Design thesis report

KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

2.5 Aquaculture Park design
To design an aquaculture park or any place for community and tourist use, a few key
elements need to be considered to make the place safe, accessible, and running well in the
future.
2.5.1 Key elements

Several key elements need to be considered when developing an Aquaculture
Park concept for a new country and environment such as:
• Design

In many cases, the early development of a concept design differs significantly from the
subsequent development of a successful business model. As a result, the first Aquaculture
Parks must be designed in a flexible manner that can be easily altered during operation to
meet the social, cultural, and business interests of the local community.
• Operation
To develop and optimize the production technology and methodology for fish production,
the first concept aquaculture park will require significant technical support and direction.
Typically, multiple distinct species are cultivated, and the amount of production varies per
farmer, each of which necessitates slightly different equipment and methods to achieve
commercial success. Aquaculture Parks have proved successful in establishing aquaculture
in previously undeveloped areas. This is due to the technical assistance and guidance
provided to aquaculture farmers who are new to the industry.

2.5.2 Towards gender equality
Women are more involved in many aspects of aquaculture than in traditional

fisheries. Women have traditionally been housewives, whereas males have traditionally been
breadwinners. There has been an attitude shift as a result of industrialization and education,
with various shared responsibilities across genders and equal pay for equal work. More

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women are gaining access to these value chains as the fisheries and aquaculture industries
become more professional.

Farmers strive to create favorable conditions for female employees, such as
providing ablution facilities, a safe farm environment for female employees and their young
children, paying salaries based on the assigned task and for those in remote areas, and
securing decent basic accommodation for personnel from outside the area, to attract and retain
female employees.
2.5.3 Site suitability (pond site)

The site appropriateness is an evaluation of the river and surrounding land in
search of the best-suited match between the river and land parameters to provide the area's
most optimal Aquaculture Park productivity potential. The following are the most important
parameters:
• Water source characteristics and abstraction possibilities

For ongoing productivity, a water source for a commercial aquaculture operation should
maintain a constant flow rate throughout the year. For each production cycle, the ability to
deliver at least 3 times the static water volume of the total pond area.
• Land topography
The ideal terrain for aquaculture should have a mild slope, just enough to allow water to
flow through the production system by gravity. The more ponds which may be constructed
in a given area, the smoother the slope, because steep slopes take up more room.
• Soil
The soils that will be used should not be too fine or too coarse. The optimum solution would
be a mix of the two that has strong cohesiveness properties when shaped into a ball. When
compacted, it should also have a high level of impermeability. To prevent the loss of oxygen

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due to decomposition and avoid water loss owing to seepage caused by the gaps left in the
pond dikes as organic matter decomposes, the soils should be low in organic matter.
• Infrastructure characteristics (Roads, electricity, market proximity)
Aquaculture Parks should provide the benefit of rapid and simple access to good roads,
energy, and combined/communal marketing power, preferably within the Aquaculture Park,
to reduce the frequency of post-harvest handling, which affects the quality of the product
that reaches the end-user.

2.5.4 Design strategies for sustainable aquaculture
Several attempts have been made to develop a conceptual framework for

comprehending and describing sustainable aquaculture. Sustainability was recently
approached from three perspectives: environmental, economic, and sociological, according to
a recent consensus or stakeholder view. Environmental concerns have centered on the amount
of land, water, and energy used, as well as water quality and effluent control. Given their role
in food production, economic activity, genetic biodiversity, and recreation, the health and
sustainable use of coastal and ocean products are critical. It is critical to find a balance
between the demand for aquaculture development and the requirement to conserve natural
resources while developing sustainable aquaculture.

Setting aquaculture suitability standards and indicators, as well as implementing
extension practices for sustainable aquaculture, are both necessary. Entrepreneurs should be
supplied with an assessment of fish farmers' educational needs regarding sustainable
aquaculture. To develop sustainable aquaculture technology, participatory research methods
must be used. Following that, quality criteria for ecologically friendly aquaculture practices,
processing, and sale must be established. Integrated agricultural approaches, such as
integrated aquaculture–agriculture and significant polyculture practices, are needed in the
area. Government incentives for environmentally harmful practices should be phased out, and

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strict regulatory measures for the protection of coastal and ocean ecosystems should be
implemented.
2.6 Design strategies

Aquaculture tourism center can be developed by combining a few sectors that involve
fisheries, food, and tourism to be an integrated attraction for the locals and visitors such as by
applying seafood-related tourism concepts, implementing Aquaculture and Tourism
Combination Strategic, applying fishermen’s situation strategic, and landscape design
implementation.

2.6.1. Apply the seafood-related tourism concept

Seafood-related tourism is interesting to be applied as it can contribute to seafood
business income, promote products, and brand names, and promote seafood generically, and
the seafood industry. Indirectly, this may benefit the fishing industry and the local
community.
Theme Trail

The seafood and aquaculture trail concept, linking tourism operators and other service
providers can significantly enhance the prospects of individual success. That’s because a trail
can ‘package’ a diverse range of experiences and services within one theme, which can be
marketed more effectively and more efficiently. Cross-promotion is a major element of the
trial concept. The main markets are self-drive tourists and tour groups.
Type of suitable businesses

Food-related attractions, which may or may not include food production, are the three
essential prerequisites for a food trial. The food can be in the form of product sampling, farm
gate sales, or served as a meal, and the last one is the lodging. This means that a successful

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trial must go beyond simply connecting industry tours to include a variety of complimentary
services.

Other factors, such as renowned local attractions or unique modes of transportation,
may need to be addressed in a successful blend. However, trail developers must not lose sight
of the seafood theme, therefore a quorum of trail participants must always include individuals
who can demonstrate the following characteristics of the seafood industry: products, heritage,
social value, sustainability, and other responsible development techniques.
Diversity

Tours centered on seafood can be highly varied while still being true to the theme. A
fish hatchery run by high school students, a fish shop tour, and a fishing heritage cruise aimed
mostly at elderly tourists are examples of tours already available on a seafood and
aquaculture trail. Not only that, but seafood-related trips include a "swim with tuna" cruise
geared for younger "adventure" travelers. A seahorse museum and oyster farm tours can also
be added to this type of attraction. These are connected to restaurants, lodging, and
transportation alternatives.
Operator Guidelines Example

The following parameters were identified from the Seafood & Beyond Operator
Agreement as an example of regulations that might be adopted by a trial group, such as the
minimum number of people required to operate the tour, which is 2 for land-based tours and
4 for water-based tours, as detailed in the guidebook. Accessibility for the elderly, disabled,
and groups should be a priority in the design.

