4. Barrons TOEFL

38. The word V5llRE3 in paragraph 2 is in- 40. In paragraph 2, the author suggests that in-
tended to mean flation is caused by

a debts high unemployment rates
a bonds C D too much money in the economy
O very high fuel prices
protection GD a limited supply of goods
C D confidence
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (- +).
Fed, and all deposit-takinginstitutions like credit
unions are subject to regulation by the Fed Fed, and all deposit-takinginstitutions like credit 1
regarding the amount of deposited funds that must unions are subject to regulation by the Fed
be held in reserve.andthat by definition, therefore, regarding the amount of deposited funds that must 1
are not available for loans.The most powerful be held in reserve and that by definition, therefore,
body is the seven-member Board of Governors in are not available for loans. The most powerful 1
Washington, appointed by the President and body is the seven-member Board of Governors in
confirmed by the Senate. Washington, appointed by the President and I
confirmed by the Senate.
The System's primaly function is to control 4 The System's primary function is to control 'I
monetary policy by influencingthe cost and monetary policy by influencingthe cost and
availability of money and credit through the availability of money and credit through the i1
purchase and sale of government88cmeF If the purchase and sale of government securities. If the
Federal Reserve providestoo little money, interest Federal Reserve providestoo little money, interest
rates tend to be high, borrowing is expensive, rates tend to be high, borrowing is expensive,
business activity slows down, unemployment goes business activity slows down, unemploymentgoes
up, and danger of recession is augmented. If there up, and danger of recession is augmented. If there
is too much money, interest rates decline, and is too much money, interest rates decline, and
borrowing can lead to excess demand, pushing up borrowingcan lead to excess demand, pushing up
prices and fueling inflation. prices and fueling inflation.

The Fed has several responsibilitiesin addition The Fed has several responsibilitiesin addition
to controllingthe money supply. In collaboration to controlling the money supply. In collaboration
with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Fed with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Fed
puts new coins and paper currency into circulation puts new coins and paper currency into circulation
by issuing them to banks. It also supervises the by issuing them to banks. It also supervises the

39. What happens when the Federal Reserve
provides too little money?

Demand for loans increases.

a Unemployment slows down.
a Interest rates go up.
a Businesses expand.

402 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 44. All of the following statements could be
included in a summary of the passage
41. Look at the word theK in the passage. Click EXCEPT:
on the word or phrase in the bold text that
R e 3 refers to. (22 The Federal Reserve is an independent
agency of the United States government.
The Fed has several responsibilities in addition
to controlling the money supply. In collaboration GD The Federal Reserve controls the flow
with the U.S. Department of theTreasury, the Fed of money and credit by buying and sell-
puts new coins and paper currency into circulation ing govern.ment securities.
by issuing them to banks. It also supervises the
actrvrties of member banks abroad, and regulates aThe Federal Reserve issues new coins
certa~naspects of lnternatlonalflnance.
and currency to banks.
It has 'been sa~dthat the Federal Reserve IS
actually a fourth branch of the Unlted States a The Federal Reserve receives its yearly
government because it is composed of national
policy makers. However, in practice, the Federal budget from Congress.
Reserve does not stray from the financial policies
established by the executive branch of the 45. The following sentence can be added to the
government. Although it is true that the Fed does passage.
not depend on Congress for budget allocations,
and,thereforeis free from the partisan politics that In fact, the Fed is not confined by the
influence most of the other governmental bodies, usual checks and balances that apply
it is still responsible for frequent reports to the to the three official branches of gov-
Congress on the conduct of monetary policies. ernment-the executive, the legisla-
tive, and the judicial.
42. Click on the paragraph that outlines the
responsibilities of the Fed to banks overseas. Where would it best fit in the passage?

Scroll the passage to see all of the para- Click on the square (m) to add the sentence
graphs.
to the passage.
43. What does the author mean by the statement
F53wFverTn -pfact~cet,ne Federal Keserve Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
does not stray from the financial policies
established by the executive branch of th2 The Fed has several responsibilities in addition
government ? to controlling the money supply. In collaborat~on
with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Fed
CD The Fed is more powerful than the exec- puts new coins and paper currency into circulation
utive branch of the government. by issuing them to banks. It also supervises the
activities of member banks abroad, and regulates
CD The policies of the Fed and those of the certain aspects of internationalfinance.

executive branch of the government are .It has been said that the Federal Reserve is
not the same. actually a fourth branch of the United States
O The Fed tends to follow the policies of government because it is composed of national
the executive branch of the government. policy makers.rn However, in practice,the Federal
The Fed reports to the executive branch Reserve does not stray from the financial policies
of the government. established by the executive branch of the
government..Although it is true that the Fed does
not depend on Congress for budget allocations,
and therefore is free from the partisan politics that
influence most of the other governmental bodies,
it is still responsiblefor frequent reports to the
Congress on the conduct of monetary policies..

To check your answers for Model Test 6,
refer to the Answer Key on page 493. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 6 on
pages 600-620.

MODEL TEST 6 403

Writing Section:
Model Test 6

When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be
closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using
the guidelines on page 244 of this book.

Advances in transportation and communication like the airplane and the telephone have
changed the way that nations interact with each other in a global society. Choose another
technological innovation that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice.
Notes

To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 493. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 6 on
page 620.

404 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Model Test 7

Computer-Assisted TOEFL

Section 1:
Listening

The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You will use headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the
Listening Section, with special directions for each part.

On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening
material and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or
have any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices
appear. You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage
to answer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want
before you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.

Before you begin working on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the t.:$t.

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A

In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.

Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.

1. What does the woman mean? 3. What will the woman protably do?

The man should leave the dorm: GD Send two transcripts to San Diego State
CD The apartment would be noisy, too. Prepare two transcripts
O The man should not find an apartment.
CD The man is working too hard. O Give two transcripts to the man, and
send one to San Diego State
2. What can we assume from this conversa-
tion? CD Give the man three transcripts

The man and woman are eating lunch 4. What does the woman suggest the man do?
now.
C D The man will call the woman to arrange a Leave a note for the professor
for lunch.'
O The man and woman have lunch at the CD Give a note to the professor
same time. O Wait to speak with the professor
The woman does not want to have lunch C D Go to the professor's class
with the man.
5. What can be inferred about Susan?

CD She will have two major fields of study.
C D She prefers teaching.
O She does not talk with the woman very

often.

CD She cannot make up her mind.

6. What are the speakers talking about? MODEL TEST 7 405

GD The mail 13. What does the man mean?

CD Grades for a class @ Returning home is not very expensive.
CD There hasn't been any time to think
O The newspaper
about the trip.
CD The time of day O The time has passed quickly.

7. What had the woman assumed? CD He expected to be more enthusiastic.

GD The graduation list has an error on it. 14. What does the woman mean?
CD The man had already graduated.
GD She always eats in the snack bar.
O The man's name is the same as that of
another student. CD She used to eat in the snack bar.
O She occasionally eats in the snack bar.
CD The graduation will not be until next
CD She has never eaten in the snack bar.
spring.
15. What does the woman mean?
8. What does the woman mean?
@ The man should rest.
GD She did not apply yet. GD The man's health has improved.
O The man womes too much.
C D She is still not sure.
O She has decided to compete. CD The man is very ill.
CD She already has a scholarship.
16. What does the man mean?
9. What does the man imply?
@ He does not have an economics class.
GD He does not like the woman. GD He likes to study economics.
CD He does not usually study at the library. O He used to take economics.

O He has received a letter. a He does not enjoy their economics class.
C D He will not go to the library.
17. What does the man imply?
10. What are the speakers talking about?
GD He does not have a topic for his project
GD Toronto yet.

a Plane fares CD He needs more than thirty-five partici-
pants.
Little towns
O He is discouraged about the research.
CD The woman's vacation
a He lost some data for his research pro-
11. How does the woman feel about the
presentation? ject.

GD She wants to go to the bookstore.
C D She prefers to do the presentation alone.
O She does not want a book.
CD She is not interested in the presentation.

12. What do we learn about the two students in
this conversation?

GD Neither the man nor the woman was in
class on Friday.

CD The woman was at the airport while the

man was in class.
O The man was with his mother while the

woman was in class.

CD The man and the woman were in New

York together.

406 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part B

In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conversation
or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be repeated.

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the
topics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.

For most 'of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special directions. The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.

18. What prompted this conversation? 23. What are two characteristics of the language
CQ The student's fjnal grade in a course of toddlers?
The professor's error
O The student's midterm exam They use a large number of commands.
They repeat nouns and noun phrases.
CD The professor's book They delete the endings of verbs.
They create one-word sentences.
19. Where is this conversation taking place?
24. What can be concluded about the phrase
a In a doctor's office "We runned"?

CD In a college professor's office CD The child is probably about two years
O In Rick's office old.
CD At a driver's license center
CD The child is learning regular verb end-
20. What is the grade that Rick received for the
course? ings now.
O The child is correcting previous errors.
21. Why did Rick receive a lower grade?
He did not do well on the midterm a The child needs to be corrected.
exam.
25. By which age have most children learned
a He failed the final exam. the basic structures of language?

O He was often absent. a Three years old

a The system was not fair. CD Four years old

22. Why does the professor call on Diane? O Five years old
CQ She is a good student. C D Ten years old

CD She asks a lot of questions. 26. What does the professor say about languages
other than English?
O She has young children.
She is majoring i n linguistics. GD Basically, the stages for language acqui-
sition are the same for all languages.

C!D The stages of learning a language
discussed in this lecture are unique to
English.

O The basic stages of language acquisition
cannot be generalized across language
groups.

C D There is no evidence for the stages that
children learn languages to compare lan-
guage groups.

27. What suggestion does the professor make MODELTEST 7 407
about the reading assignments?
GD Read them before class 33. The professor briefly explains a process.
C D Read them after the discussion Summarize the process by putting the events
O Read them following the lecture in order.

a Read them before the midterm V d e . 17111111111111111cmon'thc

28. How are the points distributed for the course space where it belong?. Uqe cs31,.
requirements? sentcnce only oncc.

on the empty box in the correct row. Use Methane separates into hydrogen and
each number only once. carbon.
Diamonds are formed on the surface of
20 points 30 points 50 points the planet.
High pressure squeezes the carbon
atoms.
Methane clouds cover the planet.

29. What are the choices for a project? 34. How does the speaker feel about the theory?

rn A book report to the class He is studying it at the university.
rn A thirty-minute presentation GD He agrees with it.
O He is interested in it.
Readings on an assigned topic CD He thi.nksit is a joke.
A paper on a topic to be chosen by the
writer 35. What is the electoral college?

30. According to the professor, what should stu- GD A representative group of citizens
dents do if they must be absent? GD The men who wrote the Constitution
O An organization of all the political
a Call or send an e-mail to the professor
parties
C D Let the secretary know
Do extra assignments a All the candidates on the ballot

CD Come in during office hours to make up 36. Why does the speaker mention Aaron Burr
and Thomas Jefferson?
the class
@ To give an example of an election be-
31. What is the main purpose of this lecture? fore the electoral college was formed

GD To compare Earth with other planets GD To explain how candidates are nomi-
To explain a theory of the formation of nated
diamonds
O To illustrate why there is a separate vote
O To introduce a group of astronomers for vice-president
from the University of Arizona
a To demonstrate how well the system
C D To criticize Marvin Ross
works
32. Which planets are being discussed?

rn Earth

FlJ Uranus

Neptune
Pluto

408 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 42. What helped the woman follow the lecture?

