Ngữ Văn 10 (Tập 1)

Pe-ne-ldp than trpng dap :

- Gia oi! Dti gia sang sudt de'n dau, gid cung khdng sao hieu thau nhting y dinh
huyen bi ciia than hnh bat tii. Nhung thdi, gac ehuyen dd lai. Bay gid ta hay xud'ng
nha vdi Te-le-mac de xem xac che't ciia bpn cau hdn vd ngudi gie't ehiing.

Ndi xong, ndng bude xud'ng lau. Ldng nang rat ddi phan van : ndng khdng biet
nen diing xa xa hdi chuyen ngudi chdng yeu quy ctia minh hay nen lai gan, dm lay
dau, cam lay tay ngudi ma hdn ? Khi vao den nha, bude qua nguang cira bdng da,
nang den ngdi trude mat Uy-lIt-xo, dudi dnh lira hdng, dua vdo biic tudng dd'i
dien, cdn Uy-lit-xa thi ngdi tua vdo mdt cai cdt cao, mdt nhin xudng da't, dpi xem
bay gid tan mdt trdng thay minh rdi, ngudi vg eao quy ciia minh se ndi gi vdi minh.
Nhung nang vdn ngdi lang thinh tren ghe hdi lau, ldng sung sdt, khi thi dam dam
du yem nhin chdng, khi lai khdng nhan ra chdng dudi bd do quan rach mudp.

Te-le-mac ben cat ldi trach me gay gdt:

- Me oi, me that tan nhdn, va ldng me ddc ac qua chimg ! Sao me lai ngdi xa
cha con nhu the, sao me khdng de'n ben cha, vdn va hdi han eha ? Khdng, khdng
mdt ngudi dan ba nao sdt da den miic chdng di bien biet hai muoi nam nay, trai
qua bao ndi gian lao, bay gid mdi trd ve xii sd, ma lai cd the ngdi each xa chdng
nhu vay. Nhimg me thi bao gid ldng da cdng rdn ban ea da.

Pe-ne-ldp than trpng dap :

- Con a, ldng me kinh ngac qua chimg, me khdng sao ndi dugc mdt ldi, me
khdng the hdi han, eung khdng the nhin thang mat ngudi. Ne'u qua thue day
chinh la Uy-ht-xa, bay gid da trd ve, thi eon cd the tin chdc rdng the nao eha con
va me cung se nhdn duge ra nhau mdt each dd dang, vi eha va me cd nhiing dd'u
hieu rieng, chi hai ngudi biet vdi nhau, edn ngudi ngoai khdng ai bie't he't.

Nghe nang ndi vay, Uy-lit-xa cao quy va nhdn nai mim cudi. Rdi ngudi vol ndi
vdi Te-le-mac nhiing ldi cd canh'^' nhu sau :

- Te-le-mac, con! Dtmg lam ray me, me cdn mudn thii thach cha d tai nha nay.
The nao rdi me con eung se nhdn ra, chdc chdn nhu vay. Hien gid cha edn ban
thiu, do quan rdch rudi, nen me con khinh cha, chua ndi: "Dich thi la chdng rdi!".
Nhung ve phan cha con ta, ta hay ban xem nen xii tri the nao cho dn thod nhd't.
Ng'u cd ai gie't che't mdt ngudi trong xii sd, chi mdt ngudi thdi, vd dti ke bi gie't
chang cd ai bdo thu cho nira, thi ngudi ay ciing phai rdi bd cha me, dd't nudc, trdn
di. Hudng hd chiing ta day, chiing ta da ha ca thanh luy'^' bao ve dd thi ndy, gie't
cdc chang trai cua nhiing gia dinh quyen quy nha't; tinh hudng ay, cha khuyen
con nen suy nghi.

(1) Lai CO cdnh : loi noi bay bdng nhu dugc chdp them doi canh - ldi noi hinh anh ma H6-me-ro
thuang su dung de ea nggi pham chat tri tue eua nhan vat.

(2) Ha cd thdnh luy: am ehi bgn eau hon quyen quy hi Uy-lit-xa triing phat.

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Te-le-mac chdm rai dap :

- Cha than yeu, viee nay xin de tuy cha dinh heu, vi xua nay cha vdn la ngudi
ndi tieng khdn ngoan, khdng mdt ke pham tran nao sanh kip. Ve phan chiing con,
chiing con se he't ldng hang hdi phti td cha, va xin cha tin rdng chi ndi trong pham
vi siic lue eua eon, eon eiing khdng phai la ngudi kem gan da.

(Uy-lit-xa bdo moi nguai di tdm rua, roi mac qudn do d?p, ca mua cho nguoi ngodi ldm
tuang trong nhd ldm licu&i''', dan ai ndygid kin chuyen cho den khi cha con lui ve trang
trai cua La-ec-ta^^^ roi se bdn tinh sau, Uy-lit-xa cung di tdm.)

Khi Uy-lit-xa ttr phdng tam budc ra, trdng ngudi dep nhu mdt vi than.
Ngudi lai trove chd cu, ngdi dd'i dien vdi Pe-ne-ldp, tren chiec ghe banh ban nay,
rdi ndi vdi ndng:

- Khdn khd ! Han la cdc than tren mil 0-lem-pa da ban cho nang mdt trai tim
sdt da ban ai bet trong dam dan ba yeu dudi, vi mdt ngudi khac chac khdng bao
gid ed gan ngdi cdch xa chdng nhu the, khi chdng di bien biet hai muoi nam trdi,
trai qua bao ndi gian truan, nay mdi trd ve xii sd. Thdi, gia oi ! Gia hay ke cho tdi
mdt chiec giudng de tdi ngii mdt minh, nhu bay lau nay, vi trai tim trong ngue
ndng kia la sdt.

Pe-ne-ldp than trpng dap :

- Khdn khd! Tdi khdng coi thudng, coi khinh ngai, cting khdng ngac nhien den
rdi tri dau. Tdi biet rat ro ngdi nhu the nao khi ngai ttr gia I-tac ra di tren chiec
thuyen cd mdi cheo ddi. Vdy thi, O-ri-cle ! Gia hay khieng chiec giudng chdc chdn
ra khdi gian phdng vach tudng kien cd do chinh tay Uy-lit-xa xay nen, rdi lay da
ctm, chan va vai dep trai len giudng.

Ndng ndi vay de thii chdng, nhung Uy-lit-xa bdng giat minh ndi vdi ngudi vg
than trpng:

- Nang oi, nang vtra ndi mdt dieu lam cho tdi chdt da. Ai da xe dich giudng tdi
di chd khac vay ? Ne'u khdng cd than linh giiip da thi dti la ngudi tai gidi nhat cfing
khd ldng lam duge viec nay. Ne'u than linh mudn xe dich di thi de thdi, nhung
ngudi tran dti dang siic thanh nien eiing khd ldng lay chuyen dugc nd. Day la mot
chiec giudng ki la, kie'n tnic cd diem rat dac biet, do chinh tay tdi lam lay chii
chdng phai ai. Nguyen trong san nha cd mdt cay d-hu'^' la dai; nd mgc len, khoe,
xanh td't va to nhu cai cdt. Tdi ke vach gian phdng cua vg chdng minh quanh cay
d-hu ay, rdi xdy len vdi da tang dat that khit nhau. Tdi Igp ki gian phdng, rdi ldp
nhiing cdnh ciia bdng gd lien, ddng rat chdc. Sau dd tdi chat het canh la cua cay

{!) LdmlScuoi: vi Uy-lit-xo cai trang duoi dang nguai hanh khat da chien thdng trong cugc thi ban
cung chgn chdng nen co the lam 16 cuoi.

(2) La-ec-ta: bd eua Uy-lit-xa.
(3) Cdy 6-liu (tieng Phap : olivie): mgt loai cay cho qua de sin xuai dau an.

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d-Uu la dai, cd deo than cay ttr gdc cho that vudng vdn rdi nay dudng mue, lam
thanh mdt cai chan giudng vd lay khoan khoan Id khdp xung quanh. Tdi bao ta't ca
cae bd phan dat tren chan giudng dd, lay vang bae vd ngd nam vao trang tri, va
cudi cting tdi cang len mat giudng mdt tam da mau dd rat dep. Dd la diem dac biet
ma tdi vtra noi voi nang. Nhung nang oi, tdi mudn bie't cai giudng ay hien edn d
nguyen chd cu, hay da ed ngudi chat gde cay d-liu ma ddi nd di noi khac.

/ f ' . 1 I A Li: i l l '^

Pe-ne-ldp vui sudng nhan ra chdng minh

(Tranh minh hoa cuon O-di-xe xudt bdn tai Pa-ri, 1996)

Ngudi ndi vay, va Pe-ne-ldp biin riin ca chan tay, nang thay Uy-llt-xa ta ddng
mudi muoi sir that. Nang ben chay ngay lai, nudc mdt chan hod, dm lay ed chdng,
hdn len trdn chdng va ndi:

- Uy-lIt-xo! Xin chang chd gidn thiep, vi xua nay chang van la ngudi ndi tie'ng
khdn ngoan. 6 l ! Than llnh'^' da danh cho hai ta mdt sd phan xiet bao cay ddng vi
ngudi ghen ghet ta, khdng mud'n cho ta duge sd'ng vui ve ben nhau, cting nhau
hudng hanh phuc cua tudi thanh xuan va eung nhau di de'n tudi gia dau bac. Vay
gid ddy, xin chang chd gian thiep, ciing dimg trach thiep ve ndi gap chang ma thiep
khdng au yem chdng ngay. Thiep ludn ludn lo sg cd ngudi de'n ddy, dimg ldi dudng
mat ddnh lira, vi ddi chang thieu gi ngudi xdo quyet, ehi lam dieu tai de... Gid day,
chang da dua ra nhiing chiing ed ranh ranh, td lai cai giudng khdng ai biet ro, ngoai
chdng vdi thiep va Ac-td-rit, mdt ngudi thi ti ciia cha thiep cho khi thiep ve day.

(1) Than linh : a day mudn am ehi eae than da trung phat Uy-h't-xo vi chang da triet ha dianh To-roa.
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va sau dd giii ciia gian phdng vach tudng kien cd ciia chiing ta. Vi vay chang da
thuyet phuc dugc thiep va thiep phai tin chang, tuy long thiep ra't da nghi.

Nang ndi vay, khien Uy-Ut-xa cang them mudn khdc. Ngudi dm lay ngudi vg
xiet bao than yeu, ngudi ban ddi chung thuy cua minh ma khdc dam di.

Diu hien thay mat da't, khi nd hien len trudc mdt nhfing ngudi di bien bj
Pd-de-I-ddng'^' ddnh tan thuyen trong sdng ca gid to, hp boi, nhung rat it nguoi
thoat khdi bien khoi trdng xoa ma vao dugc den bd; minh day bpt nudc, nhirng
ngudi sdng sdt mimg ra budc len dat Uen mong dpi; Pe-ne-ldp ciing vay, dugc gap
lai chdng, nang sung sudng xiet bao, nang nhin chdng khdng chan mdt va hai
canh tay trdng mudt ciia nang cii dm lay co chong khdng na budng rdi.

(HO-ME-RO, 6-di-xe, theo ban dich ra van xuoi cua PHAN THI MI^N,
NXB van hgc. Ha N6i, 1983)

HU6NG DAN HOC BAI

1. van ban tren cd the chia lam may doan ? Neu npi dung cua mdi doan.
2. Tam trang ciia Uy-ht-xa khi trd ve gap lai vg minh bieu hien nhu the nao ? Cach

ting xii cua chang bdc Id pham chat gi ?
3. Vi sao Pe-ne-ldp lai "rd't ddi phan van" ? Viec chpn each thii "bi mat ciia chi^c

giudng" cho thay ve dep gi ve tri tue va tam hon cua nang ?
4. Cach ke ciia Hd-me-ra qua doan trich tao ra hieu qua gi ? Bien phap nghe thuat

nao thudng dugc su dvmg de khdc hoa pham chat nhan vat ? Bien phap ngh§
thudt nao da dugc sii diing d kho cudi cua doan trich ("Diu hien... budng rdi") ?

CHI NHO-

r

Qua canh vg chdng doan tu sau hai muai nam xa each, vdi nghe thuat
ke chuyen va chgn chi tiet dac sdc, Hd-me-ra da khdc hoa ve dep tam hdn va
tri tue cua Uy-lit-xa va Pe-ne-ldp.
^

LUYEN TAP

1. Doan trich tren day thudng dugc ggi la "canh nhan mat bdng phdp thu bi mat
cua chiec giudng" vd la mdt trong nhiing su kien lam noi bat tinh hudng doan
vien. Hpc shih cd the tu td chiic bieu ddin canh nay (theo hinh thiic kich) de
khdc hoa sau them hoan canh cung nhu hanh dpng ciia cac nhan vat.

2. Nhdp vai Uy-Ht-xa, anh (chi) hay ke lai canh nhan mat ay.

(1) Pd-de-i-dong (Poseidon): than Bien Uong than thoai Hi L^p.

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TRA BAI LAM VAN S6 1

KET QUA CAN DAT

• Thay ro nhirng uu diem va nhupc diem trong
bai lam van sd 1.

• Rut ra dugc nhirng kinh nghiem de nang cao
kha nang bgc Id cam xiie, suy nghT chan thue
trudc mgt su vat, su viec, hien tugng ddi~^dng,
hoac mgt nhan vat, mgt tac pham van hgc gdn
gui, quen thuge.

^

l-HOATOONGTRENLOrP
L Tham gia thao luan dudi sir hudng ddn eiia thay (cd) gido, nhdm :

a) Xdc dinh cac yeu cau dat ra ddi vdi bai viet. Cu the la:
- Bai viet can neu nhfing cdm xiic, suy nghi chan thuc trudc su vat, sir viec,

hien tugng ddi sdng hoac nhan vat, tac pham nao ?
- Bai viet hudng tdi ai, chia se cting ai nhirng cam nghi chdn thtrc ay ?
b) Xac dinh phucmg hudng lam bai:
- Bai viet can neu len nhfing cam xiic, suy nghi cu the nao ? Can sdp xep cdc

y theo trinh tu nao cho hgp II de ngudi dpc cd the thich thii, dong tinh vdi
nhfhig cam nghi cua ngudi viet ?
- Can phan tich, trien khai cac y nhu the nao dl bdi vie't khdng ngheo nan,
don dieu, khd khan ?
- Ldi van phai dat dugc nhung yeu cau gi de bai viet thuc su gpi dugc suy nghi
va cam xiic cho ngudi dgc ?
c) Ddi chieu nhiing yeu cau tren vdi thirc te bai lam ciia minh di nhdn ra
nhfing uu diem vd nhugc diem ciia bdi viet.

53

2. Lang nghe thay (ed) gido nhan xet cac bai lam cua ldp, de :
a) Riit ra nhiing kinh nghiem bd Ich, dac biet ve nhiing dieu cd lien quan tdi
bdi vie't ciia minh.
b) Hpe tap nhiing y hay, nhiing ldi van dep cua cae ban trong ldp dugc thay
(cd) gidi thieu, bieu duong.

3. Dgc ldi nhdn xet ciia thay (cd) de thay ro nhiing uu diem va nhugc diem cu the
trong bai vie't ciia minh.

H-CONG VIEC 0NHA
1. Siia chira nhiing sai sdt cu the trong bdi viet (ve cae mat: nhan thiic de bai, bd

cue, ehinh ta, dung ttr, dat cdu,...).
2. Xay dung lai dan y chi tie't va vie't lai It nhat la mdt doan van trong bai viet.
3. Luu bdi vie't trong hd so hgc tap de tham khao va nit kinh nghiem cho cac bai

ldm van tiep theo.

54

R A - M A B U 6 C TOB - VAN-MI-KI

(Trich Ra-ma-ya-na - sii thi An Dd)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Qua hai nhan vat Ra-ma va Xi-ta, hieu dugc
quan niem cua ngudi An 0 6 cd dai ve mdu
ngudi anh hiing, dire vua mdu muc va ngudi
phu nir li tudng.

• Thay dugc nghe thuat the hien nhan vat ciia
sir thi Ra-ma-ya-na.

K

TIEU D A N

Ra-ma-ya-na va Ma-ha-bha-ra-ta la hai sir thi An Do ndi tie'ng, cd anh hudng sau rdng, lau
ben uong van hgc, van hoa khdng nhfing cua dan tdc An ma cdn cua nhieu nudc Ddng Nam A.
Ra-ma-ya-na hinh thanh vao khodng the kl IV-III trudc Cdng nguyen, dugc bd sung, trau chudt
bdi nhieu the he tu si - thi nhan va dat den hinh thiic hoan thien cud'i cung nhd dao si Van-mi-ki.
Tac pham bao gdm 24 000 cau tha ddi (mdt cau tha ddi gdm hai ddng tho).

