Ngữ Văn 10 (Tập 1)

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

Ngu van

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VI^T NAM

'jmr



BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO
PHAN TRONG LUAN (Tong Chii bidn)
LA N H A M THIN (Chii bien phan Van) - BUI MINH T O A N (Chu bien phan Tieng Viet)

LE A (Chu bien phan Lam van)
Lfi NGUYEN CAN - D O A N LE GIANG - N G I M N THI RICH H A I

PHAN THI THU HIEN - NGUYfiN T H A I H O A - D 6 KIM HOI
NGUYfiN X U A N LAC - DANG NGOC LE - T R A N DUC NGON

Lfi TRUONG P H A T - VU DUONG QUY - T R A N NHO THIN

Ngiivan

(Tdi bdn ldn thu tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GlAO DUC VIET NAM

Ban quyen thupc Nha xua't ban Giao due Viet Nam - Bp Giao due va Dao tao.

01-2010/CXB/556-1485/GD Ma so : CHOllTO

LOI NOI DAU

Chung ta da buac vao nhimg nam dau ciia the ki XXI. Cong cuoc
doi moi da't nuoc dang didn ra soi dong tren moi linh vue cua
doi song. Mon Ngii van trong nha truang cung khong the khong co
nhimg thay doi ve noi dung va phuang phap hoc tap. Cuon sach
giao khoa trong tay anh (chi) dugc bien soan theo chuang trinh do
Bo Giao due va Dao tao ban hanh. Nhung mpi co gang cua nhiJng
nguoi soan sach cung chi n i m tren timg trang gia'y ne'u khong eo su
n6 lue hoc tap hang ngay, hang gia cua cae anh (chi).

Sach giao khoa NgU vdn 10 tie'p tuc thue hien tinh than tich hop
a Trung hoc ca sa (THCS). Hpc Ngu van trong nha truang khong
the tach rai ba phan Van, Tieng Viet va Lam van von la nhung ye'u
to hpp thanh sinh dpng cua chucmg trinh. TVl6i van ban van chuang
im tu eung cap nhieu du kien cho su trau doi Tieng Viet va Lam
van. Nguac lai kie'n thiic ve Tieng Viet va Lam van cang giup cho
chung ta am hieu hon su ki dieu trong m6i van ban van chuang. Vi
the, hpc Ngii van theo tinh than tich hpp la mpt yeu cau quan trpng
doi voi m6i hpc sinh.

Hpc Ngii van la de trau doi tinh cam tham mi va nhan each. Do
la mpt mue tieu vo eung quan trpng. Song chuong trinh Ngii van
trong nha truong Trung hpc pho thong (THPT) con chu trpng de'n
phuang dien van hoa eua van ban van chuong. Van chuong trong
nha truang eon eung cap nhiing hieu bie't ve nhieu phuong dien cua
doi song. Chuong trinh lan nay chu trpng them cac van ban nghi
luan xa hpi va van ban nhat dung. Hpe Ngu van phai huong vao
eupe song de van dung kie'n thuie va de sdng diing, song dep. Do la
quan diem van hod va thuc tidn ciia viee hpc Ngii van ngay nay.

Mpt diem mai quan trpng khac la sach giao khoa nham giiip hpc sinh tu hpc.
Tu hpc la chie'n lupc cua xa hpi hpc tap ngay nay. Phan Huong ddn hpc bdi sau m6i
van ban la nhung gpi y dan dat anh (chi) tu minh chie'm linh tae pham van chuang
hay mpt bai hpe cu thd. Tra loi, suy nghi theo cac eau hoi la eo the ndm duac npi
dung bai hpe. Co mpt sd cau hoi, bai tap dang trdc nghiem de anh (chi) lam quen
dan voi mdt hinh thiic kiem tra moi. Muc Ket qud cdn dqt a dau bai va muc
Ghi nhd d eudi bai la nhung tieu chi de anh (chi) dinh hudng trong qua trinh hpc
tap cung nhu tu danh gia. Phan Luyen tap giiip ngudi hpe van dung kien thiic de
thong hieu li luan va hinh thanh kl nang thuc hanh can ed d mdi ldp hpc ciing nhu
cap hpe. Nhung cau hdi hay bai tap cd danh da'u (*) danh eho hpc sinh kha, gidi.

Hi vpng bd sach giao khoa Ngu vdn 10 se giiip anh (ehi) dat dugc nhieu ke't qua
theo hudng tu hpc dudi su hudng ddn cua cac thay giao, cd giao.

cAc TAC GIA

TONG QUAN VAN HOC VIET NAM

KET QUA CAN OAT

i Ndm dugc mgt each dai cuang Inai bp phan
lan cua van hgc Viet Nam : van hgc dan gian
va van hgc viet.
Ndm dugc mgt each l<hai quat qua trinh phat
trien cua van hgc vie't Viet Nam.
Hieu dugc nhung ngi dung the hien con ngudi
Viet Nam trong van hgc.

<-

Trai qua hang ngan nam lich su, nhan dan Viet Nam da sang tao nen nhieu gia
tri vat chat va tinh than to ldn, dang tu hao. Nen van hpc Viet Nam la mdt trong
nhiing bang chiing tieu bieu cho nang luc sang tao tinh than ay.

I - CAC BO PHAN HOP THANH CUA VAN HOC VIET NAM

Van hpe Viet Nam bao gom cac sang tac ngdn tii vdi hai bd phan ldn cd quan
he mat thie't vdi nhau : van hpe dan gian va van hpc viet.

1. Van hoc dan gian
Van hpc dan gian la sang tac tap the va truyen mieng cua nhan dan lao ddng.

CQng cd trudng hpp ngudi tri thiic tham gia sang tae van hpe dan gian, nhung cac
sang tac dd phai tuan thii nhung dac tnmg cua van hpc dan gian va trd thanh
tieng ndi tinh cam chung cua nhan dan.

Van hpc dan gian cd cae the loai chu ye'u sau : than thoai, sii thi, truyen thuyet,
truyen eo tich, truyen ngu ngdn, truyen cudi, tuc ngii, eau do, ca dao, ve, truyen
tho, cheo.

Van hpc dan gian cd nhung dac trung tieu bieu: tinh truyen mieng, tinh tap the
va su gan bd vdi cae sinh hoat khac nhau trong ddi sd'ng cpng ddng'".

2. Van hoc Viet
Van hpc vie't la sang tac cua tri thiie, dupc ghi lai bdng ehii vie't. La sang tao cua

ea nhan, tac pham van hpc viet mang da'u an cua tac gia.

(1) Bai khai quat vg van tipc dan gian se trinh bay cu the hon cac van de co lien quan den
van hpc dan gian.

a) Cha vie't cua vdn hpc Viet Nam
Nen van hpc Viet Nam tii xua tdi nay ve ca ban dugc vie't bdng chii Han, chii
Ndm va chii qudc ngii.

Chii Han la van tu cua ngudi Han. Ngudi Viet Nam dpc ehii Han theo each
rieng gpi la each dpc Han Viet. Chii Ndm la chu vie't cd eua ngudi Viet, dua vao
chu Han ma dat ra. Chir qudc ngu la thii chii sii dung ehii cai La-tinh de ghi am
tieng Viet. 6 dau the ki XX, mdt sd tac gia sang tac bdng ehii Han, chu Ndm va
tieng Phap. Song, ve co ban, ed the ndi van hpc Viet Nam tir the ki XX trd di la nen
van hpc viet bdng ehu qude ngir. Ca van hpc chii Ndm va van hpe chii qud'c ngu
deu la van hpc vie't bdng tieng Viet.

h) He thdng the loqi cua van hpc viet
- Van hpc tir the ki X de'n he't the ki XDC: Trong van hpc chti Han, cd ba nhdm
the loai ehu ye'u : van xudi (truyen, ki, tieu thuyet chuong hdi,...) ; tho (tha co
phong, tha Dudng luat, tir khuc,...) ; van bien ngdu (hinh thiic trung gian giira tho
va van xudi, dugc dung nhieu trong phii, cao, van te,...). O van hpc chii Ndm, phan
ldn cac the loai la tho (tho Ndm Dudng luat, truyen tha, ngam khiie, hat ndi) va
vdn bien ngdu.

- Van hpc tir dau the ki XX den nay : loai hinh va loai the van hpe cd ranh gidi
tuong dd'i ro rang hon. Loai hinh tu su ed tieu thuyet, truyen ngdn, ki (biit ki, tuy
but, phdng su). Loai hinh trie tinh cd tha tni tinh va trudng ca. Loai hinh kich cd
nhieu the nhu kich ndi, kich tha,...

I I - QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN CUA VAN HOC VIET VIET NAM

Van hpc Viet Nam la san pham tinh th an eua tat ca cac dan tde eu trii tren lanh
thd Viet Nam. Dd la mdt nen van hpe thd'ng nhat trong su da dang. Ben canh
nhiing dac trung chung, van hpc ciia mdi viing, mien, mdi tde ngudi lai ed nhung
ban sdc rieng lam phong phii cho nen van hpc ciia toan dan tde.

Qua trinh phat trien ciia van hpe Viet Nam gdn chat vdi lich su chinh tri, van hoa,
xa hpi ciia da't nude. Nhin tong quat, van hpc Viet Nam da trai qua ba thdi ki ldn:

- Van hpc tir the ki X de'n he't the ki XIX.
- Van hpc tir dau the ki XX de'n Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945.
- Van hpc tir sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 de'n he't the' kl XX'^'.

(1) Phan van hoc Viet Nam trong chuang trinh Ngu van THPT hien chi gim han den het the ki XX.
Ba bai khai quat danh cho ba thoi ki nay trong sach Ngu van cac lop 10, 11, 12 se trinh bay cu
the dac trung va quy luat ciia m6i thoi ki. Bai Tong quan chi neu len mpt so net chung nha't ciia
van hoc Viet Nam trong toan bo tien tnnh lich sii.

Van hpc tir the ki X de'n he't the' ki XDC (vdn hpc trung dqi) hinh thanh va phat
trien trong bdi canh van hoa, van hpc vimg Ddng A, Ddng Nam A; cd quan he giao
luu vdi nhieu nen van hpc khu vuc, dac biet la van hpc Trung Qud'c.

Hai thdi ki sau (van hpc ttr dau the ki XX de'n nam 1945 va tir nam 1945 de'n he't
the ki XX) tuy cd mpt sd dac diem rieng biet nhung deu ndm trong mdt xu hudng
phat trien chung ciia qua trinh hien dai hoa van hpc nen ed the gpi ehung la
vdn hpc hien dqi.

Van hpc hien dai hinh thanh va phat trien trong bdi canh giao luu van hoa, van
hpc ngay cang md rdng. "Su gap ga phuong Tay la cupc bie'n thien ldn nha't trong
lich sii Viet Nam ttr ma'y muoi the ki" (Hoai Thanh). Tir chd chi tie'p xiie, giao luu
vdi van hpc cac nudc trong khu vuc, van hpc Viet Nam da tiep nhan them tinh hoa
cua nhieu nen van hpc tren the gidi de ddi mdi.

Mdi thdi ki van hpc ndi tren da van ddng qua nhiing giai doan khac nhau, chiu sir
chi phdi, quy dinh ciia hoan canh lich six - xa hdi. Nhirng truyen thdng ldn ciia van
hpc dan tdc nhu chii nghia yeu nudc, chii nghia nhan dao hinh thanh, phat trien
trong van hpc trung dai da dugc ke thira, phat huy trong van hpc hien dai. Tuy vay,
giira van hpc trung dai va van hpc hien dai eiing cd mdt sd khac biet quan trpng.

1. Van hoc (rung flai (van hoc tir the l(i X flen het the \a XIX)

Van hpc trung dai Viet Nam dupe viet bdng chu Han va ehii Ndm.

Thuc ra, ngudi Viet da tie'p xuc vdi chii Han tir dau Cdng nguyen. Thdi Bdc
thude, cd mdt sd ngudi Viet Nam da thi dd tie'n si va lam quan d Trung Qudc.
Nhung cac sang tac ciia hp khdng dii de lam nen mdt nen van hpc vie't. Nen van
hpc vie't Viet Nam ehinh thiie hinh thanh ttr the ki X, khi dan tde Viet Nam gianh
dugc chii quyen ttr tay eae the luc dd hd phuang Bdc. Van hpe chii Han tdn tai cho
tdi cud'i the ki XDC - dau the ki XX. Chir Han la phuang tien de nhan dan ta tiep
nhan nhung hpc thuyet ldn ciia phuang Ddng thdi dd nhu Nho giao, Phat giao, tu
tudng Lao - Trang. Nhieu quan niem triet hpc, ehinh tri, dao due, tham mi trong
van hpc trung dai chiu anh hudng eiia ede hpe thuyet nay. Ndm vung Han hpc, cac
nha van, nha tha Viet Nam da tiep nhan mdt phan quan trpng he thdng the loai
va thi phap van hpc cd - trung dai Trung Qudc. Nhieu hien tupng van hpe ldn nhu
tha van yeu nude va tha thien thdi LI - Tran, eae the loai van xudi nhu truyen ki
(vi du Thdnh Tdng di thdo, Truyen ki mqn luc), ki sir (vi du Thugng kinh ki su,
Vu trung tuy but), tieu thuye't chuong hdi (vi du Nam trieu cdng nghiep didn chi,
Hodng Le nhdt thdng chi) cd gia tri hien thuc va nhan dao thudc ve van hpc
chu Han. Nhieu tac pham lan, dang tu hao ciia van hpc Viet Nam dupe vie't bdng
chii Han. Cac nha tha yeu nuoc va nhan dao ldn thdi trung dai nhu Nguydn Trai,
Nguydn Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Qudt,... deu cd sang tac tha ehii Han.
Ngay trong giai doan van hpc chii Nom phat trien manh d the ki XVIII, van hpe
chii Han vdn ed nhieu thanh tuu.

Chii Ndm cd the da xua't hien ttr lau, nhung van hpc vie't bdng ehii Ndm bdt dau
phat trien manh tir the' ki XV va dat tdi dinh cao d cud'i the' ki XVIll - dau the ki XDC.
Chii Ndm va van hpc chii Ndm ra ddi la ke't qua eua lich sir phat trien van hpc dan
tdc. Van hpc chii Ndm cdn la bdng chiing hung hdn cho y chi xay dung mdt nen
van hien ddc lap ciia dan tdc ta. Nhieu thanh tuu ciia van hpc Viet Nam ndm trong
van hpe ehu Ndm. Viec tie'p thu chu ddng, sang tao the tho Dudng luat cd the
quan sat thay trong tha Ndm Dudng luat cua Nguydn Trai, Nguyin Binh Khiem,
Hd Xuan Huang, Ba Huyen Thanh Quan,... Rat hiem thay van xudi bdng chii Ndm.
Nhd cd chii Ndm ma cac the tho dan tdc nhu luc bat, song that luc bat ed dugc vai
trd quan trpng trong su hinh thanh cdc the loai van hpc dan tdc (truyen tha Ndm,
ngam khiic, hat ndi). Hang loat bai tho Ndm ciia Nguydn Trai, Nguyen Binh
Khiem, hang loat truyen Ndm bac hpe (nhu So kinh tdn trang, Truyen Kieu) va
truyen Ndm binh dan (nhu Tdng Trdn - Cue Hoa, Phqm Tdi - Ngpc Hoa), hang
loat khiic ngam, bai hat ndi da chiing td nang lue sang tao to ldn ciia cac nha tho
Viet Nam khi sang tac bdng tieng Viet. Nhd cd ehu Ndm ghi am tieng Viet ma tac
pham ciia eae nha van, nha tho bac hpe cd the dd dang den dugc vdi nhan dan lao
ddng. So vdi van hgc ehii Han thi van hpc chii Ndm tie'p nhan anh hudng eua van
hpc dan gian toan dien, sau sdc hon. Su phat trien cua van hpc chii Ndm gdn Hen
vdi nhiing truyen thd'ng ldn nhat ciia van hpc trung dai nhu long yeu nudc, tinh
than nhan dao, tinh hien thue, ddng thdi phan anh qua trinh dan tdc hoa va dan
chu hoa ciia van hpc trung dai.

