4. Barrons TOEFL

29. The word in paragraph 2 could best MODELTEST 4 351
be replaced by
33. The following sentence can be added to the
strange passage.
CD elaborate
O huge Some acacias are popular in landscaping
because of their graceful shapes, lacey
a fragile foliage, and fragrant blossoms.

includes peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and pods Where would it best fit in the passage?
with beanlike seeds. Some acacias actually
produce edible crops. Other Acacia varieties are Click on the square (m) to add the sentence
valued for the sticky resin, called gum arabic or
gum acacia, used widely in medicines, foods, and to the passage.
perfumes, for the dark dense wood prized for
making pianos, or for the bark, rich in tannin, a Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
dark, acidic substance used to cure the hides of
animals, transforming them into leather. The Acacia, a genus of trees and shrubs of i~
the mimosa family that originated in Australia, has
Nearly five hundred species of Acacia have long been used there in building simple mud and ~I 1
been analyzed, identified, categorized, and proven stick structures.mThe acacia is called a wattle in
capable of survival in hot and generally arid parts Australia, and the structures are said to be made i
of the world; however, only a dozen of the three of daub and wattle.mThe acacia is actually related
hundredAustralian varieties thrive in the southern to the family of plants known as legumes that 1
United States. Most acacia imports are low includes peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and pods
spreadingtrees, but of these, only three flower, with beanlike seeds. Some acacias actually 1
including the Bailey Acacia with fernlike silver produce edible crops. nOther Acacia varieties are
leaves and small, fragrant flowers arranged in valued for the sticky resin, called gum arabic or I
rounded clusters, the Silver Wattle,similar to the gum acacia, used widely in medicines, foods, and
Bailey Acacia, which grows twice as high, and the perfumes, for the dark dense wood prized for I
squat Sydney Golden Wattle, bushy with broad, making pianos, or for the bark, rich in tannin, a
flat leaves, sh;owy bright yellow blossoms, and dark, acidic substance used to cure the hides of
sharp spined twigs. Another variety, the Black animals, transforming them into leather.
Acacia, also called the Blackwood, has dark green
Nearly five hundred species of Acacia have
30. Whlch of the following Acacias has the been analyzed, identified, categorized, and proven
least colorful blossoms? capable of survival in hot and generally arid parts
of the world; however, only a dozen of the three
a Bailey Acacia hundred Australian varieties thrive in the southern
United States. Most acacia imports are low
CD Sydney Golden Wattle spreading trees, but of these, only three flower,
O Silver Wattle including the BaileyAcacia with fernlike silver
CD Black Acacia

31. Which of the following would most proba-
bly be made from a Black Acacia tree?

a A flower arrangement

CD A table
O A pie

a Paper

32. When do Acacia trees bloom in Australia?

CD February
@ Summer
O August
CD Spring

352 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 34. Which of the following would be the best
title for this passage?
In 1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch
settlements in North America known as New a A History of New York City
Amsterdam, negotiated with Canarsee chiefs for a An Account of the Dutch Colonies
the purchase of Manhattan Island.for merchandise
valued at sixty guilders or about $24.12. He O A Biography of Peter Minuit
purchasedthe island for the Dutch West India
Company. a The First Capital of the United States

The next year, Fort Amsterdam was built by 35. What did the Native Americans receive in
the company at the extreme southern tip of the exchange for their island?
island. Because attempts to encourage Dutch
immigration were not immediately successful, (23 Sixty Dutch guilders
offers, generous by the standards of the era, were C D $24.12 U.S.
extended throughout Europe. Consequently,the O Goods and supplies
settlement became the most heterogeneousof the
North Americancolonies. By 1637, the fort had a Land in New Amsterdam
expanded into the village of New Amsterdam,
other small communities had grown up around it, 36. Where was New Amsterdam located?
includingNew Haarlemand Stuyvesant's
Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper, a In Holland
developing characteristics of religious and
linguistic tolerance unusual for the times. By 1643, In North America
it was reported that eighteen different languages O On the island of Manhattan
could be heard in New Amsterdam alone. C D In India

Among the multilingual settlers was a large
group of English colonists from Connecticutand
Massachusettswho supported the English King's
claim to all of New Netherlands set out in a charter
that gave the territory to his brother James, Duke
of York. In 1644, when the English sent a formidable
fleet of warships into the New Amsterdam harbor,
Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered
without resistance.

When the English acquired the island, the
village of New Amsterdam was renamed New
York in honor of the Duke. By the onset of the
Revolution, New York City was already a bustling
commercial center. After the war, it was selected
as the first capital of the United States. Although
the government was eventually moved, first to
Philadelphia and then to Washington, D.C., New
York maintained its status. It became a haven for
pirates who conspired with leading merchantsto
exchange supplies for their ships in return for a
share in the plunder. As a colony. New York
exchanged many agricultural products for English
manufacturedgoods. In addition, trade with the
West lndies prospered. Three centuries after his
initial trade with the Native Americans, Minuit's tiny
investment was worth more than seven billion dollars.

MODEL TEST 4 353

37. What does the author mean by the statement 38. The word in paragraph 2
B F E a T s ~ 9 ~ g ~ - could best be replaced by
immigration were not immediately

successful, offers, generous by the sXBlBBtF liberal

of the era, were extended throughout Europe ? CD renowned

O diverse

GD Other Europeans were given opportuni- a prosperous

ties to immigrate to the new world after

a slow response by the Dutch.

Since the Dutch immigration was so In 1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch
successful, opportunities were provided settlements in North America known as New
for the Europeans to immigrate to the Amsterdam, negotiatedwith Canarsee

new world also. chiefs for the purchase of Manhattan Island for
The Dutch took advantage of opportuni- merchandisevalued at sixty guilders or about
ties to immigrate to Europe instead of to $24.12. He purchased the island for the Dutch
West lndia Company.

the new world. The next year, Fort Amsterdam was built by
Immigration to the new world required the company at the extreme southern tip of the
that the Dutch and other Europeans wait island. Because attempts to encourage Dutch
until opportunities were available. ~mmigrationwere not immediatelysuccessful,
offers, generous by the standards of the era, were
extended throughout Europe. Consequently, the

settlement became the mostheterogeneousof the

North American colonies. By 1637, the fort had
expanded into the village of New Amsterdam,

In 1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch other small communities had grown up around it,
settlements in North America known as New including New Haariem and Stuyvesant's
Amsterdam, negotiatedwith Canarsee Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper,
chiefs for the purchase of Manhattan Island for developing characteristics of religious and
merchandise valued at sixty guilders or about linguistic tolerance unusual for the times. By 1643,
$24.12. He purchasedthe island for the Dutch it was reported that eighteen different languages
West lndia Company. could be heard in New Amsterdam alone.

The next year, Fort Amsterdam was built by Among the multilingual settlers was a large

the company at the extreme southern tip of the

island.P3ecaGetatt'eKist o ~ n c o i j ~De f i h

fmmigiation were not immediately successful,
affers, generous by the standards of the era, w m
extended throughout Europe. Consequently, the
settlement became the most heterogeneous of the

North American colonies. By 1637, the fort had

expanded into the village of New Amsterdam,

other small communities had grown up around it,

including New Haarlem and Stuyvesant's
Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper,
developing characteristicsof religiousand
linguistic tolerance unusualfor the times. By 1643,

it was reportedthat eighteen different languages
could be heard in New Amsterdam alone.

Among the multilingualsettlers was a large

354 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 41. The word in paragraph 3 is

39. Why were so many languages spoken in closest in meaning to
New Amsterdam?
GD powerful
GD The Dutch West India Company
was owned by England. modem

a The Dutch West India Company O expensive

allowed freedom of speech. a unexpected
O The Dutch West India Company
extended throughout Europe. Consequently,the
recruited settlers from many different settlement became the most heteroqeneous of the
Countries in Europe. North American colonies. By 1637, the fort had
expanded into the village of New Amsterdam,
a The Indians who lived there other small communities had grown up around it,
including New Haarlem and Stuyvesant's
before the Dutch West India Company Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper,
purchase spoke many languages. developing characteristicsof religious and
linguistic tolerance unusual for the times. By 1643,
40.Look at the word lVF in the passage. Click it was reportedthat eighteen different languages
on the word or phrase in the bold text that could be heard in New Amsterdam alone.

TE refers to. Among the multilingualsettlers was a large
group of English colonists from Connecticut and
extended throughout Europe. Consequently, the Massachusetts who supported the English King's
settlement became the most heterogeneous of the claim to all of New Netherlandsset out in a charter
North American colonies. By 1637, the fort had that gave the territory to his brother James, Duke
expanded into the village of New Amsterdam, of York. In 1644,when the English sent a fon-idable
other small communities had grown up around it, fleet of warships into the New Amsterdam harbor,
including New Haarlem and Stuyvesant's Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered
Bouwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper, without resistance.
developing characteristicsof religious and
linguistic tolerance unusualfor the times. By 1643, When the English acquired the island, the
it was reportedthat eighteen different languages village of New Amsterdam was renamed New
could be heard in New Amsterdam alone. York in honor of the Duke. By the onset of the
Revolution, New York City was already a bustling
Among the multilingual settlers was a large
group of English colonists from Connecticut and 42. Click on the paragraph that explains the
Massachusetts who supported the English King's reason for renaming New Amsterdam.
claim to all of New Netherlands set out in a charter
that gave the territory to his brother James, Duke Scroll the passage to see all of the para-
of York. In 1644,when the English sent a formidable graphs.
fleet of warships into the New Amsterdam harbor,
Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered
without resistance.

When the English acquired the island, the
village of New Amsterdam was renamed New
York in honor of the Duke. By the onset of the
Revolution, New York City was already a bustling

43. The word in paragraph 4 refers to MODEL TEST 4 355

'@ Revolution 44. Which city was the first capital of the new
New York City United States?

O the island New Amsterdam
@> the first capital (@, New York
O Philadelphia
Massachusettswho supported the English King's @, Washington
claim to all of New Netherlands set out in a charter
that gave the territory to his brother James, Duke 45. On what date was Manhattan valued at
of York. In 1644, when the English sent a formidable $7 billion?
fleet of warships into the New Amsterdam harbor,
Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant surrendered
without resistance.

When the English acquired the island, the
village of New Amsterdam was renamed New
York in honor of the Duke. By the onset of the
Revolution, New York City was already a bustling
commercial center. After the war, 'it was selected
as the first capital of the United States. Although
the government was eventually moved, first to
Philadelphiaand then to Washington, D.C., New
York maintained its status. It became a haven for
pirates who conspired with leading merchants to
exchange supplies for their ships in return for a
share in the plunder. As a colony, New York
exchanged many agricultural products for English
manufacturedgoods. In addition, trade with the
West lndies prospered. Three centuries after his
initial trade with the Indians, Minuit's tiny investment
was worth more than seven billion dollars.

To check your answers for Model Test 4,
refer to the Answer Key on page 491. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 4 on
pages 561-579.

356 TOEFL MODELTESTS

Writing Section:
Model Test 4

When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be
closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using
the guidelines on page 244 of this book.

I n your opinion, what is the best way to choose a marriagepartner?Use specific reasons and ex-
amples why you think this approach i s best.

Notes

To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 491. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 4 on
page 580.

MODEL TEST 5 357

Model Test 5

Computer-Assisted TOEFL

Section 1:
Listening

The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You will use headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the
Listening Section, with special directions for each part.

On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening
material and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or
have any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices ap-
pear. You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage to
answer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want
before you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.

Before you begin worlung on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the test.

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A

In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.

Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.