Ra-ma-ya-na la cau chuy6n ve nhirng ki tich ciia Ra-ma, hoang tir trudng cua nha vua
Da-xa-ra-tha. Khi Da-xa-ra-tha mud'n truyen ngdi bau cho Ra-ma, thi do ldng dd ki, thii phi
Ka-ke-i nhdc lai mdt an hue cfi, budc nha vua day ai Ra-ma vao rirng 14 nam, trao vuong qudc
cho con trai ba ia Bha-ra-ta. Ra-ma vang lenh. Vg chang, Xi-ta, cung ngudi em trai than thiet
nha't cua chang, Ldc-ma-na, tinh nguyen theo Ra-ma chiu luu day. Khi thdi han luu day sdp
het thi xay ra mdt tai bien ldn. Quy Ra-va-na da dung muu bdt cdc Xi-ta, cudn nang trong vat
ao, bay ve dao Lan-ka. Mat Xi-ta, Ra-ma dau budn khdn xiet. Tren dudng di tim Xi-ta, Ra-ma
gap va giiip da vua khi Xu-gri-va chd'ng lai ngudi anh uai bat cdng, gianh lai vg va vuong
qud'c. Do dd, chang dugc vua khi Xu-gri-va, tudng khi Ha-nu-man ciing doan quan khi giiip
sire vugt bien, tan cdng dao Lan-ka. Sau ciing, Ra-ma ha thii Ra-va-na trong giao tranh,
giai ciiu Xi-ta. Vg chdng gftp lai nhau, nhung nghi ngd Xi -ta khdng cdn trgn ven danh tie't sau
nhfing ngay thang trong tay quy, Ra-ma tuyen bd tir bd nang. Xi-ta thanh minh khdng dugc,
danh budc len gian hoh thieu. Chiing gidm diic hanh cua Xi-ta, than Lua da dem nang tra lai
cho Ra-ma. Anh hung Ra-ma cimg ngudi vg thuy chung Xi-ta quay trd ve kinh dd, cai quan
dat nudc, khie'n cho mudn dan dugc sd'ng trong thai binh, thinh tri.

Hon hai ngan nam qua, nhting nhan vat li tudng nhu Ra-ma, Xi-ta, Ldc-ma-na, Ha-nu-man,...
ludn ludn sdng ddng va nuoi duang tinh than, dao diic dan tdc An Do. Ra-ma-ya-na cfing
dugc xung tung nhu kiet tic thi ca dau tien cua An Do, dac biet thanh cdng Uong mieu ta thien
nhien Uan day siic sdng va chiia chan tinh ngudi, the hien ndi tam nhan vat sau sdc va chan
thuc. Ngudi An Dg tin rdng: Chimg nao song chua can, niii chua mdn thi Ra-ma-ya-na cdn lam
say ddm long ngudi va ciiu vdt hg thoat khdi tdi ldi.

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VAN BAN

Gia-na-ki'i' khiem nhudng dung

trudc Ra-ma. Ra-ma ndi : "Hoi phu

nhdn eao quy ! Ta dua ndng tdi day

sau khi da ddnh bai ke thti. Ta da lam

ta't ca bdng kha nang cua minh. Ta da

tra thti ke lang nhue ta vd eon gidn

eiia ta da hd. Ngay hdm nay, ai nay

deu da dugc chiing kie'n tai nghe eiia

ta. Ta da lam trdn ldi hiia, va gid day

khdng edn gi vudng mdc vdi chinh

minh. Ndng bi ga Rde-sa-xa'^' tam dia

xdo trd bdt cdc khi vdng mat ta, dd Id

do sd phdn ndng xui nen, nhung ta da

go cho nang khdi dieu vu khdng. Ke

nao bi quan thti lang nhue md khdng

dem tdi nghe cua minh ra de trd thii la

ke tam thudng. Ngay hdm nay, viec

chdng Ha-nu-man hao hdn vugt bien

ed da ke't thiic thdnh cdng ; viee ddt

pha Lan-ka va nhiing ki ti'ch khdc da Ra-ma, Xi-ta, Ldc-ma-na va Ha-nu-man
dem lai vinh quang. Ngdy hdm nay,

tdi nghe va nhiing ldi khuyen sang (Tranh thd An Dd)

sudt ctia Vi-phl-sa-na'^' da hoan todn

dugc chiing td ; ed nhiing cd gdng cua chdng ciing thdnh cdng td't dep, chdng da

ttr bd ngudi anh bat hdo eiia minh, ung hd dai nghia ciia ta vd nuong tua vdo ta".

Nghe nhfing ldi dd, Gla-na-kl md trdn ddi mdt ddm le. Tha'y ngudi dep khudn
mat bdng sen vdi nhfing cudn tde lugn sdng diing trudc mat minh, ldng Ra-ma
dau nhu dao cdt. Nhung vi sg tai tie'ng, chang ben ndi vdi ndng, trudc mat nhung
ngudi khdc : "De tra thu su lang nhue, ta da lam nhiing gi ma mdt con ngudi phai
lam : ta da tieu diet Ra-va-na. Ciing nhu dai dao si A-ga-xtl-a nhd cdng sdm hdi
khd hanh da gidi thodt cho cac xii phuong Nam khdi ndi kinh khie'p dd'i vdi In-van

(1) Gia-na-ki: mgt ten khac cua Xi-ta, ggi theo ten nha vua Gia-na-ka. Khi cay dai chuan hi cho 16
t6' sinh, vua Gia-na-ka thay mgt be gai xinh dep tren ludng cay lien mang ve nuoi, dat ten la
Xi-ta (eo nghia la luong cdy). Xi-ta ehinh la eon cua nfi than Dai Me Pri-thi-vi.

(2) Rdc-sa-xa : mgt loai yeu quy. Ra-va-na, ke bat eoe Xi-ta, la vua cua yeu quy Rde-sa-xa sdng tren
dao Lan-ka.

(3) Vi-phi-sa-na : em trai cua Ra-va-na. Khuyen can Ra-va-na tra Xi-ta lai cho Ra-ma khong duge,
Vi-phi-sa-na da tir bd nguoi anh toi l6i cfia minh sang chien dau ben phe eiia Ra-ma. Sau khi
tieu diet Ra-va-na, Ra-ma dua Vi-phi-sa-na len ngoi cai tri dao Lan-ka.

56

va Va-ta-pi'i', ta cung giai thodt cho coi the gian ndy khdi md'i lo sg Ra-va-na. Phdi
biet chac dieu nay: chang phai vi nang ma ta da danh thdng ke thti vdi su giiip do
cua ban be. Ta ldm dieu dd vi nhan pham eiia ta, de xoa bd vet d nhue, de bdo ve
uy tin vd danh du ciia ddng hg limg ldy tie'ng tam cua ta. Ta lam dieu dd chinh la
de chiing td ta khdng thudc ve mdt gia dinh binh thudng. Nay ta phai nghi ngd tu
each cua nang, vi ndng da luu lai lau trong nhd mdt ke xa la. Gid day, nang dang
dting trudc mat ta, nhung trdng thay ndng, ta khdng chiu ndi, chang khac ndo anh
sang ddi vdi ngudi bi dau mdt. Vay ta ndi cho ndng hay, ndng mud'n di dau tuy
nang, ta khdng ung cd nang nua. Ngudi da sinh trudng trong mdt gia dinh cao quy
cd the nao lai lay ve mdt ngudi vg tung sd'ng trong nhd ke khac, don gian chi vi mu
ta la mdt vat de yeu duong ? Ndng da bi quay nhidu khi d trong vat do cua Ra-va-na,
ddi mat tdi loi cua hdn da hau hau nhin khdp ngudi ndng, vay lam sao ta cd the
nhan nang ve khi nghi tdi gia dinh cao quy da sinh ra ta ?

Nay muc dich ciiu ndng da dat dugc rdi, ta khdng can de'n nang nua.
Nang mudn di dau tuy y. Hoi phu nhan cao quy! Ta ndi ro cho nang hay, chang
ehiit quanh co, ngap ngtmg : nang cd the de tdm de'n Lac-ma-na, Bha-ra-ta,
Xa-tru-na'^', Xu-gri-va'^', hay neu ndng thich, ndng cd the di theo Vi-phi-sa-na
Cling dugc...

Thay nang yeu kieu xinh dep, lai cd duge nang trong nha ban, Ra-va-na dau cd
chiu dung dugc lau".

Nghe nhiing ldi gian dfi dd ctia Ra-ma, Gia-na-ki dau ddn de'n nghet thd, nhu
mdt cay day leo bi vdi vol qudt nat. Nghe nhiing ldi td cdo chua ttmg cd, trudc mat
ddng dii mpi ngudi, Gia-na-ki xau hd cho sd kiep ciia nang. Ndng mud'n tu chdn
vtii ea hinh hdi than xac cua minh. Mdi ldi ndi eua Ra-ma xuyen vao trai tim ndng
nhu mdt miii ten. Nudc mat nang do ra nhu sud'i. Lay td do lau nude mdt, rdi bdng
gipng nghen ngao, nirc nd, nang ndi: "Cd sao chdng lai dting nhung ldi le gay gdt
khd ta nhu vay ddi vdi thiep, gid'ng nhu mdt ke thap hen chui mdng mdt eon mu
thd'p hen ? Thiep ddu phai la ngudi nhu chdng tudng! Thiep cd the lay tu each cua
thiep ra ma the, hay tin vao danh du ciia thiep. Suy ttr hanh vi cua loai phu nii tha'p
hen, chdng da ngd vue td't ea gidi phu nii, nhung nhu the dau cd phai. Ne'u chang
cd hieu bie't thiep ehiit dinh thi xin hay ttr bd md'i ngd vuc khdng can cii dd di.

Chang xem, Ra-va-na da dung tdi thiep khi ma thiep dang che't ngat di, lam the
nao tranh dugc ? Ve dieu dd, chi cd so menh eiia thiep la dang bi che trdch, nhung
nhung gi ndm trong vdng kiem soat ctia thiep, tire trdi tim thiep day, la thudc ve

(1) In-van va Va-ta-pi la hai anh em y6u quy dgc ac thuang an thit eae tu si Ba La Mon. Chiing bi
dao si A-ga-xti-a tieu diet.

(2) Xa-tru-na : em ciia Ra-ma (eung nhu Bha-ra-ta, Lac-ma-na).
(3) Xu-gri-va : vua cua loai khi Va-na-ra sdng d niii rirng tr6n eao nguyen D6-ean, mien Nam

AnDg.

57

chang. Thiep cd the lam gi vdi cai than thiep day, bdi nd cd the phu thudc vao ke
khac, khi thiep hodn toan d dudi quyen luc cua hdn. Thiep cdn gi la thanh danh,
neu nhu chdng vdn chua hieu dugc thiep qua tinh yeu cua thiep vd qua tiep xiic
vdi tdm hdn cua thiep. Hdi chdng phdi Ha-nu-man'^' tdi dd tin tiic ve thiep, cd sao
chdng khdng gui cho thiep ldi nhdn nhu chang ttr bd thiep ? Neu the thi thiep da
ke't lidu ddi minh ngay trude mat chdng Va-na-ra'^' dd rdi. Ma su the da nhu vay,
thi chang chang can phai mao hiem de cd the nguy hai den than minh; va cac ban
hfiu ciia chang da khdi phai chiu dung nhiing phien mudn, dau khd. Hoi Diic vua!
Nhu mdt ngudi thd'p hen bi con gian gidy vd, Ngudi dang nghi ve thiep nhu mdt
phu nfi tam thudng. Ten thiep la Gia-na-ki, bdi vi thiep cd Uen quan den le te sinh
eiia nha vua Gia-na-ka chii khdng phai vi thiep sinh ra trong gia dinh dd ; chi cd
nfi than Da't la me ciia thiep thdi. Vi khdng the suy xet cho diing dan, chang da
khdng hieu dugc ban chat ciia thiep. Chang khdng nghi de'n vi sao hdi edn thanh
nien chang da eudi thiep. Tinh yeu eiia thiep, ldng trung thanh cua thiep nay xem
ra hodn todn vd Ich!".

Ndi diit ldi, Gia-na-ki oa khdc. Nang ndi vdi Ldc-ma-na luc nay dang budn ba
vd suy nghi li e: "Hgi Ldc-ma-na, em hay chuan bi cho chi mdt gian hod thieu. Vdi
ndng ndi ddng biidn hien nay, dd la phuong thiie duy nhat cho chi. Chi khdng
mud'n sd'ng sau nhfing ldi td eao lam lae nhu vay. Chdng chi khdng hai long ve chi,
chdng da rudng rdy chi trudc mat mgi ngudi. Gid thi chi se tfi bd tam than nay cho
nggn lua'.

Co nen eon gidn, Ldc-ma-na nhin Ra-ma, va qua net mat, cu chi cua ngudi anh,
Ldc-ma-na doan dugc ddng co ciia anh. Chang chuan bi mdt gian hod thieu cho
Xi-ta.

Vao liic dd, chang ed ai trong dam ban hiiu dam ndi gi vdi Ra-ma, hoac nhin
vao chang; liic dd nom chang khiing khiep nhu than Chet vdy.

Ra-ma vdn ngdi, mdt dan xudng dat. Xi-ta lugn quanh chang rdi budc tdi gidn
lira. Sau khi cui lay ehu than, dang Bra-ma'^', ndng thua vdi than Liia A-nhi'*' :

(1) Ha-nu-man : mgt tuong tai ba, dfing cdm eua loai khi Va-na-ra.
(2) Chdng Va-na-ra: d day ehi Ha-nu-man.
(3) Bra-ma: than Sang tao, mgt trong ba vi than tdi cao cua dao Ba La Mon.
(4) A-nhi: than Lua, rat quan trgng trong van hoa An Do. Trong 16 hien te, con ngudi dang 16 vit

tr6n gian Ida, A-nhi dong vai tro trung gian gifra eon nguoi va eae vi thdn. Trong hon 16, eo dau
va chii re di vong quanh lira thi6ng bdy vong, thdn A-nhi lam chiing eho su the nguyen thuy
chung sudt doi cua hg. Thdn Lira eo mat d khdp mgi noi, bi6i tat cd mgi hdnh dgng tdt, xau ma
con nguoi da lam, n6n nghi 16 thii lira dugc tin la co the kiem ehiing diic hanh nguoi ta. Lira
con CO siie manh thanh tay. Hod tang Id nghi 16 tang ma cua An Dg dugc xem nhu 16 te sinh
cudi cung ma nguai ch6i ddng minh nhu mgt 16 vdt cho thdn linh.

58

"Neu con trudc sau mgt ldng mdt da vdi Ra-ma thi ciii xin than hay tim each bao
vd con. Ra-ma da coi mdt phu nii trinh tie't nhu mdt ke gian dd'i, nhung ne'u eon
trong trdng, xin than A-nhl phti hd cho con".

Ndi diit ldi, Gia-na-ki lugn quanh gian thieu rdi dung cam bude vdo nggn liia.
Ai nay, gia ciing nhu tre, dau ldng diit rudt xem nang Gla-na-ki diing trong gian
hoa. Trudc mat mpi ngudi, trang tuyet the giai nhan dd nap minh eho lira. Cac bdc
thanh, cdc ehu than nhin Gla-na-ki bude vdo lua, chang khac mdt Id vat trong Id
te sinh.

Thay nang nhu vay, nhu mdt thien than bi dudi khdi trdi do mdt than ehii
nguyen nia,-cdc phu nir bat ra tie'ng keu khdc thdm thuong. Cd lodi Rdc-sa-xa ldn
loai Va-na-ra cting keu khdc vang trdi trudc canh tupng dd.

(VAN-MI-KI, Ra-ma-ya-na,
theo ban dich ra van xuoi cua PHAM THUY BA,

NXB van hge, Hd Ngi, 1989)

Hir^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Sau chie'n thdng, Ra-ma Va Xi-ta gap lai nhau trudc su chiing kie'n ciia
"mpi ngudi".
a) Cdng chiing dd bao gdm nhiing ai ?
A. Anh em, ban hiiu ciia Ra-ma.
B. Dpi qudn ciia loai khi Va-na-ra.
C. Quan qudn, dan chiing cua loai quy Rdc-sa-xa.
D. Tat ca nhirng dd'i tupng tren.
b) Hoan canh ay cd tdc ddng nhu the nao de'n tam trang, ngdn ngtr dd'i thoai ciia
Ra-ma, Xi-ta ? (Phan tich nhting cdu eho thay y thiic cua Ra-ma, Xi-ta ve tinh
the "trudc mat nhiing ngudi khac", "trudc mat ddng dii mpi ngudi",...)

2. Theo ldi tuyen bd ciia Ra-ma :
a) Chang giao tranh vdi quy Ra-va-na, tieu diet hdn de giai ciiu Xi-ta vi ddng
ca gi ?
A. Danh du ngudi anh hung bi xiic pham khi Ra-va-na ddm cudp vg eiia chdng.
B. Tinh yeu thuong eiia ngudi chdng dd'i vdi vg, khdt khao dodn tu vg chdng.
C. Ca hai h do tren.
b) Chang rudng bd Xi-ta vi II do gi ?
A. Danh du khdng cho phep ngudi anh hting chap nhan mdt ngudi vg da chung
cha vdi ke khdc.