2. Van hoc hien Oai (van hgc tir ih the i<i XX den het the \u XX)

Neu ttr the' ki X den he't the ki XIX van hpc Viet Nam chii ye'u ndm trong quan
he giao luu eua vung Ddng A va Ddng Nam A thi de'n the ki XX, van hpe nudc ta da
ed quan he giao luu qud'c te rdng hon. Van hpe hien dai da cd mam mdng d eudi
the' ki XDC. Trai qua mdt giai doqn giao thdi ngdn ttr dau the ki XX de'n dau nhiing
nam 30, van hpc Viet Nam da budc vao quy dao cua van hpc hien dai, cu the la
tiep xiic vdi eae ndn van hpe chau Au. Van hpc Viet Nam hien dai la nen van hpc
tieng Viet, chu ye'u vie't bdng chii qudc ngii. Mac dti ttr giiia the' ki XVII, ehii cai
La-tinh da dugc dung de ghi am tieng Viet, nhung phai den dau the ki XX, nd mdi
chinh thiic dugc xem la "qudc ngii". Chii qud'c ngii dd hgc, do dd nen van hpc viet
bdng ehii qud'c ngii la nen van hpe ed nhieu cdng chiing nhat trong lich su.'Sd
lupng tac gia va tac pham cua the' ki XX cung dat quy md chua ttmg cd.

Van hpc hien dai Viet Nam mdt mat ke' thira tinh hoa ciia van hpc truyen thdng,
mat khdc tie'p thu tinh hoa ciia nhiing nen van hpc ldn tren the' gioi de hien dai
hod. Su ddi mdi khie'n cho van hpe hien dai cd mdt sd diem khac biet lon so vdi
van hpc trung dai:

- Ve tdc gid: da xua't hien dpi ngu nha van, nha tha chuyen nghiep, lay viec vie't
van, sang tac tha lam nghe nghiep.

- Ve ddi sd'ng vdn hpc: nhd cd bao chi va ki thuat in a'n hien dai, tac pham Van
hpc di vao ddi sdng nhanh hon, mdi quan he qua lai giira ddc gia va tae gia mat
thiet hon, ddi sdng van hpc sdi ndi, nang ddng hon.

- Ve the loqi: tha mdi, tieu thuye't, kich ndi,... dan thay the' he thd'ng the loai eu,
tuy mdt vai the loai cii ciia van hpc trung dai van tiep tuc tdn tai, song khdng cdn
ddng vai trd chii dao.

- Ve thi phdp : he thd'ng thi phap mdi dan thay the' he thd'ng thi phap cu. Ldi
vie't udc le, sting cd, phi nga ciia van hpc trung dai khdng cdn thich hpp va ldi vie't
hien thuc, dd cao ca tinh sang tao, de cao "cai tdi" ea nhan dan dugc khang dinh.

Cdch mang thang Tam nam 1945, su kien lich su vl dai da md ra mdt giai doan
mdi trong tie'n trinh van hpc Viet Nam the' ki XX. Nhieu nha van cua giai doan van
hpc 1930 -1945 da di theo each mang, cdng hien tai nang va siie luc cho su nghiep
van hpc each mang ciia dan tpc.

Dan tde ta da tiep thu nhieu thanh tuu van hoa eua nhan loai trong cudc tie'p
xiie vdi the' gidi. Nhung cdng cudc hien dai hoa van hpc ciia da't nude ta lai didn ra
trong hoan canh phai dau tranh de giai phdng khdi ach nd dieh cua cac the' lire
thuc dan phuong Tay. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da lanh dao toan dan tdc tie'n
hanh thdng lgi cudc dau tranh chd'ng thuc dan Phap, de' qud'c Nhat va de' qudc Mi,
giai phdng dan tdc, thd'ng nhat dat nudc. Ttr eudc Cach mang thang Tam nam
1945, mdt nen van hpc mdi ra ddi va phat trien dudi sir lanh dao toan dien cua
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam. Nhiing thanh tuu van hpc to ldn tir sau nam 1945 de'n
nay gdn lidn vdi dudng ldi van nghe diing ddn ciia Dang va su nghiep lao ddng,
chie'n dau cua nhan dan ta.

Van hpc the' ki XX da phan anh hien thue xa hdi va chan dung con ngudi Viet Nam
vdi ta't ca cac phuong dien phong phii, da dang. Trudc Cach mang thang Tam
nam 1945, van hpc hien thue da ghi lai khdng khi ngdt ngat cua xa hdi thue dan mia
phong kie'n, du bao cudc each mang xa hdi sdp didn ra. Van hpc lang man giai doan
nay lai kham pha, de cao "cai toi" ca nhan, da'u tranh eho hanh phiic va quyen sd'ng
ca nhan. Sau Cach mang thang Tam, van hgc hien thuc xa hdi chii nghia da di sau
phan anh su nghiep da'u tranh each mang va xay dung cudc sdng mdi.

Ttr sau su kien giai phdng mien Nam, thd'ng nha't da't nudc nam 1975, dac biet
vdi cdng cudc ddi mdi tir nam 1986, van hpc hien dai Viet Nam bude vao mdt giai
doan phat trien mdi. Cac nha van Viet Nam da phan anh mdt each sau sdc cdng
eudc xay dung chii nghia xa hpi, su nghiep cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hoa dat

nudc. Trong van hpc duang dai, cd the' dpc dugc tam tu, tinh cam eiia con ngudi
Viet Nam trudc nhirng van de mdi me ciia thdi md ciia, hdi nhap qud'c te' het siic
sdi ddng va phiic tap.

Thanh tuu ndi bat cua van hgc Viet Nam the ki XX thudc ve van hpc yeu nudc
va each mang, gdn lien vdi cdng cudc giai phdng dan tdc. Cudc Cach mang thang
Tam nam 1945, hai cudc khang chien than thanh chd'ng thuc dan Phap va de qud'c
Mi gianh ddc lap dan tde la hien thue lich sii vT dai dem de'n nhiing de tai, ngudn
cam hiing mdi, tao tien de eho sir xua't hien mdt nen van hpe mdi vdi nhiing thanh
tuu nghe thuat dang tran trpng.

Ve the loai, ben canh sir tie'p tuc phat trien ciia tha, van xudi qudc ngii cudi the
ki XIX - dau the' kl XX da cd mdt sd tae pham ed y nghia md dau. Cdng cudc hien
dai hod tho, kich, truyen ngdn, tieu thuye't da dat dupc nhieu thanh tuu to ldn
trong giai doan 1930 -1945 va duge tie'p tuc day manh trong cae giai doan sau.
Tha mdi, tieu thuye't Tu luc van doan, van xudi hien thue trudc Cach mang, tho
khang chie'n chd'ng Phap, tha, tieu thuye't vd truyen ngdn, biit ki trong khang
chie'n chd'ng MI eiing nhu trong cdng cudc ddi mdi da't nudc la nhiing thanh tuu
ldn ciia van hge nude ta d the' ki XX. Trong dieu kien md cira, hdi nhap qud'c te,
van hpc Viet Nam da va dang tich cue lira ehpn, tie'p nhan nhieu thanh tuu nghe
thuat ciia van hpc the' gidi de hien dai hod, phat trien.

Nhin ehung, nen van hpc Viet Nam dat dugc nhiing thanh tuu ldn vdi nhiing
tac gia cd ten tudi nhu Nguydn Trai, Nguydn Du, Hd Chi Minh,... Nhieu tac pham
van hpc Viet Nam cd gia tri da dugc dich ra nhidu thii tieng tren the' gidi. Vdi y chi
va kha nang sang tao to ldn, dan tdc Viet Nam da tao dimg dupc mdt nen van hpc
cd vi tri xiing dang trong van hpc toan nhan loai.

Ill - CON NGU&I VIET NAM QUA VAN HOC

Van hpc la nhan hpc. Con ngudi la dd'i tugng phan dnh, bie'u hien trung tam ciia
van hgc. Van hgc Viet Nam the hien tu tudng, tinh cam, quan niem chinh tri, van
hod, dao diic, tham mi ciia eon ngudi Viet Nam trong nhieu mdi quan he da dang.

1. Con ngirdi Viet Nam trong quan he vdi the gidii tir nhien

Dudi hinh thiic ddc dao eiia tu duy huyen thoai, cae tac pham van hpc dan gian
da ke lai qua trinh dng cha ta nhdn thuc, cdi tqo, chinh phuc the' gidi tu nhien
hoang da de xay dung non sdng da't nudc tuoi dep va tich luy nhieu hieu bie't
phong phii, sau sdc ve tu nhien. Tmh yeu thien nhien la mpt ndi dung quan trpng
cua van hoc Viet Nam.

10

Trong van hpc dan gian (nha't la ca dao, dan ca), ta cd the bdt gap nhiing hinh
anh tuoi dep va dang yeu ciia thien nhien Viet Nam: niii va sdng, ddng lua va canh
cd, vang trang va ddng sud'i, gid va may, cay da va ben nude,... Canh quan cac
viing mien khac nhau ciia da't nudc rat da dang nen hinh anh thien nhien trong
ca dao, dan ca ciia mdi viing ciing cd nhirng net dae sdc rieng biet.

Trong sang tae tho ca thdi trung dai, hinh tugng thien nhien gdn vdi 11 tudng
dao diic, tham mi. Cac hinh tupng tting, ciic, tnic, mai thudng tupng trung cho
nhan each cao thugng ; eae de tai ngu, tieu, canh, muc thudng the hien 11 tudng
thanh cao, an dat, khdng mang danh lpi eua nha nho.

Trong van hpe hien dai, hinh tupng thien nhien the hien tinh yeu que huong,
da't nudc, yeu cudc sdng, dac biet la tinh yeu liia ddi. Huong thom cua bdng sen,
bdng budi, hinh tupng sdng bien, canh mua xuan,... thudng gdn lien vdi nhiing ki
niem dep de ciia tinh yeu.

I. Con ngirdi Viet Nam trong quan he quoc gia, dan tdc

Ttr thdi xa xua, dan tdc Viet Nam da sdm ed y thiic xay dung mdt qudc gia ddc
lap, tu ehii. Mdt dac diem ldn cua lich sii Viet Nam la dan tpc ta da phai nhieu lan
da'u tranh va chie'n thdng nhieu the' luc xam luge hung bao de bao ve nen ddc lap
tu chu cua minh. Phan anh sir nghiep xay dung va bao ve nen ddc lap ay eiia dan
tdc, cd mdt ddng van hpe yeu nude phong phii va mang gia tri nhan van sau sdc
xuyen sudt lich su van hpe Viet Nam.

Tinh than yeu nudc trong van hpe dan gian the hien ndi bat qua tinh yeu lang
xdm, que eha da't td, noi chdn nhau edt rdn, su cam ghet cae the luc xam luge giay
xeo que huong. Chii nghia yeu nudc trong van hpc trung dai the hien ehu ye'u qua
y thiic sau sdc ve qud'c gia, dan tdc, ve truyen thd'ng van hien lau ddi eua dan tdc.
Chu nghia yeu nudc trong van hpc cdch mang gdn lien vdi su nghiep da'u tranh
giai cap va li tudng xa hdi ehu nghia. Nhin ehung, ldng yeu nudc trong van hpc
Viet Nam the hien qua tinh yeu que huong, niem tu hao ve truyen thd'ng van hod
dan tdc, ve lich su dung nudc va giii nude chdi lpi nhirng chie'n cdng, dac biet qua
y ehi cam thii quan xam luge va tinh than dam hi sinh vi ddc lap, tu do ciia
To qudc. Nhieu tac pham ldn ke't tinh ldng yeu nudc ttr xua de'n nay nhu Nam
qudc son hd, Binh Ngd dqi cdo, Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc, Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap,
nhieu tap tha di sii cua cac nha nho,... nhieu tac gia van hpc yeu nudc ldn
nhu Nguydn Trai, Nguydn Dinh Chieu, Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh,
Hd Chi Minh, Td Huu,... da xay dung nen mdt he thd'ng tu tudng yeu nudc hoan
chinh. Nhieu tac pham cua van hpe yeu nudc la nhiing kiet tac van ehuong.
Dac biet phai nhdc tdi pham cha't tien phong chdng de' qudc ciia nen van hpe each
mang Viet Nam the' ki XX. Chu nghia yen nudc la mdt ndi dung tieu bieu, mdt gia
tri quan trpng eiia van hpc Viet Nam.

11

3. Con ngirdi Viet Nam trong quan he xa hdi

Xay dung mdt xa hdi td't dep la udc mudn ngan ddi eua dan tdc Viet Nam.
Nhieu tdc pham van hpe the hien udc m a ve mdt xa hdi cdng bdng, td't dep. Van
hpc dan gian cd hinh anh nhiing dng tien, dng But toan nang, nhiing chang hoang
tu hay ciiu giiip ngudi dan khdn khd. Trong van hpc trung dai, dd la udc move xa
hdi Nghieu - Thuan. Trong van hpc hien dai, li tudng xa hdi ehu nghia la mdt
ddng lire to ldn dd'i vdi su nghiep da'u tranh giai phdng dan tde va xay dung eudc
sd'ng mdi.

Trong xa hdi phong kie'n va xa hdi thuc dan nua phong kie'n, cac nha van da len
tieng td eao, phe phan cac the' lire chuyen quyen va bay td ldng cam thdng vdi
nhiing ngudi dan bi dp biie. Truyen cudi dan gian, ca dao, tuc ngir da td eao, da
kich, che' gidu giai cap thd'ng tri tham bao, tic hiep nhan dan. Nhidu tac pham tho,
truyen tho, tieu thuye't, ki da mieu ta hien thuc xa hdi den tdi, phoi bay nhiing
canh ddi dau khd ciia ngudi dan, ddi giai cap thdng tri phai quan tam den quyen
sd'ng cua con ngudi.

Nhin thdng vao thuc tai vdi tinh than nhan thiic, phe phan va cai tao xa hdi la
mdt truyen thd'ng ldn ciia van hpe Viet Nam. Nhan vat eiia nhieu tac pham van hpc
khdng chi la nan nhan dau khd cua xa hdi ap biic, bat cdng ma cdn la nhiing con
ngudi biet da'u tranh cho tu do, hanh phiic, nhan pham, quyen sdng. Kieu la mdt
nan nhan, song Tir Hai lai la ngudi anh himg chie'n dau eho ehinh nghia.
Chi Dau, Chi Pheo la nan nhan, song nhieu nhan vat phu nii, ndng dan, anh bd dpi
eua van hpc chd'ng Phap va chd'ng Mi lai tieu bieu cho li tudng anh hting each mang.

Cam hiing xa hdi sau dam la mdt tien dd quan trpng cho sir hinh thanh
chu nghia hien thuc va chu nghia nhdn dqo trong van hpc dan tdc.

Ttr sau nam 1975, nhan dan ta da thuc su bdt tay vao xay dung chii nghia xa hpi
vdi nhiing li tudng nhan dao eao dep. Van hpc Viet Nam da va dang di sau phan
anh cdng eude xay dung cudc sd'ng mdi tuy cdn khd khan gian khd nhung day
hiing khdi va tin tudng vao tuong lai.

4. Con ngudi Viet Nam va y thirc ve ban than

Van hpe Viet Nam da ghi lai qua trinh tim kiem, lira chpn cdc gia tri de hinh
thanh dao li lam ngudi cua dan tdc Viet Nam. Cac hpc thuye't nhu Nho, Phat,
Lao - Trang va tu tudng dan gian ed anh hudng sau sdc de'n qua trinh nay.

Trong nhiing hoan canh lich sii dac biet nhu dau tranh chd'ng ngoai xam, cai
tao thien nhien khdc nghiet, con ngudi Viet Nam thudng de cao y thiic cdng ddng
hon y thiic ca nhan. Nhan vat trung tam trong cdc sang tac van hpc ra ddi ttr hoan
canh lich sii dae biet dd thudng de cao y thiic xa hdi, trach nhiem cdng dan, tinh
than hi sinh "cdi tdi" ea nhan de'n miic khdc ki, cd thai dd xem thudng mpi cam

12

dd vat chat, sdn sang hi sinh de bao ve dao nghia va li tudng, coi cai che't nhe tua
ldng hdng. Chu nghia khdc ki, tu tudng diet due la mdt nguyen nhan khie'n cho de
tai tinh yeu nam nii trong sang tdc van hpe d mdt sd giai doan vdng bdng hay hiem
thay xuat hien.

Trong nhiing hoan canh khac, eon ngudi cd nhan lai dugc cac nha van, nhd tha
de cao. Dd la giai doan cud'i the' kl XVIII - dau the' ki XDC, giai doan 1930 - 1945 va
giai doan van hge thdi ki ddi mdi ttr 1986 de'n nay. Con ngudi trong sang tae van
hgc thudc cdc giai doan ke tren, tat nhien d cdc miic dp khac nhau, da ed y thiic
ve quyen sdng ca nhan, quyen dupc hudng hanh phiic vd tinh yeu, y nghia ciia
eudc sd'ng tran the. Ve mat nay, cd the ke de'n con ngudi trong cdc khuc ngam,
trong tha Ho Xuan Huong, Truyen Kieu,... (the' ki XVIll - dau the' ki XIX) ; con
ngudi trong van xudi Tu luc van doan, Tha mdi, van hpc hien thuc (giai doan
1930 - 1945); con ngudi trong van hpc thdi ki ddi mdi tit 1986 de'n nay.

