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Published by Saroj Mahat, 2020-06-04 21:48:14

Nepali 4

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g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] PsLs[t kf7\ok':ts





sIff $













n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg

a]u]Gb| ;'Aaf

/fdrGb| vgfn














cf]Pl;; klAns];g k|f= ln=

cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}“
kmf]gM $@@$))$, ºofS; M $@@&&!*

n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg
a]u]Gb| ;'Aaf
/fdrGb| vgfn


;jf{lwsf/

k|sfzsdf


klxnf] ;+:s/0f M @)&!
k'gd'{b|0f M @)&#
bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)&%
k'gd'{b|0f M @)&^


u|flkmS;M
jL/]Gb| >]i7



lrqfª\sg
/Tg ;fu/ >]i7


k|sfzs
cf]Pl;; klAns];g k|f= ln=
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}“
kmf]gM $@@$))$,
ºofS; M $@@&&!*


g]kfndf d'lb|t

k|fSsyg




efiff lzIf0f ug'{ eg]sf] ljBfyL{x¿sf] pd]/cg';f/sf] ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO

l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg' xf] . efiffsf oL rf/ cf]6f l;k ljsf;sf] Pp6f ;f]kfg x'G5 .
cyf{t\ ;xL 9ª\un] ;'g]kl5 dfq ;xL 9ª\un] af]Ng ;lsG5 / ;xL 9ª\un] k9]kl5

dfq ;xL 9ª\un] n]Vg ;lsG5 . efiffsf oL rf/ cf]6f l;kdWo] s'g} Pp6f l;ksf]
ljsf; ;xL 9ª\un] x'g ;s]g eg] ljBfyL{sf] ;du| efiff g} sdhf]/ x'g hfG5 . h'g
ljBfyL{sf] efiff sdhf]/ x'G5, :jfefljs ¿kdf p;sf cGo ljifox¿sf] l;sfO

klg k|efljt x'G5 lsgeg] ljBfno txdf l;Sg'kg]{ clwsf+z ljifox¿ efiffsf
dfWodaf6} l;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 .



…j}v/LÚ l;sfO;DaGwL pko'{lNnlvt s'/fx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ tof/ ul/Psf] efiff
lzIf0fsf] PsLs[t kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] z[ª\vnf xf] . oL kf7\ok':tsx¿df /flvPsf

;fdu|Lx¿ efiff lzIf0fsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtdfly cfwfl/t 5g\ / ltgLx¿sf]
ljGof;qmddf ljBfyL{sf] pd]/, dgf]lj1fg, jftfj/0f / k"j{1fgsf] Vofn ul/Psf] 5 .

o;sf ;fy} kf7sf ¿kdf ;d]l6Psf sltko ljifoj:t'x¿ tQt\ txsf cGo ljifosf
kf7\oqmd;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5g\ t/ ltgLx¿nfO{ efiff lzIf0fsf] l;4fGtcGtu{t
Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] o; z[ª\vnfsf kf7\ok':tsnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ ul/g] efiff

lzIf0fn] ljBfyL{sf] efiff l;sfO Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L x'g] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t
5f}F .



cGTodf k/f, kZoGtL, dWodf / j}v/L u/L efiffsf rf/ cf]6f ¿k x'g] s'/f j}lbs
;flxTodf pNn]v 5 . efiffsf oL rf/ ¿kdWo] af]nLsf ¿kdf k|s6 x'g] efiff¿k g}

…j}v/LÚxf] . ljBfyL{sf] k|s6Ls[t efiff ;zSt agf];\ eGg] x]t'n] tof/ ul/Psf] k|:t't
z[ª\vnf;Fu ;Da4 ;a} kIfnfO{ wGojfb 6qm\ofpFb} o;sf k|of]Stf tyf lj1x¿af6

o;nfO{ cem q'l6xLg / :t/Lo agfpg cfjZos ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt x'g] cfzf ub{5f}F .


n]vs tyf ;Dkfbsx¿

@)&!÷)!÷)@

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kf7– ! dflg; %



kf7– @ r/fx¿sf] ;+;f/ !(



kf7– # rnfvLsf syfx¿ ##



kf7– $ lr7Lkq $&



kf7– % hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ ^!



kf7– ^ af:gfsf] df]n &%



kf7– & xfd|f kf];fsx¿ *(



kf7– * lbdfu rnfcf}F !)#



kf7– ( kfgL lhGbufgL !!&



kf7– !) ldqtf !#!



kf7– !! ;dfgtf / leGgtf !$%

kf7– !



dflg;

zAb / cy{

;f/ M lgrf]8Ù d"n s'/f]
;dfg M a/fa/

;Eo M eb|Ù lzi6
w/f]x/ M w/x/fÙ cUnf] :tDe jf vDaf
lgGbf M csf{sf] s'/f sf6\g] sfdÙ abgfdL
8'F8f M xft jf xftsf cf}Fnf gePsf
n]s M kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu
a]F;L M kxf8sf] km]bLsf] dlnnf] hldg jf kmfF6
au/ M gbLsf] bfofFafofF /x]sf] anf}6] hldg
;u/ M cfsfzÙ uugÙ ge

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õ dflysf dflg;x¿ s'g b]zsf xf]nfg\ < cg'dfg u/L n]v .

õ dflysf dflg;x¿df s]s] ;dfgtf xf]nfg\ < atfpm .