59

B. Su ghen tudng cua ngudi chdng khdng chap nhan ngudi vg da chung cha vdi
ke khdc.

C. Cd hai H do tren.

c) Phan tieh nhfing tit ngtr lap di lap lai nhieu trong ldi ndi cua Ra-ma cho thay
y chi, tdm trang cua chang.

d) Phan tich thai dp eiia Ra-ma khi Xi-ta budc len gidn lira.

3. Trong ldi dap ciia minh, Xi-ta da nha'n manh nhu the nao ve :

- Su khdc biet gifia tu each, diic hanh cua nang va loai phu nu tam thudng,
tha'p kem ?
- Su khdc biet gifia dieu tuy thudc vdo sd menh ciia nang, vao quyen luc ke
khdc ("cai thdn thiep ddy") vd dieu trong vdng kiem soat cua nang ("trdi tim
thiep day") ?

Ttr vai trd eiia than A-nhi trong van hod An Dp, cd the hieu nhu the nao ve
quye't dinh budc len gian lua va nhfing ldi cau khan than A-nhi eua nang
Xi-ta ?

4. Phdn tich thai dd ciia cdng chiing khi chiing kien Xi-ta nap minh cho lira. Cam
nghi ciia anh (chi) trudc canh Xi-ta bude vao lua.

^__ CHI NHO ,

Chuang Ra-ma budc tdi dat cac nhan vat vao tinh the thir thach ngat ngheo
ddi hdi su lua chpn quye't Net, bdc Id sau sdc ban chat con ngudi. Ra-ma vao
sinh ra tir, chien dau vai yeu quy gianh lai ngudi vg yeu quy nhung cung ddm
hi sinh tinh yeu vi danh du, bdn phan ciia mgt ngudi anh hiing, mdt dire vua
mdu muc. Nhu mdt ngudi vg li tudng xirng dang vdi Ra-ma, Xi-ta cung sdn
sang dem than minh thir lira de chirng minh tinh yeu va dire hanh thuy chung.

LUYEN TAP

Chia ldp hgc thdnh cdc nhdm, mdi nhdm trinh didn man kich Ra-ma bupc tpi
theo each cam nhan cua minh. Nhan xet su trinh didn cua mdi nhdm (tao dung
khung cdnh, didn xud't ciia didn vien, trang phuc, dao eu, nhac nen,...). Binh chgn
nhdm the hien td't nhat tinh than ciia doan trich Ra-ma budc tdi.

60

CHON SU VIEC, CHI TIET TlIU BIEU
TRONG BAI VAN TU SU

KET QUA CAN OAT -
Biet chgn su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu de vie't bai
van tu su.

I - KHAI NIEM
1. "Tu su (ke chuyen) la phucmg thtic trinh bay mgt chudi cae sir viec'^', su viec

nay ddn den sir viec kia, cud'i cting ddn de'n mdt ket thiie, the hien mdt
ynghla"'2'.

Tit dien tieng Viit^^'' giai thich : su viee la "edi xay ra dugc nhdn thiic cd ranh
gidi ro rang, phan biet vdi nhiing cdi xay ra khac".

Trong van ban tu sir, mdi sir viee dugc didn ta bdng ldi ndi, cir chi, hdnh
ddng cua nhan vat trong quan he vdi nhdn vat khdc. Ngudi vie't, ngudi ke chgn
mdt sd su viec tieu bieu, nhdm ddn ddt can ehuyen, td dam dac diem, tinh each
nhan vat, tao su hap ddn, ldi cudn ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe. Su viee tieu bieu Id
nhiing su viec quan trgng gdp phan hinh thanh cdt truyen.
2. Mdi su viec cd the cd nhieu chi tiet. Chi tiet la "tieu tie't cua tac pham mang siic
chtia ldn ve cam xiic vd tu tudng"'^'. Chi tie't ed the la mdt ldi ndi, mdt cu chi,
mpt hanh ddng cua nhdn vat, hoac mdt su vat, mdt hinh anh thien nhien, mdt
net chan dung,... Nhung chi tie't dac sdc tap trung the hien ro net sir viec
tieu bieu.

Chpn su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu Id khdu quan trpng trong qud trinh viet hoac
keiai mdt cau chuyen.

(1) C6 tai li$u ggi su viec la su ki$n. Id tinh tiet,...
(2) Ngu vdn 6, tap mgt, NXB Giao due, Hd Ngi, 2002.
(3) Vi?n Ngon ngfi hge (Hodng Phe ehii bi6n), NXB Dd Ndng, 2002.
(4) Le Bd Han - Tran Dinh Sir - Nguy6n Khdc Phi (ddng ehu bien). Tit dien thudt ngu vdn hoc,

NXB Gido due, 2004.

61

11 - CACH CHON sir VIEC, CHI TIET TIEU BIEU

1. Dpc lai Truyin An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy, cho biet:

a) Tae gia dan gian ke ehuyen gi ? (Ve tinh cha eon ? Ve tinh vp chdng ehung
thuy ? Ve cdng cudc xdy dimg va bdo ve da't nudc ctia eha dng ta xua ?)

b) Trong truyen cd su viee Trpng Thuy vd Mi Chau ehia tay nhau, Trpng Thuy
hdi Mi Chdu : "[...] Ta lai tim ndng, lay gi lam da'u ?" (ehi tie't 1). Mi Chau
dap : "Thiep cd do gam ldng ngdng [...] di de'n ddu se nit ldng ma rdc d nga
ba dudng de lam dd'u" (chi tie't 2).

Theo anh (chi), cd the coi su viee va cdc ehi tie't tren la nhirng sir viec, chi
tie't tieu bieu trong Truyen An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy dugc
khdng, vi sao ? (Ne'u khdng ke sir viec dd hoac bd chi tiet Mi Chdu rdc ldng
ngdng de lam dd'u thi edu chuyen cd tie'p nd'i dugc khdng, vi sao ?)

2. Tudng tugng ngudi con trai lao Hac (nhan vdt chinh trong truyen ngdn
Ldo Hqc ciia Nam Cao) trd ve lang vdo mdt hdm sau Cach mang thdng Tam
1945 nhu sau:

Vi tdi ddu ldng, thdy cdnh xdm ldng tuy cdn xaxdc, tiiu diiu, nhung khi the
cdch mqng sdi ndi, anh boi hoi nhd lai nhiing ki niim xua... Anh tim gap dng
gido, duac nghe ke vi cha minh, roi theo dng di vii'ng mp cha. Sau mdy ngdy
thdm hdi bd con hdng xdm vd bqn be cu, anh gdi lai dng gido nhiing di vdt cua
cha, tam biit qui huong, nhung khdng nhu ldn trudc, ldn ndy anh di ldm nhiim
vu cua ngudi cdch mqng.

Anh (chi) hay ehpn mdt su viec rdi ke lai vdi mdt sd chi tie't tieu bieu.

3. Ttr nhiing viec ldm tren, anh (chi) hay neu each chpn su viec, chi tie't tieu bieu
trong bdi van tu str.

GHI NHO ,

• Oe viet mpt bai van tu su, can lua chgn dugc cac su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu.

• Su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu cd tac dung ddn ddt cau chuyen, to dam tinh each
nhan vat va tap trung the hien chu de ciia cau chuyen.

62

Mi - LUYEN TAP

1. Dgc van ban sau va tra ldi eau hdi.

HONDAXUXI

Tdi thudng tiec cho hdn da xti xi trude ciia nha minh : Nd den si si ndm sap
d dd nhu con trau, chang ai bie't nd cd ttr bao gid, chdng ai de y de'n nd. Mdi
rntia gat hdi, phoi rom ra trudc cdng, bd ndi lai bao : "Hdn da vudng qua, bao
gid mdi van nd di dugc".

Bdc tdi lam nha mud'n lay da xdy tudng, nhung khd mdt ndi nd chang ra
hinh thti gi ca, khdng bdng phang, khdng gdc canh, dung biia due thi tdn siic
qua, chang bang ra bai sdng gan dd tha siic chgn da vde ve edn tdt hon chan
van. Nhd xdy xong, lam bdc he, bdc tdi cdng khdng chpn de'n nd. Nam ay, ed
bac thg dd ve ldng, due deo cho gia dinh tdi chiec cdi. Bd ndi bdo : "Lay qudch
hdn da nay, khdi phai van ttr xa". Bdc thg da ngdm nghia mai, rdi lde dau, che
chat dd min qua khdng dting dugc.

[...] Nd ndm lang le d dd, bdng ram eiia cdy hoe ben san khdng che dugc nd,
hoa cting chang bao gid mgc tren minh nd. Cd dai mgc, day leo lan dan phd len
nd mdt ldp reu xanh mau den ldm dd'm. Bgn tre chiing tdi ciing ghet hdn da,
da tung rii nhau van di, song khdng van ndi. Tuy ludn ludn mdng che nd, song
chang bie't lam the ndo, danh ke nd ndm che't gi d dd.

[...] Cud'i cting mdt hdm, cd mdt nhd thien van ve ldng. Ong di qua ngo nhd
tdi, ehpt phdt hien ra hdn dd ndy, dnh mdt cii cudn hiit vdo nd. Ong da d lai
khdng di nfia, va sau dd lai cd vai ngudi keo de'n, bao dd la hdn da roi ttr vii tru
xudng da hai ba tram nam. Id mdt hdn da rat ghe gdm. Sau dd khdng lau, mdt
chiec d td de'n da can than chd hdn da di.

Chuyen ndy khien bpn tdi diia ndo eiing het siic ngac nhien. Hdn dd vtra xti
xi, xau xi, vtra tai qudi nay, thi ra ttr tren trdi roi xud'ng. Nd da va trdi, da tfmg
toa nhiet, tea anh sang tren trdi. To tien ciia chiing ta ed le da nhin thay nd, nd
da dem lai cho td tien anh sdng, ldng nguong md vd su udc ao, song nd da roi
xud'ng trong biin da't, trong cd hoang, ndm d day may tram nam u ?

Bd ndi bdo :
- That chdng the nhan ra, hdn dd khdng binh thudng, ngay de'n tudng eiing
khdng xdy ndi, bdc len xud'ng eiing chang the Idt dupe !

- Nd xa'u xl qua m a ! - Nhd thien van bao.

- Diing, nd xa'u xl qud.

63

- Nhung dd chinh la edi dep cua nd. - Nha thien van ndi tie'p. - Nd lay xau
lam dep.

- Lay xa'u lam dep u ?
- Diing, xa'u de'n tan cting la dep de'n tan cting. Chinh vi the nd khdng phai
la hdn da budng binh thdng thudng, duong nhien khdng the xdy tudng, lat bac
len xud'ng, khdng the dieu khdc vd giat vd quan do. Nd khdng phai la thir de lam
nhiing trd ay, cho nen thudng bi ngudi ddi che bai.
Bd ndi dd mat. Tdi ciing do mat.
Tdi cam thay xa'u hd eho minh, ddng thdi cam thay edi vT dai eiia hdn dd,
tham ehi tdi cdn odn gidn hdn dd tai sao da im lang chiu dung ta't ca bao nhieu
nam nay ? Song tdi lai lap tiic cam nhdn sau sdc su vT dai ciia hdn da da sdng
am tham vd khdng sg hieu lam.

{Theo Gid Binh Ao, Cdy Phdt, in Uong Tdn vdn,
NXB van hgc. Ha Ngi, 2003)

a) Khi ke lai chuyen nay, cd ngudi dinh bd su viec hdn da xau xi dugc xdc dinh
la roi ttr vii tru xud'ng. Theo anh (chi), lam nhu the cd dugc khdng, vi sao ?

b) Ttr dd, anh (chi) nit ra bai hgc gi ve each lua chgn su viec vd chi tiet tieu bieu
khi viet bdi van tu su (hoac ke chuyen) ?

2. Dgc doan trieh Uy-lit-xo trd vi (trich sir thi 0-di-xi), anh (chi) hay eho biet:
- Hd-me-ra ke ehuyen gi ?
- O phan cud'i doan trich, tdc gia da chgn mdt su viec quan trpng, dd la su viec
gi, dupe ke bdng nhiing chi tie't tieu bieu ndo ? Cd the coi day la thdnh cdng cua
Hd-me-ra trong nghe thudt ke chuyen khdng, vi sao ?

64

TAM CAM

(Truyen cd tich)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Hieu dugc y nghTa ciia nhirng mau thudn,
xung dot va su bie'n hoa ciia Tam trong truyen
Tam Cam.

Ndm dugc gia trj nghe thuat ciia truyen
Tam Cam.
V^

TIEU D A N

Tmy$n cd tich dugc chia thanh ba loai: cd tich ve loai vat, cd tich than ki, cd tich sinh
hoat. Cd tich than ki cd ndi dung phong phii va chie'm sd lugng nhieu nha't. Dac trung quan
ttgng cua cd tich tiian ki la su tham gia ciia cac yeu td thdn ki vao tien trinh phat trien ciia
cau chuyen (tien. But, su bie'n hoa than ki, nhfing vat cd phep mau,...). Truyen cd tich than ki
the hi$n udc mo chay bdng cua nhan dan lao ddng ve hanh phiic gia dinh, ve le cdng bdng
xa hdi, ve pham chat va nang luc tuyet vdi cua con ngudi.

Truyen Tdm Cdm thuge loai cd tich dian ki. Kieu tmyen Tdm Cdm phd bien d nhieu
dan tge khac nhau tren the gidi.

VAN BAN

Ngdy xua, cd Tam va Cam la hai ehi em cting cha khac me. Hai chi em suyt soat
tudi nhau. Tam la con vg ca, Cdm la con vg le. Me Tam da chet ttr hdi Ta'm cdn be.
Sau dd may nam thi cha Tam cung chet. Ta'm d vdi di ghe Id me cua Cam. Di ghe
la ngudi rat cay nghiet'^'. Hdng ngdy, Tam phai lam lung vat va, he't chan trau,
ganh nudc, den thai khoai, vdt beo; dem lai cdn xay liia gia gao md khdng he't viec.
Trong khi dd thi Cam dugc me nudng chieu, dugc an trdng mac tran, sudt ngdy
quanh quan d nhd, khdng phai lam viec nang.

Mdt hdm ngudi di ghe dua cho hai chi em mdi ngudi mdt cdi gid bdo ra ddng
bdt con tdm cdi tep. Mu ta hfia hen: "He diia ndo bdt dugc day gid thi thudng cho
mdt cai yem do !".

Ra ddng, Tam nhd md eua bdt de da quen nen chi mdt budi Id dugc day gid vtra
ca vtra tep. Cdn Cam thi dung dinh dao he't rudng ng sang rudng kia, mai de'n
chieu vdn khdng dugc gi.

(1) Cay nghiet: khdt khe, nghiet nga Uong ddi xir, lam eho nguai khac phdi khd sd.

65

Thay Tam bdt dugc mdt gid day, Cam bao chi:

- Chi Tdm ai, chi Tdm! Ddu chi ldm, chi hup cho sdu, keo vi dl mdng.

Tin la that, Tam ben xudng ao ldi ra chd sau tdm nia. Cam thtra dip tnit het tep
cua Tam vdo gid cua minh rdi ba chdn bdn cdng ve trudc. Liic Ta'm budc len chi
cdn gid khdng, ben ngdi xud'ng bung mat khdc hu hu.

Bay gid But'^' dang ngdi tren toa sen, bdng nghe tieng khdc cua Tam, hen hien
xudng hdi:

- Con lam sao lai khdc ?
Tam ke le su tinh cho But nghe. But bao :
- Thdi con hay run di! Con thii nhin vao gid xem cdn cd gi nfia khdng ?
Tam nhin vao gid rdi ndi:
- Chi cdn mdt con ed bdng.
- Con dem con cd bdng ay ve tha xud'ng gieng ma nudi. Mdi biia, dang an ba
bat thi con an hai, cdn mdt dem tha xud'ng cho bdng. Moi lan cho an, con nhd gpi
nhu the ndy:

Bdng bdng, bang bang,
Len dn cam vdng com. bqc nhd ta,
Chadn com hdm chdo hoa^^^ nhd nguai.

Khdng gpi diing nhu the thi nd khdng len, con nhd lay!

Ndi xong But bie'n mat. Tam theo ldi But tha bdng xud'ng gieng. Rdi tu hdm ay
trd di, cii sau biia an, Tam deu de danh com, giau dua ra cho bdng. Mdi lan nghe
ldi Tam gpi, bdng lai ngoi len mat nudc ddp nhfing hat com ciia Tam nem xudng.
Ngudi vd ca ngay mdt quen nhau, va bdng ngay mdt ldn len trdng thay.

Thay Tam sau mdi biia an thudng mang com ra gieng, mu di ghe sinh nghi, ben
bao Cam di rinh. Cdm nap d bui cay ben bd gieng nghe Tam gpi bong, ben nham
lay cho thudc rdi ve ke lai cho me nghe.

