Nepali 4

cln k/ Pp6f e'ml;lNs/f] b]lvof] . 5f]/fn] ;f]lwxfNof] .



To;nfO{ em'l;lNs/f]
eG5g\ 5f]/f †
a'af, Tof] rflxF s] xf] <





















o;/L 5f]/fn] ;f]w]sf] ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] s'g} emGem6 gdfgL a'afn] pQ/ lbGy] . 5f]/fn]
a'afaf6 w]/} s'/f hfGb} 7'nf] eof] .


w]/} jif{kl5, afa' w]/} a'9f] eof] . p;sf] clxn]sf] ;fgf] 5f]/f] w]/} 7'nf] ePsf] lyof] .
Ps lbg afa' rflxF 3fd tflk/x]sf] lyof] . Pp6f dfG5] p;sf] 5f]/fnfO{ e]6\g cfof] .
s]xL ;dokl5 Tof] dfG5] uof] . afa' rflxFn] ;f]Wof] .
d]/f] ;fyL † tkfO{F

afa' † sf] cfPsf] lyof] xF < lrGg'x'Gg †






















5f]/fn] emsf]{ dfGb} hafkm lbof] .

151 j}v/L sIff $

s]xL a]/kl5 csf]{ dfG5] cfof] / 5f]/fnfO{ e]6]/ uof] .
slt s/fO/x]sf] <
hf];'s} xf];\ g † tkfO{FnfO{ s]
rf;f] < sfdsfh 5}g . vfln
clxn] cfpg] sf] sf] xF sf] xF ul//fVof] <
xf] afa' <






















5f]/fn] l/;fpFb} hafkm lbof] .


a'af rflxFnfO{ 5f]/fsf] Jojxf/n] b'Mlvt t'Nofof] . To;}n] 6fpsfdf xft /fVb} b'lMvt
:j/df eGof],
d a'9fn], b'O{k6s

;f]Wb}df t]/f slG;/L tfltG5g\ .
t/ tF ;fgf] x'Fbf Pp6} s'/f ;of}Fk6s
;f]Wbf klg d l/;fpFlbgy]F . :g]xk"j{s
hafkm lbGy]F . of] s'/f slt rfF8}
e'ln;\ <

















a'9fsf] hafkmn] 5f]/f] gfhafkm eof] .


j}v/L sIff $ 152

!= tnsf zAbx¿ l7s;Fu pRrf/0f u/ M


k}Ftfln; jif{ Hofbf rGrn] uf}FynL e'ml;lNs/f emGem6

rflxF emsf]{ Jojxf/ l/;fpFbf b'Mlvt ;f]Wb}df :g]xk"j{s

@= dflysf] syf ;:j/ jfrg u/ .


#= dflysf] syfsf cfwf/df tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ qmddf /fv M

- _ 5f]/fn] ems{Fb} cfˆgf] ;fyL ePsf] atfof] .

- _ 5f]/f] afa'nfO{ cg]s k|Zg ;f]lw/xGYof] .


- _ km]l/ csf]{ dfG5] cfof] / e]6]/ uof] .

- _ afa' rflxF 5f]/fsf ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] emsf]{ gdfgL hafkm lbGy] .

- _ a'9f afa' cfFvf /fd|f] b]Vb}gy] / sfg klg /fd|f] ;'Gb}gy] .


- _ Ps lbg Pp6f dfG5] 5f]/fnfO{ e]6\g cfof] / e]6]/ uof] .

- _ 5f]/fsf] kf/f b]v]/ afa' b'MvL eP .

- _ afa' rflxFn] Tof] dfG5] sf] /x]5 eg]/ hfGg rfx] .


- _ Pp6f dfG5]sf] ;fgf] / rGrn] 5f]/f] lyof] .

- _ afa' rflxFn] km]l/ 5f]/fnfO{ To; dfG5]sf af/]df ;f]w] .

- _ 5f]/f rflxFn] l/;fpFb} hf] eP klg tkfO{FnfO{ s] dtna eGg]

hafkm lbof] .


- _ w]/}kl5 afa' rflxF a'9f eP / Tof] rGrn] 5f]/f] tGg]/L eof] .

$= b'O{ hgf ldn]/ dflysf] lrqsyfdf ePsf] afa' / 5f]/fsf] ;+jfbnfO{

clego;lxt k|:t't u/ .