7 j}v/L sIff $

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!=  != ;'g / l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpm M

-s_ dfG5] hfts} sf/0fn] ;fgf] jf 7'nf] x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ ;+;f/sf ;a} wd{ ;dfg 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ


-u_ ufFpdf a:g]eGbf ;x/df a:g] dfG5] 7'nf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ gf/L / k'?if a/fa/ x'g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ


-ª_ sfnfx¿ dfq ;Eo / c¿ c;Eo x'G5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@=  ! ;'g]/ l7s pQ/ eg M

-s_ kf7df slt cf]6f wd{sf] gfd lnOPsf] 5 <

-v_ dfG5]x¿ sxfFsxfF a:5g\ <


-u_ lnª\usf b[li6n] dflg;x¿ slt lsl;dsf x'G5g\ <

-3_ dfG5]nfO{ 5fnfsf] /ªsf cfwf/df slt lsl;ddf afF8\g ;lsG5 <

-ª_  ! sf] ;f/ s] xf] <





j}v/L sIff $ 8

af]nfO













































!= dflysf lrqdf ePsf dflg;x¿ sf] x'g\ < pgLx¿ s] sfd u5{g\ <

k|To]ssf af/]df PsPs jfSo eg .


@= ltdL s:tf dflg;nfO{ 7'nf] / s:tf dflg;nfO{ ;fgf] 7fG5f} < sIffsf

;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .


#= tnsf cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf tLgtLg cf]6f zAb eg M


S ª\ H 6\ A

D N : W U



9 j}v/L sIff $

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;+;f/ xfd|f] k"mnaf/L


efg'eSt kf]v/]n








wtL{sf xfdL w/f]x/

dflg; ;a} a/f]a/

sf]xL 5}g ;fgf] s'hft

sf]xL 5}g 7'nf] ;'hft .















xftdf xft ;dftL


ldn]/ v]nf}F P ;fyL †
wtL{ xf] xfd|f] v]Ng] 7fpF


dg'io hflt Ps} xf}F
wtL{sf xfdL w/f]x/


dflg; ;a} a/f]a/ .











j}v/L sIff $ 10

lbbL / alxgL bfh'–efO

;a}n] xF;fpmF ;a}nfO{

x]k]/ lgGbf gu/f}F

nFu8f, nf6f, 8'F8fnfO{

wtL{sf xfdL w/f]x/

dflg; ;a} a/f]a/ .






















n]s / a]F;L au/

;fu/b]lv ;u/

;+;f/ xfd|f] k"mnaf/L

dfG5]sf] ;femf rf}tf/L

wtL{sf xfdL w/f]x/

dflg; ;a} a/f]a/ .











11 j}v/L sIff $

!= tnsf zAbx¿ z'4;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M


wtL{ v]nf}F dg'io xF;fpmF lgGbf

gu/f}F nFu8f 8'F8f afgL a]F;L


@= dflysf] sljtf no xfn]/ k9 .

#= ldNg] zAb /fvL vfnL 7fpF e/ M


-s_ xfdL wtL{sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf}F .

-v_ xfdL ;fyL;Fu ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v]Ng'k5{ .

-u_ xfd|f] v]Ng] 7fpF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf] .


-3_ xfdLn] s;}nfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ug'{x'Fb}g .

-ª_ ;+;f/ xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf] .


$= ldNg] c+z 5fgL jfSo k"/f u/ M

-s_ dflg; hftn] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


c_ 7'nf];fgf] x'G5 . cf_ 7'nf];fgf] x'Fb}g .

-v_ xfdLn] ;s];Dd ;a}nfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

c_ xF;fpg'k5{ . cf_ ?jfpg'k5{ .


-u_ xfdLn] ul/a, b'MvL, ckfª\unfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

c_ x]Kg'k5{ . cf_ x]Kg'x'Fb}g .


%= tnsf kª\lStx¿ k9 / cfzo atfpm M

n]s / a]F;L au/

;fu/b]lv ;u/

;+;f/ xfd|f] k"mnaf/L

dfG5]sf] ;femf rf}tf/L .


j}v/L sIff $ 12

n]vfO


!= ;+;f/ xfd|f] k"mnaf/L eGg] sljtfaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf zAb n]v M

-s_ O{sf/ - L _ nfu]sf zAb

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ P]sf/ - } _ nfu]sf zAb

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ cf}sf/ - f} _ nfu]sf zAb
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf zAb

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ rGb|laGb' - “ _ nfu]sf zAb

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= …;+;f/ xfd|f] k"mnaf/LÚ sljtfsf] bf];|f] Znf]ssf rf/ cf]6f kª\lSt /fd|f cIf/df
;f/ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf dflg;sf] lrq agfpm . cyjf, st}af6 dflg;sf] lrq NofP/

6fF; . ca …dflg;Ú zLif{sdf rfln;krf; zAbdf j0f{g u/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


13 j}v/L sIff $

zAbe08f/


!= tnsf zAb / ltgsf cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M

w/f]x/ xft jf xftsf cf}Fnf gePsf


lgGbf kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu

8'F8f w/x/fÙ cUnf] :tDe jf vDaf

n]s cfsfzÙ uugÙ ge


a]F;L gbLsf] bfofFafofF /x]sf] anf}6] hldg

au/ csf{sf] s'/f sf6\g] sfdÙ abgfdL

;u/ kxf8sf] km]bLsf] dlnnf] hldg jf kmfF6

@= lzIfsn] kfFr cf]6f k|f0fLsf] gfd eGg'x'G5 . ca tL k|f0fLx¿sf] gfd lzIfsn]

eGg'ePsf] j|mddf n]v M


ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= lzIfsn] kfFr cf]6f b]zsf] gfd eGg'x'G5 . ca tL b]zx¿sf] gfd lzIfsn]

eGg'ePs} qmddf n]v M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb …;+;f/ xfd|f] k"mnaf/LÚ eGg] sljtfaf6

vf]h]/ n]v M

dfG5] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ldq M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


:yfg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Dk"0f{ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;d'b| M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfsfz M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

k[YjL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ au}Frf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ljzfn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x:t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ




j}v/L sIff $ 14

Jofs/0f




lzIfs M dbg, Psjrg / ax'jrg hgfpg] Pp6f

zAb eg t .

dbg M k]G6 ;/ .

lzIfs M s;/L <

dbg M k]G6sf] Psfk6\l6 Pp6f dfq Kjfn x'G5 /

csf{k6\l6 b'O{ cf]6f Kjfn x'G5g\ lg ;/ .


!= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L e/ M

;k{ 3/x¿ sldnf] k"mnx¿ d pgLx¿

ltgLx¿ lstfa ?v xfdL 6f]kL 5f]/Lx¿



Psjrg hgfpg] zAbx¿ ax'jrg hgfpg] zAbx¿


ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ


@= tnsf jfSox¿af6 pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h;/L gofF jfSo agfpm M

Psjrgsf jfSox¿ ax'jrgsf jfSox¿

-s_ efO v]N5 . alxgL v]N5] . efO / alxgL v]N5g\ .

-v_ sdn n]V5 . sdnf n]V5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ /fd cfof] . ;Ltf cfO{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-3_ d uPF . ltdL uof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-ª_ dbg ;'Tof] . df]xg ;'Tof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-r_ 5f]/f] 3/df a:of] . 5f]/L 3/df a;L . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


15 j}v/L sIff $

;d"xdf efiff


!= b; hgf ;fyLsf] gfd / pgLx¿sf] y/ n]v M

gfd y/

!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

*= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

(= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


!)= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= b'O{b'O{ hgf ;fyLsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/]s ;d"xn] tnsf vfnL 7fpFdf b]zx¿sf]

gfd n]v M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

s'g ;d"xn] ;aeGbf klxn] lt; cf]6f b]zsf] gfd n]lv;Sof] <

#= cfºgf] ;d"xn] n]v]sf] b]zsf gfdx¿ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .



j}v/L sIff $ 16

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf


!= dfG5]n] afFRgsf nflu ljleGg sfd u5{ . o:tf] sfdnfO{ k];f jf Joj;fo

elgG5 . dfG5]nfO{ p;n] ckgfpg] k];fsf cfwf/df 8fS6/, lzIfs, kqsf/

cflbsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . ltdLn] lrg]sf lgDgfg';f/sf PsPs hgf JolStsf]

k"/f gfd / y/ n]v M



8fS6/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


lzIfs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



n]vs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


8«fOe/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



rf}sLbf/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



a]kf/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ufos M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ls;fg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



k|x/L M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


gfos M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



lrqsf/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


l;kfxL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



17 j}v/L sIff $

@= ltdLnfO{ s:tf] dfG5] dg k5{ < rfln;krf; zAbdf j0f{g u/ M



]
dnfO{ dg kg{ dfG5 ]


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ






j}v/L sIff $ 18

kf7– @



r/fx¿sf] ;+;f/






19 j}v/L sIff $

zAb / cy{

PG6fs{l6sf M Pp6f dxfb]z
cfxf/f M vfg]s'/f
;xf/f M ;xfotf

;tx M dflyNnf] efu
Kjf“vo'St M Kjf“v ePsf]
cgf}7f] M crDdsf]
cnfjf M afx]s
tfk M tftf]
7G8L M lr;f]









j}v/L sIff $ 20

k"j{k7g


























































õ s] ltdLnfO{ dflysf ;a} r/fx¿sf] gfd cfpF5 < cfPsf hltsf] gfd eg

/ glrg]sf r/fx¿sf] gfd ;fyL jf lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w .

õ dflysf dWo] ltdLn] s'gs'g r/fx¿ b]v]sf 5f} < atfpm .

21 j}v/L sIff $

;'gfO



!=  @ ;'g / 5'6]sf zAb e/L Znf]s k"/f u/ M

jiff{ ofd ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lbg

7'nf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ k¥of]

sfnfsfnf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;]tf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ emf¥of] .





‰ofDdem'Dd ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lyof] .

3/b]lv ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

Tof] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u'F8 nufO{

a:y] b'O6f ÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

@=  @ ;'g / l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpm M

-s_ s]n] xfFuf] nf5\of] <


c_ atf;n] cf_ af3n]

-v_ r/fx¿ slxn] uLt ;'gfpFy] <

c_ lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf cf_ laxfg ldld{/]df

-u_ r/fx¿ s;/L lbg latfpFy] <

c_ sfd u/]/ cf_ cf/fdn] ;'t]/


-3_ xfd|f] dg lsg b'V5 <

c_ dfG5]sf] b'Mv b]v]/ cf_ r/fx¿sf] b'Mv b]v]/

-ª_ s:tf] dfG5] 1fgL x'G5 <

{
]
]
c_ r/fx¿sf] b'Mv a'em\g] dfG5] cf_ r/fx¿ ;dft/ dfg dfG5 ]

j}v/L sIff $ 22

af]nfO






















!=  @ sf ¿kdf ltdLx¿n] ;'g]sf] sljtf no xfn]/ ;'gfpm .

@= tnsf r/f / k|f0fLx¿ s;/L s/fpF5g\ < gSsn u/]/ ;'gfpm M








































#= ltdLnfO{ s'g hgfj/ dg k5{ < lsg < rf/kfFr jfSodf atfpm .