Tdi hdm ay mu di ghe bao Tam sang mai day sdm chan trau, va dan :
- Con oi con! Lang da bdt dau cam ddng'^' rdi day. Mai con di chdn trdu, phdi
chdn dSngxa, chd chdn dong nhd, ldng bdt mdt trdu.
Tam vang ldi, sang hdm sau dua trau di an that xa. O nha, me con Cam mang
bat com ra gieng, cdng gpi bdng len an y nhu Tam gpi. Nghe ldi ggi, bdng ngoi len
mat nudc. Me Cdm da chue sdn, bdt lay bdng dem ve nha lam thit.

(1) But: tieng Phan dgc Id Budha, tieng Han ggi Id Phat; liic dau ehi Thich Ca Mau Ni - ong td cua
dao Phat, sau chi ehung cdc ngoi vi Uong the gioi Phat.

(2) Cam hdm : com nau bang gao ham, tiie gao de ldu ngdy, co miii mdc ; chdo hoa : ehao loang,
hat gao hi nd'u nhir, nd bung ra.

(3) Cam dong: khi liia len xanh, ngudi ta earn ttau bo ra ddng vi sg ehiing an mat lua.

66

Den chieu Tam ddt trau ve, sau khi an xong Tain lai mang bdt com de danh ra
gieng. Tam ggi nhung cha thay bdng ngoi len nhu mgi khi. Tam ggi mai, ggi mai,
cuoi cung ehi thd'y mdt cue mdu ndi len mat nude. Bie't Id ed su chang lanh cho
bdng, Tam oa len khdc. But lai hien len, hdi:

- Con lam sao lai khdc ?
Tam ke su tinh cho But nghe. But bao :
- Con bdng eiia con ngudi ta da an thit mat rdi. Thdi con hay nin di! Rdi ve
nhat lay xuong nd, kiem bdn cdi Ig bd vao, dem chdn xud'ng dudi bdn chan giudng
con ndm.
Tam tra ve theo ldi But di tim xuong bdng, nhung tim mai cdc xd vudn gde san
ma khdng thay ddu ea. Mdt con gd thay the, bao Tam :
- Cue ta cue tdc I Cho ta ndm thdc, ta bdi xuang cho!
Tam bdc ndm thdc nem cho ga. Ga chay vao bep bdi mdt liic thi thay xuong
ngay. Tam ben nhat lay bd Ip va dem chdn dudi chdn giudng nhu ldi But dan.

it ldu sau, nha vua md hdi trong may ngay dem. Gia tre trai gai cdc lang deu nd
mic di xem. Tren cdc neo dudng, quan do md ba md bay dap diu tudn ve kinh'i'
nhu nudc chay. Hai me con Cdm cung sdm sira quan do dep de di tray hdi'^'. Thay
Tam cung mudn di, mu di ghe nguyt dai. Sau dd mu lay mdt dd'u gao trdn ldn vol
mdt dau thdc, bao Tam :

- Con hay nhat xong cho di chd gao nay rdi di dau hay di, dtmg ed bd dd; ve
khdng cd gi de thdi com, di danh dd.

Ndi doan, hai me con quan do xiing xinh len dudng. Tam ngdi nhat mdt liic,
thay sdt rudt, nghi rdng khdng biet bao gid mdi nhat xong, ben ngdi khdc mdt
minh. Giiia liic ay But hien len, hdi:

- Con lam sao lai khdc ?
Tain chi vao cdi thiing, thua :
- Di con bdt phai nhat thdc ra thdc, gao ra gao, rdi mdi dugc di xem hdi. Liic
nh$t xong thi hdi da tan rdi, cdn gi niia ma xem.
But bdo :
- Con dtmg khdc niia. Con mang cai thiing dat ra gifia san, de ta sai mdt dan
chim se xud'ng nhat giiip.

(1) Kinh : kinh do (noi eo nha vua vd tiieu dinh ; kinh do la trung tdm ehinh tri cua qude gia thoi
•phong kien).

(2) Trdy hoi: {trdy: di) di xem hgi, du hgi.

67

- Nhung ngd chim se an mat thi khi ve con vdn cii phai ddn.
- Con cir bdo chiing nd the' nay:

Rdt rat'" xudng nhdt eho too
An mdt hqt ndo, thi tao ddnh chet.

thi chiing nd se khdng an eiia con dau.

Tu nhien d tren khdng ed mdt dan chim se dap xudng san nhat thdc ra mot
ddng, gao ra mdt neo. Chiing nd lang xang riu rit, chi trong mdt lat da Idm xong,
khdng suy suyen mdt hat. Nhung khi chim se da bay di rdi, Tam lai mic nd khdc.
But lai hdi:

- Con lam sao cdn khdc nfia ?
- Con rach rudi qud, sg ngudi ta khdng cho con vao xem hdi.
- Con hay ddo nhfing edi Ip xuong bdng da chdn ngay trudc len thi se cd du mpi
thii cho con tray hdi.

Tdm vang ldi, di ddo cdc Ip len. Dao Ip thfi nhat lay ra dugc mdt bd do md ba'^',
mdt cai xdng lua'^', mdt edi yem lua dieu va mdt cai khan nhidu. Ddo Ip thii hai lay
ra dugc mdt ddi gidy theu, di vtra nhu In. Lg thti ba, dao len thi thay mdt con ngua
be tl, nhung vtra dat con ngua xudng dat, bdng chdc nd da hi vang len va bien
thdnh ngua that. Ddo de'n Ip cud'i cung thi lay ra dugc mdt bd yen cuong xinh xdn.

Tam mung qud vdi tdm nia rdi thdng bd vdo, doan cuoi len ngua ma di. Ngua
phdng mdt chdc da de'n kinh dd. Nhung khi phdng qua chd ldi, Tam danh roi mot
chiec gidy xud'ng nudc, khdng kip nhat. BChi ngua dtmg lai d dam hdi, Tam lay
khan gdi chiec giay cdn lai rdi chen vao bien ngudi.

Gifia liic ay dodn xa gid cfing vtra tien den chd ldi. Hai con voi ngtr ddn dau doan
de'n day tu nhien cdm ngd xud'ng dd't keu rdng len, khdng chiu di. Vua sai quan linh
xud'ng nudc thii tun xem; hp nhat ngay dugc chiec giay theu ciia Tain liic nay danh
roi xud'ng dd. Vua ngdm nghia chiec giay khdng chan mdt, bung bao da : - "Cha,
mdt chiec gidy that xinh! Ngudi di gidy nay ban phai la mdt trang tuyet sdc'*'".

Lap tlie vua ha lenh cho rao mdi ta't ca ddm ddn ba con gai di xem hdi den udm
thir, hd ai di vtra chiec gidy thi vua se lay lam vg. Dam hdi lai cang nao nhiet vi cdc
bd, cdc cd chen nhau den chd thu gidy. Cd ndo cd ay lan lugt keo vao ngdi lau giiia

(1) Rdt rdt (tieng dia phuang): chim se.
{2] Ao ma ba: ho ao dai ciia phu nu Viet Nam xua. Trong ngdy Tet hoac 16 hgi, phu nu thudng mac

mgt bg ba lop do co mau sdc khdc nhau. Khi buac di, td do bay theo, de lg mdu sdc.
(3) Xdng lua: vay may bdng vai lua.
(4) Trang tuyet sdc : trang (tfr Hdn) Id nguai e6 dung mao nghi6m ehinh. Trang tuy^t sdc la ngud

phu nfi rat dep vd diing ddn.

68

bai ed rdng de udm mdt ti cau may. ** '
Nhung eha cd mdt chan ndo di vtra ca.
Me con Cdm eung trong sd dd. Khi CdTfoidihdi
Cam vd di ghe budc ra khdi lau thi gap (Jranh bia 1, tqp chi Vdn hod ddn gian, sd4,1996)
Tam. Cam mach me :

- Me oi, ai nhu chi Tam Cling di thir
gidy day!

Mu di ghe cua Tam biu mdi:

- Con nam ! Chudng khdnh'-^'' cdn
chd dn ai, niia Id mdnh chinh^^'' viit
ngodi bd tre.

Nhung khi Tam dat chan vdo gidy
thi vtra nhu in. Nang md khan lay ludn
chi^c thii hai di vao. Hai chiec giay
gid'ng nhau nhu diic. Bgn linh hau hd
reo vui mung. Lap tiic vua sai dodn thi
nfi rude ndng vdo cung. Tam budc len
kieu trudc con mat ngac nhien vd hdn
hoc cua me con Cam.

Tuy sdng sung sudng trong hodng cung, Tam vdn khdng quen ngdy gid cha.
Ndng xin phep vua trd ve nha de soan cd cting giiip di. Me con Cdm thay Tam
sung sudng thi ghen gliet d^ bung. Nay thay Tam ve, ldng ghen ghet lai bung bung
bdc len. Nghi ra dugc mdt muu, mu di ghe bao Tam :

- Trudc ddy con quen treo cau, con hay treo xe lay mdt budng de eiing bd.
Tam vang ldi treo len cay eau. Luc len den sat budng thi d dudi di ghe cam dao
ddn gdc. Thay cay rung ehuyen, Tam hdi:
- Di lam gi dudi gdc cay the ?
- Gdc cau ldm kien, di dudi kien cho nd khdi len dot con.
Nhung Tam chua kip xe cau thi cdy da do, Tdm nga ldn ed xudng ao, che't.
Mu di ghe vdi vang lay qudn ao ciia Tam cho con minh mac rdi dua vdo cung

(1) Chuong khdnh : hai loai nhae khi thudng duge dimg trong ehua, ed hinh ddng khdc nhau.
Chudng CO tieng ngan dai; khdnh co tieng ngan ngdn hon, am sdc cung khac nhau.

(2) Chinh : do v^t bdng dat nung, phdn than phinh ra, mi?ng vd ddy Udn, thu lai, nhd hon dian,
thudng diing de dung ngu ede hodc chat long.

69

ndi dd'i vdi vua rdng Tam khdng may bi roi xudng ao che't dudi, nay dua em vao de
the chi. Vua nghe xong, trong bung khdng vui, nhung vdn khdng ndi gi ca.

Lai ndi chuyen Tam che't hod lam chim vang anh. Chim bay mdt mach ve kinh,
den vudn ngu'^'. Thay Cdm dang giat do eho vua d gieng, vang anh dung lai tren
mdt cdnh cdy, bao nd :

- Phoi do chdng tao, phai lao phoi sdo'^^\ eha phoi ba rdo, rdch do chong tao.

Rdi chim vdng anh bay thing vao cung dau d ciia sd, hdt len rat vui tai. Vua di
dau, chim bay de'n dd. Vua dang nhd Tam khdn ngudi, thay chim quyen luyen
theo minh, vua bao :

- Vdng dnh vdng anh, cd phdi vaanh, chui vdo tay do.

Chim vdng anh bay lai dau vao tay vua, rdi nic vao tay do. Vua yeu quy vang
anh quen ed an ngii. Vua sai lam mdt edi long bang vang eho chim d. Ttr dd, ngay
dem, vua chi me mai vdi chim, khdng tudng den Cam.

Cam vQi ve nhd mach me. Me nd bao cti bdt chim lam thit an rdi kidm dieu ndi
ddi vua. Trd lai eung vua. Cam nhan liic vua di vdng, bdt chim lam thit nau an, rdi
vut ldng chim ra ngodi vudn. Thay mat vang anh, vua hdi. Cam dap :

- Thiep cd mang them an thit chim nen trdm phep be ha da giet thit an mat rdi.

Vua khdng ndi gi ca. Ldng chim vdng anh d vudn hod ra had cay xoan ddo'^'. Khi
vua di choi vudn ngu, canh Id ciia chiing sa xudng che kin thanh bdng trdn nhu
hai cai Ipng''". Vua thay cay dep rpp bdng, sai Hnh hau mdc vong vao hai cay rdi
ndm choi hdng mat. Khi vua di khdi thi cdnh cay lai vuon thang trd lai. Ttr dd,
khdng ngdy ndo Id vua khdng ra ndm hdng mat d hai cay xoan dao.

Cdm bie't chuyen ay lai ve nha mach me. Me nd bao cti sai thg chat cay lam khung
ciii rdi kiem dieu ndi dd'i vua. Ve de'n cung, nhdn mdt hdm gid bao. Cam sai thg chat
hai cay xoan ddo lay gd ddng khung cui. Thay cay bi chat, vua hdi thi Cam dap:

- Cdy bi do vi bao, thiep sai thg chat lam khung cui de det do cho be ha.

Nhung khi khung cui ddng xong, Cam ngdi vdo det, liic ndo cdng nghe thay
tie'ng khung ciri nia minh :

Cdt ca cdt ket,
Ldy tranh chong chi,
Chi khoet mdt ra.

(1) Vudn ngu: vuon danh eho nhd vua vd hoang hau dao choi, thudng duge xdy dung Uong khu
vue hodng cung, tieng Hdn ggi Id ngu uyin.

(2) Lao, sdo : nhfrrig edy gay tre ddi.
(3) Xoan ddo : mgt loai xoan quy, gd mdu hdng.
(4) Long: vat dung de ehe, co can ddi dung dfing, phia ddu tr6n cua cdn Id mgt edi tdn tron bdng

vdi, thudng dung eho vua quan hoac de d noi thd thdnh than.

70

Tha'y vay Cam sg hai vdi ve nha mach me. Me nd bdo dot qudch khung ciii rdi
dem tro di do cho ro xa de dugc yen tam. Ve de'n cung, Cdm lam nhu ldi me ndi.
Nd mang tro di dd d le dudng cdch xa hoang cung. Ttr ddng tro ben dudng lai mgc
len mdt cay thi cao ldn, cdnh la sum se. Den mua, cay thi chi dau dugc cd mdt qua,
nhung mui thgm ngdt toa ra khdp noi. Cd ba lao hang nudc d gan dd, mdt hdm di
qua dudi gde, ngiii tha'y mui thom, ngang dau nhin len, thay qua thi tren cdnh cao,
ben gia bi ra vd ndi lam bam :

- Thi oi thi, rung vdo bi '^' bd, bd dem bd ngdi, chu bd khdng dn.
Bd lao vtra ndi dfrt ldi thi qua thi rung ngay xudng diing vdo bi. Bd lao ndng niu
dem ve nha cat trong budng, thirih thoang lai vao ngam nghia va ngui mtu thdm.
Ngay nao bd lao ciing di chg vang. Ttr trong qua thi chui ra mdt cd gdi than
hinh be nhd nhu ngdn tay nhuhg chi trong chdp mdt da bien thdnh Ta'm. Tam vtra
budc ra da cam lay chdi quet dgn nha cua sach se, rdi di vo gao thdi com, hai rau
b vudn nau canh giiip bd hang nudc. Doan Tam lai thu hinh be nhd nhu cQ rdi
chui vao vd qua thi. Lan ndo di chg ve, bd lao cdng thay nha ciia ngan nap, com
ngon canh ngpt sSn sang thi lay lam la.
Mdt hdm bd hang nudc gia vd di chg, den niia dudng lai len trd ve, rinh d bui
cay sau nha. Trong khi dd, Tam ttr qua thi chui ra rdi cdng lam cdc viec nhu mgi
lan. Bd lao rdn rdn l?i, nhin vao khe ctia. Khi thay mdt cd gdi xinh dep thi bd mimg
qua, bat thinh linh xd ciia vao dm choang lay Tam, doan xe vun vd thi. Ttr dd
Tam d vdi ba hang nudc, hai ngudi thuang yeu nhau nhu hai me con. Hdng ngdy
Tam giiip bd lao cdc viec thdi com, nau nudc, gdi banh, tem trau de cho bd ngdi
ban hang.

Mdt hdm vua di choi, ra khdi hodng eung. Thay cd qudn nudc ben dudng sach se
ben ghe vao. Ba lao mang trau nudc dang len vua. Thay trdu tem cdnh phuong'^',
vua sue nhd tch trau vg minh tem ngay trudc cfing y nhu vdy, hen phdn hdi:

- Trau nay ai tem ?
- Trau ndy con gai gia tem - Ba lao dap.
- Con gai cua ba dau, gpi ra day eho ta xem mat.
Ba lao gpi Tain ra, Tam vtra xuat hien, vua nhdn ra ngay vg minh ngdy trude, ed
phan tre dep hon xua. Vua mimg qud, bdo bd hang nude ke lai su tinh, rdi truyen
cho quan hau dua kieu rude Tam ve cung.

(1) Bi : mgt loai tiii ed quai eiia ngudi ndng ddn xua, dugc dan bdng edi.
(2) Jfdu tem cdnh phu(mg: ditng tay cudn Id Uau thdnh mieng ggi la tem. Trau tem xong, ed phan

Id xoe ra hai ben, trdng gidng nhu cdnh chim phuong.

71

Cam thay Tam trd ve vd dugc vua yeu thuong iihu xua thi khdng khdi sg hai.
Mdt hdm. Cam hdi ehi:

- Chi Tam oi chi Tam, chi lam the nao ma dep the ?
Tam khdng ddp, chi hdi lai:
- Cd mud'n dep khdng de chi gitip ?
Cam bdng ldng ngay. Tam sai quan hdu ddo mdt edi hd sau vd dun mdt ndi
nudc sdi. Tam bao Cam xudng hd rdi sai quan hau gidi nudc sdi vao hd. Cdm chet.
Mu di ghe thay vdy eiing lan dtmg ra che't...