37. How are the people nominated for the elec- GD She took excellent notes during the
toral college? lecture.

CD Each political party nominates electors. a She read the chapters in the book before

a Congress chooses electors. class.
O She re-read the chapters in the book
O Candidates select their party's electors.
CD The people present names to the elec- after class.

toral college. a She compared notes with the man after

38. What is the popular vote? class.

CD The people vote directly for the candi- 43. What is the purpose of this talk?

dates. a To summarize the history of the whaling
The electors vote for their party's candi-
date. industry
8 The registered voters choose the elec-
tors. a To explain a folk art tradition
CD The Congress holds elections.
O To describe the life of sailors in the
39. What is the m.an's problem? 1800s

CD He did not attend class. a To discuss where scrimshaw may have

C D He did not take notes. gotten its name
O He did not understand the lecture.
CD He did not read the book. 44. Why does the lecturer mention the
American Revolution and the Civil War?
40. Which type of meteorite is the most
common? GD The dates of the war provide a time
frame for the lecture.
CD The stone meteorite
CD The lecturer is discussing art produced
C D The iron meteorite by soldiers during the wars.
8 The iron-metal meteorite
CD The stony iron meteorite O The history of military art is the topic of
the lecture.
41. How were most meteorites formed? In general, the designs on scrimshaw
are battle scenes.

45. Identify the two techniques used to create
scrimshaw.

They were fragments of the Earth that Draw designs with ink on wood, stone,
escaped into space during the formation and bone.
of the planet. Carve bone into figures.
Cut designs on bone and fill them with
They were fragments of large asteroids ink.
or comets that have broken loose. Carve designs from wood and stone.
They were pieces of the moon or Mars
that broke off during impact from an
asteroid.

They were small moons from planets
that no longer exist in space.

46. Select the object that is the best example of MODELTEST 7 409
scrimshaw.
48. What is the man trying to decide?

GD He may keep a zero balance on his
credit card.

CD He may apply for a new credit card.
O He may close his current credit card

account.
He may pay the balance on his credit
card.

49. Why is the man interested in the credit card?

47. Why has scrimshaw become so valuable? The card does not require a credit
check.
Q2 There are fewer artists who know the The card has lower interest rates.
techniques. The card has no annual fee.
The card allows a $200 balance without
C D The art is very difficult and time con- interest.
suming to produce.
50. Why does the man decide not to get the
O Many practical objects made in the card?
1800s have not survived.
Few modern collectors are interested in CD He already has a credit card and does
purchasing it. not need another one.

C D He is suspicious because everyone on
campus received a letter.

O His roommate advises him not to send
in the application.

a The card holder must maintain charges

of at least $200 every month.

410 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Section 2:
Structure

This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.

In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a
choice dqkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be
presented.

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Cliclung on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.

1. Besides rain, is seldom pure. 6. -a busy city, Pompeii was virtually
destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesu-
a water naturally vius in 79 A.D.

CD natural water a Once
water of nature aIt was once

a the nature's water O Once it was
That once
2. Anyone reDroduclng;copyrighted works
7. The FDA was set up in 1940 that
a
maintain standards for the sale of food and
without the permission of the holders of the
drugs.
copyrights are breaking the law.
GD to enforce the laws
CDO a
to enforcing laws
3. Nitrogen must be combine with O enforcing laws
CD
a enforced the laws
another element such as hydrogen or oxygen
8. Vasco da Gama, accompanied
aa
bv a large crew and a fleet of twenty ships,
to be useful in agriculture or industry.
a
a
were trying to establish Portuguese
4. In the sixteenth c e n m , Franqois Vieta, a
CD a0

French mathematician, the vowels domination in Africa and India during the

a a

a, e, i, o, u to represent a unknown number. sixteenth century.

aa

5. Burrowing animals provide paths for water 9. The bridge at Niagara Falls spans the Ionper
in soil, and so do the roots of plants
a
CD decaying and they dying
unguarded border in the history of the world,
when they die and decay
O they die and decay symbolizing the peace and goodwill that

a when they will die and decay -exi-st b-etween Canada and the United States.

aa

MODEL TEST 7 411

10. In ancient times and throughout the Middle 17. Oscillatona, one of the'few plants that can

move about, a wavy, gliding motion.

Ages, many people believed that the Earth k having
a CD aa
a has
motionless.
O being
11. Doublestars orbit . C D with

GD each to the other 18. a teacher in New England, Webster
GD each other wrote the Dictionary of the American
O each other one Language.

a other each one GD It was while
When
12. With his father's guidance, Mozart benun When was
While
aa
19. A vine climbs from one tree to another,
playing the clavier at the age of three and
continuing to grow and support itself even
0
GD a
composing at the age of five.
when the original supporting tree is
a
a
13. Programs such as Head Start
GD not longer alive.

were deydo* to prepare children from a

CD a

deprived situations to enter school

-without to experience unusual difficulties. 20. Sometime ants keep smaller i n m s that
@@
a
give off honeydew, milking them regularly
14. Almost poetry & more enloyable when it&
@ a0 a a

read aloud. and even building barns to shelter them.

a

21. If a ruby is heated it temporarily
lose its color.
15. All the cereal grains grow on the
a would
prairies and plains of the United States. a will

@ but rice does
@ except the rice
a has
CD but for rice
22. The neutron bomb provided the capable of a
CD excepting rice
a
16. Supersonic transport such the Concorde was
limited nuclear war in which buildings
a
aa
never widely accepted in part because of the
would be preserved, but people would be
a aa
a
problems of noise and atmospheric
destroyed.

pollution.

412 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 25. From space, astronauts are able to clearly see

23. In 1776 to 1800, the population of the U.S. 03 a a

GD a the outline ofthe whole Earth.

continued to rise, reaching five million a

aa

citizens by the turn of the century.

24. Not until a student has mastered algebra
the principles of geometry,

trigonometry, and physics.

GD he can begin to understand
CD can he begin to understand

he begins to understand
C D begins to understand

MODEL TEST 7 413

Section 3:
Reading

This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to
those that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section
contains reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of ques-
tions in this section.

In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll
bar to view the rest of the passage.

When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.

Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.

To answer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.

414 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 1. Which of the following is the best title for
the passage?
Smallpox was the first widespread disease
ever to be eliminated by human intervention. A GD The World Health Organization
highly contagious viral disease, it was endemic in
Europe, causing the deaths of millions of people C D The Eradication of Smallpox
until the development of the vaccination by Edward O Smallpox Vaccinations
Jenner around 1800. In many non-European
nations, it remained a dreaded, often fatal illness a Infectious Diseases
until very recently. Its victims suffered high fever,
vomiting, and painful, itchy pustules, pus-filled skin 2. Look at the word ?T%%EiiEn the passage.
eruptions that left pits or pockmark scars. In Click on the word in the bold text that is
villages and cities all over the world, scarred closest in meaning to er'jdicaE.
people showed that they had suwived smallpox.
1 eru~tlonsthalteft D I ~ Sor oockmark scars. In P'
In May 1966, the World Health Organization villages and cities'all ovei the world, scarred
(WHO), an agency of the United Nations, was people showed that they had survived smallpox.
authorized to initiate a global campaign to In May 1966, the World Health Organization
eradicate smallpox. The goal was to eliminate the (WHO), an agency of the United Nations, was
disease in one decade. At the time, the disease authorized to initiate a global campaign to
posed a serlous threat to people in thirty nations. eradicate smallpox.The goal was to eliminate the
More than 700 physicians, nurses, scientists, and disease in one decade. At the time, the disease
other personnel from WHO joined about 200,000 posed a serious threat to people in thirty nations.
health workers in the infected nations to battle the More than 700 physicians, nurses, scientists, and
disease Because similar projects for malaria and other personnel from WHO joined about 200,000
yellow fever had failed, few believed that a health workers in the infected nations to battle the
disease as widespread as smallpox could actually disease. Because similar projects for malaria and
be eradicated, but eleven years after the initial yellow fever had failed, few believed that a
organization of the anti-smallpox campaign, no disease as widespread as smallpox could actually
cases were reported in the field. be eradicated, but eleven years after the initial
organization of the anti-smallpox campaign, no
The strategy that developed was to combat cases were reported in the field.
the disease at several levels. There was an The strategy that developed was to combat
education campaign, of course, so that the people the disease at several levels. There was an
in the threatened countries could be taught more education campaign, of course, so that the people
about how the disease spread and become active in the threatened countries could be taught more
participants in the fight against smallpox. Other about how the disease spread and become active
strategies included not only providing mass participants in the fight against smallpox. Other
vaccinations but also isolating patients with active
smallpox in order to contain the spread of the
disease, thus breaking the chain of human
transmission. Monetary rewards for reporting
smallpox assisted in motivating the public to aid
health workers. One by one, each smallpox victim
was sought out, removed from contact with others,
and treated. At the same time, the entire village
where the victim had lived was vaccinated.

By April of 1978, WHO officials announced that
they had isolated the last known case of the
disease, but health workers continued to search for
new cases for two additionalyears to be completely
sure. In May 1980, a formal statement was made to
the global community. Today smallpox is no longer
a threat to humanity. Routine vaccinations have
been stopped worldwide.

MODEL TEST 7 415

3. The word tT?ERin paragraph 2 could best 6. The word in paragraph 4 refers to
be replaced by
GD years
C9 debate GD officials
O victims
humiliation
O risk a cases

CD bother --*.- A..-.-- - - .~ - . - -

eruptions that left pits or pockmark scars. In education campaign, of course, so that the people
villages and cities all over the world, scarred in the threatened countries could be taught more
people showed that they had suwived smallpox. about how the disease spread and become active
participants in the fight against smallpox. Other
In May 1966, the World Health Organization strategies included not only prov~dingmass
(WHO), an agency of the United Nations, was vaccinations but also isolating patients with active
authorized to initiate a global campaign to smallpox in order to contain the spread of the
eradicate smallpox. The goal was to eliminate the disease, thus breahingthe chain of human
disease in one decade. At the time, the disease transmission. Monetary rewards for reporting
posed a serious threat to people In thirty nations. smallpox assisted in motivating the public to aid
More than 700 physicians, nurses, scientists, and health workers. One by one, each smallpox victim
other personnel from WHO joined about 200,000 was sought out, removed from contact with others,
health workers in the infected nations to battle the and treated. At the same time, the entire village
disease. Because similar projects for malaria and where the victim had lived was vaccinated.
yellow fever had failed, few believed that a
disease as widespread as smallpox could actually By April of 1978, WHO officials announced that
be eradicated, but eleven years after the initial 'Iffey had isolated the last known case of the
organization of the anti-smallpox campaign, no disease, but health workers continued to search for
cases were reported in the field. new cases for two additional years to be completely
sure. In May 1980, a formal statement was made to
The strategy that developed was to combat the global community. Today smallpox is no longer
the disease at several levels. There was an a threat to humanity. Routine vaccinations have
education campaign, of course, so that the people been stopped worldwide.
in the threatened countries could be taught more
about how the disease spread and become active
particfpants in the fight against smallpox. Other

4. Click on the paragraph that explains the
goal of the campaign against smallpox.

Scroll the passage to see all of the para-
graphs.