On-site parking facilities and spaces should be adequate, as should clear signage
directing the public while on-premises. Accident prevention measures will be implemented
through Occupational Health and Safety and Welfare processes. The person in charge will be

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leading all tours. Finally, give an interpretation of the facility in terms of industry and marine
life.
2.6.2 Aquaculture and Tourism Combination Strategic

Marine resource development in the future Exploitation will necessitate a well-
balanced mix of activities, such as fish production, transportation, and tourism. Aquaculture
production must be developed to improve the output from marine fisheries resources while
also ensuring long-term sustainability. The suggested aquaculture-tourism combination
provides for the growth of both output and money generation from tourist activities. This
would also allow the area to be used for several purposes, easing the constraints that could
result from spatial rivalry.

Products
The proposed combination includes aquaculture production facilities that are open to

tourists and offer both tours and gourmet services. Some probable solutions, based on
previous experiences in the region, include:
• Tourists can enjoy recreational fishing at a fish farm, as well as restaurant services where

they can eat their catch. Many countries have established "fish and eat" or "fish and pay"
activities for inland fish farms, where tourists catch their fish from pens and then have it
prepared on-site.
• Tourists can eat fish and vegetables grown on the farm, which combines aquaculture and
aquaponic production.
• Tourists can tour the seaweed production and purchase drinks and snacks produced from
the seaweed.

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• Marine reserves or aquariums are used to produce ornamental fish. The main attractions

would include fish observation, as well as teaching on production procedures, interactive
visits, aquariums, snorkeling, and diving.
2.6.3 Fishermen’s situation and landscape design implementation
The figure below illustrated the fishermen’s situation. They expose to hot weather and use a
lot of energy which can lead to a feeling of tiredness and stress among them. There are a few
landscape designs urbanize that can lessen their stress and weariness while also
complementing their demands, such as implementing fisheries-friendly, Biophilic, and
environmental management landscape designs.

Biophilic
Design

Figure 2.20: Fishermen’s situation and landscape design implementation
2.6.3.1 Biophilic design

Biophilic design can reduce stress, boost creativity and clarity of mind, improve our
well-being, and speed up healing; these attributes are becoming increasingly relevant as the
world's population continues to urbanize. Biophilic design, which reconnects people with
nature, is critical for allowing people to live and work in healthy locations and environments
with lower stress levels and improved general health and well-being.

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Nature-Design Relationships
Nature in the Space, Natural Analogues, and Nature of the Space are three categories of

biophilic design that provide a framework for understanding and intentional implementation
of a diverse range of methods into the built environment.
1. Nature in the Space

The direct, tactile, and ephemeral presence of nature in a location or place is addressed in
Nature in the Space. Plants, water, and animals, as well as breezes, noises, scents, and other
natural aspects, are all included. Potted plants, flowerbeds, bird feeders, butterfly gardens,
water features, fountains, aquariums, courtyard gardens, and green walls or vegetated roofs
are all examples of common features. The most powerful Nature in Space experiences is
created through forging meaningful, direct connections with these natural elements,
especially through diversity, mobility, and multi-sensory interactions.
2. Natural Analogues

Natural Analogues cover organic, non-living, and indirect evocations of nature. The
element such as objects, materials, colors, shapes, sequences, and patterns found in nature are
reflected in the built world as artwork, ornamentation, furniture, décor, and textiles. Natural
materials that have been treated or extensively altered, such as wood planks and granite
tabletops, provide an indirect link to nature: while real, they can only be compared to items in
their 'natural' state. The most powerful Natural Analogue experiences are created by
presenting a wealth of information in an orderly and occasionally dynamic manner.
3. Nature of the Space

Nature of the Space is a book about natural spatial configurations. This includes our
natural and taught drive to see beyond our immediate surroundings, our attraction to the
slightly risky or unknown, obstructed views and revelatory moments, and even phobia-
inducing traits when they include a trusted aspect of safety. The most powerful Nature of the

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Space experiences is achieved by combining patterns of Nature in the Space and Natural
Analogues with purposeful and compelling spatial designs.
What is Good Biophilic Design?

The biophilic design respects the mind-body systems as markers of health and well-
being in the context of what is locally appropriate and responsive. The good biophilic design
takes into account a variety of factors, including health conditions, socio-cultural norms, and
expectations, previous experiences, the frequency and duration of the user experience, the
various speeds at which it may be encountered, and the user's perception and processing of
the experience, to create spaces that are inspiring, restorative, and healthy, as well as being
integrated with the place's functionality and the urban ecosystem to which it is applied.
Above all, the biophilic design must foster a sense of belonging.
Planning for Implementation

Biophilic design is becoming more important throughout a spatial continuum, from
new and existing buildings to parks and streetscapes, campus, urban, and regional planning,
as cities become more crowded and land values rise. Each location provides a platform for a
variety of integrated biophilic design and healthy building approaches to be mainstreamed for
individuals and society. There are a few key perspectives that might help with the planning
and design process.
1. Identifying desired responses and outcomes

A designer should comprehend a project's design objective such as what are the
intended users' health or performance priorities. Project teams should understand the target
population's health baseline or performance needs to propose design strategies and treatments
that restore or promote well-being. One strategy is to ask, "What is the most biophilic space
we can imagine?" Another thing to think about is how biophilic design might help the client

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improve performance indicators like absenteeism, perceived comfort, health-care claims,
asthma, ticket sales, or test scores.

Because various biological responses to design occur simultaneously and there are
infinite permutations of design patterns and treatments, understanding health-related goals
can help focus the design process. The health outcomes associated with biophilic
environments are of interest to building and portfolio managers, human resources
administrators, planners, policymakers, and others because they inform long-term design and
evaluation best practices, as well as public health policy and urban planning.
2. Design strategies and interventions

Biophilic design patterns are adaptable and repeatable ways of improving user
experience that may be used in a variety of settings. Biophilic design interventions, such as
school lighting design, are centered on the needs of a specific population in a specific
location and are likely to be constructed from a sequence of evidence-based biophilic design
patterns, presumably with some degree of efficacy monitoring and evaluation.
3. Diversity of design strategies

When patterns are combined, the possibility of space providing health advantages
increases. Using a variety of design principles, you may cater to the demands of various user
groups from various cultures and demographics while also creating a psycho-physiologically
and cognitively healing environment. For example, vegetated environments can boost a
person's self-esteem and happiness, while the presence of water can help them relax. Adding
several biophilic techniques for variety could backfire if they are not integrative and serve a
single design intent.
4. Quality vs. quantity of intervention

When it comes to implementation, questions like how much is enough and what
makes a good design outstanding come up frequently. The richness of material, user

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accessibility, and, as previously indicated, the diversity of tactics can all be used to define a
high-quality intervention. A single high-quality intervention may be more beneficial and
restorative than a series of low-quality therapies.