(Theo NGLTYfiN DONG CHI, Kho tdng truyen co tich Viet Nam, tap 4,
NXB Khoa hge xd hdi, Hd Ndi, 1975)

HU^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Phan tich diln bie'n ciia truyen de thay mdu thudn gifia Tam vd me con Cdm
da diln ra nhu the ndo (luu y cdc doan ke vl cdi yem do, con bdng, thu giay, cai
chet ciia Tam, chim vdng anh, chiec khung cm).

2. Phan tich ttmg hinh thue bien hod cua Tam. Qua trinh bien hod cua Tain ndi
len y nghia gi ?

3. Anh (chi) suy nghi nhu the ndo ve hdnh ddng tra thu cda Tam ddi vdi Cam ?
4. Ban chat cua mau thudn va xung dot trong truyen (Tam vd me con Cdm dai

dien cho cdc lue lupng ddi lap nao, trong gia dinh hay ngodi xa hdi ?).

, GHI NHO ,

• Su bien hoa ciia Tam da the hien sire sdng, sire trdi day manh Net ciia con
ngudi trude su viii dap ciia ke ac. Day la sire manh ciia thidn thdng ac. Mau
thudn va xung dot trong truyen phan anh mau thudn va xung dot trong gia

' dinh phu quyen thai cd.
• Dae sdc nghe thuat ciia truyen the hien d su chuyen bien ciia hinh tugng

nhan vat Tam : tir yeu dudi, thu ddng den kien quyet dau tranh gianh lai su
sdng va hanh phiic cho minh.

LUYEN TAP

Can cii vdo dinh nghia truyen cd tich d bai Khdi qudt vdn hpc ddn gian
Viet Nam vd mue Tieu ddn ciia bdi nay, hay tun trong Tdm Cdm nhiing ddn chiing
de phdn tich, ldm ro cdc dac trung cua truyen cd tich thdn ki.

72

MIEU TA VA BIEU CAM_
TRONG BAI VAN TU SU

KET QUA C A N DAT -

• Hieu dugc vai tro, tac dung ciia cac ye'u td
mieu ta va bieu cam trong bai van tu su.

• Bie't ke't hgp sir dung cac ye'u td mieu ta va bieu

cam trong bai van tu su.

^w- '

I - MIEU TA VA BIEU CAM TRONG V A N BAN TtTSlJ

On lai nhiing kie'n thiic da hge trong chuong trinh Ngir van THCS va tra ldi eau hdi:

1. The ndo Id mieu td ? The ndo la bieu cam ?

2. Mieu ta trong van ban tu su cd hodn todn gidng vdi mieu ta trong van ban mieu
td hay khdng ? Giiia bieu cam trong van ban tu su vdi bleu cam trong van ban
bieu cam cd nhfing diem gidng nhau vd khac nhau eu the ndo ?

3. Can can cii vdo dau de danh gid hieu qua eua mieu ta va bleu cam trong van
ban tu su ?

4. Gidi thich vi sao doan trich dudi day da rat thdnh cdng trong viec sii diing cac
yeu to mieu ta vd bieu cam ?

[...] Neu cd ldn ndm ngodi trai sudt dim, hdn bqn thiia Met gida lucchungta
ngu thi cd mpt the giai huyin bi bimg day trong cdnh cd quanh vd u tich. Luc dy
sudi reo rd han, ddm ao nhen lin nhiing ddm liia nhd, [...] vd vdng vdng trong
khdng gian nhiing tiing sdt soqt, nhitng tieng rung khe khe, tudng ddu cdnh cdy
dang vuan ddi vd cd non dang mpc. Ban ngdy Id cudc sdng cua chung sinh cdn
ban dim la cudc sdng cua cdy cd. Khdng quen thi di so... Cho nen tieu thu cua
chung ta cu mdi ldn nghe thdy mpt tii'ng dpng nhd la da run lin vd nep sdt vdo
ngudi tdi. Mdt ldn, tit phia mat dam ldp Idnh duoi kia ndi lin mpt tieng kiu ddi.

73

ndo nudt, ngdn vang rin rin tai chd chung tdi ngoi. Cung vica luc mpt vi sao rue
rd ddi ngdi, luat trin ddu chung tdi vi cung mdt hudng dd, dudng nhu tieng
than vdn md chung tdi vita nghe thdy kia dd mang theo mdt luong dnh sdng.

- Cdi gl the? - Xti-pha-net khe khe hdi.
- Cd mpt linh hon lin thiin ddng, cd chu a. - Ndi roi tdi ldm ddu thdnh.
Ndng cUng ldm theo vd cu ngoi ngiia cd nhu the mdt lat, ve rdt trdm ngdm. [.
Ndng vdn nguoc mdt lin cao, tay do lay ddu, vai khoac tdm da cuu, nom
ndng nhu chu muc dong cua nhd trdi.

- Nhieu sao qud! Dep qud kia! Chua bao gid tdi thdy nhiiu sao nhu the ndy.
Muc dong cd biet tin cdc ngdi sao khdng ?

- Dq cd, thua cd chu. [...]

Vd trong khi tdi cdgidng cho ndng thendo Id ddm cudi sao thi tdi cdm thdy
nhu cd mdt cdi gi mdt ruai vd min mdng tim nhe nhe xudng vai tdi. Thi ra ddu
ndng ndng triu vl buon ngu dd ngd vdo tdi vdi tieng spt soqt im di eua nhiing
ddi ddng-ten vd ldn tdc mdy gpn sdng. Ndng cu ngoi yin nhu thi', khdng nhdc
nhich cho den khi ngdn sao trin trdi mddun, nhod di trong budi ban mai dang
rqng. Cdn tdi, tdi nhin ndng ngu, day long hai xao xuyen nhimg vdn giU dupc
minh vl dim sao sdng kia bao gid cung dem lai eho tdi nhitng y nghi cao dep.
Quanh hai chung tdi, ngdn sao vdn tiep tuc cupc hdnh trinh trdm ldng ngoan
ngodn nhu mpt ddn ctm ldn ; vd ddi luc, tdi tudng ddu mpt trong nhiing ngdi
sao kia, ngdi sao thanh tu nhdt, ngdi sdng nhdt lac mdt duong di dd ddu xudng
vai tdi md thiim thiep ngu...

{Theo A. Dd-de, Nhitng vi sao,
bdn dich ciia NXB Van hgc, Ha Ndi, 1981)

Gaiy:

- Doan trich tren cd phai la mdt trich doan tu stt khdng ? Vi sao ?
- Tim nhfing ye'u td mieu ta va bieu cam trong doan trich.
- Cdc yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam ddng gdp gi vao viec nang cao hieu qua tu

su cua doan trich ? Thu hinh dung xem, ne'u thieu cae yeu td mieu ta va bieu
cam dd thi anh (chi) cd the cam thay nhu dang chiing kien canh dem sao
tha mdng, u huyen tren mil cao d mien Prd-vang-xa*!' xa xdi, cung nhfing
rung ddng nhe nhang, say sua md thanh khiet trong tam hdn chang chan
efiu ben cd gai ngay tha, xinh dep khdng ?

(1) Pro-vdng-xa: mdt mi6n dat ed nhieu niii ddi va edi xay gid d mien nam nude Phdp.

74

II - QUAN SAT, L I E N TUIOMG, T U ^ G TU0NG Odl VOTI VIEC MIEU TA
VA BIEU CAM TRONG BAI V A N TIT SIT

1. Chpn vd dien ttr {quan sdt, lien tudng, tudng tupng) thich hpp vdi mdi chd trdng:
a) /.../ : ttr su viec, hien tupng ndo dd md nghi de'n su viee, hien tupng cd
lien quan.

b) /.../: xem xet de nhin ro, biet ro sir vat hay hien tupng.
c) /.../: tao ra trong tdm tri hinh dnh ciia cdi khdng he cd dtrude mdt, hoac cdn

chua he gap.

2. Mieu ta cd nghia la ve lai - bdng ngdn ngfi hoac mdt phuang tien nghe thudt
ndo khdc - mdt su vat, sir viee, phong canh hoac con ngudi sao cho that chdn
thuc, cu the, sinh ddng. Nhung ttr dd, cd the cho rdng de ldm td't viee mieu ta
trong van tu su, ngudi lam van cdn va ehi can quan sat dd'i tugng mdt edeh
kl cdng ma khdng can hen tudng, tudng tugng khdng ? Vi sao ? Tim trong doan'
trich da ddn d muc 1.4 nhfing dan chiing de chiing minh eho quan diem ciia
anh (ehi).

Gpiy: Can phdi thuc hien nhfing boat ddng gi (quan sat, lien tudng hay tudng
tugng) di cho ngudi dgc cung thay duge :
- Trong dem, tieng sudi reo nghe ro ban, dam ao nhen len nhfing ddm lira nhd,
nhfing tieng sdt soat vang vang trong khdng gian.
- Cd gdi trdng nhu mdt chti muc ddng ciia nhd trdi, noi ed nhfing dam eudi sao.
- Cudc hanh trinh tram lang, ngoan ngoan ciia ngdn sao gpi nghi den dan ctm ldn.
3. De edu chuyen minh ke khdng gay cam gidc khd khan, ngudi ke chuyen can
ket hgp bdc Id cdm xiic, tinh cam cua nhan vat (hoac eiia ban than) trong
qua trinh tu sir. Song, nhfing cam xiie, nhfing rung ddng (de bieu cam) dugc
nay sinh ttr dau :
a) Ttr su quan sat cham chti, ki cdng, tinh te ?
b) Ttr su van dung hen tudng, tudng tugng, hdi tie ?
c) Ttr nhfing su vat, su viec khdch quan da hoac dang lay ddng trdi tim ngudi ke ?
d) Ttr (va chi ttr) ben trong trai tim ngudi ke ?
Theo anh (ehi), trong cdc y neu d tren, y ndo khdng chinh xdc ? Vi sao ?
Tim trong doan trich da dan d muc 1.4 nhfing ddn chiing de chung minh cho
quan diem eiia anh (chi).

75

GHI NHO-
r~

i Mieu ta va bieu cam la hai ye'u td quan trgng trong van ban t u su. N h d nhirng
yeu td dd ma cau chuyen trd nen sinh dgng, hap ddn va cd sire truyen cam
manh me.

i Mudn mieu ta va bieu cam thanh cong, nguai viet can phai quan tam tim
hieu cudc sdng, con ngudi va ban than, ddng thai chii y quan sat, lien tuang,
tudng tugng va ldng nghe nhirng lay dgng ma su vat, su viec khach quan
gieo vao trong tam tri ciia minh.

J

III - LUYEN TAP
1. Hay nhan xet ve vai trd ciia cdc yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam trong:

a) Mdt doan trich tu sir da hpe d ldp 10.
b) Doan trich ttr truyen ngdn lAng qud thdng eua nha van C. Pau-tdp-xki:

Mpt hdm, Gri-ga bdt gap trong rirng mdt em be cd ddi bim tde nhd xiu, con
dng gdc rung. Em be dang nhdt nhiing qud thdng bd vdo trong ldng.

Trdi dang thu. Neu nhu ta cd the lay het dong vd vdng trin trdi ddt dem ddnh
thdnh mudn vdn Id cdy rdt muc tinh xdo thi nhiing chiec la dd cung chi cd the
ldm thdnh mpt phdn rdt nhd bp qudn do md miia thu dang trdi trin nhiing
ngpn nui kia md thdi. Vd Iqi, nhiing chii'c Id nhdn tqo np se rdt thd kich ndu so
vdi Id that, nhdt Id nhiing Id liiu hodn diip. Mpi ngudi diu biet rdng chi cdn mpt
tie'ng chim hdt thdi cung dd du ldm chung run rdy.

{Theo C. Pau-tdp-xki, Ldng qud thong,
ttong Binh minh mua, NXB Van hgc. Ha Ndi, 1984)

2. Viet mdt bdi van tu su cd sii dtmg cdc yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam k l vl mdt
chuyen di da dem lai eho anh (ehi) nhilu cam xiic (mdt lan vl que, mdt chuyen
tham quan du lich...).

76

ca DQC THEM

VE DUOI BONG H O A N G LAN

Thanh lach canh cira gd de khep, nhe nhang budc vdo. Chang thay mat hdn
ca ngudi ; tren con dudng gach Bat Trang reu phii, nhiing vdng dnh sang Ipt qua
vdm cay xud'ng nhay miia theo chilu gid. Mdt mtii la tuoi non phang phat trong
khdng khi. Thanh nit khan lau md hdi tren trdn - ben ngodi trdi ndng gdt - rdi
thong thd di ben biic tudng hoa thap chay thang den can nhd. Yen tinh qud, khdng
mdt tieng ddng nhd trong can vudn, tua nhu bao nhieu su dn ao d ngodi kia deu
ngung lai tren hire ciia.

Thanh budc len thim, dat chiec va-li tren chiec trudng ki, rdi ngd ddu vdo
trong nhd: bdng tdi diu vd man mat loang qua nhiing mdu sdc rue ra chdng dem
ttr ngodi trdi vdo ; Thanh chua nhin ro gi ca ; mdt lat, quen bdng tdi, chang mdi
nhan thay canh tupng gian nhd cfi khdng cd gi thay ddi, cfing y nguyen nhu ngay
chdng di xua.

Chang lang ndm xudng giudng, dudi chan tay, khoan khodi. Ngoai khung eiia
sd, trdi xanh ngdt dnh sang; la cay rung ddng trude ldn gid nhe. Mdt than cay vfit
cao len trudc mat. Cting mdt liic, chdng lam bam : "Cay hoang lan !", mui huong
thom thoang thoang dua yao. Thanh nhdm mdt ngui huong thom vd nhd den cai
cay ay chdng thudng hay choi dudi gdc nhat hoa. Da ttr lau ldm, ngdy mdi cd cati
nhd nay, ngdy cha me chdng hay cdn. Rdi den ngdy mdt bd mdt chdu quan quyt
nhau. Bay gid cay da ldn.

Thanh thay tam hdn nhe nhom tuoi mat nhu vtra tdm d sud'i. Chang tdm trong
cdi khdng khi tuoi mat nay. Nhting ngdy ban rdn d tinh gid xa qua. Khu vudn vdi
cae cay quen da nhan bie't chang rdi.

Dem ay, mdt bd, mdt chdu vdi mdt ed ldng gieng chuyen trd dudi bdng den
mai tdi khuya, khi trang len. Qua vudn, Thanh tiln Nga (ten cd hdng xdm - NBS)
ra den cdng, di qua hai ben bd Id da udt suong. Mtii hodng lan thoang thoang bay
trong gid ngat. Cd cdi gi diu nggt chang to d ddu ddy, khie'n chdng vuong phdi.

Sang hdm sau, Thanh da phai len tinh. Chiec va-li chang nang nhung thuc
qud bd chdng da ban cho. Thanh cam mfi diing nghe ldi khuyen bao an can eiia
bd dudi gian hoa II. Chang vdn be qua vd lai di xa.

Tdi cdng, Thanh cdn diing lai nhin cay hodng lan va cdc cdy khdc trong vudn.
Rdi chang budc ra di mia budn ma lai niia vui. Thanh nghi den can nha nhu mdt
noi mat me va sung sudng de chang thudng vl nghi sau viec lam. Va Thanh biet
rdng Nga se vdn dpi chdng, vdn nhd mong chang nhu ngay trudc. Mdi mtia cd lai
gidt hodng lan trong mai tdc de tudng nhd miii huong.

(Luge trich tu Tuyen tap Thach Lam,
NXB van hge, Hd Ngi, 1988. T6n doan trich do NBS dat)

77

TAM DAI CON GA

(Truyen eudi)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

I Hieu dugc mau thudn trai tu nhien trong each
ii-ng phd ciia nhan vat "thdy" trong truyen.

1 Tha'y dugc cai hay ciia nghe thuat "nhan vat tu
bdc 16".

TIEU O A N

Tmyen cudi cd hai loai: truyen khoi hdi va truyen trdo phiing. Tmyen khdi hai chu yeu
nhdm muc dich giai tri (song vdn cd y nghia giao due). Truyen trao phiing cd muc dich phe
phan. Ddi tugng phe phan phan ldn la cac nhan vat thudc tang ldp tten ttong xa hdi ndng thdn
Viet Nam xira. Ciing cd khd nhieu truyen cudi phe phan thdi hu tat xau ttong ndi bd nhan dan.

Tam dai con gd va Nhung no phdi bdng hai mdy la nhirng truyen cudi thudc loai ttao
phung, phe phan thay dd ddt va quan lai tham nhfing.

VAN BAN

Xua, cd anh hge trd hgc hdnh ddt ndt, nhung trd ddi "xau hay lam tdt, ddt hay
ndi chu'^'", di dau eung len mat van hay chfi tdt.