5. Accordi.ng to the passage, what was the
strategy used to eliminate the spread of
smallpox?

G9 Vaccinations of entire villages
C D Treatment of individual victims
O Isolation of victims and mass vaccina-

tions

a Extensive reporting of outbreaks

416 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 10. It can be inferred from the passage that

7. The word l'ERRT in paragraph 4 is closest CD no new cases of smallpox have been re-
in meaning to
ported this year
CD restored CD malaria and yellow fever have been re-

CD separated ported this year
O attended O smallpox victims no longer die when
CD located
they contract the disease
education campaign, of course, so that the people
in the threatened countries could be taught more a smallpox is not transmitted from one
about how the disease spread and become active
participants in the fight against smallpox. Other person to another
strategies included not only providing mass
vaccinations but also isolating patients with active 11. The following sentence can be added to the
smallDox in order to contain the soread of the passage.
disease, thus breaking the chain bf human
transmrss~onM. onetary rewards for reporting The number of smallpox-infected
smallpox assisted in motivating the public to a ~ d countries gradually decreased.
health workers. One by one, each smallpox v~ctim
was sought out, removed from contact with others, Where would it best fit in the passage?
and treated. At the same time, the entire village
where the victim had lived was vaccinated. Click on the square (m) to add the sentence

Bv Aoril of 1978. WHO officials announced that to the passage.
they had'isolat~dthe last known case of the
disease, but health workers continued to search for Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
new cases for two additional years to be completely
sure. In May 1980, a formal statement was made to education campaign, of course, so that the people
the global community. Today smallpox is no longer in the threatened countries could be taught more
a threat to humanity. Routine vaccinations have about how the disease spread and become active
been stopped worldwide. participants in the fight against smallpox. Other
strategies included not only providing mass
8. How was the public motivated to help the vaccinations but also isolating patients with active
health workers? smallpox in order to contain the spread of the
disease, thus break~ngthe chain of human
CD By educating them transmission. Monetary rewards for reporting
smallpox assisted in motivating the public to aid
GD By rewarding them for reporting cases health workers. One by one, each smallpox victim
O By isolating them from others was sought out, removed from contact with others,
CD By giving them vaccinations and treated. At the same time, the entire village
where the victim had lived was vaccinated..
9. Which one of the statements does NOT refer
to smallpox? By April of 1978, WHO officials announced that
they had isolated the last known case of the
GD Previous projects had failed. disease, but health workers continued to search for
CD People are no longer vaccinated for it. new cases for two additional years to be completely
O The World Health Organization
1 sure. In Mav 1980. a formal statement was made to
mounted a worldwide campaign to the global c~mmuni&.m~odsam~allpox is no longer
eradicate the disease. a threat to humanity.n Routine vaccinations have
CD It was a serious threat. been stopped worldwide.

The nuclearfamily, consisting of a mother, MODEL TEST 7 417
father, and their children, may be more an American
ideal than an American reality. Of course, the so- 12. Which of the following is the main topic of
called traditional American family was always more the passage?
varied than we had been led to believe, reflecting
the very different racial, ethnic, class, and religious GD The traditional American family
customs among different American groups, but The nuclear family
today diversity is even more obvious.
O The current American family
The most recent government census statistics
reveal that only about one third of all current a The ideal family
American families fits the traditional mold of two
parents and their children, and another third 13. Look at the word in the passage.
consists of married couples who either have no
children or have none still living at home. An Click on the word or phrase in the bold
analysis of the remaining one third of the
population reveals that about 20 percent of the text that is opposite in meaning to E a r n .
total number of American households are single
people, the most common descriptor being The nuclear family, consisting of a mother,
women over sixty-five years of age. A small father, and their children, may be more an American
percentage, about 3 percent of the total, consists ideal than an American reality. Of course, the so-
of unmarried people who choose to live together; called traditional American family was always more
and the rest, about 7 percent, are single parents, , varied than we had been led to believe, reflecting
with at least one child. the very different racial, ethnic, class, and religious
customs among d i i r e n t American groups, but
There are several easily identifiable reasons today diversity is even more obvious.
for the growing number of single-parent
households. First, the sociological phenomenonof The most recent government census statistics
single-parent households reflects changes in reveal that only about one third of all current
cultural attitudes toward divorce and also toward American families fits the traditional mold of two
unmarried mothers. A substantial number of parents and their children, and another third
adults become single parents as a result of consists of marriedcouples who either have no
divorce. In addition, the number of children born to children or have none still livins at home. An
unmarriedwomen who choose to keep their analysis of the remaining one third of the
populationreveals that about 20 percent of the
~ildrenand rear them by themselves has total number of American households are single
creased dramatically. Finally, there is a small people, the most cammon descriptor being
?rcentageof single-parent families that have women over sixty-five years of age. A small
resultedfrom untimely death. Today, these varied percentage, about 3 percent of the total, consists
family types are typical and, therefore, normal. of unmarried people who choose to live together;
and the rest, about 7 percent, are single parents,
In addition, because many families live far with at least one child.
from relatives, close friends have become a more
Important part of family life than ever before. The There are several easily identifiable reasons
I vast majority of Americans claim that they have
people in their lives whom they regard as family
although they are not related. A view of family that
only accepts the traditional nuclear arrangement
not only ignores the reality of modern American
family life, but also undervaluesthe familial bonds
created in alternative family arrangements.
I Apparently, many Americans are achieving
supportive relationships in family forms other than
the traditional one.

418 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 16. How many single people were identified in
the survey?
14. The word t!UlE%T in paragraph 2 could best
be replaced by which of the following? GD One third of the total surveyed

GD typical C D One fourth of the total surveyed
present O One fifth of the total surveyed
CD Less than one tenth of the total surveyed
O perfect
CD traditional 17. Who generally constitutes a one-person
household?
THe nuclear family, consisting of a mother,
father, and their children, may be more an American GD A single man in his twenties
ideal than an American reality. Of course, the so-
called traditionalAmerican family was always more CD An elderly man
varied than we had been led to believe, reflecting O A single woman in her late sixties
the very different racial, ethnic, class, and religious C D A divorced woman
customs among differentAmerican groups, but
today diversity is even more obvious. 18. Look at the phrase t!fFRT in the passage.
Click on the word or phrase in the bold
The most recent government census statistics
text that l!RFiFR refers to.
reveal that only about one third of all current
American families fits the traditional mold of two The most recent government census statistics
parents and their children, and another third reveal that only about one third of all current
consists of married couples who either have no American families fits the traditional mold oi two
children or have none still living at home. An parents and their children, and another third
analysis of the remaining one third of the consists of marriedcouples who either have no
population reveals that about 20 percent of the children or have none still living at home. An
total number of American households are single analysis of the remaining one third of the
people, the most common descriptor being population reveals that about 20 percent of the
women over sixty-five years of age. A small total number of American households are single
percentage, about 3 percent of the total, consists people, the most common descriptor being
of unmarried people who choose to live together; women over sixty-five years of age. A small
and the rest, about 7 percent, are single parents, percentage, about 3 percent of the total, consists
with at least one child. of unmarried people who choose to live together;
and the rest, about 7 percent, are single parents,
There are several easily identifiable reasons with at least one child.

15. The word ?iVfF in paragraph 2 refers to There are several easily identifiable reasons
for the growing number of single-parent
@> parents households. First, the sociologicalphenomenon of
C D children single-parent households reflects changes in
O couples cultural attitudes toward divorce and also toward
C D families unmarried mothers.A substantial number of
adults become single parents as a result of
The nuclear family, consisting of a mother, divorce. In addition, the number of children born to
father, and their children, may be more an American unmarriedwomen who choose to keep their
ideal than an American reality. Of course, the so-
called traditionalAmerican family was always more
varied than we had been led to believe, reflecting
the very different racial, ethnic, class, and religious
customs among differentAmerican groups, but
today diversity is even more obvious.

The most recent government census statistics
reveal that only about one third of all current
American families f~tsthe traditional mold of two
parents and their children, and another third
consists of married couples who either have no

children or have ndm still living at home. An

analysis of the remaining one third of the
populationreveals that about 20 percent of the
total number of American households are single
people, the most common descriptor being
women over sixty-five years of age. A small
percentage, about 3 percent of the total, consists
of unmarried people who choose to live together;
and the rest, about 7 percent, are single parents,
with at least one child.

There are several easily identifiable reasons

MODEL TEST 7 419

19. Click on the sentence in paragraph 4 that 20. The word in paragraph 4 is
refers to the way that most Americans feel
about close friends. closest in meaning to

Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow (+). GD does not appreciate
C D does not know about
unmarriedwomen who choose to keep their O does not include
children and rear them by themselves has C D does not understand
increaseddramatically. Finally, there is a small
percentage of single-parent families that have unmarried women who choose to keep their
resultedfrom untimely death. Today, these varied children and rear them by themselves has
family types are typical and, therefore, normal. increased dramatically. Finally, there is a small
---*In addition, because many families live far percentage of single-parentfamilies that have
from relatives, close friends have become a more resulted from untimely death. Today, these varied
important part of family life than ever before. The family types are typical and, therefore, normal.
vast majority of Americans claim that they have
people in their lives whom they regard as family In addition, because many families live far
although they are not related. A view of family that from relatives, close friends have become a more
only accepts the traditional nuclear arrangement important part of family life than ever before. The
not only ignores the reality of modern American vast majority of Americans claim that they have
family life, but also undervalues the familial bonds people in their lives whom they regard as family
created in alternative family arrangements. although they are not related. A view of family that
Apparently, many Americans are achiev~ng only accepts the traditional nuclear arrangement
supportive relationships in family forms other than not only ignores the reality of modem American
the traditional one. family life, but also Tndekilu&5the familial bonds
created in alternative family arrangements.
Apparently, many Americans are achieving
supportive relationships in family forms other than
the traditional one.

420 TOEFL MODEL TESTS Although noise, commonly defined as
unwanted sound, is a widely recognizedform of
The passage discusses all of the following pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the
reasons for an increase in single-parent discomfort experienced by different individuals is
households EXCEPT highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure
to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating,
CD a rising divorce rate whereas exposure to higher levels may actually
G3 death of one of the parents cause hearing loss. Particularly in congested urban
O increased interest in parenting by areas, the noise produced as a byproduct of our
advancing technology causes physical and
fathers psychological harm but it also detracts from the
CD babies born to single women quality of life for those exposed to it.

22. With which of the following statements Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the
would the author most probably agree? eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and
is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise
There have always been a wide variety penetrates without protection.
of family arrangements in the United
States. Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot
C D Racial, ethnic, and religious groups have control and to which the body never becomes
preserved the traditional family struc- accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal
ture. danger to any organism with a hearingmechanism,
O The ideal American family is the best including human beings. In response, heartbeat
structure. and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict,
C D Fewer married couples are having the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a
children. general increase in functioning brought about by
the flow of adrenaline released in response to fear,
and some of these responses persist even longer
than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty
minutes after the sound has ceased.

Because noise is unavoidable in a complex,
industrial society, we are constantly responding in
the same ways that we would respond to danger
Recently, researchers have concluded that noise
and our response may be much more than an
annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical
and psychological health and well-being, causing
damage not only to the ear and brain but also to
the heart and stomach. We have long known that
hearing loss is America's number one nonfatal
health problem, but now we are learning that
some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be
victims of noise as well. Fetuses exposed to noise
tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are
more sensitive to gastrointestinal problems afler
birth. In addition, the psychologtcaleffect of noise
is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension,
and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest
during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during
waking hours, as well as the way that we interact
with one another.

23. Which of the following is the author's main MODEL TEST 7 421
point?
27. According to the passage, people respond to
Noise may pose a serious threat to our loud noises in the same way that they
physical and psychological health. respond to

CD Loud noises signal danger. GD annoyance
CD danger
O Hearing loss is America's number one O damage
nonfatal health problem. CD disease

a The ear is not like the eye. 28. Look at the word -Z in the passage.

