JBD Social Studies Book 10

of Nepal to solve the problems of Terai Madhesh. This amendment also could not solve
the problems of Terai Madhes but India lifted trade embargo with this amendment of
constitution.

Coalition government of Puspa Kamal Dahal Prachanda Puspa Kamal Dahal

K.P. Oli resigned from the post by facing the motion of no of
confidence in the legislative parliament and Puspa Kamal
Dahal 'Prachand' was elected Prime Minister in the support of
Nepali Congress and Madhes centered parties on 19 Bhadra,
2073 B.S.

Local Election

According to new structure, Nepal is divided into 753 local levels. There are 6 metropolitan
cities 11 sub-metropolitian cities, 276 municipalities and 460 rural municipalities (village
councils) in nepal. The election was held in these local bodies in three phases after 20
years. The first phase election was held on 31st Baisakh, 2074, Second phase was held on
14th Ashad, 2074 and third phase on 2nd Asoj, 2074.

Nepal Communist Party (UML) became the largest party by winning 294 mayor/chairman
out of 753 in local election. Following table shows the final result of local election 2074
parties.

S.N. Parties Mayor/ Deputy Ward chair Ward
Head Mayor/ persons members
Deputy
1. Nepal Communist Party (UML) 294 Head 2560 10912
2286 8679
2. Nepali Congress 266 337 1102 4123
223
3. Nepal Communist Party Maoist 106 111
Centre

4. Federal Socialist Party Nepal 34 32 262 1111
30 195 862
5. Rastria Janata Party 25 5 91 214
15 266 539
6. Independent 6 753 6712 26790

7. Other 13 Source: Election commission- 2074

Total 753

Federal and Provincial Election

Federal and provincial elections were held in Nepal in two phases on 10th and 21st
Mangsir, 2074 to elect 275 members of House of Representatives and 550 members

JBD Social Studies Book 10 245

of provincial Assembly. 165 members of House of Representatives and 330 members
of provincial Assembly were choosen from the First Past The Post (FPTP) process. 110
and 220 members were choose for House of Representatives and provincial Assembly
respectively through Proportional Representatives (PR) system. There was left party
allience between Nepal Communist Party, UML and Nepal Communist Party, Maoist Centre
and democratic allience of Nepali Congress with other parties in this election. No party
got the simple majority in House of Representatives but Nepali communist Party, UML
became the largest party in the federal legislature. The result of House of Representatives
is shown in the table below:

Political Parties Seats in HoR Votes in PR
FPTP PR Total
Nepal Communist Party Total vote Percent
(UML) 80 41 121
Nepali Congress 31,73,494 33.25
Nepal Communist Party
(Maoist Centre) 23 40 63 31,28,389 32.78
Rastriya Janata Party 36 17 53 13,03,721 13.66
Federal Socialist Forum,
Nepal 11 6 17 4,72,254 4.95
Other
Total 10 6 16 4,70,201 4.93

5 0 5 9,96,685 10.43

165 110 275 95,44,744 100

Source: Election Commission- 2074

Left Alliance Government of K.P. Sharma Oli

K.P. Sharma Oli, the chairperson of Nepal Communist
Party, UML was appointed as 41st Prime Minister
of Nepal in accordance with article 76 (2) of the
constitution of Nepal. No party got the simple majority
in federal election, 2074. So, coalition government
formed under the premiership of K.P. Sharma Oli in
support of Nepal Communist Party, Maoist Centre.
These two parties had made an alliance during election

and got the comfortable majority
in the 275 members of House of Representatives, with the largest
party UML having 121 seats and the CPN- MC 53.

Ganesh Timilsina Krishna Bahadur Mahara has been appointed as a speaker of House
of Representatives. He was elected on 24 Falgun, 2074. Similarly,
Bidya Devi Bhandari has been appointed in the post of President
second time from the left alliance, Madhesi Janadhikar Forum,

246 JBD Social Studies Book 10

National Janata Party and Independent members of federal legislature and provincial
assembly. She was appointed on 29 Falgun 2074 B.S. Meanwhile, Ganesh Timilsina has
been appointed as chairman of National Assembly.

A synopsis of date and events after 2063

Date Events
Magh 1, 2063 Promulgation in Interim Constitution
Chaitra 28, 2064 Election of first Constituent Assembly
Jestha 15, 2065 Nepal declared republic country

Sharawn 6, 2065 Ram Baran Yadav was elected as the first President of Nepal from parliament

Sharwan 31, 2065 New government of republic Nepal formed under the premiership of Puspa
Kamal Dahal

Jestha 9, 2066 Government of Madhav Kumar Nepal formed

Magh 20, 2067 Government of Jhalanath Khanal formed

Bhadra 11, 2068 Government of Baburam Bhattarai formed

Jestha 14, 2069 Dissolvement of first Constituent Assembly

Chaitra 1, 2069 Government of Khila Raj Regmi formed

Mangsir 4, 2070 Election of second Constituent Assembly

Magh 27, 2070 Government of Sushil Koirala formed

Asoj 3, 2072 Promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal (2072)

Asoj 24, 2072 Government of K.P. Sharma Oli formed

Kartik 11, 2072 Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected as the first female President of Nepal

Bhadra 9, 2073 Government of Puspa Kamal Dahal (Prachnda) formed.

Falgun 3, 2074 Government of K.P. Sharma Oli formed

Falgun 29, 2074 Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected as President of Nepal for 2nd tenure

JBD Social Studies Book 10 247

1 Very short answer questions

a. What do you mean by Constituent Assembly?
b. When was Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed? Write the full date.
b. Mention the main cause of Madhesh movement of 2072/073.
c. Why was the government of Khila Raj Regmi formed?

2 Short answer questions

a. The first Constituent Assembly could not declare the constitution. Why?
Mention the possible reasons.

b. Mention the background of twelve point agreement. How did it become the
milestone in the establishment of peace in Nepal ? Describe.

c. 'The Constitution of Nepal (2072) is a historical document.' Prove it.
d. What is meant by republican system? Mention the causes of establishing

republic system in Nepal.
e. Did the will and interest of people fulfill after Mass Movement II? Present your

logic.

3 Long answer question

There was full of political instability in Nepal after Mass Movement II 2062-
63. Explain.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Collect the information from library, internet or talk with politician about the
mass movement II and achievements after it. Write a report on the basis of
your study and collected information based on the following sub-topics
i. Title and introduction
ii. Objective
iii. Findings including satisfaction and dissatisfaction of people
iv. Conclusion and suggestion to political parties.

b. Critically Analysis the result of local, provincial and federal election, 2074.

248 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson Socio–economic Achievements
After Mass Movement II
9

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell about social change, after Mass Movement II 2062/63 ,
• tell the economic change in Nepal after Mass Movement II

Revolution helps to bring change. It brings economic and political change. Revolution is
not only destructive but also constructive . Nepalese people fought thrice in order to bring
change in the society. They fought against autocratic Rana rule in 2007 B.S., which ended
104 year long autocracy. Similarly, people fought against partyless Panchayat system in
2046 B.S. This revolution swept thirty year long authoritarian Panchayat rule. The
Panchayat government was popular by its notorious work. Corruption, smuggling and
criminal activities were the symbols of that government. There was no regard for human
rights. People were fed up. They wanted a great change in the country. So, they fought for
change in 2046 B.S.
But, Nepal couldn't have stable and established
system of government after the Mass Movement of
2046 B.S. The entire needs of the people remained
unfulfilled and the society continued to be feudal
and exploitative. The wave of dissatisfaction and
disagreement was increased against political parties.
In the meantime, the then king Gyanendra Shah
dismissed elected Prime Minister and began dictatorial rule. The step of the king was
vehemently criticized and political parties called it a regressive step. Political parties
began widespread opposition against king's step. All political parties united together and
declared joint movement against direct rule of Gyanendra Shah on Chaitra 24, 2062 B.S.
and it was ended after 19 days on Baishakh 11, 2063 B.S. Therefore, it is called Mass
Movement II, 2062/063. Nepal got many changes in the field of social and economic
sectors after this revolution. Some of such achievements are discussed below :

Social Achievement
Reinstated peace
The ten year long Maoist insurgency ended with the end of Mass Movement II. Eight point
agreement was signed between the then seven parties and Maoist on 2 Ashad, 2063 B.S.
Then after, Comprehensive Peace Accord was reached between Maoist and the government
under the UN mediation on 5 Mangsir, 2063 B.S. According to this agreement, Maoist also
joined in government by ending a decade long conflict. The Maoist combatants came in
cantonments, which reinstated the peace once again in the country .

JBD Social Studies Book 10 249

Proportional inclusion
The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 was promulgated on 1 Magh, 2063 B.S. It adopted
the principle of proportional inclusion. It brought economically, socially or educationally
backward women, Dalits, Adibasi, Janajati, Madhesi, Tharu, Minority groups, Muslim,
persons with disability, marginalized groups, peasants, economically poor Khas Arya in
mainstreams of development and guaranted their participation in state structures on the
basis of the principle of proportional inclusion.
End of untouchability and discrimination
The main achievement after Mass Movement II is the end of untouchability and racial
discrimination. The constitution discouraged the propagation of attitudes based on caste
superiority and untouchability or hatred. All forms of untouchability or discrimination
were made punishable by law as a serious social crime.
Improvement in women's rights and status:
The Mass Movement II brought revolutionary change in the field of women rights. The
guarantee of 33% reservation in politics, civil service and other state structures, lineage
right without any gender discrimination, safe motherhood, no physical, mental, sexual,
psychological or any other kind of violence against women, equal right of parental
property etc. are some of such changes after 2062/063 B.S.
Development of social consciousness
The development of education, communication, transportation and employment increased
social awareness on the people. Peoples participation in development increased. Literacy
rate increased. The access of people in health service increased , which improved the health
status of the people. The superstitious belief, religious orthodoxy, social discrimination,
gender discrimination, etc. have been discouraged due to social consciousness and
awareness of the people. It has developed social integration, co–work and co-operation
among the people in the society.
The other social changes after Mass Movement II, 2062/063 B.S. are:

• Nepal was declared secular state on 4 Jestha, 2064
• Increased social justice and social security of the people.
• Madhesi, Dalit and Muslim Community, Minoriy and Marginalised groups

have got access in government.
• The Constitution of Nepal (2072), promulgated on Asoj 3, 2072 which has

protected and promoted the human and fundamental rights of the people.
• Feeling of national integrity and nationalism grew.
• Gender minority got their rights and identity etc.