1. What is the man going to do? 3. What does the man imply?

GD He will borrow some typing paper from a He could not stay with his parents.
the woman.
CD He did not want to change his plans.
GD He will lend the woman some typing O He will not go to summer school.
paper. C D He has completed all the courses.

O He will type the woman's paper. 4. What are the speakers discussing?

CD He will buy some typing paper for the GD The telephone
woman.
a An apartment
2. What can be inferred about the man?
O Utilities
GD He is a student at the university.
CD Furniture
GD He is not driving a car.
O He knows the woman. 5. What does the woman imply?
CD He needs to go to the drug store.
She likes Dr. Taylor's class.

a She is not sure how Dr. Taylor feels.

O She did not get an A on the paper.

CD She is not doing very well in the class.

CD Be a subject in an experiment CD Where the woman will go to school
O Ask Sandy to participate O States in the Midwest
CD The University of Minnesota
a Go to a psychologist
13. What will the woman probably do?
7. What can be inferred about the study group
meeting? GD Buy a ticket
CD Go to room 27
@ The speakers did not go to the study O Take a test in room 32
group meeting. CD Show the man her ticket

CD The woman went to the study group 14. What can be inferred about the woman?

meeting, but the man did not. GD She wasn't able to attend the reception.
O The man went to the study group meet- CD She is an honors student.
O She likes flowers very much.
ing, but the woman did not. CD She is a teacher.

a Both speakers went to the study group 15. What does the woman suggest that Terry
do?
meeting.
@ Try to be in class more often
8. What does the man mean? CD Try to get the work done
O Take the class twice
GD The woman can borrow his pen.
GD A pen might be a good gift. aTake the class next term
O Her advisor would probably like a card.
CD A gift is not necessary. 16. What does the man mean?

9. What does the woman mean? GD He does not like English.
CD Graduate school is easier than teaching.
GD She does not want to leave. O It is not surprising that the woman is
CD She must stay.
O She did not like the dorm. doing well.
CD She is undecided.
a The course is very interesting.
10. What does the woman imply?
17. What problem do the students have?
GD The man may be taking on too much.
CD The job is more important than school. GD They are going to make a group presen-
O The opportunity is very good. tation.

aThe contract may not be valid. GD They don't want to have Jane in their
group.
11. What does the man suggest the woman do?
O Carl does not want to be in their group.
a Call his family
a They are not good presenters.
CD Write a letter
O Send postcards
C D Buy presents

MODEL TEST 5 359

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part B
In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conversation

or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be repeated.

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the top-
ics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.

For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special di.rections.The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.

18. What problem do the speakers have? 23. According to the lecturer, what were the two
ships commanded by Captain Cook?
@ They do not have a syllabus.
GD They do not understand the requirement -n z answers:

for the research paper. The Third Voyage
CD They do not have an appointment with The Resolution
The Discovery
the professor. The England
CD They do not know the professor's office
24. Why does the professor mention the name
hours. Launo ?

19. How much does the research paper count to- It was the original name for the Hawai-
ward the grade for the course? ian Islands before Cook's arrival.
C D It was the name of the king of Hawaii at
C D It is not clear from the syllabus. the time of Cook's exploration.
It is valued at half of the total points for O It was the name of the god that the is-
the course. landers believed Cook embodied.
C D It was the name of the welcome cere-
O It is worth ten points. mony that the islanders gave Cook.

a It will count thirty points. 25. The professor briefly explains a sequence of
events in the history of Hawaii.
20. What did the professor say last week? Summarize the sequence by putting the
events in order.
CD She mentioned presentations.
GD She discussed the syllabus. the space where i t b e l o n ~ k .
O She answered questions. ' Use each scntence only once
CD She made appointments.
Captain Cook and four of his crew were
21. What will the students probably do? killed.
The islanders and the crew began to
GD Prepare a presentation of the research fight.
CD Make an appointment to see the profes- The king was to be taken hostage.
A small boat was stolen from the crew.
sor
O Ask questions about the assignment in

class

CD Go to see the professor during office

hours

22. What is the main subject of this lecture?

a Captain Cook's life

@ History of Hawaii
O Captain Cook's exploration of Hawaii

a Hawaiian culture

360 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 31. How are the words referred to in the
discussion?
26. What is an alloy?
empty box in the correct column.
GO Impure metals that occur accidentally " ' Use each word only once. ..,
CD Metals melted into liquid form
O A planned combination of metals for a color theater
centre honour
specific purpose
CD Industrial metals that do not have to be

very pure

What does the speaker say about the proper-
ties of alloys?

They are chosen for a particular pur- 32. What can be inferred about the wordflat in
pose. British English?
They are combined in specific propor-
tions. G9 It has a different spelling from that of
American English.
fl They are dificult to determine because
GD It has a different meaning from that of
there is more than one metal involved. American English.
They occur accidentally in nature.
O The pronunciation is so different that it
28. Why does the speaker use the example of cannot be understood by Americans.
the aircraft industry?
C D It is really about the same in American
To demonstrate how alloys can be used English.
to solve industrial problems
C D To emphasize the importance of the avi- 33. On what did the class agree?
ation industry
O To compare alloys and other mixtures British English and American English
CD To illustrate how metals can be used are the same.
without alloying them CD British English and American English
are so different that Americans cannot
29. What is the difference between combina- understand the English when they speak.
tions of metals in nature and alloys? O British English and American English
have different spelling and vocabulary
GD Mixtures of metals in nature afe very but the same pronunciation.
pure.
a British English and American English
CD Combinations of metals do not occur in
nature. have slightly different spelling, vocabu-
Metals combined in nahlre are mixed in lary, and pronunciation, but Americans
random proportion. and the English still understand each
other.
CD Alloys are mixtures, but metals that
occur in nature are not. 34. What is the presentation mainly about?

30. What do the speakers mainly discuss? a The National Department of Education

British English pronunciation GD School boards
C D Spelling patterns O Public schools in the United States
O British and American English CD Local control of schools

a Movies

MODEL TEST 5 361

35. What surprised the presenter about her 39. How much does the plan cost?

research? GD Fourteen dollars a week

GD Public schools are not the same CD Thirty dollars a week
throughout the United States.
O Thirty-six dollars a week
C D The school board members are not pro- CD Forty-two dollars a week

fessional educators.

O The federal department is not the same 40. Why do most residents order a pizza or go

as a department of education in many out to eat on Sundays?

other countries. Many of them live close enough to go
home for the day.
a The members of the school board serve CD They are tired of the food in the dormi-

without pay.

36. How does each of the persons identified tory.
contribute to the operation of schools in the O No meals are served on Sunday.
United States?
a Some of them have dates on the week-
s
end.

empty box in the correct row. 41. How will the man pay for the meals?

w - Use each word only once. a He will pay the woman in cash for the

superintendent first quarter.
school board member CD He will use his credit card to pay the
resident of the district
woman.
O He will wait to receive a bill from the

governs the local dormitory.
school district CD He will write a check on a form provid-

carries out the policies ed by the woman.

of the governing board 42. What will the man probably do?

elects the members Pay the bill now
of the governing board
CD Give the woman his credit card

37. According to the speaker, what is the func- O Fill out a form
tion of the department of education in the C D Think about his options

United States? 43. What is hydroponics?

To support research projects GD Growing plants without soil
To organize a national curriculum C D Mixing nutrients in water
To monitor national legislation for O Finding the chemical composition of
schools
To appoint local school boards soil
Solving problems in the water system
38. What kind of meal plan does the man decide
to buy? 44. Why does the professor suggest that the stu-
dents refer to their lab workbook?
Breakfast
Lunch @ To see the diagram of the class
Dinner experiment
Supper
OD To read an experiment on plant growth
O To find a list of substances that plants

need
C D To locate the instructions for building a

hydroponics tank

362 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 48. What are the speakers discussing?

45. According to the speaker, why are roots im- @ A class that the woman missed
portant to plants? GD A book that they have both read
O A TV show that the man saw
To absorb water and nutrients
To take in oxygen a A video that they saw in class
To suspend the plants directly in the
solution 49. Who was Harriet Tubman?
To filter out toxins
GD She was one of the first freed slaves to
46. Why was the pump attached to the tank in work on the railroad.
this experiment?
OD She was a slave who worked under-
a It was needed to mix the nutrients in the ground in the mines.

solution. O She was a former slave who lived in
It was used to pump out harmful chemi- Canada.
cals.
O It was required to pump oxygen into the CD She was a slave who escaped from her
solution. owners in Maryland during the Civil
@ It was necessary to anchor the plants. war.

47. What does the professor want the students 50. What impressed the man about Harriet Tub-
to do with the specimen of the nutrient man's story?
solution?
GD She used the North Star to guide her to
GD Take a taste of it a free state.
C D Make a drawing of it
O Observe it and draw conclusions CD She returned to Maryland to help three
C D Put it in the tank hundred slaves escape.

O She founded the underground railroad.
CD She was a slave for nineteen years.

MODELTEST 5 363

Section 2:
Structure

This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.

In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a
choice darkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be pre-
sented.

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.

1. Gunpowder, in some ways the most effective 5. In a new culture, many embarrassing situa-

aa tions occur a misunderstanding.

of a]l the explosive materials, were a mixture GD for

aa a of

of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. O because of
CD because
2. As the demand increases, manufacturers who

previouslv produced only a large, luxury car 6. Factoring is the process of finding two or

-is compelled to make a smaller model in a GD

a aa more expressions whose product is
O
order to compete in the market.
equal as the given expression.

a

3. There are twenty species of wild roses in 7. Schizophrenia, a behavioral disorder

a typified by a fundamental break with reality,

North America, all of which have prickly aa

a may be triggered by genetic predisposition,
O
stems, pinnate leaves, and large flowers,
stressful, drugs, or infections.
which usually smell sweetly.
a
0a

4. Professional people expect when it 8. Sedimentary rocks are formed below the

is necessary to cancel an appointment. surface of the Earth very high tem-

QD you to call them peratures and pressures.

CD that you would call them where there are
@ there are
O your calling them O where are there
that you are calling them C D there are where

continue fanning, she may never have -d.eve.lo-. in the United States, New York

a a0

begun to pi&. City has played a vital role.

0a a

10. A computer is usually chosen because of 16. When a body enters the Earth's atmosphere,
its simplicity of operation and ease of
~r~aintenance its capacity to store it travels .
information.
very rapidly
Q9 the same as
a in a rapid manner
CD the same
O fastly
O as well as
CD with great speed
a as well
17. Employers often require that candidates
11. Although the Red Cross accepts blood from
GD have not only a degree .

most donors, the nurses will not leaveyou GD but two years experience

a CD also two years experience

give blood if you have just had a cold. O but also two years experience

0a a but more two years experience

12. that gold was discovered at Sutter's 18. The salary of a bus driver is much higher
Mill and that the California Gold Rush
began. GD i.ncomparison with the salary of a
teacher
Because in 1848
CD That in 1848 GD than a teacher

a In 1848 that it was O than that of a teacher

C D It was in 1848 CD to compare as a teacher

13. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds 19. Farmers look forward to every
on adjacent hills. summer.

GD more frequently as GD participating in the county fairs
CD as frequently than CD participate in the county fairs
O more frequently than O be participating in the county fairs

afrequently than a have participated in the county fairs

14. The native people of the Americas are called 20. A turtle differs from all other reptiles in that

CD CD a

Indians because when Columbus landed in its body is encased in a protective shell

a of their own.

the Bahamas in 1492, he thought that he Oa
O

has reached the East Indies.

a

21. Excavations in a mound or village MODEL TEST 5 365
GD
24. One of the world's best-selling authors,
often reveal an ancient community that
a
a
Louis L' Amour said to have written 101
had been laying under &r reconstructions
a0
oa
books, mostly westerns.
of the city.
a
22. One of the first and ultimately the most
25. No other quality is more important for a
c9
aa
important purposeful of a reservoir was
scientist to acquire as to observe carefully.
a
0a
to control flooding.

