Design thesis report

KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

REVIVING THE KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL
FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

NUR AMIRAH BINTI NORDIN
1816540

DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
KULLIYYAH OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
53100 KUALA LUMPUR
2021/2022

KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER
ALA 4203

DESIGN THESIS PROJECT
SEMESTER 2, 2021/2022

REVIVING THE KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL
FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

By
NUR AMIRAH BINTI NORDIN

1816540

This design thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Bachelor of Landscape Architecture

DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
KULLIYYAH OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
53100 KUALA LUMPUR

2021/2022

KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am eternally grateful to The Almighty Allah SWT for providing me with the
strength, patience, and confidence to complete my design thesis. This study would not have
been able to complete without his direction. The effective completion of this research would
not have been possible without the help of many people. I'd want to express my sincere
gratitude to my studio supervisor, Assoc. Prof. LAr. Dr. Mohd Ramzi Mohd Hussain for his
precious time and patience in reading, editing, and supervising me throughout the semester.
Thanks also to my second supervisor, Asst. Prof. Dr. Maheran Yaman for her time in
supervising my research intellectually and meticulously as well as her ability to get me on
track whenever needed.

Most significantly, I want to express my gratitude and debt to the Lembaga Kemajuan
Ikan Malaysia of Dungun (LKIM) and the Dungun District Fisheries Office for allowing me
to do research at their facility. Their unwavering collaboration and support are deserving of
more than words can say. Not forget to Encik Fairuzamin, one of the locals for his guidance
during the site visit to Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub. Many thanks also to my beloved
parents, Nordin Bin Abdullah and Zaiton Binti Salleh, and my family members for their
constant encouragement towards the end of this research. I appreciate all my coursemates
during my studio session for spending their time and sincerity in helping me conduct this
research.

Last, of all, I thank all the hundreds who participated and contributed to completing
my design thesis. May Allah SWT provide us with all blessings.

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KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that all parts of this design thesis report are the result of my work after the
completion of 28 weeks in semesters 1 and 2,2021/2022 and have not previously been
submitted for a degree This report contains no materials previously published or written by
another person and I certify that this report is my own based on my research experience. This
research is almost entirely my work, the contributions of others have been identified and
acknowledged, and supporting works of literature and resources have been properly
referenced.

NUR AMIRAH BINTI NORDIN 04th July 2022
Matric No: 1816540
Bachelor of Landscape Architecture,
Kuliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design,
International Islamic University Malaysia.

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ABSTRACT

Dungun is a little settlement on the seaside, where the identity and unique heritage of
fisheries and their lifestyle gives a great identity to their town and worldview, not just for
culture but also as tourism anchors and provide local or regional economy. However, their
economic sector was affected due to shallow river conditions. Kuala Dungun fishermen’s
area potential to be an aquaculture tourism center as the main existing activity for the
community there is already related to the fishing sector. Thus, part of the design thesis will
focus on how to improve the economy and at the same time maintain the identity of the site
as a fishermen’s village.

In addition, for decades, the inhabitants have valued maritime resources. Moreover,
with the environmental issue where the fishermen have trouble finding a source of income
when the monsoon season occurs. Thus, the objectives of this design thesis are; to improve
the coastal community and fisheries culture by developing the existing fisheries hub and
engaging new places, to propose better facilities and activities for each space to complement
the need of fishermen of the local community as well as provide better comfort to the tourist,
and to propose alternative urban design solutions for deteriorating landscapes due to natural
disasters as well as to ensure the safety of fishermen and the local community.

Therefore, the methodologies applied to achieve the objectives are semi-structured
interviews, questionnaire surveys, observation, literature reviews, and case studies. These
methodologies will help to build up the needs of the design for the desired proposed solution
for the landscape programmer. Kuala Dungun fishermen’s area needs the aid of aquaculture
tourism to utilize the unique potential of its natural resources to the optimum as well as it will
benefit the locals and the environment itself.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………………………………...i

Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………………ii

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………iii

Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………………..iv

List of figures …………………………………………………………...……………….……x

List of tables ……………………………………………………………..…….……………xiv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………..………………...1
1.2 Research background …………………...……………………………………...…...…….4
1.3 Issues and problem statement …………………...………………………………...………5
1.4 Aim, Objectives, and Questions …………………………………………...…...…………6
1.5 Thesis structure ……………………………………………………...….…..…………….9
1.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………...….………….10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………...…...……….11
2.2 Overview of Fishing …………………………………………………………..…………11

2.2.1 History of fishing …………………………………….....……...……11
2.2.2 Type of fishermen ……………………………...…...……………….12
2.2.3 Techniques Used by Fishermen ………...…………………...…..…..14
2.2.4 Fishermen’s Equipment …………………………………………...…16
2.2.5 Fishermen Present Scenario ……………………………...……....17
2.2.6 Fishermen activity analogy ……………………………….....…...18

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2.3 Overview of Aquaculture ……………………………………………………..…………20
2.3.1 History of Aquaculture …………………...……………………...…..20
2.3.2 Roles of Aquaculture …………………...….…………………...……21
2.3.3 Benefits of Aquaculture ………………………………………...……21
2.3.4 Sustainable development goal of aquaculture ………………......……24
2.3.5 Landscape architecture agenda 2050 aquaculture ........................……26
2.3.6 Application for industrial revolution 4.0.……………..……...………27
2.3.7 Technology for aquaculture …………………………………..…..….28

2.4 Islamic perspectives on fisheries and aquaculture …………...…………………………31
2.4.1 Importance of preserving the freshness of fish to fulfill the
tayyiban based on the analysis of scientific and Islamic jurisprudence
principles ………………………………...……………..……………31
2.4.2 Basis of thinking in terms of marine management and fisheries in
an Islamic perspective ……………………………...………………..31

2.5 Aquaculture Park design ……………………………………………...…………...……35
2.5.1 Key Elements ……………………………………………...…………35
2.5.2 Towards gender equality …………………………………...……...…35
2.5.3 Site suitability …………………………………………………..……36
2.5.4 Design strategies for sustainable aquaculture ………………......……37

2.6 Design strategies …………………………………...………………………………...…38
2.6.1 Apply seafood-related tourism concept ………………...……...…….38
2.6.2 Aquaculture and Tourism Combination Strategic …………...……....40
2.6.3 Fishermen’s situation and landscape design implementation ..………41
2.6.3.1 Biophilic design ………………………...…………….....41
2.6.3.2 Fisheries friendly ………………………...………...……45

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2.7 References studies ………………………………………………………………………47
2.7.1 Aquaculture and community learning center ……………….….…….47
2.7.2 Sydney Fish market ……………………...………………..…………48
2.7.3 Darling Harbor ……………………………………………...………..49
2.7.4 Summary ………………………………………………..……………49