Cd ngudi tudng anh ta hay chii that, mdi ddn vl day tre.
Mdt hdm, day sdch Tam thiin tu '2', sau chfi "tudc" la chim se, den chii "ke" la
ga, thay thay mat chfi nhilu net rdc rdi, khdng biet chfi gi, hpc trd lai hdi gap, thay
cudng, ndi lieu: "Du di Id eon du di'^'". Thay cfing khdn, sg nha sai, ngudi nao biet
thi xdu hd, mdi bao hpe trd dpc khe, tuy vay, trong ldng vdn thap thdm.
Nhan trong nhd cd bdn thd thd cdng'*', thay mdi den khaii tham xin ba ddi am
duong'^' de xem chfi ay cd phai that la "du di" khdng. Thd cdng eho ba dai dugc ca ba

(1) Ndi cha: ndi bang tir Han. Ngudi xua hgc chfi Hdn. Ndi dugc bdng tir Hdn ehiing td ngirdi cd
trinh do hge van.

(2) Tam thien tu: ba nghin ehfr, sdch day chfi Hdn cho tte em thdi xua.
(3) Du di: loai chim an thit, cfing hg vdi eii nhung ldn hon, ed ti6iig k6u "thu thi, thii thi".
(4) Thd cong: than cai quan dat dai trong mdt khu vuc.
(5) Ddi dm duang: cai de tien bdng gd, eao khoang 20 - 30 cm, tt6n de mdt cai dia ed hai ddng

tign ehinh (ti6n cd cua Viet Nam), quy dinh mdt mat Id ngiia, mgt mat la sap. Khi xin am
duong, ngudi xin phdi thdp hirang khan, sau dd cam hai ddng tien gio len tha cho roi vao long
dia, ne'u mgt ngira, mgt sap Id dugc than ung thudn. Mdi lan xin nhu vay ggi la mgt dai. Ngudi
xin am duong ehi dugc phep xin ba lan (tiie ba dai). V6 sau, khdng can ddi, ngudi ta ehi dimg
dia de tiia ddng xu nhung vdn ggi la xin ddi dm duong.

78

Thay vay, thdy lay lam ddc chi ldm, hdm sau be ve ngdi tren giudng, bdo tre dpc
cho to. Trd vang ldi thay, gan cd len gao :

- Dii di la con dti di... Dii di Id con du di...
Bd ehiing dang eudc dd't ngoai vudn, nghe tie'ng hpc, ngac nhien bd cudc chay
vao, gid sdch ra xem, hdi thdy:
- Chet chiia ! Chii "ke" Id ga, sao thdy lai day ra "dii di" la eon "dti di" ?
Bay gid thdy mdi nghi tham : "Minh da dd't, thd cdng nhd nd cung dd't niia",
nhung nhanh tri thdy vdi ndi go:
- Tdi vdn bie't chii ay Id chfi "ke", md "ke" nghia Id "gd", nhung tdi day the Id
day cho chau bie't den tan tam dai'^' eon gd kia.
Nhd chu cdng khdng hieu, hdi:
- Tam dai con gd la nghia lam sao ?
- The nay nhe! Du di la con dti di, dti di la chi eon cdng, eon cdng la dng con ga!

(Theo TRUONG CHINH - PHONG CHAU, Tieng cuoi ddn gian Viet Nam,
NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hd Ngi, 1986)

HU^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Tim hieu mdu thudn trdi tu nhien d nhan vat "thay" (anh hpc trd dd't lam thay
day tre) qua viec phan tieh ba khia canh sau :

- "Thay" hen tiep bi dat vao nhfing tinh hudng ndo ?

- "Thay" da giai quyet nhfing tinh hudng dd ra sao ?

- Trong qud trinh giai quye't cac tinh hudng, "thay" da tu bdc Id cdi dd't cua
minh nhu the ndo ?

2. Hay chi ra y nghia phe phan ciia truyen. (Cd phai chi phe phdn mdt ddi tupng

cu the Id anh hpe trd ddt khdng ?)

. GHI NHO .

Cai dot khong che day dugc, cang giau cang lg ra, cang lam trd cudi cho
thien ha. Nghe thuat gay eudi ciia truyen dugc khai thac tir mau thudn trai
tu nhien nay.

LUYEN TAP

Phan tich hdnh ddng vd ldi ndi ctia nhan vat "thay" de lam sang td thu phap
gay cudi trong truyen.

(1) Tam dai: ba ddi.

79

NHUNG NO PHAI BANG HAI MAY.

(Truyen cudi)

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Tha'y dugc thai do ciia nhan dan ddi vdi ban chat
tham nhung cua quan lai dja phuong va tinh
canh bi hai ciia nguai lao dgng lam vao viec kien
tung trong xa hgi nong thon Viet Nam xua.

• Ndm dugc nghe thuat gay cudi ciia truyen.

VAN BAN

Lang kia ed mdt vien h trudng ndi tieng xii kien gidi.
Mdt hdm np, Cdi vdi Ngd ddnh nhau, rdi mang nhau di kien. Cai sg kem the,
Idt trude eho thdy li nam ddng. Ngd blen'^' ehe la nhting mudi ddng. Khi xii kien,
thdy n ndi:
- Thdng Cdi danh thdng Ngd dau ban, phat mdt chue roi.
Cdi vol xoe nam ngdn tay, ngang mat nhin thay li, khe bam :
- Xin xet lai, le phai vl con m a !
Thdy U cdng xoe nam ngdn tay trdi tip len tren nam ngdn tay mat'^', ndi:
- Tao bie't may phai... nhung nd lai phdi... bdng hai may!

(Theo Tieng cuoi ddn gian Viet Nam, Sdd)

HO^G DAN HOC BAI

L Phan ti'ch tinh kich trong doan "Cdi vdi xoe nam ngdn tay... bdng hai mdy".
Chii y : a) Quan he giiia hai nhdn vat: Cai vd thay li.
b) Su ke't hgp gifia ldi ndi vd ddng tdc eiia hai nhan vat tren.

2. Phan tich nghe thuat gdy cudi qua ldi ndi ciia thay U a cudi truyen.
3. Anh (chi) ddnh gid nhu the ndo vl nhan vat Ngd va Cai.

, GHI NHO .

Bdng su ke't hgp lai noi vdi cir chi, Idi chai chu dgc dao, truyen da vach trdn
Idi xir kien vi tien ciia quan lai. Ngudi lao ddng trong trudng hgp nay cung
lam vao tinh canh bi hai, vira dang thuang vira dang trach.

LUYEN TAP
Hay phdn tich ea hai truyen cudi da hgc de ldm ro cac dac tnmg cua the loai

truyen cudi.

(1) Bien : sam sira (16 vat hodc tien bac) de dang, bieu.
(2) Tay mat : tay phai.

80

V l i T BAI LAM VAN SO 2 : VAN TU SU

KET Q U A CAN DAT ~

Bie't van dung kien thirc va kT nang da hgc,
vie't dugc mgt bai van tu su cd sir dung cac
yeu td mieu ta va bieu cam.
^s

I - HU6NG DAN CHUNG

1. On lai dac diem chung ctia phuang thiic ttr str da dugc hgc d THCS :
TusuCke chuyin) Id phuong thiic trinh bdy mptchuoi cdc su viec [...]. Tusugiupngudi
kegidi thieh su viec, tim hieu con ngudi, neu vdn di vd bdy td thdi dp khen, chi.^^^

2. On lai nhiing kie'n thiic da hgc : lap ddn y; chgn su viee, chi tiet tieu bleu ; ke't
hop su dung cac yeu td mieu td vd bleu cam trong bdi van tu sir.

II-GOIYDEBAI

L Ke lai mdt truyen cd tich hoac mdt truyen ngdn md anh (chi) yeu thieh (vi du :
Sp Dita, Ben qui, Nhiing ngdi sao xa xdi,...).

2. Hay tudng tupng minh la Xi-mdng, ke lai truyen Bdcua Xi-mdng.
3. Sau khi tu tii d gieng Loa Thdnh, xud'ng thuy eung, Trpng Thuy da tim gap lai

Mi Chdu. Hay tudng tugng vd ke lai cdu chuyen dd.
4. Ke lai mdt ki niem sau sdc ciia anh (chi) vl tinh cam gia dinh hoac tinh ban,

tinh thay trd theo ngdi ke thii nhat.

Ill - GOn Y CACH L A M BAI

1. Suy nghi kl ve de tai phai viet, sao cho cau chuyen neu duge mdt van dl cd
y nghia sau sdc.

2. Lap dan y
Sau khi chpn dugc dl tai, can hinh dung cau ehuyen dinh ke diln ra nhu the
nao dl xdy dtmg cdt truyen : cd nhfing nhan vat ndo, nhfing su viec gi, gdm
nhung chi tiet ndo, thii tu cac su viec, chi tiet ra sao,... Lap dan y cho bdi viet
theo bd cue ba phan: md bai, than bdi, ke't bdi.

3. Sau khi lap dan y, can tap trung tu tudng de lam bdi; chii y ke't hgp cdc yeu td
mieu td va bieu cdm de cau chuyen them sinh ddng, hdp ddn.

4. Viet xong, nen dpc lai de bo sung hoac sua chiia nhiing ldi vl chinh ta, dung ttr,
dat cau,...

(1) Ngu vdn 6, tdp mdt, Sdd.

81

CA DAO THAN THAN,
YEU THUONG TINH NGHlA

KET QUA CAN OAT-

Cam nhan dugc tieng hat than than va Idi ca
yeu thuang tinh nghTa ciia nguai binh dan
trong xa hgi phong kie'n qua nghe thuat dam
mau sac dan gian ciia ca dao.

Tran trgng ve dep tam hdn ngudi lao dgng va
yeu quy nhung sang tac ciia hg.

^

TIEUDAN V

Ca dao didn ta ddi sd'ng tam hdn, tu tudng, tinh cam ctia nhan dan trong cac quan he lira
ddi, gia dinh, que huong, da't nudc,... Ra ddi trong xa hgi cfi, ca dao trfi tinh la nhitng tieng
hdt than thdn, nhiing ldi ca yeu thuang tinh nghia cat len tir cudc ddi cdn nhieu xdt xa, cay
ddng nhung ddm thdm an tinh eua ngudi binh dan Viet Nam sau luy tre xanh, ben gieng
nudc, gdc da, san dinh,... Ben canh dd, cdn cd nhitng bdi ca dao hdi hudc the hien tinh than
lac quan ciia ngudi lao ddng.

Ca dao cd nhfing dac diem nghe thuat rieng, khac vdi tho cua van hgc vie't. Ldi ca dao
thudng ngdn, phan ldn dat theo the luc bat hoac luc bat bien the, ngdn ngfi gdn giii vdi ldi ndi
hdng ngay, giau hinh anh so sanh, an du va dac biet la ldi dien dat bang mdt so cdng thiic
mang dam sdc thai dan gian.

Canh hat ddi tai den Vang (Gia Lde, Hai Duong) trong ngay le hgi 7 - 2 am lich
82

VAN BAN

Than em nhu ta'm lua dao
Phat pha giiia chg biet vdo tay ai.

Than em nhu cii au gai
Rudt trong thi trdng vd ngodi thi den.

Ai oi, nem thii ma xem !
Nem ra, mdi bie't rdng em nggt btii.

Treo len cay khe niia ngdy,
Ai ldm chua xdt ldng nay, khe oi !

Mat trang sanh vdi mat trdi,
Sao Hdm'^' sdnh vdi sao Mai'^' chdng chdng.

Minh oi! Cd nhd ta chang ?
Ta nhu sao Vugt'^' chd trang giiia trdi.

Khan thuang nhd ai,
Khan roi xud'ng da't.
Khan thuong nhd ai.
Khan vdt len vai.
Khan thuong nhd ai,
Khan chili nude mat.
Den thuang nhd ai.
Ma den kh^ng tdt.
Mdt thuong nhd ai,
Mdt ngu khdng yen.
Dem qua em nhiing lo philn,
Lo vi mdt ndi khdng yen mdt bl...

Udc gi sdng rdng mdt gang,
Bde cau dai yem de chdng sang choi.

Mudi ba nam mudi dang cdn man
Gung chin thdng gtmg hay cdn cay
Ddi ta nghia nang tinh day
Cd xa nhau di nfia cfing ba van sdu ngan ngay mdi xa.

(Vf) NGOC PHAN, Tuc ngd, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam,
NXB Khoa hgc xa hdi, in lan diii 8, Hd Ndi, 1978)

(1), (2), (3) Sao Hom, sao Mai, sao Vicat: d^u chi mgt ngdi sao (tiic sao Kim) d cdc thdi diem khdc nhau.
Mgc sdm tvr budi chieu nen ggi Id sao Hdm, d6'n sdng hdm sau lai hien ra tr6n -bau trdi n6n ggi la
sao Mai. Cd khi sao Hdm vugt len den dinh eua bau trdi (n6n edn ggi la sao Vugt) thi trang mdi mgc.

83

H U 6 N G DAN HOC BAI

1. Bai 1,2

a) Hai ldi than thdn diu md dau bdng Thdn em nhu... vai am dieu xdt xa, ngam
ngui. Ngudi than than la ai vd than phan hg nhu the ndo ?

b) Than phdn cd net chung nhung ndi dau cua tung ngudi lai mang sdc thai
rieng duge diln ta bdng nhfing hinh anh so sdnh, an du khdc nhau. Anh
(ehi) cam nhdn dugc gi qua mdi hinh anh ? (Chfi y md'i hen he gifia tdm lua
ddo vdi phdt pho giiia chp biet vdo tay ai; gifia rupt trong thi trdng vdi vd
ngodi thi den.)

Trong ndi dau dd, ta van thay net dep ciia hg. Dd la net dep gi va nd dugc
an chiia trong ldi than than nhu the nao ?

2. Bai 3

a) Cdch md dau bdi ca dao nay ed gi khac vdi hai bai tren ? Anh (chi) hieu ttr
"ai" trong cau "Ai lam ehua xdt ldng nay, khe oi!" nhu the ndo ?

b) Mac dau la duyen, tinh nghia vdn bin vfing, thuy chung. Dilu dd dugc ndi
len bdng mdt he thd'ng so sanh, an du nhu the nao ? Vi sao cac tdc gia dan
gian lai lay nhfing hinh anh ciia thien nhien, vfi tru de khang dinh tinh nghia
cua con ngudi ?

c) Phan tich de lam ro ve dep eiia cau cudi "Ta nhu sao Vupt chd trang gifia
trdi" (xem ki ehii thich).

3. Bai 4 : Thuong nhd vdn la mdt tinh cam khd hinh dung - nha't la thuong nhd
ngudi yeu - vay md trong bai ca dao nay, nd lai dugc diln ta mdt each that cu
the, thih te vd gpi cam. Dd la nhd thu phdp gi va thii phdp dd da tao dugc hieu
qua nghe thudt nhu the ndo (phdn ti'ch them each gieo van trong the tha bdn
tieng ciia bdi ca dao) ?

4. Bdi 5 : Chiec cdu - ddi yem la mdt hinh anh nghe thuat chi cd trong ca dao,
ndi len udc mud'n manh liet ciia ngudi binh dan trong tinh yeu. Hay phdn tich
de lam ro ve dep ddc ddo cua hinh anh nghe thuat nay (cd the so sanh vdi
nhfing huih dnh chiec cdu khdc trong ca dao vl tinh yeu).

5. Bdi 6 : Vi sao khi ndi den tinh nghia cua con ngudi, ca dao lai dtmg hinh anh
mudi - gtmg ? Phan tich y nghia bieu tugng va gid tri bieu cam cua hinh anh
ndy trong bai ca dao vd tim them mdt so cau ea dao khac cd sii dung hinh anh
mudi - gtmg de minh hoa.

6. Qua chtim ea dao da hgc, anh (ehi) thay nhfing bien phap nghe thuat nao
thudng duge dting trong ca dao ? Nhiing bien phdp dd cd net gi khdc so vdi
nghe thuat tho ctia van hgc vie't ?

84

GHI NHO
Ndi niem chua xot, ddng cay va tinh cam yeu thuang chung thuy ciia ngudi
binh dan trong.xa h6i cu duge bgc lg chan tinh va sau sac qua chiim ca dao
than than, yeu thuang tinh nghTa. Nghe thuat dan gian da to dam them ve dep
tam hdn ciia ngudi lao dgng trong cac cau ca.

LUYEN TAP
1. Tim 5 bdi ca dao md dau bdng Thdn em nhu... va phan biet sdc thdi y nghia

cua chiing.
2*. Tim them nhfing bdi ca dao ndi vl ndi nhd nguai yiu, vl cdi khdn de thay bdi

Khdn thuong nhaai vtra nam trong he thd'ng ctia cdc bai ca dao dd lai vtra cd vi
tri dac biet, ddc ddo rieng. Ttr dd, h giai y nghia cdu tha ciia Nguyin Khoa
Diim : "Dat nudc la noi em ddnh roi chiec khan trong ndi nhd thdm" (trich
trudng ca Mat duang khdt vpng).