0a

23. After seeing a movie based on a novel,

the book is read by many people

a the book made many people want to read it

O many people want to read the book

a the reading of the book interests many

people

366 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Section 3:
Reading

This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to
those that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section
contains reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of ques-
tions in this section.

In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll
bar to view the rest of the passage.

When you h w e finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.

Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.

To answer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.

Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate MODEL TEST 5 367
schooling that inspired Horace Mann to work so
hard to accomplish the important reforms in 1. Which of the following titles would best ex-
education that he advocated. While he was still a press the main topic of the passage?
boy, his father and older brother died, and he
became responsiblefor supporting his family. Like GD The Father of American Public
most of the children in his town, he attended Education
school only two or three months a year. Later, with
the help of several teachers, he was able to study CD Philosophy of Education
law and become a member of the Massachusetts O The Massachusetts State Board of
bar, but he never forgot those early struggles.
Education
While sewing in the Massachusetts C D Politics of Educational Institutions
legislature, he signed an historic education bill that
set up a state board of education. Without regret, 2. Why does the author mention Horace
he gave up his successful legal practice and Mann's early life?
politrcal career to become the first secretary of the
board. There he exercised an enormous influence GD As an example of the importance of an
during the critical period of reconstructionthat
brought into existence the American graded early education for success
elementary school as a substitute for the older
district school system. Under his leaders,hip,the a To make the biography more complete
curr~culumwas restructured, the school year was
increased to a minimum of six months, and O Because it served as the inspiration for
mandatory schooling was extended to age his later work in education
sixteen. Other important reforms that came into
existence under Mann's guidance included the CD In tribute to the teachers who helped
establishment of state normal schools for teacher
training, institutes for inservice teacher education, him succeed
and lyceums for adult education. He was also
instrumental in improving salaries for teachers and 3. The word in paragraph 1 could
creating school libraries.
best be replaced by
Mann's ideas about school reform were
developed and distributed in the twelve annual GD valuable experiences
reports to the state of Massachusettsthat he
wrote during his tenure as secretary of education. CD happy situations
Considered quite radical at the time, the (33 influential people
Massachusetts reforms later served as a model
for the nation's educational system. Mann was CD difficult times
formally recognized as the father of public
education. Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate 111~
schooling that inspired Horace Mann to work so
During his lifetime, Horace Mann worked hard to accomplish the important reforms in I
tirelessly to extend educational opportunities to education that he advocated. While he was still a
agrarian families and the children of poor laborers. boy, his father and older brother died, and he I1
In one of his last speeches he summed up his became responsible for supporting his family. Like
philosophyof education and life: "Be ashamed to most of the children in his town, he attended
die until you have won some victory for humanity." school only two or three months a year. Later, with
Surely, his own life was an example of that the help of several teachers, he was able to study
philosophy. law and become a member of the Massachusetts
bar, but he never forgot those early struggles.

While serving in the Massachusetts
legislature,he signed an historic education bill that
set up a state board of education. Without regret,
he gave up his successful legal practice and
political career to become the first secretary of the
board. There he exercised an enormous influence
during the critical period of reconstructionthat
brought into existence the American graded
elementary school as a substitute for the older
district school system. Under his leadership, the
curriculum was restructured, the school year was
increased to a minimum of six months, and
mandatory schooling was extended to age

368 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 6. Look at the word in the passage.

4. The word ffEE refers to Click on another word or phrase in the

the Massachusetts legislature bold text that is closest in meaning to
(ID the state board of education
O Mann's legal practice F+TrmmB.
CD his political career
law and become a member of the Massachusetts
Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate
schooling that inspired Horace Mann to work so bar, but he never forgot those early struggles.
hard to accomplish the important reforms in
education that he advocated. While he was still a While sewing in the Massachusetts
boy, his'father and older brother died, and he
became responsiblefor supporting his family. Like legislature, he signed an historic education bill that
most of the children in his town, he attended
school only two or three months a year. Later, with set up a state board of education. Without regret,
the help of several teachers, he was able to study
law and become a member of the Massachusetts he gave up his successful legal practice and
bar, but he never forgot those early struggles.
political career to become the first secretary of the
While serving in the Massachusetts
legislature, he signed an historic education bill that board. There he exercised an enormous influence
set up a state board of education. Without regret,
he gave up his successful legal practice and during the critical period of reconstructionthat
polit~caclareer to become the first secretary of the
board. fhere he exercised an enormous influence brought into existence the American graded
during the critical period of reconstructionthat
brought into existence the American graded elementary school as a substitute for the older
elementary school as a substitute for the older
district school system. Under his leadership, the district school system. Under his leadership, the
curriculum was restructured, the school year was
increased to a minimum of six months and curriculum was restructured, the school year was

increased to a minimum of six months, and

mandatory schooling was e m to age

sixteen. Other important reforms that came into

existence under Mann s guidance included the

establishment of state normal schools for teacher

training, institutes for inservice teacher education,

and lyceums for adult education. He was also

instrumentalin improving salaries for teachers and

creating school libraries.

Mann s ideas about school reform were

developed and distributed in the twelve annual

5. The word in paragraph 2 is 7. Click on the paragraph that explains how
the educational reforms were distributed.
closest in meaning to
Scroll the passage to see all of the para-
GD required graphs.
(ID equal

excellent
C D basic

Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate
schooling that inspired Horace Mann to work so
hard to accomplish the important reforms in
education that he advocated. While he was still a
boy, his father and older brother died, and he
became responsible for supporting his family. Like
most of the children in his town, he attended
school only two or three months a year. Later, with
the help of several teachers, he was able to study
law and become a member of the Massachusetts
bar, but he never forgot those early struggles.

While serving in the Massachusetts
legislature,he signed an historic education bill that
set up a state board of education. Without regret,
he gave up his successful legal practice and
political career to become the first secretary of the
board.There he exercised an enormous influence
during the critical period of reconstructionthat
brought into existence the American graded
elementary school as a substitute for the older
district school system. Under his leadership,the
curriculum was restructured, the school year was

.in..c.reasedto a minimum of six months, and

mandatory schooling was extended to age

8. With which of the following statements MODEL TEST 5 369
would the author most probably agree?
Organic architecture-that is, natural
aHorace Mann's influence on American architecture--may vary in concept and form,
but ~tis always faithful to natural principles. The
education was very great. architect dedicated to the promulgationof organic
A small but important influence on architecture rejects outright all rules imposed by
American education was exerted by ind~viduapl reference or mere aesthetics in order
Horace Mann. to remain true to the nature of the site, the
@ Few educators fully understood Horace materials, the purpose of the structure, and the
Mann's influence on American educa- people who will ultimately use it. If these natural
tion. principles are upheld, then a bank cannot be built
to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow
CD The influence on American education function; rather, form and function are inseparably
two aspects of the same phenomenon. In other
by Horace Mann was not accepted or words, a building should be inspired by nature's
appreciated. forms and constructed with materials that retain
and respect the natural characteristics of the
9. Horace Mann advocated all of the following setting to create harmony betweenthe structure
EXCEPT and its natural environment. It should maximize
people's contact with and utilization of the outdoors.
a state board of education Furthermore, the rule of functionalismis upheld; that
CD a district school system is, the principle of excluding everything that serves
O classes for adults no practical purpose.

a graded elementary schools Natural principles, then, are principles of
design, not style, expressed by means and modes
10. The reforms that Horace Mann achieved of construction that reflect unity, balance, proportion,
rhythm, and scale. Like a sculptor, the organic
GD were not very radical for the time arch~tecvt iews the site and materials as an innate
CD were used only by the state of Massa- form that develops organically from within. Truth in
architecture results in a natural, spontaneous
chusetts structure in total harmony with the setting. For the
O were later adopted by the nation as a most part, these structures find their geometric
shapes in the contours of the land and their colors
model in the surrounding palette of nature.
CD were enforced by the Massachusetts bar
From the outside, an organic structure is so
I I . With which of the following statements much a part of nature that it is often obscured by
would Horace Mann most probably agree? it. In other words, it may not be easy, or maybe
not even possible, for the human eye to separate
aThink in new ways. the artificial structure from the natural terrain.
Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole
CD Help others. structure, providing a sense of communication
O Study as much as possible. with the outdoors. From the inside, living spaces
CD Work hard. open into one another. The number of walls for
separate rooms is reduced to a minimum, allowing
the functional spaces to flow together. Moreover,
the interiors are sparse. Organic architecture
incorporates built-in architectural features such as
benches and storage areas to take the place of
furniture.

370 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 14. The word in paragraph 1could

12. According to the passage, what is another best be replaced by
name for organic architecture?
fortunately
GD Natural architecture eventually
O supposedly
a Aesthetic architecture C D obviously

O Principle architecture Organic architecture-that is, natural
architecture--may vary in concept and form,
a Varied architecture but it is always faithful to natural principles. The
architect dedicated to the promulgation of organic
13. Look at the word lT in the passage. Click on architecture rejects outright all rules imposed by
the word or phrase in the bold text that individual preference or mere aesthetics in order
W refers to. to remain true to the nature of the site, the
materials, the purpose of the structure,and the
Organic architectur-that is, natural people who willTiltiinamuse it. If these natural
architecture-may vary in concept and form, principlesare upheld, then a bank cannot be built
but it is always faithful to natural principles. The to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow
architect dedicated to the promulgation of organic function; rather, form and function are inseparably
architecture rejects outright all rules imposed by two asoects of the same heno omen on. In other
individual preference or mere aesthetics in order words,'a building should be inspired by nature's
to remain true to the nature of the site, the forms and constructed with materials that retain
materials, the purpose of the structure, and the and respect the natural characteristicsof the
people who will ultimately use it. If these natural setting to create harmony between the structure
principlesare upheld, then a bank cannot be built and its natural environment. It should maximize
to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow people's contact with and utilization of the outdoors.
function; rather, form and function are inseparably Furthermore, the rule of functionalism is upheld; that
two aspects of the same phenomenon. In other is, the principle of excluding everything that serves
words, a building should be inspired by nature's no practical purpose.
forms and constructed with materials that retain
and respect the natural characteristicsof the Natural principles, then, are principlesof
setting to create harmony between the structure design, not style, expressed by means and modes
and its natural environment. It should maximize
people's contact with and utilization of the outdoors.
Furthermore, the rule of functionalism is upheld; that
is, the principle of excluding everythingthat serves
no practical purpose.

