4. Barrons TOEFL

250 REVIEW OF WRITING

This Review can be used to prepare for both the Paper-Based TOEFL and the Computer-Based
TOEFL. For the most part, the same types of topics are tested on both the Paper-BasedTOEFL and the
Computer-Based TOEFL. The essays on both the Paper-Based TOEFL and the Computer-Based
TOEFL are scored using the same scale.

Three Steps for Writing Short Essays

There are three steps that most good writers follow in organizing their writing. You should use these
steps when you write a short essay. First, tell your reader what you are going to write. Second, write it.
Third, tell your reader what you wrote.

To look at these steps another way, your essay should have three parts:
1. A good beginning
2. Several good comments
3. A good ending

In this review of writing, we will discuss and give examples of the three parts of a short essay, using
the types of topics that you will find on the TOEFL.

A Good Beginning

This is where you tell the reader what you are going to write. A good beginning has certain require-
ments.

A good beginning is short. Two or three sentences is enough to tell your reader how you plan to
approach the topic.

A good beginning is direct. In the case of a comparison, state both sides of the argument in your
first sentence. In a short composition, you don't have enough time for indirect approaches.

A good beginning is an outline. The second sentence usually outlines the organization. It gives
the reader a general idea of your plan.

Good Comments

This is where you write.
Good comments include several points. A short essay may have between two and five points.
Usually, the writer selects three. In the case of a comparison, three reasons is a standard argument.
Good comments are all related. All of the comments should relate to the general statement in the
first sentence.
Good comments are logical. The points should be based on evidence. In the case of a compari-
son, the evidence should come from sources that can be cited, such as a television program that you
have seen, an article that you have read in a magazine, a book that you have read, or a lecture that you
have heard.
Good comments are not judgments. Opinions should be identified by phrases such as, "in my
view," "in my opinion," or "it seems to me that." Furthermore, opinions should be based on evidence.
Opinions that are not based on evidence are judgments. Judgments usually use words like "good" or
"bad," "right" or "wrong." Judgments are not good comments.

A Good Ending

This is where you tell the reader what you wrote.
A good ending is a summary. The last sentence is similar to the first sentence. In a short essay, a
good ending does not add new information. It does not introduce a new idea.
A good ending is not an apology. A good ending does not apologize for not having said enough,
for not having had enough time, or for not using good English.

REVIEW OF STRATEGIES AND TOPICS FOR THE WRITING SECTION 251

Example Essay

The following example essay would receive a score of 6. It is well organized, it addresses the topic,
it includes examples and details, and it has some but not many errors in grammar and vocabulary.

Read and study this example essay before you complete the Model Tests.

Question:
Some students like to take distance-learning courses by computer. Other students prefer to study in
traditional classroom settings with a teacher. Consider the advantages of both options, and make an
argument for the way that students should organize their schedules.

Outline

&-----

a U&&vw-

Cmy&h~dtwn/~

Pw-

252 REVIEW OF WRI-HlUG

Evaluator3 Comments

This writing sample is well-organized with a good topic sentence and good support statements. It
addresses the question, and does not digress from the topic. There is a logical progression of ideas and
excellent language proficiency, as evidenced by a variety of grammatical structures and appropriate vo-
cabulary. There are only a few grammatical errors that have been corrected below:

Line 5 at your convenience
Line 9 more quickly
Line 11 the option of listening
Line 15 motivated
Line 21 instead of
Line 35 choosing

SCORE6:

COMPUTER TUTORIAL FOR THE WRITING SECTION 253

Testing Tools: Vocabulary, Icons, and Keys

Specific Vocabularyfor the Essay

Text All printed material on the screen. Text can refer to a word, a sentence, a paragraph,
several paragraphs, or an essay.

Cursor The line that shows you where you can begin typing. When you move the mouse, the
cursor appears. You can move the cursor on your essay by moving the mouse on
your mouse pad,

Blinking Flashing on and off. The cursoris usually blinking to help you see it.

Highlight To select textin your essay that you want to edit. To highlight, move the cursorto the
beginning of the place in your essay that you want to change. Hold down the mouse
button and move to the end of the place in your essay that you want to change. Re-
lease the mouse button. The highlighted text should be shaded.

Keys The individual buttons on the keyboard used for typing and editing your essay.

Keys for the Essay

Arrow Keys Keys that let you move around in your essay. There is an up arrow, down arrow, left
arrow, and right arrow. They are found between the letters and the numbers on the
keyboard. Use the arrow keys to move up, down, left, or right.

Page Up, Keys that let you see your essay if it is longer than the screen. The Page Up and
Page Down Page Down keys are above the arrow keys on the keyboard. Use Page Up to scroll

to the beginning of your essay. Use Page Down to scroll to the end of your essay.

Backspace A key that moves you back one space at a time. Use the Backspace key to erase text
from right to left.

Space Bar The long key at the bottom of the keyboard. Use the Space Bar two or three times to
indent a paragraph. Remember, the Tab key does not function on your keyboard.

Icons for the Essay

Cut An example of an icon. After you highlightthe text you want to delete or move, click on
Cut. The text will disappear. Use the Cut icon to delete text or as the first step in mov-
ing text.

Paste An example of an icon. After you cut text, you can move the cursorto the place in the
essay where you want to insert the text, and click on Paste. The text you highlighted
will appear. Use the Paste icon as the second step in moving text.

254 REVIEW OF WRITING

Undo An example of an icon. It lets you change your mind. For example, if you move a sen-
tence, and then you want to move it back to the original place in your essay, click on
Undo. Undo will return whatever you did last back to the way it looked beforeyou made
the change. Remember, Undo will only return your last change, not several changes.

Keyboard for the Essay To delete text from

wDoes not function left to right

to the beginning of
a line

To move the cursor
up one page

To make spaces To move the cursor to I ITo move the cursor
between words OR the beginning of the
I in the direction of
the arrow

TIP: If you click the mouse, you can delete text. You may even delete your essay! If this happens,
click on Undo immediately.

Computer Screen for the Essay

Read the question below and type your response in the box at the bottom of the screen.

Some students like to take distance-learningcourses by computer. Other students
prefer to study in traditionalclassroom settings with a teacher. Consider the advantages
of both options, and make an argument for the way that students should organize
their schedules.

Given all the advantagesof both types of courses, Ithink that students would Cut TO MOVE TEXT
be wise to register for distance-learningcourses and lraditionalclassroom Highlight text
courses during their college experiences. By panicipatingin distance-learning Paste
courses, they can work independently in classes that may be more difficult to them, - 2 Click to remove
repeating the lectureson computer at convenient times. By attendingtraditional Undo
classes, they can get to know the teachers personally and will have good highlighted text
referenceswhen they need them. They will also make friends in the class. I
By sharing infohation with dhei'&udents, they can organize their schedules 3 Movecursor
lor the following semester, choosing the best classes and includingboth
clistance-teamni g and traditicma1classes. -3 Click to move
highlighted text
~ ~
Highlight the text 5 Text that was cut
will reappear after
the cursor

1 1 ITO CHANGEYOUR MIND
Click to return the screen
' to the way it loo~ked before

your &Iclick or keystroke

I highlighted text

TO HIGHLIGHT TEXT
1 Move the cursor to the

first word in the text

Holddown the
mouse botton

Move the cursor
over the texl to the
end of the last word

ADVICE FOR THE WRITING SECTION 255

TIP: Be sure that you have completed the essay to your satisfaction before you click on Answer
Confirm. After you click on Answer Confirm, you cannot continue writing or editing your essay.

Simulationsfor the Essay

In order to simulate the experience that you will have on the Computer-Based TOEFL, type the
Model Test essays using the word processing program on the CD-ROM that supplements this book. If
you do not have a computer, handwrite the Model Test essays on paper. Be sure to complete your
essay in thirty minutes.

As part of your study plan, it is a good idea to have an English teacher score your essays using the
guidelines on page 244 of this book.

The Next Generation TOEFL will include content essays as well as personal opinion topics like
those on the Computer-Based TOEFL and the Test of Written English (TWE). Summarizing an acade-
mic lecture or a textbook passage is the skill you will need to develop in order to respond to the new
content-based writing tasks on the Next Generation TOEFL.

The next edition of this book will include a new, revised Writing Chapter to help you improve this im-
portant skill.

Watch for Barron's How to Prepare for the TOEFL, 12th Edition to be published when the Next Gen-
eration TOEFL is introduced.

Become familiar with the writing topics. All of the topics from the official TOEFL Writing
Section are listed in the TOEFL Information Bulletin for Computer-Based Testing, available free from
Educational Testing Service. Read through the questions and think about how you would respond to
each of the topics. Since most of them require you to state an opinion, it is helpful to form a general
opinion on each topic.

Decide whether you will handwrite or type your essay. The word processing program
for the computer is very simple. If you know how to use Windows, it should be easy for you to adjust. But
if you feel uncomfortable using the computer to write the essay, you may choose to handwrite it. By
making your decision before you take the TOEFL, you will not waste time thinking about the way you will
complete your test. You can use every minute to organize and write the essay.

Write on the topic you are assigned. If you write on a topic other than the one you have
been assigned, your test will not be scored.

Get help from the test administrator. If you are having a problem with the word processing

program, notify one of the test administrators immediately. 'There should be several in the room. They

cannot help you with the answers on the TOEFL, but they can help you use the computer. That is why

they are there. Tell the administrator, "Excuse me. Iam trying to . What should I do?"

256 REVIEW OF WRITING

Supportive people in our lives help us to do our best and be our best. Negative people steal our
energy and bring us down with them. If negative people like that are in your life, you may not be able to
avoid them completely, but you should consider spending less time with them, at least until you achieve
your goal. You can spend the additional time with positive, supportive people who encourage you and
energize you.

If you have even one negative person in your study group, he or she will affect the progress of the
entire group. If you continue to associate with negative people, they will make it more difficult for you to
act on the advice for success in this book. Associate with positive people. This decision w~lilncrease
your confidence, motivation, and energy. Stay on track with the support of positive family members,
teachers, and friends.

TOEFL
MODEL TESTS

There are three types of Model Tests to help you prepare for the TOEFL. The
questions on ModelTests 1-8 in this book are like those that frequently appear on the
Computer-Based TOEFL. The questions on the Cumulative Model Test on the
CD-ROM that supplements this book are also like those that frequently appear on
the Computer-Based TOEFL.

The difference between Model Tests 1-8 and the Cumulative Model Test is that
Model Tests 1-8 are simulations of a Computer-Based TOEFL. A simulation is an
experience that is similar, but not exactly the same. On these Model Tests, you will
see the same types of questions, and you will answer them in the same way that you
will on the actual Computer-Based TOEFL that you take, but the computer will not
be selecting questions for you at your level of language proficiency. These Model
Tests are computer-assisted, but not computer-adaptive. On the Cumulative Model
Test, you will see the same types of questions, and you will answer them in the
same way that you will on the actual Computer-Based TOEFL. In addition, the
computer will be selecting questions for you at your level of language proficiency.
This Model Test is computer-adaptive.