%= dflysf] lrqsyfdf ePsf b'O{ kfqdWo] v/fa kfq sf] xf] < sf/0f;lxt

atfpm .



153 j}v/L sIff $

n]vfO


!= afa' / 5f]/fdf km/s eGg] syfaf6 rGb|laGb' - F _ / /]km - { _ nfu]sf

kfFrkfFr cf]6f zAb l6k M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= dflysf] kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]b lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/ n]v .

#= lt;rfln; zAbdf pQ/ n]v M

-s_ ltd|f] ljrf/df 5f]/f] s:tf] vfnsf] dfG5] xf] <

-v_ afa' / 5f]/fdf km/s eGg] syfaf6 s] lzIff kfOG5 <

$= tnsf] kf7 k9 / Pp6f ;+jfb agfpm M

/Hh'n] /fwfnfO{ lbbL gd:t] egL . /fwfn] /Hh'nfO{ gd:t] /Hh' ltdL

slxn] cfof} egL ;f]Wg'eof] . /Hh'n] cfkm" lxhf] dfq cfPsf] s'/f

atfO{ . /fwfn] ca slxn] kms{g] eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] . /Hh'n] Ps xKtfkl5

kms{g] s'/f atfO{ . /fwfn] /Hh'nfO{ ef]ln d]/f] 3/d} a:g] u/L cfpm x}

eGg'eof] . /Hh'n] x'G5 egL .
/Hh' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


/fwf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
/Hh' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

/fwf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

/Hh' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

/fwf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

/Hh' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

%= ltd|f a'af÷ltd|L cfdf ltdLn] s] ubf{ l/;fpg'x'G5 < pxfF l/;fpg'ePsf]

a]nfdf s]s] ug'{x'G5 < lt;rfln; zAbdf n]v .



j}v/L sIff $ 154

zAbe08f/


!= tnsf zAbsf] l7s cy{df /]hf nufpm M

rGrn] nf];] r'na'n] ?Gr]

lh1f;' hfGg OR5's efUg OR5's hfGg grfxg]

blng 5fgf] sf]7f 3/sf] tnfd'lgsf] nfdf] sf]7f

:g]xk"j{s dfofk"j{s l/;fpFb} lhl:sFb}
slG;/L tfTg' efF8f tflQg' l/; p7\g' lhp tfTg'

gfhafkm hafkm pQ/ lg?Q/

@= tnsf lrqdf s]s] ;dfg 5g\ / s]s] leGg 5g\ < n]v M





























;dfg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ Ò Ò Ò Ò Ò Ò

leGg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

#= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] / pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
7'nf] cfsfz ul/a cfuf] gofF c;n gfkmf


zAb p:t} cy{ lbg] pN6f] cy{ lbg]
7'nf] ljzfn ;fgf]


155 j}v/L sIff $

Jofs/0f


5f]/L M dfd' Û tkfO{Fsf] s'g}s'g} 7fpFdf

skfn ;]tf] eP5 lg Û s]
eP/ dfd' <

cfdf M ltdLn] ubf{ lg Û
5f]/L M d}n] ubf{ /] < s;/L <

cfdf M 5f]/f5f]/Ln] hlt w]/} g/fd|f]
sfd u5{g\, Tolt w]/} g}

cfdfsf] skfn ;]tf] x'G5
gfg' .

5f]/L M P Û s'/f t d}n] aNn a'em]F .
tkfO{Fn] t emg\ w]/} g/fd|f]

sfd ug'{ePsf] /x]5 lg . To;}n] t xfd|L xh'/cfdfsf] skfn ;a}
;]tf] ePsf] /x]5 .

!= dflysf] kf7af6 …tkfO{Fn]Ú eGg] zAbaf6 ;'? ePsf] jfSo ;f/ . ca To;

jfSonfO{ …ltdLn] Ú / …t}Fn]Ú eGg] zAbaf6 ;'? x'g] u/L abn M

tkfO{Fn] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ltdLn] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
t}Fn} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= …sÚ sf] pbfx/0f x]/L …vÚ, …uÚ / …3Ú sf jfSox¿ abn M

-s_ pm eft vfG5 . -v_ pm :s'n uof] .

pgL eft vfG5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒ

pxfF eft vfg'x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒ
-u_ tF ldlxg]tL /lx5;\ . -3_ p;n] ef/L af]s]sf] 5 .