Economic achievement:
Nepal is one of the developing countries in the world. The pace of development is not as
fast as of developed countries. However, Nepal geared up its economic sector. Poverty rate
is decreasing. The economic liberalization is being strong in these days. The widening gap
between rich and poor is also decreasing in this period. The access of poor people in
economic resources has been increased. Periodical planning are continued and Nepal is
getting high economic growth rate. Government has given the priority in agriculture sector.
The economic achievement after Mass Movement II can be summerised in following points.

250 JBD Social Studies Book 10

• Big projects of national glory have been running and some are already
completed.

• Foreign employment is managed well.
• Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA)was signed

between Nepal and other countries including India, which opened the doors
of foreign investment in Nepal.
• B .P. Highway has been constructed.
• Different periodical plans completed and helped to reduce poverty by increased
employment.
• Accelerated the high economic growth rate. Priority is given in self employment
and two-digit economic growth.

1 Very short answer questions

a. How many times did Nepalese people did fight for democracy? Mention the
years.

b. What is meant by political change?
c. When was Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the then government

and Maoist signed? Write the full date.
d. What do you mean by the principle of proportional inclusion?
e. Write any two economic achievements after Mass Movement II.

2 Short answer questions

a. Why did people fight in 2007, 2046 and 2062/036 BS,? Give reasons.
b. The political change as wish of people brings social and economic change in

the country. How? Prove with examples.
c. What economic changes came in your family/home within five years? Make a

list of them.
d. The political change after Mass Movement II brought social consciousness

among the people. How is the social integration and cooperation at present in
Nepal? Explain giving reference of your society.
e. Make a table showing social and economic change after Mass Movement II.

3 Long answer questions

Compare the social and economic effects between 2046 to 2062/063 and from
2063 to till date. In which period was the progress more? Describe.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Prepare an editorial mentioning the economic effects after Mass Movement II.
b. Revolution is not only destructive but also constructive.' Prepare a speech on

this topic.
c. What economic changes came in last five years in your family? Make a list and

show them in a time line.
d. 'The political changes according to will and interest of people bring stable

economic and social progress.' Give your opinion.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 251

Lesson Causes of the First World War

10

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell the causes and main events of the First World War.

Background

A colonial rule was started in Europe in the 16th century. The powerful countries
annexed small and weak countries and started their colonial rules. Germany advanced
the movement in the name of national unity in 1815 A.D. Napoleon, Otto Von Bismark
pushed forward the task of German unification. Austria was defeated in 1866 and France
in 1870 AD. After the defeat of France, a treaty called 'The Treaty of Frankfort' between
France and Germany was signed in 1871 AD. According to this treaty, France had to cede
the rich provinces of Alsace and Lorrain to Germany. France was not satisfied with the
Treaty of Frankfort and she wanted to return her lost provinces in any cost which sowed
the seeds of war. Their activities spread jealousy and hatred against each other, which led
to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 A.D.

Causes of the War

a. Division of Europe into two Hostile Alliances

With the treaty of Frankfort, Germany France
France showed extreme
feelings of revenge and hatred 1879 1882 1894 1907
towards Germany. In 1879, Italy Russia England

Germany made a treaty with Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Austria and later on Italy

joined with Austria-Germany group in 1882 A.D, which is called 'Tripple Alliance

(central power). Similarly, a treaty between France and Russia was made in 1894

A.D. England joined this group in 1907 and formed a group called 'Tripple Entente.'

In this way, Europe was divided into two Hostile groups and other countries joined

one after another in these groups. They became rival of each other and outbroke

the war in 1914 AD.

b. Militarism and Armaments

Due to the groupism in Europe, there was great fear, suspicion and tension between
the members of those rival alliances. Due to the fear of insecurity, they collected

252 JBD Social Studies Book 10

huge number of weapons, ammunitions and armies. There was competition between
Germany and England to increase weapons and armies. If Germany made some
warships and weapons, England would make her double and viceversa. This race of
collecting armaments and military force led to the outbreak of the First World War.

c. Ultra Nationalism
There should be patriotic feeling towards the nation in every citizen. But Aggressive
or Ultra Nationalism can be an evil force to cause a huge destruction. Ultra/
extreme nationalism is the condition of loving the country more than enough and
disrespecting other. In Europe, both rival countries raised the slogan of My Country,
right or wrong, is the greatest. This type of Nationalism became the responsible
factor of the First World War.

d. Colonialism and Imperialism
As a result of industrial revolution, the European countries needed raw materials to
feed their industries and markets for their goods. They started to build their colonies
in Asia, Africa and Latin America. England and France extended their imperialist
policy in the world, which provoked bitter rivalry between them.

e. Yellow Journalism

False news published from European newspapers at the time was also the responsible
cause of World War I. Excited, false, imaginary news published in the newspaper
would develop the feeling of jingoism in people. It germinated the seed of revenge
among the people in European countries. German newspaper used to publish news
against Britain and vice versa. The newspapers of Austria and Serbia also used to
publish the news against each other. It extended the feeling of war in people.

f. Nature of William II

German emperor, Keiser William II was very proud, arrogant and

uncompromisy ruler. He was guided by the principle of World

Power or downfall. He wanted to make Germany the world

power. His main intention was to dominate England anyhow.

He never compromised in any international affairs. This type of

nature of William II created tension or the condition of war in

European nations mostly between England and Germany. Fig : Kaiser William II

g. The Balkan Tension
There was a vast area between Denube River and Adriatic Sea. It was called Balkan

region or Ottoman Empire. Here lived the people of Greek, Serb, Albanian, Bulgarian

and Romanian races. But they wanted to be independent from the Ottoman Turkish

rule. From the end of the 18th century, Ottoman Empire began to collapse gradually.

Russian called it the 'Sick man of Europe.'

After 1900 AD, the Balkan countries began their struggle for liberation against the
Turkish rule. The four countries like Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro
formed a Balkan league and fought jointly against Turkey from 4 sides in 1912 AD.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 253

This is called First Balkan war. Turkey was shamefully defeated in this war. To end
this war, a treaty was signed in London in
1913. Bulgaria was not satisfied with what
she was given according to the treaty. So, by
the help of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria
attacked Serbia in 1913 AD. This is called
the Second Balkan War. In this way, the
countries of Balkan area always fought each
other and became the cause of World War-I.

h. Agitation of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Bosnia and Herzegovina were under the rule of Austria-Hungary as the provision

made in Berlin conference in 1878. These two places were annexed by Austria-
Hungary in 1908. But most of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina were of Serbian
origin. They wanted either to be independent to join Serbia. Due to this, Serbia
was not satisfied with Austria Hungary. So, a group of extreme Serbian youths had
secretly set up a terrorist organization called 'Black Hand Society, or unity of death.'
This organization was established against Austria-Hungary and it was supported by
Serbia and Russia.

i. Immediate cause : Murder of Austrian Prince Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and His wife Sophi Chotek

While Austrian heir of throne, Archduke Ferdinand
Francis and his wife Sophi Chotek were travelling
Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, a Bosnian student
Gavrilo Princeip killed both on 28th June 1914
AD. Austria blamed Serbia for this murder and
Austrian emperor Francis Joseph gave an ultimatum
to Serbian king Peter to suppress the Black Hand
Society and to allow Austrian authorities to supervise
the suppression. But Serbia replied that she would
suppress the Black Hand Society but would not allow Prince Archduke Francis
Austrian authority to supervise it. Austria was not
Ferdinand

satisfied with reply of Serbia and declared the war

against Serbia on 28th July 1914 and the First World War began.

Major Events of the First World War

Date Events

28 June 1914 Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophi Chotek.
28th July 1914 Austria declared war against Serbia.
29th July 1914 Russia mobilized her army to defend Serbia.
30th July 1914 Germany gave ultimatum to Russia to get back her force.
1st August 1914 Germany declared war on Russia.

254 JBD Social Studies Book 10

3rd August 1914 Germany declared war on France and Belgium.
4th August 1914 Britain declared war against Germany.
10 August 1914 Austria-Hungary attacked on Russia.
23rd August 1914 Japan joined in the war.
20th Oct. 1915 First battle of Ypres (Belgium).
28th Aug. 1916 Italy declared war on Germany.
6th April 1917 USA declared war on Germany.
7th August 1918 Revolution in German Army. (Black Day of German Force)
Peace conference held in Paris
18 Jan 1919 Treaty of Versailles which ended the war.
28th June 1919

1 Very short answer questions

a. Name the countries of Triple Entente.
b. When was the 1st Balkan war started ?
c. What do you mean by 'Black Hand Society'?
d. Who killed Austrian heir and his wife? Where?
e. What was the immediate cause of the First World War?

2 Short answer questions

a. Make list of the causes of the First World War and describe any two.
b. Show any four important dates and events of the 1st world war in time line.
c. What is Balkan tension? How did it become the cause of World War I?
d. Name the countries of Triple Alliance and Triple Entente with their date.
e. Describe the immediate cause of World War I.

3 Long question

Write a conversation between the teacher and student explaining the causes of
World War I.

Extra Questions for More Practice
a. Write the differences between nationalism and ultra nationalism.
b. If you were the Serbian king Peter what would you write in the letter of ultimatum to

the king of Austria – Hungary? Why ?
c. Mention the main difference between imperialism and colonialism.
d. How can you save yourself from conflict and tension ? Make a plan and write its

result .

JBD Social Studies Book 10 255

Lesson Consequences of the
First World War
11

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• describe the result of the First World War.

War is always destructive. It causes great loss of life and property. It also leaves some
adverse impacts on the history of human being. The First World War was very dangerous
and terrific. Its consequences are given below -

a. Unexpected loss of life and property
The war was fought on land, ocean and air. So, it caused a heavy loss of human life.
About 65 million soldiers were involved in the First World War. Nearly 9.2 million
people were killed and about 21 million were wounded and maimed for life.

