and Administrative Achievements from 2007 to

2017 B.S.
� Political Events From 2017 BS to 2035 BS.
� Major Political Events from 2036 BS to 2046 BS
� Causes of Rise and Down fall of Panchayat System
� Political Events from 2046 to 2062 B.S,
� Political Events from 2063 Onwards
� Socio–economic Achievements After Mass Movement II
� Causes of the First World War
� Consequences of First World War
� Causes and Main Events of the Second World War
� Consequences of the Second World War
� Search, Identification, Protection and Promotion of Historical Places

JBD Social Studies Book 10 215

Lesson Revolution of 2007 and Delhi
Agreement
1

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

• describe the armed revolution of 2007 to end the Rana rule
• say about the Delhi Agreement

The Causes of the Revolution of 2007 BS.

A tyrannical Rana family rule was started in 1903 B.S. with the bloodshed of courtiers
at the courtyard of palace. Commonly known as Court Massacre (Kot Parva). This family
and autocratic rule lasted for 104 years. They ran dictatorial rule and kept Nepalese
society completely in darkness. There was no freedom to the people. All economic and
administrative sources were under the control of Ranas. Therefore, people fought for
freedom. The Rana rule was not ended itself. Some causes are discussed below.

a. Second World War and Independence Movement in the World
The Second World War ended in 1945 AD. With the end of the Second World War,
independence movement spread worldwide against colonialism and imperialism.
Some countries of Asia got independence from British rule. Many Nepalese soldiers
participated in the Second World War. They became politically aware and formed
different organizations to fight against Rana rule.

Suppression policy and Establishment of political
injustice of Rana parties and their revolution

Poverty and Causes of the Revolution of Internal conflict
Unemployment 2007 of Ranas

Second World War and Political awareness in
impact of democracy People



Nepalese students who were studying in India took part in the Indian war of

Independence. Some of them were imprisoned in India, along with Indian freedom

fighters. India became free from British rule in 1947 AD. Nepalese students were

released from jail and returned to Nepal and fought against Ranarchy.

216 JBD Social Studies Book 10

b. Internal conflict of Ranas:
Chandra Shumsher had divided the Ranas into A, B and C groups. There was no
unity among all these three groups. 'C' class Ranas were excluded from the role of
succession and they supported people to end the Rana rule.

c. Establishment of social and political organizations and political awareness
in people.
Some concious people were against the Rana rule from its invent. But the single
effort was not enough to end the Rana regime. Therefore, people thought to unite
against the Rana rule. As a result, Prachanda Gorkha, the first informal political
organization was established in 1988 B.S. to fight against autocracy. But all of its
members were arrested in its first step and could not move ahead. Similarly, the
formal political party, Praja Parishad was established most secretly on 20 Jestha,
1993 B.S. under the chairmanship of Tanka Prasad Acharya. Meanwhile, other
political and social movement such as Charkha Movement, Library Parva, Makai
Parva, Jayatu Sanskritam Movement, establishment of Nepal. National Congress
(2003) and Nepal Communist Party (2006) brought the political awareness and
anti-Rana feeling in people.

d. Poverty and unemployment
Before Rana rule, Nepal was an economically strong country. Agriculture and trade
were the main sources of income and employment. But, during Rana rule all the
income sources, forest and fertile land were centralized under the Rana family and
handful elites. High official posts of government were reserved only for Ranas. This
created financial inequality between the general people and Ranas. People were
suffering from poverty and unemployment and on the other hand, Ranas and their
relatives were enjoying luxurious life. The citizens were compelled to pay high tax.
The intolerable economic inequality forced people to unite for the revolution.

e. Suppression policy and injustice of Ranas
People were deprived of all kinds of rights but Ranas were enjoying unlimited power
and rights. All the economic resources and administrative power were under the
controll of Ranas. Meanwhile, the wave of freedom and democracy for changes
spread rapidly in the world. But the Rana rulers did not change their policy.
Instead they run dictatorial rule and suppressed the freedom fighters. Due to this, a
Liberation Army has built for right and justice which started the revolution against
Rana rule in 2007 BS.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 217

Major Events

As Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Sukraraj Shastri, Gangalal Shrestha and Dasharath Chand,

had been killed by the Rana administration, the anti Rana movement reached a climax.
Praja Parishad disseminated pamphlets and aroused anti-Rana sentiment. King Tribhuvan

escaped from the palace along with his family members and took shelter in Indian Embassy

and went to India. At the same time, Liberation Army captured eastern hilly region.

Biratnagar and Palpa also came under the control of Liberation Army. The Liberation

Army captured Ilam, Diktel, Tehrathum, Okhaldhunga, Rangeli, Malangawa, Birgunj, Parasi

and many other places of eastern Nepal. Similarly, western areas like Pokhara, Gulmi,

Taulihawa, Syangja, Baglung, Dang, Koilabas, Pyuthan, Dadeldhura, Surkhet, Dailekh,

Baitadi, etc. were captured by

Liberation Army with light war or

without any war. In this way, the

Liberation Army, by surprise,

captured many places in Terai and

eastern hills and set up People's Mohan Shumsher King Tribhuvan Dr. K.I. Singh
Government in many places.

People's demonstration took place in different parts of the country. People chanted

different slogans and came to the street against Rana rule in different

parts of the country including Kathmandu. Many demonstrators

were arrested and Rana ruler Mohan Shumsher tried to suppress

the revolution but he failed. The Indian government had its full

support to this revolution. B.P. Koirala, Matrika Prasad Koirala,

Ganesh Man Singh, Puspalal Shrestha, Dr. Kunwar Indrajit Singh (Dr.

K. I. Singh) etc were the revolutionary leaders in anti Rana movement Tanka Prasad Acharya

of 2007. Dr. K.I. Singh was leading the Liberation Army in western

front. At last, an agreement was signed in Delhi which ended the Rana rule in Nepal.

Delhi Agreement and End of Rana Rule

Finally, Mohan Shumsher requested the Indian government to arrange negotiation for
the solution. Consequently, a tripartite agreement was signed among the Ranas, King
Tribhuvan and Nepali Congress, in the initiative of Indian government on Feb 12, 1951
AD (1st Falgun 2007). It is called 'The Delhi Accord' or 'the Delhi Agreement' or 'Tripartite
Agreement', which ended 104 year's long Rana rule. According to this agreement, king

218 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Tribhuvan returned by air to Nepal and made a Royal Proclamation on 7th Falgun 2007
BS. The provisions of the agreement announced in Royal Proclamation were -

a. "An elected Constituent Assembly shall be formed to draft a democratic
constitution within 2 years.

b. A ten member council of ministers shall be formed under the Premiership of
Mohan Shumsher. In the ten member cabinet, there shall be 5 members from
Nepali Congress and 5 members from Ranas.

c. All the political prisoners shall be set free except those who were accused of
criminal charge.

d. King Tribhuvan shall remain the legitimate king of Nepal.

e. Agitators have to hand over their weapons to the government and stop the
movement."