24. According to the passage, what is noise? Click on the word or phrase in the bold

GD Unwanted sound text that is closest in meaning to Eele7:ltc .
CD A byproduct of technology
eyelids against strong light, the ear has no Ild, and i
O Physical and psychological harm is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise
penetrates without protection. ~
a Congestion
Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot i
25. Why is noise difficult to measure? control and to which the body never becomes
accustomed. Loud noises instinctivelysignal i
GD It causes hearing loss. danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism,
including human beings. In response, heartbeat I1I
CD All people do not respond to it in the and respiration'accelerate: blood vessels constrict,
the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there i s a II
same way. general 'increase i n functioning brought about by
O It is unwanted. the flow of adrenaline released in response t o fear, _1
CD People become accustomed to it. and some of these responses p r s i s t even longer
than the noise, occasionally as long as thirty
26. The word i3T@WB in paragraph 1 could minutes after the sound has ceased.
best be replaced by
Because noise is unavoidable in a complex,
GD hazardous industrial society, we are constantly responding in
the same ways that we would respond to danger.
CD polluted Recently, researchers have concluded that noise
and our response may be much more than an
O crowded annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical
C D rushed and psychological health and well-being, causing
damage not only to the ear and brain but also to
the heart and stomach. We have long known that

r - - 1 l t h o u g h noise, commonly defined as A
unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of
pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the
discomfort experienced by different individuals is
highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure
to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating,
whereas exposure to higher levels may actually
cause hearing loss. Particularly in Sdngested urban
areas, the noise produced as a byproduct of our
advancing technology causes physical and
psychological harm but it also detracts from the
quality of life for those exposed to it.
Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the
eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and
is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise
penetrates without protection.
Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot
control and to which the body never becomes
accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal
danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism,
including human beings. In response, heartbeat
and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict,
the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a
general increase in functioning brought about by

422 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 3 1. It can be inferred from this passage that the
eye
29. Look at the word fT in the passage. Click on
GO responds to fear
the word or phrase in the bold text that @ enjoys greater protection than the ear
K refers to. O increases functions
C D is damaged by noise
Although noise, commonly defined as 1
unwanted sound, is a widely recognized form of 32. With which of the following statements
pollution, it is very difficult to measure because the ;''t:, t would the author most probably agree?
discomfort experienced by different individuals is
highly subjective and, therefore, variable. Exposure .' GD Noise is not a serious problem today.
to lower levels of noise may be slightly irritating, GD Noise is America's number-one
whereas exposure to higher levels may actually :
cause hearing loss. Particularly i n congested urban problem.
areas, the noise produced as a byproduct of our O Noise is an unavoidable problem in an
advancing technology causes physical and
psychological harm but it also detracts from the industrial society.
quality of life for those exposed t o it. C D Noise is a complex problem.

Unlike the eyes, which can be covered by the 33. The following sentence can be added to the
eyelids against strong light, the ear has no lid, and passage.
is, therefore, always open and vulnerable; noise
penetrates without protection. Investigations on human subjects
have demonstrated that babies are
Noise causes effects that the hearer cannot affected by noise even before they are
control and to which the body never becomes born.
accustomed. Loud noises instinctively signal
danger to any organism with a hearing mechanism, Where would it best fit in the passage?
including human beings. In response, heartbeat
and respiration accelerate, blood vessels constrict, Click on the square (m)to add the sentence
the skin pales, and muscles tense. In fact, there is a
general increase in functioning brought about by to the passage.

30. The phrase RFV'Bl' in paragraph 4 is closest Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
in meaning to which of the following?

CD after all

GD also
O instead
C D regardless

r . .--u- Because noise is unavoidable in a complex,

I I*.A- L-zd-'.. " 3 industr~asl oclety, we are constantly responding in

B e c a ~ neoise is unavoid~blein a complex. the same ways that we would respond to danger.

industrial society, we are constantly responding in Recently, researchers have concluded that noise

the same ways that we would respond to danger. and our response may be much more than an

Recently, researchers have concluded that noise annoyance.. It may be a serious threat to physical

and our response may be much more than an and psychological health and well-being, causing

annoyance. It may be a serious threat to physical damage not only to the ear and brain but also to

and psychological health and well-being, causing the heart and stomach. We have long known that

damage not only to the ear and brain but also to hearing loss is America's number one nonfatal

the heart and stomach. We have long known that health problem, but now we are learning that

hearing loss is America's number one nonfatal some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be

health problem, but now we are learning that victims of noise as well.. Fetuses exposed to noise

some of us with heart disease and ulcers may be tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are

vict~msof noise XsAweK:Fetuses exposed to noise more sensitive to aastrointestinal problems after

tend to be overactive, they cry easily, and they are birth.. In addition,-the psychologi&l effect of noise

more sensitwe to gastrointestinal problems after is very important. Nervousness, irritability, tension,

birth. In addition, the psychological effect of noise and anxiety increase, affecting the of rest

is very important. Nervousness, irritability,tension, during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during

and anxiety increase, affecting the quality of rest waking hours, as well as the way that we interact

during sleep, and the efficiency of activities during with one another.

waking hours, as well as the way that we interact

with one another.

Very few people in the modern world obtain MODEL TEST 7 423
their food supply by hunting and gathering in the
natural environment surrounding their homes. This 34. Which of the following is the main topic of
method of harvesting from nature's provision, the passage?
however, is not only the oldest known subsistence
strategy, but also the one that has been practiced GD The Paleolithic Period
continuously in some parts of the world for at least CD Subsistence farming
the last two million years. It was, indeed, the only O Hunter-gatherers
way to obtain food until rudimentaryfarming and
very crude methods for the domestication of a Marginal environments
animals were introduced about 10,000years ago.
35. Which is the oldest subsistence strategy?
Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in
comparisonwith their agricultural cousins, their GD Migrating
numbers have dwindled, and they have been CD Domesticating animals
forced to live in the marginal wastelands. In higher O Farming
latitudes, the shorter growing season has restricted
the availability of plant life. Such conditions have CD Hunting and gathering
caused a greater dependence on hunting and,
along the coasts and waterways, on fishing. The 36. When was hunting and gathering intro-
abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of duced?
the tropics, on the other hand, has provideda
greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants. GD Ten million years ago
In short, the environmental differences have CD TWOmillion years ago
restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for O Ten thousand years ago
the development of subsistence societies.
a Two thousand years ago
Contemporaryhunter-gatherers may help us
understand our prehistoric ancestors. We know 37. Look at the word in the pas-
from observation of modern hunter-gatherersin
both Africa and Alaska that a society based on sage. Click on the word or phrase in the
hunting and gathering must be very mobile.
Followingthe food supply can be a way of life. If a bold text that is closest in meaning to
particular kind of wild herding animal is the basis
of the food for a group of people, those people EdrnW.
must move to stay within reach of those animals.
For many of the native people of the great central Very few people in the modern world obtain
plains of North America, following the buffalo, who their food supply by hunting and gathering in the
were in turn following the growth of grazing foods, natural environment surroundingtheir homes. This
determinedtheir way of life. method of harvesting from nature's provision,
however, i s not only the oldest known subsistence
For gathering societies, seasonal changes strategy, but also the one that has been practiced
mean a great deal. While the entire community continuously in some parts of the world for at least
camps in a central location, a smaller party the last two million years. It was, indeed, the only
harvests the food within a reasonable distance way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and
from the camp. When the food in the area is very crude methods for the domestication of
exhausted, the community moves on to exploit animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago.
another site. We also notice a seasonal migration
pattern evolving for most hunter-gatherers,along Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in
with a strict division of labor betweenthe sexes. comparison with their agricultural cousins, their
These patterns of behavior may be similar to numbers have dwindled, and they have been
those practiced by humankindduring the forced to live in the marginal wastelands. In higher
Paleolithic Period. latitudes, the shorter growing season has restricted
the availability of plant life. Such conditions have
caused a greater dependence on hunting and,
along the coasts and waterways, on fishing. The
abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of
the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a
greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants.
In short, the environmental differences have
restrictedthe diet and have limited possibilitiesfor

424 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 40. In paragraph 2, the author explains that
hunters and gatherers in lower latitudes
38. The word PtwfridreET in paragraph 2 is clos- found
est in meaning to
El more animals to hunt
El disagreed CD more coasts and waterways for fishing
O a shorter growing season
a decreased CD a large variety of plant life

Q disappeared Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (A).
CD died
continuously In some parts of the world for at least
way to obtaln food until rudimentaryfarming and the last two million years. It was, indeed,the only
very crude methods for the domestication of way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and
animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago. very crude methods for the domestication of
animals were introducedabout 10,000 years ago.
Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in
comparison with their agricultural cousins, their -+ Because hunter-gatherershave fared poorly in
numbers have fwindfed, and they have been
forced to live in the marginal wastelands. In higher comparison with their agricultural cousins, their
latitudes, the shorter growing season has restricted numbers have dwindled, and they have been
the availability of plant life. Such conditions have forced to live in the marginal wastelands. In higher
caused a greater dependence on hunting and, latitudes, the shorter growing season has restricted
along the coasts and waterways, on fishing. The the availability of plant life. Such conditions have
abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of caused a greater dependence on hunting and,
the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a along the coasts and waterways, on fishing. The
greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants. abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of
In short, the environmentaldifferences have
restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for the trooics. on the other hand.. has .orovided a
the develo~menot f subsistence societies.
greatel opbortunity for gathering a variety of plants.
~ o n t e k ~ o r ahruynter-gatherers may help us In short, the environmentaldifferences have
understand our orehistoric ancestors. We know restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for
from observation of modern hunter-gatherersin the development of subsistence societies.
both Africa and Alaska that a society based on
hunting and gathering must be very mobile. Contemporary hunter-gatherersmay help us
Followingthe food supply can be a way of life. If a understand our prehistoric ancestors. We know
particular kind of wild herding animal is the basis from observation of modern hunter-gatherersin
both Africa and Alaska that a society based on
39. Look at the phrase T7RfI contliRBR in the hunting and gathering must be very mobile.
passage. Click on the word or phrase in
the bold text that Sucli conditions refers to.

way to obtain food until rudimentaryfarming and
very crude methods for the domestication of
animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago.

Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in
comparison with their agricultural cousins, their
numbers have dwindled, and they have been
forced to live in the marginal wastelands. In higher
latitudes, the shorter growing season has restricted
the availability of plant life. Such condhions have
caused a greater dependence on hunting and,
along the coasts and waterways, on fishing.The
abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of
the tropics, on the other hand, has provideda
greater opportunityfor gathering a variety of plants.
In short, the environmental differences have
restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for
the development of subsistence societies.

Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us
understand our prehistoric ancestors. We know
from observation of modern hunter-gatherers in
both Africa and Alaska that a society based on
hunting and gathering must be very mobile.
Following the food supply can be a way of life. If a
particular kind of wild herding animal is the basis

41. Why does the author mention contemporary MODEL TEST 7 425
hunter-gatherers in paragraph 3?
42. The word €?TfTZif in paragraph 4 is closest
CD Their seasonal migration patterns are in meaning to
important.
CD use
C D Studying them gives us insights into the
lifestyle of prehistoric people. a find

O There are very few examples of modern O take
hunter-gatherer societies.
a prepare
C D Their societies are quite different from
those of their ancestors. particular kind of wild herding animal is the basis
of the food for a group of people, those people
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow (4). must move to stay within reach of those animals.
For many of the native people of the great central
the tropics, on the other hand, has provided a plains of NorthAmerica, following the buffalo, who
greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants. were in turn following the growth of grazing foods,
In short, the environmental differences have determined their way of life.
restrictedthe diet and have limited possibilities for
the development of subsistence societies. For gathering societies, seasonal changes
mean a great deal. While the entire community
--+ Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us camps in a central location, a smaller party
harvests the food within a reasonabledistance
understandour prehistoric ancestors. We know from the camp. When the food in the area is
from observation of modern hunter-gatherers in exhausted, the community moves on to exploR
both Africa and Alaska that a society based on another site. We also notice a seasonal migration
hunting and gathering must be very mobile. pattern evolving for most hunter-gatherers,along
Following the food supply can be a way of life. If a with a strict division of labor between the sexes.
particular kind of wild herding animal is the basis These patterns of behavior may be similar to
of the food for a group of people, those people those practiced by humankind during the
must move to stay within reach of those animals. Paleolithic Period.
For many of the native people of the great central
plains of North America, following the buffalo, who 43. What does the author mean by the statement
were in turn following the growth of grazing foods,
determinedtheir way of life. ' central location :r party bar\ c\tS

For gathering societies, seasonal changes
mean a great deal. While the entire community
camps in a central location, a smaller party
harvests the food within a reasonable distance
from the camp. When the food in the area is
exhausted, the community moves on to exploit

the food within ,I ~ r a h o ~ ~ adbislteance

from the camp ?

