23. Look at the word in the pas- MODEL TEST 2 301
sage. Click on the word or phrase in the Fertilizer is any substance that can be added
to the soil to provide chemical elements essential
bold text that is closest in meaning to for plant nutrition so that the yield can be increased.
Natural substances such as animal droppings,
.T-o ashes from wood fires, and straw have been used
as fertilizers in fields for thousands of years, and
In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides lime has been used since the Romans introduced
performers with an auditory symbol of approval. it during the Empire. It was not until the nineteenth
In other cultures, if done in unison, applauding century, however, that chemical fertilizers became
can be a symbol of the audience's discontent with widely accepted as normal agricultural practice.
the performance. Gestures such as waving and Today, both natural and synthetic fertilizers are
handshaking also communicate certain cultural available in a variety of forms.
messages.
A complete fertilizer is usually marked with a
Although signals, signs, symbols, and formula consisting of three numbers, such as 4-8-
gestures are very useful, they also have a major 2 or 6-6-4, which designate the percentageof
disadvantage in cornrnunication. They usualty do content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
not allow ideas to be shared without the sender in the order stated. Synthetic fertilizers, produced
being directly adjacent to the receiver.Without an by factories, are available in either solid or liquid
exchange of ideas, interaction comes to a halt. As form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules,
a result, means of communication intended to be are in demand because they are not only easy to
used across long distances and extended periods store but also easy to apply. Recently, liquids
must be based upon speech. To radio, television, have shown an increase in popularity, accounting
and the telephone, one must add fax, paging for about 20 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer used
systems, electronic mail. and the Internet, and no throughout the world. Formerly, powders were
one doubts but that there are more means of also used, but they were found to be less
communication on the horizon. convenient than either solids or liquids.
Fertilizers have no harmful effects on the soil,
the crop, or the consumer as long as they are
used according to recommendationsbased on the
results of local research. Occasionally, however,
farmers may use more fertilizer than necessary, in
which case the plants do not need, and therefore
do not absorb, the total amount of fertilizer applied
to the soil. The surplus of fertilizer thus can
damage not only the crop but also the animals or
human beings that eat the crop. Furthermore,
fertilizer that is not used in the production of a
healthy plant is leached into the water table.
Accumulations of chemical fertilizer in the water
supply accelerate the growth of algae and,
consequently, may disturb the natural cycle of
life, contributing to the death of fish. Too much
fertilizer on grass can cause digestive disorders
in cattle and in infants who drink cow's milk.
Fertilizer must be used with great attention to
responsible use or it can harm the environment.
302 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 27. What is the percentage of nitrogen in a
5-8-7 formula fertilizer?
24. With which of the following topics is the
passage primarily concerned? 3 percent
5 percent
GD Local research and harmful effects of O 7 percent
fertilizer
Advantages and disadvantages of liquid a 8 percent
fertilizer
28. The word in paragraph 2 could
O A formula for the production of be replaced by
fertilizer
modify
a 'Content, form, and effects of fertilizer
a specify
25. The'word FYEFfRV in paragraph 1 could
best be replaced by which of the following? O limit
limited a increase
preferred
anticipated Fertilizer is any substance that can be added
CD required to the soil to provide chemical elements essential
for plant nutrition so that the yield can be increased
Fertilizer is any substance that can be added Natural substances such as animal droppings,
to the soil to provide chemical elements essential ashes from wood fires, and straw have been used
for plant nutrition so that the yield can be increased. as fertilizers in fields for thousands of years, and
Natural substances such as animal droppings, lime has been used since the Romans introduced
ashes from wood fires, and straw have been used it during the Empire. It was not until the nineteenth
as fertilizers in fields for thousands of years, and century, however, that chemical fertilizers became
lime has been used since the Romans introduced widely accepted as normal agricultural practice.
it during the Empire. It was not until the nineteenth Today, both natural and synthetic fertilizers are
century, however, that chemical fertilizers became available in a variety of forms.
widely accepted as normal agricultural practice.
Today, both natural and synthetic fertilizers are A complete fertilizer is usually marked with a
available in a variety of forms. formula consisting of three numbers, such as 4-8-
2 or 6-6-4, which designate the percentage of
A complete fertilizer is usually marked with a content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash
formula consisting of three numbers, such as 4-8- in the order stated. Synthetic fertilizers, produced
2 or 6-6-4, which designate the percentage of by factories, are available in either solid or liquid
content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules,
in the order stated. Synthetic fertilizers, produced are in demand because they are not only easy to
by factories, are available in either solid or liquid store but also easy to apply. Recently, liquids
form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules, have shown an increase in popularity, accounting
are in demand because they are not only easy to for about 20 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer used
store but also easy to apply. Recently, liquids throughout the world. Formerly, powders were
have shown an increase in popularity, accounting
for about 20 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer used 29. Which of the following statements about
throughout the world. Formerly, powders were fertilizer is true?
26. Which of the following has the smallest per- Powders are more popular than ever.
centage content in the formula 4-8-2? CD Solids are difficult to store.
O Liquids are increasing in popularity.
Nitrogen
GD Phosphorus Chemical granules are difficult to apply.
O Acid
a Potash
MODEL TEST 2 303
30. The word in paragraph 2 refers to 31. The word in paragraph 2 is
powders closest in meaning to
CD solids
O liquids GD effective
CD fertilizer
CD plentiful
O easy to use
a cheap to produce
content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash /! I
in the order stated. Synthetic fertilizers, produced in the order stated. Synthetic fertilizers, produced
by factories, are available in either solid or liquid by factories, are available in either solid or liquid / I
form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules, form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules,
are in demand because they are not only easy to are in demand because they are not only easy to I
store but also easy to apply. Recently, liquids store but also easy to apply. Recently, liquids
have shown an increase in popularity, accounting have shown an increase in popularity, accounting
for about 20 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer used for about 20 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer used
throughout the world. Formerly, powders were throughout the world. Formerly, powders were
also used, but 'They were found to be less also used, but they were found to be less
convenient than either solids or liquids. 'corivenienfthan either solids or liquids.
Fertil~zershave no harmful effects on the soil, Fertilizers have no harmful effects on the soil.
the crop, or the consumer as long as they are the crop, or the consumer as long as they are
used according to recommendationsbased on the used according to recommendationsbased on the
results of local research. Occasionally, however, results of loca~researchO. ccasionally, however,
farmers may use more fertilizer than necessary, in farmers may use more fert~lizerthan necessary, in
which case the plants do not need, and therefore which case the plants do not need, and therefore
do not absorb, the total amount of fertilizer applied do not absorb, the total amount of fertilizer applied
to the soil. The surplus of fertilizer thus can to the soil. The surplus of fertilizer thus can
damage not only the crop but also the an~malsor damage not only the crop but also the animals or
human beings that eat the crop. Furthermore, human beings that eat the crop. Furthermore,
fertilizer that is not used in the production of a fertilizer that is not used in the production of a
healthy plant is leached Into the water table. healthy plant is leached into the water table.
Accumulations of chemical fertilizer in the water Accumulations of chemical fertilizer in the water
.I
304 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 34. The following sentence can be added to the
passage.
32. Click on the sentence in paragraph 3 that
describes the effect of an accumulation of One objection to powders was their
fertilizer in the water supply. propensity to become solid chunks if the
bags got damp.
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow (+).
Where would it best fit in the passage?
-+ Fertilizers have no harmful effects on the soil,
Click on the square (a)to add the sentence
the crop, or the consumer as long as they are
used according to recommendations based on the to the passage.
results of local research. Occasionally, however,
farmers may use more fertilizer than necessary, in Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
which case the plants do not need, and therefore
do not absorb, the total amount of fertilizer applied content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash . .,
to the soil. The surplus of fertilizer thus can in the order stated. Synthetic fert~lizersp, roduced
damage not only the crop but also the animals or by factories, are available in either solid or liquid ' :.
human beings that eat the crop. Furthermore, form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules,
fertilizer that is not used in the productionof a are in demand because they are not only easy to a;*
healthy plant is leached into the water table. store but also easy to apply. Recently, liquids %
Accumulations of chemical fertilizer in the water have shown an Increase in popularity, accounting
supply accelerate the growth of algae and, for about 20 percent of the nitrogenfertilizer used .-
consequently, may disturb the natural cycle of throughout the world. rn Formerly, powders were
life, contributing to the death of fish. Too much also used, but they were found to be less m
fertilizer on grass can cause digestive disorders convenient than either solids or liquids.
in cattle and in infants who drink cow's milk. I
Fertilizermust be used with great attention to Fertilizers have no harmful effects on the soil,
responstble use or it can harm the environment. the crop, or the consumer as long as they are 5
used accordingto recommendationsbased on the
33. Look at the word fi;SWA in the passage. Click results of local research.m Occasionally, however,
on the word or phrase in the bold text that is farmers may use more fertilizer than necessary, in
which case the plants do not need, and therefore
closest in meaning to m. do not absorb, the total amount of fertilizer applied
to the soil. The surplus of fertilizer thus can
Fertilizers have no harmful effects on the soil, damage not only the crop but also the animals or
the crop, or the consumer as long as they are human beings that eat the crop. Furthermore,
used according to recommendations based on the fertilizer that is not used in the production of a
results of local research. Occasionally, however, healthy plant is leached into the water table.
farmers may use more fertilizer than necessary, in Accumulations of chemicalfertilizer in the water
which case the plants do not need, and therefore
do not absorb, the total amount of fertilizer applied
to the soil. The surplus of fertilizer thus can
damage not only the crop but also the animals or
human beings that eat the crop. Furthermore,
fertilizer that is not used in the production of a
healthy plant is leached into the water table.
Accumulations of chemical fertilizer in the water
supply accelerate the growth of algae and,
consequently, may disturb the natural cycle of
life, contributing to the death of fish.Too much
fertilizer on grass can cause digestive disorders
in cattle and in infants who drink cow's milk.
Fertilizer must be used with great attention to
responsible use or it can harm the environment.
The development of the horse has been MODEL TEST 2 305
recordedfrom the beginningthrough all of its
evolutionarystages to the modern form. It is, in fact, 35. What is this passage mainly about?
one of the most complete and well-documented
chapters of paleontological history. Fossil finds G9 The evolution of the horse
provide us not only with detailed information about C D The migration of horses
the horse itself but also with valuable insights into O The modern-day pony
the migration of herds, and even evidence for
speculation about the climatic conditions that a The replacement of the anchitheres by
could have instigated such migratory behavior.
the hipparion
Geologists believe that the first horses
appeared on Earth about sixty million years ago 36. According to the author, fossils are consid-
as compared with two million years ago for the ered valuable for all of the following rea-
appearance of human beings. There is evidence sons EXCEPT
of early horses on both the American and
European continents, but it has been documented they suggest how the climate may have
that, almost twelve million years ago at the been
beginning of the Pliocene Age, a horse about CD they provide information about migra-
midway through its evolutionary development tion
crossed a land bridge where the Bering Strait is O they document the evolution of the
now located, from Alaska into the grasslands of horse
Asia, and traveled all the way to Europe. This they maintain a record of life prior to
early horse was a hipparion, about the size of a the Miocene Age
modern-day pony with three toes and specialized
cheek teeth for grazing. In Europe, the hipparion 37. The word in paragraph 1 could
encountered another less advanced horse called
the anchitheres, which had previously invaded best be replaced by
Europe by the same route, probably during the
Miocene Period. Less developed and smaller than C D explained
the hipparion, the anchithereswas eventually caused
completely replaced by it.