The third type of Model Test is a simulation of the Next Generation TOEFL. It
appears as Model Test 9 in this book and on the CD-ROM that supplements this
book.

MODEL TESTS 259

If you use the CD-ROM to take the Model Tests, you will not need to write in your book. If you do not
have access to a computer, mark your responses directly on the tests in the book.

-For multiple-choice questions that require you to choose one answer, fill in the oval of the let-in spring.

ter that corresponds to the answer you have chosen.
The Palo Verde tree The Palo Verde tree in spring.

has beautiful yellow blossoms has beautiful yellow blossoms

GD beautiful yellow blossoms beautiful yellow blossoms

O having beautiful yellow blossoms O having beautiful yellow blossoms

a with beautiful yellow blossoms a with beautiful yellow blossoms

For questions that require you to choose two answers, mark an X in the squares that corre-
spond to the answers you have chosen.

According to the professor, what was the According to the professor, what was the
Hemingway style? Herningway style?

t3'Elt-aM'mm CmW6'afisWMs

Powerful descriptions Powerful descriptions
Imaginative details Imaginative details
Short sentences Short sentences
Difficult symbolism Difficult symbolism

For questions that require you to click on sentences to move them into categories on charts,
write letters on the charts that correspond to the sentences you have chosen.

How did Hemingway use his experience How did Hemingway use his experience
in different novels? in different novels?

m1~3WWeTeWeA"c'&: ~on~2"s'enice~
click on the space whe7eiTf%ii!Io?gb TIWfTZk on the space where if belongs.
Use each sentence only once.
Use each sentence only once.

He was fishing in the Gulf of Mexico. He was fishing in the Gulf of Mexico.
He was driving an ambulance in Italy.
rnHe was driving an ambulance in Italy. He was working as a newspaper reporter
He was worlung as a newspaper reporter in Paris.
in Paris.

The Sun Also A Farewell The Old Man The Sun Also A Farewell The Old Man

Rises to Arms and the Sea Rises to Arms and the Sea

CB A

260 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

For questions that require you to put events in order, write letters in the numbered boxes that
correspond to the sequence you have chosen.

The professor briefly describes Hemingway's The professor briefly describes Hemingway's

life as an author. Summarize the biographical life as an author. Summarize the biographical

data by putting the events in order. data by putting the events in order.

tTiEkTn-e- t3'R%?5nm3iiiZ
click on the space w h e ~ o n g s : TlZKYEk on the space where itT%long$.
Usk each sentence only once.
Use each sentence only once.

Hemingway wrote about his experiences Hemingway wrote about his experiences
as an ambulance driver during the war. as an ambulance driver during the war.
Hemingway received the Nobel Prize Hemingway received the Nobel Prize
for literature. for literature.
Hemingway published The Old Man Hemingway published The Old Man
and the Sea. and the Sea.
Hemingway was a newspaper reporter Hemingway was a newspaper reporter
in Paris. in Paris.

MODEL TESTS 261

For questions that require you to click on a word or phrase, circle the word or phrase in the
passage.

Look at the word &Ti2 in the passage. Look at the word bne in the passage.
Click on the word or phrase in the bold
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text that one refers to.

text that 638 refers to. Solar astronomers do know that the sun is

Solar astronomers do know mat the sun is divided into five general layers or zones. Starting at
divided into five general layers or zones. Starting at
the outside and going down into the sun, the zones are the outside and going down into the sun, the zones are
the corona, chromosphere, photosphere,convection
zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection
regarded as the sun s atmosphere. But since the
sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are
atmosphere ends and the main body of the sun
begins. regardedas the sun s atmosphere. But since the

The sun s outermost layer begins about sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the
10,000 miles above the visible surface and
goes outward for millions of miles. This is the atmosphere ends and the main body of the sun
only part of the sun that can be seen during an
eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At begins.
any other time, the corona can be seen only when
special instruments are used on cameras and The s u n s outermost layer begins about
telescopes to block the light from the photosphere.
10,000 miles above the visible surface and
The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light,
about as bright as the full moon. Its beautiful rays goes outward for millions of miles. This is the
are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The
coronas rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy only part of the sun that can be seen during an
spikelike rays near the sun s north and south poles.
The corona is generally thickest at the sun s equator. -such as the one in February 1979. At

The corona is made up of gases streaming any other time, the corona can be seen only when

special instrumentsare used on cameras and

telescopes to block the light from the photosphere.

The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light,

about as bright as the full moon. Its beautiful rays

are a sensationalsight during an eclipse. The

coronas rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy

spikelike rays near the sun s north and south poles.

The corona is generally thickest at the sun s equator.

The corona is made up of gases streaming

For questions that require you to click on a sentence, circle the sentence in the passage.

Click on the sentence in paragraph 4 or 5 Click on the sentence in paragraph 4 or 5
in which the author compares the light of in which the author compares the light of
the sun's outermost layer to that of another the sun's outermost layer to that of another
astronomical body. astronomical body.

Paragraphs 4 and 5 are marked Paragraphs 4 and 5 are marked
with arrows [+] with arrows [+]

cameras and telescopes to block the light from the cameras and telescopes to block the light from the
photosphere. photosphere.

-+ The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, he corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light,
as bright as the full moon.gts beautifu?rays
about as bright as the full moon. its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse.The
are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy
corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spikelike rays near the sun's north and south poles.
spikelike rays near the sun's north and south poles. The corona is generally thickest at the sun's equator.
The corona is generally thickest at the sun's equator. -I The corona is made up of gases streaming
--+ The corona is made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds that reach a
outward at tremendous speeds that reach a
temperature of more than 2 million degrees 1 temperature of more than 2 million degrees
Fahrenheit The gas th~nsout as rt reaches the
space around the planets By the time the gas of Fahrenheit.The gas thins out as it reaches the
the corona reaches the Earth it has a relatively low space around the planets. By the time the gas of
density. the corona reaches the Earth it has a relatively low
density.

262 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

For questions that require you to add a sentence, circle the square [ H ] where the sentence is

to be inserted.

The following sentence can be added to The following sentence can be added to
paragraph 1. - paragraph 1.

At the center of the Earth's solar At the center of the Earth's solar
system lies the sun. system lies the sun.

Where would it best fit in paragraph l? Where would it best fit in paragraph l?
Click on the square [ ] to add the sentence Click on the square [ ] to add the sentence
to the paragraph. to the paragraph.

.Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [ -+ 1. Paragraph 1 is marked with an m o w [ + 1.
-+ The temperature of the sun is over 10,000 -+
degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to he temperature of the sun is over 10,000
perhaps more than 27,000,000" at the center. .The
sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to
exist only as a gas, except perhapsat the core. In the
core of the sun, the pressuresare so great that, perhaps more than 27,000,000° at the center. .The
despite the high temperature, there may be a small
solid core. .However, no one really knows, since the sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can
.center of the sun can never be directly observed.
Solar astronomers do know that the sun is exist only as a gas, except perhapsat the core. In the
divided into five general layers or zones. Starting at
the outside and going down into the sun, the zones .core of the sun, the pressuresare so great that,
are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere,convecZion
zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are despite the high temperature, there may be a small
regardedas the sun's atmosphere. But since the solid core. .However, no one really knows, since the
sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the center of the sun can never be directly observed.
atmosphere ends and the main body of the sun Solar astronomers do know that the sun is
begins.
The sun's outermost layer begins about 10,000 divided into five general layers or zones. Starting at
miles above the visible surface and goes outward for
millions of miles.This is the only part of the sun that the outside and going down into the sun. the zones
can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in
are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection

zone, and finally the core.The first three zones are

regardedas the sun's atmosphere. But since the

sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the

atmosphere ends and the main body of the sun

begins.

The sun's outermost layer begins about 10,000

miles above the visible surface and goes outward for

*millions of miles.This is the only part of the sun that

can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in

MODEL TEST 1 263

Model Test 1

Computer-Assisted TOEFL

Section 1:
Listening

The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You will use headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the Lis-
tening Section, with special directions for each part.

On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening ma-
terial and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or have
any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices appear.
You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage to an-
swer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want be-
fore you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.

Before you begin worlung on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the test.

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A

In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.

Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by thespeakers.

1. What is the man's problem? 3. What does the woman imply?

GD He doesn't mind the traffic. GD She is not interested in the man.
CD She doesnot like lectures.
a He takes the bus to school. O She would go out with the man on

O He has to stand on the bus if he takes it another occasion.
to school. CD She would rather stay at home.
He wants to ride to school with the
woman. 4. What does the woman mean?

2. What does the man mean? GD The bike is in good condition.
C D The man needs to replace the bike.
GO The woman should not consider her O The bike is missing.
advisor in the decision.
It is a new bike.
GD The woman should not take Dr. Sul-
livan's section. 5. What does the man want to drink?

O The woman's advisor will not be of- GD Something cold.
fended. CD Coffee.
O Tea.
OD The woman should not take a
physics course. CD Both coffee and tea.

264 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 13. What had the man assumed?

6. What does the man suggest the woman do? GD Dr. Franklin is not very understanding.
The extension was a very bad idea.
GD Ask directions.
Walk to the shopping center. O He is surprised that the woman was
denied her request.
O Take a taxi.
a The professor does not have a policy.
a Wait for the bus.
14. What problem do the man and woman have?
7. What can be inferred about the woman?
GD They do not have a telephone.
GD , She does not plan to study. CD They are late.
CD She has a very busy schedule. O They have been left.
O ,She is lost.
a They got lost.
a She has not registered yet.
15. What is the woman probably going to do?
8. What does the man mean?
GD Pay the rent for half a month.
GD He does not want to listen to the radio. CD Help the man move.
He has changed his opinion about turn-
ing on the radio. Stay where she is living until the 15th.

O The radio will not bother him. a Move out of the apartment.

a The radio is not worlung very well. 16. What had the man assumed about MaryAnne?

9. What does the woman suggest Anna do? GD She had already taken the test.
She did not want to take classes.
GD Stop worrying.
Go out more. O She had not taken the placement test.

O Talk to a friend. a She would take the math classes later.

a Get counseling. 17. What does the man mean?

10. What does the man mean? GD The plan is to remain in the class.

GD He prefers to talk another time. a It is not comfortable in the classroom.
CD He wants the woman to go away.
O He would like the woman to continue. O He has been absent because he was sick.
The weather has been very bad.
He doesn't know what to think.

11. What will the man probably do?

GD Accept the woman's apology.
GD Allow the woman to go ahead of him.
O Apologize to the woman.

a Go to the front of the line.

12. What does the woman imply?

GD The neighbors have parties often.
GD She does not like her neighbors.
O The neighbors' party is disturbing her.