23 j}v/L sIff $

k9fO


cgf}7f] r/f] k]ª\u'Og

























xfdLn] h'/]nL, ;f/f}F, sfu, sf]OnL cflb r/fx¿ b]v]sf 5f}F . xfd|f jl/kl/
kfOg] o:tf r/fx¿ cfsfzdf p8\g ;S5g\ . To;}n] r/f] eGg]lalQs} xfdL

p8\g ;Sg] KjfFvo'St k|f0fL ;DemG5f}F . t/ ;+;f/df s]xL To:tf r/fx¿ 5g\,
hf] p8\g ;Sb}gg\ . o:t} Pp6f p8\g g;Sg] cgf}7f] r/f] xf] – k]ª\u'Og .

k]ª\u'Og cToGt lr;f] 7fpFdf kfOg] r/f] xf] . of] vf; u/L k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf

blIf0fL efudf a;f]af; ub{5 . k[YjLsf] blIf0fL efu eg]sf] PG6fs{l6sf dxfb]z
xf] . ToxfF cToGt lr;f] x'G5 . ToxfF jif{sf] 5 dlxgf;Dd 3fd nflu/xG5 /

5 dlxgf;Dd /ft kl//xG5 . To;}n] PG6fs{l6sfdf xfd|f] 5 dlxgfsf] Ps lbg
/ 5 dlxgfsf] Ps /ft x'G5 . PG6fs{l6sfsf cnfjf Go'lhNofG8 / blIf0f

cd]l/sfsf ;d'b|L lsgf/lt/ klg k]ª\u'Ogsf] a;f]af; x'G5 .

k]ª\u'Ogsf] z/L/el/ 5f]6f5f]6f kfgL gk:g] KjfFv x'G5g\ . o;sf 5f]6f5f]6f t/
c¿ r/fx¿sf] h:tf] gbf]a|g] kv]6f x'G5g\ . To;}n] of] r/f] p8\g ;Sb}g .

o;sf] v'6\6f eg] z/L/sf] cGTo efudf k'R5/;Fu} x'G5 . v'6\6fx¿ km/flsnf

x'G5g\ . To;}n] of] r/f] v'6\6fsf] ;xfotfn] 7f8f] pleP/ lxF88'n u5{ . o;sf
;fy} 5ftL / kv]6fsf] ;xfotfn] lrKn]6L v]Nb} cl3 a9\5 . o;sf] r'Rrf]
lgs} nfdf] / ltvf] x'G5 . o;sf] z/L/sf] kl5Nnf] efu / kv]6f sfnf] x'G5 .



j}v/L sIff $ 24

cl3Nnf] efu jf k]6df ;]tf] x'G5 . s'g}s'g} k]ª\u'Ogsf] r'Rrfsf] tNnf] efu,

sfgsf] 5]p / 3fF6Ldf eg] ;'gf}nf] /ª x'G5 . o;sf] prfO !@) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd
x'G5 . o;sf] efn] / kf]yLsf] cfsf/ / zf/Ll/s agfj6 p:t} x'G5 .


k]ª\u'Ogsf] d'Vo cfxf/f ;d'b| jf vf]nfsf df5fx¿ x'g\ . o;sf ;fy} tL
7fpFdf kfOg] cGo ;;fgf k|f0fLx¿ klg o;sf cfxf/f x'g\ . lxpFbdf vf]nf

tyf ;d'b|sf] ;txdf lxpF hD5 . o;/L ;txdf lxpF hd] klg leq eg] kfgL
alu/x]sf] x'G5 . k]ª\u'Ogn] cfˆgf] ltvf] r'Rrfsf] ;xf/fn] ;txdf hd]sf]

lxpFnfO{ Kjfn kf5{ . tL Kjfnaf6 leq k:5 / kfgLsf df5fsf] l;sf/ u5{ .

k]ª\u'Ogn] emf/kft, 9'ª\uf, u'kmf tyf Kjfnx¿df cfˆgf] u'F8 agfpF5 . o;n] Ps
k6sdf Pp6f jf b'O6f km'n kf5{ . ltgnfO{ c7f/la; lbg;Dd cf]yf/f]df /fv]/

aRrf sf]/N5 . o;/L km'n kf/]kl5 aRrf gsf]/n];Dd dfp k]ª\u'Og s]xL klg
vfFb}g . o;sf] aRrfnfO{ rf/f] v'jfpg] tl/sf klg crDdsf] 5 . o;n] cfˆgf]

aRrfnfO{ v'jfpg] rf/f] klxnf cfˆgf] d'vleq xfN5 . To;kl5 aRrfsf] cufl8
d'v cfF u5{ . aRrfn] dfpsf] 3fF6Lleq r'Rrf] l5/fP/ rf/f] vfG5 .


k]ª\u'Og ;d"xdf /dfpg] k|f0fL xf] . cToGt lr;f] ePsf a]nfdf logLx¿ Ps}
7fpF 6fFl;P/ y'k|G5g\ . o;/L 6fFl;P/ y'k|Fbf Pscsf{sf] z/L/af6 tfk k}bf
x'G5 / Pscsf{nfO{ Gofgf] x'G5 .


k]ª\u'Ogsf zq'x¿ lxpFlrt'jf, x\j]n tyf cGo 7'nf ;d'b|L hLj x'g\ .
o:tf hLjx¿n] e]6] k]ª\u'OgnfO{ sfFr} vfOlbG5g\ . To;}n] k]ª\u'Og o:tf

hLjx¿af6 6f9f
/xg vf]H5 . o;n]

Hofb} 7G8L tyf
udL{ ;xg ;Sb}g .

