Ngữ Văn 10 (Tập 1)

b) Viet doan van nay, ban hpc sinh da thdnh cdng d ndi dung nao, ndi dung
nao ban edn phan van va de trdng ? Anh ehi hay vie't tie'p vdo nhiing chd de
trdng dd (dd'u ba cham) de cting ban hodn chinh doan van dinh vie't.

Qua kinh nghiem ciia nha van Nguyen Ngpc vd thu hoach tu hai bdi tap tren,
anh (ehi) hay neu each vie't doan van trong bdi van tu su.

GHI NHO ,

• Co nhieu loai doan van trong van ban tu su. Doan (cac doan) md bai gidi
thieu cau chuyen ; cac doan than bai ke lai diln bie'n ciia cac su viec ; doan
(cae doan) ket bai ket thiic cau chuyen, tao an tugng ddi vai suy nghT, cam
xiic ciia ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe.

• Oe viet doan van tu su, can hinh dung su viec xay ra nhu the nao rdi lan lugt
ke lai diln bien ciia nd ; chii y sir dung cac phuang tien lien ket cau de doan
van dugc mach lac, chat che.

Ill - LUYEN TAP

I. Mdt doan trich (ttr Ngd vdn 9, tap hai) duge chep lai nhu sau :

Tdi dung xeng nhd ddo ddt dual qud bom. Ddt rdn. Nhimg hdn sdi theo tay
tdi bay ra hai bin. Thinh thodng ludi xeng cham vdo qud bom. Mdt tieng ddng
sdc den gai ngudi, cua vdo da thit cd gdt Cd rung minh vd bdng thdy tqi sao
minh lai qud chdm. Nhanh lin mpt ti! Vd qud bom ndng. Mpt ddu hiiu chdng
Idnh. Hodc la ndng tie bin trong qud bom. Hodc Id mat trai nung ndng.

Chi Thao thdi cdi. Nhu the Id da hai muoi phut trdi qua. Phuong Dinh cdn
than bd gdi thudc min xudng cdi Id da ddo, chdm ngdi. Ddy min ddi, cong, mim.
. Cd khod ddt roi chqy Iqi cho dn ndp cua minh.

Hoi cdi thu hai cua chi Thao. Tdi nep nguai vdo buc tudng ddt, nhin dong hd.
Khdng cd gid. Tim Phuang Dinh cung ddp khdng rd. Dudng nhu vdt duy nhdt
vdn binh tinh phat Id mpi biin ddng chung Id chii'c kim dong hd.

a) Anh (chi) cho biet doan trich tren ke su vide gi, d phdn ndo, ctia van ban tu
su ndo ?

b) Doan trich chep d day cd mdt sd sai sdt vl ngdi ke, hay chi ro nhting chd sai
dd rdi chfia lai cho hodn chinh.

c) Ttr su phdt hien vd chinh siia doan trieh tren, anh (ehi) cd them kinh nghiem
gi khi vie't doan van trong bai van tu su ?

2*. Viet mdt doan van diln td cir chi vd tam trang ciia ed gdi trong 9 cau ddu doan
trieh truyen tha Tiin dan nguai yiu.

99

ON TAP VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

KET QUA CAN OAT -
• Ciing cd, he thdng hoa cac tri thirc da hgc ve

van hgc dan gian Vi$t Nam : dac tnmg eiia van
hge dan gian, cac the loai van hgc dan gian ;
gia tri ngi dung, nghe thuat eiia cac tac pham
(hoac doan tri'eh).
• Biet van dung dac trimg cac t h i loai ciia van hgc
dan gian de phan tich cac tac pham cu the.

I - NOI DUNG ON TAP
1. Trinh bdy cae dac trung ea ban cda van hgc dan gian (minh hoa bdng cac tac

pham, doan trich da hgc).
2. Van hgc dan gian Viet Nam cd nhiing the loai gi ? Chi ra nhfing dac tnmg chu

yeu eiia cae the loai: str thi (su thi anh hung), truyin thuyet, truyen cd tich,
truyen cudi, ca dao, truyen tha (ddn chiing bdng cac tdc pham da hgc). Lap
bang tdng hgp cdc the loai theo mdu dudi day:

Truy^ dan gian Cau ndi dan gian Thoca dan gian San khau dan gian

3. Ttr ede truyen dan gian (hoac cdc doan trich) da hgc, lap bang tong hgp, so
sdnh ede the loai theo mau dudi ddy:

Thi loai Miic ^ c h Hinh thuc Noi dung Kilu nhan * D^cdilm
sdng tdc luu truyin phin dnh vdt chinh ngh$ thu$t

Sir thi (anh hiing)

Truyen thuyei

Truy6n cd tieh

Truyen eudi

100

4. a) Ca dao than thdn thudng la ldi ciia ai ? Vi sao ? Than phan eiia nhung eon
ngudi ay hien len nhu the nao, bdng nhfing so sdnh an du gi ?

Ca dao yiu thuong tinh nghia d l cap de'n nhfing tinh cam, pham chat gi
ciia ngudi lao ddng ? Vi sao hg hay nhdc de'n cdc bieu tugng cai khan, cdi eau
de bdc Id tinh yeu ; cdc bleu tugng cay da, ben nudc - con thuyin,
gtmg cay - mudi man,... de ndi len tinh nghia cua minh ?

So sdnh tieng cudi tu trdo va tieng eudi phe phdn trong ca dao hdi hudc,
ttr dd neu nhan xet vl tam hdn ngudi lao ddng trong eudc sd'ng cdn nhieu
vat va, lo toan ciia hg.

b) Neu nhfing bien phap nghe thuat thudng dugc su dung trong ca dao.

II - BAI TAP VAN DUNG

1. Dgc hai doan mieu td canh Ddm Sdn mua khiin vd doan eudi ta hinh dnh vd
sue khoe cua chdng trong doan trieh Chien thdng Mtao Mxdy. Ttr ba doan van
dd, hay cho bie't:

- Nhiing net ndi bat trong nghe thuat mieu ta nhdn vat anh hting ciia sii thi la
gi ? (Ddn chiing ttr ba doan van.)

- Nhd nhfing thu phdp dac trung dd, ve dep cua ngudi anh hung su thi da
dugc h tudng hod nhu the ndo ?

2. can cti vdo tan bi kich cua Mi Chau - Trgng Thuy trong Truyin An Duang
Vucmg vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy, hay lap bang va ghi ndi dung tra ldi theo mdu
dudi day.

Cdi Idisu that Bi kich dugc Nhftng chi tiet Ket cue Bai hgc
lichsu huc^u hoang dudng, cua bi kich rutra

kiao

3. "Dac sdc nghe thuat cua truyen the hien d sir chuyen bien cua hinh tugng nhan
vat Tam : ttr yeu dudi, thu ddng de'n kien quyet dd'u tranh gianh lai su sd'ng vd
hanh phdc cho minh" (phdn Ghi nhd truyen Tdm Cdm). Anh (chi) hay phan
tieh truyen cd tieh Tdm Cdm de lam sang td dilu dd.