Climate, cost, and other factors may influence or limit the viability of some
interventions, but they should not be seen as a roadblock to a high-quality application.
Multiple instances of Prospect with a shallow to a moderate depth of field and minimal
information in the viewshed, for example, may not be as effective as a single powerful
instance of Prospect with a moderate to high depth of field and an information-rich viewshed
at eliciting the intended response.
5. Duration of exposure and frequency of access

It can be difficult to determine the optimum acceptable duration of exposure to a pattern
or a mixture of patterns. The appropriate exposure length will likely vary depending on the
individual and desired effect, but empirical research suggests that happy emotions, mental
repair, and other benefits can be achieved in as little as 5 to 20 minutes of nature immersion.

When a long period is neither practical nor desirable, placing biophilic design
interventions along paths with high foot traffic will assist increase access frequency. Consider
micro-restorative experiences, which, while typically developed in response to space
constraints, are more easily implementable, reproducible, and often more accessible than
bigger interventions; regular exposure to these little interventions may lead to a compounded
restoration response.
2.6.3.2 Fisheries friendly

A decent coastal fishing shelter will typically include a breakwater to protect moored
fishing vessels from bad weather, as well as a quay to moor the boats when offloading the
catch. There will also be a slipway with various shore amenities where fishing vessels may be
washed, painted, and serviced. There will occasionally be portions of land reclaimed from the

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sea to give room for fishing-related activities. The breakwater is not required in some
situations, such as at the mouth of a river or when there is an open beach landing.

Figure 2.22: Typical fishing harbor installations (Source: https://www.fao.org/)

Figure 2.22 shows the typical fishing harbor installations that consist of rubble
breakwater, if necessary (1); fish-handling basin for offloading (2); boat-servicing basin for
maintenance (3); quay wall with a minimum depth of 2 m (4); slipway with a simple winch
(5); artisanal refueling point (6); waste oil and slops disposal/separation facility (7); used car
tires recycled as fenders (8); tie-up area for boats waiting for spare parts(9); toilets and
washrooms (10); landing/village sewage disposal (11); fish hall for sorting, packing, selling,
and icing fish, including ice store or small ice-plant (12); elevated fresh-water supply tanks
(13); fishermen’s net store, engine spares, hawker stalls and recreation areas (14); flat area set
aside for net repair (15); parking area set aside for fishmongers if the landing is close to a big
market (16); and aids to navigation (17).
Site selection

The proposed fish landing sites should be positioned at a convenient distance from the
fishing grounds, according to the basic principles for site selection for acceptable landing and
marketing facilities in a fishing area. They should also be in a location that can enable safe

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berthing for fishing vessels in all weather conditions and at all phases of the tide. They must
be in a location that allows easy access to fishing areas and market outlets.
2.7 References studies

Two of the reference studies were conducted in Sydney as examples of tourism
destinations involving the aquaculture and fisheries industries. All of these case studies had
distinct parts and components, but the concept of becoming a tourist attraction was the same
in all of them.

2.7.1 AQUACULTURE AND COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTER

Figure 2.23: Aquaculture and Community learning center
(Source: https://soad.kmutt.ac.th)

It is a community learning center that focuses on providing knowledge about the
Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) to local farmers, tourists, and students. This project
had been selected in this research study as it emphasizes aquaculture as a landmark for a
community meeting where people come here to learn and do other activities together to create
informal learning and fun experience and this project emphasizes aquaculture. It also
emphasizes sustainable innovation, both passive and active systems, by concerning
ventilation and natural light, materiality, and the circular economy of the aquaculture system.

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Figure 2.24: Public spaces Figure 2.25: Indoor Aquaculture

(Source: https://soad.kmutt.ac.th) (Source: https://soad.kmutt.ac.th)

2.7.2 SYDNEY FISHMARKET

Figure 2.26: Sydney fish market (Source:
https://www.sydneyfishmarket.com.au/)

This fish market is located in Sydney, Australia. Along Sydney Harbour's world-
famous waterfront, it is a coveted civic amenity, a cultural destination, an urban connector,
and an inspiring emblem. Because it is located on coastal terrain that is directly connected to
the water, this project was chosen for this investigation. It is more than simply a fish market;
it also acts as a community and tourism attraction by combining public access with an
operating waterfront. This project includes several design initiatives, including fishing
wharfs, dining, a rooftop bar, seafood and production area, and the restoration of park access,
market, and commercial space.

DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Three design principles were used in the creation of this fish market. The first is
connectedness, in which the destination is connected and expanded through channels that

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encircle and circulate it. The facility's functional methods enable representation and
ownership of stakeholders and user groups, and the second concept is scale, experience, and
adaptability. The final element is flexibility, which allows the structure to be programmed
with multiple indoor and outdoor functionalities based on market customers' social needs.

Figure 2.27: Public space of Sydney Fish market
(Source: https://www.sydneyfishmarket.com.au/)

Figure 2.28: Restaurant at Sydney Fish Market
(Source: https://www.sydneyfishmarket.com.au/)

2.7.3 DARLING HARBOUR

Figure 2.29: Darling Harbour (Source: Google image)
Darling Harbour is a family-friendly place in Sydney's city center and a magnet for
entertainment and waterfront cuisine. Darling Harbor is an important port and transportation
hub for industrial goods. Four principles are used in this harbor area. The first is scale and

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massing, in which form responds directly to a unique set of site qualities and constraints,
resulting in a one-of-a-kind building that is perfectly suited to its surroundings.

The public domain idea was used in this project because it will promote the
biodiversity and environmental protection of the area by using appropriate planting and
materials. For pedestrian and vehicular access along the full perimeter on the bottom floor,
accessibility and pedestrian connectivity are critical. This move allows for unfettered travel
from the public domain thanks to the link.

Figure 2.30: The Boulevard Figure 2.31: Chinese Garden Plaza
(Source: Google image) (Source: Google image)

Figure 2.32: Folded landscape Figure 2.33: Tumbalong Park
(Source: Google image) (Source: Google image)

2.7.4 SUMMARY

Table 2.1: Summary of reference studies

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Table 2.1 shows the summary and differences between three reference studies that
had been discussed before. Aquaculture and community learning center are more community
center for the student community that integrates aquaculture space with knowledge and
entertainment by using modern design. Sydney fish market is a fisheries hub that merges the
tradition of fisheries with the innovation of urban design. The last one is Darling harbor
which is a harbor that incorporates different landscape elements to give different excitement
to a place. Sydney fish market and darling harbor also use a modern design based.