She will not be invited to the neighbors'
Party.

MODEL TEST 1 265

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part B

In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conver-
sation or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be
repeated.

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the top-
ics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.

For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special directions. The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.

18. What is Mike's problem? 23. What is the average increase in productivity
when MUZAK is introduced?
GD He was late arriving at registration.
He needs an advisor's signature on a GD Thirteen percent.
course request form. GD Five to ten percent.
O One hundred percent.
O He is not doing well in the class because
it is so large. a Thirty percent.

a He must have the permission of the 24. What is stimulus progression?

instructor to enroll in a class. GD Background music that is low in stimu-
lus value.
19. What does Mike want Professor Day to do? Upbeat music that stimulates sales.

GD Help him with the class. O Music engineered to reduce stress.
Music that starts slow and gets faster at
a Explain some technical vocabulary. times of the day when people get tired.

O Give him special permission to take the 25. How does MUZAK influence sales in
class. supermarkets?

a Take a fonn to the registration area. GD It can cause shoppers to go through the
line faster.
20. What does Mike say about graduation?
a It can cause shoppers to buy thirty per-
GD He has planned to graduate in the fall.
cent more or less.
a He has to take Professor Day's class in O It can cause shoppers to walk slower

order to graduate. and buy more.
O He needs the professor to sign his
a It does not influence sales.
application for graduation.

a He does not have enough credits for

graduation.

21. What does Professor Day decide to do? 26. What is this announcement mainly about?

GD Enroll Mike in the class next year. GD The "Sun-Up Semester" program.
GD Allow Mike to take the class this term. The Community College campus.
O Give Mike permission to graduate
O Video telecourses.
without the class.
a Technology for distance learning.
a Register Mike for another class.
27. Why does the speaker mention the "Sun-Up
22. What is MUZAK? Semester"?

A slow, soft song. GD To clarify how to register.

a Music in restaurants. a To advertise the college.

O Background music. O To provide a listing of courses.
A pleasant addition to the environment.
a To give students an alternative to video

tapes.

266 TOEFL MODELTESTS 34. What central theme does the lecture examine?

28. How can students register for a course? GD The relationship between language and
culture.
They should come to campus. The culture of Hopi society.
GD They can call the Community College.
O They must contact the instructor. O Native American cultures.

a They can use computers. a The life of Benjamin Lee Whorf.

29. How can students contact the instructor? 35. Which languages did Whorf use in his
research?
GD By using e-mail.
GD By calling KCC7-TV. GD European languages.
South American languages.
By writing letters.
O Native American languages.
a By making video tapes. GD Computer languages.

30. What is the main topic of this conversation? 36. According to the lecturer, what is linguistic
relativity?
GD The woman's health.
The woman's grades. GD All languages are related.
CD All Native American languages are
O The man's joke.
OD The man's stress. related.
O Language influences the manner in
31. What was the woman's problem?
which an individual understands reality.
@ She was taking too many classes.
GD She was very tired because she studied a Language and culture are not related.

too late. 37. What is another name for linguistic relativity?
O She had been ill last semester.
CD She may have to withdraw from school GD The Sapir Hypothesis.
OD The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
this semester. O The Sapir-Whorf-Boas Hypothesis.

32. Why is mono called the "college disease"? The American Indian Model of the
Universe.
GD Many students get mono while they are
in college. 38. What is the topic of this discussion?

CD If one student gets mono, the whole GD Air pollution.
college becomes infected. GD Acid rain.
O Fossil fuels.
O It is a joke about college students that
the woman tells. The Great Lakes.

CD The disease was first identified on a 39. What is acid rain?
college campus.
GD Precipitation that is polluted by sulfuric
33. What advice does the woman give the man? acid and nitric acid.

GD Drop out of school for a semester and GD Rain that falls after a long period of
return later. severe drought.

CD Study harder to learn all the lessons this O Large concentrations of acid in the soil
semester. around the Great Lakes.

O Take fewer hours each semester and add a Water vapor that is mixed with a high
one semester to the program.
Add extra classes to the program even if concentration of sulfur.
it requires another semester.

The air now contains dangerous levels mouth, and intestines.
of carbon monoxide. O Bacteria are similar to other life forms.
G 3 Bacteria cause many diseases in
rn Weather patterns have been disturbed.
Water resources have been polluted. humans.
The soil has been depleted of nutrients.
46. What is the purpose of this conversation?
41. What are the conditions of the Air Quality
Accord? GD The man needs help changing his
schedule.
CO Companies in the United States must The man is looking for a job in the
control pollution that could affect morning.
Canadian resources.
O The man is trying to get a student loan.
@ There are limits placed on the quantity CD The man is changing his major to
of acidic deposits that can cross the
border. sociology.

O Governments and agencies will regulate 47. Why does the man need to take at least
automobile emissions. twelve hours?

CD Fuels cannot contain any sulfur near He wants to graduate as soon as
the border. possible.
He must be a full-time student to qualify
42. What is the topic of this lecture? for his loan.
O His advisor insists that he study full
GD Three major types of bacteria. time.
CD How microscopic organisms are CD All the courses are required.

measured. 48. Why does the man prefer Sociology 560?
O How bacteria is used for research in
G9 It is a required course.
genetics. CD It is offered in the afternoon.
CD Diseases caused by bacteria. O It is taught by Dr. Brown.

43. Which two characteristics are common in a It is a sociology class.
bacteria?
49. What will Dr. Kelly do?
~ob~e'ps~
G9 Help the man withdraw from school.
They have one cell. CD Change the man's class schedule.
O Give the man a student loan.
rn They are harmful to humans.
They reproduce quickly. a Change the man's major.
They die when exposed to air.
50. What will the man probably do after the
44. Which of the following slides contain cocci conversation?
bacteria?
a Go to Dr. Brown's office.
a See Dr. Brown in class.

O Call Dr. Brown.
CD Send the form to Dr. Brown.

268 TOEFL MODELTESTS

Section 2:
Structure

This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.

In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a
choice darkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be pre-
sented. '

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.

1. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was 6. Anthropologists assert that many of the early
to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.
Native Americans who lived on the Plains
the woman who first
CD the first woman did not engage in planting crops but to hunt,
O who the first woman
a CD
a the first and a woman
living primarily on buffalo meat.
2. North Carolina is well known not only for
the Great Smoky Mountains National Park 7. The differential attractions of the sun and the
for the Cherokee settlements.
moon have a direct effect k the risingand
GD also
@ and @ CD 0
O but also
falling of the tides.
because of a

3. If biennials were planted this year, they 8. -both men and women have often
achieved their career ambitions by midlife,
will be likely to bloom next year. many people are afflicted by at least a
temporary period of dissatisfaction and
a 0a depression.

4. The value of the dollar declines as the rate of Because
CD so
GD CD 0 OA

inflation raises. a Who

a 9. With special enzymes that are &lrestriction

5 . General Grant had General Lee him @
enzymes, it is possible to split off segments of
at Appomattox to sign the official surrender
&
of the Confederate forces.
DNA from the donor organism.
@ to meet
aa
CD met

a meet

CD meeting

10. Because of the movement of a glacier, MODELTEST 1 269

GD 17. Java Man, who lived before the first
Ice Age, is the first manlike animal.
the form of the Great Lakes was very slow.
aa a GD It is generally believed that

11. small speci.menof the embryonic a Generally believed it is
fluid is removed from a fetus, it will be
possible to determine whether the baby will O Believed generally is
be born with birth defects. That is generally believed

aA 18. It is essential that the temperature is not
GD That a GD
O Ifa
CD When it is a elevated to a voint where the substance

12. To generate income, magazine publishers CD

formed may become unstable and

a

decompose into itsconstituent elements.

a

must decide whether to increase the sub-

scription price or . 19. John Philip Sousa, who many people consider
@ CD
03 to sell advertising
the greatest composer of marches, wrote his
a if they should sell advertising
a
O selling advertising
music during the era known as the Gay 90s.
C D sold advertising
a

13. Lf it receives enough rain at the proper time, 20. For the investor who money, silver

GD a or bonds are good options.

hay will grow quickly, as grass. GD has so little a

0a a has very little
a has so few
14. Psychology Today & interesting, informative, a has very few

@ CD 21. Although it can be derived from oil, coal, and

and &ti easy to read. GD C D
tar, kerosene is usually produced by refine it
aa
0a
15. Before she died, Andrew Jackson's daughter,
from petroleum.
GD

-who l-ives in the family mansion, used to take
aa a

tourists through her home. 22. Aeronomy & the study of the Earth's upper
a
GD a

16. If it more humid in the desert of the atmosphere, which includes their

Southwest, the hot temperatures would be a

unbearable. composition, temperature, density, and

CD be chemical reactions.

is 23. The purpose Ilf the United Nations,

O was GD

a were broad speaking, & to maintain peace and

aa

security and to encouras respect for

CD

human rights.

270 TOEFL MODELTESTS 25. Although Congressional representatives and

Of all the cereals, rice is the one senators may serve an unlimited number of
food for more people than any of the other
grain crops. term,the president is limited to two,

@ it provides @a

a that providing for a total of eight years.

provides 0a

a that provides

MODEL TEST 1 271

Section 3:
Reading

This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to those
that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section contains
reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of questions in this
section.

In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll bar
to view the rest of the passage.

When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.

Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.

To answer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.

272 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 1. Which title best expresses the ideas in this
passage?
It has long been known that when the green
parts of plants are exposed to light under suitable @ A Chemical Equation
conditions of temperature and moisture, carbon GD The Process of Photosynthesis
dioxide is absorbed by the plant from the 03 The Parts of Vascular Plants
atmospheric CO,, and oxygen is released into the
air. This exchange of gases in plants is the The Production of Sugar
opposite of the process that occurs in respiration.
In this plant process, which is called photosynthesis, 2. The combination of carbon dioxide and
carbohydratesare synthesized in the presence of water to form sugar results in an excess of
light from carbon dioxide and water by specialized
structures in the cytoplasm of plant cells called water
chloroplasts. These chloroplasts contain not only
two types of light-trapping green chlorophyll but a oxygen
also a vast array of protein substances called
enzymes. In most plants, the water required by O carbon
the photosynthesisprocess is absorbed from the
soil by the roots and translocated through the a chlorophyll
xylem of the root and stem to the chlorophyll-laden
leaves. Except for the usually small percentage 3. Which process is the opposite of photosyn-
used in respiration, the oxygen released in the thesis?
process diffuses out of the leaf into the atmosphere
through stomates. In simple terms, carbon dioxide @ Decomposition
is the fuel, and oxygen is the product of the chemical Synthesization
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. Here is O Diffusion
a summary chemical equation for photosynthesis: Respiration

6C0, + 6H,O C,H,O, + 60, 4. Ln photosynthesis, energy from the sun is

As a result of this process, radiant energy changed to chemical energy
from the sun is stored as chemical energy. In CD conducted from the xylem to the leaves
turn, the chemical energy is used to decompose
carbon dioxide and water. The products of their of green plants
decompositionare recombined into a new O not necessary to the process
compound, which successively builds up into
the more and more complex substances that a released one to one for each molecule of
comprise the plant. These organic substances,
that is, the sugars, starches, and cellulose, all carbon dioxide used
belong to the class of organic molecules. In other
words, the process of photosynthesis can be
understoodas an enzyme-inducedchemical
change from carbon dioxide and water into the
simple sugar glucose. This carbohydrate, in turn,
is utilized by the plant to generate other forms of
energy, such as the long chains of plant cells or
polymers that comprise the cellular structures of
starches or cellulose. Many intermediate steps are
involved in the production of a simple sugar or
starch. At the same time, a balance of gases is
preserved in the atmosphere by the process of
photosynthesis.