An unimaginable property of the government and public was destroyed in this war.
Many big cities, factories and bridges were destroyed. Germany lost 200 submarines
and Britain lost nearly 6000 ships in this war.

The allies Dead The central power Dead

France 1.3 m Austria-Hungary 1.22 m
Russia 1.7m Bulgaria 0.8 m
Britain 1.0m Germany 1.7 m
Italy 0.6m Ottoman 0.5 m
Other 0.2 m Other 0.18 m

Total 4.8m Total 4.40 m

b. Signed Treaty of Versailles

The most prominent result of the First World War was signing in Versailles Treaty. It
was a treaty imposed on Germany. It cruelly treated and humiliated Germany. This
treaty was signed on 28th June, 1919.

The main terms of the treaty were
i) Germany lost 13% land from its territory
• Alsace and Lorrain were taken by France

• Schelebsing area was given to Denmark

• Mamel was ceded to Lithuania
• Saar and Danzing were kept under international control
• Eupan and Malmady surrendered to Belgium
ii) Accuse of war and compensation:
Many countries were involved in First World War but Germany alone was
accused of war loss. As a result Germany was made pay 660 million Pound to
the Allies as a compensation of war.

256 JBD Social Studies Book 10

(iii) Restriction was imposed on German Army, manufacturing weapons and
industry
• German army was curtailed to 100000
• Germany had to limit her warships up to six only
• Germany was restricted to manufacture warships, tanks and war planes

c. Monarchy Collapsed

Democratic system began in some of the European countries overthrowing
monarchies. The monarchies of Austria, Germany, Turkey and Russia collapsed.

d. Rise of Dictatorial
Many dictators rise in different countries in the world after the First World War.

Adolf Hitler came in power in Germany, Benito Mussoline in Italy and Francisco
France raised in Spain. Similarly, some people say that Joseph Stalin of Russia was
also the dictator. They began dictatorial rule by killing their opponents.

e. Emergence of New Nations

After the First World War, many new nations such as Czechoslovakia, Albania,
Poland, Finland, Yugoslavia, etc emerged.

f. Change in the Society

The First World War brought a lot of changes in societies. Many youths died in the
war which affected the population of many countries. Many women became widow
and forced to work in the factories and offices. This war ended the discrimination
and were power of upper class people. Many people became homeless.

g. Establishment of League of Nations

The League of Nations came into existence on 10th January 1920, with 24 members.
This organization was established in order to prevent the war and to organize peace
and international co-operation. Its headquarters was in Geneva and it remained till
1939 A.D.

World War I and Nepal

Nepal did not directly participate in the First and the Second World War. Nepal fought
on behalf of British Government in these wars. During the First World War, Chandra
Shamsher was the Prime Minister of Nepal. Nepal sent 7500 Nepalese troops under the
command of Babar Shumsher to fight for British Government. Chandra Shumsher had
sent some other Nepalese troops under the command of General Padma Shumsher, Tej
Shumsher and Keshar Shumsher later on. Altogether 16, 544 troops had fought in First
World war from Nepal. Nepal provided one million pound to the British government as
a support in War. Nepalese soldiers showed their bravery in different parts of the world
in this war. Therefore, the enemy also praised the bravery of Nepalese soldiers. German
emperor Kaiser William II had said, 'I can send my army to fight any troops of the world,
but my heart shivers when I hear the name of Gorkhali soldier.' Rifleman Kulbir Thapa
and Karan Bahadur Rana were awarded with Victoria Cross in this war.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 257

1 Very short answer questions

a. How many people were killed in the First World War?

b. When was Versailles Treaty signed?

c. What do you mean by dictatorship ?

d. Name any two countries which emerged after the First World War.

e. When was League of Nations established? Write the full date.

2 Short answer questions

a. Make a list of the major consequences of World War I.

b. "The Treaty of Versailles was a humiliation to Germany". Explain.

c. How do you say that the Versailles Treaty led to outbreak of World War II?

d. The League of Nations was established with the hope that the world would
not have to face the havoc of world war again. But after few years, the Second
World War took place. Why?

e. What would you do if you were given the chance as a representative of
Germany to sign in Versailles Treaty?

3 Long question

Prepare a dialogue including political, economic and social results developed after
the First World War.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Write in short about the dictators that were established after World War I .
b. How does the First World War prove that the problem cannot be solved from revenge?

Discuss.
c. The following table shows the loss of life in the First World War. Draw a bar chart

showing the given data:

Countries No. of death

Italy 6,50,000

Germany 17,73,000

Bulgeria 8,75,000

America 1,16,516

Romania 3,35,000

d. Mention any four events of World War I in a timeline.

258 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson Causes and Main Events of the
Second World War
12

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

• describe the major causes of World War II
• tell the important events taken place during World War II.

Background
The Treaty of Versailles was not end of the First World War, it was just cease-fire for
few years. The treaty sowed the seed of another war because it was a one sided treaty
in which Germany was humiliated. Therefore, Germany violated the terms of Versailles
Treaty. Adolf Hitler increased his army strength, rearmed them and set up factories to
manufacture weapons. Italy made an invasion of Ethiopia and violated the Versailles
Treaty. Germany, Italy and Japan made an axis and withdrew from League of Nations.
Germany attacked on Poland and it led to the outbreak of war in 1939 AD.

Causes of World War II

Violation of Versailles Economic Crisis Failure of League of
Treaty Nations
Causes of
Emergence of blind World War II Isolation policy of
nationalism and America
extremist parties

Unemployment Fear of communism Birth of totalitarianism

a. Violation of Versailles Treaty

In fact, the Treaty of Versailles was unjust and it was imposed only on Germany.
Most of the terms and conditions of the treaty were against Germany. Therefore,
Germany wanted to take revenge against the Allies power. In real sense, it was a war
of revenge initiated by Germany against her humiliation. Hitler violated the treaty
and strengthened his army. He started compulsory military service and attacked on

JBD Social Studies Book 10 259

Rhineland, Sudetenland, Bohemia, Slovakia, Mamel etc. It was blatant violation of
Versailles treaty which led to the Second World War.

b. Rise of dictators and extremist parties

Hitler established Nazi Party. He

gave the slogan of reunification

and to regain the glorious past

of Germany. The Germans who

were humaliated in Versailles

treaty joined in Nazi party. He

got the popularity and suspended

the constitution. He violated

the Versailles treaty and started

German militarization. He Mussolini Adolf Hitler
established industries and began

to reoccupy the lost territories.

Similarly, Mussolini established Fascit party and came in power in Italy. He created

the spirit of aggressive nationalism. In the pretext of reviving old Roman glory,

Mussolini developed ultra nationalism. Similarly, Adolf Hitler and Mussolini started

their dictatorial rule in the name of Nazi and Fascit parties in Germany and Italy

respectively.

c. Unemployment and economic crisis

After the First World War, there was economic depression in Germany. Most of
her industries were destroyed and many youths became jobless. Hitler established
factories to manufacture weapons and made a rule of compulsory joining in army.
This solved the unemployment problem of Germany and the same did Mussolini in
Italy and they continued their dictatorial rule.

d. Failure of League of Nations

There was need of a strong worldwide organization to solve the crisis of Europe. But
the League of Nations failed to prevent the aggressive activities of Germany, Italy
and Japan. They withdrew from the league and attacked different countries one
after another. Japan attacted on Munchuria in 1931. Italy attacked over Ethiopia in
1936 and Germany attacked on Austria in 1938 and over Czecoslovakia in 1939.
Similarly Russia attacted over Finland League of Nation neither controlled nor
punished the countries invading other.

260 JBD Social Studies Book 10

e. Rome-Berlin- Tokyo Axis:

The influence of communism was increased in east Europe as well as in China.
Germany wanted to stop it. As a result. Hitler and Mussolini created Rome-Berline
Axis in 1936 A.D. Germany and Japan also signed in Anti Commintern pact in the
same year. In 1937 AD, Germany, Italy and Japan reviewed their dual agreement
and formed Rome-Berlin Tokyo pact, which was a major cause of the World War II

f. Fear of communism and appeasement policy

Russia established communism from the Bolsevik revolution in 1917. It is also called
October Revolution. Russia made a great economic progress under the communist
government. The popularity of communism in European countries, increased due
to rapid progress in Russia. Britain and France were dissatisfied with the spread
of communism in European nations. Britain adopted the policy of appeasement (a
political strategy of remaining silence avoiding war). Thus German group would
attack Russia and make it weak. France also adopted the same path of England.

f. Spanish civil war

In Spain, General Francisco Franco started civil war with the help of the military.
Italy and Germany supported General Franco in this war and both countries got an
opportunity to practise war. They got success in Spanish war, which encouraged
them to annex other countries.

g. Neutral policy of America

After the 1st World War, America became a powerful nation. But she did not play any
active role to stop war in European countries. She remained neutral. This neutral
policy of America encouraged the countries to attack each other.

h. The Immediate cause of war: Attack over Poland:

According to Versailles treaty, Weapons used in Second World War
two main areas, Danzing and
Polish Corridor of Germany
were given to Poland. In 1939
AD, Hitler made demand with
Poland for returning Danzing
and Polish Corridor. But
Poland denied the demand.
Similarly, Hitler concluded
Nazi Soviet Non-Aggresssion
Pact with Soviet union on 23

JBD Social Studies Book 10 261

August 1939. They agreed to capture the Poland and to divide her equally. They also
signed on the agreement that not to attack each other for 10 years. Consequently, it
led to the outbreak of the war and Germany began a Blitzkrieg war on Poland with
declaration of war on 1st September 1939 A.D. Thus, there began the World War II.