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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
3.1 Introduction

This section presents the research methodology for eliciting the data. This chapter
comprised a detailed explanation of the research type and design, followed by a description
of the research area, research instrument, and data collection procedures. The methodology
for this research is focusing on the fishermen’s community crisis and the scenario that caused
the need for the aquaculture sector in their area.
3.2 Research methodology
There are two types of methodologies involved in the research process, which are quantitative
research methods that used the questionnaire survey and qualitative research methods that
used Semi-structured interviews, literature reviews, reference studies, observation, and
photographs of the site. These methodologies will aid the research to be undergone in
sequence and systematically.
The process has been divided into four stages:

a) Literature review and reference studies
b) Case study
c) Data Collection
d) Data Analysis

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3.3 Literature review and reference studies
The first stage of the research is to review literature related to the present study. In this stage,
resources are collected through the secondary data available from books, articles, journals,
newspapers, and the internet. The information includes all the data about the fishermen’s
community, aquaculture sector, and tourism. These data will guide the study and give
references to definitions, issues, and concepts involved in the topic of the research. Figure 3.1
shows the flow of the literature review for the study.

Figure 3.1: Flow chart for literature review and reference studies

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3.4 Case study
To obtain a better understanding of the scenario faced by the fishermen’s community, a case
study is carried out in one of the fishermen’s areas that had a significant to the economic
sector. The site chosen is Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area, which the area is enriched
with both natural and cultural resources. The flow of the case study is shown in figure 3.2.
i) Semi-structured Interviews
Semi-structured interviews are conducted to get the primary data or primary sources which,
are directly from the sources. Semi-structured interviews were carried out at the site study
with the local and fishermen’s community. This method was conducted to know their
perception of the existing fishermen’s hub area, which includes their preference development
for the area.

During the site visit, the issue of fishermen’s community welfare will be highlighted.
Therefore, the research methodology selected includes semi-structured interviews with the
fishermen’s community. The interview is to be done informally. The interview will
investigate the fishermen’s hub design at Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area and to what
extent the aquaculture sector will affect the fishermen’s community.

The local fishermen have a close connection to their surrounding landscape. Their
lifestyle will determine the way they manipulate the environment around them. Therefore, an
interview with the local people will give the idea of how to design the landscape and what
influences them in doing it the particular way. Furthermore, the main concept used in the
landscape design of the area will be identified to bring out the identity of the village.
ii) Questionnaire survey

Questionnaires are distributed to discover the fishermen’s perceptions of fishermen’s
activity and their understanding of environmental knowledge through their activities. This is
one way to know their feedback after using the fishermen’s hub area. Questionnaires will be

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carried out based on the fishermen that go to Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area. It includes
50 respondents of all ages, locals, and religions. (Refer to Appendix A)
iii) Observation

While visiting the site, observation will be the primary focus to get a clear perception
of the area. The observation on how people use the facilities, their activities during their visit,
what work they do, and see their feedback after visiting the place. Observations on facilities
are more on the conditions, the functions, the designs, and materials. Observations on fauna
and flora are important as second information on the coastal areas. The observation focuses
on the activities of the fishermen’s community there.
iv) Site Inventory

Site inventory and analysis are carried out by the researcher to get well acquainted
with the site and identify the quality of spaces in the fishermen’s hub area. The inventory is
divided into three attributes which are socio-economy and cultural, natural, and physical. At
this stage, all data is to be evaluated based on the findings from semi-structured interviews,
questionnaires surveys, observation, and site inventory.

Figure 3.2: Data collection flow chart for case study at Kuala Dungun fishermen’s
hub area

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3.5 Data Analysis

At this stage, all data is to be evaluated based on the findings from semi-structured
interviews, questionnaire surveys, observations, and site inventory. During this process, two
criteria can be evaluated from the site which are the potential and constraint. Each finding
will be compared to the others to come out with the result. The result will give relevant
recommendations and suggestions for the site under study and to be concluded by the end of
the study. The flow of the data analysis stage is shown in figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3: Flow chart for data analysis

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3.6 Findings (recommendation and synthesis)

In the final stage, a list of suggestions or recommendations is to be prepared after data
analysis is done. The recommendation is based on the result of inventory and analysis as well
as the interviews and questionnaire survey done at Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub. This is
where the advantages of the site are to be exploited without giving negative impacts on the
environment, or social or economic aspects at the site. Furthermore, recommendations should
let the area be distinctive from another site through the landscape enhancement programmer
proposed at the site. Figure 3.4 shows the flow of the final stage of the study.

Figure 3.4: Flow chart for findings

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3.7 Conclusion
In summary, the research methodologies summarized in figure 3.5 will be the

operational guidelines throughout the research to ensure a smooth flow of the study process.
It is also vital to highlight the important information regarding the topic, especially since the
goal is to achieve the aim at the end of the study. The methodologies will also help the
researcher to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the issue selected as well as plan the
whole research direction at the initial part of the study.

Figure 3.5: Summary of research methodologies

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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, FINDINGS, AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction

This chapter will be the result of data collection gathered from the site visit to the
Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area. The data have been collected after applying the methods
from the previous chapter 3 which are from semi-structured interviews, questionnaire survey,
observation, and site inventory.
4.2 Case study: Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub

Figure 4.1: Key plan Figure 4.2: Site plan (Source: Google Map)
(Source: i-Plan)

Dungun is a coastal town, where the identity and unique heritage of fisheries and their

life. Coastal communities give a great identity to their town and worldview, not just for

culture but also as tourism anchors and provide local or regional economy. However, their

economic sector was affected due to shallow river conditions. Alternative ways need to be

taken to make their income sustainable without disturbing biodiversity by enhancing the

aquaculture sector.

Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub is located at the mouth of Sungai Dungun which is
only a few kilometers from Dungun town and was first known for iron mining in the
1940s.but with the exhaustion of iron in this area, Kuala Dungun is only a coastal fishing
town and maybe only a dead village if there is no Pulau Tenggol as it is the gateway to go
there. Kuala Dungun fishermen’s area has the potential to be an aquaculture tourism center as

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the activity for the community there is related to the fishing sector. The Fishermen’s hub or
known as Kompleks Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia function as a place for fishermen to
sell their fishery product, export their product, or any matters related to fisherman’s welfare
will be processed here.