O improved
By the end of the PleistoceneAge, both the QD influenced
anchitheres and the hipparion had become extinct
in North America where they had originated, as The development of the horse has been
fossil evidence clearly indicates. In Europe, they recorded from the beginning through all of its
evolved into the larger and stronger animal that is evolut~onarystages to the modern form. It is, in fact,
very similar to the horse as we know it today. For one of the most complete and well-documented
many years, the horse was probably hunted for chapters of paleontologicalhistory. Fossil finds
food by early tribes of human beings. Then the provide us not only with detailed informationabout
qualities of the horse that would have made it a the horse itself but also with valuable insights into
good servant were noted-mainly its strength and the migrationof herds, and even evidence for
speed. It was time for the horse to be tamed, used speculation about the climatic conditions that
as a draft animal at the dawning of agriculture, could have'insti~ed'suchmigratory behavior.
and then ridden as the need for transportation
increased. It was the descendant of this Geologists belleve that the first horses
domesticated horse that was brought back to appeared on Earth about sixty million years ago
the Americas by Europeancolonists. as compared with two million years ago for the
appearance of human beings. There is evidence
of early horses on both the American and
European continents, but it has been documented
that, almost twelve million years ago at the
beginning of the Pliocene Age, a horse about
midway through its evolutionary development
crossed a land bridge where the Bering Strait is
now located, from Alaska into the grasslands of
Asia, and traveled all the way to Europe.This
early horse was a hipparion, about the size of a
modern-day pony with three toes and specialized
306 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 40. According to this passage, the hipparions
were
38. What does the author mean by the statement
five-toed animals
appeared on Earth about sixty million GD not as highly developed as the anchither1
ago as compared with two million years O larger than the anchitheres
ago for the appearance of human beings ? OD about the size of a small dog
GD Horses appeared long before human be- 41. The word 'IT in paragraph 2 refers to
ings according to the theories of geolo-
@ anchitheres
, gists. hipparion
Both horses and human beings appeared
O Miocene Period
, several million years ago, if we believe
geologists. a route
O The geological records for the appear- appearance of human beings. There is evidence
ance of horses and human beings are of early horses on both the American and
not very accurate. European continents, but it has been documented
that, almost twelve million years ago at the
OD Horses and human beings cannot be beginningof the Pliocene Age, a horse about
compared by geologists because they midway through its evolutionary development
appeared too long ago. crossed a land bridge where the Bering Strait is
now located, from Alaska into the grasslands of
The development of the horse has been Asia, and traveled all the way to Europe. This
recorded from the beginning through all of its early horse was a hipparion,about the size of a
evolutionary stages to the modem form. It is, in fact, modern-daypony with three toes and specialized
one of the most complete and well-documented cheek teeth for grazing. In Europe, the hipparion
chapters of paleontologicalhistory. Fossilfinds encountered another less advanced horse called
provide us not only with detailed informationabout the anchitheres,which had previously invaded
the horse itself but also with valuable insights into Europe by the same route, probably during the
the migration of herds, and even evidence for Miocene Period. Less developed and smaller than
speculation about the climatic conditions that the hipparion, the anchitheres was eventually
could have instigatedsuch migratory behavior. completely replacedby it.
'G6oTaT3s belieTiTff7ZfWefr ~ ~ s ' By the end of the Pleistocene Age both the
anchitheres and the hipparion had become extinct
W e a r e d on Earth about sixty million years- in North America, where they had originated, as
as comparedwith two million years ago for the fossil evidence clearly indicates. In Europe, they
appearance of human beings. There is evidence evolved into the larger and stronger animal that is
of early horses on both the American and very similar to the horse as we know it today. For
European continents, but it has been documented
that, almost twelve million years ago at the
beginning of the Pliocene Age, a horse about
midway through its evolutionary development
crossed a land bridge where the Bering Strait is
now located, from Alaska into the grasslands of
Asia, and traveled all the way to Europe. This
early horse was a hipparion, about the size of a
modern-day pony with three toes and specialized
39. Which of the following conclusions may be
made on the basis of information in the pas-
sage?
@ The hipparions migrated to Europe to
feed in developing grasslands.
GD There are no fossil remains of either the
anchitheres or the hipparion.
8 There were horses in North America
when the first European colonists ar-
rived.
Very little is known about the evolution
of the horse.
42. The word T%'TFKT in paragraph 3 is closest MODEL TEST 2 307
in meaning to
44. Look at the word tl8WsTc'Xe'd in the
familiar passage. Click on the word or phrase in the
widespread bold text that is closest in meaning to
?lo-miif.
a nonexistent
a tame By the end of the PleistoceneAge both the II
cheek teeth for grazing. In Europe, the hipparion anchitheres and the hipparion had become extinct I
encountered another less advanced horse called in North America, where they had originated, as I
the anchitheres, which had previously invaded fossil evidence clearly indicates. In Europe, they
Europe by the same route, probably during the evolved into the larger and stronger animal that is ~
Miocene Period. Less developed and smaller than very s~milatro the horse as we know it today. For
the hipparion, the anchitheres was eventually ~',
completely replaced by it.
'
By the end of the Pleistocene Age both the
anchitheres and the hipparion had become CxtKd many years, the horse was probably hunted for
in NorthAmerica, where they had originated, as
fossil evidence clearly indicates. In Europe, they food by early tribes of human beings.Then the
evolved into the larger and stronger animal that is
very similar to the horse as we know it today. For qualities of the horse that would have made it a
many years, the horse was probably hunted for
food by early tribes of human beings. Then the good servant were noted--mainly its strength and
qualities of the horse that would have made it a
good servant were noted-mainly its strength and speed. It was time for the horse to be tamed, used
speed. It was time for the horse to be tamed, used
as a drafl animal at the dawning of agriculture, as a draft animal at the dawning of agriculture,
and then ridden as the need for transportation
increased. It was the descendant of this and then ridden as the need for transportation
domesticated horse that was brought back to
the Americas by European colonists. increased. It was the descendant of this 1
domesticated horse that was brought back to
43. Click on the paragraph that refers to the the Americas by European colonists. 1
potential for conclusions from the evidence
supplied by fossil remains. 45. It can be concluded from this passage that the
Scroll the passage to see all of the GD Miocene Period was prior to the
paragraphs. Pliocene
a Pleistocene Period was prior to the
Miocene
Pleistocene Period was prior to the
Pliocene
CD Pliocene Period was prior to the
Miocene
To check your answers for Model Test 2,
refer to the Answer Key on page 489. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 2 on
pages 521-54 1.
308 TOEFL MODEL TESTS
Writing Section:
Model Test 2
When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be
closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using
the guidelines on page 244 of this book.
Read and think about the following statement:
Pets should be treated like family members.
Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give reasons to support your opinion.
Notes
To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 489. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 2 on
page 541. v
MODEL TEST 3 309
Model Test 3
Computer-Assisted TOEFL
Section 1:
Listening
The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You will use headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the Lis-
tening Section, with special directions for each part.
On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening ma-
terial and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or have
any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices appear.
You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage to an-
swer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want be-
fore you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.
Before you begin working on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the test.
QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A
In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.
Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.
1. What does the woman mean? 3. What does the man mean?
@ She will not go home for spring @ He should have prepared more.
vacation. GD He is very wonied.
O He has been studying a lot.
GD She has not taken a vacation for a long
time. He needs a few more days.
O She does not plan to graduate. 4. What will the man probably do?
a She does not want to go home after a Buy a textbook.
a Come back later.
graduation in May.
O Go to the bookstore.
2. What are the speakers tallung about?
CD Drop his English class.
GD The class.
GD The weekend. 5. What does the woman mean?
O Homework.
@ She does not like the class.
a Books. Her classmates are really great.
O The professor is not very nice.
a The class is interesting.
310 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 13. What does the woman say about the class?
6. What will the woman probably do? She does not like the class.
It is not a required class.
a Make an appointment with Dr. O She has already taken the class.
Peterson's T.A. a The man will have to take the class.
CD Cancel her appointment with the T.A.
O Postpone her appointment with Dr. 14. What did the T.A. suggest the students do?
Peterson's T.A. GD Study together.
a See the T.A. more often. a Prepare for an oral final.
a Review the quizzes.
7. what does the man mean?
Take the professor's advice.
GD He would rather have American food.
CD He has always liked American food. 15. What is the woman going to do?
O He is accustomed to eating American
GD Make an appointment.
food. GD Give the man a pen.
O Sign the form for the man.
a He ate American food more in the past.
a Wait for the man.
8. What does the man mean?
16. What is the woman going to do?
He should go to bed.
GD He did not know the time. Revise her work.
He is trying to bring his work up to date. a Close the window.
He is not sleepy yet.
Copy from the man.
9. What is the woman going to do? C D Hand in the work.
a Spend some time with the man. 17. What had the man assumed about the loan
a Make a list of the names. payment?
O Pass out the names. 09 The computer made an error.
Let someone else call the names. CD The payment is due on the fifth of every
10. What does the man mean? month.
O The loan must be paid by the first of the
The woman has missed the deadline.
month.
a He will investigate the situation. CD The loan had already been paid in full.
O The deadline has been canceled.
a An exception might be possible.
11. What does the man mean?
GO The book is confusing.
He is doing well in the class.
O The teacher is not very clear.
The lectures are from the book.
12. What does the woman mean?
GD She wants to submit her paper early.
GD The answers on the paper are all correct.
O The deadline has passed for the paper.
The paper is not quite finished.
MODEL TEST 3 311
QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part B
In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conver-
sation or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be
repeated.
The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the
topics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.
For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special directions. The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.
18. Why did Betty see Professor Hayes? 23. According to the speaker, how did England
control trade in the eighteenth century?
To enroll in a class.
CD By threatening to go to war.
a To ask his opinion about a university. C D By competing with farmers.
O By keeping manufacturing processes
O To find out who is chair of the selection
committee. secret.
a To get a letter for graduate school. a By stealing plans from the colonies.
19. What does Professor Hayes think about 24. What did Samuel Slater do?
Betty?
GD He kept designs for English machinery
She might need to take his seminar. from being used in the colonies.
CD She should do well in graduate school. He prevented Moses Brown from open-
O She had better go to another university. ing a mill.
a She needs to apply before the end of O He committed designs for English
machinery to memory.
April.
a He smuggled drawings for English
20. Who will decide whether Betty is accepted
to the program? machines into the United States.
a The chair of the selection committee. 25. What happened as a result of the Slater-
a The entire selection committee. Brown partnership?
Professor Hayes. QD A change from agriculture to industry
began to occur in the United States.
a Dr. Warren.
GD A rise in prices for English goods was
21. When does Betty need to submit all her evidenced.
materials?
O Many small farmers began to send their
a OnMay 1. products to England.
CD In three days. a Americans had to keep their manufac-
O Before the April 30th deadline.
turing processes secret.
a Today.
26. What is the purpose of this conversation?
22. Who is the speaker?
GD The man wants to reserve textbooks for
a A professor of religion. the following semester.
a A professor of history.
C D The man is complaining about not hav-
O A guest lecturer in a drama class. ing his books this semester,
a A guest lecturer in a writing class. O The woman needs to order enough
books for the class.
a The woman is helping the man register
for his courses.
weeks. GD They will prepare for a quiz.
GD His books did not arrive before the C D They will write their first essay.
O They will read works by Pope.
semester began.
O He did not have any books this They will review their notes.
semester. 34. What is the main purpose of this talk?
a He did not understand how to order his To provide an overview of U.S. history
from 1743 to 1826.
books. OD To discuss Jefferson's contribution to
the American Revolution.
28. How'can the man order books? O To analyze Jefferson's presidency.
To summarize Jefferson's life.
GD The teacher will order books for the
class. 35. Jefferson was a member of which political
group?
GD He could fill out a form and pay for the
books now. a Monarchist.
a Federalist.
O He must wait until the semester begins.
O Republican.
a He has to register for the classes, and
a Democrat.
the books will be ordered for him.
36. How did Jefferson become president?
29. How will the man know that the books have
arrived? CD He received the most votes.
CD Congress approved him.
He will receive a form in the mail. O Aaron Burr withdrew from the race.
@ He will get a phone call.
O He will stop by the bookstore at the a As vice president, he automatically
beginning of the semester. became president.
a He will receive the books from his 37. According to the lecturer, what was it that
Jefferson was NOT?
teacher in class.
a An effective public speaker.
30. What is the instructor defining?
CD An architect.
The term "essay." O A literary draftsman.
GD Prose writing.
O Personal viewpoint. a A diplomat.
Brainstorming. 38. What are the two most common places
where fossils may be found?
31. What is the main point of the talk?
Ice.