CD Everyone is involved in hunting and
gathering the food for the community.

CD When the food has been harvested, the
community has a celebration.

O A small group hunts and gathers food
near the camp.

CD The reason that the community harvests
the food is that it is near the camp.

426 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 45. Which of the following sentences should
NOT be included in a summary of the
44. All of the patterns of behavior for hunter- passage?
gatherers are mentioned in the passage
EXCEPT GD Hunter-gatherers are mobile, tending to
migrate seasonally.
GD a small group plants food near the
camp. a Hunter-gatherers share different respon-

CD the group moves when the food supply sibilities between the sexes.
is low. O Hunter-gatherers camp in a central

O men and women each have specific location.
toles.
a Hunter-gatherers have many social
CD the seasons dictate the movement of the
celebrations.
group.

To check your answers for Model Test 7,
refer to the Answer Key on page 494. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 7 on
pages 621-640.

MODEL TEST 7 427

Writing Section:
Model Test 7

When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be
closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using
the guidelines on page 244 of this book.

Leaders like John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther &ng have made important contributions to
humanity. Name another world leader you think is important. Give specific reasons for your
choice.
Notes

To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 494. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 8 on
page 640.

428 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Model Test 8

Computer-Assisted TOEFL

Section 1:
Listening

The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You will use headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the
Listening Section, with special directions for each part.

On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening
material and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or
have any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices
appear. You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage
to answer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want
before you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.

Before you begin working on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the test.

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A

In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.

Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.

1. What can be inferred about the woman? 3. What can be inferred about the man?

GD She is not his advisor. CD He did not go to Dr. Peterson's class
GD She is not polite. today.
O She does not have a course request
GD The man is a student in the class that the
form. woman teaches.
GD She will help the man.
O The man works in the same office as the
2. What does the man mean? woman.

a He is lost. a The man is a teaching assistant for Dr.

CD He needs a different course. Peterson.
O He will not withdraw from the class.
QD He doesn't know what he will do. 4. What will the man and woman probably do?

GD Get the man some glasses
CD Sit together
O Move to the front of the room

Have an argument

GD He liked Montreal in the winter. OD She already has an ID card.
GD He liked Montreal spring, summer, and GD She does not need her picture taken.
O She is ready to leave.
fall.
O He liked Montreal all year round. a She does not know where to go.
CD He did not like Montreal.
13. What does the woman suggest?
6. What does the man mean?
a The man should invite his friends to
CD He will place a wager.
GD He will pay later for his purchases. dinner.
O He will do more than the required CD The man's friends should come to his

assignments. house.
He will go to his job. O The man could take a plant to his

7. What did the woman suggest? friends.
CD The man likes candy.
Use will power
14. What will the woman probably do?
a Chew gum
CD Go with the man
O Wear a nicotine patch CD Look on the other side of the hall
O Get a different room
a Join a support group CD Return to the front desk

8. What does the man mean? 15. What does the woman imply?

a The class is too long. The application was lost.

GD The class is too small. a The process takes about three weeks.
O He does not like the subject.
O The response is probably in the mail.
a He does not want to say. The man should be patient.

9. What does the man mean? 16. What does the woman mean?

CD He is asking where to go. She wants to use her passport for ID.
GD He is telling the woman to leave. GD She does not have a driver's license.
O He is calling the woman a liar. O She prefers to pay with a credit card.
CD He is congratulating the woman.
a She does not have any checks.
10. What does the woman mean?
17. What does the man mean?
CQ Her roommate got the assistantship.
GD She is not going to take a full load. CD He was polite to the committee.
O Teaching is more difficult than studying. GD The meeting went very well.
O Additional members are needed for the
a The man is correct.
committee.
11. What is the woman's problem?
a The committee did not meet.
Her back pack is too heavy.
CD She is not a very good student.
O She cannot find her notebook.
CD She needs a ride home from class.

430 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part B

In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conversation
or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be repeated.

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the top-
ics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.

For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special directions. The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.

18. Why is the student in the dean's office? 24. How does the man respond to her problem?

GD Because he failed a class GD He is not interested.
@ Because he needs some advice He gives her advice.
O Because he was caught plagiarizing
O He shares his plans.
Because he stole a book
a He just listens without comment.

19. What is the student's excuse? 25. What does the man plan to do?

6D He says he didn't understand. GD Go to a large graduate institution
GD He says someone else did it. CD Continue his friendship with the woman
O He says he is sony. O Finish his degree at another school
CD He says he needs a tutor. CD Schedule job interviews

20. How does the dean punish the student? 26. What is the topic of this lecture?

By expelling him GD The role of fine arts in civilization
By giving him a failing grade in the GD A definition of culture in anthropology
course O Customs of American society
O By warning him
CD By sending him to the Learning a The study of complex societies
Resources Center
27. According to the speaker, what do most peo-
What advice does the dean give the student? ple mean when they use the word culture in
ordinary conversation?
6D To come back to her office
GD To get a tutor to help him Customs for a particular society
O To use his own ideas next time %
CD To go to another university a Ethnic groups that share common expe-

22. What is the woman trying to decide? riences
O Values that are characteristic of society
GD Whether to go to graduate school CD Familiarity with the arts
GD If she wants to transfer or not
O Which job to accept 28. According to the speaker, what do anthro-
pologists mean when they say a thought
a What to do about her grades or activity is to be included as part of cul-
ture?
23. What does she like about the college she is
attending? CD It must be considered appropriate by
small groups within society.
GD The prestige of a large school
C D The friends she has made GD It must be acquired by visiting
O The attitude of the teachers museums, galleries, and theaters.

a The opportunities for employment O It must be commonly shared by a group.
CD It must be comprised of many diverse

ethnic groups.

29. How does the professor explain American MODEL TEST 8 431
culture?
33. Why are women so susceptible to the AIDS
GD Practices that are common to all Ameri- virus?
cans of diverse ethnicity
More women today tend to have multi-
CD The combination of diverse ethnic prac-
tices by different groups in America rn ple partners than they did in the past.
Some cultures do not encourage the use
O Diverse ethnic practices that are recog-
nized but not practiced by all Americans rn of protection.
Women are biologically more at risk for
a Practices that the majority of Americans all sexually transmitted diseases.
Traditionally, women have not been the
participate in partner responsible for protection.

30. According to the speaker, what is a sub- 34. W.~ichsegments of the population will
culture? probably constitute the majority of AIDS
cases in the twenty-first century?
a A museum or a gallery
fl Children
CD An informal culture
O A smaller group within the entire rn Teens
Women
society Men

a The behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, and 35. What causes jet lag?
GD Adjustment to a longer or shorter day
values of the majority society GD Air travel from west to east
O Different foods and drinks while
31. How does the World Health Organization traveling
estimate compare with actual trends?
a Lack of sleep during air travel
The estimate is very accurate compared
with the actual numbers. 36. Who would suffer most from jet lag?
CD The estimate appears to be lower than CQ A young person
the actual numbers. A person traveling west
O The estimate was much too high com- O A person who has a regular routine
pared with the actual numbers.
a A person who does not travel often
a The estimate accounted for about two-
37. How can jet lag be minimized?
thirds of the actual numbers.
Eat a large meal on the plane
32. The guest speaker briefly discusses a trend. Drink lots of water on the plane
Summarize the trend by putting the events Arrive at your destination early in the
in order. evening
Try not to sleep very much during the
CfFEfi a-~efitence:Tencrux on me" flight

space where it belongs.
m e each sentence only on=

Heterosexual contact accounted for

rn most new infections.
Many children were born with HIV.
Rates of exposure and infection of
women rose.

[g The majority of AIDS victims were

homosexual men.

432 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 42. What should you do if you are interested in
finding out more about Elderhostel?
38. How long does it take to adjust to a new
time zone? GD Write the national office
CD Call your local college
GD One half day for every time zone O Listen to the radio station
GD Twenty-four hours after arrival
O One day for every time zone a Attend an Elderhostel meeting
C D Three days after arrival
43. What problem does the lecturer point out?
39. What is Elderhostel?
GD Pyrite looks like gold and is often mis-
C D A college program taught by retired taken for it.
,professors
CD Pyrite is very flammable and can easily
C D A summer program for senior citizens burst into flames.
O An educational program for older adult
O Pyrite is difficult to find in most parts of
students the world.
@> A travel program that includes inexpen-
a Pyrite does not have an easily identifi-
sive dormitory accommodations
able crystal formation.
40. Which of the statements is true of
Elderhostel? 44. What will the professor do with the speci-
men he has brought to class?
The courses are offered for credit.
There are no final exams. GD He will return it to the museum.
Anyone may participate. CD He will keep it in his office.
College faculty teach the classes. O He will use it for an experiment.

4-1. Which of the people in the picture would He will put it in the mineral lab.
most probably be enrolled in an Elderhostel
program? 45. Select the specimen that is most similar to
the one that the professor showed in class.

It is brittle. O In the cafeteria
It is flammable. CDAt the.libra~-y
It is rare.
50. What does the woman suggest that the man
47. What is an easy way to identify pyrite? do?

GD Heat the specimen a Go to the Student Union immediately
0Put acid on the sample Study for his test
O Look for green and brown streaks Come back to see her tomorrow
Check the lost and found tomorrow
a Smell the mineral

48. What prompted this conversation?

GD The man is studying for a test.
C D The man is looking for the Student

Union.
O The man has lost a book.
C D The man wants to meet the woman.

434 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Section 2:
Structure

This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.

In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a
choice darkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be
presented.

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.

1. The consistency of protoplasm and that of 6. The yearly path of the sun around the
glue heavens

@ they are alike is known as the ecliptic
are similar to
a known as the ecliptic
O are similar
the same O it is known to be ecliptic

a knowing as the ecliptic

2. The decomposition of microscopic arljm& 7. Before Alexander Fleming discovered peni-
cillin, many people died
Q3
a infected with simple bacteria
at the bottom of the sea results in
CD from simple bacterial infections
wm O infections were simple bacteria
CD infecting of simple bacteria
an accumulation of the oil.