The name of Dungun comes from the Dungun tree that was abundant in this district
once upon a time. Its scientific name is Heritiera littoralis Dryand and is also known as
Dungun, Bayur Laut, or Looking-glass tree for the common name. This tree can be used for
ethnobotany purposes such as the wood is very good for fuel. It is also suitable for wrapping,
writing, and printing paper products. The bark contains tannins and is used to strengthen
fishing nets while the seed extract is used to cure diarrhea and intestinal inflammation.

As the tree grows in the mangrove swamp, its seed fell into the mangrove and flows
to the others area as well as the river and sea. The seed is stranded and many can be found
causing this species easy to grow to take place everywhere. Nowadays this tree is rarely
found at Dungun.

Figure 4.3: Dungun Figure 4.4: Seeds of Dungun
tree Tree

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4.2.1 Semi-structured interview result
The information is gained from interviews with the local people and feedback from

the fishermen’s community about their fishermen’s hub condition. These interviews are
purposely to get the point of view from the locals concerning the landscape design of the site
and their perception towards any development. Semi-structured interviews were conducted
with the local community of Kuala Dungun that had different scopes of jobs and backgrounds
at the Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area. It was conducted on five people starting from
15th until 21st October 2021.

There will be a few questions (refer to Appendix A) but the most issue that will be
highlighted is the problem faced at the Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area. The first person
is Encik Samsudin who is 49 years old and a fisherman at the Kuala Dungun. According to
him, the jetty for landing fish is too small and cannot accommodate a large number of
fishermen at one time. The second person is Encik Razali,42 years old. He was the owner of
boats and trawlers. He said that the fishermen’s hub Lack in terms security for the sea catch
store area as it is too open. The next session of an interview involves a local visitor known as
Amirul who is 28 years old. According to him, there is no shade in form of trees and a lack of
a place to sit with shade for recreational purposes, and always disturbed by the presence of
too many stray cats and some dogs.

The fourth person is Anuar, who is 37 years old and a boat repairman at the
fishermen’s hub. Unfortunately, according to him, there is no specific place and store
materials or tools for him to repair the boat there. The last person that was involved in this
method was Azmi, 32 years old and he was a reseller of fish products at the Dungun market.
According to him, there is no specific area for selling fish at the fishermen’s hub and they
need to send the fish to the Dungun market.

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Table 4.1: Summary of semi-structured interview result

No. Name Age Position Problem faced Fishing villages The
at the Kuala as tourist aquaculture
1 Samsudin 49 Fishermen Dungun attractions sector be
years fishermen’s hub Agree created and
old Owner of area the impact
boats and Agree on the
2 Razali 42 trawlers the jetty for Agree fishing
years Local landing fish is community
old visitor too small and Agree Agree as it
cannot can give
3 Amirul 28 Boat accommodate a income
years Repairman large number of sources to
old fishermen at one the locals
time
4 Anuar 37 Lack in terms of Agree as it
years security for the can provide
old sea catch store other sectors
area as it is too of the
open industry
-No shade in Agree as it
form of trees and can
a lack of a place encourage
to sit with shade locals to be
for recreational an
purposes. entrepreneur
-disturbed by the
presence of too Disagree as
many stray cats it can affect
and some dogs income due
No specific place to a lack of
and store fishermen
materials or tools going to sea
to repair the boat

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5 Azmi 32 Reseller of No specific area Agree Agree as
years fish product for selling fish at aquaculture
old the fishermen’s can produce
hub and they more fish at
need to send the a certain
fish to the species
Dungun market

Table 4.1 shows the summary based on the semi-structured interview result. There are
many problems faced by Fishermen based on the currently fishermen’s hub area and they
have their preferences towards developing their area. This area potential to be improved for
the sake of local community welfare and the economy as the area is the main point for the
fishermen’s community. But there is a certain perception of the locals that the area should be
retained as they are comfortable with their current situation.
4.2.2 Questionnaire survey results

Results of the questionnaire that involved 50 respondents from the fishermen’s
community at Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub area are shown in the graph which, shows the
respondent’s answers about the topic. The questions were to investigate their background and
situation and whether they have faced any difficulties at the fishermen’s hub.

Age

10% 8%
26%

32%

24%

Under 18 19-25 26-35 36-45 46 Above
Figure 4.5: Age

Based on figure 4.5 ages of the fishermen’s community shows that the fishermen’s
community are mostly from the ages of 18-35 years and above 45 years old. Ages 18-25 are

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mostly graduated students who back to their hometown to continue their family tradition as a
fisherman. Their age level still has strong energy to continue fishing or do another job to get
their source of income.

Level of study

University Primary
6% school
22%
Vocational
28% Primary school
Secondary school
Secondary Vocational
school University
44%

Figure 4.6: Level of study
Figure 4.6 shows the educational level of fishermen where most of them have
different standards for understanding and learning but their skill in their job scope depends on
how long they become a fisherman. This will help to provide suitable activities and
equipment regarding their educational level and to improve the quality of education received
by the fishermen and the local community.

Marital Status

Divorced

Married

Single 10 20 30 40 50
0

Figure 4.7: Marital status
Figure 4.7 shows the marital status of fishermen who work at the Kuala Dungun
fishermen’s hub area. Most of them are married meaning that most of them need a sustainable

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source of income to fulfill the need of their family. The number of fishermen who are is
single also high as most of them are busy getting their extra income to cover their daily
expenses as their income from the sea catch was not fixed.

INCOME

RM1500-RM2500 20 40 60
RM500-RM1500

Under RM500
0

Figure 4.8: Income
The figure above shows the income status of fishermen. Most of them RM1500 above
per month. However, the average number of fishermen that get RM500 below is also high.
From the result, it illustrated that they get an uncertain and low amount of income so an
improvement in the economic sector needs to be done.

80 65 35
60

40 0 8-12 hours
20 0 4-7 hours

0

Beachside Shallow sea

4-7 hours 8-12 hours

Figure 4.9: Type of fishermen and their time spent at the sea
Figure 4.9 shows the type of fishermen and their time spent at the sea. Most of them
were beachside fishermen and they only spent 4 to 7 hours per day with 65% while shallow
sea fishermen take 8 to 12 hours with 35%. From the result, it illustrated that most of them
were only traditional fishermen meaning that they got uncertain and low income per month.