Natural principles, then, are principles of
design, not style, expressed by means and modes

15. The word in paragraph 1 is closest MODEL TEST 5 371
in meaning to
16. The following examples are all representa-
GD invalidated tive of natural architecture EXCEPT

CD disputed Q3 a bank that is built to look like a Greek
O promoted temple
@, perceived a bank built so that the location is im-
portant to the structure
Organic architecture--that is, natural
architecturemay vary in concept and form, O a bank that is built to conform to the
but it is always faithful to natural principles, The colors of the natural surroundings
architect dedicated to the promulgationof organic
architecture rejects outright all rules imposed by C D a bank that is built to be functional
individual preference or mere aesthetics in order rather than beautiful
to remain true to the nature of the site, the
materials, the purposeof the structure, and the 17. Why does the author compare an organic ar-
people who will ultimately use it. If these natural chitect to a sculptor?
principles are Clphela, then a bank cannot be built
to look like a Greek temple. Form does not follow GD To emphasize aesthetics
function; rather, form and function are inseparably CD To give an example of natural principles
two aspects of the same phenomenon. In other O To make a point about the development
words, a building should be inspired by nature's
forms and constructedwith materialsthat retain of geometry
and respect the natural characteristicsof the To demonstrate the importance of style
setting to create harmony between the structure
and its natural environment. It should maximize 18. The word tTMTRRi in paragraph 3 is closest
people's contact with and utilization of the outdoors. in meaning to
Furthermore, the rule of functionalism is upheld; that
is, the principle of excluding everything that serves @ difficult to see
no practical purpose. CD in high demand

Natural principles, then, are principlesof not very attractive
design, not style, expressed by means and modes
a mutually beneficial

structure in total harmony w~ththe settlng. For the 1
most part, these structures find their geometric
shapes in the contours of the land and their colors I
in the surrounding palette of nature.
I
From the outside, an organic structure is so
much a part of nature that it is often obscu%dby
it. In other words, it may not be easy, or maybe
not even possible, for the human eye to separate
the artificial structure from the natural terrain.
Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole
structure, providing a sense of communication
with the outdoors. From the inside, living spaces
open into one another. The number of walls for
separate rooms is reducedto a minimum, allowing
the functional spaces to flow together. Moreover,
the interiors are sparse. Organic architecture
incorporates built-in architecturalfeatures such as
benches and storage areas to take the place of
furniture.

372 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 21. With which of the following statements
would the author most probably agree?
19. Look at the word t!Vli€o3iW in the passage.
Click on another word or phrase in the Form follows function.
bold text that is closest in meaning to CD Function follows form.
EGni. O Function is not important to form.

architect views the site and materials as an innate a Form and function are one.
form that develops organically from within. Truth in
architecture results in a natural, spontaneous 22. Which of the following statements best
structure in total harmony with the setting. For the describes the architect's view of nature?
most part, these structures find their geometric
shapes in the contours of the land and their colors CD Nature should be conquered.
i n the surrounding palette of nature.
GD Nature should not be considered.
From the outside, an organic structure is so O Nature should be respected.
much a part of nature that it is often obscured by
it. In other words, it may not be easy, or maybe a Nature should be improved.
not even possible, for the human eye to separate
the artificial structure from the natural terrain.
Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole
structure, providing a sense of communication
with the outdoors. From the inside, living spaces
open into one another. The number of walls for
separate rooms is reduced to a minimum, allowing
the functional spaces to flow together. Moreover,
the interiors are sparse. Organic architecture
incorporates built-in architectural features such as
benches and storage areas to take the place of
furniture.

20. Click on the sentence in paragraph 3 that
describes the furnishings appropriate for
natural architecture.

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow (+).

architect views the site and materials as an innate
form that develops organically from within. Truth in
architecture results in a natural, spontaneous
structure in total harmony with the setting. For the
most part, these structures find their geometric
shapes in the contours of the land and their colors
in the surrounding palette of nature.

+From the outside, an organic structure is so

much a part of nature that it is often obscured by
it. In other words, it may not be easy, or maybe
not even possible, for the human eye to separate
the artificial structure from the natural terrain.
Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole
structure, providing a sense of communication
with the outdoors. From the inside, living spaces
open into one another. The number of walls for
separate rooms is reduced to a minimum, allowing
the functional spaces to flow together. Moreover,
the interiors are sparse. Organic architecture
incorporates built-in architectural features such as
benches and storage areas to take the place of
furniture.

Although its purpose and techniques were MODEL TEST 5 373
often magical, alchemy was, in many ways, the
predecessor of the modern science of chemistry. 23. Which of the following is the main point of
The fundamental premise of alchemy derived from the passage?
the best philosophical dogma and scientific practice
of the time, and the majority of educated persons There were both laboratory and literary
between 1400 and 1600 believed that alchemy alchemists.
had great merit.
aBase metals can be transmuted to gold
The earliest authentic works on European
alchemy are those of the English monk Roger by blending them with a substance more
Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus perfect than gold.
Magnus. In their treatises they maintained that O Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus
gold was the perfect metal and that inferior metals wrote about alchemy.
such as lead and mercury were removed by
various degrees of imperfection from gold. They a Alchemy was the predecessor of modem
further asserted that these base metals could be
transmuted to gold by blending them with a chemistry.
substance more perfect than gold. This elusive
substance was referred to as the "philosopher's 24. The word aamemfe in paragraph 2 could
stone." The process was called transmutation.
best be replaced by
Most of the early alchemists were artisans who
were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and a valuable
often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the
progress of their work. The term sun was used for GD genuine
gold, moonfor silver, and the five known planets for O complete
base metals. This convention of substituting
symbolic language attracted some mystical a comprehensible
philosopherswho compared the search for the
perfect metal with the struggle of humankindfor the Although its purpose and techniques were
perfectionof the soul. The philosophers began to
use the artisan's terms in the mystical literaturethat often magical, alchemy was, in many ways, the
they produced. Thus, by the fourteenth century,
alchemy had developed two distinct groups of predecessor of the modern science of chemistry.
practitioners-the laboratory alchemist and the
literary alchemist. Both groups of alchemists The fundamental premise of alchemy derived from
continuedto work throughout the history of
alchemy, but, of course, it was the literary alchemist the best philosophical dogma and scientific practice
who was more likely to produce a written record;
therefore, much of what is known about the science of the time, and the majority of educated persons
of alchemy is derived from philosophers rather than
from the alchemists who labored in laboratories. between 1400 and 1600 believed that alchemy

Despite centuries of experimentation, had great merit.
laboratory alchemists failed to produce gold from % m zThe earliest
other materials. However, they gained wide works on European
knowledgeof chemical substances, discovered
chemical properties, and inventedmany of the tools alchemy are those of the English monk Roger
and techniques that are used by chemists today.
Many laboratory alchemists earnestly devoted Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus
themselvesto the scientificdiscovery of new
compounds and reactions and, therefore, must be Magnus. In their treatises they maintainedthat
consideredthe legitimate forefathers of modem
chemistry. They continued to call themselves gold was the perfect metal and that inferior metals
alchemists, but they were becoming true chemists.
such as lead and mercury were removed by

various degrees of imperfection from gold. They

further asserted that these base metals could be

transmuted to gold by blendingthem with a

substance more perfect than gold. This elusive !

substance was referredto as the "philosopher's I

stone."The process was called transmutation. 1

Most of the early alchemists were artisans who I

were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and

often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the

progressof their work. The term sun was used for

374 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 27. Look at the word R!RRTTf in the passage.
Click on the word or phrase in the bold
25. Look at the word l!fKPE in the passage. text that is closest in meaning to aTeeB??T.
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text
that ftTT?Erefers to.

Although its purpose and techniques were Although its purpose and techniques were
often magical, alchemy was, in many ways, the often magical, alchemy was, in many ways, the
predecessor of the modern science of chemistry. predecessor of the modern science of chemistry.
The-fundamentalpremise of alchemy derived from 'The fundamental premise of alchemy derived from
the best philosophicaldogma and scientific practice the best philosophicaldogma and scientific practice
of the time, and the majority of educated persons of the time, and the majority of educated persons
between 1400 and 1600 believedthat alchemy between 1400 and 1600 believedthat alchemy
had great merit. had great merit.

The earliest authentic works on European The earliest authentic works on European
alchemy are those of the English monk Roger alchemy are those of the English monk Roger
Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus
Magnus. In their treatises they maintained that Magnus. In their treatises they maintained that
gold was the perfect metal and that inferior metals gold was the perfect metal and that inferior metals
such as lead and mercury were removed by such as lead and mercury were removed by
various degrees of imperfection from gold. They various degrees of imperfection from gold. They
further asserted that these base metals could be further 'asserted that these base metals could be
I transmuted to gold by blending them with a transmuted to gold by blending them with a
substance more perfect than gold. This elusive substance more perfect than gold. This elusive
substance was referred to as the "philosopher's substance was referredto as the "philosopher's
stone." The process was called transmutation. stone."The process was called transmutation.

Most of the earfy alchemists were artisans who Most of the early alchemists were artisans who
were accustomed to keepingtrade secrets and were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and
often resortedto crypt~cterminology to record the often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the
proqress of their work. The term sun was used for progress of their work. The term sun was used for

26. According to the alchemists, what is the dif- 28. According to the passage, what is the
ference between base metals and gold? "philosopher's stone"?

CD Perfection GD Lead that was mixed with gold
CD An element that was never found
C D Chemical content O Another name for alchemy
O Temperature CD A base metal

aWeight

29. The word in paragraph 3 could be MODEL TEST 5 375

replaced by which of the following? 32. In paragraph 3, the author suggests that we
know about the history of alchemy because
QD scholarly
secret GO the laboratory alchemists kept secret
notes
O foreign
precise GD the literary alchemists recorded it in
writing
further asserted that these base metals could be
transmuted to gold by blending them with a O the mystical philosophers were not able
substance more perfect than gold. Th~selusive to hide the secrets of alchemy
substance was referred to as the "philosopher's
stone." The process was called transmutation. C D the historians were able to interpret the
secret writings of the alchemists
Most of the early alchemists were artisans who
were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow (-+).
often resorted toc-WC terminology to record the
progressof their work. The term sun was used for further asserted that these base metals could be
gold, moon for silver, and the five known planets for transmuted to gold by blending them with a
base metals. This convention of substituting substance more perfect than gold. This elusive
symbolic language attracted some mystical substance was referred to as the "philosopher's
philosophers who compared the search for the stone." 'The process was called transmutation.
perfect metal with the struggle of humankind for the
perfection of the soul. The philosophers began to +Most of the early alchemists were artisans who
use the artisan's terms in the mystical literature that
they produced. Thus, by the fourteenth century, were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and
alchemy had developed two distinct groups of often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the
practitioners-the laboratory alchemist and the progress of their work. The term sun was used for
literary alchemist. Both groups of alchemists gold, moonfor silver, and the five known planets for
continued to work throughout the history of base metals. This convention of substituting
alchemy, but, of course, it was the literary alchemist symbolic language attracted some mystical
who was more likely to produce a written record; ~ h i l o s o ~ h ewr sho com~aredthe search for the
therefore, much of what is known about the science berfect'metal with the struggle of humankind for the
perfection of the soul. The ph~losophersbegan to
30. Why did the early alchemists use the terms use the artisan's terms in the mystical literature that
sun and moon? they produced. Thus, by the fourteenth century,
alchemy had developed two distinct groups of
GD To keep the work secret practitioners-the laboratory alchemist and the
literary alchemist. Both groups of alchemists
CD To make the work more literary continued to work throughout the history of
alchemy, but, of course, it was the literary alchemist
O To attract philosophers who was more likely to produce a written record;
therefore, much of what is known about the science
a To produce a written record
33. With which of the following statements
31. Who were the first alchemists? would the author most probably agree?

a Chemists CD Alchemy must be considered a com-
a Writers plete failure.

O Artisans CD Some very important scientific discov-
Linguists eries were made by alchemists.

O Most educated people dismissed alche-
my during the time that it was practiced.

a The literary alchemists were more im-

portant than the laboratory alchemists.