Major Events During the Second World War

Date Events
Sept. 1, 1939 Germany attacked Poland and World War II started.
Sept. 3, 1939 Britain and France declared war against Germany.
June 10, 1940 Italy declared war against France and Great Britain.
June 22, 1940 France signed on armistice with Germany.
April 6, 1941 Germany invaded Greece and Yugoslavia .
June 22, 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
Dec. 7, 1941 Japan bombed US Military bases at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
Dec. 8, 1941 USA, Great Britain and Canada declared war against Japan .
Feb, 15, 1942 Singapore fell to the Japanese.
June 4-6,1942 The allies defeated Japan in the Battle of mid way.
Nov. 20, 1944 US forces invaded Tarawa.
Oct. 20, 1944 The allies began landing in the Philippines.
Aug. 6, 1945 An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.
Aug. 8, 1945 The Soviet Union declared war against Japan.
Aug. 9, 1945 An atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
Aug. 14, 1945 Japan agreed to surrender unconditionally.
April 30,1945 Hitler and his beloved Eva Braun committed suicide.
Sept. 12, 1945 Japan surrendered and World War II ended.

1 Very short answer questions

a. Which treaty did sow the seed of Second World War?
b. Who established Nazi party in Germany?
c. What is Pearl Harbor event?

262 JBD Social Studies Book 10

d. Mention the immediate cause of World War II.
e. When was atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan? Write full date.

2 Short answer questions

a. List the causes of the Second World War.
b. 'The First World War caused the Second World War.' How? Give reasons.
c. Why was Spanish civil war the reason of World War II?
d. USA had adopted an nutral policy after the First World War but it involved in

the Second World War, later. When and why?
e. Show the following events of the Second World War in a time line

i. 1939- Attack over Poland
ii. 1941- Pearl Harbor attack
iii. 1944- Allies power invaded Philippines
iv. 1945- Atom bomb dropped in Japan

3 Long questions

Describe the causes of the Second World War.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Japan and Russia were fought from allied power in the First World War but they
involved in axis power in Second World War. Why ?

b. In an interview, a great scientist Albert Einestein had said in a question regarding to
weapons that used in third world war " I don't know about the weapons to be used in
the World War III but if the fourth is fought stone weapons will be used. How far do
you agree with this statement. Write an E-mail to your friend with your logic.

c. Differentiate between communism and capitalism.
d. World War II was the war cause of Hitler. How? England, Russsia and France were

also responsible for the war. Explain with proves.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 263

Lesson Consequences of the Second
World War
13

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell about the results of the Second World War

The Second World War was more destructive than the First World War. Modern and
sophisticated weapons along with atom bombs were used in this war. Thousands of
innocent civilians were killed in the Second World War. It was fought in Europe, Asia and
Africa. It left long time effects on the history of mankind. The following were the main
effects of World War II.

a. Destruction of life and property

Unimaginable number of people were killed and Fatboy
wounded in this war. It is estimated that nearly 12
million soldiers and 10 million civilians lost their lives
and double of this died of hunger, slow death and

disease. The number of wounded
and maimed was more than 30
million.

There was huge loss of property in the Second World War. The

Little boy total expenditure of the war was nearly 1350 billion dollars. Many

houses, schools, hospitals, bridges, churches were destroyed. The

cost of destruction of public property was uncountable.

b. Division of world in two blocs and cold war

After the Second World War, the world was divided into two political blocks. Most
of the countries in the east were Communists and sided with Soviet block (USSR)
whereas western countries adopted the capitalist policy and sided with US block.
Germany was divided into east and west Germany. The USSR and USA criticized
each other. Tension began to grow between the east and capitalist west but could
not declare war due to the balance of power. This situation was called cold war and
this remained upto 1990 A.D. During cold war time, two powerful organizations
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) headed by USA and warsaw leaded by
USSR were in existence.

264 JBD Social Studies Book 10

c. America emerged as powerful nation
Before the Second World War, France, England and Germany were in the first rank
of power but after the Second World War, they fell down from their first rate below.
They lost many of their colonies and empires in Europe, Africa and Asia. The power
of Russia and America increased but America emerged into a first powerful nation.

d. Marshal Plan
Many European countries were destroyed by the World War II. Their economy got
deteriorated. They needed to be reconstructed promptly. At the same time, the
communism was also spreading in Europe. Therefore, US secretary of state, George
Marshall prepared a plan to provide economic support to European countries of
US block in order to reconstruct them and to prevent communism in Europe.
This plan is called Marshall plan. The President of America, Turman had made an
announcement to give 12.5 billion US dollars to rebuild Europe under the Marshall
plan. Therefore, this plan was also known as 'Truman Doctrine.'

e. COMECON Plan
The foreign minister of Russia Molotov made a plan to provide assistance to the
communist countries of Europe. An organization of communist countries called
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (COMECON) was established by Russia to provide
economic help to the member countries. It is also called Molotov plan because it was
the idea and plan of Molotov, Russian foreign Minister.

f. End of Colonialism and Rise of Independent Movement
The imperialist countries of Europe became weak due to the involvement in World
War II. They could not control over their colonies. An Independent Movement was
launched against imperialist countries. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaya, Egypt,
etc got free from British colony. Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos became free from
French rule and the movement of Independence spread over the world.

g. Birth of the UNO
To protect the mankind from suffering of wars, a worldwide organization, the
United Nations Organization (UNO) was established on 24th October, 1945 AD. This
organization was one of the most important results of the Second World War. (more
about UNO is discussed in unit 9)

JBD Social Studies Book 10 265

World War II and Nepal

Judda Shamsher was the Prime Minister of Nepal during the Second World War. He sent

8000 troops to India under the command of Bahadur Shumsher. Again, more than 200000

Nepalese youths were recruited in Nepalese awarded by Victoria Cross
British Army during World War II.
Altogether 2 lakh 50 thousand Nepalese 1. Rifleman Kulbir Thapa (1st World war)
soldiers were participated in Second 2. Karan Bahadur Rana (1st World War)
World War. Among them 7,544 were 3. Subedar Lal Bahadur Thapa
either killed or disappeared and 23655 4. Soldier Lachhuman Gurung
were wounded or maimed. Nepalese 5. Soldier Tul Bahadur Pun
soldiers fought bravely in Malaysia, 6. Captain Gaje Ghale
Egypt, Burma, Singapore, Sudan, Syria, 7. Captain Ganju Lama
Iran, Iraq and in other countries in the 8. Captain Agam Singh Rai
world. 9. Soldier Netra Bahadur Thapa
10. Soldier Sher Bahadur Thapa
The British government paid 33.3 million 11. Rifleman Bhanu Bhakta Gurung
rupees to Nepal government as a present 12. Captain Ram Bahadur Limbu
and promised to continue the payment 13. Mr. Thaman Gurung
of one million rupees every year. The

British government honoured Juddha

Shamsher with a position of full Honorary General for Nepal. For fighting gallantly, the

British government awarded a famous and highest military medal of Britain, the Victoria

Cross to ten Nepalese

soldiers in the Second World

War. Mutual cooperation

and diplomatic relation was

established between Nepal

and Great Britain, Similarly Victoria Cross Tul Bahadur Pun Lachhuman Gurung
Britain assisted Nepal in its

development work. Nepal's

popularity increased all over the world, which gave international recognition to Nepal. It

also helped Nepal to extend diplomatic relations in outside world.

266 JBD Social Studies Book 10

1 Very short answer questions

a. What is cold war ?
b. An organization of neutral country was established after World War II. Write

the name of that organization.
c. How many Nepalese got Victoria Cross in the First and Second World War

altogether?
d. Who said, 'I can send my army to fight any troops of the world, but my heart

shivers when I hear the name of Gorkhali soldier.'
e. What is meant by Atlantic Charter?

2 Short answer questions

a. List the consequences of the Second World War.
b. Describe the Marshall Plan and COMECON Plan.
c. Who was Hitler? Why did he commit suicide ? Give your logic.
d. How did the First and Second World Wars improve relationship between

Nepal and Britain?
e. Negotiation and dialogue (table talk) is more beneficial than war. Why ?

Prove this statement giving reference of World War II.

3 Long question

a. Describe the consequences of the Second World War briefly.
b. Write a letter to the Ambassador of British embassy describing the help of

Nepal during the First and Second World War.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Compare causes and consequences of World War I and II and write them in table.
b. Why did the Pearl Harbour event become anti productive to Japan ? Describe.
c. Russia and Hitler had signed in Nazi Soviet Non-agression Pact in 1939 A.D.

According to treaty both countries would not attack one another for ten years and
Russia would fight from the axis power. But German attacked over Russia in 1941
by avoiding the terms of treaty. After this event, they became enemy of each other.
Which country was wrong in your view. Write your opinion
d. Fill up the countries involved in world war IInd and the places having the main events
on the map of the world.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 267

Lesson Search, Identification, Protection

14 and Promotion of Historical
Places

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• identify the historical or religious places of their locality
• write reports based on their visit.

Lumbini : A historical and holy place of Nepal

Introduction

We, the students of class X from S.S. Academy, made a tour to Lumbini, the birth place of
Gautam Buddha on 2074 / 08/25. We were 36 students altogether along with 5 teachers.
Our destination was Lumbini, located in southwest of Nepal, where Lord Gautam Buddha
was born in 623 BC. We had fixed our tour for 3 days.

Objectives
The general objective of our study was to find some historical facts about Gautam Buddha.
But we had made the following specific objectives.

(a) To study the historical legend related to Gautam Buddha.
(b) To observe different monuments made by different countries.
(c) To suggest the measures for the promotion and protection of Lumbini a site.

Methodology
All students were divided into 6 groups to make our study more effective. In our study, we
have used both primary and secondary sources. In primary source, we had used following
techniques.
(i) Questionnaires
(ii) Interview.
(iii) Field Observation etc.
Similarly, in secondary method, we had collected some leaflets, informative books,
photograph and other materials needed. For analysing the report, we had used tabulation
method, bar chart, pie chart and used explanation and analytical methods.