5. Click on the sentence in paragraph 1 that MODEL TEST 1 273
describes how oxygen is released into the
atmosphere. 7. The word theF in paragraph 2 refers to

Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow (+). CD radiant energy and chemical energy
GD carbon dioxide and water
-+It has long been known that when the green O products
parts of plants are exposed to light under suitable
conditions of temperature and moisture, carbon a complex substances
dioxide is absorbed by the plant from the
atmospheric CO, and oxygen is released into the As a result of this process, radiant energy
air. This exchange of gases in plants is the from the sun is stored as chemical energy. In
opposite of the process that occurs in respiration. turn, the chemical energy is used to decompose
In this plant process, which is called photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water. The products of their
carbohydrates are synthesized in the presence of decomposition are recombined into a new
light from carbon dioxide and water by specialized compound, which successively builds up into
structures in the cytoplasm of plant cells called the more and more complex substances that
chloroplasts.These chloroplasts contain not only comprise the plant. These organic substances,
two types of light-trapping green chlorophyll but that IS, the sugars, starches, and cellulose, all
also a vast array of protein substances called belong to the class of organic molecules. In other
enzymes. In most plants, the water required by words, the process of photosynthesiscan be
the photosynthesis process is absorbed from the understood as an enzyme-induced chemical
soil by the roots and translocated through the change from carbon dioxide and water into the
xylem of the root and stem to the chlorophyll-laden simple sugar glucose. This carbohydrate, in turn,
leaves. Except for the usually small percentage is utilized by the plant to generate other forms of
used in respiration, the oxygen released in the energy, such as the long chains of plant cells or
process diffuses out of the leaf into the atmosphere polymers that comprise the cellular structures of
through stomates. In simple terms, carbon dioxide starches or cellulose. Many intermediate steps are
is the fuel, and oxygen is the product of the chemical involved in the production of a simple sugar or
reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide starch. At the same time, a balance of gases is
preserved in the atmosphere by the process of
6. The word Tf533 in paragraph 2 is closest photosynthesis.
in meaning to
8. The word ~suEce~siveiTn~paragraph 2 is
retained closest in meaning to

converted GD with effort
O discovered GD in a sequence

specified a slowly

__ - carefully

=[cept for the usually small percentage carbon dioxide and water. The products of their
used in respiration, the oxygen released in the decomposition are recombined into a new
process diffuses out of the leaf into the atmosphere compound, which successively builds up into
through stomates. In simple terms, carbon dioxide the more and more complex substances that
is the fuel, and oxygen is the product of the chemical comprise the plant. These organic substances,
reaction. For each inolecule of carbon dioxide that is, the sugars, starches, and cellulose, all
used, one molecule of oxygen is released. Here is belong to the class of organic molecules. In other
a summary chemical equation for photosynthesis: words, the process of photosynthesis can be
understood as an enzyme-induced chemical
6C02 + 6H20 -3 C6H7,O6 + 60, change from carbon dioxide and water into the
simple sugar glucose. This carbohydrate, in turn,
As a result of this process, radiant energy is utilized by the plant to generate other forms of
from the sun is stored as chemical energy. In energy, such as the long chains of plant cells or
turn, the chemical energy is used to decompose polymers that comprise the cellular structures of
carbon dioxide and water. The products of their starches or cellulose. Many intermediate steps are
decomposition are recombined into a new involved in the production of a simple sugar or
compound, which successively builds up into starch. At the same time, a balance of gases is
the more and more complex substances that preserved in the atmosphere by the process of
comprise the plant.These organic substances, photosynthesis.
that is, the sugars, starches, and cellulose, all
belong to the class of organic molecules. In other
words, the process of photosynthesis can be
understood as an enzyme-~nducedchemical
change from carbon dioxide and water into the
simple sugar glucose. This carbohydrate, in turn,
is utilized by the plant to generate other forms of

274 TOEFL MODEL TESTS Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish inventor
and philanthropist, bequeathed most of his vast
9. Besides the manufacture of food for plants, fortune to a trust that he designated as a fund
what is another benefit of photosynthesis? from which annual prizes could be awarded to the
individuals and organizations that had achieved
GD It produces solar energy. through invention or discovery that which would
GD It diffuses additional carbon dioxide into have the greatest benefit to humanity in a
particular year. According to the legend, Nobel's
the air. death had been erroneously reported in a
O It-maintainsa balance of gases in the newspaper, and the focus of the obituary was the
fact that Nobel had invented dynamite. He rewrote
atmosphere. his will in 1895, thereby establishing, with the
original amount of nine million dollars, the Nobel
a It'removes harmful gases from the air. Foundationas the legal owner and administering
agent of the funds, and instituting the prizes that
10. Whlch of the following is NOT true of the are named after him. Statutes to govern the
oxygen used in photosynthesis? awarding of the prizes were written, along with
guidelines for operating procedures. Five years
Oxygen is absorbed by the roots. after Nobel's death, the first five prizes, worth
about forty thousand dollars each, were to be
CD Oxygen is the product of photosynthesis. awarded.

O Oxygen is used in respiration. Originally the five classifications for
OD Oxygen is released into the atmosphere outstanding contributions designated in Nobel's
will included chemistry, physics, physiologyor
through the leaves. medicine, literature, and international peace.
These prizes have been administeredcontinually
by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they
were first awarded in 1901. In 1969, a sixth prize,
for accomplishments in the field of economics and
endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden, was
added. Candidates for the prizes must be
nominated in writing by February 1 of each year
by a qualified and recognizedauthority in each of
the fields of competition. Recipients in physics,
chemistry, and economics are selected by the
Royal Swedish Academy, whereas recipients in
peace are chosen by the Norwegian Nobel
Committee appointed by Norway's parliament.
With the King of Sweden officiating, the prizes are
usually presented in Stockholm on December 10,
the anniversary of Nobel's death. The value,
fame, and prestige of the Nobel Prizes have
continued to grow. Today the prize includes a
medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one
million dollars.

11. What does this passage mainly discuss? MODEL TEST 1 275

e> Alfred Bernhard Nobel 14. How often are the Nobel Prizes awarded?

The Nobel Prizes @ Five times a year
O Great contributions to mankind Once a year
C D Swedish philanthropy
O Twice a year
12. Why were the prizes named for Alfred C D Once every two years
Bernhard Nobel?
15. The following sentence can be added to the
C 9 He left money in his will to establish a passage.
fund for the prizes.
He won the first Nobel Prize for his When he read this objective summary
work in philanthropy. of his life, the great chemist, it is said,
decided that he wanted his name to
O He is now living in Sweden. be remembered for something more
He serves as chairman of the committee positive and humanitarian than
to choose the recipients of the prizes. inventing an explosive that was a
potential weapon.
13. The word V!'F in paragraph 1 refers to
Where would it best fit in the passage?
a Nobel's wishes
Click on the square (W) to add the sentence
a legal document to the passage.
6 a future intention
CD a free choice Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.

particular year. According to the legend, Nobel's particular year. According to the legend, Nobel's i-,
death had been erroneously reported in a death had been erroneously reported in a
newspaper, and the focus of the obituary was the newspaper, and the focus of the obituary was the I
fact that Nobel had invented dynamite. He rewrote fact that Nobel had invented dynamite. He rewrote
his will in 1895, thereby establishing, with the ~I
his Gil in 1895, thereby establishing, with the original amount of nine million dollars, the Nobel
Foundation as the legal owner and administering i1
original amount of nine million dollars, the Nobel agent of the funds, and instituting the prizes that
Foundationas the legal owner and administering are named after him.. Statutes to govern the ~1
agent of the funds, and instituting the prizes that awarding of the prizes were written, along with I
are named after him. Statutes to govern the guidelines for operating procedures.. Five years
awarding of the prizes were written, along with after Nobel's death, the first five prizes, worth ,8
guidelines for operating procedures. Five years about forty thousand dollars each, were to be
after Nobel's death, the first five prizes, worth
about forty thousand dollars each, were to be awarded. =
awarded.
Originally the five classificationsfor
Originally the five classifications for outstanding contributions designated in Nobel's
outstanding contributions designated in Nobel's will included chemistry, physics, physiology or
will included chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and international peace.
medicine, literature, and international peace. These prizes have been administered continually
These prizes have been administered continually by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they
by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they were first awarded in 1901. In 1969, a sixth prize,
were first awarded in 1901. In 1969, a sixth prize, for accomplishments in the field of economics and
for accomplishments in the field of economics and endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden, was
endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden, was added. Candidates for the orizes must be
added. Candidates for the orizes must be

276 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

16. The word in paragraph 2 could 18. What does the author mean by the statement
best be replaced by
continually by the Nobel Foundation ET
CO recent
Stockholm since they were first a w a r d e m
CD unusual 1901 ?

O established GD The Nobel Foundation oversees the
management of the money and the
a exceptional distribution of the prizes.

awarding of the prizes were written, along with QD The Nobel Foundation selects the
guidelines for operating procedures. Five years recipients of the prizes.
after Nobel's death, the first five prizes, worth
about forty thousand dollars each, were to be O The Nobel Foundation solicits applica-
awarded. tions and recommendations for the prizes.

Originally the five classifications for CD The Nobel Foundation recommends
* m a n d i n gcontributions designated in Nobel's new prize classifications.
will included chemistry, physics, physiology or
medicine, literature, and international peace. (Orlalnalivthefive ciassifications for PY
These prizes have been administered continually
by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they outstaniing contributions designated in Nobel's
were first awarded in 1901. In 1969, a sixth prize,
for accomplishments in the field of economics and will included chemistry, physics, physiology or
endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden, was
added. Candidates for the prizes must be medicine, literature, and international peace.
nominated in writing by February 1 of each year
by a qualified and recognized authority in each of these prizes~haveb'ee'n-administere8continG5l@
the fields of competition. Recipients in physics,
chemistry, and economics are selected by the by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they
Royal Swedish Academy, whereas recipients in
peace are chosen by the Norwegian Nobel were first awarded in 1901. In 1969, a sixth prize,
Committee appointed by Norway's parliament.
With the King of Sweden officiating, the prizes are for accomplishments in the field of economics and
usually presented in Stockholm on December 10,
endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden, was
17. A Nobel Prize would NOT be given to
added. Candidates for the prizes must be
GD an author who wrote a novel
nominated in writing by February 1 of each year
a a doctor who discovered a vaccine
by a qualified and recognized authority in each of
O a composer who wrote a symphony
CD a diplomat who negotiated a peace the fields of competition. Recipients in physics,

settlement chemistry, and economics are selected by the

Royal Swedish Academy, whereas recipients in

peace are chosen by the Norwegian Nobel

Committee appointed by Norway's parliament.