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KNOWLEDGE OF FISH FARMING

Have knowledge No knowledge
25%

75%

Figure 4.10: Knowledge of fish farming
The figure above shows the result that focused on their knowledge about aquaculture
and the result was that 75% of the fishermen’s community knew about this sector. This is a
huge percentage and that can be a potential to develop the proposed site as an aquaculture
tourism center.

Agreement to proposed aquaculture

Agree Disagree Do not know

Figure 4.11: Agreement on proposed aquaculture

The next finding indicates the perceptions of the fishermen’s community towards
developing their area into aquaculture tourism centers and most of them agree with this
proposal. Generally, 100% of the fishermen are Malay and Muslim. 75% of them go to the
sea more than 5 days per week. 60% feel that there are happy in the fishermen’s hub area and
they have all the tools but 90% of them feel that there are a few things that need to improve in
the area and their surroundings.

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4.2.3 Site inventory and analysis

Site inventory will be carried out by the researcher to identify these aspects to complement
the study on the fishermen’s hub area at Kuala Dungun.

Table 4.2: Site inventory component

Data Collection Objectives

1. Socio economy and cultural attributes To identify the interconnection between

a. History of Dungun community, spaces, activities, and cultural

b. Dungun District population and visitor resources to highlight the prominent attraction

statistic and improve the legibility of the place.
c. Fishermen’s culture

• Fishermen statistics and boats

originated from Dungun
• Terengganu Signature product
• Traditional boat structure
• Craftmanship
• Dungun fishermen’s background
• Extra income resources
• Problem faced by locals and

fishermen’s community
• Cultural taboo and belief
• Distance fishing activity and

marine catches
• Fishermen’s cultural tradition

• Fishing method
• Special season
• Fishermen’s lifestyle

2. Natural attributes To identify the potential and constraint due to

3. a. Microclimate the natural condition of the site to be

• Temperature, Air quality index, developed and solve the problem for the

humidity, sun path, and shaded welfare of the local people

area
• Wind speed, direction, and barrier
• Sea breeze and land breeze
• Monsoon season, high tide, and

low tide

4. b. Site morphology
• Kuala and Tanjung formation

5. c. Hydrology
• Water features
• Drainage system

6. d. Soil

7. e. Topography

8. f. Flora and fauna

9. Physical attributes To identify the advantages of the physical

a. Site context and land use condition so that it can be applied in the future

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b. Views and vista design of the site
c. Architectural images
d. Main stakeholders and community

distribution
e. Activities
f. Circulation
g. Facilities and amenities
h. Abandoned land and properties

4.2.3.1 Socio-cultural attributes

a. History of Kuala Dungun

In 1808, all these villages are inhabited by the Malay community. The population in

the Dungun district was about 6,427 people and 100% Malays in 1921. But in 1922, the

Chinese began coming to Dungun by boarding on the banks of the Dungun River. They built

a house with its design half on land while the other half on the riverfront of the house. They

used the house as a place to do business while at the back as a place for boats to stop and a

place to bathe.

They sell daily necessities such as rice, sugar, and so on to the villagers. Chinese give

loans or debts to the Malays, especially during the monsoon season. Malays who could not

pay their debts were demanded to hand over existing property such as land to be handed over

to them. Many Malay villagers' lands in Kuala Dungun fell to the Chinese, causing many

Malays to move from Kuala Dungun.

Figure 4.12: Kuala Dungun in 1808 (Source: Figure 4.13: Chinese house in 1922 (Source:

http://pdtdungun.terengganu.gov.my/ http://pdtdungun.terengganu.gov.my/

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b. Dungun district population and visitor statistic
Dungun district population consists of 189,600 people involved Malay, Chinese,

Indian, and others. The number of Malay is 180,200, Chinese is 4000, Indian is 400 while
others race is 700. Generally, there are 185,300 citizens and 4300 people for non-citizens. In
2018, there are 221.3 million visitors to Dungun while 239.1 million in 2019. The number of
visitors to Dungun increased by about 17.8 million in a year. This increase shows a positive
impact when there are tourist attractions and this proposed site has the potential as one of the
new attractions for tourists.
c. Fishermen’s culture
Fishermen statistics and boats originated from Dungun

According to Jabatan Perikanan Dungun (2021), Kuala Dungun consist of 227
registered fishermen. 164 peoples of them were local and 53 people were foreigners. There is
a boat that originated from Dungun, namely Perahu Jokong. Perahu Jokong is the earliest
boat used by the people in the coastal areas to carry out their activities at sea. According to
historical findings, a submerged ‘perahu jokong’ was salvaged in the estuary of Sungai
Dungun. This scenario proved that the earlier people who lived around the river estuary had
improvised and used Perahu Jokong for their fishing activities. This boat was 4.19 meters
long and 0.98 meters in height.

Figure 4.14: Perahu Jokong 69
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Terengganu signature product
There are two main signature products of Terengganu that are also the signature

product of Dungun which are Keropok and Satar. Fish is the main ingredient of these two
products that mostly the producer buys directly from the fishermen. These products open up
space for fishermen to sell their seafood in consistently large quantities.

Figure 4.15: Keropok Lekor Figure 4.16: Satar

Traditional boat structure and craftmanship
Perahu Kolek is one of the Malay boat transport which is usually only used in calm

water areas. It usually refers to small boats used in coastal areas. Some of the boats belonging
to the fishermen are more than 60 years old and made from high-quality cengal hardwood,
the perahu Kolek can last for decades.

Fishermen’s community had their craftmanship for their boats. The traditional
decorations of these Malay boats are even a source of encouragement and strength for
fishermen to go to the sea. The decorations of a boat such as storks, okok, caping, sangga,
and linggi were very important for fishermen. It is like ‘clothes’ and it’s a pride to own a
beautiful boat. This cultural attribute gave an identity to the Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub
area that should be remained to preserve their culture and heritage.

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Figure 4.17: Traditional boat structure
Extra income resources

During monsoon season when fishermen cannot go to the sea, they will do any part-
time as long as they get some income to fulfill their needs and family such as taking wages
repairing the net, being a lorry driver, farming, catching fish in the river and building a house.
Fishermen’s community also gets some assistance from a government agency such as
equipment for going to the sea, petrol subsidy, monthly allowance, and disaster relief. This
assistance can lessen their burden a little bit to fulfill their daily needs. This situation gives
the potential to propose an aquaculture tourism center as it gives a lot of source of income to
the fishermen’s community even during monsoon season.
Cultural taboo and belief

Fishermen had their cultural taboos and belief. Taboos and beliefs are practiced by
Kuala Dungun fishermen as long as they do activities at the beach and sea. They adhere to it
and believe there will be negative effects if they try to violate it. The taboo’s potential to
educate the fishermen’s community to practice positive value in their daily life at the sea as
long as it does not conflict with their religion. The taboo and belief will be summarized as
shown in table 4.3. All these taboos and beliefs are still followed by the fishermen nowadays
to avoid unexpert things happening.