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR DESIGN THESIS
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………...…………………………52
3.2 Research methodology ……………………………………………………...…………...52
3.3 Literature review and reference studies ………………...……….……………………….53
3.4 Case study ……………………………...……………………………………………..…54
3.5 Data Analysis ………………….…...……………………………………………………56
3.6 Findings (recommendation and synthesis) ……….……………….………………..……57
3.7 Conclusion ………………………...………………………………….………………….58
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, FINDINGS, AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………...…………………...…….59
4.2 Case study: Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub……….………….. …...………….………..59

4.2.1 Semi-structured interview result …………..……………………….…..61
4.2.2 Questionnaire survey results ……………………………….....………..63
4.2.3 Site inventory and analysis ………………...………………………..…67

4.2.3.1 Socio-cultural attributes …...…………....………...…68
4.2.3.2 Natural attributes ………...…………………………..76
4.2.3.3 Physical attributes ……………...…………………....88
4.3 Cross Analysis ………………………………………………...………………...…...…103
4.4 Site synthesis ……………………………………………………...……………………105
4.4.1 Analysis Layering mapping …………………………………....…..105

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4.4.2 Synthesis map ………………………………………………………106
4.4.3 Design strategies ……………………………………………...……109
4.5 Summation ……………………………...……………………………….……………..111
CHAPTER 5: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Introduction …………………………………………...……...….………………..……112
5.2 Design concept, space programming, conceptual diagram, functional diagrams, schematic
plan, and preliminary masterplan……….………….. …...…………………………...…….112
5.2.1 Design concept ……………………………………………………..…..112

5.2.1.1 Design concept and strategy according to objectives 113
5.2.1.2 Design concept combination ………………….....…119
5.2.1.3 Design concept implementation …………………....121
5.2.2 Design stage ……………………………………………………………121
5.2.2.1 Space programming ……………………..………….121
5.2.2.2 Conceptual diagram …...……………………………123
5.2.2.3 Functional diagrams …...………………...………....124
5.2.2.4 Schematic plan …...………………………...………127
5.2.3 Preliminary masterplan …...……………………………………………128
5.2.3.1 Sections …...………………………………..………129
5.2.3.2 Perspectives and sketches …...…………...…………130
5.3 Masterplan …...…………………………………………………………………………133
5.3.1 Sections and perspectives …...…………………………………………134
5.4 Planting concept …...………………………………………………………...…………137
5.5 Detail development area plan …...……………………………………………...………139
5.5.1 Introduction …...……………………………………………….………139
5.5.2 Aim and objectives …...………………………………………………139

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5.5.3 Reason and justification …...…………………………………....……139
5.5.4 Design concept …...…………………………………………..………140
5.5.5 Design ideas …...……………………………………………..………140
5.5.6 Space programming …...………………………………...……………141
5.5.7 Functional diagrams ….................................................………………142
5.5.8 Schematic plan …...………………………………………………..…144
5.5.9 Detail development area plan …...……………………………………145

5.5.9.1 Sections …...…………………………………..……146
5.5.9.2 Perspectives …...…………………………………....149
5.6 Innovative design ideas …...……………………………………………………………151
5.6.1 Introduction …………………………………………..………………151
5.6.2 Design concept …...………………………………………..…………151
5.6.3 Design process phase …...……………………………………………151
5.6.4 Function of Layar Nakhoda …...………………………...……………152
5.6.5 Technology implementation …………………………………….……153
5.6.6 Construction detail and 3D visualization …...……………….……….154
5.7 3Dimension model …...…………………………………………………...……………156
5.8 Softscape elements …...……………………………………………………...…………159
5.8.1 Introduction …...…………………………………………...………....159
5.8.2 Planting concept …...…………………………………………………159
5.8.3 Planting strategies …...……………………………………….………159
5.8.4 Softscape plan …...…………………………………………………...161
5.8.5 Softscape palette …...…………………………………………………161
5.8.6 Softscape arrangement illustration …...………………………………162
5.9 Hardscape elements …...…………………………………………………………..……163

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5.9.1 Introduction …...………………………………..…………………….163
5.9.2 Hardscape plan …...……………………………………………..……163
5.9.3 Hardscape palette …...…………………………………..……………164
5.9.4 Hardscape illustration …...……………………………………………164
5.10Conclusion …...……………………………………………………………..………….165
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction …………………………………………...……...….………………...…...166
6.2 Overall conclusion ………………….………….. …...…………………………………166

Bibliography ……………………………………………………...…………………….…..168
Appendix A ……………………………………………....………………………….……..172

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LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER ONE

Figure 1.1: World map representing Human Development Index categories
Figure 1.2: Poverty evaluation in the Malaysia Fishery Community
Figure 1.3: Determinants of factors that affect poverty among coastal fishermen community
in Malaysia
Figure 1.4: Key plan
Figure 1.5: Site plan
Figure 1.6: Thesis structure

CHAPTER TWO

Figure 2.1: The Great Fish Market, painted by Jan Brueghel the Elder
Figure 2.2: Fishing in Ancient Egypt, wall relief, Saqqara necropolis, 24th century BCE
Figure 2.3: Recreational Fisherman
Figure 2.4: Commercial Fisherman
Figure 2.5: Artisanal Fisherman
Figure 2.6: Spearfishing
Figure 2.7: Hand-gathering
Figure 2.8: Netting
Figure 2.9: Angling
Figure 2.10: Trapping
Figure 2.11: Fishermen’s equipment
Figure 2.12: Fishermen’s equipment
Figure 2.13: Fishermen present scenario
Figure 2.14: Fishermen activity analogy (a)
Figure 2.15: Fishermen activity analogy (b)
Figure 2.16: Mural painting of Aquaculture in 1910
Figure 2.17: A tilapia shown in an Egyptian frieze, circa 2000 B.C.
Figure 2.18: Application for industrial revolution 4.0
Figure 2.19: RAS in an enclosed area
Figure 2.20: RAS in an open area
Figure 2.21: Fishermen’s situation and landscape design implementation
Figure 2.22: Typical fishing harbor installations
Figure 2.23: Aquaculture and Community learning center
Figure 2.24: Public spaces
Figure 2.25: Indoor Aquaculture
Figure 2.26: Sydney fish market
Figure 2.27: Public space of Sydney Fish market
Figure 2.28: Restaurant at Sydney Fish Market
Figure 2.29: Darling Harbour

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Figure 2.30: The Boulevard
Figure 2.31: Chinese Garden Plaza
Figure 2.32: Folded landscape
Figure 2.33: Tumbalong Park