Mdi mdu hinh nhan vat II tudng, trung tam cua van hpe mdi giai doan ndi tren
cd mdt gia tri rieng, siic hap ddn rieng. Nhung xu hudng chung eiia su phat trien
van hpc dan tdc la xay dung mdt dqo li ldm ngudi vdi nhieu pham chat tdt dep
nhu: nhan ai, thuy chung, tinh nghia, vi tha, diic hi sinh vi su nghiep chinh nghia,
dau tranh chd'ng ehii nghia khdc ki ciia ede tdn giao va de eao quyen sd'ng ciia eon
ngudi ca nhan nhung khdng chap nhan chu nghia cd nhan cue doan.

HU^G OAN HOC BAI

1. Hay ve sa do cac bd phan eiia van hpc Viet Nam.
2. Trinh bay qua trinh phat trien cua van hgc viet Viet Nam.
3. Dting hieu bie't cda minh de lam sang td nhan dinh : Van hpc Viet Nam da the

hien chan thuc, sau sdc ddi sdng tu tudng, tinh cam eiia con ngudi Viet Nam
trong nhieu md'i quan he da dang.

. GHI NHO ^

• Van hpc Viet Nam cd hai bg phan lan : van hgc dan gian va van hgc vie't.
Van hgc vie't Viet Nam gdm van hgc trung dai va van hgc hien dai, phat trien
qua ba thdi ki, the hien chan thuc, sau sdc ddi sdng t u tudng, tinh cam ciia
con ngudi Viet Nam.

• Hgc van hgc dan tdc la de t u bdi duang nhan each, dao dire, tinh cam, quan
niem tham mi va trau ddi tieng me de.

13

HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP
BANG NGON NGIf

KET QUA CAN OAT -
Ndm dugc kie'n thirc c a ban ve hoat dgng giao
tie'p bdng ngon ri g u ; nang cac) kT nang phan tich,
ITnh hgi, tao lap van ban trong giao tie'p.
^^

I - THE NAO LA HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP BANG NGON NGUT ?
1. Dpc van ban sau va tra ldi cau hdi.

Vua nhd Trdn trinh trpng hdi cdc bd ldo:
- Nuoc Dqi Viet ta tuy Id mot nudc nho 6 phuong Nam nhimg ludn bi
nuoc ngodi nhdm ngd. Tu cdxua den gid that chua cd khi ndo gidc mqnh
vd hung hdn nhu ngdy nay. Chung se keo sang ndm muoi vqn qudn, bdo
rang : "Vd ngua Mdng Cd di den ddu cd khdng mpc ducK 6 chd dy !".
Vqy nin lieu tinh sao ddy ?
Mpi ngudi xdn xao tranh nhau ndi:
- Xin be hq cho ddnh I
- Thuachicd ddnh I
Nhd vua nhin nhting khudn mat dep long long, hoi lai mpt ldn nda:
- Nen hod hay nin ddnh ?
Tiic thi mudn mieng mpt ldi:
- Ddnh! Ddnh 1
Dien Dien Hong nhu rung chuydn. Ngudi ngudi sue sdi.

{Theo Le Van, Hdi nghi Dien Hong)

a) Hoat ddng giao tie'p dugc van ban tren ghi lai didn ra giiia cac phan vat giao
tie'p nao ? Hai ben cd cuong vi va quan he vdi nhau nhu the nao ?

14

b) Trong boat ddng giao tie'p tren, cac nhan vat giao tie'p lan lugt ddi vai (vai
ngudi ndi, vai ngudi nghe) cho nhau nhu the' nao ? Ngudi ndi tie'n hanh
nhiing hanh ddng cu the nao, cdn ngudi nghe thuc hien nhiing hanh ddng
tuong ling nao ?

c) Hoat ddng giao tie'p tren didn ra trong hoan canh nao ? (6 dau ? Vao Mc
nao ? Khi dd d nudc ta cd su kien lich sii gi ?)

d) Hoat ddng giao tiep tren hudng vao ndi dung gi ?

e) Muc dich ciia eudc giao tie'p (hdi nghi) la gi ? Cudc giao tie'p cd dat dugc muc
dich dd khdng ?

Anh (chi) vita hpc bai Tdng quan vdn hpc Viet Nam. Hay cho bie't:

a) Thdng qua van ban do, boat ddng giao tie'p didn ra gitia cac nhan vat giao
tie'p nao ? (Ai vie't ? Ai dpc ? Dac diem ciia cac nhan vat dd ve liia tudi, vdn
sd'ng, trinh dp hieu biet, nghe nghiep,... ?)

b) Hoat dpng giao tie'p do dugc tie'n hanh trong hoan canh nao ? (Hoan canh
cd td chiic, cd ke' hoach cua giao due nha trudng, hay la hoan canh giao tie'p
ngdu nhien, tu phat hdng ngay... ?)

c) Ndi dung giao tie'p (thdng qua van ban dd) thudc linh vue ndo ? Ve de tai gi ?
Bao gdm nhiing van de ca ban nao ?

d) Hoat ddng giao tiep thdng qua van ban dd nhdm mue dieh gi (xet ttr phia
ngudi viet va ttr phia ngudi dpc) ?

e) Phuong tien ngdn ngii va each td chiic van ban cd dac diem gi ndi bat ?
(Dting nhieu ttr ngii thudc nganh khoa hpc nao ? Van ban cd ke't ca'u ro rang
vdi cac de mue ldn nhd the hien tinh mach lac, chat che ra sao ?)

, GHI NHO ^

I Hoat ddng giao tie'p la hoat ddng trao ddi thong tin ciia con ngudi trong xa
hgi, dugc tid'n hanh chu ye'u bdng phuang tien ngon ngu (dang noi hoac
dang vie't), nham thuc hien nhirng muc dfch ve nhan thirc, ve tinh cam,
vd hanh dgng,...

Mdi hoat dgng giao tiep gdm hai qua trinh : tao lap van ban (do nguai noi,
nguai vie't thuc hien) va iTnh hgi van ban (do ngudi nghe, ngudi dgc thuc
hien). Hai qua trinh nay didn ra trong quan he tuang tac.

Trong hoat dgng giao tie'p cd su chi phdi ciia cac nhan td : nhan vat giao
tie'p, hoan canh giao tie'p, ngi dung giao tie'p, muc dich giao tie'p, phuang
tien va each thirc giao tie'p.

15

KHAI QUAT VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

KET QUA CAN DAT -

• Ndm dugc cac dac trung ca ban ciia van hgc
dan gian va khai niem ve cac the loai ciia van
hgc dan gian Viet Nam.

• Hieu ro vi tri, vai tro va nhirng gia trj to Idn ciia
van hgc dan gian trong mdi quan he vdi van
hgc vie't va ddi sd'ng van hoa dan tdc.

^. .

Van hgc dan gian la nhung tac pham nghe thuat ngdn ttr truyen mieng, san
pham ciia qud trinh sang tac tap the the hien nhan thiic, tu tudng, tinh cam cua
nhan dan lao ddng ve tu nhien, xa hdi nhdm muc dich phuc vu true tiep cho cac
sinh boat khac nhau trong ddi sd'ng cdng ddng.

I - OAC TRUNG CO BAN CUA VAN HOC DAN GIAN

1. Van hoc dan gian la nhiTng tac pham nghe thuat ngdn tir truyen mieng (tinh tniyen mieng)

Ngdn ttr truyen mieng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec tao nen ndi dung, y
nghia va the' gidi nghe thuat cua tac pham van hpc dan gian, phan anh sinh ddng
hien thuc cudc sd'ng.

Van hpc dan gian tdn tai, luu hanh theo phuong thiie truyen mieng. Day la
diem khdc biet rat caban giiia van hpc dan gian vd van hpc viet. Trong khi van hpc
viet dugc luu giu bdng chii vie't thi van hpc dan gian lai dugc truyen mieng tit
ngudi nay sang ngudi khac, qua nhieu the' he va cac dia phuong khac nhau.
Qua trinh truyen mieng vdn tiep tuc ke ca khi tac pham van hpc dan gian da dupc
ghi chep lai.

Ndi truyen mieng la ndi den qua trinh diin xudng ddn gian hao hiing va sinh
ddng. Ngudi ta ed the ndi, ke, hat, didn tac pham van hpc dan gian'^'. 6 day, ldi
(tiic phan ngdn ttr truyen mieng) d mdt sd the loai cd the ke't hpp vdi cac loai hinh
nghe thuat khdc (ldi tha trong ca dao thudng dugc hat theo lan dieu ; mdt vd cheo
khi trinh didn bao gdm ca ldi, nhac, miia va didn xuat eua nghe nhan).

(1) Noi, ke, hat, di6n trong dan gian dugc goi chung la dign xuang dan gian. Difin la mgt hinh thiic
cua difin xuong dan gian. Vi du : di6n tro trong cac 16 hgi dan gian, difin tich (truyen) tren san
khau dan gian,...

16

2. Van hoc dan gian ia san pham cua qua trinh sang tac tap the (tinh tap the)

Van hpc vid't la sang tdc ca nhdn, trong khi dd, van hpc dan gian lai la ke't qua
ciia qua trinh sang tac tap the'.

Qua trinh sang tae tap the didn ra nhu sau: Liic dau, mdt ngudi khdi xudng, tac
pham hinh thdnh va dugc tap .the tie'p nhan ; sau do, nhiing ngudi khac (cd the
thudc cae dia phuong khdc nhau hoac cdc the' he khdc nhau) tie'p tuc luu truyen,
bd sung, siia chiia, lam cho tac pham phong phii, hoan thien hon ve ndi dung
cting nhu hinh thiie nghe thudt.

Tae pham van hpc dan gian ngay sau khi ra ddi da trd thanh tai san ehung eua
tap the. Moi ngudi deu ed the tiep nhan, sii dung, siia chtia, bd sung tae pham van
hpc dan gian theo quan niem va kha nang nghe thuat eua minh.

Tinh truyen mieng va tinh tap the la nhting dac trung caban, chi phdi, xuyen sudt
qua trinh sang tao va luu truyen tac pham van hpe dan gian, the hien sugdn bd mat
thiet cua vdn hpc ddn gian voi cdc sinh hoqt khdc nhau trong ddi sdng cpng dong.

Sinh boat cdng ddng la nhiing sinh boat chung cua nhieu ngudi nhu lao ddng tap
the, vui choi, ea hat tap the, Id hdi,... Phan ldn tae pham van hpc dan gian dugc ra
ddi, truyen tirng va phuc vu true tiep cho cac sinh boat cdng ddng (mdt sd dieu hd
tren sdng nude lam cho cac boat ddng keo ludi, cheo thuyen trd ndn sdi ndi, nhip
nhang ban...). Cd the ndi, sinh boat cdng ddng la mdi trudng sinh thdnh, luu truyen,
bien ddi ciia van hpc dan gian, nd chi phdi ca ndi dung va hinh thiic cua tde pham
van hpc dan gian.

II - HE THONG THE LOAI CUA VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

Van hpc dan gian Viet Nam eiing nhu van hpc dan gian cua nhieu dan tdc khac
tren the' gidi ed nhiing the loai chung vd rieng, hpp thanh mdt he thd'ng. Mdi the
loai phan anh eude sd'ng theo nhiing ndi dung va each thiic rieng. He thd'ng the
loai ciia van hgc dan gian Viet Nam gdm cd :

1. Than thoai: tde pham tu sir dan gian thudng ke ve eae vi than, nhdm giai thich
tu nhien, the hien khat vpng chinh phuc tu nhien va phan dnh qua trinh sdng
tao van hod ciia con ngudi thdi cd dai.

2. Sii thi: tde pham tu sir dan gian ed quy md ldn, su dung ngdn ngii ed van, nhip,
xay dvmg nhiing hinh tupng nghe thuat hoanh trang, hao himg de ke ve mdt hoac
nhieu bie'n cd ldn dien ra trong ddi sd'ng cdng ddng cua cu dan thdi cd dai.

3. Truyen thuye't: tae pham tu su ddn gian ke ve sir kien va nhan vat lich sii (hoac
cd lien quan de'n lich sii) phan ldn theo xu hudng li tudng hod, qua dd the hien
su nguang md vd tdn vinh cua nhan dan dd'i vdi nhiing ngudi cd cdng vdi dat
nudc, dan tdc hoac cdng ddng cu dan eua mdt vung. Ben canh dd ciing cd
nhiing truyen thuye't vira de cao, vtra phe phan nhan vat lich sii.

17

2.NG0VAN 10/1-A

4. Truyen co tich: tac pham tu su dan gian ma cdt truyen va hinh tupng dugc hu
ca'u cd chii dinh, ke ve sd phan con ngudi binh thudng trong xa hdi, the hien
tinh than nhdn dao va lae quan ciia nhan dan lao ddng.

5. Truyen ngu ngdn : tac pham tu su dan gian ngdn, cd ke't cau chat che, thdng
qua cdc an du (phan ldn la hinh tugng loai vat) de ke ve nhirng su vide lien quan
den con ngudi, ttr dd neu len trid't II nhan sinh hoac nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem
ve cudc sdng.

6. Truyen cudi : tde pham tu su dan gian ngdn, cd ket cau chat che, ke't thiic bat
ngd, ke ve nhting su vide xa'u, trai tu nhien trong eudc sdng, cd tac dung gay
cudi, nhdm muc dich giai tri, phe phan.

7. Tuc ngu: cau ndi ngdn gpn, ham siic, phan ldn cd hinh anh, vdn, nhip, diic ke't
kinh nghiem thuc tidn, thudng dugc dung trong ngdn ngii giao tiep hdng ngay
ciia nhan dan.

8. Cau d o : bai van van hoac eau ndi thudng cd vin, md ta vat do bdng an du hoac
nhting hinh anh, hinh tugng khac la de ngudi nghe tim ldi giai, nhdm muc dich
giai tri, ren luydn tu duy vd eung cap nhting tri thiic ve ddi sdng.

9. Ca dao : tac pham tha trii tinh dan gian, thudng ke't hgp vdi am nhac khi diin
xudng, dugc sdng tde nhdm didn ta the' gidi ndi tam ciia con ngudi.

10. Ve: tdc pham tu su dan gian bdng van van, cd ldi ke mdc mac, phan ldn ndi ve
ede sir vide, su kien ciia lang, ciia nudc mang tinh thdi su.

11. Truyen tha: tac pham tu su dan gian bdng tha, phan anh sd phan va khat vpng
cua con ngudi ve hanh phiic liia ddi va su cdng bdng xa hdi.

12. Cheo : tac pham kich hat dan gian, ke't hgp cdc yeu to trti tinh va trao long de
ca ngpi nhiing ta'm guong dao diic va phe phan, da kich cai xau trong xa hdi.
(Ngoai cheo, san khau dan gian cdn cd nhting hinh thiic khac nhu tuong dan
gian, miia rdi, cae trd didn mang tich truyen.)

Ill - NHUNG GIA TRI CO BAN CUA VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

1. Van hoc dan gian la Itho tri thdc vd cimg phong phu ve ddi sdng cac dan tdc

Tri thiic trong van hpe dan gian thupc du mpi linh vuc cua ddi sdng: tu nhien,
xa hdi va con ngudi.

Tri thiic dan gian phan ldn la nhiing kinh nghiem lau ddi dugc nhan dan diic
ket tir thuc tien. Tri thiic dan gian thudng dugc trinh bay bdng ngon ngii nghe
thudt, vi the ha'p dan ngudi dpc, ngudi nghe, dd pho bid'n, dd tid'p thu, cd siic sd'ng
lau ben vdi thdi gian.

Tri thiic dan gian the' hidn trinh dd vd quan did'm nhan thtic ciia nhan dan,
vi vay ed su khac biet so vdi nhan thirc ciia giai cap thdng tri cimg thdi, dac biet la
ve eae van de lich sir, xa hpi.

18

2.NGU VAN 10/1-B

Viet Nam ed 54 tpc ngudi. Mdi tdc ngudi cd mdt kho tang van hpe dan gian
rieng, \T the vdn tri thiic ciia toan dan tdc vd cting phong phii va da dang.