0a

3. Nerve impulses to the brain at a 8. Wholly the plow is being d i s p l a d

speed of about one hundred yards per second. a

a sending sensations by new techniaues that protect the land and
a to send sensations
0
O send sensations
promise more abundant crops.
a sensations
a

4. A calorie .Jthe quantity of heat required 9. Although exact statistics vary because of

Q3 a 0 political changes, separate nation

-to- rise- one gallon of water one degree states are included in the official lists at any

CD one time.

centrigrade at one atmospheric pressure. GD more than two hundred
CD as much as two hundred
5. The Supreme Court does not hear a case O many as two hundred
C D most that two hundred
unless ,except those involving

foreign ambassadors.

a trial

a already tried

O it already trying

C D it has already been tried

10. Studies of job satisfaction are unreliable MODEL TEST 8 435

because there & so many variables and 16. Both liquids and gases flow freely from a
@ CD container because they have

because the admission of dissatisfaction CQ not definite shape
0 GD none definite shape
O nothing definite shape
may be viewed as a personal failure. CD no definite shape

a 17. A dolphin a porpoise in that it has
a longer nose.
11. owe much of their success as a
group to their unusual powers of migration. different

a That birds a differs

CD A bird O different than
O The bird
CCD differs from
a Birds
18. Scientific fish farming, known as
12. unknown quantities is the task of
algebra. a

CQ To found aquaculture, has existed for more than 4000
CD Find CD
O The find
years, but scientists who make research in
Finding O

13. New synthetic materials improved this field are only recently providing the

a kind of information that growers need

the construction of artificial body parts to increase production.
@3 0
a
by provide both the power and the range of
19. That most natural time units are not simple
a
multiples of each other in
action for a natural limb.
constructing a calendar.
14. IfEngland had not imposed a tax on tea
GD a CQ it is a primary problem
CD is a primary problem
over two hundred and twenty years s o , will O a primary problem is
OD a primary problem
aa
20. The native people in the Americas were
the United States have remained part of the
referred to as Indians because,
British Commonwealth?
GD
15. Research in the work place reveals that peo-
ple work for many reasons according to the believe at the time,

GD money beside CD a

a money besides Christopher Columbus had reached the

O beside money a
CD besides money
the East Indies.

436 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 24. ,Carl Sandburg is also well known
for his multivolume biography of Lincoln.
21. Only after food has been dried or canned
An eminent American poet
O that it should be stored for later GD He is an eminent American poet
consumption
An eminent American poet who is
GD should be stored for later consumption CD Despite an eminent American poet
O should it be stored for later consumption
25. The CBT will test your ability to understand
a it should be stored for later consumption
a
22. Aging in most animals can be readily
spoken English, to read nontechnical
CD a
a
modified when they will limit caloric intake.
language, and writing correctly..
aa
0a
23. Although we are concerned about the

a

problem of energy sources, we must not fail

a

r e c o ~ n i z hthe need for environmental

aa

protection.

MODEL TEST 8 437

Section 3:
Reading

This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to those
that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section contains
reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of questions in this
section.

In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll bar
to view the rest of the passage.

When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.

Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.

TCIanswer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.

438 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 1. Which of the following is the main topic of
the passage?
Seismologists have devised two scales of
measurement to enable them to describe and GD Earthquakes
record information about earthquakes in GD The Richter scale
quantitative terms. The most widely known O Charles F. Richter
measurement is the Richter scale, a numerical
logarithmic scale developed and introduced by a Seismography
American,seismologist Charles R. Richter in 1935.
The purpose of the scale is to measure the 2. According to information in the passage,
amplitude of the largest trace recorded by a what does the Richter scale record?
standard seismograph one hundred kilometers
from the Bpicenter of an earthquake. Tables have CD The distance from the epicenter
been formulated to demonstrate the magnitude of GD The amplitude of the largest trace
any earthquake from any seismograph. For O The degree of damage
example, a one-unit increase in magnitude
translates into an increase of times thirty in a The location of the epicenter
released energy. To put that another way, each
number on the Richter scale represents an 3. The word !R3REiT in paragraph 1 could be
earthquake ten times as strong as one of the next replaced by
lower magnitude. Specifically, an earthquake of
magnitude 6 is ten times as strong as an CD reliable
earthquake of magnitude 5. G3 complex
O conventional
On the Richter scale. earthquakes of 6.75 are
considered great and 7.0 to 7.75 are considered a abandoned
major. An earthquake that reads 4 to 5.5 would be
expected to have caused localized damage, and Seismologists have devised two scales of ,BF~
those of magnitude 2 may be felt. measurenlent to enable them to describe and
record information about earthquakes in
The other earthquake-assessment scale, quantitative terms. The most widely known
introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe measurement is the Richter scale, a numerical
Mercalli, measures the intensity of shaking, using logarithmic scale developed and introduced by
gradations from 1 to 12. Because the effects of American seismologist Charles R. Richter in 1935.
such shaking dissipate with distance from the The purpose of the scale is to measure the
epicenter of the earthquake, the Mercalli rating amplitude of the largest trace recorded by a
depends on the site of the measurement. Tanaard seismograph one hundred kilometers
Earthquakes of Mercalll 2 or 3 are basically the from the epicenter of an earthquake.Tables have
same as those of Richter 3 or 4; measurements of been formulated to demonstrate the magnitude of
11 or 12 on the Mercalli scale can be roughly any earthquake from any seismograph. For
correlated with magnitudes of 8 or 9 on the example, a one-unit increase in magnitude
Richter scale. In either case, the relative power or translates into an increase of times thirty in
energy released by the earthquake can be released energy. To put that another way, each
understood, and the population waits to hear how number on the Richter scale representsan
bad the earthquake that just passed really was. earthquake ten times as strong as one of the next
lower magnitude. Specifically, an earthquake of
It is estimated that almost one million magnitude 6 is ten times as strong as an
earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are earthquake of magnitude 5.
so minor that they pass undetected. In fact, more
than one thousand earthquakesof a magnitudeof 2 On the Richter scale, earthquakes of 6.75 are
or lower on the Richter scale occur every day. considered great and 7.0 to 7.75 are considered
major. An earthquake that reads 4 to 5.5 would be

4. What is the value of the tables?

CD They allow us to interpret the magni-
tude of earthquakes.

G3 They help us to calculate our distance
from earthquakes.

O They record all earthquakes.
They release the energy of earthquakes.

MODEL TEST 8 439

5. How does each number on the Richter scale 8. Look at the word in the passage.
compare?
Click on the word or phrase in the bold
GD Each number is one hundred times as
strong as the previous number. text that is closest in meaning to the word
Each magnitude is ten times stronger
than the previous magnitude. mmv.

O The strength of each magnitude is one .-
less than the previous magnitude.
major. An earthquake that reads 4 to 5.5 would be
CD The scale decreases by five or six for expected to have caused localizeddamage, and
each number. those of magnitude 2 may be felt.
' The other earthquake-assessment scale,
6. Look at the word TITRE in the passage. introducedby the Italian seismologist Giuseppe
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text Mercalli, measures the intensityof shaking, using
that VFR? refers to. gradations from 1 to 12. Because the effects of
such shaking dissipate with distance from the
released energy. To put that another way, each epicenter of the earthquake, the Mercalli rating
number on the Richter scale represents an depends on the site of the measurement.
earthquaketen times as strong as one of the next Earthquakes of Mercalli 2 or 3 are basically the
lower magnitude. Specifically, an earthquake of same as those of Richter 3 or 4; measurements of
magnitude6 is ten times as strong as an 11 or 12 on the Mercalli scale can be roughly
earthquake of magnitude 5. correlated with magnitudes of 8 or 9 on the
Richter scale. In either case, the relative power or
On the Richter scale, earthquakes of 6.75 are energy released by the earthquake can be
considered great and 7.0 to 7.75 are considered understood, and the populationwaits to hear how
major. An earthquake that reads 4 to 5.5 would be bad the earthquake that just passed really was.
expected to have caused localized damage, and
those of magnitude 2 may be felt. It is estimated that almost one million
earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are
The other earthquake-assessment scale, so minor that they pass undetected. In fact, more
introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe than one thousand earthquakes of a magnitude of 2
Mercalli, measures the intensity of shaking, using or lower on the Richter scale occur every day.
gradations from 1 to 12. Because the effects of
such shaking dissipate with distance from the 9. The word hKdetee'fieTf in paragraph 4 is clos-
epicenter of the earthquake, the Mercalli rating est in meaning to
depends on the site of the measurement.
Earthquakes of Mercalli 2 or 3 are basically the GD with no damage
same as those of Richter 3 or 4; measurements of CD with no notice
11 or 12 on the Mercalli scale can be roughly O with no name
correlatedwith magnitudes of 8 or 9 on the
Richter scale. In either case, the relative power or CD with no problem
energy released by the earthquake can be
major.An earthquake that reads 4 to 5.5 would be 1
7. What does the author mean by the statement expected to have caused localized damage, and
those of magnitude 2 may be felt. i
d :with distance frcIrn the epIic m K f
tl quake, the Mercalli rating depends The other earthquake-assessment scale, 1
on the site of the measurement ? introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe
Mercalli, measures the intensityof shaking, using 1
GD The Mercalli rating will vary depending gradations from 1 to 12. Because the effects of
on the location of the measurement. such shaking dissipate with distance from the I
epicenter of the earthquake, the Mercalli rating
C D The results of the Mercalli rating are depends on the site of the measurement. I
less accurate at greater distances from Earthquakes of Mercalli 2 or 3 are basically the
the epicenter. same as those of Richter 3 or 4; measurementsof I
11 or 12 on the Mercalli scale can be roughly
O The stronger shaking of the earthquake correlatedwith magnitudes of 8 or 9 on the 1~1
at the center is not detected by the R~chtesr cale. In either case, the relative power or
Mercalli rating. energy released by the earthquake can be
understood, and the populationwaits to hear how
CD The Mercalli rating is useful because it bad the earthquake that just passed really was.

is taken farther away from the center of It is estimated that almost one million
the earthquake. earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are
so minor that they pass undetected.In fact, more
than one thousand earthquakes of a magnitude of 2
or lower on the Richter scale occur every day.

440 TOEFL MODEL TESTS Charles Ives, who is nowadays acclaimed as
the first great American composer of the twentieth
10. With which of the following statements century, had to wait many years for the public
would the author most probably agree? recognition he deserved. Born to music as the son
of a bandmaster, lves played drums in his father's
G9 Only the Richter scale describes earth- community band, and organ at the local church. He
quakes in quantitative terms. entered Yale Universityat twenty to study musical
composition with Horatio Parker, but after
GD Both the Richter scale and the Mercalli graduation, he chose not to pursue a career in
Scale measure earthquakes in the same music. He suspected correctly that the public would
way. not accept the music he wrote, for lves did not
follow the musical fashion of his times. While his
O ,Most earthquakes are measurable on ei- contemporaries wrote lyrical songs, lves
ther the Richter or the Mercalli scale. transfigured music and musical form. He quoted,
combined, insinuated, and distortedfamiliar hymns,
OD m e Mercalli and the Richter scales are marches, and battle songs, while experimenting
different but they can be compared. with the effects of polytonality, or the simultaneous
use of two or more keys, and dissonance,or the
11. The passage discusses all of the following in clash of keys with conflicting rhythms and time.
the explanation of the Richter scale Even when he could convince some musicians to
EXCEPT show some interest in his compositions, after
assessing them, conductors and performers said
GD It was introduced in 1935. that they were essentially unplayable.
GD It was developed by an American seis-
Instead, he became a successful insurance
mologist. executive, building his company into the largest
O It has a scale of 1 to 12. agency in the country in only two decades.
Although he occasionally hired musicians to play
a It measures the magnitude of earth- one of his works prrvately for him, he usually
heard his music only in his imagination.
quakes.
After he recovered from a serious heart
attack, he became reconciled tothe fact that his
ideas, especially the use of dissonance and
special effects, were just too different for the
musical mainstream to accept. Determined to
share his music with the few people who might
appreciate it, he published his work privately and
distributed it free.

In 1939, when lves was sixty-five, American
pianist John Kirkpatrick played Concord Sonata in
Town Hall. The reviews were laudatory. One
reviewer proclaimed it "the greatest music
composed by an American." By 1947, lves was
famous. His Second Symphony was presented to
the public in a performance by the New York
Philharmonic, fifty years after it had been written.
The same year, lves received the Pulitzer Prize.
He was seventy-three.