376 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 34. Which of the following is the main topic of
the passage?
Human memory, formerly believed to be
rather inefficient, is really much more sophisticated CD Wilder Penfield
than that of a computer. Researchers approaching Neurosurgery
the problem from a variety of points of view have
all concluded that there is a great deal more stored O Human memory
in our minds than has been generally supposed. CD Chemical reactions
Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon,
proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, 35. The word rOnnTTy' in paragraph 1 could
he couPd elicit the total recall of complex events in best be replaced by
his subjects' lives. Even dreams and other minor
events Supposedly forgotten for many years CD in the past
suddenly emerged in detail.
a f r o ~ ntime to time
The memory trace is !he term for whatever
forms the internal representation of the specific O in general
information about the event stored in the memory. CD by chance
Assumed to have been made by structural
changes in the brain, the memory trace is not Human memory, formerly believed to be
subject to direct observation but is rather a rather inefficient, IS really much more sophisticated
theoretical construct that IS used to speculate than that of a computer. Researchersapproaching
about how information presented at a particular the problem from a variety of points of view have
time can cause performance at a later time. Most all concluded that there is a great deal more stored
theories include the strength of the memory trace in our minds than has been generally supposed.
as a variable in the degree of learning, retention, Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon,
and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is proved that by stimulating their brains electrically,
that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain he could elicit the total recall of complex events in
is the result of an almost unlimited combination of his subjects' lives. Even dreams and other minor
interconnecttons between brain cells, stimulated events supposedly forgotten for many years
by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the suddenly emerged in detail.
same information support recall. Or, to say that
another way, improved performance is the result The memory trace is the term for whatever
of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory. forms the internal representationof the specific
information about the event stored in the memory.
Psychologists generally divide memory into at Assumed to have been made by structural
least two types, short-term and long-term memory, changes in the brain, the memory trace is not
which combine to form working memory. Short- subject to direct observation but is rather a
term memory contains what we are actively theoretical construct that is used to speculate
focusing on at any particular time, but items are about how information presented at a particular
not retained longer than twenty or thirty seconds time can cause performance at a later time. Most
without verbal rehearsal. We use short-term theories include the strength of the memory trace
memory when we look up a telephone number as a variable in the degree of learning, retention,
and repeat it to ourselves until we can place the and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is
call. On the other hand, long-term memory can
store facts, concepts, and experiences after we 36. Compared with a computer, human memory
stop thinking about them.'All conscious is
processing of information, as in problem solving
for example, involves both short-term and long- CD more complex
term memory. As we repeat, rehearse, and
recycle information, the memory trace is a more limited
strengthened, allowing that information to move
from short-term memory to long-term memory. O less dependable
CD less durable

37. Look at the word SmXKc'am in the pas- MODEL TEST 5 377
sage. Click on the word in the bold text
that is closest in meaning to s S p h i 5 m . 39. How did Penfield stimulate dreams and
other minor events from the past?
Human memory, formerly believedto be
rather inefficient, is really much more sophisticated @ By surgery
than that of a computer. Researchersapproaching 0By electrical stimulation
the problem from a variety of points of view have O By repetition
all concluded that there is a great deal more stored
in our minds than has been generally supposed. By chemical stimulation
Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon,
proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, 40. According to the passage, the capacity for
he could elicit the total recall of complex events in storage in the brain
his subjects' lives. Even dreams and other minor
events supposedly forgotten for many years QD can be understood by examining the
suddenly emerged in detail. physiology of the brain

The memory trace is the term for whatever CD is stimulated by patterns of activity
forms the internal representationof the specific O has a limited combination of relation-
information about the event stored in the memory.
Assumed to have been made by structural ships
changes in the brain, the memory trace is not
subject to direct observation but is rather a a is not influenced by repetition
theoretical construct that is used to speculate
about how informationpresentedat a particular 41. The word b6ElE in paragraph 2 means
time can cause performance at a later time. Most
theories include the strength of the memory trace QD promises
as a var~ablein the degree of learning, retention, GD agreements
and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is O connections

38. Look at the word f?ZZ in the passage. Click .CD responsibilities
on the word or phrase in the bold text ,

- that fli8 refers to. forms the internal representation of the specific
information about the event stored in the memory.
Human memory, formerly believed to be Assumed to have been made by structural
rather inefficient, is really much more sophisticated changes in the brain, the memory trace is not
than that of a computer. Researchers approaching subject to direct observationbut is rather a
the problem from a variety of points of view have theoretical construct that is used to speculate
all concluded that there is a great deal more stored about how informationpresentedat a particular
in our minds than has been generally supposed. time can cause performance at a later time. Most
Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, theories includethe strength of the memory trace
proved that by stimulat~ngtheir brains electrically, as a variable in the degree of learning,retention,
he could elicit the total recall of complex events in and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is
his sublects' lives. Even dreams and other minor that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain
events supposedly forgotten for many years is the result of an almost unlimited combination of
suddenly emerged in detail. interconnections between brain cells, stimulated
by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the
The memory trace is the term for whatever same informationsupport recall. Or, to say that
forms the internal representationof the specific another way, improved performance is the result
information about the event stored in the memory. of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory
Assumed to have been made by structural
changes in the brain, the memory trace is not Psychologists generally divide memory into at
subject to direct observationbut is rather a least two types, short-termand long-term memory,
theoretical construct that is used to speculate which combine to form working memory. Short-
about how informationpresentedat a particular term memory contains what we are actively
time can cause performance at a later time. Most focusing on at any particular time, but items are
theories include the strength of the memory trace not retained longer than twenty or thirty seconds
as a variable in the degree of learning, retention,
and retrieval possible for a memory. One theory is

378 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 44. All of the following are true of a memory
trace EXCEPT that
42. Click on the sentence in paragraph 3 that de-
fines working memory. CD it is probably made by structural

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow (*). changes in the brain
OD it is able to be observed directly by
interconnections between brain cells, stimulated
by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the investigators
same information support recall. Or, to say that O it is a theoretical construct that we use
anothercway, improved performance is the result
of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory. to form hypotheses
-+Psycholog~stsgenerally divide memory into at CD it is related to the degree of recall sup-
least twb types, short-term and long-term memory,
which combine to form working memory. Short- ported by repetition
term memory contains what we are actively
focusing on at any particular time, but items are 45. With which of the following statements
not retained longer than twenty or thirty seconds would the author most likely agree?
without verbal rehearsal. We use short-term memory
when we look up a telephone number The mind has a much greater capacity
and repeat ~tto ourselves until we can place the for memory than was previously be-
call. On the other hand, long-term memory can lieved.
store facts, concepts, and experiences after we OD The physical basis for memory is clear.
stop thinking about them. All conscious O Different points of view are valuable.
processing of informatron, as in problem solving CD Human memory is inefficient.
for example, involves both short-term and long-
term memory. As we repeat, rehearse, and
recycle informat~ont,he memory trace is
strengthened, allowing that information to move
from short-term memory to long-term memory.

43. Why does the author mention loolung up a
telephone number?

a It is an example of short-term memory.

@ It is an example of a weak memory
trace.

O It is an example of an experiment.
CD It is an example of how we move short-

term memory to long-term memory.

To check your answers for Model Test 5,
refer to the Answer Key on page 492. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 5 on
pages 581-599.

MODEL TEST 5 379

Writing Section:
Model Test 5

When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be

closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using

the guidelines on page 244 of this book.

Some people believe that it is very important to make large amounts of money, while others are
satisfied to earn a comfortable living. Analyze each viewpoint and take a stand. Give
specific reasons for your position.
Notes

To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 492. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 5 on
pages 599-600.

380 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Model Test 6

Computer-Assisted TOEFL

Section 1:
Listening

The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You wi,lluse headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the
Listening Section, with special directions for each part.

On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening
material and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or
have any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices
appear. You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage
to answer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want
before you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.

Before you begin working on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the test.

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A

In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.

Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.

1. What does the woman mean? 3. What does the woman say about Ali?

GD She does not know how to play tennis. @ He is studying only at the American
Language Institute.
CD She has to study. He is taking three classes at the
O She does not like the man. university.
CD She does not qualify to play.
O He is a part-time student.
2. What does the woman mean?
a He is surprised.
CD She has no attendance policy.
4. What does the woman mean?
CD The attendance policy is not the same
for undergraduates and graduate stu- C D She will help the man.
dents.
CD She is not Miss Evans.
O The grade will be affected by absences. O Dr. Warren has already gone.
CD This class is not for graduate students.
C D The man should wait for Dr. Warren to
answer the call.

CD Board the bus view.
O He is too tired to talk about it.
6. What does the woman mean?
a He can hear the woman very well.
@ She will go to the bookstore.
12. What does the woman imply?
CD The books were too expensive.
@ Mike does not have a car.
O There weren't any math and English
books left. a Mike's brother is taking a break.
She does not need any books.
O Mike is in Florida.
7. What does the woman suggest the man do? CID Mike is visiting his brother.

CB Take a different route 13. What does the woman advise the man to do?
GD Leave earlier than planned
O Wait until seven to leave @ Get a job
GD Stay at home Finish the assignment

8. What does the woman mean? O Begin his project
GD Pay his bills
@ The class with the graduate assistant is
very enjoyable. 14. What does the woman mean?

CD The students make a log of errors in the GD She is not sure about going.
CD She does not want to go to the show.
class. O She wants to know why the man asked
O The graduate assistant ridicules his stu-
her.
dents.
0She is sorry that she took the class with a She would like to go with the man.

the graduate assistant. 15. What had the woman assumed about Bill
and Carol?
9. What does the man mean?
@ They would not get married.
GD He did not mean to insult the woman. CD They were still away on their honey-

aWhat he said to Susan was true. moon.
O They didn't go on a honeymoon.
O The woman does not have an accent.
They had not planned a large wedding.
a Susan did not report the conversation
16. What does the woman mean?
accurately.
GD She has already reviewed for the test.
10. What does the woman agree to do for the
man? a The test is important to her.

GD Tell him the time O The review session will not be helpful.

CD Take care of his bag aThe man does not understand her.

O Help him find his books 17. What will the man probably do?
CD Go with him
CD Telephone his sponsor
CD Collect his check
O Help the woman to look for his check

a Ask the woman to look again

382 TOEFL MODELTESTS

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part B

In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conversation
or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be repeated.

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the
topics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.

For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special directions. The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.

18. What is Gary's problem? 23. Why wasn't Fitzgerald more successful in
his later life?
OD He is sick with the flu.
CD He is in the hospital. He had little natural talent.
O He has missed some quizzes. He was a compulsive drinker.
CD He is behind in lab. The film versions of his books were not
successful.
19. What does Gary want Margaret to do? He did not adjust to a changing world.

Go to lab for him 24. According to the lecturer, what do we
CD Let him copy her notes know about the novels written by F. Scott
O Help him study Fitzgerald?

a Be his lab partner GD They described the Jazz Age.
CD They described the Deep South.
20. What does Margaret offer to do? O They were based upon war experiences.

a Meet with him to clarify her notes CD They were written in stream-of-

CD Make a copy of the quizzes for him consciousness style.
O Read his notes before the next lab
C D Show him how to do the lab experi- 25. What does the professor want the class to do
after the lecture?
ments .
GD Write a book report
21. What is Margaret's attitude in this conversa-
tion? CD Read one of Fitzgerald's books

Helpful O Watch and discuss a video
Worried
Apologetic CD Research Fitzgerald's life
Friendly
26. What is the main purpose of the talk?
22. What is the main topic of this lecture?
GD To explain chamber music
@ Novelists of this century
CD To give examples of composers
CD F. Scott Fitzgerald's work
O To congratulate the University Quartet
O First novels by young authors
CID Film versions of F. Scott Fitzgerald's CD To introduce madrigal singing

novels 27. What is the origin of the term chamber
music?

GD A medieval musical instrument

CD An old word that means small group

O A place where the music was played
CD A name of one of the musicians who

created it

Piano o'clock on Wednesday
Brass
Strings CD Give him an appointment at either four-
Percussion
thirty on Wednesday or ten o'clock on
29. Why does the speaker mention Johann Thursday
Sebastian Bach? O Give him an appointment at lunch time

He was a famous composer. CD Give him a new appointment earlier on
CD He composed the pieces that will be
the same day as his original appoint-
performed. ment
O He wrote vocal chamber music.
CD He wrote trio sonatas. 34. What did the man decide to do?