Finding
Lumbini is located in 5 number province according to the federal structure of Nepal. It
was the strong state of Suddodhan, where Gautam Buddha was born in 623 BC . Lumbini
had found by Indian emperor Ashoka, who had visited the area in 249 BC and erected
a pillar with an inscription commemorating the birth of Siddhartha. He also built a wall
around the village and ordered the building of four stupas to mark the spot. A Chinese

268 JBD Social Studies Book 10

pilgrim named Faxin had visited Lumbini in 403BC. He had written a book, known as 'A
record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms'. In his travelogue he had written , fifty le east from
the city Kapilvastu was a garden named Lumbini, where the queen (Maya) entered the
pond and bathed. After a few minute, she gave birth to the Siddhartha, who immediately
walked seven paces.
A German archaeologist named Aloi's Fuhrer rediscovered Lumbini in 1895 AD. He
uncarthed some of the structures built by Ashoka as well as a temple which included
scene's of the Buddha's life. During the 20th century A.D., a number of excavations were
carried out and many Buddhist structures were rediscovered. The area has been almost
entirely restored during the last few decades. One of the main structures in Lumbini is the
Maya Devi temple . The temple area covers the actual place where the Buddha was born.
The temple stands adjacent to the holy pond where the Buddha and his mother took their
first bath.
Lumbini is today one of the pilgrimage places in Buddhism and is also an important place
of pilgrimage for those Hindus who consider the Buddha one of the many manifestations
of god Vishnu. The place is also a UNESCO world Heritage site.
• Lord Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini in 623 BC.
• The importance of Lumbini was proved by Indian Emperor Ashok who visited

Lumbini and set up a pillar, called Ashok Pillar in 249 BC. In which 'Idaha Buddha
Jate (Buddha was born here) was written in Brahmi script.
• Different monuments have been made in artistic way which proves various stages of
Buddha.
• Maya Devi temple, Puskarini pond where MayaDevi had given first purificatory bath
to the infant Buddha are the main sites in Lumbini.
• The main ruined part of Lumbini provides us historical information of the place of
king Suddodhan and proves it was the capital of whole Lumbini in the ancient time.

Conclusion and Recommendation
Lumbini is our glory, it is our identity. It spreads the education of peace over the whole
world. It is not only the most sacred place for the Buddhist but also the sacred place for
all mankind. So, it is enlisted in world heritage list of UNESCO. But it has faced many
problems. There is lack of proper protection of some archeological things, people have
faced the problems of proper guidance and lack of hotels. So, the following improvements
are suggested for the further development of Lumbini.

• Lumbini is the great pilgrimage centre and a source of world peace. So, it is
necessary to run its overall development by implementing a proper master
plan.

• The master plan should include the overall development of canals, garden,
library, museum, monastic zones and areas for amenities.

• Government should give priority to establishing hotels and restaurants for the
tourists.

• Government should advertise its importance in the world through
embassy.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 269

1 Short answer questions

a. What do you mean by historical places? Describe with examples.
b. Why is it necessary to protect historical and archaeological places?
c. Describe the economic and touristic importance of historical places.
d. You may have visited any historical place. Write a travelogue of a day describing

every detail of that place.

2 Long answer question

Why is it necessary to search historical, religious or archaeological places of our
area, locality or district? Explain the causes. Why is it necessary to protect them ?
What role do you play from your side in such work?

Extra Questions for More Practice
a. The main feature of social studies is practical education based on activities.
b. Imagine you conducted a survey under the title 'Dialogue, understanding and

coordination, Base of Problem Solution, Not weapons and war.' 90% citizen
supported it 7% opposed and 3% people had mix response. Prepare a report
on the basis of their response and the following sub title.
i. Background of survey
ii. Description
iii. Analysis
iv. Conclusion
d. You might have visited one of the historical or religious or geographical areas
during your school excursion/tour. Prepare a readable report based on your
excursion/ tour using the format of report writing.

270 JBD Social Studies Book 10

8UNIT

ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES

� Current Economic Planning
� Tourism Industry: Importance and Possibilities in Nepal
� Water Resource: An Important Source of Energy
� Foreign Employment
� Cooperative Organizations and their Economic Importance
� Financial Education
� Financial Tools
� Insurance
� Revenue and Taxation
� Consumer Rights

JBD Social Studies Book 10 271

Lesson Current Periodic Plan

1

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• define economic planning
• tell the objectives, strategy and priorities of fourteenth three year plan
• describe the importance, step and characteristics of economic planning

Introduction to Economic Planning

A country has many problems of different nature. These problems should be solved from
the limited means and resources of a country. A country has to utilize these limited means
and resources to accelerate its development. For this, the government should identify
the main problems and priorities should be given to these problems which need urgent
attention. The government should think the way of achieving such priorities within a
specific time. Therefore, a systematic plan has to be made before an act. Government has
to make an overall picture of country's economic conditions. Good plan helps to forecast
the economic condition of the country. Systematic planning supports in the utilization of
time and resources. So, planning and economic planning are used as the same meaning.
Thus, Fiscal plan is the set of programmes to achieve specified objectives or goals within
a targeted period of time utilizing the limited means and resources.

Steps of Formulating Plan

• Review of current plan
• Preparation of preliminary draft of new plan
• Interaction and discussion with concerned people and agencies.
• Preparation of final document of preliminary draft
• Verification of final document from National Development Council
• Preparation of full document of planning and implementation.

Importance and Characteristics of Economic Planning

Every country has the aim of rapid economic progress. The economic progress of a country
is concluded in its economic plan. The resources and materials are always limited and
they should be used for programmes that fulfil the maximum needs. It is possible only
from good economic plan of a nation. Therefore, a country should have well defined set
of economic plan. Economic plan plays vital role in the development of the country. The

272 JBD Social Studies Book 10

following points indicate the importance of economic planning:
• It helps to use the limited means and resources in optimum level.

• Specified goals can be achieved in short and fixed period of time.

Through economic planning
• All the needs of the country are fulfilled with limited resources in priority
basis.

• It helps to create employment opportunity and to alleviate poverty.

• It strengthens market and helps in overall development of the country.

• It helps to get foreign support and to use foreign currency properly.

Characteristics

All the economic decisions of a nation are made from the economic plan. The goals,
objectives, strategies and the areas of priority are already fixed in fiscal plan. Generally,
fiscal plans are prepared for the overall economic, and social development of the country.
These plans have some special features. They are

• These are periodic.

• They have specific goals and objectives.

• These are guided by people's welfare.

• All economic activities are conducted with well defined set of programmes.

• All economic plans have the aim of distributing the state resources in equitable
and justifiable way.

History of Periodic Plan in Nepal

Centralized fiscal plan is the result of unitary political system. It has focused on people's
welfare and overall development of the country. Fiscal plan was started from Soviet Union
in 1928 AD as five-year plan. These plans contributed more in the development of Soviet
Union. After the success of such plans other countries also began to make the plan for
their economic development. But, the systematic fiscal plan in Nepal started in 2013 B.S.
Fourteen fiscal plans have been completed in Nepal.

Agriculture development, infrastructure development, hydro-electricity projects and
programmes to raise the living standard of people were emphasised from the first five year
plan to the Seventh five year plan. The eighth to thirteenth plans gave major concerned
in poverty alleviation. Tourism, agriculture, hydro-project, foreign trade, employment
creation, good governance, transportation and basic education, etc. were given more
priority in those plans.

All these plans have been completed but the targeted aim could not be met as expected.
The following causes are the main challenges of fiscal plans in Nepal.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 273

• Geographical constraints.

• Political instability Completed Fiscal Plans

• More expectation but limited First five year plan 2013 – 2018B.S.
means and resources Second three year plan 2019 - 2022 BS.

• Poverty, illiteracy and inequality Third five year plan 2022 - 2027 BS.
• Unemployment and high level Fourth five year plan
corruption 2027 - 2032 BS

Fifth five year plan 2032 - 2037 BS
• Lack of good governance, Sixth five year plan
2037 - 2042BS
transparency, accountability, Seventh five year plan 2042 - 2047BS
etc.
Eight five year plan 2042 - 2054BS

• Over ambitious aim and Ninth five year plan 2054 - 2059BS

objectives Tenth five year plan 2059 - 2064BS

• Energy crisis, inflation and Eleventh three year plan 2064 - 2067BS

more dependency on foreign Twelveth three year plan 2067 - 2070BS

employment Thirteenth three year plan 2070/71 - 2072/73BS

• Lack of investment friendly Fourteenth three year plan 2073/74-075/076 BS

environment etc.

The following measures should be used for effective and result oriented planning in Nepal.

• The existing natural and human resources should be used in optimum way as
much as possible.

• The aims and objectives of the plan should be measurable and realistic.

• Political stability and effective local body should be there so that the allocated
budget can be utilized in the fixed programmes.

• Good governance, zero corruption, accountability and transparency should be
maintained in the country.

• Proper monitoring and punishment system should be developed.

• Internal resources, capital and resources should be mobilized properly.
• Public participation should be increased.

Fifteenth Plan

A development plan is a document that details the overall strategy of a country for a
fixed period. It is a result of the concept of welfare state and centralized government.
Nepal has a long history of periodic plans. 14th periodic plan has come to the end.
National Planning Commission has prepared the 15th plan. It has incorporated the policy
Prosperous Nepal Happy Nepalese. The economic policies of the state focus on prosperity,
while strengthening national economy through participation, independent development
and complementary role of public, private and cooperative sectors as per the policies and
programmes.

274 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Long-term Vision 2100
Long Term Vision:
Promote Good Governance, Development, and Prosperity of the country. The main motto
of the current 15th plan is “Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali”. To transform Nepal as a
nation of happy, healthy, educated, dignified and high quality living citizens with equal
opportunity, including prosperous, independent and socialist-oriented economies.
Goal:
To increase the economic growth rate to 10.5% and eradicate absolute poverty (reduce
to 0%) by 2100 B.S.
Vision
Independent, prosperous and socialism oriented national economy and prosperous Nepali
people.
Target
To become a socially just and welfare state and reach to the level of medium income
country.
Quantitative Objective
To achieve economic and social transformation along with rapid poverty reduction through
productive employment and justifiable distribution oriented high economic growth, Nepal
has formulated following objectives:

Source- 15th Plan, National Planning Commission

JBD Social Studies Book 10 275

National Objectives of 15th periodic plan of Nepal:

a. To provide easily accessible, qualitative and modern infrastructure, productive
employment generation, high sustainable inclusive economic growth through
poverty alleviation.

b. To provide qualitative health and a healthy environment, social justice, accountable
social service and quality of life.

c. To protect the national benefit of democracy, sovereignty and ensure socio-economic
transformation for a strong economic foundation.