CHAPTER THREE

Figure 3.1: Flow chart for literature review and reference studies
Figure 3.2: Data collection flow chart for case study at Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area
Figure 3.3: Flow chart for data analysis
Figure 3.4: Flow chart for findings
Figure 3.5: Summary of research methodologies

CHAPTER FOUR

Figure 4.1: Key plan
Figure 4.2: Site plan
Figure 4.3: Dungun tree
Figure 4.4: Seeds of Dungun Tre
Figure 4.5: Age
Figure 4.6: Level of study
Figure 4.7: Marital status
Figure 4.8: Income
Figure 4.9: Type of fishermen and their time spent at the sea
Figure 4.10: Knowledge of fish farming
Figure 4.11: Agreement on proposed aquaculture
Figure 4.12: Kuala Dungun in 1808
Figure 4.13: Chinese house in 1922
Figure 4.14: Perahu Jokong
Figure 4.15: Keropok Lekor
Figure 4.16: Satar
Figure 4.17: Traditional boat structure
Figure 4.18: Jetty of Kuala Dungun
Figure 4.19: Dungun market
Figure 4.20: Unjam
Figure 4.21: Rocky area for Eging technique
Figure 4.22: Cashew tree
Figure 4.23: Cashew fruit
Figure 4.24: Greenhouse boat
Figure 4.25: Registration number
Figure 4.26: Shaded covered area
Figure 4.27: Average wind speed in Dungun
Figure 4.28: Wind direction
Figure 4.29: Wind barrier
Figure 4.30: Formation of sea breeze and land breeze
Figure 4.31: The formation of the monsoon season
Figure 4.32: High-tide and low-tide
Figure 4.33: Formation of Kuala
Figure 4.34: The formation of the cape
Figure 4.35: Dungun River

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Figure 4.36: Secondary drainage
Figure 4.37: Tertiary drainage
Figure 4.38: Sandy clay-loam soil
Figure 4.39: sandy soil
Figure 4.40: Slope area along the Sungai Dungun
Figure 4.41: Slope area at shoreline along the South China Sea
Figure 4.42: Illustration of soil erosion
Figure 4.43: Soil erosion in Kuala Dungun coastal area
Figure 4.44: Land use
Figure 4.45: Concrete house
Figure 4.46: Wooden house
Figure 4.47: Shop lot building
Figure 4.48: Main stakeholders on site
Figure 4.48: Main stakeholders on site
Figure 4.49: Community distribution
Figure 4.50: Behavior mapping
Figure 4.51: Circulation map
Figure 4.52: Layering of road
Figure 4.53: Primary Road
Figure 4.54: Secondary Road
Figure 4.55: Tertiary Road
Figure 4.56: Vehicle and pedestrian density
Figure 4.57: Abandoned land and properties area
Figure 4.58: Analysis of layering mapping
Figure 4.59: Synthesis Map

CHAPTER FIVE

Figure 5.1: Design concept
Figure 5.2: Sail pole
Figure 5.3: Layar persembahan
Figure 5.4: Fishermen’s semutar
Figure 5.5: Sail
Figure 5.6: Sail
Figure 5.7: Sail
Figure 5.8: Sail
Figure 5.9: Layar persembahan
Figure 5.10: Sail
Figure 5.11: Design concept combination
Figure 5.12: Types of sail
Figure 5.13: Location of Layar Apit
Figure 5.14: Location of Layar Tanjung
Figure 5.15: Tanjak
Figure 5.16: Design concept implementation
Figure 5.17: Space programming
Figure 5.18: Space programming
Figure 5.19: Conceptual diagram
Figure 5.20: Conceptual diagram
Figure 5.21: Circulation

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KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

Figure 5.22: Zoning
Figure 5.23: Social-cultural
Figure 5.24: Linkage of space
Figure 5.25: Activities
Figure 5.26: Planting
Figure 5.27: Schematic plan
Figure 5.28: Preliminary masterplan
Figure 5.29: Section A-A’
Figure 5.30: Section B-B’
Figure 5.31: Cultural area and aquaculture spot
Figure 5.32: Teluk Layar Kolek area and Dungun market
Figure 5.33: Tradition and commercial area
Figure 5.34: Commercial area traditional restaurant
Figure 5.35: Natural buffer
Figure 5.36: Masterplan
Figure 5.37: Section A-A’
Figure 5.38: Section B-B’
Figure 5.39: Section C-C’
Figure 5.40: Section D-D’

Figure 5.41: Planting concept

Figure 5.42: Kolek area
Figure 5.43: Design ideas
Figure 5.44: Space programming
Figure 5.45: Functional diagrams
Figure 5.46: Schematic plan
Figure 5.47: Detail development area plan
Figure 5.48: Section A-A’
Figure 5.49: Section B-B’
Figure 5.50: Section C-C’
Figure 5.51: Section D-D’
Figure 5.52: Layar and Nakhoda
Figure 5.53: Design process
Figure 5.54: Function of Layar Nakhoda
Figure 5.55: Plan
Figure 5.56: Top view
Figure 5.57: Front elevation
Figure 5.58: Pattern of Layar nakhoda
Figure 5.59: View of Layar Nakhoda
Figure 5.60: Front elevation of Layar Nakhoda
Figure 5.61: Bird’s eye-view of Singgah Layar Nelayan

Figure 5.62: Softscape plan

Figure 5.63: Softscape palette
Figure 5.64: Softscape element
Figure 5.65: Hardscape plan
Figure 5.66: Hardscape element
Figure 5.67: Hardscape palette
Figure 5.68: Hardscape element

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LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER TWO

Table 2.1: Summary of reference studies

CHAPTER FOUR

Table 4.1: Summary of semi-structured interview result
Table 4.2: Site inventory component
Table 4.3: Cultural taboos and belief
Table 4.4: Summarized microclimate data
Table 4.5: Fishermen’s hub area that covered by shade
Table 4.6: List of vegetation
Table 4.7: List of fauna
Table 4.8: Site context
Table 4.9: Element of land use
Table 4.10: Good view
Table 4.11: Bad view
Table 4.12: Condition of facilities and amenities
Table 4.13: Abandoned land and properties condition
Table 4.14: Cross-analysis
Table 4.15: Site potential
Table 4.16: Site constraint
Table 4.17: Design strategies

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

Figure 1.1: World map representing Human Development Index categories (Source:
https://ourworldindata.org/human-development-index)

Malaysia aspires to expand at a rate of 4.5 percent to 5.5 percent each year until 2025,
when it would have achieved its goal of becoming a developed country, five years ahead of
the schedule set by previous Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. Prime Minister Ismail Sabri
Yaakob revealed the goals as he tabled a sweeping five-year development plan, to be debated
and voted on in parliament. Though the fight against the virus is far from complete, and the
PM himself underlined the government's budgetary restrictions, the roadmap intends to
shepherd the country past the economic horrors of the COVID-19 outbreak.