The work of Alexander Pope. Mud.
CD The difference between prose and Sand.
Water.
poetry.
O The general characteristics of essays
CD The reason that the phrase "personal
essay" is redundant.
32. According to the talk, which of the charac-
teristics are NOT true of an essay?
GD It is usually short.
GD It can be either prose or poetry.
O It expresses a personal point of view.
CD It discusses one topic.
39. The professor briefly explains a process. MODEL TEST 3 313
Summarize the process by putting the events
in order. 43. How did the man select his courses?
n m n tnd By reading the catalog.
CD By consulting with the woman.
space where it belongs. Use each O By referring to his signed program of
sentence only once.
study.
A mold of the organism preserves the
shape of the organism. a By making an appointment with his
Water soaks into the organism.
Organisms are buried in mud or sand. advisor.
Minerals in the water dissolve the
original organism. 44. What does the woman suggest?
40. What is lost in the process of replacement? The man should take the required
courses for graduation.
a The fine shapes of fragile structures. GD The man should see an academic
advisor to help him.
GD The internal features of the plant or O The man should read the requirements
animal. in the college catalog.
The man should bring her a copy of his
O The minerals in the deposit. transcript.
a The original fossil mold. 45. What is the man's problem?
41. Why are the layers of sedimentary rock im- He may not have enough credit hours to
portant to the fossil record? graduate.
CD He may not have taken the correct class-
CD The ages of the fossils may be deter- es to graduate.
mined by their location in the layers of O He may not be able to see an academic
rock. advisor before graduation.
a The shapes of the fossils may be pre- a He may not have time to take the rest of
served in the layers of rock. the required courses.
O The rock protects the fossils from the
46. In which class would this discussion
mineral water that dissolves them. probably take place?
a Plants and animals that are formed at the Sociology.
CD Education.
same time are buried in different layers O Linguistics.
of rock.
a Geography.
42. Why didn't the man apply for graduation?
47. According to the discussion, what is the def-
He wasn't sure that he had completed inition of a standard dialect?
the requirements.
The dialect that is selected by the gov-
a He did not have enough credit hours. ernment.
GD The dialect that is of a higher value than
O He did not have a program of study. the others.
O The dialect that is able to express every-
a He did not understand that it was thing necessary.
necessary. a The dialect that is the model taught in
schools.
GD Some accents are not permitted in CD Some accents are more prestigious
schools. because they are spoken by the upper
classes.
GD There is only one standard accent in the
OD Because they are more comprehensible,
United States. some accents are inherently better than
O There is one major dialect in the United others.
States. O One of the purposes of schools is to
teach the accents that are considered
a ~ ldilalects are of equal value. most important.
49. which two linguistic components are a In general, accents are not as important
included in a dialect?
as dialects because there is no standard
Grammar. for them.
Pronunciation.
Vocabulary.
Spelling.
Structure
This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.
In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a
choice darkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be
presented.
The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.
1. In simple animals, reflex movement 6. According to the wave theory, popu-
or involuntary response to stimuli. lation of the Americas may have been the
@ behavior mostly result of a number of separate migrations.
a most is behavior GD the
O most behavior is CD their
a the most behavior O that
a whose
2.Although the weather in Martha's Vineyard 7. It is presumed that rules governing the shar-
isn't to have a year-round tourist
season, it has become a favorite summer ing of food influenced that the
resort.
earliest cultures evolved.
@ goodly enough
GD that the way
a good enough
a is the way
O good as enough
CD enough good O the way
GD which way
3. A swarm of locusts is responsible the 8. The prices at chain stores are as reasonable,
a @a
consumption of enough wlant material if not more reasonable, as those at discount
a 0a
to feed a million 2nd a half people. stores.
0a
4. Oyster farminghas been practice in most 9. _Historicallythere has been two major
@ a0 am o a
parts of the world for many years. factions in the Republican Party-the
a liberals and the conservatives.
5. & was Shirley Temple Black which 10. Whitman wrote Leaves of Grass as a tribute
aa to the Civil War soldiers who had laid on the
rewresented her country in the United m
0
battlefields and whom he had seen
Nations and laterbecame an ambassador.
a0
a
while serving as an army nurse.
a
316 TOEFL M0DE.L TESTS
11. Calculus, elegant and economical a,17. The more the relative humidity reading
symbolic system, can reduce complex prob- GD
lems to simple terms. the worst the heat affects us.
GD it is an CD a C D
a that an 18. Because correlations are not causes,
GD
O an
statistical data which are extremely easy
is an
a0
12. Canada does not require that U.S. citizens
obtajn passports to enter the country, and to misuse.
a
GD Mexico does neither 19. As a general rule, the standard of living
Mexico doesn't either by the average output of each per-
O neither Mexico does son in society.
either does Mexico
GD is fixed
13. m e Chinese were the first and ethnic CD fixed
@ GD O has fixed
group to work on the construction of the a fixes
0a 20. Despite of many attempts to introduce a
aa a
transcontinental railroad system.
14. The range of plant life on a mountainside universal language, notably Esperanto and
-is a-results of differences in temperature and Idiom Neutral, the effort has met with very
GD a 0 lit& success.
precipitation at varying altitudes. a
a
15. The poet just beginning to be 21. The Consumer Price Index lists
recognized as an important influence at the GD how much costs every car
GD how much does every car cost
time of his death. O how much every car costs
GD being Walt Whitman a how much are every car cost
CD who was Walt Whitman 22. every other nation, the United States
GD Walt Whitman a GD
a Walt Whitman was used to define & unit of currency, the dollar,
16. the formation of the sun, the plan- 0a
ets, and other stars began with the condensa-
tion of an interstellar cloud. in terms of the gold standard.
GD It accepted that 23. The Ford Theater where Lincoln was shot
CD Accepted that
O It is accepted that @ must restore
must be restoring
That is accepted
O must have been restored
must restored
MODEL TEST 3 317
24. John Dewey thought that children will learn 25. S-om methods to prevent soil erosion _ae
GD a a
m
plowing parallel with the slopes of hills,
better through participating in experiences
to plant trees on unproductive land, and
a
a
rather than through listening to lectures.
rotating crops.
0a
318 TOEFL MODELTESTS
Section 3:
Reading
This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to those
that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section contains
reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of questions in this
section.
In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll bar
to view the rest of the passage.
When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.
Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.
To answer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.
Few men have influenced the development of MODEL TEST 3 319
American English to the extent that Noah Webster
did. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, in 1758, 1. Which of the following would be the best
Webster graduated from Yale in 1778. He was title for the passage?
admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began
to practice law in Hartford. Later, when he turned a Webster's Work
to teaching, he discovered how inadequate the
available schoolbooks were for the children of a CE3 Webster's Dictionaries
new and independent nation. In response to the O Webster's School
need for truly American textbooks, Webster
published A Grammatical Instituteof the English a Webster's Life
aLanguage, three-volume work that consisted 2. The word VfZlRfidTi'E in paragraph I could
best be replaced by
of a speller, a grammar, and a reader. The first
volume, which was generally known as The a unavailable
American Spelling Book, was so popular that
eventually it sold more than 80 million copies and CE3 expensive
provided him with a considerable income for the difficult
rest of his life. While teaching, Webster began unsatisfactory
work on the Compendious Dictionary of the
English Language, which was published in 1806, Few men have influencedthe development of ,
and was also very successful. American English to the extent that Noah Webster
did. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, in 1758, 1
In 1807, Noah Webster began his greatest Webster graduated from Yale in 1778. He was I
work, An American Dictionary of the English admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began
Language. In preparing the manuscript, he devoted to practice law in Hartford. Later, when he turned i:
ten years to the study of English and its relationship to teaching, he discovered how RadeqTiatethe
to other languages, and seven more years to the available schoolbooks were for the children of a Ij
writing itself. Published in two volumes in 1828, new and independent nation. In response to the
An American Dictionary of the English Language need for truly American textbooks, Webster I
has become the recognized authority for usage in publishedA GrammaticalInstituteof the English
the United States. Webster's purpose in writing it Language, a three-volume work that consisted I
was to demonstrate that the American language of a speller, a grammar, and a reader. The first I
was developing distinct meanings, pronunciations, volume, which was generally known as The
and spellings from those of British English. He is American Spelling Book, was so popular that i
responsible for advancing simplified spelling eventually it sold more than 80 million copies and
forms: develop instead of develope; plow instead provided him with a considerable income for the I
of plough; jail instead of gaol; theater and center rest of his life. While teaching, Webster began
instead of theatre and centre; color and honor work on the Compendious Dictionaryof the 1
instead of colourand honour.
EnglishLanguage, which was published in 1806,
Webster was the first author to gain copyright and was also very successful.
protection in the United States by being awarded
a copyright for his American Speller. He continued, In 1807, Noah Webster began his greatest
for the next fifty years, to lobby for improvements work, An American Dictionary of the English
in the protection of intellectual properties, that is, Language. In preparingthe manuscript, he devoted
authors' rights. In 1840 Webster brought out a
second edition of his dictionary, which included 3. Why did Webster write A Grammatical
70,000 entries instead of the original 38,000. The lnstitute of the English Language?
name Webster has become synonymous with
American dictionaries. This edition sewed as the GD He wanted to supplement his income.
basis for the many revisions that have been (B> There were no books available after the
produced by others, ironically, under the
uncopyrighted Webster name. Revolutionary War.
O He felt that British books were not ap-
propriate for American children.
a The children did not know how to spell.
320 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 6. The word TTXSlslefaD-leuin paragraph 1 most
nearly means
4. From which publication did Webster earn a
lifetime income? GD large
prestigious
GD Compendious Dictionary of the English
Language O steady
a An American Dictionary of the English a unexpected
Language r Few men have tnfluenced the develooment o r I4
O An American Dictionary of the English
Language: Second Edition
GD The American Spelling Book
5. ~ o o akt the word in the passage. American English to the extent that ~oah'webster
did. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, in 1758,
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text Webster graduated from Yale in 1778. He was
w .that is closest in meaning to admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began
to practice law in Hartford. Later, when he turned
to teaching, he discovered how inadequate the
available schoolbooks were for the children of a
new and independent nation. In response to the
Few men have influenced the development of need for truly American textbooks, Webster
American English to the extent that Noah Webster
did. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, in 1758, published A Grammatical Institute of the English
Webster graduated from Yale in 1778. He was
admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began Language, a three-volume work that consisted
to practice law in Hartford. Later, when he turned
to teaching, he discovered how inadequate the of a speller, a grammar, and a reader. The first
available schoolbooks were for the children of a
new and independent nation. In responseto the volume, which was generally known as The
need for truly American textbooks, Webster
published A GrammaticalInstituteof the English American Spelling Book, was so popular that
Language,a three-volume work that consisted
of a speller, a grammar, and a reader. The first eventually it sold more than 80 million copies and
volume, which was generally known as The
provided him with aFoXidEri6Eincome for the
American Spelling Book, was so popuHr that
rest of his life. While teaching, Webster began
eventually it sold more than 80 million copies and
provided him with a considerable income for the work on the CompendiousDictionary of the
rest of his life. While teaching, Webster began
work on the Compendious Dictionaryof the English Language, which was published in 1806,
English Language, which was published in 1806,
and was also very successful. Aand was also verv successful.
In 1807, ~ o a Wh ebster began his greatest
In 1807, Noah Webster began his greatest work, An American Dictionary of the English Language.
work, An American Dictionary of the English Language. In preparing the rnanusiript he devoted ten years to
In preparing the manuscript, he devoted ten years to
7. When was An American Dictionary of the
English Language published?
8. The word W in paragraph 2 refers to MODEL TEST 3 321
GD language 9. Click on the sentence in paragraph 2 that
explains Webster's purpose for writing an
GD usage American dictionary.
O authority Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (-).
C D dictionary
American Spelling Book, was so popular that
American Spelling Book, was so popular that eventually it sold more than 80 million copies and
eventually it sold more than 80 million copies and provided him with a considerable income for the
provided him with a considerable income for the rest of his life. \Nhile teaching, Webster began
rest of his life. While teaching, Webster began work on the Compendious Dictionary of the
work on the Compendious Dictionary of the English Language, which was published in 1806,
English Language, which was published in 1806, and was also very successful.
and was also very successful.