Long Term National Objectives:
1. Accessible modern infrastructure and intensive connectivity.
2. Development and full utilization of human capital potentials.
3. High and sustainable production and productivity.
4. High and equitable national income.
5. Well-being and decent life.
6. Safe, civilized and just society.
7. Healthy and balanced environment.
8. Good governance, Comprehensive democracy, National unity, security, and dignity.

Strategies of 15th periodic plan of Nepal:
a. Facilitate accelerated, sustainable and employment-oriented economic growth.
b. Facilitating accessible and quality medical care and education.
c. Internal and non-industrial immobility and development of residence.
d. Increasing production and productivity.
e. Provide comprehensive, effective social security and safety.
f. Alleviating poverty and ensuring equality and justice-based society.
g. Conservation of natural resources and development of sustainability.
h. Strengthening of public service, provincial balancing, and integration of central

units.
i. Involvement of all tiers of government to achieve economic growth.

Priority Areas of 15th periodic plan of Nepal:

The following are the priority areas of this Plan:
(a) Development of hydroelectricity and different energies.
(b) Increase the profitability, expansion, and commercialization of the farming segment.
(c) Development of the tourism, industry and business segments.
(d) Development of fundamental instruction and wellbeing, drinking water and

sanitation sectors.
(e) Promotion of good administration.
(f) Development of roadways and other physical foundations.
(g) Protection of natural resources and the environment.

276 JBD Social Studies Book 10

National Goals:

The Fifteenth Plan of Nepal will be the basis for achieving long-term thinking of “Prosperous
Nepal, Happy Nepali“. In accordance with this, the national goal of the scheme is to build a
foundation for upgrading high-income countries by transforming it into a socialist-oriented public
welfare state with rich economy, social justice, and sophisticated living.

Challenges and opportunities of the fifteenth periodic plan:
• Ensuring equitable economic prosperity and qualitative improvement in the lives of

the citizens
• Systematic urbanization, integrated and secure settlement development, rural

infrastructure development, increase in consumption of clean energy and
development of information technology are equally important.
• Commercialization of agriculture and forest products, the expansion of the industry
sector and the enhancement of the quality of the service sector.
• Development of healthy and educated citizens and skilled human resources, the use
of demographic benefits and the efficient and effective implementation of financial
federalism while maintaining macroeconomic stability
• The implementation of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution
requires plenty of resources and resources to achieve its progress and sustainable
development goals.
• Creating an environment of sophisticated and dignified living for the common
people and providing social security and protection is difficult to build a fair society
• Achieving sustainability and climate adaptability while minimizing disaster risk
• The cost estimation, distribution, and manpower and institutional arrangements of
the resources to fulfill the task responsibilities of the union, state and local level are
also challenging.
• Utilizing the available demographic benefits in the development of the country
through human capital
• Creating a comfortable environment for investment focus by identifying the
conductive sectors of the economy’s auxiliary sectors and converting areas,
improving the public service flow through capital transfers at the state and local
level, improving public service flows, employment, income generation and poverty
alleviation and development of the local economy.

National Strategy:

1. Promoting rapid, sustainable and economical employment:
2. Ensure accessible and quality healthcare and education:
3. Developing Internal and Inland Interdependence and Sustainable Cities /

Settlements:
4. Productivity and productivity enhancement:
5. Provide complete, sustainable and productive social security and protection:
6. To build a just society with poverty alleviation and economic social equality:
7. Conservation of Natural Resources and Development of Operations and Sustainability:
8. Strengthening public service, promoting regional balance and national unity:

JBD Social Studies Book 10 277

1 Very short answer questions

a. What do you mean by fiscal plan?
b. When did fiscal plan start in Nepal?
c. How many plans have been completed yet?
d. What is the long term vision of 15th plan?

2 Short answer questions

a. What things should be focused while formulating fiscal plans?
b. Mention the steps of preparing a plan.
c. Why is fiscal plan important? Describe.
d. Analyse the achievement of fourteenth three year plan in short.
e. Write down the strategies of current plan.

3 Long answer questions

What is fiscal plan? For what reasons have the expected goals of the periodic plans
of Nepal not fulfilled. Elaborate any four reasons. What should be done to make the
current plan more effective and successful ? Write in four points.

Extra Questions for More Practice
a. How is the plan formulated in local level? Describe.
b. If you are given the responsibility to draft a plan in order to improve the

physical and educational reforms in your school, what reforms would you
want to introduce? Draft a plan including any four reforms on it.
c. Write a letter to the Vice Chairperson of National Planning Commission
mentioning the main challenges of implementing 15th plan in Nepal.
d. Prepare a model of periodical plan in order to develop your community.

278 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson

2 Tourism Industry: Importance and
Possibilities in Nepal

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

• describe tourism industry and causes of touring
• tell the importance of tourism
• explain the possibilities of tourism industry in Nepal.

Tourist and Tourism Industry

A person who travels one place to another or visits Tourists obversing Bhaktapur Durbar Square
places for entertainment and for other different
purposes is called a tourist. Today's people do not
like to stay in a specific place only. They want to
know the whole world and also want to explore
many new things in the world. Therefore, they
travel within a country or outside the country as
mobile population. They travel to satisfy their
curiosity, desire to know, to relax, rest and to know
his/her strength in surrounding different from his/
her usual environment.

Tourism is associated with tourists and their activities. It includes movement for all
purposes as well as day visits or excursions. People provide different facilities as need
and interest of tourists. Such activities and services which are provided to tourists like
lodging, fooding, guiding, trekking, entertaining, ticketing, bunji jumping, paragliding
etc during their stay collectively form as tourism industry. Tourism industry is a science,
art and business of attracting the people. Tourism industry is an expanding industry as
other industries throughout the world. Nearly 7%, people in the world are involved in this
industry and it gives 6% GNP in the world. It is the main source of foreign exchange and
an important factor in the development of other industries and trade.

Types of tourists

Tourists can be classified into two groups. They are:

i. Domestic (internal) tourist
The person who travels within the border of his/her own country is a domestic
or internal tourist. They travel for religious purpose, business purpose, for their

JBD Social Studies Book 10 279

pleasure, for study and research and for many other reasons. The students of class
ten from Parbat visit Pokhara for two days as an educational tour. Mr. and Mrs.
Chaudhari from Birgunj visit and stay at hotel in Sauraha and they see sun rise in
the morning. They enjoy elephant ride and visit Chitwan National Park. These all
are domestic or internal tourists.

ii. International (Foreign) Tourist

The person who travels or goes outside the
borders of his/her country is an international

or external tourist. Foreign people make

traveling in other countries for pleasure, health

checkup, for business purpose, for taking part

in meeting, seminar, conference, etc and for International Tourist
many other reasons. Mr. Yakahiri and his
friends from Japan visit Annapurna region.

Indian people visit Pashupatinath each year, etc are the examples of international

tourists.

Purpose/reasons for touring
Look and study the pie chart below which gives the detail information and reasons of
touring.

Causes and Purpose of Toring

16.20% Index

1.70% To enjoy holiday or take pleasure
For trekking, mountainering etc.
12.60% 50.10% Business
For research and official work
4.10% 12.30% For religious purpose
3.10% For meeting, coference, symphosium etc.
Others

Importance of Tourism

Whether for pleasure or for business, travel demand is rapidly growing. Higher incomes,
more leisure time, changing lifestyles, increased overseas visiting and growing number of
people reaching retirement age, all indicate that the tourism industry will continue to
expand. It is a fundamental and desirable human activity, worthy of the commendation
and encouragement of all people and governments. So, it turned as one of the most

280 JBD Social Studies Book 10

important and valuable activities of human life. We can point out the importance of
tourism in Nepal as follows:

(i) It creates employment opportunities. Fig : Rafting
(ii) It helps to earn foreign currency.
(iii) It contributes to government revenue.
(iv) It helps to maintain foreign relationship.
(v) It promotes traditional art and culture.
(vi) It helps to increase national glory
(vii) It helps to enhance cottage industries and

stimulates physical infrastructures.

Prospects/ Possibilities of tourism in Nepal

Nepal is small in size but it is one of the richest countries in the world in term of biodiversity
due to its unique geographical situation and altitudinal variation. Nepal is a heaven for
the tourists who want to visit Nepal. The Prospectus/possibilities of tourism in Nepal can
be discussed in the following sub titles.

(a) Great Himalayan Trail
Himalayas extending from 800 kilometers from Kanchanjunga massif to Saipal in
the west is called Great Himalayan Trail. Kanchanjungha Protection area, Makalu
Barun National park lie in this trail. Langtang, Gosaikunda, Gauri Shankar Himal
are the tourist destinations of Manang, Mugu, Mustang, Dolpa, etc. also included
in the Great Himalayan Trail. Between these two boundaries more than 1300 peaks
stand with an altitude of more than 6000m. Eight of the world's fourteen peaks
exceeding 8000m are in Nepal. Mt. Evrest, the highest peak of the world and 240
peaks over 5000 m in Nepal provide an endless challenge to mountaineering and
expeditionary teams.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 281

(b) Natural Beauty

Nepal is a river runner's paradise. No other country
can provide such a great choice of multi-day trips
away from the roads in such a magnificent mountains

surrounding with warm
rivers. Different adventure

games such as Rafting,

Kayaking and Bunjee Jump Fig : Kayaking
attract the people of all over

the world. Nepal's lakes and glaciers are the sources of peace

Fig: Bungee Jumping in the world. Rafting provides unique choice to see natural
beauty, flora and fauna and enjoy the beautiful landscapes.

(c) Adventure tourism

Due to our geographical land structure, trekking is possible any time of the year
depending as where they are going. During the winter, trekking is possible at lower
altitudes. During the monsoon seasons, they can trek in rain shadow areas of
Himalayas. So, Nepal is a most marvelous and impressive as well as a bless for the
trekkers.

Tourists can enjoy with paragliding. They can see the magnificent view of mountain,
hill, jungle, lake. city and village settlement in one step of paragliding. Tourists can
enjoy the separate sweet of rafting in fast following rivers. Bungee, jumping, hiking,
rock climbing, horse riding, etc. are other adventurous activities in Nepal.