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Table 4.3: Cultural taboos and belief

No. Taboos and beliefs Reason

1 Take off slippers when going to the sea Not allowed to brag or insult the ship

& leave at the jetty because every ship is believed to have a

guard

2 Do not fish during lightning To avoid being struck by lightning

3 Forbidden to throw food waste into the To avoid being hunted by fish that are
sea violent and disturbed by subtle beings

4 Forbidden go back home if there are believe bad things will happen and will not

items left behind get the catch

5 Forbidden to throw away the first catch Will not get the next catch

6 Must keep the mouth from all bad words Something bad happened to the person at

or slander the sea

7 Spit the first bait as a signal to cast bad luck and as an
attraction for fish

8 Forbidden to wash basins or fish The next day the waves became big and

containers in the sea happened all-day

Distance fishing activity and marine catches
Fishermen’s distance fishing activity was uncertain depending on their catch. The

fewer fish they got, the farther they will go. Normally they will go less than 50 km because
they will go back a day instead of a week. For their marine catches, there will be a few
species that are mostly obtained by the fishermen such as Cermin, Tenggir, Kembung,
Shrimp, Squid, and Crab but Tenggiri was the species that most wanted by fishermen as it
pricier than others.
Significant cultural tradition

There is a significant cultural tradition identified within the site that fishermen
practice the most such as the jetty of Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub as it is the transferring
spot for fresh fish after going back from the sea The second is the Dungun market as it brings
all over the local people and tourist. The last one is the river area where most of them usually

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use fiberglass boats for fishing activities with the normal green colour of the houseboats as
transportation.

The fishermen’s community had their language such as “Tekong” which means the
chief that carrying the boat, “Awak-awak” means the workers in the boat, “Peraih” means
buyers of fish on the pier and sell elsewhere and the last one is “Tauke” means the owner of
boats and trawlers.

Figure 4.18: Jetty of Kuala Dungun Figure 4.19: Dungun market

Fishing method
here are a few fishing methods that are usually used by the fishermen at Kuala

Dungun such as Bubu, trawls, Candat, fishing rod and the last one is unjam which is a
traditional method in fishing. The type of tools that they use will be according to their type of
fishermen and the distance they go to the sea.

The fishing method of Unjam as shown in figure 4.20 will be highlighted as the
traditional method used by the fishermen. Unjam is a man-made structure that serves as a
gathering area for fish and squid. It is built using leaves of Rhu, Nipah, bamboo, coconut or
plastic jurai, and bamboo stems. The leaves and branches of the tree are cut and tied with
ropes and then submerged using weights. The top of the unjam is fastened using polystyrene
buoys or used water barrels.

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Figure 4.20: Unjam
Special season

There is a special season namely squid jigging. The squid mating and spawning
season usually will begin in April to July as the strong winds of the northeast monsoon
season begin to subside and started at 7 pm and continue until 5 am. Squid fishing locations
usually occur around coastal waters. Dozens of different sizes of boats from large to small
size which is each boat will install lights. A bright beam of light from the top of the boat can
attract the presence of squid to approach the boat. Rocky areas will be suitable for the Eging
technique for squid fishing as shown in figure 4.21. This kind of season should be introduced
as a new attraction as it can give a new experience to the visitor.

Figure 4.21: Rocky area for Eging technique
There is a tree associated with this special season which is Anacardium occidentale or
its common name is Cashew and more known as "Jambu Golok“ in Terengganu. The name is
taken in conjunction with the shape of the fruit such as a “Golok”. Local fishermen use these
natural clues to predict the presence of squid in Terengganu waters. Fishermen believe that if
the cashew tree has flowered and bear fruit, it is a sign that it’s time for squid jigging, and the
squid can be caught in the sea. The “pucuk” of the tree can be eaten as a “Ulam”.

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Figure 4.22: Cashew tree Figure 4.23: Cashew fruit

Fishermen’s lifestyle
Normally, fishermen start their daily routine from 4 a.m. until 2 p.m., and sometimes

they will go for extra time based on the result of their catch. Fishermen start their journey
from the jetty of Kuala Dungun fishermen’s hub as early as 4 a.m. Their boats will set sail,
nets will be laid and dinghies will head out first. At 8a.m, the first batch of their fresh sea
catch will be brought and at that time they will do the process of nets and detangling and
collecting fish. The catch is sorted and will be sent off to market or drying yards.

The bigger boats will go next to span a wider and more expansive net around 10 a.m.
These are motorized and employ different net types for catch diversity. At this time Dungun
market also will be open. Some fish from the fishermen’s hub will be sold here every day.
Dungun market is dominated by fish resellers and has spaces allocated for sale by the market
committee on a rental basis. Boats will return from the sea at 12p.m with more fish.

Boats and allied equipment parked by the jetty at 2p.m and Dungun market also will
be closed for the day. Cleaning and maintenance of the market will take place after and at the
same time the latest catch is taken for drying, storing, and selling in other markets.
Classification of Terengganu’s boat

Each state had its colour for boats. The setting of different boat colours is taken to
identify local fishing boats and preserve the fishing areas of local fishermen. Terengganu’s
boat had green colour for their houseboat and the registration number for their bot will start
with “T” to illustrate Terengganu’s boat as shown in Figures 4.24 and 4.25. The boat that has

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a horizontal white stripe is a boat that has a trawling license, and its fishing area will be
farther than a normal boat.

Figure 4.24: Greenhouse boat Figure 4.25: Registration number

4.2.3.2 Natural attributes
a. Microclimate

The average minimum temperature which is usually the minimum temperature noted
during the night in Dungun in November is 22.0°C (71.6°F). November falls in the rainy
season with an average precipitation of 610mm (24.0in). This makes it the wettest month of
the year. It rains on average for a total of 22 days. The average maximum daytime
temperature lies around 29.0°C (84.2°F). The sun will occasionally show itself with 143
hours of sunshine during the whole month. All this data had been summarized as can be seen
in table 4.4.

The air quality index (AQI) is 26 which is the air quality that is generally acceptable
for most individuals. However, sensitive groups may experience minor to moderate
symptoms from long-term exposure. For the humidity. It is 80% humid during the monsoon
season which is too humid making people feel uncomfortable and most people will not enjoy
the condition.