With the joint efforts of the king and people, democracy dawned in Nepal on 7th Falgun
2007 BS and Nepali Congress stopped the movement. But one of the commanders of
Liberation Army, Dr. K.I. Singh disagreed with the agreement and denied to hand over the
weapons to the government. Mainly, his disagreement was in number of cabinet members.
Many Nepalese had sacrificed their lives to end the Rana rule but in his argument the equal
sharing of power had minimized the revolution. Therefore, he continued his movement
against the government. But the government suppressed his mission, then he escaped to
Tibet.

Ten Ministerial Cabinet after the end of Rana Rule

S.N. From Ranas S.N. From Nepali Congress

1. Mohan Shumsher (Prime Minister) 1. B. P. Koirala (Home Minister)

2. Babar Shuamsher (Defence 2. Shubarna Shumsher (Finance

Minister) Minister)

3. Chudaraj Rana (Forest Minister) 3. Ganeshman Singh (Minister of
Industry and Trade)

4. Nirpajung Rana (Education 4. Bhadrakali Mishra (Minister of

Minister) Transport)

5. Yagya Bahadur Basnet (Minister of 5. Bharatmani Sharma (Agriculture

Health) and Food Minister)

JBD Social Studies Book 10 219

1 Very short answer questions

a. If you were the member of political party in 2007, why would you admit in
Liberation Army?

b. Mention any one cause of the end of Rana rule.
c. Name the parties which singed in Delhi Agreement.
d. Who was Dr. K.I. Singh? Why did he oppose the Delhi Agreement?
e. Write down any one provision of Delhi Agreement.

2 Short answer questions

a. Why was Rana rule called a tyrannical and cruel rule? Explain.
b. Describe the causes of the revolution of 2007 B.S.
c. What is meant by Delhi Agreement? Mention its main provisions.
d. Describe the major events of the revolution of 2007 BS.
e. Write down the consequences of the revolution of 2007 BS in points.

3 Long question

Make a conversation between two friends highlighting the causes and consequences
of the revolution of 2007 BS.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Evaluate the role of King Tribhuvan in establishing democracy.
b. One of the provisions of Delhi Agreement was to make the constitution through

elected Constituent Assembly. But the election of Constituent Assembly could not
held for the long time. Why?
c. The meditative role of India is said that the political interference in Nepal now-a-
days. What do you say in Delhi agreement of that time? Was it good or bad? Give
your logic.
d. The Revolution of 2007 ended cruel rule of Rana but also gave the birth to another
autocratic rule. How far you agree with this statement? Give your opinion in for or
against of it.

220 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson Political Events Between
2007 to 2017 BS
2

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to
• describe the major political events between 2007 to 2017 BS.

The Royal announcement of 7th Falgun 2007 BS ended the Rana
rule. Some people were not satisfied, which created political
instability between 2007 BS and 2017 BS. There was no political
maturity in political parties and political leaders. Khukuri Dal, a
political party of that time, revolted against the government. On
the other, the Ranas wanted to regain their lost power. Meanwhile,
Chiniya Kaji Shrestha, a leader of students was killed in 2008,
which caused change of government. The following were the main Fig: Chiniya Kaji Shrestha
political events between 2007 - 2017 B.S.

A. Promulgation of Interim Constitution and Withdrawal of Nepali

Congrass from the Cabinet

The coalition government of Nepali Congress and Ranas passed the Interim
Constitution on 17th Chaitra 2007 BS. According to the constitution, people got some
fundamental rights. This made the provision of bicameral legislature and policies
and principles of the state. But there was conflict and misunderstanding among
the ministers of Nepali Congress and Ranas in smooth running of administration
and in proper implementation of constitution. Therefore, Nepali Congress realized
that the Ranas would not bring suitable political conditions into practice according
to the spirit of constitution until Mohan Shumsher was in power. Thus, all the
ministers of Nepali Congress resigned from the cabinet.
The government of Mohan Shumsher was dissolved on
25th Kartik 2008 BS.

B. Government of Nepali Congress

After the resignation of Mohan Shumsher, king Tribhuvan

appointed Matrika Prasad Koirala as the Prime Minister

of Nepal. This was fourteen ministerial cabinet and the

following responsibilities were given to that cabinet. Fig : Matrika Prasad Koirala

JBD Social Studies Book 10 221

a. To establish independent judiciary
b. To conduct the election of Constituent Assembly within two years
c. To ensure the civil and fundamental rights of people.
d. To run Public Service Commission effectively

C. United Democratic Front and Demand of all Party Government

B.P. Koirala was not included in the cabinet of Matrika Prasad Koirala, which sowed
the seed of internal conflict in Nepali Congress. Meanwhile,
Nepal Praja Parishad, Communist Party of Nepal and other
different political organizations formed a united Democratic
front and demanded to form all party government. At the
same time, Dr. K.I. Singh revolted against the government of
Matrika Prasad Koirala. However, he could not get success in
his mission. Similarly, another leader of the liberation army,
Bhim Dutta Pant criticized the activities of the government Fig: Bhim Datta Pant
and started a political movement raising the voice of land
ownership, welfare and security of the people. The government declared Dr. K.I.
Singh and Bhim Dutta Pant as the terrorists. Dr. K. I. Singh escaped to Tibet but
Bhim Dutta Pant was arrested and killed in Dadeldhura. Party leaders of Nepali
Congress and people were dissatisfied with the activities of the government, which
forced to dissolve the government of Matrika Prasad Koirala.

D. Formation of Advisory Government

After the dissolution of Matrika's government, king Tribhuvan formed a five member
advisory government under his own chairmanship. This act of king Tribhuvan
also could not please the people and Indian government as well. So, this advisory
government also was dissolved and again a cabinet with five members was formed
under the premiership of Matrika Prasad Koirala on the 2nd Ashad 2010 BS.