(d) Cultural diversity

Nepal is also rich in its culture and tradition. People of different castes, clans,
languages and religions live together. They have unique dresses, customs and
festivals. Different artistic acts and typical traditional art such as Thanka and Mithila
arts also attract tourists from different parts of the world. Stick Dance, Jhinjhiya
Dance, Deuda culture, traditional healing system, Dhan Nach, Machhindranath
Jatra, Lhosar, Id, different rituals and gatherings of the people are the matters of
interest for new people.

(e) Historical and Religious Places

Nepal is famous for historical and religious places in
the world. Lumbini, the birth place of Gautam Buddha,
Janakpur, Muktinath, Manakamana, Pashupatinath,
Krishna temple, Changu Narayan etc. are the main
religious places of Nepal. Similarly, Kathmandu Valley
and historical palaces located here are the main tourist destinations in Nepal. The

282 JBD Social Studies Book 10

wooden art and architecture used in religious and historical places attract the people
all over the world.

(f) Diverse climate
Nepal is a home of world's climate due to its geographical diversity. Tropical
(Hot) climate is found in Terai belt, temperate climate and tundra climate can be
experienced in hill and mountain respectively. This diverse climate is suitable for the
people all over the world. So, tourists from the wold can enjoy in Nepal.

(g) Observation and research on wild life and plants.

Varieties of vegetation and wild animals are found in Nepal. Because of its

geographical and climatic diversity people can enjoy the

tropical forest and rhinoceros, elephant, varieties of snake,

birds of tropical region to coniferous forest. They need not

go everywhere in the world. If they visit Nepal, they can

enjoy the world in variance areas of Nepal. Many kinds of Fig : Elephant Safari
rare and endangered plants and animals are found in Nepal.

Thus, our country provides the platform for study and research of these plants and

wild animals. Whose heart is not attracted by listening the chirping of birds, Kuhu

kuhu sound of Cuckoo and dance of nine colored danphe and Mayur? Therefore,

people from the world come to visit Nepal.

In conclusion, temperate climate, impressive geography, exotic culture, wildlife,

friendly welcoming people, places of historical and religious importance, panoramic

mountains, meandering rivers, unique rural settlements etc are the attraction of

Nepal and these elements are making great possibility of tourism development in

Nepal.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 283

1 Short answer questions

a. What is meant by tourism industry? Discuss its advantages.
b. How does tourism industry create employment opportunity in the country?
c. 'Nepal has the great potentiality of religious tourism.' Prove it.
d. Look at the picture and answer the questions asked

below:
i. What is rafting?
ii. What type of rivers are suitable for rafting?
iii. Is it possible to make a livelihood from this activity?

Explain.
e. Write down giving reasons any two possibilities of developing tourism in your

district or province.

2 Long question

What is tourism industry? Mention four points each, the potentiality and
importance of tourism industry in Nepal and describe any two of them.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Write a model news for a daily newspaper explaining the great Himalayan
trekking trail and entertainment to be achieved from it.

b. What activities are being run from Nepal Tourism Board for the tourism
development in Nepal ? Find from the internet or newspaper and write in
points.

c. Prepare an informative booklet, leaflet or phamphlate giving the information
of any one adventurous destination and the activities that can be done there.

d. What is home stay? Is it possible to run home stay in your locality ? What
infrastructures are required to run home stay. Discuss in class and write.

e. Suppose a group of Japanese tourists is coming to Nepal to visit different
places of our country. Prepare a nine day programme (itinerary) for the visit
of them.

284 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson Water Resource: An Important
Source of Energy
3

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• tell the importance of water resource in Nepal ,
• describe the possibility and potentiality of hydroelectricity in Nepal.

Introduction

Energy is the power or capacity to do work. All living beings need energy. Our body gets
energy from different food items. Likewise, different machineries or electronic items also
need energy. We get this energy from coal, fire wood, gas, petroleum, atomic plant, bio-
gas, batteries, windmill, generator, hydro power, etc. Energy is very essential to all human
beings. It is needed to cook food, run factories and to run vehicles. There are two sources
of energy in the context of Nepal.

1. Traditional source: It includes firewood, agriculture residue, farm waste
material, bio-gas, etc.

2. Commercial source: It includes petroleum product, coal, nuclear plant,
thermal plant, hydro power, etc. Hydro-electricity is one of the most important
sources of energy in Nepal

Water resource : Capacity and importance

Nepal is gifted with many natural resources . Fig : Upper Tamakoshi Hydel Project
Water resource is one of the important natural
resources in Nepal. Rushing rivulets and rivers,
roaring falls, lakes in hypnotic tranquility,
underground water, etc. have contributed to the
enrichment of significance of water in Nepal.
Most of the big rivers in Nepal are originated
from the snow clad Himalayas. These rivers are
the regular sources of water in Nepal. They are
flowing from high Himalayas to low land area.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 285

Such rivers have great potentiality of generating hydro-electricity. According to the study,
83000 MW electricity can be generated in Nepal, which is 2.26% production of the world.
But in economic and technical view, 42000 MW electricity can be produced in Nepal.
Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali and their tributaries are the main sources of electricity of Nepal.
The possibility and capacity of electricity production is shown in the table

Rivers Theoretical possibility Economic and technical
possibility
Koshi
Gandaki 23000MW 10860MW
Karnali and Mahakali
Other 20000 MW 5270 MW
Total
36000 MW 25360 MW

4000 MW 880 MW

83,000 MW 42370 MW

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

The above table shows that the more capacity of generating electricity is seen in Karnali
and Mahakali river. It has the capacity of 36000 MW electricity production .

Electricity plays an important role in our daily life. Industrial development is not possible
without the development of electricity. Electricity reduces the dependency of petroleum.
Country can earn foreign currency selling excess electricity. It helps to keep balance of
payment. Electricity can be used for household activities such as for cooking, watching
television, listening radio etc. It is also used for running refrigerator, washing machine,
vacuum cleaner, ironing clothes etc. It helps to develop communication and transportation
sector. It protects environment and minimizes the use of firewood. It also helps to promote
employment. Agriculture production can be increased by modernizing in agriculture from
the use of electricity.

Present status of Hydro- electricity in Nepal

Nepal has a huge potentiality of hydropower. In fact, the perennial nature of Nepali
river and the steep gradient of the country's topography provide ideal conditions for the
development of some of the World's largest hydroelectricity projects in Nepal. However,
the present situation is that Nepal has developed only 851 MW (072/73) of hydropower,
which is 0.96% of total capacity of hydropower generating in Nepal. Therefore, bulk of
the economically feasible generation has not been realized yet. Most of the power plants
in Nepal are run-of-river type with energy available in excess of the country's demand
during the monsoon season and deficit during the dry season.

Only about 40% of Nepal's population has access to electricity. With this scenario
and having immense potential of hydropower development, it is important for Nepal

286 JBD Social Studies Book 10

to increase its energy dependency on electricity with hydropower development . The
electricity demand in Nepal is increasing by about 7-9% per year.

The hydropower development in Nepal began with the development of 500 KW Pharping
power plant in 1968 BS. The biggest on going hydro project of Nepal up to now is Upper
Tamakoshi having 456 MW. The other major hydropower plants with their capacity are
listed in the table as follows.

S.N Power Plant Capacity MW S.N Power plants MW

1 Trishuli 24 15 Khimti 60
2 Sunkoshi 10
3 Gandak 53 16 Bhotekoshi 36
4 Kulekhani I 60
5 Devighat 141 17 Indrawati 7.5
6 Kulekhani II 32
7 Marshyangdi 69 18 Syange 0.2
8 Puwakhola 6
9 Modi 15 19 Chilime 20
10 Kaligandaki A 144
11 Small Hydro 18.9 20 Piluwa 3
12 Middle Marsyangdi 79
13 Andhikhola 21 Sunkoshi 2.6
14 Jhimruk 5
22 Chaku Khola 1.5
12
23 Microhydro 14.5

24 Chamelia 30

25 Upper Tamakoshi (Under Construction) 456

26 Rohughat (Under Construction) 32

27 Upper trishuli (Under Construction) 30

Cause of Less utilization of water resources in Nepal

Nepal has plenty of water resources. But these resources are not utilized properly.

Following are some of the causes of less utilization of water resources in Nepal.
(i) Lack of capital,
(ii) Lack of skilled human resources,
(iii) Political instability,
(iv) politics in water,
(v) Lack of transportation and communication,
(vi) Lack of political determination,

(vii) No provision of involvement of private sectors in big hydro projects, etc.

Measures to solve energy crisis in Nepal

The demand of electricity is increasing in Nepal each year. The supply is less than

demand. Therefore, there is gap between supply and demand of electricity and therefore,

people are facing the problems of load shedding in Nepal. The condition of less supply of

electricity than its demand is called energy crisis. Following measures help to solve the
energy crisis in Nepal

JBD Social Studies Book 10 287

(i) Government should make proper plan and policies for the development of water
resources in Nepal.

(ii) Remittance and internal capital should be mobilized with long term vision for its
development.

(iii) Basic infrastructures such as transportation and communication should be developed.
(iv) Political stability and political commitment should be there in the country.

(v) Big projects like Budi Gandaki, Pancheswor, Arun, etc. should be given high priority.

1 Short answer questions.

a. What is energy ? Mention the sources of energy.
b. Nepal has a great possibility of hydro-electricity. Prove it with examples.
c. Write down the importance of electricity in points.
d. What are the hindarances of less development of water resources in Nepal?

2 Long answer question

Critically analyse the present situation of water resources in Nepal.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Write a model of appeal encouraging Non-residential Nepali (NRN) to invest
in hydro-projects in Nepal.

b. Show the following on going hydro projects of Nepal in pie chart.

Projects Capacity
Upper Tamakoshi 456 MW

Chamelia 30 MW

Upper Trishuli 30 MW

Rahughat 32 MW

c. Can Nepal earn foreign currency by exporting electricity? Give your view in
points.

288 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Lesson Foreign Employment

4

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to

• introduce foreign employment.
• describe the importance of foreign employment

Introduction

Going abroad for work is known as foreign employment. Developed countries provide
more opportunities to skilled and semi skilled human resources. Therefore, the young
people from developing and least developed countries go to developed countries for
employment. Employment in foreign country provides opportunity for livelihood and
extra income. Due to lack of job opportunities, many Nepalese are selling their labour and
sweat at low cost in foreign land. It is their compulsion to go to foreign countries for
employment. The skill and active work force of the country, who are going abroad to work
are causing the lack of working manpower in Nepal and thus the development works are
affected here.