101

4. can cii vdo hai truyen cudi da hgc, lap bang va ghi ndi dung tra ldi theo mdu
dudi day.

Ten truyen Ddi tugng cudi Npi dimg cvrdi Tinh hudng Cao trao de
(Curaai?) (Cudi cai gi ?) gay cuoi tieng cudi

"oa"ra

Tam dqi con gd

Nhimg nd phdi
bdng hai mdy

5. a) Diln tie'p vao sau cdc ttr md ddu Thdn em nhu... vd Chiiu chiiu... de thanh
nhfing bdi ca dao trgn ven (khdng ke cdc bai ca dao da hge):

Thdn em nhu/.../ - Chiiu chiiu /.../

Thdn em nhu/.../ - Chiiu chiiu /.../

Thdn em nhu/.../ - Chiiu chiiu /.../

Md ddu cdc bai ea dao theo cdch lap lai nhu vay cd tdc dung gi ddi vdi ngudi
nghe (dgc) ?

b) Thd'ng ke cdc hinh anh so sanh, an du trong nhfing bdi ca dao da hgc vd cho
biet ngudi binh dan thudng lay cac hinh anh dd ttr dau (giai thich h do va
neu hieu qua nghe thudt cua chiing).

c) Tim them mdt sd cdu ca dao ndi ve :
- Chile khan, chiec do.
- Ndi nhd ciia nhfing ddi liia dang yen.
- Bleu tugng cay da, ben nudc - con thuyin, gung cay - mudi man.

d) Tim them mdt sd eau ca dao hdi hudc mang lai tie'ng eudi gidi tri, mua vui
cho con ngudi trong cudc sd'ng.

6. Hay tim mdt vdi bdi tha (hoac cau tha) cua cdc nhd tha trung dai va hien dai cd
sii dting chat lieu van hpc dan gian de chiing minh vai trd cua van hpc dan gian
ddi vdi van hoc vie't.

102

Ill - CAc HiNH THIJfC HOAT DONG NGOAi GIOI HOC
Gd the chpn mdt sd hinh thiic boat ddng dudi ddy:

1. Chuyen cae van ban truyen dan gian thdnh boat cdnh de trinh diln :
a) Chien thdng Mtao Mxay
h) BI kich Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy
c) Cdc truyen cudi.

2. iSuru tam cdc tdc pham van hpc ddn gian d dia phuong vd chep vdo sd tay
van hpc.

3. Viet mdt bai thu hoach vl nhfing van d l tam dae nhd't ciia ban thdn sau khi hgc
xong phan van hgc dan gian.

TRA BAI LAM VAN SO 2

Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sol.

103

KHAI QUAT VAN HOG VIET NAM _
TU THE Ki X DEN H I T THE Kl XIX

KET QUA C A N OAT -
• Ndm dugc cac thanh phdn chii yeu va cac giai

doan phat trien ciia van hgc viet Viet Nam tir
the kl X den het the ki XIX.
• Ndm virng mgt sd dac diem Ion ve ngi dung va
hinh thirc ciia van hgc trung dai Viet Nam
trong qua trinh phat trien.
• Yeu men, tran trgng, giir gin va phat huy di san
van hoc dan toe.
^

Van hgc viet Viet Nam ttr the ki X den bet the ki XDC Id n i n van hgc tdn tai va
phdt trien trong xa hdi phong kien. Mudi the ki van hpc nay cdn dugc ggi Id vdn
hpc trung dqi.

I - CAC T H A N H P H A N C U A V A N HOC TOTTHE Kl X DEN HET THE Kl XIX

Nhin chung, van hpe Viet Nam thdi trung dai gdm hai thdnh phan ehu yeu la
vdn hpc chii Hdn vd vdn hpc chUNdm. Giai doan cud'i, van hpe chfi qt;oi, ngii xuat
hien nhung chua cd thanh tuu ddng ke.

1. Van hoc cliiif Hdn
Van hgc chfi Han bao gdm cae sang tdc bdng chii Han eiia ngudi Viet. Thanh

phan van hgc nay xua't hien sdm, tdn tai trong sudt qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phat
trien ciia van hgc trung dai, bao gdm ed tha va van xudi. Vl the loai, van hgc chu
Han chii yeu tiep thu cdc the loai van hgc ttr Trung Qude nhu chieu, bieu, hich,
cdo, truyen truyin kl, kisu, tieu thuye't chuang hdi, phii, tha cd phong, tha Dudng
ludt,... Du la tha hay van xudi, trii tinh hay tu su, chinh luan, d loai hinh nao van
hpe chu Han cung ed nhiing thanh tint nghe thuat to ldn.

104

2. Van hoc chiif Nom

Van hpe chir Nom bao gdm cac sang tac bdng chii Ndm, ra ddi mudn ban van
hpc ehii Han (khoang cud'i the ki XIII mdi xua't hien), tdn tai, phdt trien den he't
thdi ki van hpe trung dai. Van hpe chir Ndm chii yeu la tha, rd't it tae pham van
xudi. Trong van hpc chti Nom, ehi mdt sd the loai tie'p thu ttr Trung Qude nhu phu,
vdn te, tha Dudng ludt, cdn phan ldn la the loai van hpc ddn tdc nhu ngdm khuc
viet theo the song that luc bdt, truyin tha vie't theo the luc bdt, hdt ndi viet theo
the tha khd tu do cd ke't hpp vdi dm nhac, hoac the loai van hpc Trung Qudc da
dugc dan tde hod phdn nao nhu tha Dudng ludt thdt ngdn xen luc ngdn. Van hgc
chii Ndm cd nhfing thdnh tim ldn d ta't ea ede the loai ke tren.

Su tdn tai, phdt trien ctia van hgc chfi Han vd van hge chfi Ndm eho tha'y hiin
tupng song ngu o van hgc trung dai Viet Nam. Hai thdnh phdn van hgc nay
khdng dd'i lap nhau ma bd sung cho nhau trong qua trinh phdt trien ciia van hgc
dan tdc.

II - CAC GIAI DOAN PHAT TRIEN CUA V A N HOC TUT THE Kl X DEN HET THE Ki XiX

Van hge trung dai Viet Nam phat trien qua bdn giai doan ldn.