ltdL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pgn] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

tkfO{F ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pxfFn] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ



j}v/L sIff $ 156

;d"xdf efiff


!= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/]s ;d"xn] tnsf cIf/ / dfqfaf6

la;la; cf]6f zAb agfpm M

a f 6 f] g ' h L n ] d } t f} ; l

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ


ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ca s'g} ;d"xsf] 6f]nL g]tfn] cfˆgf] ;d"xn] n]v]sf zAbx¿ ;a}nfO{

;'gfpg'kg]{5 . s'g} ;d"xn] n]v]sf zAbx¿ ;'Gb} hfFbf cfˆgf] ;d"xn]
n]v]sf zAb;Fu ldNg uPsf xft p7fpg'kg]{5 . o;/L xft p7fPkl5

;'gfpg] ;d"xn] ldn]sf] zAb sf6\g'kg]{5 . o;}u/L ;a} ;d"xn] cfkm"n]

n]v]sf zAbx¿ ;'gfpFb} / c¿sf] ;d"xn] ldn]sf] 5 egL xft p7fPdf

sf6\b} hfg'kg]{5 . ;a} ;d"xn] ;'gfO;s]kl5 h'g ;d"xn] n]v]sf zAbx¿
;aeGbf w]/} gsfl6Psf 5g\, Tof] ;d"x g} ljh]tf aG5 .

@= b'O{b'O{ hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca Ps hgfn] s'g} zAb eGg'kg]{ / csf{n]

ToxL zAb;Fu ;DalGwt csf]{ zAb kfFr ;]s]G8df elg;Sg'kg]{5 . o;/L

kfn}kfnf] Pscsf{n] eg]sf] zAb;Fu ;DalGwt csf]{ zAb kfFr ;]s]G8leq

eGb} hfg'kg]{5 . h;n] kfFr ;]s]G8leq csf]{ ;DalGwt zAb eGg ;Sb}g,

Tof] k/flht x'G5 .

s= v=

:s'n k9fO

lstfa g]kfnL

axfb'/ l;kfxL


157 j}v/L sIff $

l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf


!= tnsf lrqx¿ x]/L tLgtLg cf]6f ;dfgtf / leGgtf atfpm M






















;dfgtfx¿

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
leGgtfx¿

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

@= ufpF / ;x/df s]s] ;dfgtf 5g\ / s]s] leGgtf 5g\ < tLg cf]6f ;dfgtf
/ kfFr cf]6f leGgtfsf] ;"rL agfpm .



j}v/L sIff $ 158

;'gfO l;ksf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] l;8Ldf /flvPsf

kf7x¿

kf7 –! -dflg;_


dfG5]sf] hft km/skm/s x'g ;S5 t/ s'g} klg hft csf]{eGbf
;fgf] jf 7'nf] x'Fb}g . dfG5]n] cfºgf] OR5fcg';f/ lxGb", O;fO{,

d'l:nd, af}4, ls/ft jf c¿ wd{ dfGg ;S5 . dfG5] wd{ gdfGg
klg ;S5 . t/ s'g} klg wd{ 7'nf] jf ;fgf] x'Fb}g . dfG5] lxdfn,

kxf8 / t/fO{dWo] hxfF klg a:g ;S5 . ufpF jf ;x/ hxfF klg
a:g ;S5 . a;fOsf lx;fan] sf]xL klg 7'nf] jf ;fgf] x'Fb}g . dfG5]

lnª\usf b[li6n] gf/L jf k'?if x'g ;S5 . gf/L x'Fb}df ;fgf] / k'?if
x'Fb}df 7'nf] eGg] 5}g . dfG5]sf] 5fnfsf] /ª sfnf], uf]/f] jf ux'Fuf]/f]

x'g ;S5 . t/ /ªs} sf/0f sf]xL ;Eo / sf]xL c;Eo x'Fb}g .

kf7 –@ -r/fx¿sf] ;+;f/_

!= jiff{ ofd Ps lbg
7'nf] kfgL k¥of]

sfnfsfnf afbnn]
;]tf u]8L emf¥of] .

@= r'6\g;Dd r'6\of] cfh
kf¥of] lrnlan

atf;n] xfFuf] nf5\of]
u'F8 k'Uof] tn .