30. What will the listeners hear next? GD Make a new appointment later
CD Cancel his regular appointment
C B A discussion of music from the eigh- O Rearrange his schedule to keep his orig-
teenth century
inal appointment
a A concert by the University Quartet C D Call back later when Dr. Benjamin is in

O 4 n introduction to religious music 35. What is the main topic of this lecture?

CD A history of music from the Elizabethan CD Health food

Period CD The processing of bread

3 1. Why did the man go to the Chemical Engi- O Organic gardens
neering Department? CID Poisons

GO To make an appointment 36. Which term is used to identify foods that
C!D To cancel his appointment have not been processed or canned?
O To change his appointment time
CD To rearrange his schedule so that he Refined foods
Natural foods
could keep his appointment O Organic foods

32. What does the woman say about Dr. Ben- a Unprocessed foods
jamin?
37. What happens to food when it is processed'?
0 He is busy on Wednesday.
CD He will not be in on Wednesday. Some toxic chemicals may be added.
O He does not schedule appointments on The food is cooked.
Vitamins are added to the food.
Wednesday. The vitamin content is reduced.

CD He will be moving his Wednesday ap- 38. Which word best describes the speaker's at-
titude toward health foods?
pointment to Thursday this week.
Uninformed
CD Convinced
O Uncertain

Humorous

384 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 44. What is a trap?

39. How did the professor define the Stone @ A man-made storage area for oil
Age? C D Gas and water that collect near oil

The time when the first agricultural deposits
communities were established O An underground formation that stops
GD The time when the glaciers from the last
Ice Age receded the flow of oil
O The time when prehistoric humans CD Cracks and holes that allow the oil to
began to make tools
h e time when metals were introduced move
as material for tools and weapons
45. Select the diagram of the anticline trap that
40. According to the lecturer, which two occu- was described in the lecture.
pations describe the Neanderthals?

Farmers
CD Hunters
O Gatherers
G I Artisans

41. Identify the three time periods associated
with the Stone Age.

T E C Rdn a pnfi%FTTen cliB on

thc empty box in the correct row.
Use each phrase only once. '

appearance of Homo sapiens
establishment of agricultural villages
use of tools

42. Why did tools change during the Late Stone El
Age?
I
They began to be used for domestic
purposes. I
They were not strong enough for the
cold weather.
O They were adapted as farm tools.
CD They were more complex as humans
became more creative.

43. What marked the end of the Stone Age?

O The introduction of farming
CID The preference for metal tools
O The decline of Neanderthals

CD The onset of the Ice Age

46. Identify the nonporous rock in the diagram. MODEL TEST 6 385
CT~CmK rnZIFRK
48. What is the woman's problem?
47. According to the speaker, how can geolo-
gists locate salt domes? a She does not want to take the course.
GD They look for a bulge in an otherwise
flat area. CD She does not know which professor to
C D They look for an underground rock for-
mation shaped like an arch. choose.
O They look for salt on the surface of the O She does not understand the course
area.
requirements.
CD They look for a large crack in the Earth.
CD She does not want to take the man's

advice.

49. What do Dr. Perkins and Dr. Robinson have
in common?

CD They teach two different sections of the
same class.

C D They both use traditional teaching
methods.

O They have been teaching for a long time.
C D They are not considered very good

teachers.

50. Why did the woman decide to take the class
with Dr. Robinson?

She has already taken classes with
Dr. Robinson.
She prefers to take lecture classes.
She wants to take the class with the man.
She likes a more traditional approach to
teaching.

386 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Section 2:
Structure

This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.

In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a
choice darkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be
presented.

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.

1. When fnends insist on expensive 5 . The bird's egg is such an efficient structure
for protecting the embryo inside
gifts, it makes most Americans uncomfortable. difficult for the hatchling to break.

GD them to accept that is
their accepting GD that
O and is
O they accepting
they accept that it is

2. Gilbert Stuart is considered by most art 6. Jane Addams had already established Hull

critics greatest portrait painter in the a

North American colonies. House in Chicago and began her work in

a that he was a0

C D as he was the Women's Suffrage Movement when she
O who was the
was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace.
the
a

3. The extent to which an individual is a 7. The flag of the original first colonies may or

a a

product of either heredity or environment may not have been mad-e by Betsy Ross

=not proved, but several theories a0

a0 during the Revolution.

have been proposed. a

a 8. As a safety measure, the detonator for a

4. A child in the first grade tends to be nuclear device may be made of ,
all of the other children in the class.
each of which is controlled by a different
GD the same old to
employee.
a the same age than
two equipments
O as old like C D two pieces of equipments
CD the same age as O two pieces of equipment

a two equipment pieces

In 1607 that it was GD twice more than

a That in 1607 a twice as much as

O Because in 1607 O as much twice as
C D as much as twice
CD It was in 1607
17. Unlike most Europeans, many Americans
10. The most common form of treatment & is a bowl of cereal for breakfast every

m aD 0 day.

mass inoculation and chlorination of GD used to eating

water sources. a are used to eat

a O are used to eating
C D use to eat
11. An equilateral triangle is a triangle
and three angles of equal size. 18. Scientists had previously estimated that the
CD
that have three sides of equal length
CD it has three sides equally long Grand Canyon in Arizona ten million
O that has three sides of equal length
a
a having three equal length sides in it
years old, but now, by using; a more modem
12. are found on the surface of the 0
moon.
dating method, they agree that the age is
GD Craters and waterless seas that
When craters and waterless seas closer to six million vears.

O Craters and waterless seas a
CD Since craters and waterless seas
19. Although jogging is a good way to lose
13. Without alphabetical order, dictionaries
m
m
weight and improve one's physical
would impossibility to use.
condition, most doctors recommend that the
aa a
CD
14. two waves pass a given point simul- potential jogger begin in a correct manner
taneously, they will have no effect on each
other's subsequent motion. O
by getting a complete checkup.
GD So that
a
a They are
20. Some conifers, that is, tree that have cones,
O That
GD a O
a If
are able to thrive on poor, thin soil.
15. Pickerel Frog, native to southern
a
a
21. Fast-food restaurants have become popular
Canada and the eastern United States, because many working people want

should be avoided because their skin a to eat quickly and cheaply

aa C D eating quickly and cheaply
O eat quickly and cheaply
secretions are lethal to small animals and
a the eat quickly and cheaply
irritating to humans.

a

388 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 24. Itimperative that a graduate student

22. Airports must be located near to major a

a@ maintains a grade point average of "B" in

population centers for the advantage of GI a

air transportation to be retained. his major field.

aa a

23. On an untimed test, to answer accurately is 25. Dairying .Jconcerned not only &h the

mor,eimportant than . a@

a a quick finish production of milk, but with the manufac-
0
CD 'to finish quickly
finishing quickly ture of milk products such as butter and

CD you finish quickly a

cheese.

Section 3:
Reading

This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to
those that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section
contains reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of ques-
tions in this section.

In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll
bar to view the rest of the passage.

When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the infomation in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.

Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.

To answer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.

390 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 1. Which of the following is the main topic of
the passage?
A geyser is the result of underground water
under the combined conditions of high temperatures GD The Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone
and increased pressure beneath the surface of the National Park
Earth. Since temperature rises about 1°F for every
sixty feet under the Earth's surface, and pressure @ The nature of geysers
increases with depth, water that seeps down in O The ratio of temperature to pressure in
cracks and fissures until it reaches very hot rocks
in the Earth's interior becomes heated to a underground water
temperature of approximately 290°F. CD Regions of geologically recent volcanic

Water under pressure can remain liquid at activity
temperatures above its normal boiling point, but in
a geyser, the weight of the water nearer the 2. In order for a geyser to erupt.
surface exerts so much pressure on the deeper
water that the water at the bottom of the geyser hot rocks must rise to the surface of the
reaches much higher temperatures than does the Earth
water at the top of the geyser. As the deep water GD water must flow underground
becomes hotter, and consequently lighter, it O it must be a warm day
suddenly rises to the surface and shoots out of the CD the earth must not be rugged or broken
surface in the form of steam and hot water. In
turn, the explosion agitates all the water in the 3. Look at the word m r n a ~ f inl the
geyser reservoir, creating further explosions.
Immediately afterward, the water again flows into passage. Click on another word or phrase in
the underground reservoir, heating begins, and the bold text that is closest in meaning to
the process repeats itself. mxim.

In order to function, then, a geyser must have 1 A geyser is the result of underground water A
a source of heat, a reservoir where water can be
stored until the temperature rises to an unstable under the combined conditions of high temperatures
point, an opening through wh~chthe hot water and
steam can escape, and underground channels for and increased pressure beneath the surface of the
resupplying water after an eruption.
Earth. Since temperature rises about 1°F for every
Favorable conditions for geysers exist in
regions of geologically recent volcanic activity, sixty feet under the Earth's surface, and pressure
especially in areas of more than average
precipitation. For the most part, geysers are increases with depth, water that seeps down i n
located in three regions of the world: New
Zealand, Iceland, and the Yellowstone National cracks and fissures until it reaches very hot racks
Park area of the United States. The most famous
geyser in the world is Old Faithful in Yellowstone in the Earth's interior becomes heated t o a
Park. Old Faithful erupts every hour, rising to a
height of 125 to 170 feet and expelling more than temperature of appro'ximately 290°F.
ten thousand gallons during each eruption. Old
Faithful earned its name because, unlike most geysers, Water under pressure can remain liquid at
it has never failed to erupt on schedule
even once in eighty years of observation. temperatures above its normal boiling point, but in

a geyser, the weight of the water nearer the

surface exerts so much pressure on the deeper

water that the water at the bottom of the geyser

reaches much higher temperatures than does the

water at the top of the geyser. As the deep water

becomes hotter, and consequently lighter, it

suddenly rises to the surface and shoots out of the

surface in the form of steam and hot water. In

turn, the explosion agitates all the water in the

geyser reservoir, creating further explosions.

Immediately afterward, the water again flows into

the underground reservoir, heating begins, and

the process repeats itself.

4. The word ¶! in paragraph 1 refers to 6. As depth increases

GD water @ pressure increases but temperature does
C D depth not
0pressure
CD temperature increases but pressure does
CD surface not

A geyser is the result of underground water O both pressure and temperature increase
under the combined conditions of high temperatures
and increased pressure beneaththe surface of the CD neither pressure nor temperature
Earth. Since temperature rises about 1°F for every
sixty feet under the Earth's surface, and pressure increases
increases with depth, water that seeps down in
cracks and fissures until it reaches very hot rocks 7. Why does the author mention New Zealand
in the Earth's interior becomes heated to a and Iceland in paragraph 4?
temperature of approximately 290°F.
@ To compare areas of high volcanic
Water under pressure can remain liquid at activity
temperatures above its normal boiling point, but in
a geyser, the weight of the water nearer the CD To describe the Yellowstone National
surface exerts so much pressure on the deeper Park
water that the water at the bottom of the geyser
reaches much higher temperatures than does the O To provide examples of areas where
water at the top of the geyser. As the deep water geysers are located
becomes hotter, and consequently lighter, it
suddenly rises to the surface and shoots out of the a To name the two regions where all
surface in the form of steam and hot water. In
turn, the explosion agitates all the water in the geysers are found
geyser reservoir, creating further explosions.
Immediatelyafterward, the water again flows into Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow (-+).
the underground reservoir, heating begins, and
the process repeats itself. Immediately afterward, the water again flows into
the underground reservoir, heattng begins, and
5. Click on the paragraph that explains the role the process repeats itself.
of water pressure in an active geyser.
In order to function,then, a geyser must have
Scroll the passage to see all of the para- a source of heat, a reservoir where water can be
graphs. stored until the temperature rises to an unstable
point, an opening through which the hot water and
steam can escape, and underground channels for
resupplying water after an eruption.
-+ Favorable conditions for geysers exist in
regions of geologically recent volcanic activity,
especially in areas of more than average
precipitation.For the most part, geysers are
located in three regions of the world: New
Zealand, Iceland, and the Yellowstone National
Park area of the United States. The most famous
geyser in the world is Old Faithful in Yellowstone
Park. Old Faithful erupts every hour, rising to a
height of 125 to 170 feet and expelling more than
ten thousand gallons during each eruption. Old
Faithful earned its name because, unlike most
geysers, it has never failed to erupt on schedule
even once in eighty years of observation.