85

DAC DIEM CUA NGON NGU NOI
VA NGON NGU VIET

K^T QUA CAN DAT -
• Nhan ro dac diem, cac mat thuan Igi, han che

ciia ngdn ngir ndi va ngon ngtr viet de diln dat
tdt khi giao tiep.
• Cd kT nang trinh bay Idi noi hoac viet van bdn
phu hgp vai dac diem eiia ngon ngCr noi va
ngon ngir viet
^

Thud ban ddu, loai ngudi trao ddi y nghi, tinh cam vdi nhau bdng ngdn ngfi ndi.
Sau nay khi sdng tao ra chti viet, ngudi ta dung chfi viet ctmg vdi tieng ndi de thdng
tin vdi nhau. Chii vie't ra ddi ddnh dau mdt bude phdt trien mdi trong lich sii van
minh nhan loai, va tu dd hinh thdnh hai dang: ngdn ngii ndi vd ngdn ngfi viet.

I - D A C DIEIVI CUA NGON NGiJrNdi

1. Ngdn ngfi ndi la ngdn ngfi dm thanh. Id ldi ndi trong giao tie'p hdng ri'gay, d do
ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe tiep xiic trtre tiep vdi nhau, cd the luan phien nhau
trong vai ndi vd vai nghe. Do dd, trong giao tie'p bdng ngdn ngii ndi, ngudi nghe
cd the cd phan hdi de ngudi ndi dilu chinh, sua ddi. Mat khac, do su giao tiep
bdng ngdn ngfi ndi dien ra tiic thdi, mau le nen ngudi ndi It cd dilu kien lua
chpn, gpt gifia cdc phuong tien ngdn ngfi, vd ngudi nghe cfing phai tiep nhdn,
linh hdi kip thdi. It ed dilu kien suy ngdm, phdn tich kl.

2. Ngdn ngfi ndi rd't da dang vl ngfi dieu : gipng ndi ed the cao hay thap, nhanh
hay cham, manh hay ye'u, lien tuc hay ngdt quang,... Ngfi dieu la yeu td quan
trpng gdp phan bdc Id vd bd sung thdng tin. Ddng thdi trong ngdn ngii ndi cdn
cd su phdi hpp gifia dm thanh, gipng dieu vdi ede phuang tien hd trg nhu net
mat, anh mdt, cii chi, dieu bd,... eua ngudi ndi.

3. Trong ngdn ngfi ndi, tti ngfi dugc sii dung kha da dang, cd nhfing ldp ttr ngfi
mang tinh khau ngfi, cd cd nhfing ttr ngii dia phuang, cdc tieng ldng, cac biet
ngii, ede trg ttr, than ttr, cac ttr ngii dua day, chem xen,... Vl cau, ngon ngii
ndi thudng dting cdc hinh thiic tinh luge, tham ehi chi cdn mdt ttr (nhat la

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trong ddi thoai) ; nhung nhilu khi eau ndi lai rudm rd, cd ye'u td du thira,
trung lap, vi ldi ndi dugc tao ra tiie thdi, khdng cd dilu kien ggt giua, hoac
do ngudi ndi ed y lap lai de ngudi nghe cd the tie'p nhdn, Hnh hdi thau ddo
ndi dung giao tiep.

Can phan biet ndi vd dpc (thdnh tie'ng) mdt van ban. Dpc (thdnh tie'ng) cfing
phdt ra am thanh de mpi ngudi nghe, nhung le thudc vdo van ban de'n ttmg ddu
chain, da'u phay. Cho nen dpc chi Id hdnh ddng phdt dm mdt van ban vie't,
nhung ngudi dpc cd gdng tan dtmg nhfing uu the cua ngdn ngii ndi (ngfi dieu)
de diln cam.

11 - DAC DIEM CUA NGON NGUfVIET

1. Ngdn ngfi vie't dugc the hien bdng chfi viet trong van ban vd dugc tiep nhan
bdng thi giac. Cho nen mud'n viet vd dgc van ban, ea ngudi viet va ngudi dgc
phai bie't cdc ki hieu chfi vie't, cdc quy tde ehinh ta, cdc quy cdch td chiic van
ban. Mat khdc, khi vidt ngudi viet cd dieu kien suy ngdm, lira chgn, ggt gifia,
cdn khi dgc (do chfi vie't dugc luu gifi dn dinh) ngudi dgc ed dilu kien dgc lai,
phan tich, nghien ngdm de Hnh hdi thau ddo. Cfing nhd su ghi chep bdng chfi
trong van ban md ngdn ngfi viet den dugc vdi ddng dao ngudi dgc trong pham
vi khdng gian rdng ldn vd thdi gian ldu ddi.

2. Ngdn ngfi viet tuy khdng cd ngfi dieu vd su phdi hpp cua cac ye'u td hd trg nhu
net mat, cii chi, dieu bd,... nhung nd dugc su hd trg cua he thd'ng da'u cau, cua
cdc ki hieu van tu, eiia cdc hinh anh minh boa, cac bang bleu, so do,...

3. Trong ngdn ngfi vie't, ttr ngii dugc lira chpn, thay the nen ed dilu kien dat dupe
tinh chinh xac. Ddng thdi, tuy thudc vdo phong cdch ngdn ngfi cua van bdn ma
ngudi viet sir dung vdi tan so cao ede ttr ngii phu hpp vdi ttmg phong edeh.
Nhin chung, trong van ban viet, ngudi ta trdnh dting cac ttr ngii mang tinh
khau ngQ, cdc ttr ngfi dia phuang, cac tie'ng ldng, tie'ng tiie,... Vl cau, trong ngdn
ngii vie't thudng cd nhfing cdu ddi, nhieu thdnh phdn nhung duge td ehiic
mach lac, chat che nhd cdc quan he ttr vd su sdp xep ede thanh phan phti hpp.

Chu y: Trong thue te su dung ngdn ngfi, cd hai trudng hgp :

- Ngdn ngfi ndi duge ghi Iqi bdng chii vii't trong van ban. VI du : van ban
truyen cd ldi ndi eua ede nhan vdt, bdi bdo ghi lai cudc phdng van hoac cudc
toa dam, bdi ghi lai cudc ndi chuyen,... Trong trudng hgp ndy, van ban viet
nhdm mue dich the hien ngdn ngfi ndi trong nhfing bleu hien sinh ddng, cu
the, vd khai thdc nhung uu the ciia nd.

- Ngdn ngfi vie't trong van ban dugc trinh bdy lai bdng ldi ndi mieng. VI du :
thuyet trinh trude hdi nghi bdng mdt bao cdo da vie't sdn, ndi trudc cdng

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ehiing theo mdt van bdn,... Trong trudng hgp nay, ldi ndi tan dung dugc
nhfing uu the ciia ngdn ngfi viet (cd su suy ngam, lua chpn, sdp xep,...), ddng
thdi vdn cd sir phdi hpp eua cae yeu td hd trg trong ngdn ngfi ndi (ngfi di$u,
cii chi, dieu bd, net mat,...).

Ngoai hai trudng hgp tren, can tranh s\r ldn ldn gifia ngdn ngii viet va
ngdn ngfi ndi: trdnh dung nhiing ye'u td dac thu ctia ngdn ngfi ndi trong
ngdn ngfi viet va ngugc lai.

r.HI NHO \

Ngon ngii noi va ngon ngir vie't c d nhirng dac diem ve hoan canh sir dung
trong giao tie'p, ve cac phuang tien co ban va yeu to hd trg, ve ttr ngir va
cau van. Vi the can noi va V et cho phii hgp vdi cac dac diem rieng dd.

III - LUYEN TAP

1. Phan tich dac diem eiia ngdn ngii viet the hidn trong doan trich sau :
Oddy phdi chu y ba khdu:
Mdt Id phdi gid gin vd phdt trien vdn chd cua tieng ta (tdi khdng mudn dung

chii "tit vung").
Hai Id ndi vd vietdungphep tdc cua tiengta (tdi mudn thay chii "ngUphdp")
Ba Id giic gin bdn sdc, tinh hoa, phong cdch cua tieng ta trong mpi the vdn

(vdn nghe, chinh tri, khoa hpe, kl thudt...).

(Pham Vdn Ddng, Giti gin su trong sdng cdatiengVi$t)

Gpi y : Chii y he thdng thuat ngfi, su lua chgn va thay the ttr, cac dau cau,
viec tach ddng khi trinh bdy, viee dung cdc ttr ngfi chi thii ttr trinh bay,...
2. Phan tich nhfing dac diem cua ngdn ngtr ndi (ttr ngfi trong ldi ndi ca nhan, sir
mieu ta cii ehi, dieu bd, sir thay phien vai ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe,...) dugc ghi lai
trong doan trich sau :
Chu tdm hdn cung chdng cd y chdng gheo cd ndo, nhung mdy cd gdi Iqi cu
ddy vai cd a ndy ra vdi hdn, eudi nhu ndc ne:
-Kia anh dygpi! Cd mudn dn com trdng mdy gid thi ra ddyxe bd vdi anh dy!
Thi cong cdn:
- Cd khd'i cam trdng mdy gid ddy! Ndy, nhd tdi oi, ndi that hay ndi khoac dd

88

Trdng ngodi cd lai vudt mo hdi trin mat cudi:
- That ddy, cd ddy thi ra mau lin!
Thi vung dung day, ton ton chqy lai ddy xe eho Trdng.
- Dd that thi ddy chu sagi, ddng dy nhi. - Thi liic mdt, cudi tit

(Kim Ldn, Va nhdt)

3. Phdn tich ldi va chiia lai cdc cau dudi day cho phu hpp vdi ngdn ngfi viet.
a) Trong thaca Viet Nam thi da cd nhiiu buc tranh mua thu dep hi'ty.
b) Cdn nhu mdy mdc, thidt bi do nuoc ngodi dua vdo gdp vdn thi khdng duoc
kiem sodt, hp sdn sdng khai vdng lin den muc vd tpi vq.
c) Cd, rua, ba ba, ech nhdi, chim 6gdn nuoc thi nhucd, vac, vit, ngdng,... thi cd
dc, tdm, cua,... chung chdng chita ai sdt.

89

CA DAO HAI HUOC

K^TQUACANDAT-
Cam nhan dugc tieng cudi lac quan trong ca dao
qua nghe thuat trao long thong minh, hdm hinh
ciia ngudi binh dan cho dii cudc sdng cua hg
cdn nhilu vdt va, lo toan.

VAN BAN

- Cudi ndng, anh toan ddn'^' voi,
Anh sg qudc cam'^', nen voi khdng ban.

Ddn trau, sg hg mdu hdn'^',
Ddn bd, sg hg nhd nang co gan.

Miin Id ed thii bdn chan,
Ddn con chudt beo, mdi dan, mdi ldng.

- Chang ddn the, em lay ldm sang,
Na nao em lai pha ngang nhu Id...

Ngudi ta thach''*' lgn thdch gd,
Nhd em thdch cudi mdt nhd khoai lang :

Cu to thi de mdi lang,
Cdn nhu cii nhd, hp hdng an choi.

Bao nhieu cii me, chang oi !
De cho eon tre an choi giti nhd;

Bao nhieu cii rim, eu hd'^',
De cho con lgn, eon gd nd an...

(1) Ddn : ddn cudi (nhd trai dem 16 vdt de'n nop eho nha gai).
(2) Quoc cdm : nhd nudc cam tdng trfi, mua ban, sir dung.
(3) Mdu hdn: {hdn: lanh) mau lanh; theo quan niem ddn gian, thit trdu thudc loai thiic in "lanh",

ngudi cd "mdu ban" dn d6 dau bung.
(4) Thdch: thdch cudi, yeu cau eua nhd gai ddi vdi nhd ttai ve tien cudi vd 16 vdt (thudng la ddi qua

eao nen dung chfi thdch). Ngdy nay, viec thdch eudi (vd ddn cudi) khdng cdn nang n^ nhu xua
ma ehi Id thu tue de ghi nhan ngdy vui, su gdn bd gifia hai hg.
(5) Cu rim : khoai lang bi ung nude, ben trong didm thdi. Ciihd-.cu khoai bi con hd, mdt loai sdu
cdnh cung, ki sinh trong dd, ldm eho khoai hdng.

90

Ldm trai cho ddng siie trai,
Khom lung chdng gdi, gdnh hai hat vimg.

Chdng ngudi di ngugc vl xudi,
Chdng em ngdi bep sd dudi eon meo.

Ld mtii mudi tdm gdnh ldng,
Chdng yeu chdng bdo rau rdng trdi eho.

Dem ndm thi ngdy o o...
Chdng yeu chdng bao ngdy cho vui nhd.

DI chg thi hay an qud,
Chdng yeu chdng bdo vl nha da com.

Tren dau nhiing rdc cung rom,
Chdng ydu chdng bao hoa thom rdc dau !

{Tuc ngir, ca dao, ddn ca Viet Nam, Sdd)

HUioniG DAN HOC BAI

1. Bai 1: Day Id ldi dd'i dap vui dtia eiia nam nfi thudng thay trong ca dao. Nd dem
den cho ta mdt tieng eudi mang y nghia nhdn sinh sau sdc. Hay dgc ki bdi ca
dao vd eho biet:
- Viec ddn cudi vd thdch cudi d day cd gi khac thudng ? Cdch ndi eiia chdng
trai vd cd gdi ed gi dac biet ? Ttr dd, anh (chi) hay neu cam nhan cua minh
vl tieng cudi cua ngudi lao ddng trong cdnh ngheo. (Cudi ai, cudi vl dilu gi ?
Tieng cudi dd cd y nghia nhu the ndo ?)
- Bai ca dao cd gigng dieu hdi hudc di ddm, ddng yeu la nhd nhfing ye'u td
nghe thuat nao ?

2. Cdc bdi 2, 3, 4 : Tieng cudi trong ba bai ca dao nay cd gi khdc vdi tieng cudi d
bdi 1 ? Tdc gid dan gian cudi nhfing con ngudi ndo trong xa hdi, nhdm muc dich
gi, vdi thdi dd ra sao ? Trong cdi ehung dd, mdi bdi lai cd net rieng the hien nghe
thuat trao long sdc sao cua ngudi binh dan. Hay phan tich ldm ro ve dep rieng
cua mdi bai ca dao.

3. Nhfing bien phap nghe thuat nao thudng duge sii dung trong ca dao hdi hudc ?

91

^ GHI NHO
Bdng nghe thuat trao long thong minh, hom hinh, nhirng tieng cuai dac sdc
trong ca dao - tieng cudi giai tri, tieng cuai tutrao (tu cudi minh) va tieng cudi
cham biem, phe phan - the hien tam hdn lac quan yeu ddi va triet li nhan sinh
lanh manh trong cugc sdng cdn nhieu vat va, lo toan eiia ngudi binh dan.

LUYEN TAP
1. Neu cam nghi vl ldi thach cudi ciia cd gdi : Nhd em thdch cuai mdt nhd

khoai lang. Qua dd, anh (chi) thay tieng cudi tu trao ciia ngudi lao ddng trong
canh ngheo ddng yeu, dang tran trpng d chd nao ?
2. Suu tam nhiing bdi ca dao hdi hudc phe phdn thdi ludi nhdc, le la an qua,
nghien ngap rugu che ; te nan tao hdn, da the ; phe phan thay bdi, thay ciing,
thay dia li, thay phu thuy trong xa hdi cd.

92

.D^CTHEM, LOI T l i N D A N

(Trich Tiin ddn ngudi yiu - truyen t h o dan tdc Thdi)

TIEU O A N

Tiin dan ngudi yeu (Xong chu xon xao)

cua dan tde Thai la mdt truyen tho ndi tieng

trong kho tang tmyen tha cac dan tdc thieu

sd. Vdi 1846 cau tha, Ti&n dan ngudi yeu la

ldi nhan vat Uong cudc ke lai cau chuyen

tinh yeu -hdn nhan cua vg chdng minh. Hai

ngudi vdn lam ban vdi nhau tir thdi tha au.

Ldn len, hg yeu nhau. Nhimg khi chang trai Tranh bia 1 cudn Tikn ddn ngudi yeu
nhd ngudi lam md'i din den xin cho d re thi

cha me cd gai gat phdt. Hg dang lo Idng (NXB Vdn hod ddn toe, 1977)

chua bie't tinh sao thi mdt anh chang la de'n

xin lam re. Ddu ke nay chuan bi Id vat cau tha, iing xii vira hen ha vita thieu Id do nhung cha

me cd gdi vi tdi mdt trudc tien bac, da vdi bdng Idng. Chang trai dau khd bd nha ra di, quye't

lam giau rdi se trd ve xin cudi cd gai. Cd gai d lai kien tam chd dgi ngudi yeu. Het han d re'",

ngudi kia xin cudi. Diing liic dd, chang Uai trd ve va da giau cd, nhung gid cd gai thudc ve ke

khac mat rdi. Anh dau ddn di theo tidn ddn ngudi yeu da cting gan bd tir lau. Theo ldi chang

trai dan, cd gai cd lam ra ve vung ve, khien nha chdng chan ma tra cd ve nhd cha me. Nhung

cd gai lien bi cha me bdn vao cira nha quan. That vgng qua, cd cang dau khd, phd phdch

manh h a n : "Gia gao - quang chay; Phoi thdc - chiii san, mdng cdt; Da xdi - quat mam va"

cdt sao dugc trd ve cho gia dinh. Nhung nha quan da mua diit cd rdi, khdng the tra lai.