#= ‰ofDdem'Dd ?v lyof]
3/b]lv kfl/

Tof] ?vdf u'F8 nufO{
a:y] b'O6f r/L .

$= ufF; 5}g af; 5}g
;fgf;fgf r/L


159 j}v/L sIff $

s] u/]/ lbge/

afFR5g\ s7}a/L †
%= lr/{lr/{ ldld{/]df

uLt ;'gfpFy]
cfkm}F sfd u/Lu/L

lbg latfpFy] .
^= x]/ ltgsf] b'Mv b]Vbf

xfd|f] dg ?G5 .
cfh ltgsf] b'Mv a'‰g]

1fgL dfG5] x'G5 .
;fef/M dx]Gb|dfnf sIff–%

kf7 –# -rnfvLsf syfx¿_


Ps lbg Pp6f dfG5]n] xl/j+znfO{ xf]Rofpg] ;'/n] eGof], æxl/j+z,
e"t;Fu ltd|f] /fd|f] ;DaGw 5 eGg] d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' . ;fFRr}, e"t s:tf]
x'G5 xF < s] d b]Vg ;S5' <Æ


æb]Vg < ;lsxfN5f} lg †Æ xl/j+zn] eGof], æltdL cfkm}F uO{ P]gfdf
x]/ g . clg ltdL cfkm}F b]Vg ;lsxfN5f} lg .Æ

kf7 –$ -lr7Lkq_

lr7L k7fpFbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M


!= ;aeGbf klxn] lr7L n]Vg],

@= lr7LnfO{ vfdleq xfn]/ vfddf 7]ufgf n]Vg],

#= x'nfs3/ uO{ l6s6 lsGg],

$= l6s6nfO{ vfddf 6fF:g],

%= l6s6;lxtsf] vfdaGbL lr7LnfO{ kqd~h"iffdf xfNg] .


olt ul/;s]kl5 x'nfssf sd{rf/Ln] ltdLn] n]v]sf] lr7L ;DalGwt
7]ufgfdf k'¥ofOlbG5g\ .



j}v/L sIff $ 160

kf7 –% -hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx¿_


æ/f]u xfdLn] lgDtf] lbPkl5 dfq cfpF5 .Æ o; egfOdf w]/} ;Totf
5 .

xfdLnfO{ vf; u/L b'O{ s'/fsf] nfk/afxLn] /f]u nfU5– Pp6f

vfgkfgsf] nfk/afxL / csf]{ ultljlwsf] nfk/afxL . xfdLn]
vfg gx'g] s'/fx¿ vfof}F eg] xfdL la/fdL x'G5f}F . slxn]sfxLF vfg

x'g] vfg]s'/f klg w]/} vfG5f}F / la/fdL x'G5f}F . slxn] eg] vfg
gkfP/ jf gvfP/ klg la/fdL x'G5f}F . To;}n] xfdLn] /f]uaf6 aRg

vfgkfgdf Vofn ug'{k5{ .

xfdL w]/} sfd ubf{ jf v]Nbf klg la/fdL x'G5f}F . xfdL s]xL gu/L
a:of}F eg] klg la/fdL x'G5f}F . To;}n] :j:y /xg xfdLn] l7s dfqfdf

kl/>d ug'{k5{ . z/L/nfO{ tGb'?:t /fVg plrt ultljlw ug'{k5{ .

kf7 –^ -af:gfsf] df]n_

u|fxs M lbbL, of] cfn' s]hLsf] slt ?k}ofF xf] <

k;n] M krf; ?k}ofF xf] a}gL †
u|fxs M 6df6/ rflxF slt xf] lg <

k;n] M x'g t k}Ftfln; ?k}ofF xf] t/ rfln;df n}hfg" g .
u|fxs M To;f] eP b'O{ s]hL cfn' / Ps s]hL 6df6/ lbg" t .
k;n] M x'G5 alxgL, c¿ s]s] rflxof] <

u|fxs M cF, n;'g klg nfg'kg]{ . n;'g rflxF kfpsf] s;/L lg <

k;n] M n;'g kfpsf] klRr; ?k}ofF dfq xf] . /flvlbpmF <
u|fxs M x'G5, Ps kfp /flvlbg" . of] wlgofF rflxF d'7fsf] slt
lg . clg sfutL <

k;n] M wlgofF d'7fsf] b; ?k}ofF / sfutL klg bfgfsf] b; g} .
kfFr bfgf sfutL nfg" g . rfln;d} lbG5' .

u|fxs M x'G5 lbbL . Ps d'7f wlgofF / kfFr bfgf sfutL lbg" g .