To achieve this, several efforts have been placed to accelerate the country’s
development. A country is not valued as developed by its economic achievements and rapid
progress of development alone, but the quality of life and well-being of its people also play a
significant role. For example, developed countries have higher incomes, better educational
attainment, better public health, and longer life expectancies. One of the biggest challenges
for the Malaysian government to realize they aim to ensure that no gap exists in the quality of

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life between various groups and communities, between urban and rural communities.
Challenges occur for persons who reside in regions such as water-edge settlements because
they are isolated and vulnerable. As a result, the government must ensure that these areas
have a comparable quality of life to their urban counterparts.

Who is this water-edge community?
Water-edge community is a fishermen’s community that is someone who captures

fish and other animals from a body of water or gathers shellfish and sometimes lives near the
waterbody.

Figure 1.2: Poverty evaluation in the Malaysia Fishery Community (Source: Saeed
Solaymani a, Fatimah Kari. Center for Poverty and Development Studies (CPDS), University
of Malaya, Faculty of Economics and Administration, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)

Based on Figure 1.2, there is a different evaluation of poverty in the Malaysian fishery

community between developed and developing nations. Develop nations are more advanced

rather than developing nations which is had many issues that need to control and solve.

Scenario and situation

Figure 1.3: Determinants of factors that affect poverty among coastal fishermen community
in Malaysia (Source: Ali Mohamed Omar Rhoumah)

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Based on figure 1.3, there are a few scenarios and situations of poverty among coastal
fishermen communities in Malaysia. This scenario happened because of a few issues such as
Vagaries of climate and nature, lack of assets and other skills, illegal fishing practices,
institutional factors, global or regional forces, and breakdown in social capital.

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1.2 Research background

Figure 1.4: Key plan Figure 1.5: Site plan (Source: Google Map)
(Source: i-Plan)

Dungun is a coastal town, where the identity and unique heritage of fisheries and their

life gives a great identity to their town and worldview, not just for culture but also as tourism

anchors and provide local or regional economy. However, their economic sector was affected

due to shallow river conditions. Alternative ways need to be taken to make their income

sustainable without disturbing the biodiversity by enhancing the aquaculture sector.

Fishermen’s hub or known as Kompleks Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia is located
at the estuary of Dungun River. This hub functions as a place for fishermen to sell their
fishery products, export their products, or any matters related to fisherman’s welfare will be
processed here. The site is determined depending on several factors, including:

1. Strategic location to develop as a tourism center as the site is surrounded by
many facilities and attractions.

2. The main hub for fisheries products of Kuala Dungun
3. Accessible location for local community and tourists.
4. Surrounded by a scenic view that can enhance more excitement for the visitor.
5. Potential for tourist destination

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1.3 Issues and problem statement
In this study, the social aspect serves as the predominant issue affecting the fisheries industry,
followed by economic and environmental aspects. The environment is regarded as the
primary cause and source of concern, as it is linked to other variables such as economic and
social concerns.
Social

• Abandoned facilities due to lack of tourist attractions
• Lack of public facilities for the fishermen
• Fishery products are sold far from the fisheries’ hub causing a lot of manpower to be

needed
Economic

• Gap in between the public and the city itself where the growth of the city is not parallel
with its people

Environment
• Floods caused by rising river water levels exceeding the height of the fort
• Fishermen have trouble finding a source of income when the monsoon of the season
occurs

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1.4 Aim, Objectives, and Questions
Aim
The research aims to transform the fisheries hub into an economic hotspot as an
aquaculture tourism center and offer a new place for recreational purposes.

Objectives
The objectives to achieve the aim are as follows:

1. Cultural heritage
To improve the coastal community and fisheries culture by developing the
existing fisheries hub and engaging new places to become more
inclusive that can increase the appeal of locals and visitors to generate
social, economic, and environmental benefits.

2. Tourism, prosperity & high local value
To propose better facilities and activities for each space to complement the
need of fishermen of the local community as well as provide better
comfort to the tourist.

3. Environmental & local protection
To propose alternative urban design solutions for deteriorating landscapes
due to natural disasters as well as to ensure the safety of fishermen and
the local community.

Design Thesis questions
1. What are the spaces for aquaculture tourism?
2. How to improve economic and social stability in Dungun town?
3. What is the design strategy for landscape and facility enhancement?

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Why coastal area?
There is huge development ongoing in the cities serving the needs of inner cities. However,
there is a lack of development in the coastal area. This is an opportunity to develop the rural
area to catalyze the cities.
Why Kuala Dungun?

Kuala Dungun is one of the famous spots in the coastal area in Terengganu to be
visited. It consists of small villages that handle local business. It is also a strategic place that
acts as a catalyst to develop local economic growth.
Why fishermen’s hub?

Fishermen in Dungun are struggling to sustain their liveability due to a decrease in
marine catch and an increase in the cost-of-living standards. Diversity of economy in
fishermen’s industry is needed to help them survive through time.

What?
To solve the current issues of fishermen and improve their livability for a
better future.
Why?
The state of survival of fishermen’s occupation may be extinct in the
future.
Where?
Dungun, Terengganu
Who?
• Fishermen community at coastal area of Dungun
• Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (LKIM)
• Tourist
• Entrepreneurs

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How?
Aquaculture Tourism Center

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1.5 Thesis structure

Figure 1.6: Thesis structure 9
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1.6 Conclusion
Before the next chapter, it is important to understand the aim and objectives of this

chapter. This study aims to focus on tourism within the coastal area in Dungun that can give
benefit the city and country. Based on the aim, some objectives need to be considered which
it is required to understand fishermen’s community lifestyle and the existence as well as the
characteristic of the coastal area. This research study will be carried out to study the
importance of aquaculture in improving the economic sector. Thus, the study focuses on
fishermen’s community perception of aquaculture tourism centers.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Based on the scope of the study, a deeper understanding is required of fishermen and
aquaculture. A few pieces of literature will be reviewed to study the issues and potential. The
study covers the general scope of fishermen and aquaculture engagement in the community
and landscape. The scope narrows down to coastal tourism that involved the fishermen and
aquaculture where it focuses on universal context. The further study discusses the present
condition of fishermen’s economic resources and the significance of aquaculture to the
tourism industry. Reference studies are selected in other countries as examples of tourism that
involves fishermen’s communities.