1. Giai doan tiir th6 l(i X i^n het the ki XIV

van hge giai doan nay phdt trien trong hodn canh lich sii dae biet: ddn tdc ta
gidnh dugc quyin ddc lap tu ehu vdo eudi the ki X, lap nhilu ki tieh trong cdc cudc
khang chie'n chd'ng xdm luge (chdng qudn Tdng the ki XI, chdng quan Mdng -
Nguyen the ki XIII). Sau nhfing cudc chien tranh bao ve To qud'c la cdng cudc xdy
dung dd't nudc trong hod binh. Che^d phong kien Viet Nam nhin chung dang a
thdi ki phdt trien.

Van hge giai doan nay ed nhfing bude ngoat ldn. Trudc het la van hgc viet
chinh thtic ra ddi ttr the ki X vd tiep den Id su xuat hien ciia van hgc chfi Ndm vao
cudi the ki XIII. Nhiing bude ngoat nay md ra su phdt trien toan dien, manh me
ciia van hgc dan tdc : ben canh van hpe dan gian da cd van hpc thdnh van, ben
canh van hpc chfi Hdn da cd van hpc ehii Ndm.

vi phuang dien not dung, xet tren nhfing net ldn, van hpc the ki X - the ki XIV
mang ndi dung yeu nudc vdi am hudng hdo hung.

Gdc tac pham nhu Van nudc (Qudc to) cua Phap Thuan, Chiiu ddi dd (Thien dd
chieu) cua LI Gdng Uan, bai tho Sdng nui nudc Nam (Nam qudc son hd) da md dau
cho ddng van hpc yeu nudc. Nhfing tae pham nhu Hich tuang si (Du chu tl tudng
hich vdn) cua Tran Qude Tuan, Phd gid vi kinh (Tung gid hodn kinh su) ciia
Tran Quang Khdi, Td ldng (Thudt hodi) ciia Pham Ngfi Lao, Phu sdng Bqch Ddng

105

(Bqch Ddng giang phu) ciia Truang Hdn Sieu,... tieu bieu eho ndi dung ydu nudc
mang hdo khi Ddng A'^\

Ve phuong diin nghe thudt, van hpc chfi Han vdi cdc the loai tiep thu ttr Trung
Qudc cd nhfing thanh tuu ldn nhu van chinh luan {Chieu doi dd, Hich tudng sT),
van xudi vidt vl lich sii, van hod [Dqi Viet su ki cua Le Van Huu, Viet diin u linh
tap ctia LI Te Xuyen,...), tho phti (cdc sang tdc ciia Phap Thuan, Tran Quang Khai,
Pham Ngu Lao, Truong Hdn Sieu, Nguyin Trung Ngan,...). Van hpc chfi Ndm dat
nhfing vien gach ddu tien tren con dudng phat trien cua van hpc viet bdng ngdn
ngfi dan tdc vdi mdt sd bai tha, bai phti Ndm.

2. Giai Soan tir the ki XV den het the ki XVII

v l hodn canh lich su, nhan dan ta tie'p ttic lam nen ki tich trong cudc khang
chien chd'ng quan Minh d niia ddu the ki XV, dua che dp phong kien Viet Nam dat
tdi dinh cao cue thinh d niia cud'i the ki dd. Budc sang the ki XVI, tuy che dp phong
kien da ed nhfing bieu hien khiing hoang ddn den ndi chien va da't nudc bi chia
cdt, song nhin chung tinh hinh xa hdi van dn dinh.

van hpc giai doan ndy cd budc phdt trien mdi, trong dd ndi bat nhat Id nhung
thdnh tuu ngh$ thuat cua van hpe chfi Ndm. Van hpc viet chinh thiic xuat hien hai
thdnh phan : van hpc chfi Han vd van hpc chfi Ndm. Hien tupng "van sii triet bat
phan" khd dam trong van hpc thdi LI - Trdn da md nhat dan ttr the ki XV, khi xuab
hien ngdy cdng nhilu tdc pham gidu chat van chucmg hinh tugng.

vi phuong diin npi dung, van hgc the ki XV - the kl XVII di tfr ndi dung yeu
nudc mang am hudng ngpi ca den ndi dung phan anh, phe phdn hien thtrc xa hdi
phong kien. Van hpe thdi Ididi nghia Lam San ma tieu bieu Id cdc sang tdc cua
Nguyin Trai nhu Qudn trung tit minh tap, Dqi cdo binh Ngd,... la su ket tinh thdnh
ttiu van hpe yeu nudc cua nam the ki trudc dd. Thiin Nam ngU luc (the ki XVII) la
tdc pham diln ea lich su viet bdng chfi Ndm, mang cam hiing hao hung, trdn day
nilm tu hdo dan tdc. Cdc sang tac ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem, Truyin kl mqn luc cua
Nguyin Dfi da danh dau sir chuyen hudng ttr cdm hting ngpi ca dat nudc va vuong
trieu phong kien semg cam hting phe phdn nhfing te ldu xa hdi, nhfing suy thodi
vl dao diie.

Ve phuong diin nghi thuqt, van hpc chfi Han phdt trien vdi nhilu the loai
phong phii, dac biet la thdnh tuu ciia van chinh luan {Dqi cdo binh Ngd, Qudn
trung tit minh tap ciia Nguyin Trai) vd budc trudng thdnh vugt bac cua van xudi
tu su {Thanh Tdng di thdo tuong truyin cua Le Thanh Tdng, Truyin kl mqn luc
ciia Nguyin Dfi). Van hgc chu Ndm cd su Viet hod the loai tiep thu ttr Trung Qudc

(1) Hao khi Ddng A la hao khi thdi Tran. Chu Trdn {M) g6m ehu Dong {^) va bd phu (P) eiia
chQ A (|55J) tao thanh.

106

ddng thoi sang tao nhfing the loai van hge dan tdc. Ltic ddu Id tha Ndm viet theo
the Dudng luat va Dudng luat xen luc ngdn {Qud'c dm thi tap ciia Nguyin Trai,
Hong DUc qudc dm thi tap cua cac tac gia thdi Le Thdnh Tdng, Bqch Vdn qudc ngU
thi ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem,...), sau dd la khiie ngdm, khiic vinh vie't theo the song
that lue bat {Tu thai khuc vinh ctia Hodng Si Khai), diln ca lich su viet theo the luc
bdt {Thiin Nam ngU luc - khuyet danh) vd song that luc bdt {Thiin Nam minh
gidm - khuyet danh).

3. Giai floan tir the ki XVIll flen niira dau the ki XIX

Van hpe phat trien trong hodn canh dd't nude cd nhilu bien ddng bdi ndi chie'n
phong kien va bao tap eiia phong trdo ndng ddn khdi nghia ma dinh cao Id khdi
nghia Tay Son. Ghe dp phong kien di ttr khiing hoang den suy thodi. Cudc khdi
nghIa cua ngudi anh hung do vdi Nguyen Hue da cting mdt liic lat do ede tap doan
phong kien Dang Trong (chiia Nguyin), Ddng Ngodi (vua Le, chiia Trinh), danh
tan cdc cudc xam luge ciia qudn Xiem d phia nam, quan Thanh d phia bdc. Phong
trao Tay Son suy ye'u, trilu Nguyin khdi phuc che do phong kien ehuyen ehe vd
dat nudc ndm trudc hiem hoa xam lang eua thuc dan Phdp.