161 j}v/L sIff $

k;n] M eOxfN5 lg alxgL † c¿ s]xL rflxG5 ls <
u|fxs M kb}{g lbbL † clxn]nfO{ olt g} .
k;n] M kl5 klg cfpFb} ug"{ x} alxgL † ldnfP/ lbG5' .

u|fxs M x'G5 lbbL † cfpFb} u5'{ lg .

kf7 –& -xfd|f kf];fsx¿_

dfgjhfltsf] pTklt x'Fbf dfG5]x¿ n'uf nufpFb}gy] . hf8f], 3fd

/ kfgLn] ;tfpg yfn]kl5 To; ;dosf dfG5]x¿n] ?vsf af]qmf,
hgfj/sf 5fnf / :ofpnfx¿ a]g{ yfn] . vf; u/L vfg]s'/fsf]

vf]hLdf Pp6f 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfFbf xfjfkfgLsf] km/s x'GYof] .
o:tf] km/saf6 aRg] qmddf dfG5]x¿n] af]qmf, 5fnf / kftx¿sf]

k|of]u ug{ yfn] .

dfG5]n] 9'ª\u] o'usf] cGTolt/} sk8fsf] cfljisf/ u¥of] .
af]6la?jfsf af]qmfaf6 /];f lgsfn]/ To;nfO{ a'g]kl5 sk8f aGof] .

To:tf] sk8f nufpg ;lhnf] x'g yfn]kl5 To;sf] k|of]u emg\emg\
a9\g yfNof] . o;} qmddf b]z, hflt / ;+:s[ltcg';f/ km/skm/s

vfn] kf];fssf] k|of]u x'g yfNof] .

kf7 –* -lbdfu rnfcf}F_

/d]z eGg] dfG5] Pp6f sf/vfgfdf b}lgs Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF kfpg] u/L

sfd ug{ uof] . p;n] klxnf] lbg sfd u/]afkt Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF
Hofnf kfof] . To; lbgsf] sfd /fd|f] nfu]/ sf/vfgf dflnsn]
p;nfO{ la; ?k}ofF alS;; lbof] . bf];|f] lbg sfd u/]afkt p;n]

Ps xhf/ Hofnf / yk lt; ?k}ofF alS;; kfof] . t];|f] lbg sfd

u/]afkt p;n] Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF Hofnf / yk rfln; ?k}ofF alS;;
kfof] . rf}yf] lbg sfd u/]afkt p;n] Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF Hofnf
kfof] . o; lbg rflxF p;n] yk b; ?k}ofF dfq alS;; kfof] . rf/

lbg sfd ubf{ /d]zn] hDdf slt ?k}ofF sdfof] <






j}v/L sIff $ 162

kf7 –( -kfgL lhGbufgL_

xfdL gf;kftL, d]jf, cDaf, cfn'av8f, s]/f, ;'Gtnfh:tf

kmnk"mn vfG5f}F . uf]ne]F8f, cfn', sfFqmf], km;L{, ufFh/, ;fu,
Kofhh:tf ;fu;AhL vfG5f}F . dvg, b'w, dx, lrgL, t]n, lrp/f,

eft vfG5f}F . df;', df5f, cG8f klg vfG5f}F . xfdLn] vfg] o:tf
;a} s'/fdf kfgL x'G5 . km/s olt xf]– s'g}df kfgLsf] dfqf w]/} x'G5,

s'g}df yf]/} x'G5 . k|ltztsf b[li6n] eGg] xf] eg] gf;kftLdf *!,
d]jfdf **, cDafdf *! k|ltzt kfgL x'G5 . To;} u/L cfn'av8fdf
*^, s]/fdf &%, ;'Gtnfdf *& k|ltzt kfgL x'G5 . ;fu;AhLdWo]

uf]ne]F8fdf ($, cfn'df ^*, sfFqmf]df (^, km;L{df (! k|ltzt kfgL

x'G5 . cGo s'/fdWo] dvgdf !^, b'wdf **, t]ndf #, lrp/fdf
#=% / eftdf $@ k|ltzt kfgL x'G5 .