2.2 Overview of Fishing
According to Oxford Dictionary, fishing is the sport or business of catching fish. In

general, fishing was an important source of sustenance in prehistoric times and evolved into a
commercial enterprise in antiquity. Deep-sea fishing first emerged in the 15th century but
took off with the arrival of steamboats in the 19th century. Larger nets may be pulled by the
more powerful trawlers. Recreational fishing, which was once only available to the wealthy
in the 18th century, became more widely available as technological advancements allowed
for the production of better equipment at a reduced cost.
2.2.1 History of fishing

Early humans and ancient civilizations based their daily living around a source of
fresh water: rivers, streams, or lakes. Fishing has been around for 40,000 years. Fish were an
important source of sustenance in many cultures. Spearfishing with harpoons was common as
was the use of nets. To catch Nile perch, catfish, and eels, ancient Egyptians utilized woven
nets, harpoons, and hooks. Fishing was written about and shown in vase paintings and

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mosaics by the ancient Greeks and Romans. To capture trout, the ancient Macedonians
utilized artificial flies.

Fishing with a silk line, a hook, and a bamboo rod is seen in Chinese texts and
paintings. Harpoons tied to long cords were used by early Indians to catch fish. Native
Americans fished with wood and bone hooks and line tackle along the California coast.
Fishing rods have been used since at least 4,000 years ago. Six-foot-long bamboo, hazel
shoots, or thin tapered flexible wood parts with a horsehair line attached were used to make
the first rods.

Figure 2.1: The Great Fish Market, painted by Figure 2.2: Fishing in Ancient Egypt, wall
Jan Brueghel the Elder (Source: Google image) relief, Saqqara necropolis, 24th century BCE

(Source: Google image)

2.2.2 Type of fishermen
Capture fisheries are exceedingly diverse, with a vast number of different types of

fisheries classified at various levels of classification. Capture fisheries might be characterized
as industrial, small-scale, artisanal, or recreational in general. A more specific level includes
reference to the fishing area, gear, and the main target species. While capture fisheries
involve thousands of fisheries on a global scale, they are frequently classified by the catch
species, fishing gear employed, and the national and/or regional level at which a fishery is
controlled. There are three types of fishermen for example:

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1. Recreational Fisherman

Figure 2.3: Recreational Fisherman (Source: Google Image)
Recreational anglers are people that fish for fun and compete in fishing tournaments.
Anglers fish for themselves and enjoy fishing as a hobby in this situation. They will never
endanger the oceans by overfishing. Anglers are mostly used by recreational anglers.
2. Commercial Fisherman

Figure 2.4: Commercial Fisherman (Source: Google Image)
Commercial fishers are those who fish for profit. Commercial fishers hunt fish to sell
them in the market and earn their living. They take fishing as a career. Commercial fishers
mostly use netting methods.

3. Artisanal Fisherman

Figure 2.5: Artisanal Fisherman (Source: Google Image)
Artisanal fishers are those who fish using traditional techniques. Their practices are
mostly low-tech, and they use them for survival mostly in third-world countries.

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2.2.3 Techniques Used by Fishermen

Fishing tactics differ depending on the type of fish to be caught, but they haven't changed
much over time. Traditional methods are now employed in conjunction with modern
industrial procedures. Nets, traps, and fishing rods are widely utilized, and such equipment
has either changed with technological advancements or remained reliant on local resources
and knowledge in areas where industrialization has not occurred. These are some of the
methods:
1. Spearfishing

Figure 2.6: Spearfishing (Source: Google Image)
One of the oldest methods of catching fish is spearfishing. The Spear aids in the capture of
fish in this approach. Spearfishing includes the use of arrows, tridents, and harpoons, among
other items. Spearfishing is a shallow-water sport, but current technology has allowed
spearfishing to evolve. Spearguns are intended for use in deeper waters to catch fish. The
diver will descend into the water, hold their breath for a few minutes, then select a target with
a spear gun and fire it. Practice makes a man perfect, and practice makes a man perfect.
2. Hand-gathering

Figure 2.7: Hand-gathering (Source: Google Image) 14
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Hand-gathering is also one of the oldest methods of gathering. This method necessitates
bare-handed fishing. To catch fish, no instrument or weapon is used. This method is primarily
used on the beach to collect shellfish and kelp. Crabs are also caught by hand-gatherers who
dig. Hand-gathering methods for finding seafood include flounder tramping, noodling, pearl
divers, trout tickling, and trout binning.
3. Netting

Figure 2.8: Netting (Source: Google Image)

One of the most common and oldest methods of catching fish is netting. Fish are caught
using mesh or nets in this manner. It is well-known across the world. Netting is commonly
used by commercial fishermen. Netting fishing includes longlining, trolling, dredging, Seine
nets, and small fishing trawlers.
4. Angling

Figure 2.9: Angling (Source: Google Image)
Fishing using a hook is known as angling. It is the most often utilized approach by both
recreational and commercial anglers. The peg is fastened to the fishing line and sunk into the
water in this technique. Artificial and genuine baitfish or lures can be employed.

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5. Trapping

Figure 2.10: Trapping (Source: Google Image)
Trapping is the most common method of catching fish. To catch fish, homemade traps are
placed in the water. These traps are sometimes enticed into catching prey. These traps could
be permanent or semi-permanent structures placed in regions where catching fish is more
likely. One of the bait-based trapping strategies is the pot trap. Trapping can take several
forms, including fishing weirs, fish wheels, and lobster traps. Trapping is used by artisanal
fishermen.
2.2.4 Fishermen’s Equipment

All fishermen have their equipment based on their preference of which location they
want to catch the sea product. There are three locations that will be chosen by the fishermen
either at the beach coast, shallow sea, or deep-sea area. All these locations will require
different equipment to catch fish or any seafood.

Figure 2.11: Fishermen’s equipment
Based on figure 2.11, Beast coast fishermen focus on the coastal areas, and they only
use the net as their equipment to catch the fish. The second one is shallow sea fishermen that
focus on places that are less than 30 kilometers from the coast and are using outboard
mechanized vessels while the third one is deep-sea fishermen who are using a deep

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mechanized vessel. This kind of fisherman focuses on places more than 30 kilometers from
the coast.

Figure 2.12: Fishermen’s equipment
Figure 2.12 shows the typical boat that is used by fishermen nowadays. It is made of
fiberglass material and is usually 5 to 7 meters in length. It is using 40 horsepower engines
with a hybrid system. This boat is powered by an outboard engine, and it has 3 components
which are powerhead, mid-section, and lower unit.
2.2.5 Fishermen Present Scenario
This presents scenario is a probability worrisome situation that will happen to the
fishermen’s community if there is no development to save the welfare of this
community.