E. 2nd government of Matrika Prasad Koirala

This government again could not establish peace, security and development in the
country. There was political conflict, internal dispute in the party and no support to
the government. Therefore, the government of Matrika Prasad Koirala was dissolved
in 2011 BS. In the same year, King Tribhuvan died in Switzerland. Mahendra became
the king of Nepal and started direct rule in Nepal, by forming an Advisory Council.

222 JBD Social Studies Book 10

F. Government of Tanka Prasad Acharya and Dr. K. I. Singh

Tanka Prasad Acharya, the president of Praja Parishad, Fig: Tanka Prasad Acharya
was appointed as the Prime Minister in 2012 BS. After six
months the government of Tanka Prasad Acharya was also
dissolved in 2013 BS. And, again king Mahendra formed
another government under the leadership of Dr. K. I. Singh
in 2014 BS. But this government also could not run for long
time. After this, king Mahendra began direct rule again.

G. Cabinet Under the Chairmanship of Shubarna Shamsher

After the dissolvment of K.I.Singh's government, King
Mahendra began direct rule again. Political parties came
against direct rule. So, the then king Mahendra formed the
government under the chairmanship of Shubarna Shumsher
on 2 Jesth, 2015 BS . The Constitution drafting committee
formed on 3rd Chaitra, 2014 gave the draft of the constitution
of the kingdom of Nepal 2015. This constitution was Fig: Shubarna Shamsher
promulgated on 1 Falgun, 2015 as a democratic constitution.
According to the constitution, General election of parliament was held on 7 Falgun,
2015. Nepali Congress got two third majority with 74 seats out of 109 election
constituencies.

H. First Elected Government of B.P. Koirala Fig: B.P. Koirala

After getting the majority in election, Nepali Congress
formed a 19 ministerial cabinet under the premiership of
Bishweswor Prasad Koirala on 13 Jestha, 2016. It was the
first elected government of Nepal. This government also
ruled only for 19 months upto 1 Poush, 2017. In this way,
the decade of 2007 to 2017 B.S. passed in the formation
and dissolvement of government.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 223

1 Very short answer questions

a. When was the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007 BS. proclaimed? Write full
date.

b. Why did all the ministers of Nepali Congress resign from the cabinet of Mohan
Shumsher?

c. What do you mean by Khukuri Dal?
d. Why was Matrika Prasad Koirala's government dissolved for the second time?

Give a reason.
e. When was Dr. K.I. Singh appointed as Prime Minister in Nepal?

2 Short answer questions

a. What responsibilities were given to the first cabinet of Matrika Prasad Koirala?
b. Copy the timeline given below and practise it.

Major Political Events between 2007 and 2010 B.S.

Events
Rana Rule ended and Democracy
was introduced
Matrika Prasad Koirala became
prime minister
2nd government of Matrika Prasad
Koirala formed
Tanka Prasad Acharya appointed the
prime minister.

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year Scale:1 cm= 1 year

c. Draw a time line showing following historical events:

i. 25th Kartik 2008- resignation of Mohan Shumsher.
ii. 19th Kartik 2013- Dr. K.I. Singh became Prime Minister.
iii. 1st Falgun, 2015- Constitution of Nepal -2015 promulgated
iv. 16th Ashad, 2016- B.P. Koirala became elected Prime Minister.

224 JBD Social Studies Book 10

d. Name the Prime Ministers of Nepal from 2007 BS to 2017 BS in chronological
order.

e. Write historical note of Dr. K.I. Singh and Bhim Dutta Panta.

3 Long question

'There was total political instability between 2007 BS and 2017 BS.' Prove this
statement with examples.

Extra Questions for More Practice
a. What do you mean by direct rule? King Mahendra began direct rule twice. Why did

King Mahendra want direct rule? Give your view.
b. Why is Tanka Prasad Acharya called a living martyr of Nepal. Discuss in class and

write the reasons.
c. What is an advisory government? What were the characteristics of advisory

government?
d. Write down the differences between general election and the election of Constituent

Assembly.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 225

Lesson Social, Economic and
Administrative Achievements
3
from 2007 to 2017 B.S.

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

• point out social achievements from 2007 to 2017 BS.
• say about the economic and administrative to reforms in Nepal from 2007-2017

With the political instability, many social, economic and administrative changes took
place during 2007 BS to 2017 BS.

Social Achievements

• Radio Nepal was established on 20th Chaitra 2007 BS.
• Paropakar Sanstha was inaugurated on 12th Ashad 2009 BS.
• Supreme court was founded in 2013 BS.
• Public Service Commission, Election Commission and Law Commission were

established.
• Tribhuvan Highway was inaugurated and started to constructed in 2013 BS.
• Nepali language was recognized as national language.
• Royal Nepal Academy was established on 9th Ashad 2014 BS.
• A social organization, Rotary club, was inaugurated on 15th Mangsir 2015 BS.
• Tribhuvan University was established in 2016 BS.
• Many schools and colleges were established and English education began for

common people.

Economic Achievements

• Budget was announced for the first time in Nepal in 2008 BS.

• First five year plan was introduced in

2013 BS. First five year plan was implemented
from 2013 BS. The estimated budget
• Nepal Rastra Bank was established for the plan was 330 million rupees.
on 14th Baisakh 2013 BS. Transportation and communication was
given first priority in this plan.
• Agriculture Development Bank was Objective:
established.

• Trade relations with Japan, UK, USA,
China, Thailand, Pakistan, Singapore - To solve the unemployment problem
by increasing the production.
etc were developed.
• Land Reform Ministry and Land - To prepare statistics for the
foundation of future development
Reform Commission were formed to
solve the land problems in 2017 BS. - To establish industries

226 JBD Social Studies Book 10

• Birta System was abolished.
• Nepal Industrial Development Corporation was formed.
• Foundation stone of Koshi Dam was laid down on 12th Baisakh 2011 BS.
• All forests of Nepal were nationalized.
• Telephone and Telegram service were started.
• The Trade and Transit treaty was signed with India.
• Gandak Agreement between Nepal and India signed on Mangsir 19, 2016 BS.

Administrative Achievements

• Different offices were established to run day to day administration.
• Parliamentary system with multiparty democracy was introduced.
• First democratic constitution was drafted in 2015 BS.
• The name of His Majesty's government was changed to the Nepal government.
• Pajani system was ended.
• First people's elected government formed under the Premiership of B.P. Koirala.
• Nepal became the member of UNO and diplomatic relationship was established with

many countries.

1 Very short answer questions

a. When was Radio Nepal established?
b. Name the first highway of Nepal.
c. Mention any one objective of first five-year plan.
d. Who was the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal? Which political party did

he belong to?
e. What do you mean by Pajani system?