12. Which of the following is the main topic of MODEL TEST 8 441
the passage?
15. The word in paragraph 1 refers to
GD Modem musical composition
Charles Ives' life GD conductors
GD performers
O The Pulitzer Prize O interest
CD compositions
a Career choices
marches, and battle songs, while experimenting ,
13. Why didn't the public appreciate Ives' with the effects of polytonality,or the simultaneous
music? use of two or more keys, and dissonance,or the i
clash of keys with conflicting rhythms and time.
GD It was not performed for a long time. Even when he could convince some musiciansto 1
GD It was very different from the music of show some interest in his compositions, after
assessing them, conductors and performerssaid I
the time. that they were essentially unplayable.
O The performers did not play it well. I
Instead, he became a successful insurance
a He did not write it down. executive, building his company into the largest j
agency in the country in only two decades.
14. Look at the word fRREtRF in the passage. Although he occasionally hired musicians to play i
Click on the word in the bold text that one of his works privately for him, he usually
heard his music only in his imagination. I~ I1
is closest in meaning to ' d i s s o b i .
After he recovered from a serious heart I
marches, and battle songs, while experimenting attack, he became reconciled to the fact that his
with the effects of polytonality, or the simultaneous ideas, especially the use of dissonance and i
use of two or more keys, and dissonance, or the special effects, were just too different for the
clash of keys with conflicting rhythms and time. musical mainstreamto accept. Determinedto
Even when he could convince some musicians to share his music with the few people who might
show some interest in his com~ositions,afler appreciate it, he published his work privately and
assessing them, conductors and performers said distributed it free.
that they were essentiall.y un.play-able.
In 1939, when lves was sixty-five,American
instead, he became a successful insurance pianist John Kirkpatrick played Concord Sonata in

executive, building his company into the largest 16. How did Ives make a living for most of his
agency in the country in only two decades. life?
Although he occasionally hired musicians to play
one of his works privately for him, he usually a He conducted a band.
heard his,music only in his imagination.
GD He taught musical composition.
After he recovered from a serious heart O He owned an insurance company.
attack, he became reconciled to the fact that his
ideas, especially the use of dissonance and a He published music.
special effects, were just too different for the
musical mainstreamto accept. Determined to
share his music with the few people who might
appreciate it, he published his work privately and
distributed it free.

In 1939, when lves was sixty-five,American
pianist John Kirkpatrick played Concord Sonata in

442 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

17. The phrase F!Zl'Tnri- in 21. Look at the word TT in the passage. Click on

paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to the word or phrase in the bold text that

G9 accepted W refers to.
CD repeated
O disputed executive, building his company into the largest
agency in the country in only two decades.
neglected Although he occasionally hired musicians to play
one of his works privately for him, he usually
marches, and battle songs, while experimenting , heard his music only in his imagination.
with the effects of polytonality, or the simultaneous
use of two or more keys, and dissonance, or the -- After he recovered from a serious heart
clash of keys with conflicting rhythms and time. attack, he became reconciled to the fact that his
Even when he could convince some musicians to P ideas, especially the use of dissonance and
show some interest in his compositions, after special effects, were just too different for the
assessing them, conductors and performers said '1. 8 musical mainstreamto accept. Determinedto
that they were essentially unplayable. share his music with the few people who might
l+i appreciate it, he published his work privately and
Instead, he became a successful insurance distributed it free.
executive, building his company into the largest
agency in the country in only two decades. In 1939, when lves was sixty-five, American
Although he occasionally hired musicians to play
one of his works privately for him, he usually pianist John Kirkpatrick played Concord Sonata i n
heard his music only in his imagination.
Town Hall. The reviews were laudatory. One
After he recovered from a serious heart reviewer proclaimed it "the greatest music
attack, he became reconciled to the fact that his composed by an American." By 1947, lves was
ideas, especially the use of dissonance and famous. His Second Symphony was presented to
special effects, were just too different for the the public in a performance by the New York
musical mainstream to accept. Determined to Philharmonic,fifty years after it had been written.
share his music with the few people who might The same year, lves received the Pulitzer Prize.
appreciate it, he published his work privately and He was seventy-three.
distributed it free.

In 1939, when lves was sixty-five, American
pianist John Kirkpatrick played Concord Sonata in

18. According to the passage, Ives shared his
music

GD by publishing free copies
by playing it himself

O by hiring musicians to perform
CD by teaching at Yale

19. Which of the following characteristics is
NOT true of the music of Charles Ives?

CD It included pieces of familiar songs.
CD It was very experimental.
O It was difficult to play.

a It was never appreciated.

20. How was the performance of Concord
Sonata received?

GD There were no reviews.
CB) The musicians felt it was i~nplayable.
O The public would not accept it.
CD It established Ives as an important

composer.

22. The following sentence can be added to the MODEL TEST 8 443
passage.
Bats are not dirty, bloodthirsty monsters as
Even during such a busy time in his portrayed in vampire films. These winged
career, he still dedicated himself to mammals groom themselves carefully like cats
composing music in the evenings, on and only rarely carry rabies. Of the hundreds of
weekends, and during vacations. species of bats, only three rely on blood meals. In
fact, the majority eat fruit, insects, spiders, or
Where would it best fit in the passage? small animals; some species gather nectar and
pollen from flowers. The environmental benefits of
Click on the square (m) to add the sentence bats are myriad. They consume an enormous
number of pests, pollinate many varieties of plant
to the passage. life, and help reforest huge tracts of barren land by
excreting millions of undigested seeds.
Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
Bats also have served as models for
marches, and battle songs, while experimenting sophisticated navigation systems in naval and
with the effects of polytonality, or the simultaneous airplane technology. Living models for radar and
use of two or more keys, and dissonance, or the sonar, almost all bats use echolocation to
clash of keys with conflicting rhythms and time. navigate, especially at night. As they fly, they emit
Even when he could convince some musicians to a series of high-pitched squeaks at the rate of
show some interest in his compositions, after about fifty per minute. As these signals bounce off
assessing them, conductors and performers said objects in their path, an echo is detected by the
that they were essentially unplayable. bats' sensitive ears that informs them of the
direction, distance, and nature of obstacles so that
Instead, he became a successful insurance they can undectake corrective or evasive action.
executive. building his company into the largest Echoes are used by bats but not because of
agency in the country in only two decades. physical limitatronsor impairments, for bats are
a Although he occasionally hired musicians to play not blind as widely assumed. In fact, all species of
one of his works privately for him, he usually bats can see, probably about as well as human
heard his music only in his imagination.a beings. Another myth, about bats being aggressive,
intentionally entangling themselves in the hair of
After he recovered from a serious heart human beings, is also totally unfounded. It has
attack, he became reconciled to the fact that his been shown in studies not only that bats are timid,
ideas, especially the use of dissonance and but also that they will assiduously avoid contact
special effects, were just too different for the with larger creatures than themselves if possible.
musical mainstreamto accept.a Determinedto
share his music with the few people who might Aggregation during the day may vary from
appreciate it, he published his work privately and small groups consisting of a single male and a
distributed it free. dozen or more females to huge colonies of many
thousands or even millions of individuals, hanging
In 1939, when lves was sixty-five, American upside down in caves or in hollow trees, buildings,
pianist John Kirkpatrick played Concord Sonata in or other protected shelters. Within their social
systems, bats assume specialized roles. Some
guard the entrance to their caves, others scout
for food, and still others warn the colony of
approachingdanger. An adult female bat usually
gives birth to only one pup per year, tenderly caring
for it, and a nursery colony within a larger colony
may provide mother bats with a safe, supportive
environment in which to rear their young.

444 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 27. Which of the following is NOT characteris-
tic of most bats?
23. With which of the following statements
would the author most probably agree? GD They pollinate plants.
GD They have specialized roles in their
a Bats are dirty and they carry rabies.
colony.
Bats are like the monsters in vampire O They use echolocation.
films. CD They eat blood.
O Bats are clean, helpful members of the
animal world. 28. The word t?fBE in paragraph 2 is closest in
meaning to
a Bats are not very important in the ani-
GD send
mal world. GD continue
O find
24. ~ c c b r d i nto~the passage, what do most bats CD stop
eat?
Bats are not dirty, bloodthirsty monsters as
GD Blood meals portrayed in vampire films. These winged
GD Fruit and insects mammals groom themselves carefully like cats
O Leaves and trees and only rarely carry rabies. Of the hundreds of
CD Large animals species of bats, only three rely on blood meals. In
fact, the majority eat fruit, insects, spiders, or
25. Look at the word l%RtRYB in the passage. small animals; some species gather nectar and
Click on the word in the bold text that pollen from flowers. The environmental benefits of
is closest in meaning to enofi533. bats are myriad. They consume an enormous
number of pests, pollinate many varieties of plant
Bats are not dirty, bloodthirsty monsters as life, and help reforest huge tracts of barren land by
portrayed in vampire films. These wrnged excreting millions of und~gestedseeds.
mammals groom themselves carefully like cats
and only rarely carry rabies. Of the hundreds of Bats also have served as models for
species of bats, only three rely on blood meals. In sophisticated navigation systems in naval and
fact, the majority eat fruit, insects, spiders, or airplane technology. L~vingmodels for radar and
small animals; some species gather nectar and sonar, almost all bats use echolocation to
pollen from flowers. The environmental benefits of navigate, especially at night. As they fly, theyemlt
bats are myriad. They consume an e1%6~riiious a series of high-pitched squeaks at the rate of
number of pests, pollinate many varieties of plant about fifty per minute. As these signals bounce off
life, and help reforest huge tracts of barren land by objects in their path, an echo is detected by the
excreting millions of undigested seeds. bats' sensitive ears that informs them of the
direction, distance, and nature of obstacles so that
Bats also have served as models for they can undertake corrective or evasive action.
sophisticated navigation systems in naval and Echoes are used by bats but not because of
airplane technology. Living models for radar and
sonar, almost all bats use echolocation to According to the passage, how do bats navi-
navigate, especially at night. As they fly, they emit gate?
a series of high-pitched squeaks at the rate of
about f~ftyper m~nuteAs these slgnals bounce off GD By responding to the echoes of their
objects in their path, an echo is detected by the signals bouncing off objects
bats' sensltrve ears that informs them of the
d~rectiond, istance, and nature of obstacles so that a By warning the colony of approaching
they can undertake correctwe or evasive action
Echoes are used by bats but not because of danger with high squeaks
O By beating their wings fifty times per
26. How do bats help reforest the land?
minute
C 9 By eating pests CD By using their sensitive ears to hear the
By hanging upside down in trees at
night noises in their environment

O By excreting seeds
CD By taking evasive action

30. The word €FiRiiin paragraph 2 refers to MODEL TEST 8 445

signals 32. Look at the word SRR in the passage.
GD objects Click on the word or phrase in the bold text
O bats that SiFfiE refers to.

a squeaks

- --- intentionally entangling themselves in the hair of i
human beings, is also totally unfounded. It has
r B a t i are not d~rtyb, loodthirsty monsters aTiiiC+l been shown in studies not only that bats are timid, 1
portrayed in vampire~films.These winged but also that they will assiduously avoid contact
mammals groom themselves carefully like cats with farger creatures than themselves if possible. ,
and only rarely carry rabies. Of the hundreds of
species of bats, only three rely on blood meals. In Aggregation during the day may vary from !
fact, the majority eat fruit, insects, spiders, or small groups consisting of a single male and a
small animals; some species gather nectar and dozen or more females to huge colonies of many 'I
pollen from flowers. The environmental benefits of thousands or even millions of individuals, hanging
bats are myriad. They consume an enormous upside down in caves or in hollow trees, buildings, 1
number of pests, pollinate many varieties of plant or other protected shelters. Within their social
life, and help reforest huge tracts of barren land by systems, bats assume specialized roles. Some
excreting millions of undigested seeds. guard the entrance to their caves, others scout
Bats also have sewed as models for for food, and still others warn the colony of
sophisticated navigation systems in naval and approaching danger. An adult female bat usually
airplane technology. Living models for radar and gives birth to only one pup per year, tenderly caring
sonar, almost all bats use echolocation to for it, and a nursery colony within a larger colony
navigate, especially at night. As they fly, they emit may provide mother bats with a safe, supportive
a series of high-pitched squeaks at the rate of environment in which to rear their young.
about fifty per minute. As these signals bounce off
objects in their path, an echo is detected by the I+
bats' sensitive ears that Informsthem of the
direction, distance, and nature of obstacles so that
thev can undertake corrective or evasive action.
Echoes are used by bats but not because of

31. Click on the sentence in paragraph 2 that
refers to the visual range of bats.

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (->).