Figure 2.13: Fishermen present scenario
Figure 2.13 shows the fishermen’s present scenario such as the age factor as they are getting
old, so they are not strong enough to go down to the sea. The fishermen’s community will
face a lack of involvement from the young generation and there will be a lack of diversity and

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innovation in the fishermen’s industry. Not only that, but they will also face an increase in
daily expenses while their income is not stable enough and the industry itself is unstable and
informal. Land reclamation and urbanization and marine catchment degrade also the scenario
that will be faced by the fishermen in the future. Technology advancement in the future may
give problems to the fishermen if they do not engage with development.

2.2.6 Fishermen activity analogy

Each fisherman had their daily activity every day. They had a few steps started from
going to the sea to catch fish until to selling it to the buyer or reseller as shown in figures
2.14 and 2.15.

Figure 2.14: Fishermen activity analogy (a)

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Figure 2.15: Fishermen activity analogy (b)

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2.3 Overview of Aquaculture
Aquaculture is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(FAO) as "the farming of aquatic creatures, such as fish, mollusks, crabs, and aquatic plants."
Malaysian aquaculture began in 1920, with a focus on brackish water, followed by freshwater
and marine aquaculture. Shellfish, freshwater species, and marine finfish are among the
aquaculture species in Malaysia (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO), 2013). In an abandoned mining pool in Malaysia, carp species such as bighead carp
(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon Idella) were bred in the 1920s.
2.3.1 History of Aquaculture
Aquaculture is the operation of cultivating aquatic organisms for food. The Romans grew
oysters and fish in Mediterranean lagoons around 500 BCE, whereas freshwater aquaculture
developed empirically in China 1000 years earlier. In the 1920s, a vast polyculture of Chinese
carp was established in abandoned mining pools. In the mid-1930s, the Navy began building
trapping ponds. Freshwater fish were first cultivated in clay ponds in the mid-1950s. Then, in
the early 1970s, semi-intensive shrimp production began, and in the 1980s, commercial
aquaculture, which consists of fish and shrimp hatcheries constructing private feed mills,
began. In the 1990s, integrated shrimp farms became commercially feasible, encompassing
everything from the hatchery to the processing facility and export. In the year 2000,
consumer welfare and protection, as well as fishery management, were their top priorities.

Figure 2.16: Mural painting of Aquaculture in 1910 20
(Source: https://www.alimentarium.org/)

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Figure 2.17: A tilapia shown in an Egyptian frieze, circa 2000
B.C. (Source: https://www.alimentarium.org/)

2.3.2 Roles of Aquaculture
Aquaculture is an important industry to the world as it can eliminate the gap between

supply and demand for fresh fish which is had been stated in National Food Safety.
Aquaculture can less fish capture strain between the settlers and build foreign exchange
profits. Not only that, but this sector also provides work and professional development to the
community. It increases the diversity of the farming and farmers’ alternate income and at the
same time creates incentives for business and innovation.
2.3.3 Benefits of Aquaculture

Scientists, farmers, and governments are looking for solutions to meet future food
demand in the face of a fast-growing global population. Because the natural harvest of many
seafood species is currently at or beyond maximum sustainable levels, interest in aquaculture
production is growing. Promoting aquaculture development is one feasible answer to this
problem, with a wide range of benefits that can be classified into three categories: social,
economic, and environmental.
Social Benefits
The aquaculture sector helps a developed country in terms of food security and livelihood.
1. Food Security

In countries with limited agricultural land, dwindling wild fish stocks, and a long
supply chain to global food markets, aquaculture plays a critical role. Overall, wild fisheries

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and sustainable aquaculture are essential to nutrition, regional and global food security, and
nutrition policies, and they play a significant role in altering food systems and combating
hunger and malnutrition.
2. Livelihood

Small-scale aquaculture is especially important in developing nations to maintain
livelihoods since it can provide a major source of income for local people where other
employment is limited or unavailable. Aquaculture activities can provide sustainable living to
coastal people if they are adequately managed for environmental risks and impacts.

Economic benefits
Producing alternative fuel sources, increasing jobs in the market, reducing the seafood trade
deficit, and increasing efficiency are benefits of aquaculture in the economic sector.
1. Alternative Fuel Source

Algae one of the products that can be bred can produce lipids that can be harvested and
burned as an alternative fuel source with only water as a by-product. Algae fuel is a cleaner
and farmable source of energy, which means it has the potential to transform the energy
sector and create a more stable economy by replacing oil's boom-bust nature with a more
abundant fuel source.

2. Increase Jobs in market
Aquaculture allows fishermen allows to pursue other economic activities like

engaging in alternative businesses. This encourages entrepreneurship and opens the door to
more job and hiring opportunities.

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3. Reduce seafood trade deficit

Aquaculture would help to reduce the deficit at a reduced opportunity cost because the fish
would be fresher if it was produced locally. It would also be less expensive due to lower
transportation expenses.

4. Increased Efficiency, More Resources for Less Effort

Food production is more efficient when less food and energy are utilized, resulting in
lower production costs. It conserves resources and even allows for the production of
additional food, resulting in secure stockpiles and reduced environmental stress.

Environment benefits
Aquaculture helps in environmental aspects such as producing health products, sustainable
use of sea resources, reducing environmental resources, and encouraging conservation of
biodiversity.
1. Health benefit

People have discovered that seafood is healthier and can help them battle a variety of
illnesses, so seafood has become a staple in many people's diets.

2. Sustainable Use of Sea Resources
Fishing has increased as a result of the rising demand for food sources and globalization.

As a result, fishermen have gotten egotistical and have overfished preferred or high-demand
species. It provides an alternative and at the same time allows wild stocks to rebuild over
time through aquaculture.
3. Reduced Environmental Disturbance

By expanding the number of aquaculture sectors, the necessity for wild stock fishing is
minimized, putting less stress on the ecosystem while also reducing human intervention.

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4. Conservation of Biodiversity
Aquacultures also help to preserve biodiversity by lowering fishing pressure on wild fish

in their ecosystems. There will be fewer attacks on natural populations of numerous species
in the water, which could rescue the aquatic ecosystem's diversity from extinction due to
overfishing.

2.3.4 Sustainable development goal of Aquaculture

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) stated that The Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United
Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the environment, and
ensure that by 2030, all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs are interconnected,
recognizing that actions in one area have an impact on outcomes in other areas and that
development must strike a balance between social, economic, and environmental
sustainability. Aquaculture will play a critical role in achieving several of the UN's SDGs by
2030. The following are six instances of how the Sustainable Development Goals apply to
aquaculture:

1. SDG Goal #1 No Poverty
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), aquaculture’s contribution to the global fishing industry increased
nearly seven-fold between 1970 and 2000 and most of that production
occurred on small, family-managed fish farms in developing nations. Aquaculture has played
a critical role in generating jobs and assisting households in achieving self-sufficiency.
Aquaculture jobs will be important in providing agency to people all across the world as the
business spreads into additional countries, and they may eventually help to eliminate poverty.