2 Short answer questions
a. Mention any four social achievements in Nepal between 2007 and 2017 BS.

b. When was the first five-year plan introduced? Describe its objectives.

c. Draw a time line showing any four economic achievements during 2007-2017

BS.

d. Why are the following dates in the history of Nepal important?
i. 20th Chaitra 2007 ii. 14th Jestha 2013
iii. 15th Mangsir 2015 iv. 7th Falgun 2015

e. Make a list of administrative achievements from 2007 to 2017 BS.

3 Long question

Despite political instability, several reforms took place in the country during 2007 -
2017 BS. Explain in details.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 227

Lesson Political Events From
2017 BS to 2035 BS.
4

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to
• list the major events which were taken place in the history of Nepal during 2017 BS to
2035 BS.

Abduction of democracy and Ban on Political Parties

After the election of 2015, Nepali Congress won 74 seats out of 109 constituencies and
an elected government was formed on13th Jestha 2016 BS. There were 21 ministers. The
cabinet did many popular works. But king Mahendra did not like the popularity of B.P.
Koirala and his cabinet. He wanted to rule the country himself. So by using article 55 of
the constitution of 2015, he dismissed the elected government of B.P. Koirala, suspended
parliament and Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers on 1st Poush 2017 BS. and
banned all the political parties. This day is known as the Black Day or coup of 2017 in
the history of Nepal. King Mahendra accused political parties with the following points
while banning them:

(i) Political parties failed to maintain peace and order in the country,
(ii) National unity and the sovereignty of the country was threatened.
(iii) The government was unable to fulfill the needs of people.
(iv) The political parties emphasized their party interest rather than national interest.
(v) Corruption spread everywhere.
And, therefore, king Mahendra started partyless autocratic Panchayat system on

22nd Poush 2017BS.

Janakpur Incident Durgananda Jha
With the introduction of partyless Panchayat system, people
started to oppose the autocratic step of king Mahendra. In 2018
BS, Mahendra was travelling in eastern part of Nepal. Durgananda
Jha threw a bomb at the vehicle of king Mahendra in Janakpur
but nobody was killed. Immediately, an investigation commission
was formed, which gave the report accusing Durgananda Jha,
Arabindra Kumar Thakur and Dal Singh Thapa as responsible
persons of this incident. They were arrested. Death penalty was
given to Durgananda Jha on 25th Magh 2020 BS whereas remaining
two were given the punishment of life imprisonment. This incident
is called Janakpur incident in the history of Nepal.

228 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Jhapa Revolt and Sukhani Assassination

Anti-Panchayat activities were going on in different parts of the country. Some youths who
were motivated by the Communist ideology and Naxalite movement of India revolted
against the Panchayat government in Jhapa in 2028 BS. This incident is called Jhapa
revolt.

The Panchayat government tried to suppress the revolutionary act of Jhapa. Ramnath
Dahal, Narayan Shrestha, Krishna Kuinkel, Netra Prasad Ghimire and Biren Rajbansi were
arrested for the involvement of Jhapa revolt and on the charge of the murder of Dharma
Prasad Koirala Upadhyaya, the then member of National Panchayat (Parliament). All of
them were shot dead by government at a place of Ilam, called Sukhahi Jungle in 2029 BS.
This event is notouriously known as Sukhani Assassination.

Aeroplane Hijack and fire on Sigha Durbar

Kritinidhi Bista was the Prime Minister of Nepal in 2030 B.S. Ganeshman Singh, Girija
Prasad Koirala, Prakash Koirala and other leaders made a plan of hijacking plane.

According to plan, a plane which was made the flight from Biratnagar
to Kathmandu. Girija Prasad Koirala and other leaders were also
travelling in the plane. They forcefully landed the plane in Farbesgunj
of India on Jestha 25, 2030. They looted 30 lakhs Indian currency
from the plane. It was the first plane hijack of Nepal. In the same
year, on Ashad 25, a fire was set out in Singhadurbar. This event
destroyed most of the important documents of the government.
Kritinidhi Bista These two events forced Kritinidhi Bista to resign from his post.

Timburbote Incident

The agitation against Panchayat system increased day by day. The suppressive policy of
the government also increased at the same rate. Ram Laxman, Capt. Yaga Bahadur Thapa
and Bhim Narayan Shrestha were arrested in the Timburbote of Okhaldunga in 2033 BS.
This is called Timburbote incident. They were killed in 2035 taking out of Central Jail.

Murder of Ratna Kumar Bantawa

Rishiraj Devkota (Ajad), Jaya Govinda Shah and Ratna kumar
Bantawa were the young revolutionists having communist
ideology. They wanted to end the autocracy of Panchayat system.
They were arrested from different parts of the country and
accused of crime againt state. They were killed by Panchatyat
ruler. Ratna Kumar Bantawa was killed at the bank of Deumai
river, Ilam on Chaitra 27, 2035. After the murder of Bantawa, the
students protest reached in climax, which force the government Ratna Kunwar Bantawa
to declare referendum in 2036 BS.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 229

Amendment of the Constitution

The Panchayat government promulgated the constitution limiting the fundamental
rights of the people in 2019 BS. To continue the Panchayat system, the constitution was
amended time to time. The first amendment of the Constitution of Nepal 2019 BS was
made in 2023 BS. This amendment added the provision of 'Back to Village National
Campaign' in the constitution. The second amendment of the constitution was made in
2032 BS. This brought the slogan called 'Politics for Development' . The 'Back to Village
National Campain' was included as constitutional organ in the same amendment. The
third amendment of the Panchayat constitution was made in 2037 BS.

1 Very short answer questions

a. When did King Mahendra ban the political parties of Nepal?
b. Why is 1st Poush 2017 BS known as 'Black Day' in the history of Nepal?
c. Who was given death penalty for Janakpur incident?
d. Why was plane hijacked in 2030 B.S.? Give your view in one sentence.
e. Who was Ratna Kumar Bantawa? Why is he still remembered in Nepalese

politics?

2 Short answer questions

a. Why did King Mahendra ban political parties in 2017 BS? Give any four
reasons.

b. What is Jhapa revolt? Describe Sukhani Assassination briefly.

c. Why were people dissatisfied with Panchayat system?

d. Panchayat system was the series of assassination? Prove this statement with
facts and reasons.

e. Write the date of the following events and show in a timeline.
i. Janakpur incident ii. Jhapa revolt
iii. b incident iv. Referendum

f. Complete following table from the isssues taken by King Mahendra while
banning the political parties in 2017.