With the King of Sweden officiating, the prizes are

usually presented in Stockholm on December 10,

the anniversary of Nobel's death. The value,

fame, and prestige of the Nobel Prizes have

continued to grow. Today the prize includes a

medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one

million dollars.

19. Why are the awards presented on December MODEL TEST 1 277
1O?
Although stage plays have been set to music
a It is a tribute to the King of Sweden. since the era of the ancient Greeks, when the
dramas of Sophocles and Aeschylus were
a Alfred Bernhard Nobel died on that day. accompanied by lyres and flutes, the usually
accepted date for the beginning of opera as we
O That date was established in Alfred know it is 1600. As a part of the celebration of the
Nobel's will. marriage of King Henry IV of France to the ltalian
The Central Bank of Sweden aristocrat Maria de Medici, the Florentine
administers the trust. composerJacopo Pen' produced his famous
Euridice, generally considered to be the first
20. Look at the word in the passage. opera. Followinghis example, a group of ltalian
musicians, poets, and noblemen called the
Click'on the word or phrase in the bold text Carnerata began to revive the style of musical
story that had been used in Greek tragedy. The
m.that is closest in meaning to Cameratatook most of the plots for their operas
from Greek and Roman history and mythology,
by a qualified and recognized authority in each of beginning the process of creating an opera by
the fields of competition. Recipientsin phys~cs, writing a libretto or drama that could be used to
chemistry, and economics are selected by the establish the framework for the music. They called
Royal Swedish Academy, whereas recipients in their compositions opera in musica or musical
peace are chosen by the Norwegian Nobel works. It is from this phrase that the word "opera"
Committee appointed by Norway's parliament. was borrowed and abbreviated.
With the King of Sweden officiating, the prizes are
usually presented in Stockholm on December 10, For several years, the center of opera was
the anniversary of Nobel's death.The value, Florence in northern Italy, but gradually, during the
tame, and prestige of the Nobel Prizes have baroque period, it spread throughout Italy. By the
continued to grow. Today the prlze includes a late 1600s, operas were being written and
medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one performed in many places throughout Europe,
million dollars. especially in England, France, and Germany.
However, for many years, the ltalian opera was
considered the ideal, and many non-Italian
composers continued to use ltalian librettos. The
Europeanform deemphasizedthe dramatic
aspect of the ltalian model. New orchestral effects
and even ballet were introduced under the guise
of opera. Composers gave in to the demands of
singers, writing many operas that were little more
than a succession of brilliant tricks for the voice,
designed to showcase the splendid voices of the
singers who had requested them. It was thus that
complicated arias, recitatives, and duets evolved.
The aria, which is a long solo, may be compared
to a song in which the characters express their
thoughts and feelings. The recitative, which is also
a solo of sorts, is a recitation set to music, the
purpose of which is to continue the story line. The
duet is a musical piece written for two voices, a
musical device that may serve the function of
either an aria or a recitative within the opera.

278 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 24. The word in paragraph 1 refers to

21. This passage is a summary of a opera
a date
opera in Italy
GD the Camerata O era
O the development of opera
OD Euridice a music

22. Look at the word in the passage.

Click on the word or phrase in the bold text Although stage plays have been set to music
since the era of the ancient Greeks, when the
m.that is closest in meaning to dramas of Sophocles and Aeschylus were
accompanied by lyres and flutes, the usually
Although stage plays have been set to music -:,. accepted date for the beginningof opera as we
since the era of the ancient Greeks, when the :, -$ know it is 1600.As a part of the celebrationof the
dramas of Sophocles and Aeschylus were marriage of King Henry IV of France to the ltalian
accompanied by lyres and flutes, the u s u a w , '- aristocrat Maria de Medici, the Florentine
accepted date for the beginning of opera as we composer Jacopo Peri produced his famous
know it is 1600. As a part of the celebration of the ,&.. Euridice, generally considered to be the first
marriage of King Henry IV of France to the ltalian opera. Following his example, a group of ltalian
aristocrat Maria de Medici, the Florentine ,.)~ musicians, poets, and noblemen called the
composer Jacopo Pen produced his famous Camerata began to revive the style of musical
Eutidice, generally considered to be the first ... story that had been used in Greek tragedy. The
opera. Following his example, a group of ltalian Camerata took most of the plots for their operas
musicians, poets, and noblemen called the 1' from Greek and Roman history and mythology,
Camerata began to revive the style of musical .A;: beginningthe processof creating an opera by
story that had been used in Greek tragedy. The writing a libretto or drama that could be used to
Camerata took most of the plots for their operas ..,L: establish the framework for the music.They called
from Greek and Roman history and mythology, their compositions opera in musica or musical
beginningthe process of creating an opera by ;.> works. It is from this phrase that the word "cpera" was
writing a libretto or drama that could be used to I borrowed and abbreviated.
establish the framework for the music.They called
their compositions opera in rnusica or musical i' For several years, the center of opera was
works. It is from this phrase that the word "operanwas Florence in northern Italy, but gradually, during the
borrowed and abbreviated. .C
25. According to the author, what did Jacopo
For several years, the center of opera was Peri write?
Florence in northern ftaly, but gradually, during the
GD Greek tragedy
23. According to this passage, when did modern C D The first opera
opera begin? O The opera Maria de Medici
OD The opera The Camerata
In the time of the ancient Greeks
C D In the fifteenth century 26. The author suggests that Euridice was
O At the beginning of the sixteenth produced

century GD in France
OD At the beginning of the seventeenth CD originally by Sophocles and Aeschylus
O without much success
century
a for the wedding of King Henry IV

27. What was the Camerata?

a A group of Greek musicians

C D Musicians who developed a new musi-
cal drama based upon Greek drama

O A style of music not known in Italy

a The name given to the court of King

Henry IV

MODEL TEST 1 279

28. The word in paragraph 1 could best 29. The word in paragraph 1 is closest in
be replaced by meaning to

appreciate locations
resume OD instruments
modify O stories
investigate C D inspiration

Although stage plays have been set to music know it is 1600. As a part of the celebration of the I
since the era of the anclent Greeks, when the marriage of King Henry IV of France to the ltalian
dramas of Sophocles and Aeschylus were aristocrat Maria de Medici, the Florentine
accompanied by lyres and flutes, the usually composer Jacopo Peri produced his famous
accepted date for the beginning of opera as we Euridice, generally considered to be the first
know it is 1600. As a part of the celebration of the opera. Following his example, a group of ltalian
marrlage of King Henry IV of France to the ltalian musicians, poets, and noblemen called the
aristocrat Maria de Medici, the Florentine Camerata began to revive the style of musical
composer Jacopo Peri produced his famous story that had been used in Greek tragedy.The
Euridice, generally considered to. be the first Camerata took most of the plots for their operas
opera. Following his example, a group of ltalian from Greek and Roman history and mythology,
musicians, poets, and noblemen called the beginning the process of creating an opera by
Camerata began to reme the style of musical writing a libretto or drama that could be used to
story that had been used in Greek tragedy. The establish the framework for the music. They called
Camerata took most of the plots for their operas their compositions opera in musica or musical
from Greek and Roman history and mythology, works. It is from this phrase that the word "opera" was
beginning the process of creating an opera by borrowed and abbreviated.
writing a libretto or drama that could be used to
establish the framework for the music. They called For several years, the center of opera was
their compositions opera in musica or musical Florence in northern Italy, but gradually, during the
works. It is from this phrase that the word "opera" was baroque penod, it spread throughout Italy. By the
borrowed and abbrev~ated. late 1600s, operas were being written and
performed in many places throughout Europe,
For several years, the center of opera was especially in England, France, and Germany.
Florence in northern Italy, but gradually, during the However, for many years, the ltalian opera was

30. From what did the term "opera" derive?

Greek and Roman history and
mythology
GD Non-Italian composers
O The Italian phrase that means "musical
works"
CD The ideas of composer Jacopo Pen

280 TOEFL MODEL TESTS According to the controversial sunspot theory,
great storms or eruptions on the surface of the
3 1. Look at the word TZ?ii' in the passage. sun hurl streams of solar particles into space and
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing
that refers to. shifts in the weather on the Earth and interference
with radio and television communications.
However, for many years, the Italian opera was
considered the ideal, and many non-Italian A typical sunspot consists of a dark central
composers continued to use Italian librettos.The umbra, a word derived from the Latin word for
European form deemphasized the dramatic shadow, which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra
aspect of the Italian model. New orchestral effects of light and dark threads extending out from the
and even ballet were introduced under the guise center like the spokes of a wheel. Actually, the
of opera. Composers gave in to the demands of sunspots are m l e r than the rest of the photosphere,
singers, writing many operas that were little more which may account for their apparently darker
than a succession of brilliant tricks for the voice, color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot
designed to showcase the splendid voices of the umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature
singers who had requested them. It was thus that in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules
complicated arias, recitatives, and duets evolved. outside the spot are 6000 K.
The aria, which is a long solo, may be compared
to a song in which the charactersexpress their Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to
thoughts and feelings. The recitative,which is also complex structures with areas stretching for
a solo of sorts, is a recitationset to music, the billionsof square miles. About 5 percent of all
purpose of which is to continue the story line. The sunspots are large enough so that they can
duet is a musical piece written for two voices, a be seen from Earth without instruments;
musicaldevice that may serve the function of consequently, observations of sunspots have
either an aria or a recitativewithin the opera. been recorded for thousands of years.

32. Look at the word T3VT8ff in the passage. Sunspots have been observed in
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text arrangements of one to more than one hundred
that is closest in meaning to spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also
a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to
aspect of the Itallan model. New orchestral effects have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore,
and even ballet were ~ntroducedunder the guise the strength of the magnetic field associated with
of opera. Composers gave in to the demands of any given sunspot is closely related to the spot's
singers, wr~tingmany operas that were little more size. Sunspots have also been observed to occur
than a succession of brilliant tricks for the voice, in cycles, over a period of eleven years. At the
designed to showcase the splendid voices of the beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20
slngers who had requested them. It was thus that and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on
complicated arias, recitatives, and duets evolved. the sun. As the cycle continues, some of the
The aria, which is a long solo, may be compared storms move closer to the equator. As the cycle
to a song in which the characters express their diminishes, the number of sunspots decreases to
thoughts and feelings.The recitative, which is also a minimum and they cluster between 5 and 15
a solo of sorts, is a recitation set to music, the degrees north and south latitude.
purpose of which is to continue the story line.The
duet is a musical piece written for two voices, a Although there is no theory that completely
musical device that may serve the funktion of explains the nature and function of sunspots,
either an aria or a recitative within the opera. several models show scientists' attempts to relate
the phenomenon to magnetic field lines along the
lines of longitude from the north and south poles
of the sun.