Van hgc phdt trien vugt bac, cd nhilu dinh cao nghe thuat. Ddy la giai doan
rue ra nhd't cua van hgc trung dai Viet Nam, dugc menh danh Id giai doan
van hge cd dien.

vi phucmg diin npi dung, van hpc the' ki XVIII - niia dau the ki XIX chiing kien
su xuat hien ciia trao luu nhdn dao chu nghia. Ndi bat len trong sdng tdc van hpc
giai doan ndy la tieng ndi ddi quyin sdng, ddi hanh phdc vd dd'u tranh giai phdng
con ngudi, trong dd ed phan con ngudi ed nhdn, nha't la ngudi phu nfi. Nhfing tde
pham tieu bieu la Chinh phu ngdm - nguyen tde ehii Han ciia Dang Trdn Cdn,
ban dich Ndm cua Doan Thi Diem (?), Cung odn ngdm khuc ciia Nguyin Gia
Thilu, tha Hd Xudn Huong, tha Bd Huyen Thanh Quan, Hodng Li nhdt thdng chi
ciia Ngd gia van phai,... Nguyin Du vdi cdc tap tha chfi Hdn va dac biet la kiet tde
Truyin Kiiu dugc coi Id dinh eao nha't cua van hgc trung dai Viet Nam. Tha van
Nguyin Cdng Tni, Gao Bd Qudt,... van tiep tuc tinh than nhan dao truyen thdng
nhung ddng thdi hudng nhilu vdo the gidi tinh cam rieng tu vd y thiie cd nhan eiia
con ngudi.

vi phuong diin nghi thudt, van hge phdt trien manh ca vl van xudi vd van van,
ca van hgc chfi Hdn va chfi Ndm. Dia vi van hgc chfi Ndm vd nhfing the loai van
hgc ddn tdc nhu tho Ndm viet theo the Dudng ludt, ngam khiie viet theo the song
that luc bdt, truyen tho viet theo the luc bat,... dugc khang dinh vd dat tdi dinh
cao. van xudi tu su chfi Han cfing dat dugc nhung thdnh ttm nghe thudt ldn vl
tieu thuye't ehuong hdi vdi Nam triiu cdng nghiip diin chi (Nguyin Khoa Chiem),
Hodng Le nhdt thdng chi (Ngd gia van phai) ; ve the ki vdi Thuang kinh ki su
(Le Hfiu Trac), Vu trung tuy but (Pham Dinh Ho),...

107

4. Giai doan nuia cu£^i the ki XiX

Thuc dan Phdp tien hdnh xam luge Viet Nam. Nhan dan cd nudc kien cudng
bat khudt diing len chd'ng giac ngoai xdm. Nhung rdi dd't nudc ddn roi vdo tay giac.
Xa hdi Viet Nam ehuyen dan ttr xa hdi phong kien sang thuc dan niia phong kien.
van hod phuong Tay bdt dau cd nhfing anh hudng tdi ddi sdng xa hdi Viet Nam.

Vi phuang diin ndi dung, van hpc yeu nudc niia cud'i the ki XK phat trien rat
phong phii vd nhin chung mang am hudng bi trang. Nguyin Dinh Chieu vdi
nhfing tdc pham cd gid tii cao nhu Vdn te nghia si Cdn Giudc, Ngu tiiu y thuqt vdn
ddp,... dugc xem la tac gia van hgc yeu nudc ldn nhat ctia giai doan nay. Ngodi ra
edn phai ke den tha van yeu nudc ciia Phan Van Tri, Nguyin Thdng, Nguyin
Quang BIch, Nguyin Xudn On,... Tu tudng canh tan dat nudc dugc ndi len mpt
each biic xiic trong cac ban dilu tran cua Nguyin Tnrdng To. Tha ca trfi tinh -
trao phiing dat duge nhfing thdnh tuu xud't sac vdi nhfing sang tac cua Nguyin
Khuyen, Tii Xuong - hai tac gia ldn cudi cting ciia van hpc trung dai Viet Nam.

vi phuang diin nghi thudt, van hpc chfi qud'c ngfi xuat hien nhung van hpc
chfi Han, chfi Ndm vdn la chinh. Tha Nguyin Khuyen, Tii Xuong la thdnh tuu
nghe thuat dac sdc ciia giai doan nay. Sang tac van hgc chii ye'u vdn theo nhfing
the loai va thi phdp truyin thdng. Tuy nhien, su xuat hien mdt sd tdc pham van
xudi viet bdng ehii qudc ngfi ctia Nguyin Trgng Quan {Truyin thdy La-za-rd
Phiin), Trucmg Vinh Ki {Chuyen di Bdc Ki ndm At Hpi), Huynh Tinh Cua
{Chuyin gidi buon],... da budc dau dem de'n cho van hpc nhfing doi mdi theo
hudng hien dai hod.

Ill - NHUTNG DAC DIEM LQfN VE NOI DUNG CUA V A N HOC TUT THE Kl X DEN
HET THE Kl XIX

Van hpc tnmg dai Viet Nam phdt trien trong su tac ddng manh me cua truyen
thd'ng dan tdc, tinh than thdi dai vd nhfing anh hudng tu nudc ngodi, chu yeu la
ttr Trung Qudc.

1. Chu nghia yeu nirdc

Chu nghia yeu nudc la ndi dung ldn, xuyin sudt qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien
cua van hpc trung dai Viet Nam.

Chu nghia yeu nudc trong van hpc tnmg dai gdn Uln vdi tu tuang "trung qudn
ai qudc" (trung vdi vua la yeu nudc, yeu nudc la trung vdi vua). Tuy nhien, tu
ttrdng yeu nirdc cd tinh dac thti nay khdng tdch rdi truyen thdng yeu nudc cua dan
tdc Viet Nam.

108

Chii nghia yeu nudc bieu hien rat phong phti, da dang, la am dieu hdo hung khi
dat nudc chdng ngoai xam. Id dm hudng bi trang liic nudc mat nhd tan. Id gipng
dieu thie't tha khi dat nudc trong canh thdi binh thinh tri. Nhin chung, chii nghia
yeu nudc dugc the hien tap trung d mdt sd phuong dien : y thiic ddc lap tu chii, tu
cudng, tu hao dan tdc (Sdng nui nuac Nam, Dqi cdo binh Ngd), ldng cam thti giac,
tinh than quye't chien quyet thdng ke thu (Hich tudng si), tu hdo trude chien cdng
thdi dai (Phd gid vi kinh), tir hao trudc truyin thd'ng lich sii (Phu sdng Bqch Ddng,
Thiin Nam ngu luc), biet on, ea nggi nhfing ngudi hi sinh vi da't nudc (Vdn te
nghia si Cdn Giudc), tinh yeu thien nhien dd't nudc (nhfing bdi tha viet vl
thien nhien trong van hgc LI - Tran, trong sang tdc ciia Nguyin Trai,
Nguyin Khuyen,...).