-+ Bats also have served as models for
sophisticated navigation systems in naval and
airplane technology. Living models for radar and
sonar, almost all bats use echolocation to
navigate, especially at night. As they fly, they emit
a series of high-pitched squeaks at the rate of
about fifty per minute. As these signals bounce off
objects in their path, an echo is detected by the
bats' sensitive ears that informs them of the
direction, distance, and nature of obstacles so that
they can undertake corrective or evasive action.
Echoes are used by bats but not because of
physical limitations or impairments,for bats are
not blind as widely assumed. In fact, all species of
bats can see, probably about as well as human
beings. Another myth, about bats being aggressive,
intentionally entangling themselves in the hair of
human being.s, is also totally unfounded. It has
been shown in studies not only that bats are timid,
but also that they will assiduously avoid contact
with larger creatures than themselves if possible.

Aggregation during the day may vary from
small groups consisting of a single male and a
dozen or more females to huge colonies of many

446 TOEFL MODEL TESTS The fact that most Americans live in urban areas
does not mean that they reside in the center of large
33. The following sentence can be added to the cities. In fact, more Americans live in the suburbs of
passage. large metropolitan areas than in the cities themselves.

It is a little known fact that bats are The Bureau of the Census regards any area with
highly social creatures. more than 2500 people as an urban area, and does
not consider boundaries of cities and suburbs.
Where would it best fit in the passage? According to the Bureau, the political boundaries are
less significant than the social and economic
(m)Click on the square to add the sentence relationships and the transportation and
communication systems that integrate a locale. The
to the passage. term used by the Bureau for an integrated metropolis
is an MSA, which stands for Metropolitan Statistical
Scroll the passage to see all of the choices. Area. In general, an MSA is any area that contains a
city and its surrounding suburbs and has a total
intentionally entangling themselves in the hair of %; population of 50,000 or more.
human beings, is also totally unfounded. It has -,..:*'.
been shown in studies not only that bats are timid, ,1 At the present time, the Bureau reports more than
but also that they will assiduously avoid contact L. 280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of
with larger creatures than themselves if possible. .q the US population. In addition, the Bureau recognizes
eighteen megapolises, that is, continuous adjacent
Aggregation during the day may vary from h11 metropolitan areas. One of the most obvious
small groups consisting of a single male and a megapolises includes a chain of hundreds of cities
dozen or more females to huge colonies of many ./', and suburbs across ten states on the East Coast from
thousands or even millions of individuals, hanging Massachusetts to Virginia, ~ncludingBoston, New
upside down in caves or in hollow trees, buildings, I^- York, and Washington, D.C. In the Eastern Corridor,
or other protected shelters.. Within their social as it is called, a population of 45 million inhabitants is
systems, bats assume specialized roles.rn Some ?-- concentrated. Another megapolis that is growing
guard the entrance to their caves, others scout rapidly is the California coast from San Francisco
for food, and still others warn the colony of .-b through Los Angeles to San D~ego.
approaching danger..An adult female bat usually
gives birth to only one pup per year, tenderly caring ??#
for it, and a nursery colony within a larger colony
may provide mother bats with a safe, supportive *-;-
environment in which to rear their young. W'

,,.."

.%b- '

i,'.

;' !,**

/:,Y,'. r.-

I.;
'i 8

A.

i

1:)

..--%.

.

L.

-+.

34. Which of the following is the best title for MODEL TEST 8 447
the passage?
38. Which of the following are NOT considered
a Metropolitan Statistical Areas important in defining an urban area?

CD Types of Population Centers a Political boundaries
O The Bureau of the Census
CD Megapolises CD Transportation networks
O Social relationships
35. According to the passage, where do most
Americans live? a Economic systems

@ In the center of cities 39. The word hrepratis in paragraph 2 is closest
GD In the suburbs surrounding large cities in meaning to
O In rural areas
CD In small towns GD benefit
define
36. Look at the word ER'EZ in the passage.
Click on the word in the bold text that is O unite
GD restrict
closest in meaning to r e m e .
- ~-
The fact that most Americans live in urban areas
does not meanthat they reside inthe center of large The fact that most Americans live in urban area:,
cities.In fact, more Americans live in the suburbs of
large metropolitan areas than in the cities themselves. 1does not mean that they reside in the center of large -

The Bureau of the Census regards any area with c~tiesIn fact, more Amer~canslive in the suburbs ot
more than 2500 people as an urban area, and does large metropolitanareas than in the cities themselves. '
not consider boundaries of cities and suburbs. ,The Bureau of the Census regards any area with
According to the Bureau, the political boundaries are more than 2500 people as an urban area, and does 1
less significant than the social and economic I
relationships and the transportation and not consider boundaries of cities and suburbs.
communicationsystems that integrate a locale. The
I term used by the Bureau for an integrated metropolis According to the Bureau, the political boundariesare
IS an MSA, which stands for Metropolitan Statistical
Area. In general, an MSA is any area that contains a less significant than the social and economic
city and its surrounding suburbs and has a total
population of 50,000 or more. relationshipsand the transportation and

At the present time, the Bureau reports more than communication systems that integrate a locale. The
280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of
the US population. In addition, the Bureau recognizes term used by the Bureau for an integratedmetropolis
eighteen megapolises, that is, continuous adjacent
metropolitan areas. One of the most obvious is an MSA, which stands for MetropolitanStatistical
I megapolises includes a chain of hundreds of cities
and suburbs across ten states on the East Coast from Area. In general, an MSA is any area that contains a 1

I Massachusetts to Virginia, including Boston, New city and its surrounding suburbs and has a total

populationof 50,000 or more.

At the present time, the Bureau reports more than

280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of

the US population.In addition, the Bureau recognizes

eighteen megapolises, that is, continuous adjacent

metropolitanareas.One of the most obvious

1megapolises includes a chain of hundredsof cities 1

and suburbs across ten states on the East Coast from

Massachusettsto Virginia, including Boston, New

37. According to the Bureau of the Census, what
is an urban area?

GD An area with 2500 people or more
CD An area with at least 50,000 people
O The eighteen largest cities

a A chain of adjacent cities

448 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 42. Click on the paragraph that identifies the
U.S. population now living in MSAs.
40. Look at the word IRZ5 in the passage.
Click on the word in the bold text that is Scroll the passage to see all of the para-
closest in meaning to IoEale . graphs.

According to the Bureau, the political boundaries are 43. The word in paragraph 3 is closest
less significant than the social and economic in meaning to

--__relationshipsand the transportation and @ beside each other
CD growing very fast
comrnunjcation systems that integrate a locale. The O the same size
term used by the Bureau for an integrated metropolis
is an MSA, which stands for Metropolitan Statistical densely populated
A m . In general, an MSA is any area that contains a
city and its surrounding suburbs and has a total flArea. In general, an MSA IS any area that contains a
population of 50,000 or more.
city and its surrounding suburbs and has a total
At the present time, the Bureau reports more than population of 50,000 or more.
280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of
the US population. In addition, the Bureau recognizes At the present time, the Bureau reports more than
eighteen megapolises, that is, continuous adjacent 280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of
metropolitanareas. One of the most obvious the US population. In addition, the Bureau recognizes
rnegapolisesincludes a Chain of hundreds of cities eighteen rnegapolises, that is, continuousadjacent
and suburbs across ten states on the East Coast from metropolitanareas. One of the most obvious
Massachusettsto Virginia, including Boston, New megapolises includes a chain of hundreds of cities
York, and Washington, D.C. In the Eastern Corridor, and suburbs across ten states on the East Coast from
as it is called, a population of 45 million inhabitants is Massachusettsto Virginia, including Boston, New
concentrated.Another rnegapolis that is growing York, and Washington, D.C. In the Eastern Corridor,
rapidly is the California coast from San Francisco as it is called, a population of 45 million inhabitants is
through Los Angeles to San Diego. concentrated.Another rnegapolis that is growing
rapidly is the California coast from San Francisco
41. The word ITin paragraph 2 refers to through Los Angeles to San Diego.

CD the MSA's
CD the area's
O the city's

a the population's

According to the Bureau, the political boundaries are I1 "1I 44. According to the passage, what is a
less significant than the social and economic megapolis?
relationships and the transportation and
communicationsvstems that integrate a locale. The GD One of the ten largest cities in the
term used by the-~ureaufor an litegrated metropolis United States
IS an MSA, which stands for Metropolitan Statist~cal
CD One of the eighteen largest cities in the
Area. In general, an MSA is any area that contains a :
city andits surrounding suburbs and has a total United States
O One of the one hundred cities between
population of 50,000 or more.
Boston and Washington
At the present time, the Bureau reports more than '.
a Any number of continuous adjacent
280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of .
cities and suburbs
the US population. In addition, the Bureau recognizes ?:

.eighteen megapolises, that is, continuous adjacent

metropolitanareas. One of the most obvious

rnegapolises includes a chain of hundreds of cities

and suburbs across ten states on the East Coast from

Massachusettsto Virginia, including Boston, New

York, and Washington, D.C. In the Eastern Corridor,

as it is called, a population of 45 million inhabitants is

concentrated.Another megapolis that is growing

rapidly is the California coast from San Francisco

through Los Angeles to San Diego.

MODEL TEST 8 449

45. Why does the author mention the Eastern
Corridor and the California coast in para-
graph 3?

As examples of megapolises
C D Because 75 percent of the population

lives there
O To conclude the passage

The Bureau of the Census is located
there

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow (+).

Area. In general, an MSA is any area that contains a
city and its surrounding suburbs and has a total
population of 50,000 or more.
-+ At the present time, the Bureau reports more than
280 MSAs, which together account for 75 percent of
the US population. In addition, the Bureau recognizes
eighteen megapolises,that is, continuous adjacent
metropolitanareas. One of the most obvious
rnegapolises includes a chain of hundreds of cities
and suburbs across ten states on the East Coast from
Massachusettsto Virginia, including Boston, New
York, and Washington, D.C. In the Eastern Corridor,
as it is called, a population of 45 million inhabitants is
concentrated. Another megapolisthat is growing
rapidly is the California coast from San Francisco
through Los Angeles to San Diego.

To check your answers for Model Test 8,
refer to the Answer Key on page 495. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 8 on
pages 641-660.

450 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Writing Section:
Model Test 8

When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be
closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using
the guidelines on page 244 of this book.

Read and think about the following statement: The college years are the best time in a person's
life. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give reasons to support your opinion.
Notes

To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 495. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 8 on
pages 660-66 1.