Area Blame or issues

Political parties

Economic situation

Foreign relation

Nationality

Living standard

3 Long question

Explain the political events that took place between 2017 BS and 2036 BS in the

form of a story.

230 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson Major Political Events
From 2036 BS to 2046 BS
5

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

• point out the main political events from 2036 BS- 2046 BS.
• tell the reasons and the main events of people’s movement I

Declaration of Referendum in 2036 BS

Student unions and sister organizations of different political parties had been established

earlier than 2035 BS. On 22nd of Chaitra 2035 BS, student unions made a huge rally

protesting the death sentence given to former elected Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali

Bhutto. Students were marching ahead towards the embassy of Pakistan in Kathmandu

to submit the letter of condemnation. Meanwhile, the police

charged stick and shot on students' rally. Many students

were wounded and Chiniya Kaji Shrestha was killed. Due

to this, the situation unexpectedly turned into violence.

The student organizations launched the movement

unitedly and other democratic people also supported the

movement. People came out into the streets revolting

against Panchayat government. Underground political

parties also supported the students. Huge demonstrations

were organized throughout the country. Finally, realizing Julfikar Ali Bhutto
the uneasy situation, the then king Birendra declared to

hold a referendum in the country on 10th of Jestha 2036 BS.

Referendum

A referendum is a system in which an issue of national
importance is chosen through the popular vote of eligible
citizens of the country.

The referendum was to be held on the issue whether the
people would prefer

(a) Reformed Panchayat system or

(b) Multiparty system. King Birendra

JBD Social Studies Book 10 231

It was held on 20th Baisakh 2037 BS. The result of the referendum was declared on 1st
Jestha 2037 BS. According to the result, reformed Panchayat system got victory with
54.7% and multi-party system got 45.3% of votes. Political parties and the supporters of
the multiparty system blamed the government for manipulating the result and unwillingly
accepted it.

General Election of Rastriya Panchayat Surya Bahadur Thapa

After the result of referendum, the Constitution of Nepal 2019 was
amended third time and added the provision of general election.
Political parties were not allowed to take part in this election. The
first election of Rastriya Panchayat (the then parliament) was held
in 2038 BS. Surya Bahadur Thapa became the prime minister after
this election but he lost his vote of confidence due to Piskar event
and Lokendra Bahadur Chand became Prime Minister. In 2042
second election of Rastriya Panchayat was conducted. Marich Man
Singh Shrestha became the Prime Minister after this election.

Piskar Assassination

On the first of Magh 2040, the people of Sindhupalchowk were celebrating Maghe
Sankranti and political parties were organizing a cultural programme at a place called
Piskar in Sindhupalchowk. The police surrounded them and shot dead many innocent
people. This event in the history of Nepal is called Piskar Assassination. At that time,
Surya Bahadur Thapa was the Prime Minister of Nepal.

Satyagraha of Nepali Congress and bomb blast

Satyagraha is a non-violent type of civil disobedience Ramraja Prasad Singh
movement. In 2042 BS, Nepali Congress launched Satyagraha
throughout the country. But at the same time, a political party,
Janabadi Morcha of Ramraja Prasad Singh blasted bomb in
Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar and in other cities to revolt
against Panchayat and monarchial system, which obstructed the
Satyagraha of Nepali Congress and it was withdrawn.

The Mass Movement - I

Ganeshman Singh The dissatisfaction of people with Panchayat system increased
day by day. Monopoly of Panchayat, government, corruption,
smuggling and other criminal activities increased in the
country. Poverty, unemployment, exploitation and violation
of human rights were in climax. People were suppressed in
raising their voice. Political parties were underground. But
it was necessary to get freedom from such cruel activities of
Panchayat system. To set people free from these activities,
the Nepali Congress and United Left Front (Samyukta Bam
Morcha) decided to launch people's movement against the

232 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Panchayat system from 7th Falgun 2046 BS. The following were the major causes of mas
movement-I, 2046-

(i) Undemocratic partyless Panchayat system and dissatisfaction of people.
(ii) Citizens were deprived of fundamental as well as human rights.
(iii) unemployment, exploitation, corruption, smuggling and other criminal activities

were in climax.
(iv) Development activities and people's voice were paralysed.

Main events of people's movement

Ganesh Man Singh, the leader of Nepali Congress was declared

the Supreme Commander of the mass movement 2046 BS.
United Left Front formed with many communist parties under
the leadership of Sahana Pradhan joined hands in the people's
movement. Students, teachers, professors, lawyers, doctors,
businessmen, general public, etc supported the political parties.
Indian government and other countries gave full support to
this movement. People organized rallies and demonstrated
with slogan long live democracy. 'Democracy Hai Hai Panchayat
Bye Bye' in different parts of the country. Medias and civil
Sahana Pradhan

servants played very important role in this movement to establish
democracy in Nepal. Panchayat government tried to suppress it and declared curfew in
different parts of the country including Kathmandu and Patan. But the people did not
remain silent, they came to the street. People launched Bandh as strikes, disobedience of
laws, stopped paying tax, etc in support of the movement. Many people got martyrdom
and thousands of political activists, leaders, supporters were arrested, injured and
imprisoned.

King Birendra changed prime minister time and again to pacify
the movement but people did not stop the movement, instead it
grew up in full swing on 24th Chaitra, 2046, disobeying curfew,
millions of people came in the street in Kathmandu, which
compelled the government to restore multi-party system. King
Birendra called on Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Girija Prasad
Koirala, Mrs Sahana Pradhan and Radhakrishna Mainali for
a negotiation and
reached a conclusion

on 26th Chaitra 2046 Madan Bhandari
BS. At about 11:05

PM, a message was broadcasted from Radio

Nepal and Nepal Television. It reads that 'ban

on political parties has been lifted and the word

Fig : Welcome rally of democracy in 2046 'partyless' has been deleted from the Constitution

of Nepal 2019'. The political leaders welcomed the announcement and declared the end

JBD Social Studies Book 10 233

of mass movement I. People cheered, played with colours, sung, danced and welcomed
the democracy with great joy.

1 Very short answer questions

a. Where did Piskar assassination occur?
b. What do you mean by Satyagraha?
c. When was the Mass Movement I started?
d. Write two objectives of Mass Movement I.
e. Who was the Supreme Commander of Mass Movement-I of 2046 BS?