2. Van hgc dan gian cd gia trj giao due sau sac ve dao li lam ngudi

Truac he't van hge dan gian gido due con ngudi tinh than nhan dao va lac quan.
Dd la tinh yeu thuong ddi vdi ddng loai, la tinh than da'u tranh khdng biet met mdi
de bao ve va giai phdng con ngudi khdi nhiing canh bat cdng, la niem tin bat diet
vao chie'n thdng cud'i cting cua ehinh nghia, eiia cai thien.

Van hpe dan gian gdp phan hinh thdnh nhirng pham chat td't dep : ldng yeu
que huong, da't nudc, tinh than bat khudt, due Icien trung va vi tha, tinh can kiem,
de thuc tidn,...

3. Van hoc dan gian cd gia trj tham mi to Idn, gdp phan quan trong tao nen ban sac rieng
cho nen van hoc dan tdc

Van hpc ddn gian duge chdt Igc, mdi giua qua khdng gian vd thdi gian, khi de'n
vdi chung ta, da trd thdnh nhiing vien nggc sdng. Nhieu tdc pham da trd thanh
nhiing mdu muc ve nghe thudt de eho chiing ta hge tap. Nhiing truyen ke' dan
gian lam cho "ttr diia tre dau xanh dd'n cu gid tdc bac deu truydn tung vd yeu da'u"
(tua sach Linh Nam chich qudi). Nhiing ldi ca tid'ng hat an tinh ngay xua vdn cdn
lam say ddm ldng ngudi hdm nay va ca mai sau.

Nhd ed gid tri nghe thudt to ldn nhu vdy nen trong nhieu the ki, khi van hgc vid't
mdi hinh thanh, van hgc dan gian ddng vai trd ehu dao. Khi van hgc vid't da phdt
trien, van hpc dan gian vdn la ngudn nudi duong, la co sd ciia van hpc vie't. Trong
tien trinh lich sit, van hpe ddn gian da phdt trien song song cting van hpc vid't, lam
cho nen van hpc Viet Nam trd nen phong phii, da dang va dam da ban sdc dan tde.

HUiOfNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Trinh bdy ttmg dac trung ea ban eiia van hpe ddn gian.
2. Van hpe ddn gian Viet Nam ed nhiing the' loai nao ? Hay dinh nghia ngdn gpn

vd neu vi du (ten tac pham) theo tung the loai.
3. Tdm tat ndi dung cac gid tri eua van hpe dan gian.

, GHI NHO ,

Van hgc dan gian la ke't qua ciia qua trinh sang tac tap the, ton tai dudi hinh
thirc truydn mieng thong qua didn xudng. Trong qua trinh luu truydn, tac
pham van hgc dan gian dugc tap the khong ngirng hoan thien. VSn hgc dan
gian gan bd va phuc vu true tie'p cho cac sinh boat khac nhau trong ddi sdng
cgng ddng.

, Van hgc dan gian co nhieu gia tri to lan ve nhan thuc, giao due, tham mi,
can dugc tran trgng va phat huy.

19

HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP
BANG NGON NOV

(Tie'p theo)

II - LUYEN TAP
1. Phan tich cac nhan td giao tiep the hien trong cau ca dao dudi day theo cau hdi.

Dem trdng thanh anh mdi hoi ndng:
- Tre non du Id dan sdng nin chdng ?

a) Nhan vat giao tie'p d day la nhirng ngudi nhu the' nao ? (ve liia tudi, gidi tinh)
b) Hoat ddng giao tiep nay didn ra vao thdi diem nao ? Thdi diem dd thudng

thich hpp vdi nhiing cudc trd chuyen nhu the' nao ?
c) Nhdn vat "anh" ndi ve dieu gi ? Nhdm muc dich gi ?
d) Cach ndi cua "anh" cd phti hpp vdi ndi dung va muc dich giao tiep khdng ?
2. Dpc doan ddi thoai (giiia mdt em nhd - A Co - vdi mdt dng gia) va tra ldi
cdu hdi.

A Cd sung sudng chdo:
- Chdu chdo ong a 1
Ong vui vd ndi:
-ACdhd? L&n tudng roi nhi ? Bdchdu cd gui pin ddi lin cho
dng khdng?
- Thua dng, edq!

{Bxii Nguyen Khiet, Ngudi du kick tren niii che tuyit)

20

a) Trong cudc giao tid'p trdn, cac nhan vat da thuc hidn bdng ngdn ngu nhiing
hanh ddng ndi cu the nao ? Nhdm muc dich gi ? (Chpn trong ede tir: chdo,
chdo ddp, hdi, ddp ldi, khen de gpi tdn mdi hanh ddng cho phu hpp.)

b) Ca ba cau trong ldi ndi ciia dng gia deu cd hinh thiie eiia eau hdi, nhung ed
phai cac cau deu dimg de hdi khdng, hay de thuc hien nhting muc dich giao
tiep khac ? Ndu muc dich giao tid'p ciia mdi cdu.

c) Ldi ndi ciia cdc nhan vat bdc Id tinh cam, thai dp va quan he trong giao tiep
nhu the' nao ?

3. Doc bai tho sau va tra ldi edu hdi.

BANHTRdlNUaC

Thdn em vita trdng lai viea trdn,
Bdy ndi ba chim vdi nud'c non.
Rdn ndt mdc ddu tay ke nqn,
Md em vdn giic tdm long son.

(Ho Xuan Huong)

a) Khi lam bai tha nay. Ho Xudn Huong da "giao tie'p" vdi ngudi dpc ve van de gi ?
Nhdm mue dich gi ? Bdng cac phuong tien tir ngii, hinh anh nhu the' ndo ?

b) Ngudi dpc can cii vao dau (ttr ngii, hinh anh trong bai tho ; eudc ddi,
than phan tac gia,...) de Hnh hdi (hieu va cam nhan) bai tha ?

4. Hay viet mdt thdng bao ngan cho cac ban hpc sinh toan trudng bidt ve boat
ddng lam sach mdi trudng nhan Ngdy Mdi trudng the' gidi (chii y dd'n sir phti
hgp giiia ldi thdng bao vdi dd'i tugng giao tid'p, ndi dung, muc dich va hoan
canh giao tie'p).

5. Viet thu la mdt boat ddng giao tiep. BChi viet thu, dti y thtic ro hay khdng, ngudi
viet van can de y dd'n cae nhdn td giao tiep sau day:
a) Thu vie't cho ai, ngudi vie't cd quan he nhu the ndo vdi ngudi nhan ?
b) Hoan canh cvi the cua ngudi vie't va ngudi nhdn thu khi dd nhu the' nao ?
e) Thu vid't ve van dd gi ?
d) Thu vid't de lam gi ?
e) Ndn vid't nhu the' ndo ?

21

Anh (ehi) hay phan tich nhirng dieu ndi tren qua biic thu Bac Ho giii hoc
sinh ca nudc nhan ngdy khai giang nam hpc ddu tien cua nudc Viet Nam
Dan chu Cdng hod thdng 9 nam 1945 dudi day:

Cdc em hpc sinh,
Ngdy hdm nay Id ngdy khai trudng ddu tiin d nudc
Viet Nam Ddn chu Cdng hod. Tdi dd tudng tupng thdy truac
mdt cdi cdnh nhdn nhip tung bitng cua ngdy tuu trudng a
khdp cdc noi. Cdc em het thdy deu vui ve vi sau mdy thdng
gioi nghi hpc, sau bao nhiiu cupc chuyen bien khdc thudng,
cdc em lai dupc gap thdy gap bqn. Nhung sung suong hon
niia, tic gid phut ndy gio di, cdc em bdt ddu duoc nhqn mpt
nen gido due hodn todn Viit Nam. Cdc em duac hu&ng su
may mdn dd Id nhdsu hi sinh cua biit bao nhiiu dong bdo
cdc em. Vdy cdc em nghi sao ?
Trong ndm hpc tdi ddy, cdc em hdy cd gdng, siing ndng
hpc tap, ngoan ngodn, nghe thdy, yiu bqn. Sau 80 ndm gidi nd
li ldm cho nuoc nhd bi yi'u hen, ngdy nay chung ta cdn phdi
xdy dung lai co do md td tiin dd delqi cho chung ta, ldm sao
cho chung ta theo kip cdc nude khdc trin hodn cdu. Trong
cdng cudc kien thie't dd, nude nhd trong mong chd dpi d cdc em
rdt nhiiu. Non sdng Viet Nam cd trd nin tuoi dep hay khdng,
ddn tpc Viet Nam cd budc tai ddi vinh quang de sdnh vai vai
cdc cudng qud'c ndm chdu dupic hay khdng, chinh Id nhd mpt
phdn ldn a cdng hpc tap eua cdc em. Ngdy hdm nay, nhdn
budi tuu trudng cua cdc em, tdi chi biit chue cdc em mdt ndm
day vui ve vd ddy ket qud tdt dep.

Chdo cdc em thdn yiu.
HO CHI MINH

(Theo van ban trong Tieng Viet 5, tap mgt,
NXB Giao due, Ha Ngi, 2006)

22

VAN BAN

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Ndm dugc khai niem, dac diem ca ban ciia
van ban va cac loai van ban.

• Nang cao nang luc phan tich va thuc hanh tao
lap van ban.

ir^W:wM^iMiir*aj!tsgai*eawWi

I - KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM (Tuc ngU)
Dpc cac van ban sau va tra ldi cdu hdi. (Ca dao)
(1) Gan muc thi den, gdn den thi sdng.

(2) Than em nhu hqt mua rdo
Hqt rai xudng gieng; hqt vdo vudn hoa.
Thdn em nhu hqt mua sa
Hqt vdo ddi cdc, hqt ra rudng cdy.

(3) LOI KfiU GOI TOAN Q U 6 C KHANG CHI^N

HQd ddng bdo todn qudc I
Chung ta mudn hod binh, chung ta phdi nhdn nhupng. Nhung
chung ta cdng nhdn nhupng, thuc ddn Phdp cdng ldn toi, vl chung
quydt tdm cudp nudc ta ldn nua I
Khdng I Chung ta thd hi sinh tdt cd, chu nhdt dinh khdng chiu
mdt nuoc, nhdt dinh khdng chiu ldm nd li.
Hod dong bdo!
Chung ta phdi ddng lin!
Bdt ki ddn dng, ddn bd, bdt ki nguoi gid, ngudi tie, khdng chia
tdn gido, ddng phdi, ddn tde, hi Id nguai Viet Nam thi phdi dung lin

23

ddnh thuc ddn Phdp de ciiu Td qudc. Ai cd sung dung sdng. Ai cd
guam diingguam, khdngcdguam thi diingcude, thudng, gay gdc. Ai
cUng phdi ra sue chdng thuc didn Phdp cuu nuac.

Hdi anh em binh si, tu vi, dan qudn I
Gid cuu nudc dd ddn. Ta phdi hi sinh didn giot mdu cudi cung, de
giUgin ddt nudc.
Dii phdi gian lao khdng chidn, nhung vdi mpt long kiin quydt hi
sinh, thdng lpi nhdt dinh vi ddn tpc ta!
Viet Nam dpc lap vd thdng nhdt mudn ndm I
Khdng chidn thdng lpi mudn ndm I

Hd Npi, ngdy 19 thdng 12 ndm 1946
H6 CHI MINH

(Ho Chi Minh todn tap, tap 4,
NXB Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2000)

1. Mdi van ban trdn dugc ngudi ndi (ngudi vie't) tao ra trong loai hoat ddng nao ?
De' dap ling nhu cau gi ? Dung lugng (so eau) d mdi van ban nhu the' nao ?

2. Mdi van ban trdn de cap de'n van de gi ? Van de dd dugc trien khai nhd't quan
trong todn bd van ban nhu the' nao ?

3. 6 nhiing van ban cd nhieu cau (cac van ban 2 va 3), ndi dung cua van ban dugc
trien khai mach lae qua ttmg cau, ttmg doan nhu the' ndo ? Dac biet d van ban 3,
van ban cdn dugc td chiic theo kd't ca'u ba phan nhu the' nao ?

4. Ve hinh thirc, van ban 3 cd da'u hieu md dau vd ket thiic nhu the' nao ?

5. Mdi van ban tren duge tao ra nhdm mue dich gi ?

GHI NHO.

Van ban la san pham ciia hoat dgng giao tiep bang ngon ngir, gdm mgt hay
nhieu cau, nhieu doan va cd nhCrng dac diem c a ban sau day :
- Mdi van ban tap trung the hien mgt chii de va trien khai chii de do mgt each

trgn ven.
- Cac cau trong van ban cd su lien ke't chat che, ddng thai ca van ban dugc

xay dung theo mgt ke't ca'u mach lac.
- Mdi van ban co dau hieu bieu hien tinh hoan chinh ve ngi dung (thuang

m d dau bang mpt nhan de va ke't thuc bang hinh thirc thfch hgp vai tiing
loai van ban).
- Mdi van ban nham thuc hidn mgt (hoac mgt sd) muc dich giao tie'p nhat dinh.

24

II - CAC LOAI VAN BAN

1. So sanh cdc van ban 1, 2 vdi van ban 3 (d muc 1) ve cac phuong dien sau :
- Van de dugc de cap dd'n trong mdi van ban Id van de gi ? Thudc linh vuc nao
trong eude sdng ?
- Tir ngii dugc sii dung trong mdi van ban thudc loai nao (ttr ngii thdng
thudng trong cudc sd'ng hay tir ngii thudc linh vuc chinh tri) ?
- Cdch thiic the hien ndi dung nhu thd' nao (thdng qua hinh anh hay the hien
true tie'p bdng U le, lap luan) ?

2. So sanh cac van ban 2, 3 (d muc I) vdi :
- Mdt bai hpe trong sach gido khoa thudc mdn hpc khdc (Todn, Vat h. Hod
hgc, Sinh hpc, Lich sii, Dia li,...).
- Mdt don xin nghi hpc hoac mdt giay khai sinh.

Ttr su so sdnh cac van ban tren, hay nit ra nhan xet ve nhiing phuong dien sau:
a) Pham vi sir dung cua mdi loai van ban trong boat ddng giao tie'p xa hdi.
b) Mue dich giao tiep co ban ctia mdi Ipai van ban.
c) Ldp tir ngii rieng dugc su dung trong mdi loai van ban.
d) Cach ke't ca'u vd trinh bay d mdi loai van ban.

, GHI NHO .

Theo iTnh vuc va muc dich giao tid'p, ngudi ta phan biet cac loai van ban'^' sau :

- Van ban thudc phong each ngon ngCr sinh hoat (thu, nhat kf,...).

- Van ban thuge phong each ngon ngCr nghe thuat (tha, truyen, tieu thuyet,
kich,...).

- Van ban thuoc phong each ngon ngtr khoa hgc (sach giao khoa, tai lieu hpc
tap, bai bao khoa hgc, luan van, luan an, cong trinh nghien ciru,...).

- Van ban thuge phong each ngon ngu hanh chinh (dan, bien ban, nghi quye't,
quye't dinh, luat,...).

- Van ban thuge phong each ngon ngu chinh luan (bai binh luan, lai keu ggi,
bai hjeh, tuydn ngon,...).

- Van ban thuoc phong each ngon ngir bao chf (ban tin, bai phong su, bai
phdng va'n, tieu pham,...).

( 1 ) 6 THCS da CO su phan bi$t cac kieu van ban theo phuong thuc bieu dat: van hdn tu su, van
bdn mieu td, vdn bdn bieu cdm, vdn bdn dieu hdnh (hdnh chinh - cong vu), vdn bdn thuyet
minh, vdn bdn nghi ludn.

25

VIET BAI LAM VAN SO 1 s
CAM NGHi VE MOT HIEN TIfONG D O I SONG
(HOAC MOT TAC PHAM VAN HOC)

(Bai lam d nha)

KET QUA CAN OAT -
Viet dugc bai van bgc Ig nhirng cam nghT
chan thuc ciia ban than ve mdt de tai gan gui,
quen thuge trong ddi sdng (hoac ve mgt tac
pham van hgc).
V

I - HO^G DAN CHUNG
De ldm tdt bai van nay, anh (chi) can :

1. On lai nhung kie'n thiic vd kl nang tap lam van da hgc trong chuang trinh
Ngii van THCS, dac bidt la ve van bieu cam va van nghi ludn. Chii y ren luyen
them nhiing mat cdn ye'u (d cae khau tim y, lap ddn y hoac didn dat,...).