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2. SDG Goal #2 Zero Hunger
Sustainable aquaculture is critical for achieving food security because it is
one of the world's fastest-growing food sectors. Aquaculture generated
82.1 million tonnes of aquatic animals globally in 2018, compared to 97
million tonnes from wild fisheries. This would help feed local communities as well as meet
global seafood demand, ensuring that everyone has access to healthy, inexpensive food.
3. SDG Goal #3 Promoting health and wellbeing
Consumption of fish and shellfish is associated with many health
benefits. They're high in protein, with all nine essential amino acids, as
well as vital fats including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
4. SDG Goal #12 Responsible consumption and production
Great steps are now being made to lessen the environmental implications
of aquaculture. Aquaculture will establish itself as the most
environmentally friendly solution for fish and seafood production as these
methods are implemented by individual fish farms around the world.
5. SDG Goal #13 Climate Action
Fish farming is becoming increasingly near to home as aquaculture is no
longer limited to offshore conditions. Onshore facilities allow seafood to
be produced in close proximity to significant markets and cities. This
significantly reduces the distance traveled by items on their way to market, lowering CO2
emissions while also enhancing product shelf life, minimizing food loss and waste.
6. SDG Goal #14: Life below water
Climate change has put fishing at risk all across the world. Increased on-
land fish production will allow for the regeneration of fish populations
and habitats that are now depleted. Fish farms are much more

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environmentally friendly than traditional fishing methods. This is because aquaculture was
unlike traditional fishing methods as it does not pose a threat to non-target fish species.
Bycatch occurs when one out of every ten fish is caught in the wrong type of fish.

2.3.5 Landscape architecture agenda 2050 Aquaculture
“Institute of Landscape Architects Malaysia (ILAM)” (n.d.) describes Landscape architecture
agenda 2050 as a 30-year agenda, comprising their vision and 10 Strategic Focus Areas
(SFA) required to drive the landscape architecture professional forwards. The initiative
framework is in a developmental process until 2020 and it will be implemented in full force,
leading to 2050. There are five SFA that are related to the Aquaculture environment such as:

1. SFA O2 Resource management
Through the efficient provision of juveniles for release or stocking,
aquaculture can contribute to the protection and restoration of endangered
fish populations in the wild. In terms of survivability, hatcheries produce
juvenile fish and shellfish significantly more efficiently than the wild. These juveniles could
be used for a variety of purposes, including food, conservation, and restoration of fish
populations by release or restocking, as well as providing fish for angling.
2. SFA O3 Experiences and needs
Designing aquaculture tourism requires consideration of local identity and
culture, community connectivity, and community participation. It will
stress the value of active local participation in fostering civic pride,
ownership, and responsibility.
3. SFA O4 Conducive Living
Fish, especially aquaculture-produced fish, is frequently less expensive
than other animal meat. It also contains far more protein, as well as other

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essential minerals and vitamins. Increased availability of fish can mean better health and a
more varied diet for many disadvantaged households as a means of giving more nutrition.
Commercial aquaculture indirectly contributes to greater food security by providing local
communities with options for employment and revenue-generating.

4. SFA O6 Economic Return
Aquaculture generates year-round jobs, supports working waterfronts
and coastal communities, and has the potential to generate long-term
economic growth. Aquaculture also benefits other industries, such as
seafood processing and feed and equipment production.
5. SFA 10 Technology and system
Intelligent aquaculture, which is an intelligent production mode, is a
system used in aquaculture. It uses the Internet of Things, big data,
artificial intelligence, 5G, cloud computing, and robotics to complete all
production and management operations through remote control or robot independent control
of aquaculture facilities, equipment, and machinery.

2.3.6 Application for industrial revolution 4.0
The agriculture industry will confront significant hurdles in feeding the 9.6 billion people
who are expected to populate the earth by 2050, according to the FAO. Despite the limited
amount of arable land, food production needs to increase by 70%. The European Commission
coined the term "Aquaculture 4.0" in its October 2017 H2020 Innovation Action Call. The
application of Industry 4.0 technology to areas of the Aquaculture sector, such as the
development of sustainable smart breeding programs and feeding methods, is referred to as
aquaculture 4.0.

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Figure 2.18: Application for industrial revolution 4.0
(Source: https://www.bapcertification.org/)

Companies can predict future events and have tighter control over farming activities by
combining real-time data analysis with cloud computing processes, as shown in figure 2.16.
One of the technologies that can help a company become more efficient and sustainable is
recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). Another example is Integrated Multi-Trophic
Aquaculture, which involves the production of many species with uneaten food and waste
from one species being fed to other species.

2.3.7 Technology for aquaculture

Aquaculture techniques and technology have advanced considerably in the previous
fifty years. They range from relatively basic facilities in tropical nations, such as family
ponds for local consumption, to high-tech systems, such as intense closed systems for export
production. Much of the technology employed in aquaculture is extremely simple and is
frequently focused on tiny changes that increase the target species' growth and survival rates,
such as bettering food, seeds, oxygen levels, and predator protection. Closed systems have
been made possible by a better understanding of the complex interactions between nutrients,
bacteria, and cultured organisms, as well as advances in hydrodynamics applied to the pond

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and tank design. These have the benefit of isolating aquaculture systems from natural aquatic
systems, reducing the risk of disease or genetic contamination of external systems.

Recirculating Aquaculture System
The recirculating aquaculture system, or RAS, provides the fish with a consistent and

regulated environment, allowing for optimal and managed fish output. The culture water in a
recirculating aquaculture system is continuously purified and reused. A recirculating
aquaculture system is essentially a closed loop. The water and energy requirements are kept
to a bare minimum by recirculating the culture water.

Figure 2.19: RAS in enclosed area Figure 2.20: RAS in open area
(Source: Google Image) (Source: Google Image)

Advantages and constraints of recirculating aquaculture system
The benefits of RAS farming include a completely controlled environment for the fish

and low water consumption. This method makes efficient use of energy and land. It provides
an optimal feeding strategy as well as convenient fish grading and harvesting. The sickness of
the species will be completely controlled by the system if RAS is used.

There are a few constraints such as infrastructure, feed, and staff constraints that must
be met to use RAS grow outs, such as the need for electricity 24 hours a day, seven days a
week, and a good water source, preferably a borehole. For the need for superior fish feed
quality, RAS prefers high protein and fat extruded diets with high digestibility. Staff with
technical skills can work in a medium-tech workplace.