To;}n] slxn]sfxLF
zq' tyf v/fa

df};daf6 aRg of]
w]/} 6f9f;Dd a;fOF

;5{ .

25 j}v/L sIff $

!= dflysf kf7sf] k|To]s cg'R5]b kfn}kfnf] k9 .
@= tnsf zAbx¿ k|:6;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M

KjfFvo'St ;DemG5f}F a;fOF k]ª\u'Og PG6fs{l6sf Go'lhNofG8

gbf]a|g] Kjfn udL{ Gofgf] x\j]n 7G8L
#= ;d"x s / ;d"x v sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M

s v

k]ª\u'Og gbf]a|g] lsl;dsf

PG6fs{l6sf k]ª\u'Ogsf] zq'
kv]6f p8\g g;Sg] cgf}7f] r/f]

cfxf/f 5 dlxgf lbg / 5 dlxgf /ft kg]{ 7fpF

lxpFlrt'jf ;d'b| jf vf]nfsf df5fx¿
$= pQ/ eg M

-s_ k]ª\u'Og lsg cgf}7f] r/f] xf] <

-v_ k]ª\u'Og sxfF a;f]af; u5{ <
-u_ k]ª\u'Ogsf] cfxf/f s] xf] <

-3_ k]ª\u'Ogn] cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ s;/L rf/f] v'jfpF5 <

-ª_ k]ª\u'Ogsf zq'x¿ s]s] x'g\ <
%= tnsf] hfgsf/L k9 M




r/f;DaGwL ljz]if hfgsf/L


ó ;a} r/fsf] KjfFv x'G5 .

ó ;a} r/fn] cG8f kf5{g\ .

ó r/fsf] bfFt x'Fb}g .
ó xldªa8{ eGg] r/f] dfq k5fl8k6\l6 p8\g ;S5 .

ó g]kfndf dfq kfOg] r/f] sfF8]Eofs'/ xf] .

ó ;+;f/df (%))) eGbf a9L k|hfltsf r/fx¿ 5g\ .



j}v/L sIff $ 26

n]vfO


!= …cgf}7f] r/f] k]ª\u'OgÚ eGg] kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]b ;kmf / ;'Gb/ cIf/df
sfkLdf ;f/ .

@= kfFrkfFr cf]6f rGb|laGb', /]km / …/Ú ;Fu hf]l8Psf cIf/o'St zAbx¿ n]v M


rGb|laGb' nfu]sf /]km - { _ nfu]sf …/Ú ;Fu hf]l8Psf

;f/f}F ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ub{5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒ xfd|f ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]v M

-s_ xfdL r/f] eGg]lalQs} s] ;DemG5f}F <

-v_ PG6fs{l6sf dxfb]z s:tf] 5 <

-u_ k]ª\u'Ogsf] u'F8 sxfF x'G5 <

-3_ k]ª\u'Ogn] aRrfnfO{ s;/L rf/f] v'jfpF5 <

-ª_ k]ª\u'Og lsg w]/} 6f9f6f9f;Dd a;fOF ;5{ <

$= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ r/fsf] lrq agfpm / To; r/fsf af/]df rfln;krf;

zAb n]v M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ




27 j}v/L sIff $

zAbe08f/


!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ;xL cy{df /]hf nufpm M

KjfFvo'St M KjfFv ePsf] KjfFv gePsf]


PG6fs{l6sf M Pp6f b]z Pp6f dxfb]z

cfxf/f M vfg]s'/f 3/

;xf/f M b'Mv ;xfotf

;tx M dflyNnf] efu leqL efu
@= tnsf] lrq x]/ / l7s zAb n]v M




















#= b'O{ kª\lStdf ePsf kof{ojfrL zAbsf] hf]8f ldnfpm M

r/f] z/L/ lr;f] kfgL ;d'b| k|f0fL 9'ª\uf 7fpF 7'nf] 6f9f




7G8L ;fu/ kTy/ kG5L b"/ lhp ljzfn hLj hn :yfg
$= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M

cfsfz M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lr;f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

cGTo M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kfgL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

aflx/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ zq' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v/fa M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ glhs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ldng M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfzf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



j}v/L sIff $ 28

Jofs/0f


!= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L e/ M

5f]/f] s]6L a'af uf]? efGhL afR5L /fgL sls{gL d'lvof

dfdf km'k" bfh' gf]sgL{ elthL xh'/af n]lvsf gfos slj

efn] hgfpg] zAb kf]yL hgfpg] zAb

ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ


@= tnsf jfSox¿ s'gs'g z'4 / s'gs'g cz'4 5g\ < n]v M


-s_ efOn] sljtf n]Vof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ /flwsf yfndf eft vfG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


-u_ efGhfn] uLt ufOg\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ s]6Lx¿ /fd|/L gflR5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


-ª_ d]/f] elthf] :s'n uof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= l7s lj|mof /fvL jfSo k"/f u/ M


-s_ alxgL ;w}F k|yd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
-v_ lbbLn] uLt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .


-u_ d]/L efGhL ljb]z ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
-3_ 5f]/Lx¿ lrq ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .

$= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ :qLlnª\udf abn M

-s_ efO 3/df a:5 . -v_ s]6fn] k'/:sf/ kfof] .