2. On luydn nhiing kie'n thiie vd kl nang ve tieng Viet (dac biet la ve cau va cac
bidn phap tu tir) de ldi van ciia bdi lam phti hgp vdi ydu cau bdc Id cam nghi
ciia ca nhan.

3. Quan sdt, tim hieu va tim each didn dat nhiing xiic cam, suy ngdm ve nhiing
hien tupng gan giii, quen thudc trong ddi sd'ng.

4. Dpc lai nhting tde pham van hpe ydu thich, nha't la nhirng tae pham (doan
trich) dupc hpe trong ehuong trinh Ngii van ldp 9, de :
- Tim hieu kl ndi dung co ban va nhiing net nghd thuat dae sdc ciia tac pham
(doan trich).
- Ghi lai nhiing y nghi va tinh cam chan thuc ciia minh ve toan bd hoac ve
mdt mat, mdt khia canh nao dd trong tac pham (doan trieh).

26

II - GOI Y DE BAI
1. Ghi lai nhiing cam nghi chan thuc ciia anh (chi) ve mdt trong cae su vide, hien

tupng hoac con ngudi sau :
- Nhung ngay dau tidn bude vdo trudng trung hpc phd thdng.
- Thidn nhidn va ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi trong thdi khdc chuyen miia (sang

thu, sang ddng hoac sang xuan,...).
- Mdt ngudi than ydu nha't eiia anh (chi) : eha, me hoac ban,...
2. Neu cam nghi sau sdc nha't ve mdt cau chuyen anh (chi) da hpc ma de'n nay vdn
khdng the ndo qudn (vi du : Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xuang, Chii'c luac ngd,
Bdcua Xi-mdng,...).
3. Phat bieu cam nghi ve mdt bai tha hoac mdt nhd tha ma anh (chi) ydu thich.

Ill - G0IY CACH LAM BAI
1. Tim hieu ki de bai de xdc dinh ro :

- De bai ddi hdi phai bdc Id nhiing cam xiic vd suy nghi ve su vdt, su vide, hidn
tugng, con ngudi, hoac tdc pham (doan trich) ndo ?

- Nhiing cam xiic va suy nghi dd can dat duge nhiing ydu cau nao (phii hgp
vdi de bai ; chan thdnh, khdng khudn sao, khdng gia tao ; duge bdc Id
rd rang, tinh te,...) ?

2. Tim nhiing cam nghi dap ting dugc cdc yeu cau md anh (ehi) vtra xdc dinh.
3. Xay dung bd cue sao cho nhiing cam xiie vd suy nghi dd dugc ndi bat len d bdi

lam (phan md bai phai gidi thieu duge de tdi vd gay hiing thii cho ngudi dgc ;
phan than bai phai lan lugt trinh bay cae cam nghi theo mpt trinh tu hpp li;
phan kd't bai phai thau tdm duge tinh than vd ndi dung ca ban cua bdi lam,
ddng thdi luu lai dugc nhiing cam xiic vd suy nghi noi ngudi dpc).
4. Chii y tranh mdc ldi chinh ta, ttr ngii, ngii phdp,... Cd gdng sir dung cdc phep tu
ttr mdt each hpp h, sang tao de cau van them siic ggi cam.

27

£Q DOC THEM

CHA THAN YEU NHAT CUA CON"!

Bdy gia dd khuya ldm roi vd dnh trdng dang soi roi cho con vidt
Id thu ndy. Con khdng sao ngu duac vi qud xuc dpng khi nghi den
viec chi vdi ngdy niia, cha se phdi gid td Buu diin, trut bd bp dong
phuc xanh la cdy dd phai mdu cua minh denghi huu.

Sudt bao nhiiu ndm, cha dd ldm ngudi dua thu trong cdi thi trdn
ndy. Cha da dap xe dpc theo nhiing dqi Id hay nhiing phd nhd chat
hep, gd cua vd dem den tin tuc cua mpt ngudi hp hdng, dem nhirng
ldi chdo nong nhiet tie mpi nai xa xdi ndo do [...]. Chide phong bl
ndo cdng deu ehda dung nhiing tin tiic dupc mong chd tic ldu. Con
mud'n cha biet dupc rdng con vd cung kinh yiu cha ciing nhu khdm
phuc biet bao nhiiu cdi cdng viec cha da ldm cho hdng vqn con
ngudi [...]. Khi con nghi vi hdng ngdn cdy sdcha da dap xe qua, dem
theo mpt tui ndng ddy thu, ngdy ndy qua ngdy khdc, ndm ndy qua
ndm khdc, du trdi ndng hay mua, long con trdn ngap niim tu hdo
khi tudng tupng ra niim vui md cha dem lai cho nhitng ai dai chd
tin tuc tic nhitng ngudi hp yiu ddu. Cha dd gdn ket nhiing trdi tim
lai vdi nhau nhu mpt nhip cdu vdng.

[...] Cha ai, sudt cd cupc ddi minh cha dd di dua thu cho ngudi
khdc, nhung chua bao gid cha nhdn duoc mpt biic thu ndo [...].
Chdc dd tung cd lue cha udc ao nhqn duac thu. Vd gid day, con, eon
gdi nudi cua cha, dang viet thu, Id thu ddu tiin gui cho cha. Con
mudn cdm an cha vl tinh thucmg yiu vd siz chdm sdc md cha dd
ddnh cho con. Ngdy mai, con si lin thdnh phdvd tie do gui bice thu
ndy di, debien nd thdnh mpt Id thu thuc su. Nhung trudc khi ldm
diiu ndy, con mud'n cha bie't bi mat cua con. Khi ndo con ldn lin,
con se mang chii'c tui thu cua cha, dap xe dpc theo nhiing con dudng
xanh rap bdng cdy quen thupc md cha vdn di vd trd thdnh ngudi
mang tin cho nhiing ai dang ngdng dai thu. Cha ai, cha dimg lo
ldng. Con se ldm ndt nhiing cdng viec md cha dang bo dd vd cdgdng
de trd thdnh mpt buu td gioi nhu cha.

Con gdi yeu cua cha
Xiao Jun

(Theo Nhimg biic thu doat gidi UPU,
NXB Buu dien, Ha Ngi, 1999)

(1) Thu cua mgt hgc sinh Trung Qudc, giai Nhat trong cugc thi viet thu do Lien minh Buu chinh
quoc te to chiic nam 1994.

28

LAP LANH HON TA MAN GIO KHOI

[...] Huy Can chua bao gid ngimg The roi voi miia thu, cai miia thu
lam tho. va ciing ki dieu thay, qua sudt dep nha't cua mdt nam, nhung ciing la
sau muoi nam cam biit, a giai doan nao cai mua da tung di lai de'n "mdn dudng
cua nen van hoc Vidt Nam hien dai, diit co" trong tho ca co kim, ddng tay ;
Huy Can cung "cii tu nhien" dugc dat Huy Can vid't the nao nhi ?
vao vi tri cua nha tha hang dau trong
tam hon ngudi dpc. Vi vu gid hdi neo vdng

Va ddi vol ridng tdi, sau gan bdn Mpt trdi thu rpng mdy hdng mdy nao.
muoi nam cam biit, chua bao gid dng
khdng khien tdi ngac nhidn de'n ngo [...] Vdi mdt tam hon tha ldn khidn
ngac truoc tho dng! cho ndi buon tir su xdt thuang con
ngudi cd liic nhu lan tham den ca vii tru
- Dem mua ldm nhd khdng gian thi tinh ydu va niem vui tir nhirng ni^m
Ldng run them Iqnh noi hdn bao la. vui va tinh yeu con ngudi, ciing se rat tu
nhien toa ra voi trdi dat:

- Roi rai... diu diu, roi roi Bay cao bay vut
Trdm mudn giot nhe ndi ldi vu va. Chim bien mdt rdi
Chi cdn tieng hdt
- Thuyen ddu thuyen di hq kin mui Ldm xanh da trdi...
Lua thua mua bien dm chdn troi...

Con tre thuyin ai ra gidn nudc [...] The rdi dng vie't bai tho Ta viet

Mua xuan tuoi tdt cd cdy buom. bdi tha gpi bien ve. Ggi bien ve hay dng

gpi chfnh dng sau nhung thang nam cat
Lam sao dng lai cd the vid't ve mua luc vdi ddi, vdi nhirng ddng gop ldn lao
buon, mua vui nhu kiep ngudi ma hay rat dang de binh tam, thanh than :

nhu the nhi ? "Mua xuan tuoi td't ca cay Roi mpt ngdy kia het d ddi

buom", cdn ai co the viet ve ve dep mua

xuan ddn tham nhuan ca van vat, dat Cho ta theo bien khod chdn trdi

trdi, tao ndn su huyen ao cua hdi sinh Dieu chi chua ndi xin trao sdng

nhu the khdng ? Ldp Idnh hon ta man gid khai.

{Theo Tran Ninh Ho,
bao An ninh Thu do, ngay 18 - 2 - 2006)

29

CHliN THANG MTAO MXAY

(Trieh Ddm Sdn - su thi Tay Nguyen)

KET QUA CAN OAT -
• Nhan thirc dugc : le sdng, niem vui ciia ngudi

anh hiing sir thi chf cd dugc trong cugc chien
da'u vi danh du, hanh phuc va su thinh vugng
cho cdng ddng.
• Ndm duge dac diem nghe thuat cua sir thi anh
hiing ve each xay dung nhan vat, nghe thuat
mieu ta va sir dung ngon tir.
^^

TIEU DAN

Cac dan tdc thieu so' nudc ta hien cdn giQ dugc mot kho tang sir thi dan gian do so va co
gia tri. Co hai loai sir thi dan gian: sii thi thdn thoai nhu De ddt de nuac (Mudng), Am et luong
(Thai), Cdy neu thdn (Mndng),... ke ve su hinh thanh the' gidi, su ra ddi cua mudn loai, su hinh
thanh cac dan tdc va cac vung cu tni cd dai cua ho, su xua't hien nen van minh budi dau ;
sU thi anh hiing nhu Ddm Sdn, Ddm Di, Xinh Nhd, Khinh Du (E-de), Ddm Noi (Ba-na),...
ke ve cuoc doi va su nghiep cua cac tu truong anh hung, trong loai nay, sir thi Ddm Sdn dugt
bie't de'n rgng rai hon ca.

Tom tdt npi dung sii thi Dam Sdn : Sau khi vd lam chong hai chi em Ha Nhi va Ha Bhi,
Dam San tra nen mgt tii trudng giau cd va uy danh limg ldy. Cac tu trudng Ken Ken (Mtao
Gru), til truong Sat (Mtao Mxay) lira liic Dam San ciing cac nd le len rSy, ra sdng lam lung da
keo ngudi toi cudp pha budn cua chang, bat Ha Nhi ve lam vg. Ca hai lan. Dam San deu to
chirc danh tra va ddu chie'n thang, ciiu dugc vg va tich thu cua cai, da't dai ciia ke dich khien
oai danh cua chang cang limg ldy, bg tge cang giau cd, ddng diic. Mgt lan tinh cd gap cay
sa-muc (cay than vat td ben nha vg), Dam San ra siic chat do ki dugc. Lien dd ca hai vg deu
che't va Dam San phai tim ldi len trdi xin thudc than ciiu vg sd'ng lai. It lau sau. Dam San lai
tim each len trdi hoi nir than Mat Trdi (con gai ciia Troi) ve lam vg. Tiic gian vi bi tir chdi, chang
bo ve va ca ngudi lin ngua bi che't ngap a rirng Sap Den nhao nhu bun nudc. Hdn Dam San
bie'n thanh con rudi bay vao mieng chi gai la Ha Ang khie'n nang cd mang va sinh ra diia con
trai. Dd la Dam San chau, Ion len lai di tie'p con dudng ciia ngudi cau anh hung.

Doan Uich Chien thdngMtao Mxdy dudi day ke chuyen Dam San danh Mtao Mxay ciiu vg ve.

30

VAN BAN

Nha Mtao Mxay'" dau san hien deo hinh mat trang, dau cau thang deo hinh
chim ngdi. Ngoi nha ciia lao tii trudng nha gidu nay trdng qua that la dep. Cau
thang rdng mdt Id chieu, ngudi nd'i dudi nhau len xudng ma khieng mdt che dud^''
vdn khdng sg chat.

Dam San - O diing, o dieng^^\ xud'ng day ! Ta thach nha nguoi dg dao vdi
ta day!

Mtao Mxay - Ta khdng xudng dau, diing oi. Tay ta dang cdn ban dm vg hai
chiing ta'^' d tren nha nay ca ma.

Dam S a n - Xud'ng, diing! Xud'ng, diing! Nguoi khdng xud'ng u ? Ta se lay cai
san hien cua nha nguoi ta bd ddi, ta se lay cai eau thang cua nha nguoi ta che ra
keo lua, ta hun cai nha cua nha nguoi cho ma xem !

Mtao Mxay - Khoan, dieng, khoan! De ta xud'ng. Nguoi khdng dugc dam ta khi
ta dang di xudng dd, nghe !

Dam S a n - Sao ta lai dam nguoi khi nguoi dang di xud'ng nhi ?'^' Nguoi xem,
de'n con lgn nai ciia nha nguoi dudi da't, ta cung khdng them dam niia la !

Mtao Mxay- Ta sg nguoi ddm ta khi ta dang di ldm.

Dam San - Sao ta lai dam nguoi khi nguoi dang di nhi ? Nguoi xem, den con
trdu ciia nha nguoi trong ehuong, ta ciing khdng them dam niia la !'^'

The' la Mtao Mxay phai di ra. Ba eon xem, khien hdn trdn nhu ddu cti, guam
hdn dng dnh nhu cai cau vdng. Trdng hdn dir tgn nhu mdt vi than''''. Hdn ddng
mdt cdi khd spc gap bd miii, mac mdt cai do day niit, di ttr nhd trong ra nha ngoai,
dang tan ngan do dir, mdi budc mdi ddn do, giiia mdt dam ddng mit mil nhu trong
suong sdm.

(1) Mtao Mxdy: tu trudng Sat. Ggi ten nhu the la boi khi giao chien han thuong khoac len nguoi
mgt lop giap sat.

(2) Che due: che la d6 dung (thuang dung rugu) bang sanh, sii, than tron, gifia phinh to, mieng loe,
CO nip day. Ngudi E-de sii dung nhieu loai che. Che due thuoc loai che cao va rat quy.

(3) DiSng: (nguyen van: jidng- chi ngudi ban ket nghia ; Dam San va Mtao Mxay da timg \kjidng
cua nhau) each xung ho ham y gi6u cgt. 6 doan tiep sau, ta se thay Mtao Mxay cQng ggi
Dam san theo each ay.

(4) Mtao Mxay bdt coc Ho Nhi ve. Cach noi "vg hai chiing ta" ham y chgc tiic Dam San.
(5) Khong lira danh ke thu liic chiing chua sin sang de giao chien, theo quan niem truyen thdng

ciia nguoi E-de, la mgt trong nhimg bieu hien cua tinh than thugng vo can phai co o ngudi anh
hiing dung si.
(6) Cach noi khinh miet ham y coi Mtao Mxay khong bang con heo nai, khong bang con trau.
(7) Trong tieng E-de chi co mgt tir YangH're (Dang Ho-re) de chi chung cac vi than, bat ke than ac
hay than thien. Tuy trucmg hgp ma ta co the hieu theo nhung each khac nhau. Trong van canh
nay cua doan trich co the hieu la "trong nhu mgt vi ac than".

31

Dam San - Nguoi miia trudc di, a diing!

Mtao Mxay - Nguoi mdi la ngudi mda trudc, a diing ! Ta nhu ga ldng mdi
mpc cua klii'", nhu ga rtmg mdi mpc cua echdm^'^\ chua ai gidm phai ma da gay
mat cdnh.

Dam san - Nguoi eii rnila di, a diing!

Mtao Mxay rung khien miia vay. Khien hdn keu lach xach nhu qua mudp khd.
Hdn miia mdt minh. Dam San khdng nhiic nhich.

Dam San - Nguoi mtia mdt muih, miia keu lach xach nhu qua mudp khd.
Mie'ng miia ay, nguoi hpc ai vdy ? Nguoi miia choi day phai khdng, diing ?

Mtao Mxay - Ta hgc ai a ? Cd cdu, ta hpc eau. Cd bac, ta hpc bac. Cd than Rong,
ta hpc than Rong'^'.

Dam S a n - The' u ? Ta thi ddu cd cau ma hpe cau, dau cd bac ma hpc bac! Chi
cd hai ta day, nguoi miia di ta xem ndo !