2. Chu nghia nhan dao

Chu nghia nhan dao cfing la ndi dung ldn, xuyen sudt van hge trung dai
Viet Nam.

Chti nghia nhdn dao trong van hgc trung dai vtra bdt ngudn ttr truyin thd'ng
nhan dao cua ngudi Viet Nam, ttr cdi ngudn van hgc dan gian, vtra chiu anh hudng
tu tudng nhan van tieh cue vdn cd cua Phat giao, Nho gido, Dao giao. Truyin
thdng nhan dao cua ngudi Viet Nam bieu hien qua ldi sdng "thuong ngudi nhu the
thuang thdn", qua nhfing nguyen tdc dao li, nhfing thdi dd iing xii td't dep gifia
ngudi vdi ngudi,... Tu tudng nhan van ctia Phat giao la ttr hi, bde di; ciia Nho gido
la hgc thuyet nhdn nghia, tu tudng than ddn ; eiia Dao gido Id sdng thuan theo tu
nhien, hod hpp vdi tu nhien.

Chu nghia nhdn dao trong van hpc trung dai ciing rat phong phii, da dang, bleu
hien a ldng thuang ngudi ; len an, td cao nhting the luc tdn bao chd dap len eon
ngudi; khang dinh, d l cao eon ngudi vl cdc mat pham chat, tdi nang, nhiing khdt
vpng chdn chinh nhu khat vpng vl quyin sdng, quyin hanh phiic, quyin tit do,
khdt vpng vl cdng U, chinh nghia ; d l cao nhting quan he dao diic, dao II td't dep
giua ngudi vdi ngudi.

Gd the thay nhiing bieu hien eua chii nghia nhdn dao ndi tren qua cdc tdc
pham van hpc Phat giao thdi LI {Cdo binh, bdo mpi ngudi ciia Man Gidc, Td long
ciia Khdng Ld,...), sang tac cua Nguyin Trai {Dqi cdo binh Ngd, Tung, Cdnh ngdy
he,...), Nguyin Binh Khiem {Ghet chudt, Nhdn,...), Nguyin Dfi {Chuyin ngudi con
gdi Nam Xuong, Chuyen chue phdn sudin Tdn Viin,...). Gam hiing nhan dao dac
biet ndi bat d cdc tac pham thudc giai doan van hpe the ki XVIII - giiia the ki XIX
nhu Chinh phu ngdm, Cung odn ngdm khuc, tha Ho Xuan Huong {Bdnh trdi
nudc, Mdi trdu, chtim tha Tu tinh), Truyin Kiiu ciia Nguyin Du, Truyen Luc Vdn
Tien ciia Nguyin Dinh Chieu,...

109

3. Cam hung the sd

Cam hiing the su bleu hien khd ro net ttr van hpc cud'i thai Trdn (the ki XIV).
Khi trilu dai nhd Tran ed nhfing bieu hien suy thodi la liic van hpe hudng tdi phan
anh hien thue xa hdi, phan dnh cudc sdng dau khd ciia nhan ddn.

Gam hiing the sir trd thdnh ndi dung ldn trong sang tdc eua Nguyin Binh
Khiem qua nhfing bai tha viet vl nhan tinh the thdi.

Van hpc viet vl the su ed bude phat trien trong hai the ki XVIII vd XIX; nhilu
tdc gid hudng tdi hien thuc eudc sdng, hien thuc xa hdi duong thdi de ghi lai
"nhfing dilu trdng thay". Le Hiiu Trac viet Thuang kinh ki su, Pham Dinh Hd vie't
Vu trung tuy but. Gd the ndi de'n mdt biic tranh vl ddi sdng ndng thdn trong tho
Nguyin Khuyen, mdt xa hdi thanh thi trong tha Tti Xuong. Gam hiing the sir trong
van hpe tnrng dai da gdp phan tao tiln 6e cho sir ra ddi cua van hpc hien thuc
trong thdi ki sau.

Nhin chung, van hpe trung dai Viet Nam chiu dnh hudng eua Phat giao,
Dao gido va dac biet Id Nho gido. Cha dng ta da tiep thu nhfing yeu td tich cue,
ddng thdi ban che nhfing ye'u to tieu cue eua ca Nho, Phat va Dao.

IV - NHUNG DAC DIEM LOIN V l NGHE THUAT CUA V A N HOC TUT THE Kl X DEN MET
THE Kl XIX

1. Tinh quy pham va su pha vd tinh quy pham

Tinh quy pham, dae diem ndi bat eiia van hpc trung dai, la su quy dinh chat
che theo khudn mdu. Tinh quy pham the hien d quan diem vdn hpc : coi trpng
mue dieh giao huan "thi dl ngdn chi" (tha de ndi ehi), "vdn dl tdi dao" (van de chd
dao); atuduy nghi thudt : nghi theo kieu mdu ngh? thuat cd sdn da thanh cdng
thiic ; d the loqi vdn hpc vdi nhfing quy dinh chat che ve ket cau ; d cdch su dung
thi lieu : dan nhieu dien tich, dien cd, dung nhilu van lieu quen thudc. Do tinh
quy pham, van hpc trung dai thien vl uac li, tupng trung.

Tuy nhien, cac tdc gia van hpc trung dai, dac biet la nhfing tac gia tdi nang, mpt
mat tuan thii tinh quy pham, mat khdc lai phd va tinh quy pham, phdt huy ca tinh
sdng tao trong ca ndi dung va hinh thiie bieu hien.

2. Khuynh hudng trang nha va xu hudng binh dj

Tinh trang nha eung la dae diem ciia van hpc trung dai, the hien d di tdi, chu
di hudng tdi cdi cao ca, trang trpng hon la cdi ddi thudng, binh di; d hinh tuang
nghe thudt hudng tdi ve tao nha, mi le hon la ve dep don so, mdc mac; d ngdn ngu
nghe thudt la chat heu ngdn ngu cao quy, cdch diln dat trau chudt, hoa mi hon la
thdng tue, tu nhien, gan vdi ddi sdng.

110

Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh phat trien cua van hpc trung dai, xu hudng ngdy
cang gdn bd vdi hien thue da dua van hpc ttr phong each trang trpng, tao nha vl
gan vdi ddi sd'ng hien thuc, tu nhien vd binh di.