-+ In 1807, Noah Webster began his greatest
In 1807, Noah Webster began his greatest
work, An American Dictionary of the English work, An American Dictionary of the English
Language. In preparing the manuscript, he devoted Language. In preparing the manuscript, he devoted
ten years to the study of English and its relationship ten years to the study of English and its relationship
to other languages, and seven more years to the to other languages, and seven more years to the
writing itself. Published in two volumes in 1828, writing itself. Published in two volumes in 1828,
An American Dictionary of the English Language An American Dictionary of the English Language
has become the recognized authority for usage in has become the recognized authority for usage in
the United States. Webster's purpose in writingiZ' the United States. Webster's purpose in writing it
was to demonstrate that the American language was to demonstrate that the American language
was developing distinct meanings, pronunciations, was developing distinct meanings, pronunciations,
and spellings from those of British English. He is and spellings from those of British English. He is
responsiblefor advancing simplified spelling responsible for advancing simplified spelling
forms: develop instead of develope; plow instead forms: develop instead of develope;plow instead
of plough; jail instead of gaol; theater and center of plough;jail instead of gaol; theater and center
instead of theatreand centre; color and honor instead of theatreand centre; color and honor
instead of colour and honour. instead of colour and honour.
322 TOEFL MODEL TESTS The San Andreas Fault line is a fracture at the
congruence of two major plates of the Earth's
10. The word ?JfRTRTin paragraph 2 is closest crust, one of which supports most of the North
in meaning to American continent, and the other of which
underlies the coast of California and part of the
a new ocean floor of the Pacific Ocean. The fault
a simple originates about six hundred miles south of the
Gulf of California, runs north in an irregular line
different along the western coast to San Francisco, and
continues north for about two hundred more miles
a exact before angling off into the ocean. In places, the
trace of the fault is marked by a trench, or, in
American Spelling Book, was so popular that geological terms, a rift, and small ponds called
eventualkj it sold more than 80 million copies and sag ponds dot the landscape. Its western side
provided him with a considerable income for the always moves north in relation to its eastern side.
rest of his life. While teaching, Webster began The total net slip along the San Andreas Fault and
work on the Compendious Dictionary of the the length of time it has been active are matters of
EnglishLanguage, which was published in 1806, conjecture, but it has been estimated that, during
and was also very successful. the past fifteen million years, coastal California
along the San Andreas Fault has moved about
In 1807, Noah Webster began his greatest 190 miles in a northwesterlydirection with respect
work, An American Dictionary of the English to the North American plate. Although the
Language. In preparingthe manuscript, he devoted movement along the fault averages only a few
ten years to the study of English and its relationship inches a year, it is intermittent and variable. Some
to other languages, and seven more years to the segments of the fault do not move at all for long
writing itself. Published in two volumes in 1828, periods of time, building up tremendous pressure
An American Dictionaryof the English Language that must be released. For this reason, tremors
has become the recognized authorityfor usage in are not unusual along the San Andreas Fault,
the United States. Webster's purpose in writing it some of which are classified as major earthquakes.
was to demonstrate that the American language Also for this reason, small tremors are interpreted
was developing distinct meanings, pronunciations, as safe, since they are understood to be pressure
and spellings from those of British English. He is that releases without causing much damage.
responsible for advancing simplified spelling
forms: developinstead of develope; plow instead It is worth noting that the San Andreas Fault
of plough; jail insteadof gaol; theater and center passes uncomfortablyclose to several major
insteadof theatre and centre; cdor and honor metropolitan areas, including Los Angeles and
instead of colour and honour. San Francisco. In addition, the San Andreas Fault
has created smaller fault systems, many of which
11. According to this passage, which one of the underlie the smaller towns and cities along the
following spellings would Webster have ap- California coast. For this reason, Californians
proved in his dictionaries? have long anticipated the recurrence of what they
refer to as the "Big One," a chain reaction of
Develope destructive earthquakesthat would measure near
GD Theatre 8 on the Richter scale, similar in intensity to those
O Color that occurred in 1857 and 1906. Such a quake
would wreak devastating effects on the life and
a Honour property in the region. Unfortunately,as pressure
continues to build along the fault, the likelihood of
such an earthquake increases substantially.
12. What is the author's main purpose in the MODEL TEST 3 323
passage?
15. In which direction does the western side of
a To describe the San Andreas FauIt the fault move?
To give a definition of a fault GD West
O To explain the reason for tremors and East
earthquakes O North
GD To classify different kinds of faults
a South
13. How does the author define the San Andreas
Fault? 16. The ward 'T in paragraph 1 refers to
GD A plate that underlies the North GD total
American continent GD net
O side
GD A crack in the Earth's crust between
two plates a fault
O Occasional tremors and earthquakes The San Andreas Fault line is a fracture at the
GD Intense pressure that builds up congruence of two major plates of the Earth's
crust, one of which supports most of the North
14. The word in paragraph 1 could American continent, and the other of which
underlies the coast of California and part of the
best be replaced by ocean floor of the Pacific Ocean. The fault
originates about six hundred miles south of the
a gets wider Gulf of California, runs north in an irregular line i
along the western coast to San Francisco, and
GD changes direction continues north for about two hundred more miles i'
O begins before angling off into the ocean. In places, the
trace of the fault is marked by a trench, or, in I
disappears geological terms, a rift, and small ponds called
sag ponds dot the landscape. Its western side I
The San Andreas Fault line is a fracture at the always moves north in relationto its eastem side.
congruence of two major plates of the Earth's The total net slip along the San Andreas Fault and I
crust, one of which supports most of the North the length of time it has been active are matters of
American continent, and the other of which conjecture, but it has been estimated that, during I
underlies the coast of California and part of the the past fifteen million years, coastal California
ocean floor of the Pacific Ocean. The fault along the San Andreas Fault has moved about i
i3T@iiies'about six hundred miles south of the 190 miles in a northwesterlydirection with respect
Gulf of California, runs north in an irregular line to the NorthAmerican plate. Although the ~
along the western coast to San Francisco, and movement along the fault averages only a few
continues north for about two hundred more miles inches a year, it is intermittent and variable. Some
before angling off into the ocean. In places, the
trace of the fault is marked by a trench, or, in
geological terms, a rift, and small ponds called
sag ponds dot the landscape. Its western side
always moves north in relation to its eastern side.
The total net slip along the San Andreas Fault and
the length of time it has been active are matters of
conjecture, but it has been estimated that, during
the past fifteen million years, coastal California
along the San Andreas Fault has moved about
190 miles in a northwesterly direction with respect
to the North American plate. Although the
movement along the fault averages only a few
inches a year, it is intermittent and variable. Some
324 TOEFL MODEL TESTS
17. The word in paragraph 1 could 20. Look at the word in the
best be replaced by which of the following? passage. Click on the word or phrase in the
GD dangerous bold text that is closest in meaning to
a predictable TeStERTW.
O uncommon
GD occasional
The San Andreas Fault line is a fracture at the It is worth noting that the San Andreas Fault
congruence of two major plates of the Earth's passes uncomfortably close to several major
crust, one of which supports most of the North metropolitan areas, including Los Angeles and
American continent, and the other of which San Francisco. In addition, the San Andreas Fault
underlies the coast of Californiaand part of the has created smaller fault systems, many of which
ocean floor of the Pacific Ocean. The fault underlie the smaller towns and cities along the
I originates about six hundred miles south of the Californiacoast. For this reason, Californians
Gulf of California, runs north in an irregular line have long anticipated the recurrence of what they
along the western coast to San Francisco,and refer t d as the "Big One," a chain reaction of
continues north for about two hundred more miles 'dest?uctiveearthquakes that would measure near
8 on the Richter scale, similar in intensity to those
1 before angling off into the ocean. In places, the that occurred in 1857 and 1906. Such a quake
would wreak devastating effects on the life and
trace of the fault is marked by a trench, or, in property in the region. Unfortunately, as pressure
geological terms, a rift, and small ponds called continues to build along the fault, the likelihood of
sag ponds dot the landscape. Its westem side such an earthquake increases substantially.
always moves north in relation to its eastern side.
The total net slip along the San Andreas Fault and 2 1. Look at the word TfREE in the passage.
the length of time it has been active are matters of Click on the word or phrase in the bold text
I conjecture, but it has been estimated that, during that TR!F!F! refers to.
the past fifteen million years, coastal California
along the San Andreas Fault has moved about 1 . It is worth notinq that the San Andreas Fault 4
190 miles in a northwesterly directionwith respect
to the North American plate. Although the 1 passes uncomfortably close to several major
movement along the fault averages only a few
inches a year, it is inferrniftentand variable. Some metropolitan areas, including Los ~ n ~ e l e s - a n d
18. Along the San Andreas Fault, tremors are San Francisco. In addition, the San Andreas Fault
GD small and insignificant has created smaller fault systems, many of which
G3 rare, but disastrous
O frequent events underlie the smaller towns and cities along the
GD very unpredictable
California coast. For this reason, Californians
19. The phrase "the Big One" refers to which of
the following? have long anticipated the recurrence of what they
A serious earthquake refer to as the "Big One," a chain reaction of
a The San Andreas Fault destructive earthquakes that would measure-near
O The Richter scale 8 on the Richter scale, similar in intensity to those
@> California
that occurred in 1857 and 1906. Such a quake
would wreak devastating effects on the life and
property in the region. Unfortunately, as pressure
continues to build along the faun, the likelihood of
such an earthquake increases substantially.
22. Which of the following words best describes MODEL TEST 3 325
the San Andreas Fault?
The body of an adult insect is subdivided into
Straight three sections, including a head, a three-segment
thorax, and segmented abdomen. Ordinarily, the
a Deep thorax bears three pairs of legs and a single or
double pair of wings. The vision of most adult
O Wide insects is specialized through two large compound
eyes and multiple simple eyes.
a Rough
Features of an insect's mouth parts are used
in classifying insects into types. Biting mouth
parts, called mandibles, such as the mouth parts
found in grasshoppers and beetles, are common
among insects. Behind the mand~blesare located
the maxillae, or lower jaw parts, which serve to
direct food into the mouth between the jaws. A
labrum above and one below are similar to
another animal's upper and lower lips. In an insect
with a sucking mouth function, the mandibles,
maxillae, labrum, and labium are modified in such
a way that they constitute a tube through which
liquid such as water, blood, or flower nectar can
be drawn. In a butterfly or moth, this coiled
drinking tube is called the proboscis because of its
resemblance, in miniature, to the trunk of an
elephant or a very large nose. Composed chiefly
of modified maxillae fitted together, the insect's
proboscis can be flexed and extended to reach
nectar deep in a flower. In mosquitoes or aphids,
mandibles and maxillae are modified to sharp
stylets with which the insect can drill through
surfaces like human or vegetable skin membranes
to reach juice. In a housefly, the expanding labium
forms a spongelike mouth pad that it can use to
stamp over the surface of food, sopping up food
particles and juices.
Insects, the most numerous creatures on our
planet, are also the most adaptable. They require
little food because they are small. They easily find
shelter and protection in small crevices in trees
and surface geological formations. Species of
insects can evolve quickly because of their rapid
reproduction cycle; they live In every climate,
some making their homes in the frozen Arctic
regions and many others choosing the humid.
warm, and nutrient-rich rain forest environment.
An active part of the natural food cycle, insects
provide nutrition for animals and devour waste
products of other life forms.