Mtao Mxay- The' nguoi khdng bie't ta day la mdt tudng da quen di ddnh thien
ha, bdt til binh, da quen di xeo ndt dat dai thien ha hay sao ?

Dam San - Vay thi nguoi hay xem ta day!
Dam San rung khien mua. Mdt lan xdc tdi, chdng vugt mdt ddi tranh. Mdt ldn xdc
tdi niia, chdng vupt mdt ddi /d d ''*'. Chang chay vun viit qua phia ddng, vun viit qua
phia tay. Cdn Mtao Mxay thi budc cao budc thap chay het bai tay sang bai ddng.
Hdn vung dao chdm phap mdt edi, nhimg chi vtia tning mdt cai chao cdt trdu.
Dam San - Sao nguoi lai chem cdi chao cdt trau ? Cdn khoeo chan ta, nguoi
ddnh lam gi ?
Den lue nay, Mtao Mxdy bao Ha Nhi quang eho hdn mdt mie'ng trau. Nhung
Dam San da ddp dugc mie'ng trdu. Chdng nhai trau, siic chang tang len gap bdi.

Dam S a n - Bd diing, bay gid nguoi lai chay, ta dudi coi!

The' la Dam San lai miia. Chdng miia tren eao, gid nhu bao. Chang miia dudi
thd'p, gid nhu Idc. Chdi ldm do lan Idc. Cay cdi chet rui. Khi chang miia dudi thap,
vang len tieng dia khien dong. Khi chang miia tren cao, vang len tieng dia khien
kinh. Khi chdng miia chay nude kieu, qua niii ba lan ran niit, ba ddi tranh bat rl
bay tung. Cdy giao than, cay gido dinh day nhiing oan hdn ciia chang nhdm dui
Mtao Mxay phdng tdi, tning nhung khdng thiing. Chang dam vdo ngudi Mtao
Mxdy cfing khdng thiing'^'.

(1), (2) Klie, echdm : hai loai cay rirng co gai nhgn, sdc. Tuy nhien gai moi mgc thi vin con mfem.
Cfing tuong tu nhu vay, Mtao Mxay tu nhan minh nhu con ga moi mgc cua, con non yeu.

(3) Thdn Rong: lite Yang Mta - than Bien ca, mgt vi than dugc mieu ta la co vo nghe cao cuong
nhung la ac than.

{A) Loo: mgt loai tre riing co dng to, ddt dai, thanh mong.
(5) Co the hieu la do nguoi Mtao Mxay dugc bao ve bdi mgt lap giap sat.

32

De'n liic nay. Dam San da diam met. Chang vtra chay vtra ngii, mdng thay
dng Trdi.

Dam San - Oi chao, che't mat thdi, dng oi ! Chdu dam mai ma khdng
thiing hdn!

dng Trdi - The' u, chau ? Vay thi chdu la'y mdt cdi chdy mdn'" nem vdo vanh tai
hdn la dugc.

Dam San bimg tinh, chdp ngay mdt cdi chdy mdn, nem tning vdnh tai ke dich.
Cai giap eiia Mtao Mxay tiic thi roi loang xoang. Mtao Mxdy thdo chay. Hdn trdnh
quanh chudng lgn. Dam San phd tan chudng lgn. Hdn trdnh quanh chudng trau.
Dam San pha tan chudng trdu. Cudi cting, hdn nga lan quay ra da't.

Mtao Mxay - O diing, a diing, de ta ldm Id cdu phiic cho dieng mdt trau ! Ta
cho them diing mdt voi.

Dam S a n - Sao nguoi cdn ciing trau cdu phiic cho ta ? Chang phai vp ta nguoi
da cudp, dtii ta nguoi da ddm rdi sao ?

Ndi rdi Dam San dam phdp mdt cai, cdt dau Mtao Mxdy dem bdu ngoai dudng.

Dam San (ndi vdi tdi td Mtao Mxdy) - O nghin chim se, a van chim ngdi'^' !
O tat ca tdi td bdng nay! Cac nguoi cd di vdi ta khdng ?

Chang go vao mdt nha.

Dan trong nha - Khdng di sao dugc ! Tu trudng chiing tdi da chet, liia chiing
tdi da muc, chiing tdi cdn d vdi ai ?

Dam san go vao ngach'^', dap vdo phen td't ea cac nhd trong lang.

Dan lang - Khdng di sao dugc! Nhtmg bac oi, xin bde chd chiing tdi eho lgn an
cdi da.

Dam San lai go vao ngach, dap vdo phen mdi nhd trong lang.

Dam S a n - O tat ca dan lang nay, cdc nguoi cd di vdi ta khdng ? Tti trudng cdc
nguoi da che't, liia cac nguoi da muc. Ai chan ngua hay di bdt ngua! Ai giii vol hay
di bdt vol! Ai giii trdu hay di lua trau ve !

Dan lang - Khdng di sao dugc ! Ldng chiing tdi phia bdc da mpc cd gau, phia
nam da mpc cd hoang, ngudi nhd gidu cam dau chiing tdi nay da khdng edn nira!

(1) Chdy mdn : chay cua nguoi E-de bang g6, dung lau cung mon, diu hoa nhgn, nem vao vanh tai
CO the sat thuang.

(2) Loi noi an du chi toi to, dan lang ciia Mtao Mxay.
(3) Ngach : phan ben duoi nguang ciia. 6 day can hieu la cac don dgc ben dudi ciia sd. San nha

nguoi E-de thuang thap, ngoi tren ngua (hoac voi), diing giao, lao eiing eo tlie voi de'n de dap.

3 . N G O V A N 10/1-A -^-J

Dam San - O nghin chim se, a van chim ngdi! O ta't ca tdi td bdng nay! Chiing
ta ra ve ndo !

Doan ngudi ddng nhu bay cd ton^^\ dac nhu bay thieu than, tm tm nhu kie'n
nhu mdi. Bd eon xem, the la Dam San nay cdng them gidu cd, chieng ldm la nhieu.
Tdi td mang ciia cai ve nhieu nhu ong di ehuyen nudc, nhu vd ve di chuyen hoa,
nhtr bdy trai gai di gieng lang cong nude.

Hp de'n bai ngoai ldng, rdi vdo lang.

Dam S a n - O ede eon, a eae eon, hay di lay rugu bdt trau! Rugu nam che, trau
dang mdt eon de ciing than, cao td tien, cau siic khoe cho ta mdi di danh ke thu,
bdt til binh, xeo nat da't dai mdt tti trudng nha gidu ve. Rupu bay che, trau bay con
de ddng than, rugu bay che, lgn thien bay con de dang than, cau cho ta dugc binh
yen vd str, nan khdi tai qua, ldn len nhu sdng nudc, cao len nhu cay rtmg, khdng
cdn ai bi kip. Hoi anh em trong nhd, hoi bd con trong lang, xin mdi tat ca den vdi
ta ! Chiing ta se md tiec an mung nam mdi, chiing ta se an lgn an trau, danh len
ede chieng cai trdng to, danh len cdc cdng hlon^^^ hod nhip cimg chtim choe'^'
xoa sao eho keu len rdn ra, de voi due voi cai ra vao san hien khdng ngdt, day cdng
day chieng khdng liic ndo vdng bdt tren gia treo chieng, cac chudi thit trau thit bd
treo den nhd, chdu thau, au'*' ddng nhieu khdng cdn chd de.

Tdi td - Danh chieng nao, thua dng ?

Dam S a n - Hay danh len cdc chieng cd tieng am vang, nhirng chieng cd tieng
ddng tieng bae ! Ttr gui'^' quy, hay lay ra ede vdng nhac'^' rung len ! Hay danh len
tat ca cho d dudi va toac eae cdy ddn ngach, cho d tren gay nat cac cay xa ngang,
cho tieng chieng vang vpng khdp dd day, khien voi, te giac trong rtmg quen khdng
cho con bii, ech nhai dudi gam sdn, ki nhdng ngoai bai phai ngtmg keu, td't ca deu
ngdy dem lang thinh de nghe tie'ng chieng an ddng udng vui nhu mimg mua khd
nam mdi eiia ta vay.

(1) Cd tong: mgt loai huou sao.
(2) Hlong: mgt loai cong Uong dan eong Tay Nguyen, am thanh phat ra thuge am vuc cao.
(3) Chum choe: mgt loai nhac khi gdm hai dia tron bang ddng, eo niim d giiia. Nguoi danh chfim

choe cam hai cai mim eua cap dia danh chap vao nhau, vCia d i n h vira xoa tao nen am thanh
rgn ra.
(4) Au : do dfing de dung (thuang lam bang dong), dang thap, thanh hoi phinh, mieng rgng.
(5) Giii: vat dung do dac, cua cai dan bang tte rfing, eo hai quai tet b ^ g day rfmg de deo sau lung.
(6) Vong nhac : mgt loai nhac eu, gdm nhieu ehuong nho xau vao mgt chiec vong dong.

34

S.NGQVAN 10/1-B

The la, bd con xem, nha Dam San ddng nghit khdch, tdi td chat nich ca nha
ngoai. Cac khach tu trudng deu ttr phuang xa de'n. Cdn Dam San, ba con xem,
chang ndm tren vong, tdc tha tren sdn, hiing tdc chang d dudi dd't Id mdt cdi nong
hoa. Chang md tide an udng linh dinh, thit lgn, thit trau an khdng ngdt, thit lgn an
de'n chay den he't dng le'^', thit de an de'n chdy den he't dng id d, mdu bd mdu trdu
dpng den khdp sdn hien, day cdng day chieng giang nhu mang nhen, chi vang chi
do nhu hoa dam pii't '2'. Canh dd, ddi dng bde dng edu xua kia ldm gi ed !

Ba con xem, chdng Dam San udng khdng biet say, an khdng bie't no, chuyen trd
khdng bie't chdn. Ca mdt vung nhao ra nhu nudc. Luon trong hang, giun trong
bun, ran hd, rdn mai deu chui len ndm tren cao sudi ndng. Ech nhdi dudi gam nhd,
ki nhdng ngoai bai thi keu len inh di sudt ngdy dem. Cae chdng trai di lai ngire
dung ngue. Cac cd gai di lai vii dung vii. Canh lang mdt tu trudng nha gidu trdng
sao ma vui the'! Ro rang la tu trudng Dam San dang gidu len, chieng ldm la nhieu.
Rd rang la Dam San cd chieng ddng voi bay, cd be ban nhu nem nhu xe'p. Lam sao
ma cd dugc mdt tu trudng, dau dpi khan nhidu, vai mang nai hoa, ddnh dau dap
tan dd, vdy dau phd ndt dd nhu chdng ?

Vi vay, danh vang den than, tie'ng limg khdp mil, ddng tay ddu ddu ciing nghe
danh tieng Dam San. Ttr khdp mpi mien, ngudi ta khieng rugu khieng lgn den. Ca
mien E-de E-ga'^' ca nggi Dam San la mdt diing tudng chdc che't mudi muoi cung
khdng lui budc. Ngue quan cheo mdt tam men chien, minh khoac mdt tam do
chien, tai deo nu, sat ben minh nghenh ngang dii gido guam, ddi mdt long lanh
nhu mdt chim ghe'c/z'*' an hoa tre, chdng Dam San hien ra Id mdt trang tu trudng
mdi giau len, dang tran day siic trai, tie'ng tam limg ldy. Bdp chan chdng to bdng
cdy xa ngang, bdp dui chang to bdng dng bd, siic chang ngang siic vol due, hoi thd
chdng am am tua sam day, chdng ndm sap thi gay ram san, chdng ndm ngiia thi
gay xa dpc : Dam San vdn da ngang tang'^' ttr trong bung me.

Tide ttmg linh dinh, an udng ddng vui keo dai sudt ca mtia khd. Den ddy, rugu
da nhat, che da pHai'^', ai d ddu ve day, khach lan lugt ra ve.

{Ddm Sdn - sii thi E-de,
NGUYfiN HUU THAU dieh,
NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1988)

(1) Le: mgt loai cay rirng, hinh dang gidng cay tnic, than nho va ciing.
(2) Hoa dam piet: mgt loai hoa rfmg mau do tuoi.
(3) E-de E-ga: nguai E-de dfmg tfi nay de ggi tat ca cae tge nguoi thieu sd d Tay Nguyen.
(4) Chim ghech : mgt loai chim riing.
(5) Nguyen van : knhong- tfi nay co nhi^u nghia, tuy theo tfmg van canh. 6 day eo the hieu dieo

nghia : tinh ngang tang, khong he biet sg gi, khong he biei sg ai.
(6) Che dd phai: each noi cua ngudi E-de mang ham nghia che da can rugu.

35

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Hay tdm tdt didn bie'n tran ddnh de so sanh tai nang va pham chat cua hai
til trudng.
Gpiy:
a) Dam San khieu chie'n vd thai do cua Mtao Mxay.
b) Hiep dd'u thu nha't:
- Hal ben lan lugt miia khien :
+ Mtao Mxay miia trudc : td ra kem cdi.
-1- Dam san miia sau : td ra tai gidi hon ban.
- Ke't qua hiep dau...

2. Phdn tich nhiing cdu ndi va hanh ddng cua ddng dao dan lang ddi vdi viec thdng
thua ciia hai tu trudng de chi ra thai dp vd tinh cam ciia cdng ddng E-de dd'i vdi
muc dich cua cudc chie'n ndi ehung, dd'i vdi ngudi anh hting sir thi ndi rieng.

3. Phdn cud'i doan trich chii y nhieu de'n viee mieu ta canh che't chdc hay canh an
mimg chie'n thdng ? Hay phan tich y nghia ciia su lira chpn ay de lam ro thai dp,
each nhin nhan cua tde gia ve y nghia thdi dai cua cudc chie'n tranh bd tdc va
ve tam vde lich sii ciia ngudi anh hting trong sir phat trien cua cdng ddng.

4. Hay phdn tich gia tri mieu ta vd bieu cam ciia cac cau van cd dting ldi so sanh,
phdng dai khi mieu ta nhdn vat, khung canh didn ra sir viec.

, GHI NHO .

Trpng danh du, gdn bd vdi hanh phiic gia dmti va thie't tha vdi,cudc sdng
binh yen, phdn vinh ciia thj tge - dd la nhting tinh cam cao ca hhatthdi
thue Dam San chien da'u va chien thdng ke thii.

Ngon ngtr trang trgng, giau hinh anh, giau nhjp didu vdi phep so sanh va
phdng dai dugc sir dung cd hieu qua cao la nhCrng dac diem nghe thuat tidu
bieu ciia sir thi.

LUYEN TAP
Trong doan trich cd nhdc de'n vide Dam San gap dng Trdi, dugc dng bay cho

each ddnh thdng Mtao Mxay. Theo anh (chi), vai trd ciia than linh va vai trd cua
con ngudi ddi vdi cudc chie'n dd'u vd chien thdng cua Dam San dugc the hien
nhu the ndo ?

36

VAN BAN

(Tie'p theo)

III-LUYEN TAP
1. Dgc doan van sau vd thue hien nhirng yeu cau neu d dudi.

GiUa ca the vd mdi trudng cd dnh hudng qua lai vdi nhau.
Mdi trudng cd dnh hudng tai mpi dqc tinh cua ca the. Chi cdn so
sdnh nhimg Id mpc trong cdc mdi trudng khdc nhau Id thdy rd
dieu dd. De thuc hiin nhitng nhiem vu thu ye'u hodc do dnh
hudng cua mdi truang. Id mpc trong khdng khi cd the bie'n thdnh
tua cudn nhu a cdy ddu Hd Lan, hay tua mdc cd gai bdm vdo tru
leo nhu 6 cdy mdy. O nhiing miin khd rdo, Id cd the bie'n thdnh
gai gidm bat su thodt hoi nuac nhua cdy xuong rong hay ddy len
vd ehua nhiiu nuoc nhu a cdy la bdng.

(Din theo Tieng Viet thuc hdnh, NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi, 1997)

a) Phdn tich tinh thdng nha't ve ehii de ciia doan van (ehii y tdi y khdi qudt neu
dcaul).

b) Phan tich su phat trien cua chu de trong doan van (ttr y khai qudt de'n y
cu the qua cdc cap dp).

c) Dat nhan de eho doan van.