2 Short answer questions

a. What is meant by no vote of confidence? In which condition the motion of no
vote of confidence is proposed in parliament? Write a model of editorial for a
daily newspaper.

b. What is referendum? Why was it held? Analyze the result of referendum.
c. Show the major events from 2036 to 2046 BS. in a time line.
d. Describe the achievements of Mass Movement I.
e. Give four points on the similarities of the movements of 2007 and 2046 BS.

3 Long question

Imagine that you were the witness of mass movement of 2046 BS, now write the
events in the form of a story.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Show the following result of referendum in a pie chart.
i) improved Panchayat system - 24,33,452 vote
ii) Multiparty democracy – 20,07,965 vote
iii) Invalid vote – 3, 72m 069 vote
b. Complete the following events of the history of Nepal and their dates and

show them in a timeline.

Dates Events
i. ________ Government formed under the chairmanship of

Subarna Shamsher.

ii. 7th Falgun 2015 ________________________________

iii. ________ Declaration of Panchayat System

iv. 9th Magh, 2018 ________________________________

c. Presume that you had a conversation with a person, who had involved in Mass

Movement I. Prepare a report based on your talking with him her under the

following heading.

i. Title ii. Objectives iii. Methodology

iv. Finding v. Conclusion

234 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson Causes of Rise and Downfall of
Panchayat system
6

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• point out the causes of rise of Panchayat system
• list the causes of downfall of Panchayat system

(This lesson is based on historical report prepared by a student of class ten of Shanti Secondary School,

with the help of the conversation with MR Khanal, a political analysist)

Title: Causes of Rise and Downfall of Panchayat system

Introduction
Democracy was introduced in Nepal in 2007 by overthrowing 104 years autocratic
Rana rule. Political parties and people got freedom. But the political system could
not institutionalize in a decade. People could not get their rights as expected. Many
governments were formed and dissolved, which brought political instability rather than
to solve the problems of the people. There was corruption and nepotism everywhere.
No peace and security was maintained in the country. People had lost their hope. So,
King Mahendra dismissed the elected government of B.P. Koirala, suspended parliament,
imprisoned Prime Minister and other cabinet Ministers and banned all the political parties
on Poush 1, 2017 B.S. After 21 days, he made another royal proclamation and announced
partyless. Panchayat system on Poush 22, 2017 BS, which lasted for 30 years.

Objectives
The specific objectives of this study were as follows:

(i) To find the causes for the rise of Panchayat system.
(ii) To analyze the causes of downfall of Panchayat system.

Methodology

Both primary and secondary sources of research methods have been used in this study.
Some questions were asked to Mr. Khanal related to causes and down fall of Panchayat
system while collecting the information as primary sources. Different historical books,
written books of political science, newspaper, magazines, internet and other relevant
books from library were studied as secondary sources of this study.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 235

Finding/Description

Democracy was introduced in Nepal in 2007 B.S. by ending autocratic Rana rule. Political
leaders had made a wrong agreement while ending Rana rule which gave legacy to the
absolute monarchy. The Royal institution became more powerful. Sovereignty was vested
to the king through the Interim Constitution of 2007 BS. King got absolute power and
he started to play a political game with political parties. On the another hand, political
parties became weaker and they started to be divided into different groups. There was
lack of unity among the political parties. Corruption had increased because of the misuse
of the authority. There was anarchy everywhere in the nation. So that national unity was
threatened. In order to protect the whole country from such notorious activities, Partyless
Panchayat system was founded on the idea of having a system suitable to the soil by the
then king Mahendra on 22nd Poush 2017 BS. According to M.R. Khanal, the following
were other responsible causes of the invent of Panchayat system.

i) A point of Delhi agreement to make the constitution through Constituent Assembly
was never implemented.

ii) Lack of experience and immaturity of political parties

iii) The deep interest of King Mahendra to run direct rule and ambitious nature in
politics

iv) Disunity and disintegration of political parties

v) Illiteracy and lack of political awareness in people

vi) Foreign interest and interference in Nepalese politics

vii) Increasing rate of corruption, anarchism, economic crisis, political instability, threat.

Threat in nationality and sovereignty, lack of good governance etc. were also the causes
of the announcement of Panchayat system.

After the political takeover in 2017, King Mahendra brought several progrmmes to
strengthen the party less Panchayat system. He gave constitutional recognition to
Panchayat system in 2017 B.S. Political parties began widespread opposition throughout
the country. The government also began to take very suppressive measures. Many innocent
people were killed in different parts of the country. However, the Panchayat government
had tried to bring some improvements in the country. A new legal code (Muluki Ain) was
promulgated in 2020 BS by replacing the Muluki Ain of 1910 BS. A major land reform
programme launched in 2021 BS. Construction of East West Highway, eradication of
malaria, establishment of some hydroprojects, amendment in the constitution were some
other improvements during Panchayat Era.

These changes of Panchayat government could not pacify the hunger of people towards
democracy. Civil liberties were curtailed. Press freedom was muzzled. Political Parties
were made illegal. There was widespread corruption, misuse of power, nepotism and non-
representative democracy. Therefore, people united and showed their resentment against
the authoritarian Panchayat regime in 2046 BS. Missappropriation of funds allocated

236 JBD Social Studies Book 10

for the victims of earthquake in Asoj, 2045, Souring of the India-Nepal relationship,
Indian embargo and the closure of the trade and transit points between Nepal and India,
political awareness among the people and support of India, USA, UK, Australia, Japan,
Spain, Finland and other countries for democracy, etc. were other causes of downfall of
Panchayat system.

Conclusion
Panchayat System was party less political system introduced by King Mahendra after
overthrowing the first democratically elected government and dissolving parliament in
2017 BS. There was Panchayat guided democracy in which the people could elect their
representatives, while real power remained in the hands of the monarch. There was no
real democratic practise during Panchayat period. There was curbs on the freedom of
the political parties at that time. People were not satisfied with the system so that people
agitated against Panchayat System and involved spontaneously in Mass Movement I run
by political parties in 2046 BS.

1 Very short answer question

a. When did king Mahendra ban the political parties? Write the full date.
b. King Mahendra had blamed political parties while banning them in 2017 BS.

What were such blames? Mention any two of them.
c. What is meant by anarchism?
d. For how many years did Panchayat system rule over the country?
e. If you were asked to support King Mahendra's action of 2017, what would you

do? Write your opinion in two sentences.