326 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 26. The word in paragraph 2 is clos-
est in meaning to
23. What is the best title for this passage?
@ normal
@ An Insect's Environment
GJ The Structure of an Insect a rare
O Grasshoppers and Beetles
@> The Stages of Life of an Insect O important
necessary
Look at the word in the pas-
sage. Click on the word or phrase in the
bold text that is closest in meaning to
-. The body of an adult insect IS subdivided into
three sections, including a head, a three-segment
The body of an adult insect is subdivided into thorax, and segmented abdomen. Ordinarily, the
three sections, including a head, a three-segment thorax bears three pairs of legs and a single or
thorax, and segmented abdomen. Ordinarily, the double pair of wings. The vision of most adult
thorax bears three pairs of legs and a single or insects is specialized through two large compound
double pair of wings.The vision of most adult eyes and multiple simple eyes.
insects is specializedthrough two large compound
eyes and multipte simple eyes. Features of an insect's mouth parts are used
in classifying insects into types. Biting mouth
Features of an insect's mouth parts are used parts, called mandibles, such as the mouth parts
in classifying insects into types. Biting mouth found in grasshoppers and beetles, are common
parts, called mandibles, such as the mouth parts among insects. Behindthe mandibles are located
found in grasshoppers and beetles, are common the maxillae, or lower jaw parts, which serve to
among insects. Behindthe mandibles are located direct food into the mouth between the jaws. A
the maxillae,or lower jaw parts, which serve to labrum above and one below are similar to
direct food into the mouth between the jaws. A another animal's upper and lower lips. In an insect
labrum above and one below are similar to with a sucking mouth function, the mandibles,
another animal's upper and lower lips. In an insect maxillae, labrum, and labium are modified in such
with a sucking mouth function, the mandibles, a way that they constitute a tube through which
maxillae, labrum, and labium are modified in such liquid such as water, blood, or flower nectar can
a way that they constitute a tube through which be drawn. In a butterfly or moth, this coiled
liquid such as water, blood, or flower nectar can drinking tube is called the proboscis because of its
be drawn. In a butterfly or moth, this coiled resemblance, in miniature,to the trunk of an
drinking tube is called the proboscis because of its elephant or a very large nose. Composed chiefly
resemblance, in miniature,to the trunk of an
elephant or a very large nose. Composed chiefly 27. The author compares labrum and labium to
25. How are insects classified? a an upper and lower lip
CD By the environment in which they live (e, mandibles
By the food they eat O maxillae
O By the structure of the mouth jaws
CD By the number and type of wings
28. What is the proboscis?
CD Nectar
CD A tube constructed of modified maxillae
O A kind of butterfly
A kind of flower
29. Which of the following have mandibles and
maxillae that have been modified to sharp
stylets?
a Grasshoppers
C D Butterflies
O Mosquitoes
Houseflies
a penetrate GD pad
@ saturate food
O explore
CD distinguish O housefly
the maxillae, or lower jaw parts, which serve to a mouth
direct food into the mouth between the jaws. A
labrum above and one below are similar to the maxillae,or lower jaw parts, which serve to i
another animal's upper and lower lips. In an insect direct food into the mouth between the jaws. A
with a sucking mouth function, the mandibles, labrum above and one below are similar to I
maxillae, labrum, and labium are modified in such another animal's upper and lower lips. In an insect
a way that they constitute a tube through which with a sucking mouth function, the mandibles, i: I
liquid such as water, blood, or flower nectar can maxillae, labrum, and labium are modified in such
be drawn. In a butterfly or moth, this coiled a way that they constitute a tube through which 1
drinking tube is called the proboscis because of its liquid such as water, blood, or flower nectar can
resemblance, in miniature, to the trunk of an be drawn. In a butterfly or moth, this coiled I
elephant or a very large nose. Composed chiefly drinking tube is called the proboscis because of its
of modified maxillaefitted together, the insect's resemblance, inminiature, to the trunk of an
proboscis can be flexed and extended to reach elephant or a very large nose. Composed chiefly
nectar deep in a flower. In mosquitoes or aphids, of modified maxillaefitted together, the insect's
mandibles and maxillae are modified to sharp proboscis can be flexed and extended to reach
stylets with which the insect can drilltfhToGgh nectar deep in a flower. In mosquitoes or aphids,
surfaces like human or vegetable skin membranes mandibles and maxillae are modifiedto sharp
to reach juice. In a housefly, the expanding labium stylets with which the ~nsecctan drill through
forms a spongelike mouth pad that it can use to surfaces like human or vegetable skin membranes
stamp over the surface of food, sopping up food to reach juice. In a housefly, the expanding labium
particlesand juices. forms a spongelike mouth pad that it can'useto
stamp over the surface of food, sopping up food
Insects,the most numerous creatures on our particles and juices.
planet, are also the most adaptable.They require
Insects,the most numerous creatures on our
planet, are also the most adaptable. They require
328 TOEFL MODEL TESTS The protozoans, minute aquatic creatures,
each of which consists of a single cell of protoplasm,
32. The following sentence can be added to the constitute a classification of the most primitive
passage. forms of animal life. The very name protozoan
indicates the scientific understanding of the
Although some insects, like the cockroach, animals. Proto- means first or primitive, and zoa
have remained essentially unchanged for refers to animal. They are fantastically diverse, but
eons, most insects adapt readily to chang- three major groups may be identified on the basis
ing environmental conditions. of their motility. The Mastigophora have one or
more long tails that they use to propel themselves
Where would it best fit in the passage? forward. The Ciliata, which use the same basic
means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, have
Cliok on the square (W) to add the sentence a larger number of short tails. The Sarcodina,
to the passage. which include amoebae, float or row themselves
about on their crusted bodies.
Scroll the passage to see all of the choices.
In addition to their form of movement, several
proboscis can be flexed and extended to reach other features discriminateamong the three groups
nectar deep in a flower. In mosquitoes or aphlds, of protozoans. For example, at least two nuclei
mandibles and maxillae are modified to sharp per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually
stylets with which the insect can drill through a large nucleus that regulates growth but
surfaces like human or vegetable skin membranes decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller
to reach juice. In a housefly, the expanding labium one that contains the genetic code necessary to
forms a spongelike mouth pad that it can use to generate the large nucleus.
stamp over the surface of food, sopping up food
particles and juices. Chlorophyll, which is the green substance
encountered in plants, is found in the bodies of
.Insects, the most numerous creatures on our some protozoans, enabling them to make some of
planet, are also the most adaptable. They require their own food from water and carbon dioxide.
Protozoans are not considered plants but animals,
.little food because they are small..They easily find because unlike pigmented plants to which some
protozoans are otherwise almost identical, they do
shelter and protection in small crevices in trees not live on simple organic compounds. Their cell
and surface geological formations. Species of demonstrates all of the major characteristics of the
insects can evolve quickly because of their rapid cells of higher animals, such as eating, breathing,
reproductioncycle; they live in every climate, and reproducing.
some making their homes in the frozen Arctic
regions and many others choosing the humid, Many species of protozoans collect into
warm, and nutrient-rich rain forest environment. colonies, physically connected to one another
An active part of the natural food cycle, insects and responding uniformly to outside stimulae.
provide nutrition for animals and devour waste Current research into this phenomenon along
products of other life f o r m s . ~ with investigations carried out with advanced
microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of
33. What is the purpose of this passage? what constitutes protozoans, even calling into
question the basic premise that they have only
CQ To complain one cell. Nevertheless, with the current data
GD To persuade available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans
have been identified. No doubt, as technoloq'
To entertain improves methods of observation, better models
C D To inform of classification of these simple single cells will be
proposed.
MODEL TEST 3 329
34. With what topic is the passage primarily 37. Look at the word in the passage.
concerned?
m.Click on the word or phrase in the bold text
Colonies of protozoans
that is closest in meaning to
a Mastigophora
The protozoans, minute aquatic creatures,
O Motility in protozoans each of which consists of a single cell of protoplasm,
constitutea classificationof the most primitive
a Characteristics of protozoans forms of animal life. The very name protozoan
indicatesthe scientific understanding of the
35. The word 7?lEfE?in paragraph 1 could best animals. Proto- means first or primitive,and zoa
be replaced by refers to animal. They are fantastically diverse, but
three major groups may be identified on the basis
GD very common of their mofility.The Mastigophora have one or
more long tails that they use to propel themselves
a very fast forward.The Ciliata, which use the same basic
means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, have
O very old a larger number of short tails.The Sarcodina,
very small which include amoebae, float or row themselves
about on their crusted bodies.
The protozoans,minute aquatic creatures, +-
each of which consists of a single cell of protoplasm, In addition to their form of movement, several
constitute a classificationof the most primitive .m other features discriminate among the three groups
forms of animal life. The very name protozoan .& # of protozoans.For example, at least two nuclei
indicates the scientific understanding of the per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually
animals. Proto- means first or primitive, and zoa .I.' a large nucleus that regulates growth but
refers to animal. They are fantastically diverse, but decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller
three major groups may be identified on the basis ;\ ; one that contains the genetic code necessary to
of their motility. The Mastigophora have one or generate the large nucleus.
more long tails that they use to propel themselves :
forward. The Ciliata, which use the same basic Chlorophyll, which is the green substance
means for locomotionas the Mastigophora, have jit>,*.
a larger number of short tails. The Sarcodina,
which include amoebae, float or row themselves r. f
about on their crusted bodies. :.y:
In addition to their form of movement, several \'
other features discriminateamong the three groups
of protozoans. For example, at least two nuclei 2.
per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually
a large nucleus that regulatesgrowth but .!&-
decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller
one that contains the genetic code necessary to ,;,3
generate the large nucleus.
-+
Chlorophyll, which is the green substance
36. What is protoplasm?
GD A class of protozoan
GD The substance that forms the cell of a
protozoan
A primitive animal similar to a protozoan
An animal that developed from a pro-
tozoan
330 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 41. Why are protozoans classified as animals?
38. What does the author mean by the statement GD They do not live on simple organic
7ney are tantastlcally cilveise, nut thre& compounds.
major groups may be identified on the b m
of their motility ? GD They collect in colonies.
O They respond uniformly to outside
GD The three major groups are unique in
that they all move in the same manner. stimulae.
a Everything we know about the proto- a They may have more than one cell.
zoans is tied into their manner of 42. The word in paragraph 4 refers to
'movement.
O The manner of movement is critical protozoans
'when classifying the three major groups
of protozoa. microscopes
Mobility in the protozoans is insignifi-
cant. investigations
a colonies
The protozoans, minute aquatic creatures, In addition to their form of movement, several
each of which consists of a single cell of protoplasm, other features discriminate among the three groups
constitute a classificat~onof the most prim~tive of protozoans. For example, at least two nuclei
forms of animal life. The very name protozoan per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually
indicates the scientific understanding of the a large nucleus that regulates growth but
animals. Proto- means first or primitive, and zoa decomposes during reproduction,and a smaller
one that contains the genetic code necessary to
refers to animal. They ?eri 'EfRaSTcalfj~8feSBb, v generate the large nucleus.
three inqor groups may be identifiedon the basis Chlorophyll,which is the green substance
of their motility. The Mastigophora have one or encountered in plants, is found in the bodies of
more long tails that they use to propel themselves some protozoans, enabling them to make some of
forward. The Ciliata, which use the same basic their own food from water and carbon dioxide.
means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, have Protozoansare not considered plants but animals,
a larger number of short tails. The Sarcodina, because unlike pigmented plants to whlch some
which include amoebae, float or row themselves protozoans are otherwise almost identical, they do
about on the~rcrusted bodies. not live on simple organic compounds.Their cell
demonstrates all of the major characteristicsof the
In addition to their form of movement, several cells of higher animals, such as eating, breathing,
other features discriminate among the three groups and reproducing.
of protozoans. For example, at least two nuclei
per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually Many species of protozoans collect into
a large nucleus that regulates growth but colonies, physically connected to one another
decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller and responding uniformly to outside stimulae.
one that contains the genetic code necessary to Current research into this phenomenon along
generate the large nucleus. with investigationscarried out with advanced
microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of
Chloro~hvllw. hich is the areen substance what constitutes protozoans, even calling into
question the basic premise that they have only
39. To which class of protozoans do the amoe- one cell. Nevertheless, with the current data
bae beIong? available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans
have been identified. No doubt, as technology
Mastigophora improves methods of observation, better models
Ciliata of classification of these simple single cells will be
O Sarcodina proposed.
CD Motility
40. What is the purpose of the large nucleus in
the Ciliata?
GD It generates the other nucleus.
It contains the genetic code for the
small nucleus.