392 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

8. How often does Old Faithful erupt? 10. What does the author mean by the statement

GD Every 10 minutes OldPa"lfifiTeamEfifi~n~mTbr~ca~e,
GD Every 60 minutes
O Every 125 minutes unlike most geysers, it has never failedT6
CD Every 170 minutes erupt on schedule even once in eishty pea?<
of observation ?
mi9. The word in paragraph 4 is
GD Old Faithful always erupts on schedule.
closest in meaning to GD Old Faithful is usually predictable.
O Old Faithful erupts predictably like
GD heating
other geysers.
CD discharging CD Old Faithful received its name because

O supplying it has been observed for many years.
CD wasting
11. According to the passage, what is required
Immediately afterward, the water again flows into for a geyser to function?
the underground reservoir, heating begins, and
the process repeats itself. CD A source of heat, a place for water to
collect, an opening, and underground
In order to function, then, a geyser must have channels
a source of heat, a reservoir where water can be
stored until the temperature rises to an unstable CD An active volcano nearby and a water
point, an opening through which the hot water and reservoir
steam can escape, and undergroundchannels for
resupplyingwater after an eruption. O Channels in the Earth and heavy rainfall
CD Volcanic activity, underground chan-
Favorable conditions for geysers exist in
regions of geologically recent volcanic activity, nels, and steam
especially in areas of more than average
precipitation. For the most part, geysers are
located in three regions of the world: New
Zealand, Iceland, and the Yellowstone National
Park area of the United States. The most famous
geyser in the world is Old Faithful in Yellowstone
Park. Old Faithful erupts every hour, rising to a
height of 125 to 170 feet and eFp61li"ngmore than
ten thousand gallons during each eruption. Old
Faithful earned its name because, unlike most
geysers, it has never failed to erupt on schedule
even once in eighty years of observation.

MODEL TEST 6 393

This question has often been posed: Why 1 12. Which of the following is the main topic of
the passage?
were the Wright brothers able to succeed in an
The reasons why the Wright brothers
( effort at which so many others had failed? Many succeeded in manned flight
GD The advantage of the internal combus-
explanations have been mentioned, but three tion engine in the Wright brothers'
experiments
reasons are most often cited. First, they were a O The Wright brothers' experience as
pilots
( team. Both men worked congenially and CD The importance of gliders to the devel-
opment of airplanes
cooperatively, read the same books, located and
13. The word FffB in paragraph 1 is closest in
shared information, talked incessantly about the meaning to which of the following?

( possibility of manned flight, and sewed as a a disregarded

cons~stenstource of inspirationand encouragement mentioned
O considered
to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are CD proven

( better than one. This question has often been posed: Why
were the Wright brothers able to succeed in an
Both were glider pilots. Unlike some other effort at which so many others had failed? Many
explanations have been mentioned, but three
1 engineers who experimentedwith the theories of reasons are most often cited. First, they were a
flight, Owille and Wilbur Wright experiencedthe team. Both men worked congenially and
cooperatively, read the same books, located and
practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and shared information, talked incessantlyabout the
possibility of manned flight, and served as a
1 flying in kites and gliders. Each craft they built was consistentsource of inspirationand encouragement
slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are
better than one.
knowledge that they had gained from previous
Both were glider pilots. Unlike some other
I failures. They had realized from their experiments engineers who experimented with the theories of
that the most serious challenge in manned flight flight, Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the
practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and
would be stabilizing and maneuveringthe aircraft flying in kites and gliders. Each craft they built was
slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated
once it was airborne. While others concentrated knowledge that they had gained from previous
failures. They had realized from their experiments
their efforts on the problem of achievilig lift for that the most serious challenge in manned flight
would be stabilizing and maneuvering the aircraft
take-off, the Wright brothers were focusing on once it was airborne. While others concentrated
their efforts on the problemof achieving lift for
I developing a three-axis control for guiding their
aircraft. By the time that the brothers started to

build an airplane, they were already among the

world's best glider pilots; they knew the problems

of riding the air first hand.

In addition, the Wright brothers had designed

more effective wings for the airplane than had

been previously engineered. Using a wind tunnel,

they tested more than two hundred different wing

designs, recording the effects of slight variations

in shape on the pressure of air on the wings. The

data from these experiments allowed the Wright

brothersto construct a superior wing for their

arrcraft.

In spite of these advantages, however, the

Wright brothers might not have succeeded had

they not been born at precisely the opportune

moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned

flight in the early nineteenth century were doomed

because the steam engines that poweredthe

aircrafts were too heavy in proportion to the power

that they produced. But by the end of the

nineteenthcentury, when the brothers were

experimenting with engineering options, a

relatively light internal combustion engine had

already been invented, and they were able to

bring the ratio of weight to power within

acceptable limits for flight.

394 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 16. Click on the sentence in paragraph 2 that
explains the most serious problem that the
14. The word m ? y in paragraph 1 could Wright brothers anticipated in constructing a
manned aircraft.
best be replaced by which of the following?
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (4).
confidently
CD intelligently
O constantly
CCD optimistically

This question has often been posed: Why 'i' consistent source of insp~ratonand encouragement I
were the Wright brothers able to succeed in an to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are
effort at which so many others had failed? Many >..# better than one. I
explanations have been mentioned, but three
reasons are most often cited. First, they were a -% -+ Both were glider pilots. Unlike some other
team. Both men worked congenially and
cooperatively, read the same books, located and -I<. engineers who experimentedwith the theories of
shared information, talked incessani about the flight, Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the
possibility of manned flight, and sewed as a 'i practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and
consistent source of inspiration and encouragement I.-, flying in kites and gliders. Each craft they built was
to each other. Quite simply, two geniuses are ., slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated
better than one. ,q knowledge that they had gained from previous
failures. They had realized from their experiments
Both were glider pilots. Unlike some other .'I that the most serious challenge in manned flight
engineers who experimented w~ththe theories of would be stabilizing and maneuveringthe aircraft
flight, Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the 7 once it was airborne. While others concentrated
practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and their efforts on the problem of achieving lift for
flying in kites and gliders. Each crafi they built was LC take-off, the Wright brothers were focuslng on
slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated developing a three-axis control for guiding their
knowledgethat they had gained from previous , aircraft. By the time that the brothers started to
failures. They had realized from their experiments build an airplane, they were already among the
that the most serious challenge in manned flight T world's best glider pilots; they knew the problems
would be stabilizing and maneuveringthe aircraft of riding the air first hand.
once it was airborne. While others concentrated
their efforts on the problem of achieving lift for In addition, the Wright brothers had designed
more effective wings for the airplane than had
been previously eng~neered.Using a wind tunnel,

15. What kind of experience did the Wright 17. Look at the word "in"aiEEFfinz in the
brothers have that distinguished them from passage. Click on the word or phrase in the
their competitors? bold text that is closest in meaning to
Rani.
@ They were geniuses.
CD They were glider pilots. Both were glider pilots. Unl~kesome other
O They were engineers. engineers who experimented wlth the theories of
flight, Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the
a They were inventors. practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and
flying in kites and gliders. Each craft they built was
slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated
knowledge that they had gained from previous
failures. They had realized from their experiments
that the most serious challenge in manned flight
would be stabilizing and maneuveting the aircraft
once it was airborne. While others concentrated
their efforts on the problem of achieving lift for
take-off, the Wright brothers were focusing on
developing a three-axis control for guiding their
aircraft. By the time that the brothers started to
build an airplane, they were already among the
world's best glider pilots; they knew the problems
of riding the air first hand.

In addition, the Wright brothers had designed
more effective wings for the airplane than had
been previously engineered. Uslng a w~ndtunnel,
they tested more than two hundred different wing
designs, recording the effects of slight variations
in shape on the pressure of air on the winqs. The

18. Why does the author suggest that the experi- 20. The word ,ToTrIiZiin paragraph 4 is closest
ments with the wind tunnel were important?
in meaning to
GD Because they allowed the Wright broth-
ers to decrease the weight of their air- destined to fail
plane to acceptable limits @ difficult to achieve
O taking a risk
GD Because they resulted in a three-axis CD not well planned
control for their airplane
more effective wings for the airplane than had
O Because they were important in the re- been previously engineered. Using a wind tunnel,
finement of the wings for their airplane they tested more than two hundred different wing
designs, recording the effects of slight variations
a Because they used the data to improve in shape on the pressure of air on the wings. The
data from these experiments allowed the Wright
the engine for their airplane brothers to construct a superior wing for their
aircraft.
19. The word in paragraph 3 refers to
In spite of these advantages, however, the
GD the Wright brothers Wright brothers might not have succeeded had
@ aircraft they not been born at precisely the opportune
O engines moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned
QD attempts flight in the early nineteenth century were doomed
because the steam engines that powered the
- aircrafts were too heavy in proportion to the power
that they produced. But by the end of the
more effectwe wlngs for the a~rplanethan had nineteenth century, when the brothers were
been previously eng~neeredUslng a wind tunnel, experimenting with engineerlng options, a
they tested more than two hundred d~fferenwt lng relatively light internal combustion engine had
designs, recordtng the effects of si~ghvt arlat~ons already been invented, and they were able to
In shape on the pressure of alr on the wlngs The bring the ratio of weight to power within
data from these experiments allowed the Wrlght acceptable limits for flight.

brothers to construct a supertor wlnq- for thew

aircraft.
In spite of these advantages, however, the

Wright brothers might not have succeeded had
they not been born at precisely the opportune
moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned
flight in the early nineteenth century were doomed
because the steam engines that powered the
aircrafts were too heavy in proportion to the power
that they produced. But by the end of the
nineteenth century, when the brothers were
experimenting with engineering options, a
relatively light internal combustion engine had
already been invented, and they were able to
bring the ratio of weight to power within
acceptable limits for flight.