3. Tiep thu vd dan tfic hod tinh hoa van hoc nudc ngodi

Van hpc trung dai Viet Nam phdt trien theo quy luat vtra tiep thu vtra dan tdc
hod tinh hoa van hpc nudc ngoai, chu ye'u Id van hpc Trung Qudc.

Tiep thu tinh hoa van hpe Trung Qude eho nen vl ngdn ngU thi dtmg chfi Hdn
de sdng tdc ; vl the loqi thi tiep thu the cd phong, the Dudng ludt trong van van,
the hich, cdo, chieu, bieu, truyen ki, tieu thuye't chuang hdi trong van xudi,...; ve
thi lieu thi sii dung nhiing dien cd, thi lieu Hdn van.

Qud trinh dan tdc hod hinh thiic van hpc da sang tao ra chii Ndm tren ca sd
nhfing thanh td cua chfi Han de ghi dm, bieu dat nghia tieng Viet va dung chfi
Ndm trong sang tde ; Viet hod the tha Dudng ludt thdnh tho Ndm Dudng luat,
that ngdn xen luc ngdn sang tao cdc the tha dan tdc nhu luc bat, song that Itie bat,
cac the ngdm khiic, truyen tha, hdt ndi; sii dung ldi an tieng ndi, each diln dat eiia
nhan dan trong sdng tac.

Sudt mudi the ki, van hpc trung dai Viet Nam da phdt trien trong su gdn bd vdi
van menh dat nudc, nhan dan. Gtmg vdi van hpc ddn gian, van hpc trung dai gdp
phan lam nen dien mao hodn ehinh vd da dang cua van hpc dan tdc ngay ttr budi
dau, tao ca sd vfing chdc cho su phdt trien eda van hpc d nhfing thdi ki sau.

HUlOING D A N HOC DAI

1. Neu nhfing diem chung vd rieng ciia hai thdnh phdn van hpc chii Hdn vd van
hpc chfi Ndm.

2. Dua vdo kien thfie dugc trinh bay trong muc II (Cdc giai doqn phdt trien cua
vdn hpc tu the kiX de'n he't theki XIX), lap bang tdng ket vl tinh hinh phdt trien
ciia van hgc Viet Nam thdi trung dai theo mdu sau :

Giai doan van hpc Npidung Nghe thuat Su kien van hoc,
tac gia, tac phdm

111

3. Neu mdt sd tdc pham van hge da hge trong chuang trinh THCS de lam sdng t6
nhfing dae diem ldn vl ndi dung ciia van hgc Viet Nam tu the ki X den het
thekiXDC.

4. Van hgc Viet Nam tfr the kl X de'n he't the ki XIX cd nhung dac diem ldn nao ve
nghe thudt ?
Ttr nhfing dac diem nay, theo anh (ehi), cdch dgc van hpc trung dai cd dilu gi
khdc cdch dpc van hpe hien dai ?

, GHI NHO ^
Van hpc Viet Nam tir the ki X de'n het the ki XIX dugc ggi la van hgc trung dai,
gdm hai thanh phan : van hgc chir Han va van hgc chir Nom, phat trien qua
bdn giai doan. Nhirng dac diem Ion ve ngi dung la chii nghTa yeu nudc, chii
nghia nhan dao va cam hirng the su. Nhung dac diem lan ve nghe thuat la tinh
quy pham, tfnh trang nha ; vira tiep thu tinh hoa van hgc nudc ngoai, vira sang
tao nhirng gia tri van hgc mai mang ban sdc dan tge.

112

PHONG CACH N G O N N G U SINH HOAT

KET QUA CAN OAT -
• Nam dugc cac khai niem ngon ngir sinh hoat,

phong each ngon ngir sinh hoat vai nhung dac
trung ca ban ciia nd.
• Nang cao kT nang phan tich va sir dung ngon
ngir theo phong each ngon ngir sinh hoat.

a

I-NGON NGlrSINH HOAT

1. Khai niem ngdn ngir sinh hoat
Hay the hien diing gigng dieu doan ghi chep sau day:
(Budi trua, tai khu tap the X, hai ban Lan vd Hung ggi ban Huong di hgc.)
- Huong ai! Di hpc di!
(Im lang)
- Huong ai! Di hpc di! (Lan vd Hting gao len)
- Gi md dm dm len the chung mdy! Khdng cho ai ngu ngdy nuad! (tieng mdt

ngudi ddn dng ndi to)
- Cdc chdu ai, khe chu! De cho cdc bdc ngu trua vdi !... Nhanh len con,

Huong I (tieng me Huong nhe nhdng dn tdn)
- Ddy rdi, ra day rdi I (tie'ng Huong nhd nhe)
- Gam, chdm nhu rua dy I Cd phi binh ehi't thdi I (tieng Lan cdu nhdu)
- Hdm ndo cung chdm. Lqch bd lach bqch nhu vit bdu !... (tieng Hting

tiep ldi)
Tren ddy Id mdt doan ghi lai eude dd'i thoai trong ngdn ngii sinh boat (ngdn

ngfi sinh hoat edn duge ggi la khau ngfi, ngdn ngfi ndi, ngdn ngfi hdi thoai,...).
Ttr doan hdi thoai dd, anh (ehi) hieu the ndo la ngdn ngfi sinh hoat ?

2. Cdc dang bieu hien cua ngdn ngiii sinh boat
Ngdn ngfi sinh boat the hien chu yeu d dqng ndi (ddc thoai, dd'i thoai),

nhung mdt sd trudng hpp ed cd d dqng vie't (nhat ki, hdi lie ed nhdn, thu ttr).

113

Trong cdc tac pham van hpc cd dqng ldi ndi tdi hiin, tiic Id dang md phdng
ldi thoai tu nhien, nhung dugc sdng tao theo cac the loai van ban khdc nhau :
kich, tudng, cheo, truyen, tieu thuye't,... Khi tdi hien, ldi ndi tu nhien duge bien
cai phan ndo theo the loai van ban vd y dinh chu quan ciia ngudi sang tao.

Nhung dti d dang nao (ndi hay viet, tdi hien hay sang tao), ngdn ngfi sinh
hoat cfing cd nhfing dd'u hieu dac trung cua mdt phong each ngdn ngfi.

r GHI NHO ,

• Ngon ngir sinh boat la ldi an tie'ng ndi hang ngay, diing de thong tin, trao

ddi y nghT, tinh cam,... dap irng nhirng nhu cau trong cugc sdng.

• Ngon ngir sinh boat chu yeu the hien d dang ndi, nhung cung cd the d dang
viet. Trong van ban van hgc, Idi thoai cua nhan vat la dang tai hien, md
phdng ngon ngu sinh hoat hdng ngay.