O It regulates growth.
It reproduces itself.
43. Click on the sentence in paragraph 4 that MODEL TEST 3 331
brings into question the current belief that
protozoans are single celled. 44. The word 7VlTi0tm1yin paragraph 4 is
closest in meaning to
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow (+).
in the same way
some protozoans, enabling them to make some of
their own food from water and carbon dioxide. a once in a while
Protozoans are not considered plants but animals,
because unlike pigmented plants to which some all of a sudden
CD in the long run
not live on simple organic compounds. Their cell
demonstrates all of the major characteristics of the some protozoans, enabling them to make some of 1
cells of higher animals, such as eating, breathing, their own food from water and carbon dioxide.
and reproducing. Protozoans are not considered plants but animals, i
4 Many species of protozoans collect into because unlike pigmented plants to which some
colonies, physically connected to one another protozoans are otherwise almost identical, they do i
and responding uniformly to outside stimulae. not live on simple organic compounds. Their cell
Current research into this phenomenon along demonstrates all of the major characteristics of the I
with investigations carried out with advanced cells of higher animals, such as eating, breathing,
microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of and reproducing.
what constitutes protozoans, even calling into
question the basic premise that they have only Many species of protozoans collect into
one cell. Nevertheless,with the current data colonies, physically connected to one another
available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans and responding uniformly to outside stimulae.
have been identified. No doubt, as technology Current research into this phenomenonalong
improves methods of observation, better models with investigationscarried out with advanced
of classification of these simple single cells will be microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of
proposed. what constitutes protozoans, even calling into
quest~onthe basic premise that they have only
one cell. Nevertheless,with the current data
available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans
have been identified. No doubt, as technology
improves methods of observation, better models
of classification of these simple single cells will be
proposed.
45. Which of the following- statements is NOT
true of protozoans?
GD There are approximately 40,000 species.
They are the most primitive forms of
animal life.
O They have a large cell and a smaller
cell.
CD They are difficult to observe.
To check your answers for Model Test 3,
refer to the Answer Key on page 490. For
an explanation of the answers, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 3 on
pages 542-561.
332 TOEFL MODEL TESTS
Writing Section:
Model Test 3
When you take a Model Test, you should use one sheet of paper, both sides. Time each Model Test
carefully. After you have read the topic, you should spend 30 minutes writing. For results that would be
closest to the actual testing situation, it is recommended that an English teacher score your test, using
the guidelines on page 244 of this book.
Many people have learned a foreign language in their own country; others have learned a
foreign language in the country in which it is spoken. Which is better? Give the advantages of
each and support your viewpoint.
Notes
To check your essay, refer to the Checklist on
page 490. For an Example Essay, refer to the
Explanatory Answers for Model Test 3 on
page 561.
MODEL TEST 4 333
Model Test 4
Computer-Assisted TOEFL
Sectioi~1:
Listening
The Listening Section of the test measures the ability to understand conversations and talks in English.
You will use headphones to listen to the conversations and talks. While you are listening, pictures of the
speakers or other information will be presented on your computer screen. There are two parts to the Lis-
tening Section, with special directions for each part.
On the day of the test, the amount of time you will have to answer all of the questions will appear on the
computer screen. The time you spend listening to the test material will not be counted. The listening ma-
terial and questions about it will be presented only one time. You will not be allowed to take notes or have
any paper at your computer. You will both see and hear the questions before the answer choices appear.
You can take as much time as you need to select an answer; however, it will be to your advantage to an-
swer the questions as quickly as possible. You may change your answer as many times as you want be-
fore you confirm it. After you have confirmed an answer, you will not be able to return to the question.
Before you begin working on the Listening Section, you will have an opportunity to adjust the volume
of the sound. You may not be able to change the volume after you have started the test.
QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part A
In Part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations between two people. In some of the
conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak
more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it.
Each question in this part has four answer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question.
Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.
1. What will the woman probably do? 3. What did the man do after he lost his
passport?
CD Have a pa.rty.
C D Attend the International Students' @ He went to see the foreign student
advisor.
Association.
O Go to work. CD He went to Washington.
O He wrote to the Passport Office.
Get some rest. C D He reported it to the Passport Office.
2. What will the speakers probably do? 4. What does the woman suggest the man do?
CD Leave immediately. @ Ask Dr. Tyler to clarify the assignment.
CD Watch the game on TV. CD Show a preliminary version to Dr. Tyler.
O Start to play. O Let her see the first draft before Dr.
CD Eat a sandwich.
Tyler sees it.
CD Talk to some of the other students in Dr.
Tyler's class.
334 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 12. What does the man suggest the woman do?
5. What does the woman mean? See the doctor.
CD Get another job.
Dr. Clark is a good teacher. 03 Go to the counter.
CD Statistics is a boring class.
O Two semesters of statistics are required. a Buy some medicine.
The students do not like Dr. Clark. 13. What does the woman mean?
6. What are the speakers discussing? She will try her best.
a A teacher. a She has to save her money.
CD A textbook. O She is still undecided.
O An assignment.
a She needs an application.
a A movie.
14. What does the woman mean?
7. What had the man assumed about the
woman? The man must stop working.
There is a little more time.
GD She was Sally Harrison's cousin. 03 The test is important.
GD She was Sally Harrison's sister.
O She was Sally Harrison's friend. a It is time for the test.
She was Sally Harrison. 15. What does the man imply?
8. What is the woman's problem? a The woman's roommate took a different
The desk drawer won't open. class.
GD The pen is out of ink. The book is very expensive.
O She cannot find her pen. The textbook may have been changed.
@ She is angry with the man. CD The course is not offered this semester.
9. What does the man imply about John? 16. What does the woman imply?
GD John is usually late. Sally may get a bike for Christmas.
CD John will be there at eight-thirty.
O John will not show up. a Sally already has a bike like that one.
C D John is usually on time.
Sally likes riding a bike.
10. What does the man mean?
a Sally may prefer a different gift.
@ The results of the tests are not available.
The experiment had unexpected results. 17. What does the woman suggest that the man
He has not completed the experiment do?
yet.
Take a break.
a It is taking a lot of time to do the experi- Go to work.
O Do the other problems
ment.
a Keep trying.
11. What does the man imply about Barbara?
@ She does not put much effort in her
studies.
a She is very likable.
O She prefers talking to the woman.
a She has a telephone.
MODEL TEST 4 335
QUESTION DIRECTIONS -Part B
In Part B of the Listening Section, you will hear several longer conversations and talks. Each conver-
sation or talk is followed by several questions. The conversations, talks, and questions will not be
repeated.
The conversations and talks are about a variety of topics. You do not need special knowledge of the top-
ics to answer the questions correctly. Rather, you should answer each question on the basis of what is
stated or implied by the speakers in the conversations or talks.
For most of the questions, you will need to click on the best of four possible answers. Some questions
will have special directions. The special directions will appear in a box on the computer screen.
18. What is the topic under discussion? 22. What is the talk mainly about?
a Whether to introduce the metric system GD Private industry.
GD Advances in medicine.
in the United States. O Space missions.
a How the metric system should be intro- a Technological developments.
duced in the United States. 23. Which of the advances listed are NOT men-
Which system is better-the English tioned as part of the technology developed
system or the metric system. for space missions?
a How to convert measurements from the GD Contact lenses.
English system to the metric system. a Cordless tools.
19. What changes in measurement in the United O Food packaging.
States have the students observed?
a Ultrasound.
a Now the weather on radio and TV is re-
24. According to the speaker, why did NASA
ported exclusively in metrics. develop ultrasound?
Road signs have miles marked on them,
but not kilometers. To monitor the condition of astronauts
in spacecraft.
a Both the English system and the metric
a To evaluate candidates who wanted to
system are being used on signs, pack-
ages, and in weather reports. join the space program.
O To check the health of astronauts when
a Grocery stores use only metrics for their
they returned from space.
packaging. To test spacecraft and equipment for
imperfections.
20. What was Professor Baker's opinion?
25. Why does the speaker mention archeology?
a He thought that a gradual adoption
Archaeologists and astronauts were
would be better for everyone. compared.
He thought that only metrics should be GD Astronauts made photographs of the
used. earth later used by archaeologists.
He thought that only the English O Archaeologists have used advances in
system should be used. medical technology developed for
astronauts.
a He thought that adults should use both
a Space missions and underwater
systems, but that children should be
taught only the metric system. missions are very similar.
Which word best describes Professor
Baker's attitude toward his students?
GD Unfriendly.
Patronizing.
O Uninterested.
Cooperative.
336 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 32. According to the speaker, what happened in
1848?
26. Why did the student want to see the
professor? GD Gold was discovered.
GD To give her a note from another student. a The Transcontinental Railroad was
a To ask for an excused absence from completed.
O The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed.
class.
O To get notes from a class that she had a Telegraph communications were estab-
missed. lished with the East.
To make an appointment for help in a
class. 33. How long is the Golden Gate Bridge?
27. What is the student's problem? GD Eighteen miles.
GD 938 feet.
GD She cannot see the slides and videos O One mile.
from her seat.
Between five and six miles.
CD Her friend's notes are difficult to read.
She has been absent from class too 34. What does the lecturer mainly discuss?
often.
GD Transcendentalism.
a Her family needs her help next week.
a Puritanism.
28. What does the professor offer to do?
O Ralph Waldo Emerson.
@ Ask another student to take notes for the
woman. a Nature.
Meet with the woman to clarify the
classes she will miss. 35. During which century did the literary move-
Make an appointment for the woman ment develop?
with another professor.
@ Seventeenth century.
a Repeat the lecture for the woman. Eighteenth century.
29. What is the professor's attitude in this con- O Nineteenth century.
versation? Twentieth century.
@ Disinterested. 36. According to the speaker, what did the
Puritans do?
a Helpful.
GD They stressed the importance of the
O Appreciative. individual.
They supported the ideals of the Tran-
a Confused. scendental Club.
30. What is the main purpose of thls talk? O They believed that society was more
important than the individual.
GD Transportation on the Pacific Coast. They established a commune at Brook
History of California. Farm.
O Orientation to San Francisco. 37. What is Walden?
a Specifications of the Golden Gate GD A book by Emerson.
CD A history of Puritanism.
Bridge. O A novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
31. According to the speaker, what was the a A book by Thoreau.
settlement called before it was renamed
San Francisco?
@ Golden Gate.
San Francisco de Asis Mission.
O Military Post Seventy-six.
@, Yerba Buena.
38. What is the purpose of this conversation? MODEL TEST 4 337
43. Identify the fan in the solar heating system.
GD The man is looking for help with his re-
search. mr:
a The man is applying for a teaching posi- 44. What problem does the professor point out?
Solar heating is very expensive.
tion.
O The man is being trained to give library @ The sun may not be available every day.
O Solar storage systems are too small.
orientation.
a The sun does not supply enough energy
a The man is interviewing for a job in the
without other power sources.
library.
45. Why does the professor mention the project
39. Who is the man? to place solar modules in orbit?
It has the potential to generate cheap
GD A teacher. power.
A librarian. OD It is a research project that he is work-
ing on.
O A graduate student. O It is the same basic principle he has
been explaining.
a A computer programmer. It is an example of a very complex
model of a solar heating system.
40. What does the man need to do when he is
not working? 46. What is the purpose of this conversation?
GD The man wants to apply for a tutoring
GD Take a few days off. position.
GD The man needs to arrange for tutoring.
a Begin his own research. O The man is looking for a friend who
works at the Tutoring Center.
O Write his dissertation.
C D Take classes. a The woman is tutoring the man.
41. When would the man be available?
GD After he graduates.
GD when he completes his dissertation.
O After work and on his days off.
Immediately.
42. Which two requirements are considered
when mounting a solar collector on a roof?
The angle of the collector.
The thickness of the glass.
The direction of the exposure.
The temperature of the air.
48. How much will the tutoring cost? GD A check for five dollars.
GD Five dollars an hour. a Books and notes.
CD Four dollars a session.
8 Whatever the student can afford. O His class schedule.
a There is no fee for the sessions. a A composition.