2 Short answer question

a. The political condition between 2007-2017 BS was full of turmoil. This up
and down political situation of that time was one of the responsible factors of
starting Panchayat system. How far do you agree with this statement? Give
your logic.

b. What is Panchayat System? Mention any six causes of starting Panchayat
System in Nepal.

c. King Mahendra had said that the Panchayat system was suitable to the soil
while the invented it. Why? Discuss in class and write.

d. What were the causes of the downfall of Panchayat System? Describe.

3 Long answer question

Suppose you met a person who was the witness of Panchayat era and asked some
questions about the achievement of Panchayat. Now, write a report based on your
study and the answer you have got.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 237

Lesson Political Events
From 2046 to 2062 B.S.
7

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• describe the major political changes from 2046 BS to 2062 BS

End of the Panchayat and Formation of Interim Government

After the success of Mass Movement-I, National Panchayat,
Panchayat Policy and Investigation Committee and all the sister
organizations of Panchayat were dissolved. This totally collapsed
Panchayat system. An interim government of 11 members was
formed under the Premiership of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai on 6th
Baisakh 2047 BS. Two major responsibilities were given to this
Fig : Krishna Prasad Bhattarai interim government. They were (a) to draft a new constitution
(b) To conduct the election of parliament.

Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal- 2047 BS

On 23rd Kartik 2047 BS, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 was promulgated.
According to this constitution, sovereign power was vested in the Nepalese people. There
was the provision of parliamentary system of government, multi-party democracy,
constitutional monarchy, human rights and adult franchise as salient features of the
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS.

General Election of Parliament, 2048 BS

According to the task given to the interim government, a
general election of parliament was held in Baishak 2048 BS.
Nepali Congress got the majority seats in this election. Girija
Prasad Koirala, the leader of Nepali Congress became the
Prime Minister and an elected government was formed under
the Premiership of G.P. Koirala. But this government could
not enjoy its full term because of internal conflict in Nepali
Fig : Girija Prasad Koirala Congress. Girija Prasad Koirala resigned from the post and he
dissolved the parliament too.

238 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Midterm Poll and the First Communist Government, 2051 BS

After the dissolution of parliament, midterm election was Fig : Manmohan Adhikari
held in 2051 BS. Neither Nepali Congress nor other political
parties got clear majority in this election. Nepal Communist
Party (United Marxist- Leninist) got more seats than other
parties in the parliament. As being the largest party, it got
a chance of forming government. In 2051 BS, minority
government under the Premiership of Man Mohan Adhikari
was formed, which was first Communist government in the
history of Nepal. This government also could not run longer
than nine months. In 2052 BS, a vote of no confidence was
passed in the parliament against this government and Man
Mohan Adhikari resigned from the post.

Coalition Government of Sher Bahadur Deuba and Maoist Insurgency,
2052 BS

Nepal practised and formed a coalition government according to Fig : Sher Bahadur Deuba
the Constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS. Sher Bahadur
Deuba, a leader of Nepali Congress became the Prime Minister.
During his time, Nepal Communist Party (Maoist) began armed
protest on 1st Falgun 2052 BS from Rolpa district. This armed
protest spread all over the country. A fearful situation, insecurity
and terror spread throughout the whole nation. This protest killed
more than 17000 people and many physical constructions were
destroyed.

Narayanhiti Royal Massacre and Rule of Gyanendra Shah

A mysterious Royal massacre took place on Friday, 19th Jestha 2058 BS. in which King

Birendra and all his family members were killed. After this family assassination, Gyanendra

Shah, the second

brother of Birendra,

ascended the throne

and he dismissed

the cabinet of Sher

Bahadur Deuba

and House of Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Kritinidhi Bista

JBD Social Studies Book 10 239

Representatives on 18th Aswin 2059 BS. He seized all the power of people. Lokendra
Bahadur Chand and Surya Bahadur Thapa, Kritinidhi Bista were appointed Prime
Ministers one after another. All his works were criticised by the people and parties
organized agitation against the act of King Gyanendra. The agaitation compelled the king
to call back Sher Bahadur Deuba as the Prime Minister of Nepal. But the ambitious king
Gyanendra detained many political leaders including Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba
and formed the government under his own chairmanship, declaring emergency in the
country on 19th Magh 2061 BS.

Twelve–point Agreement and Mass Movement II

The act of King Gyanendra of 19th Magh was strongly criticized and opposed by the people,
civil society, political parties and even by international communities. Meanwhile, the
Maoist stopped fighting with the 12 point agreement, signed between the seven political
parties and Maoist on 7th Mangsir 2062 BS. The alliance of seven political parties and
Maoist launched Second Mass Movement according to the agreement on 24th Chaitra
2062 BS.

The government tried to suppress

the movement, imposed curfew and

demarcated some sensitive places

as 'prohibited areas'. Many people

came to the street breaking the

curfew. People shouted slogans and

clashed with the police. Political

parties declared general strikes, civil

society involved in hunger strike, Fig : Signing Comprehensive Peace Agreement

human right activities raised voice against the suppression and violation of human rights,

international communities expressed their views in favour of people's movement II. At last,

King Gyanendra made a proclamation declaring Loktantra and returning the sovereign

power to the people on 11th Baisakh 2063 BS. The Mass Movement II was ended after 19

days.

Main Political Events Between 2046 B.S and 2062 B.S.

Date Events
2047 Baishakh 7
Eleven ministerial cabinet formed under the premiership of
2047 Jestha 26 Krishna Prasad Bhattarai

Formation of Constitution Reformed Advisory Commission
under the chairmanship of Bishwanath Upadhaya

240 JBD Social Studies Book 10

2047 Kartik 23 Promulgation of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal
2047
2048 Baisakh 29 General Election of Parliament
2051 Kartik 29 Mid poll election
2051 Mangsir 13 Minority government of Nepal Communist Part, (UML)
formed under the premiership of Manmohan Adhikari
2051 Bhadra 25 Coalition government of Sher Bahadur Deuba formed
2052 Falgun 1 Armed revolution of Nepal Communist Party (Maoist) began
2056 Baisakh 20 and Jestha 3 General election of parliament
2058 Jestha 19 Narayanhiti Royal Massacre
2061 Mag 19 King Gyanendra Shah dissolved parliament and took all
sovereign power in his hand
2062 Mangsir 7 Twelve point agreement signed against coup of Gyanendra
Shah
2062 Chaitra 24 Mass movement 2nd started

1 Very short answer question

a. What two major responsibilities were given to the government of Krishna
Prasad Bhattarai ?

b. What was the main objective of Mass Movement II ?
c. What do you mean by mid poll?
d. King Gyanendra abducted the democracy once again in 2061 B.S. If you were

the Prime Minister at that time how would you react to the act of Gyanendra
Shah?