-u_ 5f]/f] lxdfn r9\5 . -3_ sdn cf/fdn] ;'Tof] .
-ª_ bfh' ahf/ hfg'x'G5 . -r_ efGhfn] syf n]v] .


29 j}v/L sIff $

;d"xdf efiff



!= b'O{b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca tnsf] sf]7]kbdf a9LeGbf a9L r/fsf] gfd
kQf nufO{ 3]/f nufpm . 3]/f nufPsf zAbx¿nfO{ vfnL 7fpFdf ;f/ .


b; ldg]6df s'g ;d"xn] ;aeGbf a9L r/fx¿sf] gfd n]Vg ;Sof] <


;' uf lr n s' a 6\6f O{ h'


;' w 7] lu 4 eF u] /f] /]


a g] p p Eof 9' s' / nL


s' ; jf Nn' s' ;f / ; sf]



Nnf sf] O nL /f k h' n' d'


;f lr a] sf d} /] lkm OF h'


/f}F n' h' u gf jf :6f r] /







ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ







j}v/L sIff $ 30

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf



!= ltd|f 3/ jl/kl/ kfOg] rf}la; cf]6f r/fx¿sf] gfd n]v M





ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ





ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ




ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ





ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ





ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ





ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ




ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ





ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ




@= r/f;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} syf vf]h]/ k9 . cyjf cleefjs;Fu ;'gfOdfu .

Tof] syf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .



31 j}v/L sIff $

#= tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf s'g} rf/ cf]6f r/fsf] lrq agfpm . lrq agfpg gcfP

kqklqsfaf6 vf]h]/ 6fF; . tL r/fsf af/]df tLgtLg jfSo n]v M






















ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ





















ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ




j}v/L sIff $ 32

kf7– #



rnfvLsf syfx¿






33 j}v/L sIff $

zAb / cy{

b08 M ;hfo
plrt M pko'St

lxDdt M cfF6
l;sf/ M df;' vfgsf lglDt s'g} k|f0fL jf kG5L
dfg]{ sfd
w"t{ M sk6k"0f{Ù rnfvL hfGg]Ù wf]s]afh
3f]if0ff M s'g} s'/f 7'nf] :j/n] ;'gfpg] sfd
sfg'g M lgodÙ cfb]z
laTof; kg'{ M cfkt\ kg'{Ù ;d:of kg'{









j}v/L sIff $ 34

k"j{k7g





õ l56f]l56f] hafkm b]pm M

ó g]kfnsf] lardf s] 5 <

ó ;tf;L, c7f;L / pgf;Ldf s'g w]/} xf] <


ó ltd|L cfdfsf] dfdfsf] efGh]HjfOF ltd|f] s] k5{ <

ó Ps s]hL skf; / Ps s]hL kmnfd s'g ux|f}F x'G5 <

ó ltdL bf}8df efu lnO/x]sf 5f} . ltdLeGbf cufl8 b'O{ hgf dfG5]


5g\ . ca ltdLn] bf];|f] JolStnfO{ lhTof} eg] ltdL s'g :yfgdf
cfpF5f} <






































35 j}v/L sIff $

;'gfO

































!=  # ;'g / s;n] eg]sf] xf] < n]v M


-s_ e"t s:tf] x'G5 xF < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ ;lsxfN5f} lg < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-u_ ltdL cfkm}F uO{ P]gfdf x]/ g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


-3_ e"t;Fu ltd|f] /fd|f] ;DaGw 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= pQ/ b]pm M


-s_ Pp6f dfG5]n] xl/j+znfO{ s] eGof] <

-v_ s] xl/j+zsf] e"t;Fu ;fFRr} /fd|f] ;DaGw lyof] t <

-u_ xl/j+zn] e"t x]g{ rfxg] dfG5]nfO{ s] hafkm lbof] <


-3_ P]gfdf s] b]Vg ;lsG5 <

-ª_ xl/j+zn] lsg To; dflg;nfO{ P]gfdf x]g{ eg]sf] xf]nf <



j}v/L sIff $ 36

af]nfO


















































!= dflysf lrqx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f syf ;'gfpm .


@= e]8fx¿ a'l4dfg\ /x]5g\ ls afv|fx¿ a'l4dfg\ /x]5g\ < atfpm .

#= rnfvLn] el/Psf] s'g} Pp6f syf sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .

$= b'O{ cf]6f ufpF vfg] syf sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;f]w . ;fyLx¿n] ;xL hafkm

lbg ;s]gg\ eg] ltdL cfkm}F hafkm b]pm .


%= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ Pp6f r'6\lsnf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .


37 j}v/L sIff $

k9fO



w"t{ ºofp/f] / rnfv efn]




Pp6f ˆofp/f] l;sf/sf]

vf]hLdf lg:s]sf] lyof] . To;n]

jghª\un, v]taf/L, vf]nfgfnf
8'Nbf klg s'g} l;sf/ km]nf

kf/]g . l;sf/ ge]6]/ lg/fz

ePsf] ˆofp/fn] crfgs Pp6f

efn] b]Vof] . Tof] efn] Pp6f
?vsf] xfFufdf al;/x]sf] lyof] .


æcfxf Û sqf] efn] Û To;nfO{

;dfTg ;s] t df]h x'GYof] .
t/ s;/L ;dfTg] < Tof] ?vsf]

cUnf] xfFufdf 5 . d pkm|]/

To;nfO{ ;dfTg ;lSbgF . of]

efn] klg pDSof] eg] d cfh
ef]s} x'G5' . Æ ˆofp/fn] dgdg}

;f]Rof] / w]/} a]/ ;f]r]kl5

To;sf] dgdf Pp6f w"t{ ljrf/

km'¥of] . To;kl5 Tof] ˆofp/f]
efn] a;]sf] ?vd'lg k'Uof] .