MODEL TEST 4 339
Section 2:
Structure
This section measures the ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English.
There are two types of questions in this section.
In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence, there are four words
or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a
choice darkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be
presented.
The second type of question has four underlined words or phrases. You will choose the one underlined
word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or
phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.
1. Based on the premise that light was com- 6. The plants that &belong to the family of
posed of color, the Impressionists came to aa
the conclusion not really black. ferns are quite varied in th& size and
a which was that shadows a
a was shadows which
a were shadows structure.
@ that shadows were 7. As soon as with an acid, salt, and
sometimes water, is formed.
2. -a parliamentary system, the prime a a base will react
minister must be appointed on the basis of
the distribution of power in the parliament. CD a base reacts
a The considered a a base is reacting
To be considered the reaction of a base
Considering
8. Columbus Day is celebrated onthe twelve of
a Considers
e, a 0
3. Interest automatic data processing has
October because on that day in 1492,
a
a
grown rapid since the first large calculators
Christopher Columbus first landed in the
om
Americas.
were introduced in 1950.
9. One of the most influence newspapers in the
4. Vaslav Nijinsky achieved world recognition
@a
m
U.S. The New York Times, which is
-as both a dancer as well as a choreographer. 0
a aa widely distributed throughout the world.
a
5. -of the play Mourning Becomes Elec- 10. Weathering the action whereby
tra introduces the cast of characters and
hints at the plot. surface rock is disintegrated or decomposed.
GD The act first GD it is
a 4ct one a is that
O Act first 0is
@ First act
a being
340 TOEFL MODELTESTS 18. Although Margaret Mead had several assis-
tants during her long investigations of
11. Coastal and inland waters are inhabited Samoa, the bulk of the research was done by
alone.
a
GD herself
not only by fish but also by such sea creature
a she
a 0a
O her
as shrimps and clams.
a hers
12. Economists have tried to discourage the use
19. Miami, Florida, is among the few cities in the
aa
@
of th'e phrase "underdeveloped nation" and
United States that has been awardd official
encouraging the more accurate phrase aa
Oa status as bilingual municipalities.
"developing nation" in order to suggest an CD
ongoing process. 20. Fertilizers are used primarily to enrich soil
@a a
13. A gas hi propane will combination with
and increasing yield.
e, a
a
water molecules in a saline solution to form
21. war correspondent, Hemingway
a used his experiences for some of his most
powerful novels.
a solid called a hydrate.
a But a
CD
CD It is a
14. The people of Western Canada have been
a While
considering themselves from the
aA
rest of the provinces.
22. If the ozone gases of the atmosphere
GD to separate
GD separated
O separate
a separating
15. Although it cannot be proven, mesumable did not filter ouj the ultraviolet rays of the
e, CD a ~09
the expansion of the universe will slow sun, life as we know would not have
down as it avvroaches a critical radius. a0
a evolved on Earth.
16. A City University professor reported that he a
discovers a vaccine that has been 80 percent 23. Thirty-eight national sites are known as
parks, another eighty-two as monuments,
e, a and .
effective in reducing the instances of tooth the another one hundred seventy-eight
as historical sites
a
CD the other one hundred seventy-eight as
decay among small children.
historical sites
a O seventy-eight plus one hundred more as
17. When they have been frightened, as, for historical sites
@a a as historical sites one hundred seventy-
example, an electrical storm, dairy cows eight
0
may refuse giving:milk.
a
24. When he was a little boy, Mark Twain MODELTEST 4 341
m
25. Almost all books have a few errors in them
would walk along the piers, watch the river
CD 0 a
boats, s y i m . i @ and fish in the Mississippi, in spite of the care taken to check & proof
a a 0a
much like his famous character, Tom Sawyer. pages before the final printing.
342 TOEFL MODEL TESTS
Section 3:
Reading
This section measures the ability to read and understand short passages similar in topic and style to
those that students are likely to encounter in North American universities and colleges. This section
contains reading passages and questions about the passages. There are several different types of ques-
tions in this section.
In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunity to read the passage. You will use the scroll
bar to view the rest of the passage.
When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the mouse to click on Proceed. Then the
questions about the passage will be presented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question.
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage.
Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these questions you will click on a
choice below the question.
To answer some questions, you will click on a word or phrase.
To answer some questions, you will click on a sentence in the passage.
To answer some questions, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.
Precipitation, commonly referred to as rainfall, MODEL TEST 4 343
is a measure of the quantity of atmospheric water
in the form of rain, hail, or snow that reaches the 1. What does this passage mainly discuss?
ground. The average annual precipitation over the
whole of the United States is thirty-six inches per Precipitation
year. It should be understood, however, that all CD Snowfall
precipitation is not measured equally. For O New York State
example, a foot of snow does not equal a foot of
precipitation. According to the general formula for a A general formula
computing the precipitation of snowfall, ten inches
of snow equals one inch of precipitation. In upper 2. Which of the following is another word that
New York State, for example, where there is is often used in place of precipitation?
typically a large amount of snowfall every winter, a
hundred inches of snow in one year would be GD Humidity
recorded as only ten inches of precipitation. On Wetness
the other hand, rain is rain. Forty inches of rain
would be recorded as forty inches of precipitation. O Rainfall
The total annual prec~pitat~ofonr an area with forty Rain-snow
inches of rain and one hundred inches of snow
would be recorded as fifty inches of precipitation. 3. The term precipitation includes
The amount of precipitation that an area @ only rainfall
receives is a combined result of several factors,
including location, altitude, proximity to the sea, a rain, hail, and snow
and the direction of prevailing winds. Most of the
precipitation in the United States is brought O rain, snow, and humidity
originally by prevailing winds from the Pacific CD rain, hail, and humidity
Ocean, the Gulf,of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean,
and the Great Lakes. Because these prevailing 4. What is the average annual rainfall in inches
winds generally come from the west, the Pacific in the United States?
Coast receives more annual precipitation than the
Atlantic Coast. Along the Pacific Coast itself, GD Thirty-six inches
however, altitude causes some diversity in rainfall.
'The mountain ranges of the United States, a Thirty-eight inches
especially the Rocky Mountain Range and the
Appalachian Mountain Range, influence the amount O Forty inches
of precipitation in the areas to the windward and
leeward sides of these ranges. East of the Rocky a Forty-two inches
Mountains, the annual precipitation is substantially
less than that west of the Rocky Mountains. The 5. If a state has 40 inches of snow in a year,
precipitation north of the Appalachian Mountains by how much does this increase the annual
averages 40 percent less than that south of the precipitation?
Appalachian Mountains. As air currents from the
oceans move over land, the air must rise to pass GD By two feet
over the mountains. The air cools, and the water CD By four inches
that is held in the clouds falls as rain or snow on O By four feet
the ascending side of the mountains. The air,
therefore, is much drier on the other side of the a By 40 inches
mountains.
344 TOEFL MODELTESTS
6. The phrase in paragraph 2 is 8. Where is the annual precipitation highest?
closest in meaning to GD The Atlantic Coast
GD communication with a The Great Lakes
a dependence on O The Gulf of Mexico
CD The Pacific Coast
O nearness to
9. Which of the followinn was NOT men-
a similarity to tioned as a factor in dGermining the amount
of precipitation that an area will receive?
The total annual precipitation for an area with forty
inches of rain and one hundred inches of snow GD Mountains
would be recorded as fifty inches of precipitation. CD Latitude
O The sea
The amount of precipitation that an area
receives is a combined result of several factors, a Wind
including location, altitude, pioxTmvTo the sea,
and the direction of prevailing winds. Most of the 10. The word in paragraph 2
precipitation in the United States is brought
originally by prevailing winds from the Pacific could best be replaced by
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean,
and the Great Lakes. Because these prevailing GD fundamentally
winds generally come from the west, the Pacific
Coast receives more annual precipitation than the slightly
Atlantic Coast. Along the Paclfic Coast itself, completely
however, altitude causes some diversity in rainfall. CD apparently
The mountain ranges of the United States,
especially the Rocky Mountain Range and the The mountain ranges of the United States,
Appalachian Mountain Range, influence the amount especially the Rocky Mountain Range and the
of precipitation in the areas to the windward and Appalachian Mountain Range, influence the amount
leeward sides of these ranges. East of the Rocky of precipitation in the areas to the windward and
Mountains,the annual precipitation is substantially leeward sides of these ranges. East of the Rocky
less than that west of the Rocky Mountains. The Mountains, the annual precipitation is'fbistantiaR'y
precipitation north of the Appalachian Mountains less than that west of the Rocky Mountains. The
averages 40 percent less than that south of the precipitat~onnorth of the Appalachian Mountains
averages 40 percent less than that south of the
7. Click on the sentence in paragraph 2 that Appalachian Mountains. As air currents from the
identifies the origins of most of the oceans move over land, the air must rise to pass
precipitation in the United States. over the mountains. The air cools, and the water
that is held in the clouds falls as rain or snow on
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (+). the ascending side of the mountains. The air,
therefore, is much drier on the other side of the
mountains.
The total annual precipitation for an area with forty
inches of rain and one hundred inches of snow
would be recorded as fifty inches of precipitation.
-+The amount of precipitation that an area
receives is a combined result of several factors,
including location, altitude, proximity to the sea,
and the direction of prevailing winds. Most of the
precipitation in the United States is brought
originally by prevailing winds from the Pacific
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean,
and the Great Lakes. Because these prevailing
winds generally come from the west, the Pacific
Coast receives more annual precipitation than the
Atlantic Coast. Along the Pacific Coast itself,
however, altitude causes some diversity in rainfall.
The mountain ranges of the United States,
especially the Rocky Mountain Range and the
Appalachian Mountain Range, influence the amount
of precipitation in the areas to the windward and
leeward sides of these ranges. East of the Rocky
Mountains,the annual precipitation is substantially
less than that west of the Rocky Mountains. The
11. The word P!ER in paragraph 2 refers to MODEL TEST 4 345
decreases United States organized and participated in a
precipitation large number of reform movements, including
O areas movements to reorganize the prison system,
improve education, ban the sale of alcohol, grant
a mountain ranges rlgnts to people wno were aen~eothem, and, most
importantly, free slaves Some women saw
The mountain ranges of the United States, similarities in the social status of women and
especially the Rocky Mountain Range and the slaves. Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Appalachian Mountain Range, influence the amount Lucy Stone were not only feminists who fought for
of precipitationin the areas to the windward and the rights of women but also fervent abolitionists
leeward sides of these ranges. East of the Rocky who fought to do away with slavery. These brave
Mountains, the annual precipitationis substantially people were social leaders who supported the
less than that west of the Rocky Mountains. The rights of both women and blacks. They were
precipitationnorth of the Appalachian Mountains fighting against a belief that voting should be tied
averages 40 percent less than t h d south of the to land ownership, and because land was owned
Appalachian Mountains.As air currents from the by men, and in some cases by their widows, only
oceans move over land, the air must rise to pass those who held the greatest stake in government,
over the mountains. The air cools, and the water that is the male landowners,were considered
that is held in the clouds falls as rain or snow on worthy of the vote. Women did not conform to the
the ascending side of the mountains.The air, requirements.
therefore, is much drier on the other side of the
mountains. A number of male abolitionists, including
William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also
supported the rights of women to speak and to
participate equally with men in antislaveryactivities.
Probably more than any other movement,
abolitionism offered women a previously denied
entry into politics. They became involved primarily
in order to better their living conditions and
improve the conditions of others. However, they
gained the respect of those they convinced and
also earned the right to be considered equal
citizens.
When the civil war between the North and the
South ended in 1865, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 1868
and 1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to
blacks but not to women. Discouragedbut
resolved, feminists worked tirelessly to influence
more and more women to demand the right to
vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory had yielded
to demands by feminists, but the states on the
East Coast resisted more stubbornly than before.
A women's suffrage bill had been presented to
every Congress since 1878, but it continually
failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth
Amendment granted women the right to vote.
346 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 14. Click on the sentence in paragraph 1 that
explains the relationship between voting and
12. With what topic is the passage primarily property.
concerned?
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow (+).