2 Short answer questions

a. The political up and down after Mass Movement I extended the consciousness
among the people how? Prove it.

b. What changes did 10-year Armed Conflict bring in the country?
c. Draw a time line including any four dates and events given in the lesson.
d. The activities such as dismiss of elected prime minister etc made by the then

King Gyanendra were undemocratic. Write a report for a daily newspaper
mentioning the courses of it.
e. What respect and privilege should be given to the martyrs and wounded
people of Mass Movement II, 2062 /63? Describe in points.

3 Long answer question

Describe the main political events between 2046 B.S. and 2062 B.S. briefly.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 241

Lesson Political Events from 2063
Onwards
8

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to
• describe the major political changes from 2063 onwards

Reinstatement of Parliament and Comprehensive Peace Agreement

With the Royal announcement of 11th Baisakh, 2063 BS the Mass Movement II was
stopped. The dismissed House of Representatives was reinstated and a coalition
government of seven parties was formed under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala.
The reinstated parliament made a historical declaration on 4th Jestha, 2063 and it brought
a lot of political changes in the history of Nepal.

The following declarations were made from that reinstated
parliament on 4th Jestha 2063 B.S.
• The meeting declares that the reinstated House of

Representatives has the sovereign power to use all the
state authority and sovereignty until the formation of
new constitution.
• The legislative power of Nepal shall be used by House
of Representatives
• The executive power of Nepal shall rest with the
council of ministers.
• His Majesty's Government shall be called Nepal Government.
• The name of Royal Nepal Army shall be changed into Nepal Army
• The property and income of King and his family members shall be taxable.
• Nepal was declared a secular state .
A Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed between the Government of Nepal and
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) on 5th Mangsir 2063 BS, which formally ended 10
year long armed protest.

Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 and Election of Constituent Assembly

As expressed in people's voice in Mass Movement II, the Interim Constitution 2063 was
promulgated on 1st Magh, 2063 B.S. This document was made with the consensus of
seven parties and Maoist. The Interim Constitution 2063 was amended time and again to
respect the will and interest of people.

242 JBD Social Studies Book 10

People wanted to rule themselves through the Constitution made by Constituent Assembly
chosen through the popular vote of people since 2007 BS. But it could not get success due
to political instability. However, a historical election of Constituent Assembly was held on

28th Chaitra 2064 BS. CPN (Maoist) emerged as the largest party
from this election and Nepali Congress and CPN (UML) became
the second and the third largest parties respectively. As being the
largest party, Puspa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda), the leader of CPN
(Maoist) was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Republic
Nepal.

The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 15th
Jestha, 2065 BS, which declared Nepal as a democratic republic
by ending 240 year long Shah Dynasty. The meeting also elected
Dr. Ram Baran Yadav Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, as the first president of Republic Nepal
on 6th Sharawan 2065 BS. But political stability could not remain
long. 5 governments of Prachanda, Madhav Kumar Nepal, Jhalnath Khanal, Babu Ram
Bhattarai and Khila Raj Regmi were formed and collapsed within five years.

End of Constituent Assembly -I

Two years mandate was given to make a new Causes of Failure of Constituent

constitution to the Constituent Assembly. But, Assembly-I

because of the internal conflict and vested

interest of political parties, they could not • Unable to maintain consensus among political
parties on the issue of National concern.
draft the constitution within the time • Different views of different political parties in
mandated and they extended two years' time state restructure.

for making the constitution. In this added • Different perceptions of political parties about the

time also Constituent Assembly was unable to number of federal state and bases of federalism

draft the new constitution. Unfortunately, the • Instable government and no clear majority of any
political party in CA.
government of Babu Ram Bhattarai dissolved

the Constituent Assembly on 14th Jestha 2069

BS and declared 7th Mangsir 2069 as a date for the election of next Constituent Assembly.

But the government could not get success to maintain consensus with the political parties.

At last, the government of Babu Ram Bhattarai was replaced by

the government of Khila Raj Regmi, the Chief Justice.

Election of the second Constituent Assembly, 2070 BS. Khilaraj Regmi

Khila Raj Regmi, chief justice, became the Chairperson of Council
of Ministers after the resignation of Baburam Bhattarai. It was
the government of Non-political parties. So responsibility of
completing the election of second Constituent Assembly was
given to this government. According to its responsibility, this
government held the election of second Constituent Assembly on

JBD Social Studies Book 10 243

4th Mangsir, 2070 BS. Nepali Congress became the largest party in this election with 105
seats. Communist Party of Nepal, (UML) 92 seats and United Communist Party, Maoist
(26 seats) became the second and third largest party respectively.

Government of Sushil Koirala and promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal (2072)

The government of Sushil Koirala was formed on 27 Magh,

2070 BS. The main responsibility of declaring Constitution from

Constituent Assembly was given to this government. One year

mandate was given to declare the constitution. But the Assembly

could not give the constitution within the given time. Thus, the

government added another one year time for its declaration.

Meanwhile, a massive earthquake occurred in Nepal on 12

Baisakh, 2072 which compelled political parties to be united

for national issues. We got the opportunity of getting historical

Sushil Koirala constitution made by Constitute Assembly. The Constitution of
Nepal was announced on 3 Asoj, 2072 from Constituent Assembly

with the majority of more than 90% member of Constituent Assembly.

Madhes movement and Indian embargo

Madesh-centered political parties remained dissatisfied with the new constitution. They
charged that this constitution could not solve the problems of Terai Madhesh. They showed
their dissatisfaction in the points regarding citizenship, border of provinces, language,
proportionate participation in state organs and in about the proportionate election.

India was also not satisfied with the constitution. So, India imposed an unofficial blockade
to Nepal on 6 Asoj, 2072 BS.

Coalition government of K.P. Oli

There were many problems in the country.

Madhes Movement, Indian embargo, reconstruction after

earthquake and implementation of the constitution were the

main challenges in the country. Meanwhile K.P. Sharma Oli wa

elected as the Prime Minister

of Nepal in the support of CPN,

Moaoist, Rastriya Prajatantra,

party (Thapa) and other small

parties on 24 Asoj, 2072 B.S. K.P. Sharma Oli

Legistative parliament elected new President and Vice

Bidya Devi Bhandari President of Nepal. Bidya Devi Bhandari was elected as the
1st female President and 2nd President of the country on 11

Kartik, 2072 B.S. The government of K.P. Oli made first amendment of the Constitution

244 JBD Social Studies Book 10