33. What is the author's main purpose in the MODEL TEST 1 281
passage?
36. The word "fJ%WlSin paragraph 1 refers to
To propose a theory to explain sunspots
@ gas explosions in the atmosphere
a To describe the nature of sunspots
a light rays from the sun
O To compare the umbra and the penum-
bra in sunspots O liquid streams on the sun
CD small pieces of matter from the sun
a To argue for the existence of magnetic
According to the controversial sunspot theory,
fields in sunspots great storms or eruptions on the surface of the
sun hurl streams of solar paiticles into space and
34. The word =e~sld'I' in paragraph 1 is eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing
closest in meaning to shifts in the weather on the Earth and interfersnce
with radio and television communications.
CD widely accepted
A typical sunspot consists of a dark central
a open to debate umbra, a word derived from the Latin word for
shadow, which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra
O just introduced of light and dark threads extending out from the
very complicated center like the spokes of a wheel. Actually, the
sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere,
According to the controversial sunspot theory, which may account for their apparently darker
great storms or eruptions on the surface of the color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot
sun hurl streams of solar particles into space and umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature
eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules
shifts in the weather on the Earth and interference outside the spot are 6000 K.
with radio and television communications.
Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to
A typical sunspot consists of a dark central complex structures with areas stretching for
umbra, a word derived from the Latin word for billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all
shadow, which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra sunspots are large enough so that they can
of light and dark threads extending out from the be seen from Earth without instruments;
center like the spokes of a wheel. Actually, the consequently, observations of sunspots have
sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, been recorded for thousands of years.
which may account for their apparently darker
color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot 37. How can we describe matter from the sun
umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature that enters the Earth's atmosphere?
iri a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules
outside the spot are 6000 K. GD Very small
C D Very hot
Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to O Very bright
complex structures with areas stretching for
billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all Very hard
sunspots are large enough so that they can
be seen from Earth without instruments;
consequently, observations of sunspots have
been recorded for thousands of years.

35. Solar particles are hurled into space by

undetermined causes
GD disturbances of wind
O small rivers on the surface of the sun

a changes in the Earth's atmosphere

282 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 39. Look at the word in the passage. Click
on the word or phrase in the bold text that is
38. What does the author mean by the statement opposite in meaning to Bfiy.

ATtuZilly7fie Tunspoff a k FobPer S a n t h r color Typically, the temperature In a sunspot
umbra IS about 4000 K, whereas the temperature
rest of the photosphere. which may account In a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules
for their apparently darker color ? outs~dethe spot are 6000 K

Neither sunspots nor the photosphere Sunspots range in size f r o m m g r a n u l e s to
is hot. complex structures with areas stretching for
billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all
a Sunspots in the photosphere do not have sunspots are large enough so that they can
be seen from Earth without instruments;
any color. consequently, observations of sunspots have
O 'The color of sunspots could be affected been recorded for thousands of years.

by their temperature. Sunspots have been observed in
arrangements of one to more than one hundred
a'The size of a sunspot affects its spots, but they tend to occur in pairs.There is also
a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to
temperature. have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore,
the strength of the magnetic field associated with
of light and dark threads extending out from the any given sunspot is closely related to the spot's
center like the spokes of a wheel. Actually, the size. Sunspots have also been observed to occur
'sunspots are cooler thatithe rest of the p h o t o s r e F In cycles, over a perlod of eleven years At the
which may account for their apparently darker beglnnlngof a cycle, the storms occur between 20
color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on
umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature the sun. As the cycle continues, some of the
in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules storms move closer to the equator As the cycle
outside the spot are 6000 K.
40. The word in paragraph 3 refers to
Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to
complex structureswith areas stretching for a structures
billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all
sunspots are large enough so that they can spots
be seen from Earth without instruments; O miles
consequently, observations of sunspots have
been recorded for thousands of years. granules

Sunspots have been observed in
arrangements of one to more than one hundred
spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also
a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to
have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore,
the strength of the magnetic field associatedwith
any given sunspot is closely relatedto the spot's
size. Sunspots have also been observed to occur

color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot
umbra IS about 4000 K, whereas the temperature
in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules
outside the spot are 6000 K.

Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to
complex structures wtth areas stretching for
billions of square miles.About 5 percent of all
sunspots are large enough so that h e y can
be seen from Earth without instruments;
consequently, observations of sunspots have
been recordedfor thousands of years.

Sunspots have been observed in
arrangements of one to more than one hundred
spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also
a markedtendency for the two spots of a pair to
have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore,
the strength of the magnetic field associated with
any given sunspot is closely relatedto the spot's
size. Sunspots have also been o b s e ~ e dto occur
in cycles, over a period of eleven years. At the
beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20
and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on
the sun. As the cycle continues, some of the
storms move closer to the equator. As the cycle

41. The word in paragraph 3 MODEL TEST 1 283

could best be replaced by 43. How are sunspots explained?

as a result GD Sunspots appear to be related to
magnetic fields on the Earth.
CD nevertheless
GD Sunspots may be related to magnetic
O without doubt fields that follow longitudinal lines on
the sun.
a in this way
O Sunspots are explained by storms that
color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot occur on the Earth.
umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature
in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granuLes a Sunspots have no theory or model to
outside the spot are 6000 K.
explain them.
Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to
complex structures with areas stretching for 44. Click on the paragraph that discusses the
billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all visibility of sunspots.
sunspots are large enough so that they can
be seen from Earth without instruments; Scroll the passage to see all of the
paragraphs.
'i%sdqTeT!w: observations of sunspots have
45. The sunspot theory is
been recorded for thousands of years.
Sunspots have been observed in GD not considered very important
CD widely accepted
arrangementsof one to more than one hundred O subject to disagreement
spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also
a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to relatively new
have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore,
the strength of the magnetic field associated with
any given sunspot is closely related to the spot's
size. Sunspots have also been observed to occur
in cycles, over a period of eleven years. At the
beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20
and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on
the sun. As the cycle continues, some of the
storms move closer to the equator. As the cycle

42. In which configuration do sunspots usually
occur?

GD In one spot of varying size
CD In a configuration of two spots
O In arrangements of one hundred or more

spots
CD In groups of several thousand spots

To check your answers for Model Test 1,
refer to the .Answer Key on page 488. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 1 on
pages 501-520.

284 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Writing Section:
Model Test 1

When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be
closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using
the guidelines on page 244 of this bodk.

Many people enjoy participating in sports for recreation; others enjoy participating in the arts.
Give the benefits of each, take a position, and defend it.
Notes

To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 488. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 1 on
page 520.

MODEL TEST 2 285

Model Test 2

Computer-Assisted TOEFL

Section 1:
Listening

The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You will use headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the Lis-
tening Section, with special directions for each part.

On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening ma-
terial and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or have
any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices appear.
You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage to an-
swer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want be-
fore you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.

Before you begin working on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the test.

QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A

In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.

Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.

1. What had the man assumed? 3. What is the woman probably going to do'?

CD The woman was not truthful. CO Take a class from Professor Wilson.

a Fewer students would attend. a Help the man with his class.

O There would be a large group. O Take an extra class.
Only foreign students would come. C D Do a project for her class.

2. What does the woman imply that the man 4! What does the woman say about Paul?
should do?
CO That he wants something to eat.
Knock on the door. That he will tell them if there is a
Come back later. problem.
O See Dr. Smith.
O That he is not hungry.
a Look at the sign.
a That he is angry.

286 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 11. What does the woman suggest that the man
do?
5. What does the woman mean?
Get directions to the Math Department.
a Good grades are not that important to
a Speak with the secretary.
her.
O Go into Dr. Davis's office.
a She did not get an A on the exam either.
a Take the elevator to the fourth floor.
O Two students got higher grades than she
did. 12. What can be inferred about Tom?

CD Besides hers, there were several other A He has finished the class.
, grades. GD He has been sick.
O He does not have to take the final exam.
6. W a t problem does the woman have?
a He is not very responsible.
GD There is no time to finish.
13. What does the man mean?
a She cannot do it quickly.
GD He cannot find the woman's house.
O She has to study. He has to change their plans.

a She doesn't know what time it is. O He will be happy to see the woman.
He wants to know whether they have a
7. What does the woman mean? date.

a She does not agree with the man. 14. What will the woman probably do?

CD She thinks that it is better to wait. Register for Dr. Collin's class.
O She thinks that it is better to drive at Graduate at a later date.
O Enroll in the section marked "staff."
night.
a Find out who is teaching the other
a She does not think that the man made a
section of the class.
wise decision.
15. What does the woman think that the man
8. What is the man going to do? should do?

Go to class. GD Wait for the results to be mailed.
See a movie. C D Call about the score.
O Study at the library. O Take the test.
Make an appointment.
Show more concern.
9. What does the man mean?
16. What does the woman mean?
The message was not clear.
GD There was no message on the machine. @ They have more time to travel.
O It was his intention to return the They are taking advantage of travel
opportunities.
woman's call.
O They travel more than the man does.
a He did not hear the woman's message.
a They spend most of their time traveling.
10. What does the woman mean?
17. What does the man mean?
GQ They do not have as many people work-
ing as usual. Q The tickets are lost.
GD Judy was responsible for getting the
GD The machine is broken.
O The man is next to be served. tickets.
O There were no tickets available.
a There is usually a long line.
a He does not have the tickets yet.

In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conver-
sation or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be
repeated.

The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the top-
ics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.

For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special directions. The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.

18. What are the man and woman talking 22. What was the video about?
about?
The national health.
CD A chapter in their textbook. Stress.
CD An experiment referred to in a group O Heart attacks.
CD Health care for women.
presentation.
O A lecture in class. 23. What did the students learn about women?

a A program on television. GO They are under more stress than men.

19. Why is the moon an ideal environment for CD They have more heart attacks than men.
the experiment?
O They do not get the same level of care
GD There is no air resistance on the moon. as men.
CD There is no gravitational acceleration on
a They have fewer serious heart attacks
the moon.
O The gravity on the moon affects vertical than men.

motion. 24. How did the man feel about the video?
There is no horizontal resistance for
motions like pushing. GO He did not see it.
GD He thought it was interesting.
20. Why was it easier to lift the hammer on the O He would not recommend it.
moon?
a He was not surprised by it.
GD The moon's gravitational acceleration
was lower. 25. What will the woman probably do?