Table 4.4: Summarized microclimate data

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For the sun path, the sunlight directly to the fishermen’s hub area as it is located in the
coastal area without any tall buildings as shady areas to the site. The area covered by shaded
can be seen clearly in figure 4.3.

Figure 4.26: Shaded covered area
Each area had a different area that was covered by shade as each area had different
elements that can as shaded such as softscape elements or buildings as can be seen in figure
4.3. The surray towards the beach makes good panoramic views for the visitors for having a
pleasant scenery.

Table 4.5: Fishermen’s hub area that covered by shade

Fishermen’s hub area that covered by shade

Shaded spot at facilities area Shaded spot in the commercial area

A semi-shaded spot near to Dungun market Semi-shaded spot at the fire station area 77
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Unshaded spot along the main road Unshaded spot along the Dungun river

Wind speed, direction, and barrier
The average wind speed in November which is during the observation on site is

10km/h. The windiest month which is with the highest average wind speed is January as
14.4km/h recorded. The calmest month with the lowest average wind speed is April with
8.2km/h as can be seen clearly in figure 4.27.

Figure 4.27: Average wind speed in Dungun
The flow of the wind direction on the site is from the Northeast to the southwest of the
fishermen’s hub area as can be seen clearly in figure 4.28.

BASE PLAN 78
NOT TO SCALE

Figure 4.28: Wind direction

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The wind barrier is very important to the site as it decreases wind velocity along the
coastal area and also as a protection to the building that is located there. The building
structure is located near the coastal area and the wind direction is coming through so the
Cocos Nucifera and casuarina trees are used to block and slow down the wind as illustrated in
figure 4.29.

Figure 4.29: Wind barrier

The sea breeze and land breeze

The differential heating of water and land generates daytime sea breezes which are

onshore flows of air and land breezes which are offshore flows of air. In summer, sea breezes

are important in coastal cities in mitigating heat stress, with implications for thermal stress

and air quality. The sea breeze is a breeze blowing towards the land from the sea, especially

during the day owing to the relative warmth of the land while a land breeze is a breeze

blowing towards the sea from the land, especially at night, owing to the relative warmth of

the sea.

Sea Breeze Land Breeze

Figure 4.30: Formation of sea breeze and land breeze 79
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KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

Monsoon season, high tide, and low tide
Monsoon season also known as “green season” is used as a softening word by tourism

authorities. It Influences the wave and wind speed particularly in the eastern part of Malaysia
as shown in figure 4.31. Monsoon season caused the fishermen’s community to lose their
source of income as cannot go down to sea during the monsoon season as the strong winds
and rough seas in the coastal waters somewhat endangered their safety.

Figure 4.31: The formation of the monsoon season
During the monsoon season, there will be high tide and low tide in the sea. For this
Kuala Dungun fishermen’s area, the highest tide is 210 cm recorded from the sea level during
the monsoon season while the lowest tide is 40 cm from sea level which is during the inter-
monsoon season as illustrated in figure 4.32.

Figure 4.32: High-tide and low-tide 80
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KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

b. Site morphology
Site morphology consists of the formation of “Kuala” and “Tanjung” where the

fishermen’s hub area is located at these two types of formation. The ‘Kuala” is actually where
a river flows into a sea or lake or an estuary. The Dungun River flows into the South China
sea as can be seen in figure 4.33.

South Proposed site
China Sea that located
between the
Dungun sea and river
River flow

Figure 4.33: Formation of Kuala

Local people also called this site “Tanjung” because of its shape of the site. Tanjung
or cape is formed in the hard rock part that is resistant to wave erosion as can be seen in
figure 4.34 and the tip of the land that extends into the flat sea potential as an attraction to the
site

Figure 4.34: The formation of Tanjung
c. Hydrology
Hydrology is divided into two which are water features and drainage systems. For the water
features, there is a river namely the Dungun River Basin as shown in figure 4.35 that has a
catchment area of about 1828 km with main tributaries Sg Jengai, and Sg Loh. The class of

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KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

this water source is Class II which is suitable for recreational activities that involve body
contact.

Figure 4.35: Dungun River
There are only two types of drainage system that consists of the fishermen’s hub area
which is secondary and tertiary drainage. The secondary drainage at the site is only located
along with the Dungun market that flows the water direct to the Dungun River as shown in
figure 4.36 and mostly the site area is covered by tertiary drainage with its cover to ensure the
safety of the users.

Figure 4.36: Secondary drainage Figure 4.37: Tertiary drainage

d. Soil
These attributes are focused on the types of soil found in the Kuala Dungun

fishermen’s hub area. Kuala Dungun area consists of the Rudua-Rusila soil series which this
type of soil series is mostly dominated by Cocos Nucifera or also known as coconut tree
which is the most important crop. This area consists of sandy-clay loam and sandy soil as
illustrated in Figures 4.38 and 4.39.

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KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER

Figure 4.38: Sandy clayloam soil Figure 4.39: sandy soil

The sandy clay loam had large pore and less porosity and its looks fertile and stable
based on the vegetation that grows well and is green while sandy soil had medium pore and
less porosity and it is alkaline which is the PH value is 8 to 11 is suitable for vegetation and
also good fertile.
e. Topography

The topography of the Kuala Dungun shoreline mostly is flat. There is a steep sloop
between the green area and the shore area. The erosion issue always happens in the shore
area.

Figure 4.40: Slope area along the Figure 4.41: Slope area at shoreline

Sungai Dungun along the South China Sea

Figure 4.40 shows the slope area along the Sungai Dungun that is near the

fishermen’s hub and food court area while figure 4.41 shows the slope area at the shoreline

along the South China Sea that which is often eroded by seawater. The main issue in this area

is soil erosion as illustrated in Figures 4.42 and 4.43.

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KUALA DUNGUN FISHERMEN’S HUB AS A TERMINAL FOR AQUACULTURE TOURISM CENTER
Figure 4.42: Illustration of soil erosion

Figure 4.43: Soil erosion in Kuala Dungun coastal area

f. Flora and fauna

There are not many trees were found on the site as the area dominated by coastal and

commercial areas. The vegetation is divided into three groups which are mixed, coastal, and

street planting as their softscape element are different from each other according to their

existing place.

Table 4.6: List of vegetation

No. Category Species Description
1 Mix vegetation
Scientific name : Acacia mangium

Common name: black wattle

Local name: Akasia

Native habitat: Terrestrial (Coastal Forest,

Riverine, Grassland / Savannah/ Scrubland),

Shoreline (Mangrove Forest)

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