37

2. Sdp xe'p nhiing cdu sau day thdnh mdt van ban hoan chinh, mach lac ; sau do
dat eho van ban mdt nhan de phu hgp.
(1) Thdng 10 ndm 1954, cdc co quan trung uong cua Ddng vd Chinh phu rdi
chie'n khu Viet Bdc trd vi Hd Ndi.
(2) Phdn sau ndi len su gdn bd giiia miin nguoc vd miin xudi trong mpt viin
cdnh hod binh tuoi sdng cua ddt nudc vd ket thuc bdng ldi ngpi ca cdng an
cua Bdc Ho, cua Ddng dd'i vdi ddn tdc.
(3) Nhdn su kiin thdi su cd tinh lich sudy, TdHUu sdng tdc bdi tha "Viet Bdc".
(4) "Viet Bdc" Id mdt dinh cao cua tho TdHUu vd cung Id mdt tdc phdm xudt sdc
cua vdn hpc Viet Nam thai ki khdng chii'n chdng thuc dun Phdp.
(5) Phdn ddu bdi tha tdi hiin mdt giai doqn gian khd, ve vang cua cdch mqng
vd khdng chii'n a chien khu Viet Bdc nay dd tro thdnh nhiing ki niim sdu
ndng trong ldng ngudi.

3. Viet mdt sd cau khac tie'p theo cau van dudi day de tao mdt van ban cd npi
dung thdng nhat, sau dd dat nhan de cho van ban nay.
Mdi trudng sdng cua lodi ngudi hiin nay dang bi huy hoqi ngdy cdng
nghiim trpng.

4. Don xin phep nghi hpc la mdt van ban hanh chinh. Anh (chi) hay xac dinh rd
nhiing van de sau day:
- Don giii cho ai ? Ngudi vie't don d cuong vi ndo ?
- Muc dieh vie't don la gi ?
- Ndi dung ca ban cua don la gi ? (xung hp ten, neu li do xin nghi, thdi gan
nghi, ldi hiia thuc hien day dii cdc cdng viec hpc tap khi phai nghi hoc,...)
- Ke't ca'u eiia don nhu the' nao ? (qudc hieu, tieu ngii, ngay thang nam, hp ten
vd dia chi ngudi nhan, ndi dung don, ki ten,...)
Hay vie't mdt la don ddp ting cac yeu cau tren cua van ban hanh chinh.

38

TRUYEN AN DVONG W O N G
VA M i CHAU - TRONG THUY

(Truyen thuye't)

KET QUA CAN OAT -
Nam dugc dac trung ca ban ciia truyen thuye't
qua viec tim hieu mgt tac pham cu the ke vg
thanh Cd Loa, mdi tinh Mj Chau - Trgng Thuy
va nguyen nhan mat nudc Au Lac.
Nhan thirc dugc bai hgc giu nudc ngu trong
mgt cau chuyen tinh yeu.
^

TIEU DAN

Khong chii trgng tinh chinh xac nhu cac van ban lich sii, truyen thuyet da phan anh lich
su mgt each dgc dao : nhiing cau chuyen trong lich sii dung nuac, gifi nuac cua ong cha ta
dugc khiic xa qua loi ke cua nhieu the he de roi ke't tinh thanh nhirng hinh tugng nghe thuat
dac sdc, nhudm mau than ki ma vin tham ddm cam xiic doi thuang. Chi co the hieu diing va
sau sdc ngi dung ciing nghe thuat cua truyen thuyet khi xem xet tac pham trong moi quan he
anh huong qua lai voi moi truong lich su - van hoa ma no sinh thanh, luu truyen va bie'n doi.

Lang Co Loa, huyen Dong Anh, ngoai thanh Ha Ngi con giir dugc mgt quan the di tich lich
sir van hoa lau doi gom den tha An Duong Vuong, am tha cong chiia Mi Chau va gieng Nggc
(tuang tmyen do la noi Trgng Thuy tu van sau cai chet cua Mi Chau). Bao quanh cum den,
am la timg doan cua vong thanh cd chay dai tren canh dong - da'u vet con lai ciia thanh
Cd Loa chin vong do An Duong Vuong xay nen. Toan bg cum di tich la minh chiing lich su
cho su sang tao va luu truyen chudi truyen thuye't ve su ra ddi va suy vong ciia nha nudc
Au Lac. Trong chudi truyen thuyet dd, ndi bat hai ldp truyen chinh : mgt la ke ve qua trinh
An Duong Vucmg xay thanh va che tao nd than thanh cdng nhd su giiip da cua than Riia Vang,
hai la ke ve nguyen nhan khien co do nha nudc Au Lac "dam bien sau" lien quan den md'i
tinh Mi Chau - Trgng Thuy.

Van ban dudi day trich tir Truyen Rua Vdng trong Linh Nam chich qudi - mgt suu tap
Uuyen dan gian ra ddi vao cudi the ki XV.

39

Le hdi den Cd Loa, huyen Ddng Anh, ngoai thanh Ha Ngi
(Anh: Trudng Thi)

VAN BAN

Vua An Duong Vuong nudc Au Lac, hp Thuc ten Phan [...] xay thanh d dat
Viet Thudng'i' h6 ddp tdi dau lai Id tdi day. Vua ben lap dan trai gldi'^', cau dao
bach than'3'. Ngdy mdng bdy thang ba bdng thay mdt eu gia ttr phuong ddng tdi
trudc ciia thanh ma than rdng : "Xdy dvmg thdnh nay bie't bao gid cho xong
dugc !". Vua mimg ra ddn vao trong dien, thi Id''*', hdi rdng: "Ta ddp thdnh nay da
nhieu lan bang Id, ton nhieu cdng siie ma khdng thanh, the la cd lam sao ?".
Cu gia ddp : "Se cd sii Thanh Giang'^' tdi cung nha vua xay dung thanh mdi
thdnh cdng". Ndi rdi ttr biet ra ve.

(1) Viet Thudng: mgt sd su gia thoi truoc doi khi diing ten nay de ggi nuac ta thud xua.
(2) Trai gi&i: giii minh trong sach. Ngay xua, truoc khi te 16 mgt thoi gian, nguoi lam 16 phai kieng

nhieu di6u de gifi minh trong sach.
(3) Bdch thdn : tram vi than. 6 day co nghia uoc le, ehi ehung cac vi thin linh duge ton tho.
(4) Thi li: tien hanh nghi diuc, nghi 16 chao don.
(5) Thanh Giang: nghia den la "con song Uong". Day ehi eon song thieng, noi Rua Vang 6.

40

Hdm sau, vua ra ciia ddng chd dpi, chgt thay mdt con Riia Vang ttr phuang
ddng lai, ndi tren mat nude, ndi sol tieng ngudi, tu xung la sii Thanh Giang, thdng
td viec trdi dat, dm duong, quy than. Vua mung ra ndi: "Dieu dd ehinh cu gid da
bao cho ta biet trudc". Ben dung xe bdng vang rude vao trong thanh'^' [...].

Thanh xay niia thang thi xong. Thdnh rdng hon ngan trugng'^', xodn nhu hinh
trdn dc, cho nen ggi la Loa Thanh, cdn gpi la Quy Long Thanh, ngudi thdi Dudng
gpi la Cdn Ldn Thdnh, lay le rdng nd cao ldm.

Rua Vang d lai ba nam rdi tir biet ra ve. Vua cam ta n d i : "Nhd on cua than,
thanh da xay dugc. Nay ne'u cd giac ngodi thi lay gi ma chdng ?". Rua Vang ddp :
"Van nudc suy thinh, xa tdc'^' an nguy deu do menh trdi, eon ngudi cd the tu diic
ma keo ddi thdi van. Nha vua udc mudn ta cd tiec ehi". Ben thdo vud't'^' dua cho
nha vua ma ndi: "Dem vat nay lam ldy nd, nhdm quan giac ma ban thi se khdng
lo ^ niia". Dut ldi, trd ve bien Ddng.

Vua sai Cao Ld lam nd, lay vudt rua lam ldy. Gpi la nd "Linh quang Kim Quy
than ca". Ve sau Trieu Vuong la Da cii binh xdm luge phuong Nam, cung vua giao
chien. Vua lay nd than ra bdn, qudn Da thua ldn, chay ve Trdu Son'^' ddp luy
khdng dam dd'i chien, ben xin hod [...].

Khdng bao lau. Da cau hdn. Vua vd tinh ga con gdi la Mi Chau cho con trai Da
la Trpng Thuy. Trpng Thuy dd Mi Chau cho xem trdm nd than rdi ngdm ldm mdt
cai ldy nd khdc thay vudt Rtia Vdng, ndi ddi la ve phuong Bdc tham cha. Ndi rang:
"Tinh vg chdng khdng the lang quen, nghia me cha khdng the diit bd. Ta nay trd
ve tham cha, neu nhu den liic hai nudc that hod, Bdc Nam cdch biet, ta lai tim
nang, lay gi lam dau ?". Dap : "Thiep phan nii nhi, neu gap canh biet li thi dau ddn
khdn xiet. Thiep cd do gam ldng ngdng thudng mac tren minh, di de'n ddu se nit
ldng md rdc d nga ba dudng de lam dau, nhu vay se cd the cuu dugc nhau".

Trpng Thuy mang lay than ve nudc. Da duge ldy ca mimg, ben cti binh sang
danh. Vua cay cd nd than, vdn diem nhien ddnh cd, cudi ma ndi rdng: "Da khdng
sg nd than sao ?". Qudn Da tie'n sdt, vua cam lay nd, thay ldy than da mat ben bd
chay. Vua dat Mi Chau ngdi ddng sau ngua rdi cting nhau chay ve phuong Nam.

(1) Luge mgt doan ke qua Uinh Rfia Vang giiip vua diet trfi yeu quai rdi bit tay vao viee xay thanh.
(2) Truong: don vi do chieu dai thai xua, khoing 3m. Thanh "rgng hon ngan trugng" la con sd uoc

16, y noi thanh rat ldn.
(3) Xa tae : {xd: n^n dat dap eao de tho than Dai ; tdc : nen dat dap eao de tho than Liia) voi mgt

nuac sdng chu yeu dua vao nong nghidp thi xd tdc eo the hieu la ddt nuoc.
(4) Vudt: mong dai va nhgn cua loai vat.
(5) Trdu Son : mgt nggn nfii d lang Trau Son, huyen Gia Lam, Ha Ngi (thuge tinh Bae Ninh cu).

41

Trgng Thuy nhan dd'u ldng ngdng ma dudi. Vua chay tdi bd bien, dudng cting,
khdng ed thuyen qua ben keu rdng : "Trdi hai ta, sii Thanh Giang d ddu mau
mau lai ciiu". Rtia Vang hien len mat nudc, thet ldn : "Ke ngdi sau lung chinh la
giac dd !". Vua ben tudt kiem chem Mi Chau, Mi Chau khan rdng : "Thiep la
phdn gdi, ne'u cd ldng phdn nghich muu hai eha, che't di se bien thanh cat bui.
Ne'u mdt ldng trung hie'u ma bi ngudi lira ddi thi che't di se bie'n thdnh chau ngpc
de riia sach md'i nhue thti". Mi Chdu chet d bd bien, mdu chay xudng nudc, trai
sd an phdi deu bie'n thdnh hat chau. Vua cam stmg te bay tac'^', Rua Vang re
nudc ddn vua di xud'ng bien.

Ddi truyen noi dd Id da't Da Son, xa Cao Xa, phii Didn Chau'2'. Quan Da keo tdi
day khdng thay bdng vet gi, chi edn lai xac Mi Chau. Trpng Thuy dm xac Mi Chdu
dem ve tdng d Loa Thanh, xdc bien thanh ngpc thach'^'. Mi Chau da chet, Trpng
Thuy thuong tiec khdn cting, khi di tdm tudng nhu thay bdng dang Mi Chau, ben
lao ddu xud'ng gieng ma che't. Ngudi ddi sau md dugc ngpc d bien Ddng, lay nudc
gieng nay ma nia thi thay trong sang them, nhdn kieng ten Mi Chau cho nen gpi
ngpc minh chau la dai ciiu va tieu eiiu'*'.

(Theo VU QUYNH - KI§U PHIJ, Linh Nam chich qudi,
DINH GIA KHANH - NGUYfiN NGOC SAN dich,
NXB van hge. Ha Ngi, 2001)

HUdNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Dua theo cdt truyen, tim nhirng chi tie't lien quan de'n nhan vat An Duong
Vuong. Tren ca sd cdc chi tiet da liet ke, anh (chi) hay phan tich :
a) Do ddu ma An Duong Vuong dugc than linh gitip da ? Ke ve su giiip da than
ki dd, ddn gian mud'n the hien each ddnh gia nhu the nao ve nha vua ?
b) Su mat canh gidc ciia nha vua bieu hien nhu the ndo ?
c) Sdng tao nhiing chi tie't ve Rtia Vang, Mi Chau, nha vua tu tay chem dau con
gai... nhdn ddn mud'n bieu Id thai do, tinh cam gi ddi vdi nhan vat lich sii
An Duong Vuong va viec mat nudc Au Lac ?

(1) Sieng te: simg eua con 16 giac. Nguoi xua eho rang sfmg te dai de'n bay tae {tdc: don vi do chieu
dai thai xua, khoang 3 cm) la vat quy, than ki, eo the ki (chdng lai) nuoc.

(2) Nay thuge huyen Di6n Chau, tinh Nghe An.
(3) Ngoc thach : thii ngge (da) mau xanh nhat, trong sudt, thuang dung lam dd trang siic, ttang tri.

Can phan biet voi chdu la thii nggc do mgt sd loai trai duoi nude tao thanh.
(4) Cieu : t6n mgt thii nggc trai quy {dai: lan ; tieu : nhd).

42

2. Ve viec Mi Chau len dua cho Trpng Thuy xem nd than, cd hai cdch ddnh gia
nhu sau:
- Mi Chau lam vay la chi thudn theo tinh cam vg chdng md bd quen nghia vu
dd'i vdi da't nudc.
- Mi Chau lam theo y chdng Id le tu nhien, hgp dao 11.
Y kie'n rieng eua anh (chi) nhu the nao ?

3. Mi Chdu bi than Rtia Vdng ke't tdi la giac, lai bi vua cha chem ddu, nhung sau
dd, mau ndng hod thdnh nggc trai, xdc nang hod thdnh ngpc thach. Hu eau nhu
vay, ngudi xua mudn bay td thai dp vd tinh cam nhu the ndo dd'i vdi nhan vat
Mi Chdu va mud'n nhdn giii dieu gi den tlie he tre mudn ddi sau ?

4. Trpng Thuy gay nen su sup do ea do Au Lac vd cdi chet cua Mi Chau. Vdy anh
(chi) hieu nhu the ndo ve hinh anh "ngpc trai - gieng nudc" ?

5. Ttr nhiing dieu da phan tieh, anh (chi) hay cho biet ddu la "cdt loi lich su" ciia
truyen vd cdt loi lich sii dd da dugc ddn gian than ki hod nhu the nao ?

. GHI NHO ,

• Truyen An Duong Vuong va Mi Chau - Trong Thuy la mgt each giai thich
nguyen nhan viec mat nuac Au Lac. Qua dd, nhan dan ta mudn neu len bai
hgc Ijch sir ve tinh than canh giac vdi ke thii va each xir li dung dan mdi quan
he giira rieng vdi chung, giira nha vai nudc, giCra ca nhan vai cgng ddng.

• Hinh tugng nhan vat va nhii-ng chi tiet hu cau trong truyen cho tha'y mdi
quan h$ giu'a phan cdt loi lich sir vdi phan tudng tugng cua dan gian.

LUYEN TAP

1. Cd hai cdch ddnh gid nhu sau :
a) Trpng Thuy chi la mdt ke gian diep, ngay cd viec yeu Mi Chdu cung chi la gia dd'i.
b) Giira Mi Chdu va Trpng Thuy cd tmh yeu chung thuy va hinh anh "ngpc trai -
gieng nude" da ea ngpi mdi tinh dd.
Anh (chi) hay trinh bay y kien rieng ciia minh.

2*. An Duong Vuong da tu tay chem dau ngudi con gdi duy nhat cua minh nhung
dan gian lai dung den vd am thd hai cha con ngay canh nhau. Cdch xii li nhu
vay ndi len dieu gi trong dao h truyen thd'ng ciia ddn tde ta ?

3*. Tim mdt sd bdi tha vie't ve Mi Chau - Trpng Thuy vd neu len siic sdng ldu ben
cua Truyin An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy.

43

LAP DAN Y BAI VAN TU SU

KET QUA CAN OAT -
Biet each lap dan y bai van tu su (ke lai mpt cau
chuyen) tuong tu mpt truyen ngdn.