CD The hammer fell when it was released. a Discuss the video with the man.
O The surface of the moon encouraged
GD Go to the library to see the video.
motion. O Check the video out of the library.
The hammer was created for that envi- CD Get ready for class.
ronment.
26. What is the main topic of this lecture?
21. How did the woman feel about the
presentation? GO Poet laureates.
GD The Victorian period.
GD She was surprised by it. O Love poems in the English language.
CD Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
CD She was not interested in it.
O She was impressed by it.
C!D She was confused about it.

for the title of Poet Laureate? CD The theory of germs and bacteria.
CD The discovery of a vaccine against
GD Because her husband was a famous poet.
Because of her publication, Sonnets smallpox.
from the Portuguese. O The discovery of a mechanism for the

O .Because the monarch was a woman. circulation of the blood.
Because of her friendship with William
Wordsworth. a The Materia Medica.

28. where did Elizabeth and Robert Browning 34. What was surprising about Thrasher's
live after their elopement? study?

GD In Spain. G9 The size of the study, which included
1300 gangs.
a In Italy. The excellent summary by the student
who located the research.
O In Portugal.
O The changes that were reported in the
a In England. history of gangs in the United States.

29. When did Elizabeth Barrett Browning die? CD The fact that gang activity has been
prevalent for many years.
30. What is the main topic of this lecture?
35. According to the study by Moore, what
CD The history of medicine in Greece. causes gang activity?
The contributions of biology to medi-
cine. CD Cliques that form in high school.
C D Normal feelings of insecurity that
O The scientific method.
@, Medical advances in the twentieth teenagers experience.
O Dangerous neighborhoods and schools.
century.
CD Loyalty to friends and family.
31. What was Hippocrates' greatest contribution
to medicine? 36. In which two ways are gang members iden-
tified by law enforcement authorities?
CD The classification of plants on the basis
of body structure. By thei.rtattoos.
By their clothing.
a The sterilization of surgical instruments. By maps of their territories.
By research studies.
O The scientific recording of symptoms
and treatments. 37. What is the role of women in gangs?

a The theory that diseake was caused by GD Women are full members of the gangs.
GD Women are protected by the gangs.
the gods. O Women are a support system for the

32. Who is known as the father of biology? gangs.
CD Women do not have any contact with
GD Hippocrates.
Aristotle. the gangs.

O Dioscorides.

a Edward Jenn2r.

C D She has a schedule conflict. Rubber.
O She has been late to work too often. Steel.
Concrete.
a She needs to obtain a work-study posi- Soil.

tion. 45. What happens to fill dirt during an earth-
quake?
39. When is Mary's class next semester?
09 It allows the building to sway.
CD Every day in the afternoon. GI It reduces earthquake damage.
O It collapses.
GD Three hours a day, three times a week. CD It creates shock waves.
O Ten-thirty on Monday.
GD Nine o'clock, three times a week. 46. Which two types represent the most com-
mon vein patterns in leaves?
40. How does Dr. Brown resolve the problem?
Needle leaves.
GD He changes her work hours. Parallel leaves.
GD He has her work fewer hours. Palmate leaves.
O He finds a different job for her. Pinnate leaves.
C D He gives her permission to arrive late.
47. According to the lecturer, what is a midrib?
41. What is a work-study employee?
G9 One of the major classifications of veins
G9 A person who works on campus. in plants.
C D A new employee who is being trained.
O A student who can study at work after CD The large vein that extends down the
middle of a pinnate leaf.
the job is complete.
CD A part-time student with a full-time job. O The central vein in a parallel leaf.

42. What is the topic of this lecture? a The stem of a plant.

GD Reinforced concrete in buildings. 48. How does the lab assistant help students re-
member the palmate classification?
GD Shear walls in earthquakes.
a She shows them a visual.
O Earthquake-resistant buildings.
Understanding construction sites. GI She explains it carefully.
O She compares it to her hand.
43. Which technique is used to reinforce walls? CD She refers them to their lab manual.

G9 Cross-bracing.

GD Shear cores.

O Bolts.
Base isolators.

ZD Discuss the lecture.

MODEL TEST 2 291

Section 2:
Structure

This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.

In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a choice
darkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.

The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.

1. One of the most effective vegetable protein 6. Although no country has exactly the same
GD
substitutes is the soybean used to
folk music like that of any other, it is
manufacture imitation meat products.
aa
CD which can be
significant that similar songs exist among
a it can be
widely separated people.
O who can be
a
a can be

2. -1000 species of finch have been 7. Despite of the Taft-Hartley Act which to~bjds-
identified.
unfair union practices, some unions such as
CD As many as
0
a As many
the air traffic controllers have voted to strike
O As much as CD
Much as
even though this action might endanger the
3. The first electric lamp had two carbon rods
CD national security.

from which vapor serves to conduct the 8.The Continental United States is that
CD 0 CD
there are four time zones. - . ,,._--- - ,
current across the gap.
a much big
4. A thunderhead, dense clouds that rise high
CD too big .
CD a O
O so big
into the sky in huge columns, produce hail,
a very big
a
9. Benjamin West contributed a great deal to
rain, or snow.

5 . According to the econom.iclaws, the greater American art: .

the demand, the price. a painting, teaching, and lecturing

CD higher GD painting, as a teacher and lecturer

C D high O painting, teaching, and as a lecturer

O the higher a painting, a teacher, and a lecturer

a the high

292 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 17. is necessary for the development of
strong bones and teeth.
10. Operant conditioning involves rewarding or
It is calcium
punishing certain behave to reinforce That calcium
O Calcium
aa
a Although calcium
or e x t i n u its occurrence.

0a

11. There is an unresolved controversy as to 18. Located the cranial cavity in the skull,

whom -is the real author of the Elizabethan -the brain is the larger mass of nerve tissue

aO aa

plays commonly credited to William in the human body.

a a

Shakespeare.

12. A catalytic agent such platinum may be used 19. Alike other forms of energy, natural gas
GD
a
may be used to heat homes, cook food, and
-so that the chemical reaction advances more
CD 0 aO

rapidlv. even run automobiles.
a
a

13. Upon hatching, . 20. An organ k a group of tissues capable

GO young ducks know how to swim GD CD
CD swimming is known by young ducks
O the knowledge of swimming is in young to perform some special function, as,
0
ducks
for example, the heart, the liver, or the lungs.
a how to swim is known in young ducks ail

14. The observation deck at the World Trade 21. withstands testing, we may not con-
clude that it is true, but we may retain it.
Center in New York.
GD If a hypothesis
GO was highest than any other one That a hypothesis

a was higher than any other one O A hypothesis
ail Hypothesis
O was highest that any other one

a was higher that any other one

22. Insulin. it is used to treat diabetes and &
GO a
15. When a patient's blood pressure is much 0

a secured chiefly from the pancreas of cattle

higher than it should be, a doctor usually a
CD 0
and hogs.
insists that he will not smoke.
23. Not until a monkey is several years old
a to exhibit signs of independence

16. It was the invent of the hand-held electronic from its mother.

aa it begins
CD does it begin
calculator that provided the original
and begin
technology for the present generation of
a beginning
a

small but powerful computers.

and wrote. a0

GD her to marry Gum tree and the Maple.
GD her marrying
O she marrying a

a she to marry

294 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

Section 3:
Reading

This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to those
that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section contains
reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of questions in this
section.

In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll bar
to view the rest of the passage.

When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.

Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.

To answer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.

Recent technological advances in manned MODEL TEST 2 295
and unmanned undersea vehicles, along with
breakthroughsin satellite technology and 1. With what topic is the passage primarily
computer equipment, have overcome some of the concerned?
limitationsof divers and diving equipment for
scientists doing research on the great oceans of Technological advances in oceanogra-
the world. Without a vehicle, divers often became phy
sluggish, and their mental concentration was
severely limited. Because undersea pressure a Communication among divers
affects their speech organs, communication
among divers has always been difficult or Direct observation of the ocean floor
impossible. But today, most oceanographers
avoid the use of vulnerable human divers, a Undersea vehicles
preferring to reduce the risk to human life and
make direct observations by means of instruments 2. The word in paragraph 1 is closest
that are lowered into the ocean, from samples in meaning to
taken from the water, or from photographs made
by orbiting satellites. Direct observations of the a nervous
ocean floor can be made not only by divers but a confused
also by deep-diving submarines in the water and
even by the technology of sophisticated aerial O slow moving
photography from vantage points above the
surface of the water. Some submarines can dive a very weak
to depths of more than seven miles and cruise at
depths of fifteen thousand feet. In addition, radio- Recent technological advances in manned
equipped buoys can be operated by remote and unmanned undersea vehicles, along with
control in order to transmit information back to breakthroughs in satellite technology and
land-based laboratories via satellite. Particularly computer equipment, have overcome some of the
important for ocean study are data about water limitationsof divers and diving equipment for
temperature, currents, and weather. Satellite scientists doing research on the great oceans of
photographs can show the distribution of sea ice, the world. Without a vehicle, divers often became
oil slicks, and cloud formations over the ocean. 'sluggish, and their mental concentration was
Maps created from satellite pictures can represent severely limited. Because undersea pressure
the temperature and the color of the ocean's affects their speech organs, communication
surface, enabling researchersto study the ocean among divers has always been difficult or
currents from laboratories on dry land. Furthermore, impossible. But today, most oceanographers
computers help oceanographersto collect, avoid the use of vulnerable human divers,
organize, and analyze data from submarines and preferring to reduce the risk to human life and
satellites. By creating a model of the ocean's make direct observations by means of instruments
movement and characteristics, scientists can that are lowered into the ocean, from samples
predict the patterns and possible effects of the taken from the water, or from photographs made
ocean on the environment. by orbiting satellites. Direct observations of the
ocean floor can be made not only by divers but
Recently, many oceanographers have been also by deep-diving submarines in the water and
relying more on satellites and computers than on even by the technology of sophisticatedaerial
research ships or even submarinevehicles because photography from vantage points above the
they can supply a greater range of information surface of the water. Some submarines can dive
more quickly and more effectively. Some of to depths of more than seven miles and cruise at
humankind's most serious problems, especially
those concerning energy and food, may be solved 3. Divers have had problems in communicat-
with the help of observations made possible by ing underwater because
this new technology.
a the pressure affected their speech organs

the vehicles they used have not been
perfected

O they did not pronounce clearly

C D the water destroyed their speech organs

4. This passage suggests that the successful ex-
ploration of the ocean depends upon

vehicles as well as divers
radios that divers use to communicate

O controlling currents and the weather

a the limitations of diving equipment

296 TOEFL MODEL TESTS - z-8. Look at the word hmr mcWi in the pas-- - -- 1- --
sage. Click on the word or phrase in the
5. Undersea vehicles bold text that is closest in meaning to Important for ocean study are data about water
temperature, currents, and weather Satell~te
GD are too small for a man to fit inside .mb-. photographs can show the d~str~but~ofosnea Ice,
are very slow to respond 011sl~cksa, nd cloud formations over the ocean.
Maps createdfrom satellite plctures can represent
O have the same limitations that divers the temperature and the color of the ocean's
have surface, enabllng researchers to study the ocean
make direct observations of the ocean
floor I Icurrents from laborator~eson drv land Furthermore,