396 TOEFL MODEL TESTS The influenza virus is a single molecule composed
of millions of individual atoms. Although bacteria can
2 1. In paragraph 4, the author suggests that the be considered a type of plant, secreting poisonous
steam engines used in earlier aircraft substances into the body of the organism they attack,
had failed because viruses, like the influenza virus, are living organisms
themselves. We may consider them regular chemical
GO They were too small to power a large molecules since they have strictly defined atomic
structure; but on the other hand, we must also consider
plane. them as being alive since they are able to muitiply in
unlimited quantities.
a They were too light to generate enough
An attack brought on by the presence of the
power. influenza virus in the body produces a temporary
O They did not have internal combustion immunity, but, unfortunately, the protection is against
only the type of virus that caused the influenza.
power. Because the disease can be produced by any one
of three types, referred to as A, 6, or C, and many
CD They did not have enough power to lift varieties within each type, immunity to one virus will not
prevent infection by other types or strains. Protection
their own weight. from the influenza virus is also complicated by the fact
that immunity to a specific virus persists for less than
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow (+). a year. Finally, because a virus may periodically
change characteristics,'the problem of mutation makes
more effective wings for the airplane than had it difficult to carry out a successful immunization
been previously engineered. Using a w~ndtunnel, program. Vaccines are often ineffective against newly
they tested more than two hundred different wing evolving strains.
designs, recording the effects of slight variations
in shape on the pressure of air on the wings. The Approximately every ten years, worldwide
data from these experiments allowed the Wright epidemics of influenza called pandemics occur.
brothers to construct a superior wing for their Thought to be caused by new strains of type-A virus,
aircraft. these pandemic viruses have spread rapidly, infecting
millions of people.
+In spite of these advantages, however, the
Vaccines have been developed that have been
Wright brothers might not have succeeded had found to be 70 to 90 percent effective for at least six
they not been born at precisely the opportune months against either A or B types of the influenza
moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned virus, and a genetically engineered live-virus vaccine
flight in the early nineteenth century were doomed is under development. Currently, the United States
because the steam engines that powered the Public Health Service recommends annual vaccination
aircrafts were too heavy in proportion to the power only for those at greatest risk of complications from
that they produced. But by the end of the influenza, including pregnant women and the elderly.
nineteenth century, when the brothers were Nevertheless, many other members of the general
experimenting with engineering options, a population request and receive flu shots every year,
relatively light internal combustion engine had and even more are immunized during epidem~cor
already been invented, and they were able to pandemic cycles.
bring the ratio of weight to power within
acceptable limits for flight.

22. The passage discusses all of the following
reasons that the Wright brothers succeeded
EXCEPT

They worked very well together.

CD They both had practical experience

building other aircraft.
O They made extensive tests before they

completed the design.

CD They were well t'unded.

MODEL TEST 6 397

23. Which of the following is the main topic of 26. The word in paragraph 1 could best
the passage? be replaced by

CD The influenza virus @ unusually
CD Immunity to disease CD completely
O Bacteria O broadly
CD Chemical molecules
a exactly
24. According to this passage, bacteria are
The influenza virus is a single molecule
CD poisons composed of millions of individual atoms. Although
CE9 very small bacteria can be considered a type of plant, secreting
O larger than viruses poisonous substances into the body of the organism
CD plants they attack, viruses, like the influenza virus, are living
organisms themselves. We may considerthem regular
25. Look at the word wFBE8RT in the passage. chemical molecules since they have strictly defined
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text atomic structure; but on the other hand, we must also
that refers to. consider them as being alive since they are able to
multiply in unlimited quantities.
The influenza virus is a single molecule
composed of millions of individual'atoms. Although An attack brought on by the presenceof the
bacteria can be considered a type of plant, secreting influenza virus in the body produces a temporary
poisonous substances into the body of the organism immunity, but, unfortunately, the protection is against
they attack,.viruses, like the influenza virus, are living only the type of virus that caused the influenza.
organisms themselves. We may consider them regular Because the disease can be produced by any one of
chemical molecules since they have strictly defined three types, referred to as A, B, or C, and many
atomic structure; but on the other hand, we must also varieties within each type, immunity to one virus will
consider them as being alive since they are able to not prevent infection by other types or strains.
multiply in unlimited quantities. Protectionfrom the influenza virus is also complicated
by the fact that immunity to a specific virus persists for
An attack brought on by the presence of the less than a year. Finally, because a virus may
influenza virus in the body produces a temporary periodically change characteristics,the problem of
immunity, but, unfortunately, the protection is against mutation makes it difficult to carry out a successful
only the type of virus that caused the influenza. immunization program. Vaccines are often ineffective
Because the disease can be produced by any one of
three types, referred to as A, B, or C, and many 27. The atomic structure of viruses
varieties within each type, immunity to one virus will
not prevent infection by other types or strains. is variable
Protectionfrom the influenza virus is also complicated CE9 is strictly defined
by the fact that immunity to a specific virus persists for O cannot be analyzed chemically
less than a year. Finally, because a virus may C D is more complex than that of bacteria
periodically change characteristics,the problem of
mutation makes it difficult to carry out a successful 28. Why does the author say that viruses are
immunizationprogram. Vaccines are often ineffective alive?

GD They have a complex atomic structure.

aThey move.

O They multiply.

a They need warmth and light.

398 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 31. The following sentence can be added to the
passage.
29. The word I i I T i R E d in paragraph 1 could
best be replaced by which of the following? Epidemics or regional outbreaks have
appeared on the average every two or
GD very small three years for type-A virus, and
every four or five years for type-B
CD very large virus.

O very similar Where would it best fit into the passage?
CD very different
Click on the square (M) to add the sentence
poisonous substances into the body of the organism to the passage.
they attack, viruses, like the influenza virus, are living
organism's themselves. We may consider them regular Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
chemical molecules since they have strictly defined
atomic structure; but on the other hand, we must also 5E
consider them as being alive since they are able to
multiply in unlimited quantities. [ .mutatlon makes ~tdlfflcult to carry out a successful
immunization program ~accines.areoften ineffective
An attack brought on by the presence of the against newly evolving strains.
influenza virus in the body produces a temporary Approximately every ten years, worldwide
immunity, but, unfortunately,the protection is against epidemics of influenza called pandemics occur.
only the type of virus that caused the influenza. Thought to be caused by new strains of type-A virus,
Because the disease can be produced by any one of these pandemic viruses have spread rapidly, infecting
three types, referred to as A, B, or C, and many millions of people.
varieties within each type, immunity to one virus will Vaccines have been developed that have been
not prevent infection by other types or strains. found to be 70 to 90 percent effective for at least six
Protection from the influenza virus is also complicated months against either A or B types of the influenza
by the fact that immunity to a specific virus persists for virus, and a genetically engineeredlive-virus vaccine
less than a year. Finally, because a virus may is under develo~ment.WCurrentlv, the United States
periodicallychange characteristics, the problem of Public Health Service recommends annual vaccination
mutation makes it difficult to carry out a successful only for those at greatest risk of complicationsfrom
immunization program. Vaccines are often ineffective influenza, including pregnant women and the elderly.
against newly evolving strains. Nevertheless, many other members of the general
population request and receive flu shots every year,
Approximately every ten years, worldwide and even more are immunized during epidemic or
e~idemicsof influenza called pandemics occur. pandemic cycles..

30. Look at the word ;?lTi%S in the passage.
Click on another word or phrase in the bold
text that is closest in meaning to

only the type of virus that caused the influenza. 32. According to the passage, how does the
Because the disease can be produced by any one of body react to the influenza virus?
three types, referred to as A, B, or C, and many
varieties within each type, immunity to one virus will GD It prevents further infection to other
not prevent infection by other types or strains. types and strains of the virus.
Protectionfrom the influenza virus is also complicated
by the fact that immunity to a specific virus persistsfor CD It produces immunity to the type and
less than a year. Finally, because a virus may strain of virus that invaded it.
periodically change characteristics, the problem of
mutation makes it difficult to carry out a successful O It becomes immune to types A, B, and
immunization program. Vaccines are often ineffective C viruses, but not to various strains
against newly evolving strains. within the types.

Approximately every ten years, worldwide CD After a temporary immunity, it becomes
epidemics of influenza called pandemics occur. even more susceptible to the type and
Thought to be caused by new strains of type-A virus, strain that caused the influenza.
these pandemic viruses have spread rapidly, infecting
millions of people.

Vaccines have been devetopedthat have been
found to be 70 to 90 percent effective for at least six
months against either A or B types of the influenza
virus, and a genetically engineered live-virus vaccine
is under development. Currently, the United States
Public Health Service recommends annual vaccination
only for those at greatest risk of complications from

33. The passage discusses all of the following The Federal Reserve System, as an
as characteristics of pandemics EXCEPT independentagency of the United States
government, is charged with overseeing the
GD they spread very quickly national banking system. Since 1913 the Federal
they are caused by type-A virus Reserve System, commonly called the Fed, has
served as the central bank for the United States.
O they are regional outbreaks The system consists of twelve District Reserve
Banks and their branch offices, along with several
a they occur once every ten years committees and councils. All national commercial
banks are required by law to be members of the
Fed, and all deposit-taking institutions like credit
unions are subject to regulation by the Fed
regarding the amount of deposited funds that must
be held in reserve and that by definition, therefore,
are not available for loans. The most powerful
body is the seven-member Board of Governors in
Washington, appointed by the President and
confirmed by the Senate.

The System'sprimary function is to control
monetary policy by influencing the cost and
availability of money and credit through the
purchase and sale of govemment securities. If the
Federal Reserve provides too little money, interest
rates tend to be high, borrowing is expensive,
business activity slows down, unemployment goes
up, and danger of recession is augmented. If there
is too much money, interest rates decline, and
borrowing can lead to excess demand, pushing up
prices and fuel~nginflation.

The Fed has several responsibilities in addition
to controlling the money supply. In collaboration
with the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Fed
puts new coins and paper currency into circulation
by issuing them to banks. It also supervises the
activities of member banks abroad, and regulates
certain aspects of international finance.

It has been said that the Federal Reserve is
actually a fourth branch of the United States
government because it is composed of national
policy makers. However, in practice, the Federal
Reserve does not stray from the financial policies
established by the executive branch of the
govemment. Although it is true that the Fed does
not depend on Congress for budget allocations,
and therefore is free from the partisan politics that
influence most of the other governmentalbodies,
it is still responsiblefor frequent reports to the
Congress on the conduct of monetary policies.

400 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 36. The word l%lR%ETin paragraph 1 could
best be replaced by
34. Which of the following is the most appropri-
ate title for the passage? GD modified
CD considered
GD Banking O examined
CD approved
a The Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System, as an
O The Board of Governors independent agency of the United States
Monetary Policies government, is charged with overseeing the
national banking system. Since 1913 the Federal
35. The word in paragraph 1 is clos- Reserve System, commonly called the Fed, has
est in'meaning to sewed as the central bank for the United States.
The system consists of twelve District Reserve
C 9 supervising Banks and their branch offices, along with several
maintaining committees and councils.All national commercial
banks are required by law to be members of the
O financing Fed, and all deposit-taking institutions like credit
stimulating unions are subject to regulation by the Fed
regarding the amount of deposited funds that must
The Federal R e s e ~ eSystem, as an be held in reserve and that by definition, therefore,
independent agency of the United States are not available for loans. The most poweFful
government, is charged with overseeing the body is the seven-member Board of Governors in
national banking system. Since 1913 the Federal Washington, appointed by the President and
Reserve System, commonly called the Fed, has Ic o n m e d by the Senate.
served as the central bank for the United States.
The system consists of twelve District Reserve The System's primary function is to control
Banks and their branch offices, along with several monetary policy by influencing the cost and
committees and councils. All national commercial availability of money and credit through the
banks are required by law to be members of the purchase and sale of government securities. If the
Fed, and all deposit-taking institutions like credit Federal Reserve provides too little money, interest
unions are subject to regulation by the Fed rates tend to be high, borrowing is expensive,
regardingthe amount of deposited funds that must
be held in reserve and that by definition, therefore, 37. According to the passage, the principal
are not available for loans. The most powerful responsibility of the Federal Reserve
body is the seven-member Board of Governors in System is
Washington, appointed by the President and
confirmed by the Senate. GD to borrow money
to regulate monetary policies
The System's primary function is to control
monetary policy by influencing the cost and O to print government securities
availability of money and credit through the
purchase and sale of government securities. If the CD to appoint the Board of Governors
Federal Reserve provides too little money, interest
rates tend to be high, borrowing is expensive,