Luyen tdp

a) Anh (chi) hay phat bieu y kien cda minh vl ndi dung ciia nhfing cau sau:

- Ldi ndi chdng mdt tiin mua,
Lua ldi md ndi cho vua long nhau.

- Vdng thi thu lua thu than,
Chudng kiu thu tii'ng, ngudi ngoan thu ldi.

b) Trong doan trieh dudi day, ngdn ngfi sinh boat dugc bieu hien d dang ndo ?
Anh (chi) cd nhdn xet gi vl viec dtmg ttr ngfi d doan trich nay ?
Ong Ndm Hen ddp:
- Sdng mai sdm, di cung khdng mudn. Tdi cdn mpt ngudi ddn dudng den ao

cd sdu dd. Cd vdy thdi! Chimg mpt gid dong ho sau la xong chuyin I Sdu a ao
giUa rung, tdi bdt nhiiu ldn roi. Bd con cu tin tdi. Xua nay, bi sdu bdt la ngudi
di ghe xudng hoqc ngoi rua chen dudi bin, cd bao gid sdu rupi ngudi ta giua
rirng md dn thit ? Tdi day khdng tdi gidi gl hi't, chdng qua Id bii't muu meo chu
it, theo nhu ngudi khdc thi hp ndi do Id bua phep dekiem tiin. Nghi bdt sdu cd
the ldm gidu duac, ngdt tdi khdng mang thu phu qiidi^^^dd [...]. Cue long bii't ba
nhiiu khi nghe a miin Rqch Gid, Cd Mau ndy cd nhiiu con rqch, ngd ba mang
tin Ddu Sdu, Lung Sdu, Bdu Sdu, sau ndy hdi Iqi tdi mdi bii't dd Id noi ghi gdm,
hoi xua luc ddt cdn hoang. Rqch Cd BaHe, dd Id chd sdu lpi nhiiu, ngudi Miin
so sdu khdng ddm di qua nin ddt tin nhu vdy, cung nhu phd Tam Giang,
trudng nhd Ho cua minh ngodi Hue.

{Theo Son Nam, Bdt sdu rieng UMinh Ha)

(1) Phu quai: phii quy.

114

TO LONG PHAM NGU LAO

(Thuqt hodi) KET QUA C A N OAT

• Cam nhan dugc ve dep ciia hinh tugng ngudi
anh hiing ve quoc hien ngang, Idm liet vai li
tudng va nhan each lan lao ; ve dep ciia thai
dai vai sire manh va khi the hao hiing.

• Tha'y dugc nghe thuat ciia bai t h a : ngdn ggn,
dat tdi do sue tfch cao.

• Boi duang nhan each sdng cd li tudng, cd y
chi, quye't tam thuc hien li tudng.

TIEU D A N

Pham Ngu Lao (1255 - 1320) nguoi lang Phu Ung, huyen Duong Hao (nay thupc huyen
An Thi, tinh Hung Yen), la con re (lay con gai nuoi) ciia Tran Hung Dao, dugc giir dpi quan
hiiu ve. Ong co nhieu cong lon trong cupc khang chie'n chong quan Mong- Nguyen, lam de'n
chirc Dien suy, dupc phong tuoc Quan npi hau. La vo tuong nhung ong thich dpc sach, ngam
tho va timg dugc ngpi ca la nguoi van vo toan tai. Liic ong qua doi, vua Tran Minh Tong ra
lenh nghi chau nam ngay de to long tuong nha.

Tac pham cua ong hien con hai bai tho la To long (Thuat hoai) va Vieng Thucmg tuong
quoc cong Hung Dqo Dai Vuong (Van Thupng tuong quoc cong Hung Dao Dai Vuong).

VAN DAN Hodnh sdc giang son khap ki thu,
Phiin dm Tam qudn ti hd khi thdn nguu.
Nam nhi vi liiu cdng danh trdi,
Dich nghia Tu thinh nhdn gian thuyet VQ hdu.

Gam ngang nggn giao gin giii non sdng da may thu,
Ba quan'^* nhu hd bao, khi the hting ddng nudt trdi trau'^'.
Than nam nhi ma ehua tra xong ng cdng danh,
Thi ludng then thting khi nghe ngudi ddi ke chuyen Vfi hau'^'.

(1) Ba qudn : ngay xua thucmg chia quan linh thanh ba dpi, gpi la tien quan (dpi quan di truoc),
trung quan (dpi quan di giQa), hau quan (dpi quan di sau). 6 day chi quan dpi noi chung.

(2) Cau tho tren day co hai each hieu: each hieu nhu loi dich o tren, nhung cung c6 each hieu khi
thon ngim la khi the at sao Nguu (chi chung kiii the at ca sao troi). Nguoi dich tho nghieng ve
cdch hieu thir nhat.

(3) Vu hdu : tire Gia Cat Lugng, nguoi thoi Tam quoc, co nhieu cong lao giiip Luu Bi khoi phyc
nha Han, dupc phong tu6c Vu Lupng hau (thudng gpi tat la Vu hau).

115

Dich tha Mua gido non sdng trdi mdy thu,
Ba qudn khi mqnh nudt trdi trdu.
Cdng danh nam tu cdn vuong na,
Ludng then tai nghe ehuyin Vu hdu.

BUI VAN NGUYEN dich,
(Theo Hqp tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -
Vdn hoc the kiX-thiki XVII, NXB Van hpc, Ha Npi, 1976)

HmOTNG DAN HOC BAI

1. Ghi ra diem khac nhau gifia cdu tha dau trong nguyen tdc chfi Han (qua phan
dich nghia) vdi cau tha dich. Gd gi ddng luu y ve khdng gian, thdi gian trong do
con ngudi xua't hien ? Gon ngudi d ddy mang tu the, vde dang nhu the ndo ?

2. Anh (ehi) cam nhan nhu the nao vl siic manh ciia qudn ddi nhd Tran qua cau
tha "Ba quan khi manh nudt trdi trau" ?

3. "Ng" cdng danh ma tde gia ndi tdi trong bai tha cd the hieu theo nghia nao
dudi ddy:
- The hien ehi ldm trai theo tinh than Nho giao : lap cdng (de lai su nghiep),
lap danh (de lai tieng tham).
- Chua hodn thdnh nghia vu ddi vdi dan, vdi nudc.
- Ca hai nghia tren.

4. Phan tich y nghia cua ndi "then" trong can tha cudi.

5. Qua nhfing ldi tho td ldng, anh (chi) thay hinh anh trang nam nhi thdi Tran
mang ve dep nhu the ndo ? Dilu dd cd y nghia gi ddi vdi tuoi tre hdm nay va
ngdy mai ?

GHI NHO.

To Idng la bai tho Oudng luat ngdn ggn, dat tdi do sue tich cao, khdc hioa I
dugc ve dep ciia con ngudi cd sire manh, cd li tudng, nhan each cao ca ci'iinngo
khi the hao hiing ciia thdi dai.