æP efn] efO Û d cfh Pp6f
v';Lsf] va/ ;'gfpg cfPsf]

x'F .Æ ˆofp/fn] efn]nfO{ eGof] .


j}v/L sIff $ 38

æs:tf] v';Lsf] va/ < ;'gfpg';\ g .Æ efn]n] eGof] .


æxfd|f /fhf l;+xn] cab]lv ;a} hgfj/x¿ ;dfg ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf]
5 . cab]lv s'g} hgfj/n] s'g} hgfj/nfO{ ;dfTg, v]bfpg, b'Mv lbg, dfg{

kfpg]5}g . ;a} hgfj/ ;Fu} e]nf eP/ lxF88'n ug'{kg]{ gofF sfg'g ag]sf] 5 .

To;}n] ltdL klg tn cf]n{ . xfdL ;Fu;Fu} ufpF 8'n]/ cfcf}F .Æ ˆofp/fn]
eGof] .


æˆofp/f bfO Û /fhfsf] gofF sfg'g t w]/} /fd|f] 5 . ;a} hgfj/ ;Fu} ldn]/
lxF88'n ubf{ ;fFRr} /dfOnf] xf]nf . t/ s] ug]{ < clxn] d w]/} yfs]sf] 5' .

Psl5g cf/fd u5'{ . ysfO df/]kl5 tkfO{F;Fu 8'Ng cfpFnf . ToltGh]n tkfO{F

pM k/af6 cfO/x]sf] kfª\u|] bfO;Fu ufpF 8'Nb} ug'{;\ n .Æ

efn]n] k/af6 cfO/x]sf]
kfª\u|] s's'/nfO{ b]vfpFb}

eGof] .

ænf} k¥of] laTof; ÛÆ k/af6

cfO/x]sf] s's'/nfO{ b]v]kl5

ˆofp/f] cflQof] / eGof]
ækfª\u|] bfOn] of] gofF sfg'gsf

af/]df ;'g]s} 5}gg\ .Æ

ˆofp/f] olt eg]/ n';'Ss

n:sg yfNof] .

æxf]Og ˆofp/f bfO Û tkfO{Fn] of]

gofF sfg'g kfª\u|] bfOnfO{ ;'gfpg}
k5{ . kVg';\ g Psl5g .Æ efn]n]

lrRofP/ eGof] t/ ˆofp/fn]

;'g]sf]g;'g]em}F u/]/ hª\unlt/
k:of] .


39 j}v/L sIff $

!= dflysf] kf7 dgdg} k9 .

@= lzIfssf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ dflysf] syf kfn}kfnf] ;:j/ jfrg u/ .

#= dflysf] syfsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ syf qmddf /fv M


- _ efn]n] cfkm" yfs]sfn] k/af6 cfO/x]sf] s's'/;Fu ufpF 3'Dg hfg]
;Nnfx lbof] .

- _ ˆofp/fn] ?vsf] xfFufdf efn] a;]sf] b]Vof] .

- _ lbge/ 3'Dbf klg l;sf/ km]nf kf/]g .


- _ efn]nfO{ /fhfn] ;a} hgfj/ ;dfg ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sfn] ;Fu} ufpF
8'Ng hfg] k|:tfj /fVof] .

- _ Pp6f ˆofp/f] l;sf/sf] vf]hLdf lg:Sof] .

- _ k/af6 cfO/x]sf] s's'/ b]v]kl5 ˆofp/f] efUof] .

$= tnsf] ;dfrf/ k9 / pQ/ b]pm M








kmfu'g !), @)&)

d}qL kf7zfnf d:6fdf8f}Fsf] kfFrf}F jflif{sf]T;j ljBfnosf] k|fª\u0fdf

;DkGg eof] . o; sfo{qmdsf] cltlysf ¿kdf dfggLo lzIff dGqLsf]
pkl:ylt lyof] . sfo{qmddf ljBfnosf efOalxgLx¿n] g[To, uLt,

gf6s / sljtf k|:t't u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf k'/:sf/ ljt/0f

ul/Psf] lyof] .



k|Zgx¿

-s_ dflysf] ;dfrf/ s'g klqsfdf 5flkPsf] xf] <

-v_ d}qL kf7zfnfsf] kfFrf}F jflif{sf]T;jsf k|d'v cltly sf] lyP <

-u_ jflif{sf]T;jdf ljBfyL{x¿n] s]s] k|:t't u/] <


j}v/L sIff $ 40

n]vfO


!= …w"t{ ˆofp/f] / rnfv efn]Ú eGg] kf7af6 cfwf cIf/ nfu]sf af/ cf]6f

zAbx¿ afGsL ldn]sf cIf/df ;f/ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= …w"t{ ˆofp/f] / rnfv efn]Ú eGg] kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]b lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/

sfkLdf n]v .


#= pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ˆofp/f] lsg lg/fz ePsf] lyof] <

-v_ ˆofp/fn] efn]nfO{ s] eGof] <

-u_ ˆofp/fsf cg';f/ hª\unsf /fhfn] s] 3f]if0ff u/]sf /x]5g\ <

-3_ efn]n] ˆofp/fnfO{ s] eGof] <

-ª_ ˆofp/f] lsg hª\unlt/ nfUof] <


$= tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf efn]sf] lrq agfpm . ca efn]sf af/]df rfln;krf;
zAb n]v M


ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


41 j}v/L sIff $

zAbe08f/


!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
l;sf/ s'g} s'/f 7'nf] :j/n] ;'gfpg] sfd

w"t{ cfkt\ kg'{Ù ;d:of kg'{

3f]if0ff lgodÙ cfb]z

sfg'g sk6k"0f{Ù rnfvL hfGg]Ù wf]s]afh
laTof; kg'{ df;' vfgsf lglDt s'g} k|f0fL jf kG5L dfg]{ sfd

@= tnsf] syfaf6 lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb l6k M

s'/}s'/fdf Ps lbg csa/n] dGqLx¿nfO{

;f]w] æolb s;}n] d]/f] h'Fuf tfGof] eg] p;nfO{
s:tf] b08 lbg' plrt xf]nf <Æ

Ps hgf dGqLn] eGof], æp;nfO{ ;o sf]/f{
xfGg'k5{ .Æ

csf]{n] eGof], æTo;sf] b'a} xft sfl6lbg'k5{ .Æ

t];|f]n] eGof], æTo;nfO{ d[To'b08 lbg'k5{ .Æ

jL/an eg] r'k nfu]sf] b]v]/ csa/n] ;f]w],æltdL s:tf] ;'emfj lbG5f} lg .Æ

jL/ann] t'?Gt hafkm lbP, æp;nfO{ w]/} dfof / ld7f] vfgf lbg'k5{ .Æ

jL/ansf] pQ/n] cfZro{rlst ePsf csa/n] ;f]w], æltdLn] s;/L o:tf] eGof}
xF <Æ

jL/ann] :ki6 kf/], æxh'/, tkfO{Fsf gfltgfltgLafx]s c¿ s;n] tkfO{Fsf] h'Fuf
tfGg] lxDdt ug{ ;S5 / <Æ


k'/:sf/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cg'lrt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hGd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

;afn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3[0ff M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lttf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
yf]/} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|Zg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cg]s M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf lgkftx¿nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

t lg kf] /] n Sof/] x}


j}v/L sIff $ 42

Jofs/0f



ljb]xsf] /fh;efdf ;8s;DaGwL
5nkmn rNb} lyof] . s'/}s'/fdf ljb]xsf

g/]zn] ;ef;b\x¿nfO{ ;f]w], æxfd|f]

gu/sf ;8sdf hDdf slt df]8 5g\ <
sf] hfGb5 o;sf] ;xL ;ª\Vof <Æ

crfgssf] k|Zgn] ;a} ;ef;b\ cndlnP .

s;}nfO{ 7\ofSs hafkm cfPg .

æuf]g' emf Û ltdLnfO{ ;a}n] rnfv

eG5g\ . ltdL t eGg ;S5f} xf]nf lg .Æ ljb]x g/]zn] uf]g' emfnfO{ k|Zg u/] .

æ;S5' lg Û ljb]x gu/sf] dfq xf]Og ;+;f/sf ;a} ;8sdf ePsf] df]8sf

ljifodf d eGg ;S5' .Æ uf]g'n] pQ/ lbP .

æeGg ;S5f} eg] t'?Gt eg g .Æ g/]zn] eg] .

æb'O6f . ;+;f/sf ;a} ;8sdf b'O6f df]8 t x'G5g\ lg– bfofF / afofF .Æ uf]g'n]
;lhn} elglbP .



!= dflysf] syf k9 / df]6f cIf/n] n]lvPsf zAbx¿ tn ;f/ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= z'4 jfSodf √ / cz'4 jfSodf â lrGx nufpm M

-s_ d 3/df a:5' . -v_ ltdL eft vfG5 .

-u_ pm u[xsfo{ u5{ . -3_ xfdL ahf/ uP .

-ª_ pgLx¿ ldlxg]tL 5g\ . -r_ d}n] 6f]kL nufof] .
-5_ pgLx¿ km'6an v]N5f} . -h_ tkfO{F :s'n hfg'x'G5 .

-em_ tkfO{Fn] u[xsfo{ u5f}{ . -`_ tkfO{Fn] lr7L n]Vof} .

#= dfly @ sf cz'4 jfSonfO{ z'4 kf/L sfkLdf n]v .


43 j}v/L sIff $

;d"xdf efiff


!= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/]s ;d"xn] b;b; cf]6f ufpFvfg] syf

;ª\sng u/ . cfºgf] ;d"xn] ;ª\sng u/]sf] ufpF vfg] syf cGo ;d"xnfO{

;f]w . o;/L ;f]Wbf xflh/Lhafkmdf h:t} x/]s ;d"xnfO{ qmdzM ;f]w .

ufpF vfg] syf k|ltof]lutfsf lglZrt lgod x'G5g\ . tL lgodx¿ lzIfsn]

atfpg'x'G5 / lzIfss} lgb]{zgcg';f/ ufpF vfg] syf k|ltof]lutf u/ M


ufpFvfg] syfx¿



!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


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@= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ r'6\lsnf sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .




j}v/L sIff $ 44

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf



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rnfv hgfj/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ




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45 j}v/L sIff $

#= 6]lnlehgdf ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ sfo{qmd s] xf] < Tof] s'g Rofgnaf6 s'g

;dodf k|;f/0f x'G5 < To;sf d'Vo kfq÷kfqx¿ sf] x'g\ < Tof] s'g

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$= ltdLnfO{ dg kg]{ rnlrqsf af/]df krf; zAbdf n]v M



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j}v/L sIff $ 46

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47 j}v/L sIff $

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j}v/L sIff $ 48

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49 j}v/L sIff $

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j}v/L sIff $ 50


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