The Wyoming Territory
GD The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments --+ Durlng the nlneteenth century, women In the
Un~tedStates organized and partlctpated~na
Abolitionists large number of reform movements, lnclud~ng
@ Women's suffrage
movements to reorganlzethe F Ison system.
13. The,word Efffin paragraph 1 most nearly
means to Improve education, ban the sale of alcohol, grant
rlghts to people who were denled them, and, most
'encourage rmportantly, free slaves. Some women saw
publish similarities in the social status of women and
O prohibit slaves. Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
limit Lucy Stone were not only feminists who fought for
the rights of women but also fervent abolitionists
During the nineteenth century, women in the who fought to do away with slavery. These brave
United States organized and participated in a people were social leaders who supported the
large number of reform movements, including rights of both women and blacks. They were
movements to reorganize the prison system, fighting against a belief that voting should be tied
improve education, ban the sale of alcohol, grant to land ownership, and because land was owned
rights to people who were denied them, and, most by men, and in some cases by their widows, only
importantly, free slaves. Some women saw those who held the greatest stake in government,
similarities in the social status of women and that is the male landowners, were considered
slaves. Women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and worthy of the vote. Women did not conform to the
Lucy Stone were not only feminists who fought for requirements.
the r~ghtsof women but also fervent abolitionists
who fought to do away with slavery. These brave A number of male abolitionists, including
people were social leaders who supported the William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also
rights of both women and blacks. They were supported the rights of women to speak and to
fighting against a belief that voting should be tied
to land ownership, and because land was owned 15. The word Frnm in paragraph 2 is clos-
by men, and in some cases by their widows, only est in meaning to
those who held the greatest stake in government,
that is the male landowners, were considered GD above all
worthy of the vote. Women did not conform to the CD somewhat
requirements. O finally
A number of male abolitionists, including a always
William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also
supported the rights of women to speak and to the rights of women but also fervent abolitionists
who fought to do away with slavery. These brave
people were social leaders who supported the
rights of both women and blacks. They were
fightlng agalnst a belief that voting should be tied
to land ownership, and because land was owned
by men, and In some cases by their widows, only
those who held the greatest stake in government,
that is the male landowners, were considered
worthy of the vote. Women did not conform to the
requirements.
A number of male abolitionists, including
William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also
supported the rights of women to speak and to
participate equally with men in ant~slaveryactivities.
Probably more than any other movement,
abolitionism offered women a previously denied
entry into politics. They became involved primarily
in order to better their living conditions and
improve the conditions of others. However, they
gained the respect of those they convinced and
also earned the right to be considered equal
citizens.
When the civil war between the North and the
MODEL TEST 4 347
16. Look at the word in the passage. 18. The word in paragraph 3 could
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text best be replaced by which of the following?
that is closest in meaning to v e . @ pain
a citizenship
O freedom from bondage
a the right to vote
requirements. abolitionismoffered women a previously denled
A number of male abolitionists, including entry into politics. They became involved primarily
in order to better their living conditions and
William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also improve the conditions of others. However, they
supported the rights of women to speak and to gained the respect of those they convinced and
participate equally with men in antislavery activities. also earned the right to be considered equal
Probably more than any other movement, citizens.
abolitionism offered women a previously denied
entry into politics.They became involved primarily When the civil war between the North and the
in order to better their living conditions and South ended in 1865,the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Improve the conditions of others. However, they Amendments to the Constitutionadopted in 1868
gained the respect of those they convinced and and 1870granted citizenship and suffragBto
also earned the right to be considered equal blacks but not to women. Discouraged but
citizens. resolved, feminists worked tirelessly to influence
more and more women to demand the right to
When the civil war between the North and the vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory had yielded
South ended in 1865, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth to demands by feminists, but the states on the
Amendments to the Constitutionadopted in 1868 East Coast resisted more stubbornly than before.
and 1870granted citizenship and suffrage to A women's suffrage bill had been presentedto
every Congress since 1878, but it continually
17. What had occurred shortly after the Civil War? failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth
Amendment granted women the right to vote.
GD The Wyoming Territory was admitted to
the Union.
QD A women's suffrage bill was introduced
in Congress.
The eastern states resisted the end of the
war.
a Black people were granted the right to
348 TOEFL MODEL TESTS The Acacia, a genus of trees and shrubs of
the mimosa family that originated in Australia, has
19. The word 'R" in paragraph 3 refers to long been used there in building simple mud and
stick structures. The acacia is called a wattle in
Q9 bill Australia, and the structures are said to be made
Congress of daub and wattle. The acacia is actually related
to the family of plants known as legumes that
O Nineteenth Amendment includes peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and pods
with beanlike seeds. Some acacias actually
a vote produce edible crops. Other Acacia varieties are
valued for the sticky resin, called gum arabic or
abolitionism offered women a previously denied gum acacia, used widely in medicines, foods, and
entry into politics. They became involved primarily perfumes, for the dark dense wood prized for
in order to better their living conditions and making pianos, or for the bark, rich in tannin, a
improve the conditions of others. However, they dark, acidic substance used to cure the hides of
garned the respect of those they convinced and animals, transforming them into leather.
also earned the right to be consideredequal
citizens. Nearly five hundred species of Acacia have
been analyzed, identified, categorized, and proven
When the civil war between the North and the capable of survival in hot and generally arid parts
South ended in 1865, the Fourteenthand Fifteenth of the world; however, only a dozen of the three
Amendments to the Constitutionadopted in 1868 hundred Australian varieties thrive in the southern
and 1870 grantedcitizenship and suffrage to United States. Most acacia imports are low
blacks but not to women. Discouraged but spreading trees, but of these, only three flower,
resolved, feminists worked tirelessly to influence including the Bailey Acacia with fernlike silver
more and more women to demand the right to leaves and small, fragrant flowers arranged in
vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory had yielded rounded clusters, the Silver Waffle,similar to the
to demands by feminists, but the states on the Bailey Acacia, which grows twice as high, and the
East Coast resisted more stubbornly than before. squat Sydney Golden Wattle, bushy with broad,
A women's suffrage bill had been presentedto flat leaves, showy bright yellow blossoms, and
sharp spined twigs. Another variety, the Black
every Congress since 1878, but?fcontinually Acacia, also called the Blackwood, has dark green
foliage and unobtrusive blossoms. Besides being
failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth a popular ornamental tree, the Black Acacia is
Amendment granted women the right to vote. considered valuable for its dark wood, which is
used in making furniture, as well as highly prized
20. What does the Nineteenth Amendment guar- musical instruments.
antee?
The Acacia's unusual custom of blossoming
CO Voting rights for blacks in February has been commonly attributed to its
GD Citizenship for blacks Australian origins, as if the date and not the
O Voting rights for women quality of light made the difference for a tree in its
C D Citizenship for women flowering cycle. In the Southern Hemisphere,the
seasons are reversed, and February, which is
21. When were women allowed to vote through- wintertime in the United States, is summertime in
out the United States? Australia. Actually, however, the pale, yellow
blossoms appear in August in Australia. Whether
Q9 After 1866 growing in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere,
the lovely acacia blossoms in winter.
a After 1870
O After 1878
a After 1920
22. With which of the following topics is the MODEL TEST 4 349
passage primarily concerned?
25. The word TfFETin paragraph 2 is closest in
The Black Acacia meaning to which of the following?
Characteristics and varietiesof theAcacia
O Australian varieties of the Acacia a grow well
a are found
a The use of Acacia wood in ornamental
O were planted
furniture
a can live
23. Look at the word in the passage.
includes peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and pods
Click on the word or phrase in the bold text with beanlike seeds. Some acacias actually
produce edible crops. Other Acacia varieties are
that is closest in meaning to mZ'tf8. valued for the sticky resin, called gum arabic or
gum acacia, used widely in medicines, foods, and
includes peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and pods perfumes, for the dark dense wood prizedfor
with beanlike seeds. Some acacias actually making pianos, or for the bark, rich in tannin, a
produce edible crops. Other Acacia varieties are dark, acidic substance used to cure the hides of
valued for the sticky resin, called gum arabic or animals, transformingthem into leather.
gum acacia, used widely in medicines, foods, and
perfumes, for the dark dense wood prlied for Nearly five hundred species of Acacia have
making pianos, or for the bark, rich in tannin, a been analyzed, identified, categorized, and proven
dark, acidic substance used to cure the hides of capable of survival in hot and generally arid parts
animals, transforming them into leather. of the world; however, only a dozen of the three
hundredAustralianvarieties tfirive in the southem
Nearly five hundred species of Acacia have UnitedStates. Most acacia importsare low
been analyzed, identified, categorized, and proven spreading trees, but of these, only three flower,
capable of survival in hot and generally arid parts including the Bailey Acacia with fernlike silver
of the world; however, only a dozen of the three leaves and small, fragrant flowers arranged in
hundred Australian varieties thrive in the southern rounded clusters, the Silver Wattle,similar to the
United States. Most acacia im~ortsare low Bailey Acacia, which grows twice as high, and the
squat Sydney Golden Waflle,bushy with broad,
spreading trees, but of these, drily three flower, flat leaves, showy bright yellow blossoms, and
sharp spined twigs. Another variety, the Black
including the Bailey Acacia with fernlike silver Acacia, also called the Blackwood, has dark green
leaves and small, fragrant flowers arranged in
rounded clusters, the Silver Wattle, similar to the
Bailey Acacia, which grows twice as high, and the
squat Sydney Golden Wattle, bushy with broad,
flat leaves, showy bright yellow blossoms, and
sharp spined twigs. Another variety, the Black
Acacia. also called the Blackwood,has dark areen
24. How many species of Acacia grow well in
the southern United States?
a Five hundred
a Three hundred
O Twelve
a Three
350 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 28. In paragraph 2, the word TET most nearly
means
26. The word ITiET? in paragraph 2 refers to
smooth
a United States
a pretty
GD varieties
O species pointed
short
a trees
includes peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and pods
includes peas, beans, lentils, peanuts, and pods with beaniike seeds. Some acacias actuallv
with beanlike seeds. Some acacias actually produce edible crops. Other Acacia varieties are
produce edible crops. Other Acacia varieties are valued for the sticky resin, called gum arabic or
valued for the sticky resin, called gum arabic or gum acacia, used widely in medicines, foods, and
gum acacia, used widely in medicines, foods, and perfumes, for the dark dense wood prized for
perfumes, for the dark dense wood prized for making pianos, or for the bark, rich in tannin, a
making pianos, or for the bark, rich in tannin, a dark, acidic substance used to cure the hides of
dark, acidic substance used to cure the hides of animals, transforming them into leather.
animals, transforming them into leather.
Nearly five hundred species of Acacia have
Nearly five hundred species of Acacia have been analyzed, identified, categorized, and proven
been analyzed, identified, categorized, and proven capable of s u ~ i v ainl hot and generally arid parts
capable of s u ~ i v ainl hot and generally arid parts of the world; however, only a dozen of the three
of the world; however, only a dozen of the three hundred Australian varieties thrive in the southern
hundred Australian varietiesthrive in the southern United States. Most acacia imports are low
United States. Most acacia imports are low spreading trees, but of these, only three flower,
spreading trees, but of t h e s i only three flower, including the Bailey Acacia with fernlike silver
including the Bailey Acacia with fernlike silver leaves and small, fragrant flowers arranged in
leaves and small, fragrant flowers arranged in rounded clusters, the Silver Wattle,similar to the
rounded clusters, the Silver Wattle,similar to the Bailey Acacia, which grows twice as high, and the
Bailey Acacia, which grows twice as high, and the squat Sydney Golden Wattle,bushy with broad,
squat Sydney Golden Wattle, bushy with broad, flat leaves, showy bright yellow blossoms, and
flat leaves, showy bright yellow blossoms, and sharp spined twigs. Another variety, the Black
sharp spined twigs. Another variety, the Black Acacia, also called the Blackwood, has dark green
Acacia, also called the Blackwood, has dark green
27. According to this passage, the Silver Wattle
GD is squat and bushy
GD has unobtrusive blossoms
O is taller than the Bailey Acacia
CD is used for making furniture
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