6. ~ h wkord Tl'UW in paragraph 1 could best computers help oceanographers to collect,
be replaced by organize, and analyze data from submarines and
satellites. By creating a model of the ocean's
GD travel at a constant speed movement and characteristics, scientists can
function without problems predict the patterns and possible effects of the
stay in communication ocean on the environment.

a remain still Recently, many oceanographers have been
relying more on satellites and computers than on
affects their speech organs, communication research ships or even submarine vehicles because
among divers has always been difficult or they can supply a greater range of information
impossible. But today, most oceanographers more quickly and more effectively. Some of
avo~dthe use of vulnerable human divers, humankind's most serious problems, especially
preferringto reduce the risk to human life and those concerning energy and food, may be solved
make direct obsewations by means of instruments with the help of observations made possible by
that are lowered into the ocean, from samples this new technology.
taken from the water, or from photographs made
by orbiting satellites. Direct observationsof the 9. Which of the following are NOT shown in
ocean floor can be made not only by divers but satellite photographs?
also by deep-divingsubmarines in the water and
even by the technology of sophisticated aerial GD The temperature of the ocean's surface
photography from vantage points above the
surface of the water. Some submarines can dive a Cloud formations over the ocean
to depths of more than seven miles and kiiiise at
deoths of fifteen thousand feet. In addition, radio- O A model of the ocean's movements
eq"ipped buoys can be operated by remote
control in order to transmit informationback to a The location of sea ice
land-basedlaboratories via satellite. Particularly
important for ocean study are data about water
temperature, currents, and weather. Satellite
photographs can show the distribution of sea ice,
oil slicks, and cloud formations over the ocean.
Maps created from satellite pictures can represent

7. How is a radio-equipped buoy operated?

By operators inside the vehicle in the
part underwater
GD By operators outside the vehicle on a
ship
O By operators outside the vehicle on a
diving platform
By operators outside the vehicle in a
laboratory on shore

10.Look at the word tli8%?in the passage. MODEL TEST 2 297
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text
that T'fZT refers to. Although speech is generally accepted as the
most advanced form of communication, there are
important for ocean study are data about water many ways of communicatingwithout using
temperature, currents, and weather. Satellite words. In every known culture, signals, signs,
photographs can show the distribution of sea ice, symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as
oil slicks, and cloud formations over the ocean. instrumentsof communication. There is a great
Maps created from satellite p~cturescan represent deal of agreement among communication
the temperature and the color of the ocean's scientists as to what each of these methods is and
surface, enabling researchers to study the ocean how each differs from the others. For instance, the
currents from laboratorieson dry land. Furthermore, basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the
computers help oceanographers to collect. environment in such a way that it attracts
organize, and analyze data from submarines and attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes
satellites. By creating a model of the ocean's that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to
movement and characteristics,scientistscan refer to speech, the potential for communication
predict the patterns and possible effects of the through these dots and dashes-short and long
ocean on the environment. intewals as the circuit is broken-is very great.
Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs
Recently, many oceanographers have been also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they
relying more on satellites and computers than on convey information In and of themselves. Two
research ships or even submarinevehicles because examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys
they can supply a greater range of information the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled
more quickly and more effectively. Some of pole outside a shop that communicatesthe
humankind's most serious problems, especially meaning of barber.
'those concerning energy and food, may be solved
with the help of observations made possible by Symbols are more difficult to describe than
this new technology. either signals or signs because of their intricate
relationshipwith the receiver's cultural perceptions. In
11. Click on the paragraph in the passage that some cultures, applauding in a theater provides
discusses problems that new technology performers with an auditory symbol of approval.
might help eliminate. In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding
can be a symbol of the audience's discontent with
Scroll the passage to see all of the para- the performance.Gestures such as waving and
graphs. handshaking also communicate certain cultural
messages.

Although signals, signs, symbols, and
gestures are very useful, they also have a major
disadvantage in communication.They usually do
not allow ideas to be shared without the sender
being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an
exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As
a result, means of communication intendedto be
used across long distances and extended periods
must be based upon speech. To radio, television,
and the telephone, one must add fax, paging
systems, electronic mail, and the Internet, and no
one doubts but that there are more means of
communicationon the horizon.

298 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 15. The phraseli- in paragraph 1 is
closest in meaning to
12. Which of the following would be the best
title for the passage? GD intrude

Signs and Signals a improve

a Gestures O vary

O Communication a prohibit
CD Speech
Although speech is generally accepted as the
13. What does the author say about speech? most advanced form of communication, there are
many ways of communicatingwithout using
GD It is the only true form of cornmu- words. In every known culture, signals, signs,
nication. symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as
instruments of communication. There is a great
a It is dependent upon the advances deal of agreement among communication
scientists as to what each of these methods is and
made by inventors. how each differs from the others. For instance, the
O It is necessary for communication basic function of any signal is to Tmpinge upon the
environment in such a way that it attracts
to occur. attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes
that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to
a It is the most advanced form of refer to speech, the potential for communication
through these dots and dashes-short and long
communication. intervals as the circuit is broken-is very great.
Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs
14. Click on the sentence in paragraph 1 that de- also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they
fines the function of a signal. convey information in and of themselves. Two
examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow (+). the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled
pole outside a shop that communicates the
4 Although speech is generally accepted as the It,. meaning of barber.
most advanced form of communication, there are
many ways of communicatingwithout using +. Symbols are more difficult to describe than
words. In every known culture, signals, signs, :fi,
symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as ,.
instruments of communication. There is a great
deal of agreement among communication '.>.
scientists as to what each of these methods is and
how each differs from the others. For instance, the i
basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the
environment in such a way that it attracts :'
attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes
that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to -,,
refer to speech, the potential for communication
through these dots and dashes-short and long 5
intervals as the circuit is broken-is very great.
Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs j'.
also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they
convey information in and of themselves.Two ,,
examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys
s.:.->I
the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled
,
pole outside a shop that communicates the
meaning of barber. ,%.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than ,.j,.-,

.:

*5 :

A-

16. The word 'iB in paragraph 1 refers to MODEL TEST 2 299

function 17. The word m a T in paragraph 1 could
CD signal best be replaced by
O environ.ment
GD range
a way GD advantage
O organization
Although speech is generally accepted as the Q possibility
most advanced form of communication, there are
many ways of communicatrng without using Although speech is generally accepted as the
words. In every known culture, signals, signs, most advanced form of communication,there are
symbols, and gestures are commonly utilized as many ways of communicatingwithout using
instruments of communication. There is a great words. In every known culture, signals, signs,
deal of agreement among communication symbols, and gestures are covmonly utilized as
scientists as to what each of these methods is and instruments of communication.There is a great
how each differs from the others. For instance, the deal of agreement among communication
basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the scientists as to what each of these methods is and
environment in such a way that ftattracts how each differs from the others. For instance, the
attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the
that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to environment in such a way that it attracts
refer to speech, the potential for communication attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes
through these dots and dashes-short and long that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to
intervals as the circuit is broken-is very great. refer to speech, the Topential for communication
Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs through these dots and dashes-short and long
also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they intervals as the circuit is broken-IS very great.
convey information in and of themselves. Two Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs
examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys 1 also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they
the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled convey information in and of themselves. Two
pole outside a shop that communicates the examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys
meanrng of barber. the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled
pole outside a shop that communicates the
Symbols are more difficult to describe than meaning of barber.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than

300 TOEFL MODEL TESTS

18. Look at the word in the pas- 20. Applauding was cited as an example of

sage. Click on the word or phrase in the a signal
CD a sign
bold text that 'ffi3meIve's refers to. O a symbol

scientists as to what each of these methods is and a a gesture
how each differs from the others. For instance, the
basic function of any signal is to impinge upon the 21. The following sentence can be added to the
environment in such a way that it attracts passage.
attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes
that can be applied in a telegraph circuit. Coded to A loud smacking of the lips after a meal
refer t o speech, the potential for communication can be either a kinesthetic and auditory
through these dots and dashes-short and long symbol of approval and appreciation, or
intervals as the circuit is broken-is very great. simply a rude noise.
Less adaptable to the codification of words, signs.
also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they Where would it best fit in the passage?
convey information i n and of themselves.Two
examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys Click on the square (B)to add the sentence
the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled to the passage.
pole outside a shop that communicates the
meaning of barber. Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.

Symbols are more difficult to describe than also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they
either signals or signs because of their intricate convey information in and of thernselves.mTwo
relationshipwith the receiver's cultural perceptions. examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys
In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled
performers with an auditory symbol of approval. pole outside a shop that communicatesthe
In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding meaning of barber.

, can be a symbol of the audience's discontent with mSymbofs are more difficult to describe than
the performance. Gestures such as waving and either signals or signs because of their intricate
relationship with the receiver's cultural perceptions.
19. The word YRViETF in paragraph 2 could In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides
best be replaced by which of the following? performers with an auditory symbol of approval.
In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding
inefficient can be a symbol of the audience's discontent with
GD complicated the perf0rmance.mGestures such as waving and
6 3 historical handshaking also communicate certain cultural
messages.
uncertain
Although signals, signs, symbols, and
also contain agreed upon meaning; that is, they gestures are very useful, they also have a major
convey information in and of themselves. Two disadvantage in communication.mTheyusually do
examples are the hexagonal red sign that conveys not allow ideas to be shared without the sender
the meaning of stop, and the red and white swirled being directly adjacent to the receiver.Without an
pole outside a shop that communicates the exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As
meaning of barber. a result, means of communication intended to be
used across long distances and extended periods
Symbols are more difficult to describe than
either signals or signs because of their fntn'dattS 22. Why were the telephone, radio, and TV in-
relationshipwith the receiver's cultural perceptions. vented?
In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides
performers with an auditory symbol of approval. @ People were unable to understand signs,
In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding symbols, and signals.
can be a symbol of the audience's discontent with
the performance. Gestures such as waving and CD People wanted to communicate across
handshakingalso communicate certain cultural
messages. long distances.
O People believed that signs, signals, and
Although signals, signs, symbols, and
gestures are very useful, they also have a major symbols were obsolete.
disadvantage in communication.They usually do
not allow ideas to be shared without the sender a People wanted new forms of entertain-
being directly adjacent to the receiver. Without an
exchange of ideas, Interactioncomes to a halt. As ment.
a result, means of communication intended to be
used across long distances and extended per~ods