I - HINH T H A N H Y TUiniG, DU KIEN COT TRUYEN

Dpc phan trich sau vd tra ldi cau hdi.
[...] Tdi se viet chuyin cudc khdi nghia cua anh Di '^', cupc ddi, sdphqn anh Di.
Tdi cd ngay cdm gidc phdi tim mdt cdi tin khdc cho anh Di. Tin Di nd "Kinh" qud,
ngudi Kinh qud. Tnu, tdi gpi anh bdng tin dy. Nd "khdng khi" hon nhiiu [...].
Tdi chua hinh dung cdu chuyin, cdt truyin se diin bien cu thera sao, nhung tdi
dd thdy rd, cdi truyin ngdn ndy si bdt ddu bdng mpt khu ritng xd nu - md tdi se ra
siic td mpt cdch het sue tqo hinh [...] vd truyin se ket thuc bdng mpt cdnh rirng
xd nu, nhu mdt vl thanh cuxa mdddn vd bdt tan, nghia la "bdcuc" caban dd thdy
dupc roi... Sau ddy mpi su bdng tro nin rd rdng, de ddng den ki la. Chi Dit "den" -
nhu Id tdt yeu vdy [...]. Nhung tdi mudn Dit se la mdi tinh sau cda Tnu, mpt mdi
tinh si la md md chdc chdn hiin lin a cudi truyin. Vdy thi phdi cd Mai, ehi
cua Dit [...]. Vd cdi gi de ddn den cudc bung day ghi gdm nhu vdy cua Tnu (diet
sqch cd mpt tieu dpi gidc gdn nhu bdng tay khdng, nhiing ndm thdng chua hi cd
tieng sung cdch mqng dy) ? Tdt phdi cd mdt ndi dau riing buc bdch dit dpi, bat ra
tic ndi dau chung cua xdm ldng, ddn tpc: dda con bi ddnh chet tdn bqo, Mai gue
xudng, ngay trudc mdt Tnu. Chi tiet dy den mpt cdch tdt yeu.
Vd dng cu Met cua tdi cting tdt yeu phdi den. Ong Id cpi ngudn. Id Tdy Nguyen
cua thdi "Ddt nudc diing lin" trudng ton den hdm nay [...].
Cd le ciing tie dd md cd thdng be Heng. Nd se cdn di tai ddu, chua ai ludng duac...

(1) Anh De la mgt thanh ni6n (nguoi dan tge Xe-dang) tae gia da gap nam 1963 va dugc nghe anh
ke ehuyen ; Hoi 1959, ehinh anh da efing 10 ttai Uang trong lang bat dau cugc da'u tranh
vu trang d day (dSn dieo Nguyen Ngge, Ve truyen ngdn "Rirngxd nu').

44

Tdt cd tra nin di ddng den ngqc nhiin ddi vai tdi. Tdi hinh dung ra, thdy hien
hiin tdt cd. Cdc chi tiet tu nd den: cdc bd cu gid lum cum bd tu trin thang nhd sdn
xudng, cdc cd gdi ldy nudc a vdi nudc ddu ldng [...], cd tieng nuoc lanh tanh trong
dim khuya [...], cd mudi ngpn lua xd nu chdy rdn rat trin mudi ddu ngdn tay cucr
Tnu [...]. Tdt cd, tdi khdng "bia" thim gi cd, tdi thdy rd hi't, mdc ddu tdt cd day hodn
todn Id mdt cdu chuyin bia. Md nhu that. Vdi tdi, nd hodn todn cd that. Cdch sdp
xep cdc lap thdi gian trong truyin, xen ke, dan quyin, nhiing mach ndi... cung din
di ddng vd tu nhiin, nhu tdt nd phdi vdy.

"Rirng xd nu" la truyen cua mdt ddi, vd dupe ke trong mpt dim. Dd Id cdi dim
ddi nhu cd mdt ddi...

(Nguy6n Nggc, Ve truyen ngdn "Rirngxd nu",
trong Nhd vdn noi ve tdc phdm, Ha Minh Diic bien soan,

NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi, 2000)

L Trong phan trich tren, nha van Nguyen Ngpc ndi ve viec gi ?

2. Qua ldi ke ciia nha van, anh (chi) hpc tap dugc dieu gi trong qud trinh hinh
thanh y tudng, du kien cdt truyen de chuan bi lap dan y cho bai van tu su ?

11 - LAP D A N Y

1. Suy ngdm ve ke't thiic truyen Tdt den ciia Ngd Tat Td {Trdi tdi den nhu muc vd
nhu cdi tiin do cua chf), nha van Nguy§n Tudn viet: "Tdi ngd edu ke't ndy cting
mdi chi la cai cham het mdt thien ciia truyen ddi. Vdi mdt cdi tien thdn ngay
thang, lanh manh nhu vay, tdi nghi rdng chi Ddu the tat phai cd mdt hau than
trong cdc doan the each mang; va tdi nhd nhu da cd lan nao, tdi da gap chi Ddu
d mdt dam ddng pha kho thdc Nhat, d mdt eudc cudp chinh quyen huyen ki
Tdng khdi nghia; va ne'u khdng thi, chi it, tdi cting da gap chi vdo nhiing ngdy
dich hdu o ep, chi tai thuang hoac day ndp ham bem'^' cho cdn bd co sd.".
Theo suy ngam cua nhd van Nguyen Tudn, ed the ke ve "hdu thdn" ciia chi
Ddu bdng nhiing edu chuyen sau :
(1) Sau cai dem ay, chi Dau gap mdt can bd each mang vd dugc giac ngd. Trong
cudc Tdng khdi nghia thang Tam 1945, chi Ddu ddn dau doan ndng dan len
cudp chinh quyen huyen, pha kho thdc Nhdt chia eho ddn ngheo.
(2) Cudc khdng chien chdng thue dan Phap nd ra. Tuy sd'ng trong vting dich
hdu, chi Dau vdn bi mat nudi giau edn bd, nhieu lan day ndp ham hem eho
canbd...
Anh (chi) hay lap dan y cho bdi van ke ve mdt trong hai cau chuyen tren.

(1) Hdm bem: chi htai bi mat ciia can bg va nhan dan ta trong cugc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap.

45

Gpiy:
- Chpn nhan de cho bai viet.
- Lap ddn y theo bd cue ba phan : md bai, than bdi, ke't bdi.
2. Anh (chi) hay trinh bdy each lap dan y bdi van tu su.
Gai y:
- Dir kie'n y tudngVe cdc nhdn vat va diln bien cau chuyen.
- Dan y gdm nhirng phan ndo ? Ndi dung mdi phan ra sao ?

GHI NHO.
Lap dan y bai van tu su la neu ro nhirng npi dung chinh cho cau chuyen ma
minh se vie't, se ke.
Dan y ehung :
- Md bai : gidi thieu cau chuyen (hoan canh, khdng gian, thai gian, nhan

vat,...).
- Than bai : nhirng su viec, chi tiet chinh theo didn bie'n cau chuyen.
-Ke't bai : ke't thiic cau chuyen (cd the neu cam nghT ciia nhan vat, hoac mdt

chi tie't that dac sdc, y nghTa).
Mudn lap dan y, can du kie'n de tai, xac djnh cac nhan vat, chgn va sap xep
cac su viec, chi tie't tieu bieu mgt each hgp li.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. V. Le-nin n d i : "Tdi khdng sg khd, khdng sg kho, tdi chi sg nhiing phiit yeu
mem ciia ldng tdi. Dd'i vdi tdi chien thdng ban than la chien thang ve vang
nha't.". Ttr nhiing ki niem ciia tudi hoc trd, anh (chi) hay lap dan y cho bai van
viet ve cdu chuyen : Mpi hpc sinh tdt phqm phdi mpt so sai ldm trong "nhiing
phut yeu mim" nhung dd kip thdi tinh ngp, "chii'n thdng bdn thdn...", vuon lin
trong cupc sdng, trong hpc tap.

2. Lap dan y cho bai van vie't ve mdt cdu chuyen xay ra trong cudc sd'ng ma anh
(chi) dugc true tie'p ehiing kie'n (ddi thanh nien tinh nguyen tham gia cdng tac
giti trat tu an toan giao thdng ; ddi ban giiip nhau vugt khd, hgc gidi ; bac
trudng thdn cham lo ddi sd'ng cdc gia dinh thuang binh, liet si,...).

46

UY-LIT-XO TR6 v i HQ-ME-Ro

(Trieh 6-di-xe - sii thi HI Lap)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Cam nhan dugc ve dep tSm hdn va tri tue ciia
ngudi Hi Lap qua canh doan tu gia dinh ciia
Uy-lit-xa.

• Phan tich, li giai dugc cac ddi thoai va di^n
bie'n tam li ciia nhan vat. Hieu dugc dac diem
ciia nghe thuat sir thi O-dl-xe.

*s

TIEU DAN

I-li-dt va 0-di-xe, hai sii thi ndi tie'ng ciia dat nudc Hi Lap, thudng dugc coi la sang tao
cua Hd-me-ro. Song cho de'n nay, vdn chua bie't dich xac Hd-me-ro la ai. Cd nhieu truyen
thuye't ke ve nha tha mil nay. Phd bie'n hon ca la cau chuyen ke dng la con mdt gia dinh ngheo
va dugc sinh ra ben ddng sdng Me-let vao khoang the ki EX - VIII trudc Cdng nguyen.
Ong mang ten Me-le-xi-gien (nghia la con cua ddng sdng Me-let).

0-di-xe ke lai hanh trinh ud ve que huong ciia Uy-llt-xa (ten ggi theo tie'ng Hi Lap la
0-di-xe-iit''') sau khi ha thanh To-roa. 0-di-xe la biic tranh hoanh trang, hao himg cua ngudi
Hi Lap trong cdng cudc chinh phuc thien nhien va di dan md da't. O-di-xe gdm 12 110 cau
tho, dugc chia thanh 24 khiic ca. Cau chuyen dugc ke tir thdi diem Uy-lit-xa sau mudi nam
rdi To-roa, vin chua the dat chan len manh dat que huong va dang bi nfi than Ca-lip-xd cam
giii. Cac than cau xin Ddt cho Uy-lit-xa dugc sum hgp vdi gia dinh. Ddt ddng y. Trong khi do,
tai que nha, Pe-ne-ldp, vg cua Uy-lit-xa phai dd'i mat vdi 108 ke quyen quy trong vimg de'n
cau hon. Te-le-mac, con trai ciia chang phai duong dau voi bgn chiing de bao ve gia dinh.
Tuan lenh Ddt, nii than Ca-llp-x6 budc phai de Uy-lit-xa rdi dao. Sau vai ngay, gap bao ldn,
chiec be bi danh tan tac, Uy-lit-xa may mdn dat vao xii sd ciia vua An-ki-nd-dt. Tai day,
Uy-llt-xo da ke lai hanh trinh phieu liru mao hiem trong sudt 10 nam qua cac mien da't la cho
nha vua (khuc ca I - XII). Dugc An-ki-nd-dt giiip do, Uy-lit-xa da trd ve que huong sau
20 nam rdng ra xa each (gdm 10 nam danh thanh To-roa va 10 nam troi dat lenh denh) noi
Uy-lit-xa phai dd'i mat vdi mgt hiem nguy mdi. Dd la bgn cau hdn xao quyet, hung ban dang
rdp tam chie'm doat tai san gia dinh. Uy-lit-xa ciing con trai va gia nhan trung thanh lap muu
triing tri bgn chiing. Nfi than A-te-na xudng tran bao tin Uy-iit-xo dugc Ddt cho phep doan
tu va dugc triing tri nhfing ke da pha hoai gia dinh minh. Cudc sd'ng mdi bdt dau tren xii sd
I-tac, que huang yeu dau ciia Uy-lit-xa (khiic ca XIII - XXIV).

(1) T6n cua eae nhan vat eo trong doan trich nay dugc phi6n am theo each dgc qua tieng Phap.
Nguyen van trong tieng Hi Lap la: Homeros (H6-me-rdt); Odysseus (0-di-x6-iit); Troje (Tro-i-a);
Telemakhos (T6-le-ma-khdt) ; Kalypso (Ca-llp-x6) ; Alkinoos (An-ki-no-dt) ; Penelopeia
(Pe-n6-16-pe-i-a); Eurykleia (O-ri-cle-i-a); Artoris (Ae-to-rit); Athene (A-ten-ne); Ithake Q-ta-ke);
Zeus (Z6-i-iit); Akhilleus (A-khin-le-iit).

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Chu de chinh cua O-di-xe la chinh phuc thien nhien de khai sang, md rdng giao luu.
6-di-xe tai hien xung dot gifia cac nen van minh, cac trinh do van hoa; la cugc dau tranh de
bao ve hanh phiic gia dinh. Ne'u A-sin, ngudi anh hung tran mac xuat chiing trong su thi
I-li-dt, la bieu tugng sue manh the chat thi Uy-lit-xa la bieu tugng siic manh tri tue ciia ngudi
Hi Lap. Day la hai mdu anh hiing van hoa tieu bieu cua dan tdc Hi Lap. Hg cfing thudc v^ kieu
nhan vat sieu mdu ket tinh tir cac truyen thuye't va huyen thoai cd xua.

Doan trich dudi day thudc khiic ca thii XXIII ciia su thi O-di-xe.

VAN BAN

Gia dang lam ngudi hanh khat, Uy-Iit-xa da vao dugc trong ngdi nha cua
minh, dugc Pe-ne-ldp cho phep d lai de ke cho nang nghe nhfing cau chuyen ve
chong nang ma anh ta bie't. Pe-ne-ldp td chiic cudc thi bdn cung chgn chdng,
dua vao dd hai cha con Uy-lIt-xo trti tinh each thiic tieu diet kk thu. Bgn cau hdn
khdng ai thuc hien dugc yeu cau cua cudc thi. Uy-lit-xa dudi bd do hanh khat xin
tham du va da thdng. Vdi cay cung trong tay, Uy-lit-xa tieu diet nhiing ten cau
hdn dau sd, danh dudi chiing ra khdi nha, trimg phat lu day td phan chu.
Doan dudi day ke tiep man vg chdng doan vien...
(Nhd mdu O-ri-cle len gdc goi Pe-ne-lop day, bdo cho ndng biet Uy-lit-xa chong ndngdd
tro ve, dd trimg tri bon cdu hon. Nhung Pe-ne-ldp khong tin...)

Pe-ne-ldp than trgng ndi:

- Gia oi, gia hay khoan hi hiing, reo cudi. Gia cting bie't, neu chang trd ve thi
mpi ngudi trong nhd, nhat la tdi va con trai chiing tdi sinh ra kia se sung sudng xiet
bao ! Nhung cdu chuyen gid ke khdng hodn toan diing su thuc. Ddy la mdt vi than
da giet bpn cau hdn danh tie'ng, mdt vi than bat binh vi str lao xugc bat kham va
nhting hdnh ddng nhud'c nha ciia chiing. Vi chiing chdng kieng ne mdt ai tren coi
ddi nay, dti Id dan den hay ngudi quyen quy, hd gap chiing la bat cii ai ciing hi
chiing khinh miet. Vi sir bat cdng dien rd cua chiing, nen chiing phai den tdi day
thdi. Cdn ve phan Uy-lit-xa thi d noi dd't khach que ngudi chang cting da het hi
vpng trd lai dd't A-cai'^', chinh chang ciing da chet rdi.

Nhii mau O-ri-cle hien thao dap :

- Con oi ! Sao con dam he rang ndi vay ? Chdng con dang d day, ngay tai nha
nay, ma con lai khdng tin, ndi rang ngudi se khdng bao gid ve nira! Vay de gia ndi
cho con biet mdt da'u hieu khac nhe, mdt dau hieu khdng sao cai dugc : dd la cai
seo do rang nanh trdng ciia mdt con lgn ldi biic ngudi ngay xua de lai. Khi gia rira
chan'2' cho ngudi, gid chgt nhdn ra edi seo dd. Gia da toan mach bao con, nhtmg
ngudi dua tay bit mieng gid lai, cam ndi, vi ngudi dang cd trong dau dc mdt y nghi
rat khdn. Vdy con cu di vdi gid. Gid dem tinh menh ra danh cudc vdi con: neu gia
lira dd'i con thi con cii dem giet gia di bdng each nao tan ac nhat.

(1) A-cai (Akhaie): mien dai phia bdc ban dao P6-16-p6-ne-da cua Hi Lap cd dai. Truac khi di danh
thanh To-roa, Uy-lIt-xo lam vua d dao I-tae (thuge A-cai).

(2) Theo tue men khach eiia ngudi Hi Lap ed, khach quy thuang dugc day to cua ehii rira chan cho.

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