Before three decades, the main destination

of Nepal for foreign employment was India.

Around 90% of Nepalese youths of going

abroad used to go to India for earning a living.

They worked in Indian Army, industry, shop

and agriculture in different states of India. Very

few Nepalese used go to overseas countries

at that time. But the situation has changed

now. There is work permit in more than 100 Fig : People going for foreign employment
countries of the world today. According to the

Census Report of 2011 AD, nearly twenty lakh Nepalese youths aged 16 years to 40 years

are working in different countries in the world. Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Malaysia, India,

South Korea, Israel, Omen, Baharain, etc. are the important countries for the Nepalese

youths in foreign employment. Educated and skilled people like to go to America, Japan,

Canada, Australia, UK, Germany, and other European countries.

JBD Social Studies Book 10 289

The following table shows the situation of Nepal's foreign employment.

S.N. Country Fiscal Fiscal Fiscal Year Fiscal Fiscal Year Fiscal Year Fiscal Year Total
Year Year 058/59 Year 060/61 061/62 062/63
1 Malaysia 056 / 57 057/58 059/60 296032
171 11306 52926 43812 45760 66291 75526
2 Qatar 204486
3 Saudi Arab 8791 14086 19895 26850 24128 42394 55892 147503
4 U.A.E. 17867 17966 21094 17990 16875 13366 15813 79125
5 Kuwait 6360 8950 8411 12650 12760 12726 15317
6 Baharain 9503
7 Hongkong 465 885 378 907 3194 1789 640 5671
8 Israel 695 606 536 540 3652
9 Oman 583 904 818 2205
10 Makau 482 672 523 140 811
11 Afghanistan 209 331 16 564 433 815 876 667
12 Maldives 96 73 330 28 431
13 America 0 10 50 55 68 83 122 280
14 Russia 32 68 0 44 327 32 257
15 Other 119 82 42 41 29 0 15 152
0 0 34 72 46 27 12 7900
Total 71 35 2 15 101 150 758675
2 23 615 39 0 0 149
0 0 104736 0 1689 737 165252
873 379 1186 106660 139718
35543 55025 105043

Positive and Negative Impacts of Foreign Employment

Foreign employment has played a vital role in solving the problem of unemployment and
in earning foreign currency. Due to political instability, lack of skill based training and
education, deteriorating agricultural production, limited employment opportunity, armed
conflict, etc. are some of the factors of pushing Nepalese youths to foreign employment.
About 2 million people of our country are working in different countries in the world.
Large number of people in India and some Nepalese are going to Arabian, American and
European countries. Foreign employment can have some positive and negative impacts in
favour of the country. They are:

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts

• It contributes for the national income with • There will be lack of work force (Human
resource) in the country.
remittance It decreases the social solidarity and social
integration.
• The diplomatic relation between the countries • Increases social problems and evils.
There may be the risk of accident and other
will be strengthened. danger in foreign land.
High possibility of physical and mental
• It helps to earn foreign currency. • exploitation of workers.
Lack of active population in rural areas.
• The youths learn the technical skill and can use • No respectable job will be available due to
supply of unskilled labour.
that skill later inside the country. It deteriorates the traditional norms and
values.
• There will be cultural exchange among the • Employed may suffer from communicable or
other diseases like HIV/AIDs, etc.
countries.

• Business, cottage industry and small scale •

industry will developed. •

• Unemployment situation of the country will

reduce. •

• It helps in education and other infrastructures

of the country. •

• It helps to increase the prosperity of the

employed and his family.

290 JBD Social Studies Book 10

Pre-Preparedness for Foreign Employment

Foreign employment is a great hope and opportunity for the jobless country like Nepal.
Our country is benefited from the foreign employment by solving the burning and blasting
problems of unemployment. Nepal has got more than one billion rupees every year from
remittance. Many industries have been established with this remittance, which helps in
generating local employment. This has largely contributed to our national economy. But
the foreign employment is not safe for all employed. Therefore, the employed should not
go in foreign employment without preparation. Any person who likes to go abroad for
employment should have the following information or preparation before going abroad:

• The employed who wants to go in foreign employment should be mentally
prepared and have to collect the necessary information from the of Ministry of
Labour and Employment or from the foreign employment promotion board.

• The person should be physically fit and should have specific skill or knowledge
to get better job.

• The person should have Machine Readable Passport (MRP). It can be obtained
from the District Administration Office.

• We can apply ourselves in manpower company. We should not depend on
broker or agent. While applying in manpower company, we should see the
register number and we should not forget to receive cash receipt of paid
amount.

• The persons who want to go in foreign employment should do the physical
check up from the health centre or hospital recognized from the Nepal
government.

• They should take orientation training before going in foreign employment.
This training provides necessary information of foreign employment, departure
process, etc.

• We can go in one hundred one countries of the world for foreign employment
but some countries like Iraq and Afghanistan are restricted for foreign
employment, where we should not go.

• Every employed should have made insurance before going in foreign
employment to claim compensation of any accident or accidental death.

Challenges of Foreign Employment

Nepal is one of the developing countries, where there is more poverty and unemployment.
Therefore, the attraction of foreign employment is increasing everyday in Nepal. But
the foreign employment is not safe, satisfactory and well managed. It has faced many
problems and challenges, which are described below:

JBD Social Studies Book 10 291

a. Lack of required skill: Most of the Nepalese people who are going to foreign
countries for employment do not get suitable and respectable jobs. There is lack
of skilled and trained human resources appropriate to the nature and requirement
of foreign demand. Therefore, Nepal sends fresh and unskilled youths for foreign
employment where they are compelled to sell their labour at low salary.

b. Language problem: Mostly illiterate or less educated people go to foreign countries
for employment from Nepal. Neither do they know English nor the language of
working country. It creates problem to them. They cannot understand the existing
law of working country and their rights mentioned in the agreement.

c. No proper implementation of foreign employment act: Foreign Employment Act
was passed in 2064 BS from parliament,which has clearly made a legal provision for
sending Nepalese for foreign employment. But this act is not correctly implemented.
As a result, various illegal foreign employment services are in operation without
government permission and they are cheating innocent people.

d. Problems of Brokers: Brokers are not registered with labour and employment
promotion department. So, they are illegal agents. They are spreading village to
village. They are taking advantage of the simple and innocent people and cheating
them. Indeed, this is a big and serious challenge in foreign employment.

e. Lack of insurance and security: Insurance is the support to the worker or to his/
her family after any accident or accidental death. So,there should be the provision
of accident insurance of the worker. But there is lack of insurance and security to
the Nepalese workers.

f. Visa problem: Many youths who want to go for foreign employment have the
problems of visa. They do not get visa in time and also have to pay much money to
get visa.

g. Exploitation of labour and sexual harassment: This is a great challenge or
problem of foreign employment. On the one hand, those who are going with a hope
of good job and good payment come back getting neither the job nor handsome
salary as mentioned in their contract paper and on other hand, they are exploited in
working areas. Females are generally become the victim of sexual harassment and
exploitation.

292 JBD Social Studies Book 10

1 Short answer questions

a. What do you mean by foreign employment? Explain its importance in the
context of Nepal.

b. Make a table showing positive and negative effects of foreign employment.

c. Prepare a dialogue mentioning the precautions before going in foreign
employment.

d. Mention the role of government, foreign employee and civil society for effective
management of foreign employment.

e. What is remittance? Describe its importance.

2 Long answer questions

a. Nepalese who go on abroad don't have appropriate skill and knowledge. So
they haven't got prestigious job and salary. In such condition, what aspects
should the Nepal improve to get prestigious job on abroad ? Mention any six
aspects and explain any three of them.

b. Explain the challenges of foreign employment in brief.

Extra Questions for More Practice

a. Write a latter to your brother suggesting him to do something in the country
instead of going abroad.

b. Some of your relatives may have gone in foreign employment. What problems
do Nepalese face in foreign country? Write in points.

c. Prepare a model of news for a national daily mentioning the problems created
by foreign employment.

d. Draw a pie chart showing the following data of foreign employment.

Countries Malaysia Qatar Kuwait European Country

No. of Employed 74029 60005 2441 20513

JBD Social Studies Book 10 293

Lesson Cooperative Organizations and
their Economic Importance
5

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to
• introduce a cooperative organization and its concept.
• tell the principle and advantages of cooperative organization
• say the importance of cooperative organization in the context of Nepal .

Introduction

Co-operative organization means working together. Broadly, co-operative organization
can be defined as voluntary association of the people who want to work together to
achieve their common economic objective and social development. According to prof.
Henry Calvert, "Co-operation is a form of organization where persons voluntarily
associate together as human being on the basis of equality for the promotion of economic
interests of themselves." Similarly, the General Assembly of Cooperative federation held in
Manchester, England in 1995 has defined "Cooperative is an autonomous organization of
such people who want to fulfill their common economic, social and cultural needs working
together voluntarily through the business controlled in democratic process" .

Co-operative organization is based on all for each and each for all philosophy and work
on the principle of self help as well as mutual help. The main objective of cooperative
organization is to provide support to the members. Generally, economically weak groups
are involved in cooperative. It helps to make the self reliant. It is established in different
sectors such as production, marketing, costumers, agriculture, transportation, education,
banking, etc. according to their purposes.

Historical Background of Cooperative Organization

The concept of cooperative organization was started with the Industrial Revolution
in England. After the industrial revolution many labourers became jobless and they
compelled to eat cheap and less qualitative food. Therefore, Robert Oben established
'Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers' to provide quality food to the jobless workers.
It was the first cooperative organization in the world and was established in Rochadale
of England on December 21, 1844 A.D. Thus, Robert Oben is known as the father of
cooperative organization.

In the context of Nepal, Guthi, Dharma, Bhakari, Mankakhal, Parma, Bheja, Dhikuti
were traditional cooperative organizations. But the formal development of cooperative

294 JBD Social Studies Book 10