Hg dua cd ra chg ban, nhung chdng ai budn hdi de'n. Tan chg, de khdi dem cd gdi ve, hg ddi

cd lay mgt cudn la dong. Ngudi ddi dugc cd gai ngd dau... chinh la ngudi yeu thud trudc.

(1) Ngudi Thai xua ed tue d re : trudc khi lay dirge cd gdi lam vg, chdng uai phai qua hai giai doan
d re - tir 1 de'n 3 nam la re ngodi (di ldm cho nhd vg vd d nhu khach); tir 3 den 7 nam dugc lam
re trong (sdng eung vg d nhd vg). Sau do chdng ttai mdi dua vg ve nha minh.

93

Nhung chang gid da cd nha cao cua rdng, lam sao nhan ra cd gai trong than phan tdi ddi
nhech nhac, tieu tuy! Mdt ngay mua, khdng di nuong, ngdi ben bep lua, cd gdi tui phan dem
chiec dan mdi'^', ki vat tinh yeu ra thdi, ggi lai Idi the thdt thud nao. Chang trai bang hoang
nhan ra ngudi yeu va quye't s6 ddi tai san dua ti6n ngudi vg ve nha cha me, rdi hg cudi nhau
cho trgn ldi udc cu: "Khdng lay dugc nhau khi mua ha, ta se lay nhau miia ddng; Khdng lay
dugc nhau thdi trd, ta se lay nhau khi ggd bua ve gia.".

Doan trich dudi day mieu ta rat rd tam trang eua chdng trai tren dudng tiln cd gdi vl nha
chdng va phai chirng kie'n canh cd bi chinh ngudi chdng danh dap. Lai tiin dqn gdm hai do?in
ddu la ldi ciia chang trai. Doan (ldi) dau tir cdu "Quay ganh..." den"... god bua ve gid"; d o ^
(ldi) thu hai tir cau "Day di em..." de'n he't

VAN BAN

Quay ganh qua ddng rdng,
Ngudi dep anh yeu cat bude theo chdng.
Vtra di vtra ngodnh lai,
Vtra di vita ngodi trdng,
Chan budc xa long cang dau nhd.
Em tdi rtmg dt ngdt Id dt ngdi chd,
Tdi rung cd ngat la cd ngdi dgi,
Tdi rung Id ngdn'^' ngdng trdng.
Anh tdi noi, em be Id xanh em ngdi;
Dugc nhu ddi cau, anh mdi danh long quay lai,
Dugc dan ddi ldi, anh yeu em'^' mdi chiu quay di.

[...]

Xin hay cho anh kl vde manh,
Quan quanh vai u lay huong ngudi,
Cho mai sau liia xac dugm hoi'^',
Mdt lat ben em thay ldi tiln dan !

(1) Ddn moi la thti nhac eu nhd lam bdng mieng ddng mdng, ddi nhu chiec Id tte, ngam trong
mieng rdi dting tay gdy mdt dau eho rung 16n hod eiing hoi thd, tao nen dm thanh de diin d?t
tinh cdm.

(2) Di6u Chfnh Ngdu chti thfch ba cdu 6, 7, 8 nhu sau: "Ngdi tren la dt, la ca gai. Id ngdn la nhfmg
Id dgc. Y ndi mong chd ngudi yeu khdng thd'y" {Tiin ddn nguai yeu, Sdd, tt. 47).

(3) Anh yeu em : tiic "anh yeu eiia em". Trong dan ea Thdi vd trong Tiin ddn nguai yeu, nhdn vdt
ngudi eon trai thudng tu xung nhu the (eung vdy, ngudi eon gai thudng tu xung "em yeu anh").

(4) Ngudi Thdi den cd tue hod tdng (thi6u xde). Mudn xdc chdy dugm, vong hdn duge sieu thodt
theo quan niem xua cfia hg, can cd hoi huong eua ngudi thdn yeu nhat. Cung vdi thi hdi, ngudi
ta dot theo khdn, do, vdi hoac vdi ba sgi tdc cua ngudi thdn coi nhu "them dau" eho gidn hod.
Cdu tho y ndi: Khdng lay dugc nhau coi nhu sudt ddi khdng cdn cd ai thdn y6u, ddnh mugn
hoi huong da thit ngudi y6u ngay tir liic ndy de mai sau cd chet eung khdng den ndi thdnh k6
cd don, lua xac dugc nhd hoi ngay nay md chdy dugm, vong hdn dugc sieu thodt.

94

Con nhd hay dua anh dm.
Be xinh hay dua anh bdng,
Cho anh be con ddng, dtmg nguong,
Nung eon rdng, con phugng'^', dtmg budn.

[...]
"Ddi ta yeu nhau, dgi tdi thang Nam lau nd,
Dgi mtia nudc dd'^' ed vl.
Dpi chim tang Id'^' hdt gpi he.
Khdng lay dugc nhau mua ha, ta se lay nhau mua ddng,
Khdng lay dugc nhau thdi tre, ta se lay nhau khi god bua vl gid."

[...]
- "Day di em, day di em oi !
Day rii do keo bg'*'.
Day phui do keo lam !
Dau bu anh chai cho,
Tdc rdi dua anh btii hd !"
Anh chat tre vl ddt gidng dau,
Chat tre ddy, anh hun gidng gitia,
Lam'^' dng thudc nay em udng khdi dau.
Ta rdi ddi ta cting go,
To vd ta vudt lai quay guong;
Quay lai gudng gd td't edn thudn,
v l vdi ngudi ta thuong thud cti.
Chet ba nam hinh cdn treo dd ;
Che't thanh sdng, vuc nudc udng mat ldng,
Chet thdnh dat, mgc day trau xemh thdm,
Che't thdnh beo, ta trdi ndi ao chung,
Che't thdnh mudi, ta miic xud'ng cung bdt,
Che't thdnh hdn, chung mdt mdi, song song.
Hoi gdc dua yeu mpc ngodi cdn cdt,
Nudc ngap gdc ddng lui, dirng lui,
Nudc ngap rl dang binh, dtmg binh.

(1) "Con nhd", "be xinh", "con ddng" (ddng ddi), "con rdng, con phugng" la edeh ggi yeu cua
chdng trai ddi vdi eon ri6ng eiia cd gdi.

(2) Mda nuac do: mua nudc lu.
(3) Chirritdng 16: mdt lodi chim (t6n dat theo tieng keu) Idng dep, mdu xanh, hdt vdo mda ha, tieng

hdt cao vd budn.
(4) Tfi ddy xud'ng la tdm trang cua chdng ttai tai nhd chdng ed gdi, khi chiing kie'n cdnh ngudi y6u

hi nhd chdng danh dap, hdt hiii. Cdu ndy y ndi: cd gdi bi ddnh, nga xudng dat, quan do lam bui
va ede thfi sdu bg dudi dat.
(5) Lam: dun sdi ho|c nd'u chin khdng dung si6u (am) hay ndi md dfmg gidng tre, gidng niia tuoi.

95

Ddi ta yeu nhau, tinh Lii - IJa'^' man nong,
Ldi da trao thuong khdng lac mat;
Nhu ban trdu ngodi chg,
Nhu thu Ilia mudn bdng'^'.
Ldng ta thuang nhau tram ldp nghin triing.
Bin chdc nhu vang, nhu dd.
Yeu nhau, yeu trgn ddi gd cting,
Yeu nhau, yeu trgn kiep den gia,
Ta yeu nhau tan ddi gid'3', khdng rung khdng ehuyen,
Ngudi xiem xui, khdng ngodnh khdng nghe.

{Tiin dan ngudi ySu - Xdng chu xon xao),
MAC PHI dich, NXB Van hod dan tge, Hd Ngi, 1977)

HUldNG DAN DOC THEM

Todn bd doan trich Id ldi eua chang trai. Hinh anh cd gai ehi hi$n len gian tiep
qua ldi eua anh, nghia la qua cam nhan cua chang trai.

1. Diln bien tam trang eiia chang trai tren dudng tiln ngudi yeu vl nhd chdng
nhu the nao ? Hay phdn tich nhfing cau tha, nhfing ddn chting the hien tam
trang dd.

2. Phan tich nhfing eau tha md td hdnh ddng, tam trang cua cd gai tren dudng
vl nhd chdng. Cdch md ta ay bieu 1^ tinh yeu cua chang trai ddi vdi cd gai nhu
the nao ?

3. Phan tich nhfing cau tha, nhfing chi tiet the hien thai dp, cu chi an can cua
chdng trai ddi vdi cd gai trong nhfing ngay anh cdn luu lai d nha chdng cua cd.

4. Doan trich su dung rat nhilu cau tha cd dung phep diep (ttr ngfi, hinh anh,
kieu cau). Hay tim vd nhan xet gia tri bieu cam cua nhfing cau tha dd.

(1) Cdu tho su dung hinh dnh so sdnh mugn tfr tich truyen cd Chdng Lu - ndng Ua ciia ddn tge
Khdng (Xd - Tdy Bdc): Chdng Lii va ndng IJa yeu nhau tha thiet tii nhd, ldn len tJa bi cha me
cudng gd eho mgt tu trudng cd the luc. Cd hai cfing tu van, kien len d^n Trdi. Nhung chinh Trdi
lai Id ke chu muu ttong mgi chuyen. Hg hi ddy thdnh hai ngdi sao (sao Khun Lii, sao Nang IJa)
diing mdt gdc ttdi, mai mai ttdng dgi nhau md khdng dugc gdn nhau.

(2) Bdn trdu ngodi cha: ttdu ban xong khdng tim lai duge ; thu Ida muon bong: liia sau khi gdt
khdng edn biet bdng ndo eua rudng ndo.

(3) Tdn dai gio : het mgt ttdn gid (sudt tvr Me gid ndi den khi gid lang la mdt ddi gid, mgt ttdn gid).
Y cdu tho cd the hieu la gid thdi mai den khi tan md tinh y6u gifia hai ngudi vdn khdng thay ddi.

96

LUYEN TAP V l i T DOAN VAN TU SU

KET QUA CAN OAT
Hieu khai niem, ngi dung va nhiem vu cua doan
van trong van ban tu su, tir dd viet dugc cac
doan van tu su.

I - DOAN VAN TRONG VAN BAN TIT SV

1. Doan van la bd phan eiia van ban. Trong van ban tu sir, mdi doan van thudng
ed cdu neu y khdi qudt, ggi Id cdu chfi dl. Cdc edu khdc diln dat nhfing y cu the
nhdm thuyet minh, mieu td, giai thich, md rdng,... trien khai lam ro y khdi quat.

2. Mdi van ban tu su thudng gdm nhilu loai doan van vdi nhiing nhiem vu khac
nliau: doan (cdc doan) cua phdn md bai ed nhiem vu gidi thieu cdu chuyen; eae
doan dthan bdi ke diln bie'n ciia cdc su viec, chi tiet; doan (cdc doan) ket bdi ket
thiie edu chuyen, tao an tugng manh tdi suy nghi, cam xdc eiia ngudi dgc.

3. Ndi dung mdi doan van tuy khdc nhau (td canh, ta ngudi, ke sir viec,
bieu cam,...), nhung diu cd chung nhiem vu Id the hien chii d l vd y nghia cua
van ban.

II - CACH VIET DOAN V A N TRONG BAI V A N TlTSlT

1. Trong bai Lap ddn y bdi vdn tu su, chiing ta dugc nghe nhd van Nguyen Ngge
ke: "cai truyen ngdn nay se bdt ddu bdng mpt khu ritng xd nu - md tdi se ra sue
td mdt cdch hit sue tqo hinh [...] vd truyin si ki't thuc bdng mdt cdnh rirng
xd nu, nhu mdt vT tharth cti xa md dan vd bat tan [...]".

Viet Rtmgxd nu, nhd van Nguyin Trung Thdnh (tiic Nguyen Ngpc) md dau
vd ket thuc tdc pham nhu sau :

- Md dau : Ldng a trong tdm dqi bde cua don gidc. Chung nd bdn, dd thdnh
li, mdi ngdy hai ldn, hoqe budi sdng sdm vd xe chiiu, hodc diing bdng vd sdm
tdi, hodc nua dim vd tragd gdy. Hdu hit dqn dqi bdc diu rai vdo ngpn ddi xd nu
cqnh con nudc ldn. Cd rtmg xd nu hdng vqn cdy khdng cd cdy ndo khdng bi
thuang. Cd nhimg cdy bi chdt dut ngang nua thdn minh, do do do nhu mpt
trdn bdo. (J cho vet thuang, nhua ua ra, trdn tri, tham ngdo ngqt, long lanh ndng
he gay gdt, roi ddn ddn bdm lai, den vd ddc quyin Iqi thdnh timg cue mdu ldn.

4 . N G L ; V A N 10/1-A Q7
'^'

Trong rirng it cd loqi cdy sinh sdi ndy nd khoe nhu vdy. Cqnh mpt cdy xdnu mdi
ngd gue, dd cd bdn ndm cdy con mpc lin, ngpn xanh rdn, hinh nhpn mui tin lao
thdng lin bdu trdi. Cung it cd loqi cdy ham dnh sdng mat trdi den thi'. Nd phdng
len rdt nhanh detiep ldy dnh ndng, thu dnh ndng trong rirng roi tit trin cao xudng
timg luong ldn thdng tdp, ldng lanh vd sdhqt bui vdng tic nhua cdy bay ra, thom
mo mdng. Cd nhiing cdy con vica ldn ngang tdm ngue ngudi lai bi dai bdc chdt did
lam ddi. (J nhiing cdy dd, nhua cdn trong, chdt ddu cdn lodng, vet thuong khdng
lanh dupc, cu loet mdi ra, ndm muai hdm thi cdy chet Nhung cung cd nhiing cdy
vupt lin dupc ddu ngudi, cdnh Id sum si nhu nhiing con chim dd du ldng mao,
ldng vu. Dqn dqi bdc khdng giet ndi chung, nhiing vet thuong cua chung chdng
lanh nhu trin mpt thdn the cudng trdng. Chung vuot lin rdt nhanh, thay the
nhiing cdy dd ngd... Cu the hai ba ndm nay rung xd nu udn tdm ngue ldn ciia
minh ra, che chd cho ldng...

Diing trin doi xdnudy trdng ra xa, den hi't tdm mdt ciing khdng thdy gi khdc
ngodi nhiing doi xd nu nd'i tii'p tai chdn trdi.

- Ket thiic : Tnu lai ra di. Cu Mi't vd Dit dua anh ra den ciia ritng xd nu gdn
con nudc ldn. Trdn dqi bdc dim qua dd ddnh ngd bdn ndm cdy xd nu to. Nhua
ua ra d nhitng vet thuang dang dpng lai, ldng Idnh ndng he. Quanh dd vd sd
nhiing cdy con dang mpc lin. Cd nhiing cdy mdi nhu khdi mat ddt, nhpn hodt
nhu nhiing mui le.

Ba nguoi dung a ddy nhin ra xa. Din hut tdm mdt cung khdng thdy gi khdc
ngodi nhitng rtmgxd nu ndi tiep chqy den chdn trdi.

a) Theo anh (ehi), cdc doan van tren cd the hien diing nhu dtr kien eda tac gia
khdng ? Ndi dung vd gipng dieu eua cae doan van md ddu va ke't thtic ed net
gi gid'ng nhau, khac nhau ?

b) Anh (chi) hpe dugc dilu gi d each viet doan van cua Nguyen Nggc ?

2. Trong eau ehuyen vl hau than cua chi Dau d bai Lap ddn y bdi vdn tu su, mpt
ban hgc sinh da vie't nhu sau :
Vdy Id chi dupc cu vi DdngXd, vi cdi ldng qui be nhd, ngheo khd cua chi. Vita
dat cMn tai con di cao, con di chdn ngang mdy nep nhd lup xup, chi Ddu chat
nhin thdy d chdn trdi phia ddng mpt vimg hong img lin I ...I. Mpt dodn ngudi do
qudn rdch ruai, nhung net mat ai cung ho hai, tit trong ldng di ra. Ngudi cdm gdy,
ke cdm dao, cdm kiem, vac cd do, do tdi vdy lay chi. Ngudi ndng ddn khdn kho
timg chqy trdn trong cdi dim den dy bong da nudc mdt /.../. Cdnen xuc dpng, chi
Ddu dang rdng ddi cdnh tay nhu mudn dm ldy mpi ngudi, rdi nghen ngdo ndi:
- Cdch mqng thdnh cdng roi! Cd ddn tpc dd dieng day I Bd con ai, chung ta
hdy lin huyen bdt bpn quan Iqi, phd kho thdc, chia cho ddn ngheo.

a) Cd the coi ddy la doan van trong van ban tu su dugc khong, vi sao ? Theo
anh (ehi), doan van dd thudc phan ndo ciia "truyen ngdn" ma ban hpc
sinh dinh vie't ?

98

^ " 4 N G U V A N 10/1-B