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Grow outs using a recirculating aquaculture system are the greatest solution for areas
near or in cities with plenty of electricity. In addition, the only way to farm tropical fish
species in mild to cold regions inside is to use RAS technology. A recirculating aquaculture
system, which consists of a few components such as a fish tank, mechanical and biological
filter, pump, and pump tank, has a few basic principles. UV-C light, oxygenation devices,
aeration devices, feeders, and monitoring were among the other items used.

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2.4 Islamic perspectives on fisheries and aquaculture

The fisheries and aquaculture industry has been drastically increasing due to high
demand from various industries, mainly in the food and cosmetic industry. To meet these
industrial demands, fish might be cultivated in ponds, raceways, net cages, or even in the
tank, or harvested fresh from the sea. Despite the high demand for fisheries and aquaculture
products, these have a lead concern on environmental issues mainly on water quality and
others living in the sea. Several factors contribute to these problems such as the irresponsible
actions of some parties but, all those issues had been discussed in the Quran.

2.4.1 Importance of preserving the freshness of fish to fulfill the tayyiban according to
the analysis of scientific and Islamic jurisprudence principles

The aquaculture sector was one of the important branches of the food industry.
According to Mahat (2019), fish raised in aquaculture systems require special attention in
terms of food and water quality. Fish, on the other hand, requires a variety of post-harvest
treatments due to its perishable nature and quick deterioration after death. Aquaculture
products, such as freshwater fish must be handled properly before being marketed to the
consumer due to their perishability, to ensure that the customer receives the highest quality,
hygienic, and halal tayyiban fish product.
1. Maqasid al Shariah and Qawaid Fiqhiyyah in handling the freshness of fish

As a Muslim, it is an obligation to emphasize halal tayyib food for daily consumption.
This is by Allah's mandate in the Qur'an, which states: “O mankind, eat from whatever is on
earth (that is) lawful and good and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is a blatant
adversary to you" (Surah Al Baqarah, 2:168). In this verse, it is clearly stated that human is
commanded to eat only halal food (lawful) and tayyib (good, pure, and wholesome).
Customers who consume bad or decaying food are at risk of developing several illnesses.

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Assuring the food's halal tayyiban status is the sole means for consumers to ensure that the
food is in good condition, wholesome, and safe.

There is no command or prohibition in the Islamic regulations except that it aims to
protect the welfare of mankind in line with Maqasid al-Shariah. In the Arabic term, maqasid
is a plural form of maqsad qasad, yaqsud, qasdan, and maqsadan. Al-qasd from the point of
language has multiple meanings. Among them, aspire (al -I’tizam), holding (al-I’timad),
willfully (al-Amd), asking for something, and bringing something. In general, Maqasid al-
Shariah is intended to keep maslahah (well-being) and prevent mafsadah (harm). The
maslahah can only be reached by following the most valuable aspect of life, namely the five
Shariah principles (al-daruriyyat al-khams) (Al-Buti, 2005).

The protection of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property are the main five
values that scholars have underlined. All five of these aspects must be safeguarded. One
approach to safeguard religion is to follow Allah's commands while abstaining from what He
forbids as our foundation is religion. According to a hadith, fish is a type of dead flesh that is
permissible to eat: "Two kinds of dead meat and two kinds of blood have been permitted to
us," the Messenger of Allah S.A.W declared, according to 'Abdullah bin 'Umar. Fish and
locusts are two types of dead meat, and the liver and spleen are two types of blood." (Sunan
Ibn Majah, Vol 4, Book 29, Hadith number 3314) But the problem is that rotten or spoiled
fish is unclean and dangerous.

Apart from protecting religion, Shariah also protects life, intellect, lineage, and
property. Eating healthy and nutritious food is also a form of protecting life and intellect. It
makes the body fit and it impacts the function of the mind. "Avoiding detriment takes
precedence over bringing about benefit" is one of the Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) methods
employed in this aspect. This method stresses that avoiding harm is more important than

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deriving benefit because the Islamic regulation puts more emphasis on avoiding the unlawful
from those which are permissible. The basic principle is that everything dangerous should be
avoided. Allah S.W.T states in Quran, “…and make not your own hands contribute to (your)
destruction but do good; for Allah loves those who do good.” (Surah al Baqarah, 2:195).

2. Importance of halal supply chain to preserve consumer rights
The halal supply chain is a system that follows the halal tayyiban principle of

adhering to Islamic law throughout the supply chain, from the point of origin to the point of
consumption. (Adura Mohd Yusoff et al., 2015). Warehousing, sourcing, shipping, product
handling, inventory management, procurement, and order management are all procedures that
must adhere to Shariah law. (Omar and Jaafar, 2011). In the case of aquaculture operations
that do not include slaughtering, consumers are still encouraged to learn about the condition
of the goods they receive to ensure that their rights to food safety and wholesomeness are
protected.
2.4.2 Basis of thinking in terms of marine management and fisheries in an Islamic
perspective

Islam is a guide for human beings in all aspects of life, both covering individual
aspects such as worship and morality, as well as the public sector such as social, economic,
and political issues. One of these public issues is the management of natural resources,
including the oceans and fisheries. Allah S.W.T said, “And He is the One who subjugates the
sea (for men), so which you may eat fresh meat (fish) from it and bringing out the jewelry
you wear from it, and you can see the ark sailing on it, and you seek (advantage) from His
gift, and you are grateful.”[QT. An-Nahl (16): 14]. Some of the factors that form the basis of
Islamic philosophy in terms of marine management and fisheries include:

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1. Marine resources are shared
The sea has numerous purposes, including serving as a roadway, a habitat for aquatic

animals, and a source of energy and minerals. As a basis, the sea must be declared public
property. The sea belongs to everyone. As a result, the sea should not be dominated by a
small group of people. Those that have tiger nets, sonar, and GPS technology to detect fish,
as well as a floating fish processing factory, can generally dredge as much fish as feasible. As
a result, the tiny fishermen refused to eat anything. As a result, the government must plan for
healthy competition.
2. Superior and intelligent marine and fisheries human resources

Small-scale fishermen receive low-cost or no-cost education or training from the
government. Furthermore, the state can grant interest-free venture capital loans and
modernize technology. All of this is accomplished by ensuring the long-term viability of
current marine resources and avoiding overfishing.
3. Modern and environmentally friendly marine and fisheries technology is available

The state promotes the mastery of marine and fisheries technologies as well as their
transfer. To end the dominance of high-tech foreign ships, something must be done. Many
innovations necessitate the tireless efforts of scientists and engineers. Satellite image
detectors that detect the presence of fish, ship design, navigation equipment,
telecommunications electronics, sonar, and floating fish processing plants are examples of
such technology.

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