kf7 –!) -ldqtf_

xfdL lbgx'F w]/} dfG5]x¿;Fu e]6\5f}F t/ xfdLn] e]6]sf ;a} dfG5]x¿

xfd|f ldq aGb}gg\ . To:tf ;a} JolSt;Fu xfd|f] ldqtf ufFl;b}g .

ldqtf s:tf JolStx¿lar ufFl;G5 eGg] Plsg x'Fb}g . klxn] slxNo}
gb]v]sf, ge]6]sf JolStx¿ klg Ps}k6ssf] e]6df ;bf;bfsf nflu

ldq aGg ;S5g\ t}klg ldq agfpg] ;aeGbf pQd tl/sf d':s'/fpg'
xf] . d':sfgn] gofF JolStnfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t u5{ / s'/fsfgL

ug{ ;lhnf] agfpF5 . p;sf] aflx/} b]lvg] s'g} /fd|f] s'/fsf] k|z+;fn]
t ;+jfbsf] 9f]sf g} vf]lnlbG5 . clg t hlt;'s} gofF JolSt klg

xfd|f] ldq algxfN5 .

ldq agfpg' ;lhnf] 5 t/ ldqtf sfod /fVg' ufx|f] 5 . To;}n]
ldqtf sfod /fVg ;lsFb}gh:tf] nfU5 eg] leqtf g} gufF;]sf] a];

x'G5 .

;Fu} k9\g], ;Fu} v]Ng], sfd ug]{ jf Ps} 7fpFdf a:g]x¿lar ;lhn}




163 j}v/L sIff $

ldqtf ufFl;G5 . o;sf ;fy} Ps} vfnsf] ?lr / :jefj ePsf

dfG5]x¿lar klg ;lhn} ldqtf ‰ofFluG5 .

kf7 –!! -;dfgtf / leGgtf_

æslQ vf]ls/x]sf] < /fd|/L ;'Tg klg kfOFb}g .Æ cfºgf] a'9f] ;;'/f

vf]ls/x]sf] ;'g]/ emsf]{ dfGb} :jf:gL rflxFn] nf]Ug]nfO{ egL æx]g'{;\
x} ljgosf] kfkf † ls of] a'9fnfO{ yGsf] nufpg';\ ls of] a'9f]
gd?Gh]n dnfO{ dfOtd} a:g lbg';\ † d lbg/ftsf] of] a'9fsf]

VofªVofª / xFxFsf] cfjfh ;'g]/ a:g ;lSbgF x} . eGb\of 5' .Æ

:jf:gLsf] 3'sL{ ;'g]/ nf]Ug] rflxFn] eGof], æTo;f] geg g ljgosL

cfdf † a'9fnfO{ s;/L yGsf] nufpg] < xfd|f bfh'efO 5}gg\ .
bfh'efO ePsf eP t pgLx¿sxfF k7fOlbP eOxfNYof] .Æ

:jf:gLn] cln ;fgf] cfjfh kfb}{ egL, æ;'Gg';\ t † o;f] ug'{;\ .

a'9fnfO{ 8fS6/sxfF n}hfg] eg]/ 8f]sfdf af]Sg';\ . k/sf] tf/]le/df
k'u]kl5 lrKn]h:tf] u/]/ a'9fnfO{ le/af6 n8fOlbg';\ . To;kl5 t

6G6} ;fkm †Æ

:jf:gLsf] h'lSt Tof] hf]Ol6ª\u|] nf]Ug]nfO{ klg /fd|f] nfUof] . pgLx¿
s]xL a]/ o:t} ;Nnfx u/]/ lgbfP .

ef]lnkN6 8f]sfdf xh'/afnfO{ /fv]/ lxF8\g cfF6]sf afa'nfO{ ljgon]

eGof], æa'af † Tof] tkfO{Fn] af]Sg'ePsf] 8f]sf] rflxF lkmtf{ Nofpg';\

x} .Æ

ælsg / <Æ afa'n] ;fwf/0f 9ª\un] eGof] .

ælsg x'g' / < kl5 tkfO{F a'9f] ePkl5 tkfO{FnfO{ tf/]le/af6 ºofFSg
dnfO{ 8f]sf] rflxFb}g t <Æ ljgon] ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] g} hafkm

lbof] .

5f]/fsf] hafkm ;'g]/ pm g/fd|/L em:Sof] .





j}v/L sIff $ 164