J

LUYEN TAP
Hoc thudc bai tha (ban phien am va bdn dich tha).

116

CANH NGAY HE NGUY6NTRAI

{Bdo kinh cdnh gidi - bdi 43)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Cam nhan dugc ve dep dgc dao ciia buc tranh
ngay he va tam hdn yeu thien nhien, yeu ddi,
yeu nhan dan, dat nudc ciia Nguyin Trai.

• Thay dugc dac sac nghe thuat ciia tha Nom
Nguyin Trai : binh dj, tu nhien, dan xen cau luc
ngon (sau chir) vao bai tha that ngon (bay ehu).

^

TIEU D A N

Qudc dm thi tap gom 254 bai, la tap tha Nom sum nhat hien con. Voi tap tha nay,
Nguyin Trai la mot Uong nhiing nguoi dat nen mong va md duang cho su phat trien ctia
tha tieng Viet. Ve noi dung, Qudc dm thi tap phan anh ve dep con nguoi Nguyin Trai:
nguoi anh himg voi li tudng nhan nghia, yeu nuac, thuang dan; nha tha voi tinh yeu thien
nhien, que huong, con nguoi, cupc sdng,... Ve nghe thuat, the tha that ngon Duong luat
ciia Trung Qudc da dugc Nguyin Trai sii dung thudn thuc nhu mot the tho dan tpc, co khi
chen vao cho thich hpp mpt sd cau luc ngon (cau sau chir).

Qudc dm thi tap duoc chia thanh bdn phan : Vd de, Mon thi lenh (Thai tie't), Mdn hoa
mpc (Cay co), Mdn cdm thii (Thii vat). Phan Vo de gom toan the khong co tua de, nhung
dugc sdp xe'p thanh mpt sd muc: Ngon chi (Noi len chi huong), Mqn thuqt (Ke ra mpt each
tan man), Tu thdn (Tu than), Tu thudt (Tu noi ve minh), Bdo kinh cdnh gi&i (Guong bau
ran minh),... Muc Bdo kinh cdnh gidi co 61 bai, Cdnh ngdy he la bai sd 43.

117

VAN BAN

Rdl'^' hdng mat thud ngay trudng.
Hoe lue dim dim tdn rgp giuong'^).
Thach luu hien cdn phun thiie dd'^'.
Hong hen tri da tiln mui huong'^'.
Lao xao chg ca ldng ngu phu'^',
Ddng ddi cam ve lau tieh duong'^'.
De cd Ngu cam dan mdt tieng'''',
Ddn gidu dti khdp ddi'^' phuang.

(Theo Hap tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -
Vdn hoc thekiX- theki XVII, Sdd)

HU^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Trong bdi tho cd nhilu ddng ttr diln ta trang thdi ciia cdnh ngdy he. Dd la
nhting ddng ttr ndo, trang thai ciia canh dugc diln td ra sao ?

2. Cdnh d ddy ed su hdi hod giiia dm thanh va mau sdc, canh vdt va con ngudi.
Anh (chi) hay phdn tich va lam sdng td.

3. Nhd tha da cam nhdn canh vat bdng nhung gidc quan ndo ? Qua su cam nhan
ay, anh (chi) thd'y Nguyin Trai la ngudi cd tam ldng nhu the ndo dd'i vdi thien
nhien ?

4. Hai cau tha cud'i cho ta hieu tam ldng eiia Nguyin Trai dd'i vdi ngudi dan nhu
the ndo ? Am dieu cdu tha luc ngdn (sdu chii) ket thiie bdi tha khdc dm dieu
nhiing eau that ngdn (bay chii) nhu the ndo ? Su thay ddi dm dieu nhu vay cd
tdc dung gi trong viec the hien tinh cam eua tdc gia ?

(1) Rdi: a day la r6i rai.
(2) Luc: mau xanh ; hoe luc : mau xanh cay hoe ; tdn rqp giuang: tan giuong len che rpp.
(3) Thdc (tir co): mau ve, dang ve. Y ci cau tho: cay thach luu 6 hien nha dang phun mau d6.
(4) Tiin miii huang: ngat mtii huong {tiin: tir Han Viet, co nghia la du ra). Y ck cau tho: sen h6ng

Uong ao da ngat mtii huong.
(5) Ldng ngu phd : lang chai luoi.
(6) Ddng ddi (tir co): c6 nghia la inh oi. Cdm ve: tie'ng ve keu nhu tieng dan. Lau tich duong: lau

(nha cao) luc mat troi sdp lan.
(7) De CO : le ra nen co. Ngu cdm : than thoai Trung Quoc ke rang hai trieu \aia Duong Nghi&u va

Ngu Thuan la hai trieu dai li tuong, xa hpi thanh binh, nhan dan hanh phiic. Rieng vua
Ngu Thuan co khiic hat Nam phong, trong do co cau : Nam phong chi thi he khd dl phu ngo
ddn chi tdi hi (Gio nam thuan thi co the lam cho dan ta them nhifiu cua). Ngu cdm la dan cua
vua Ngu Thuan. Y ca cau : Hay de cho ta co dan cua vua Thuan de dan mpt khuc Nam phong.
(8) Doi: nhifeu.

118

5. Gam hting chu dao eua bai tha la gi ?
- Ldng yeu thien nhien.
- Ldng yeu ddi, yeu eudc sdng.
- Khdt vgng vl eude sd'ng thai binh, hanh phiic cho nhan dan.
Ttr viec II giai each lua chpn ciia minh, anh (chi) hay lam ndi bat ve dep tam
hdn Nguyen Trai qua bai tho.

, GHI NHO
Bai tha ta canh ngay he cho thay tam hdn Nguyin Trai chan chua tinh yeu
thien nhidn, yeu ddi, yeu nhan dan, da't nudc. Cau tho luc ngon cudi bai ngdn
gpn, the hien su ddn nen cam xuc ciia ca bai tha.

LUYEN TAP
1. Cam nhdn ciia anh (chi) vl ve dep cua thien nhien vd tam hdn Nguyin Trai qua

bdi tha.
2, Hoc thude bai tha.

119

TOM TAT VAN BAN TV SU

(Dua theo nhan vat ehinh)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Ndm dugc each torn tdt van ban tu su dua theo
nhan vat chinh.

• Bie't tdm tdt van ban t u su dua theo nhan vat
chinh.

""s.

I - MUC DICH, YEU CAU TOM TAT V A N DAN TIT SIT DUA THEO N H A N VAT CHINH

Nhdn vat van hge la hinh tugng eon ngudi (cd the la lodi vdt hay edy cd,... dugc
nhan cdch hod) duge mieu td trong van ban van hge. Nhan vat thudng cd ten tuoi,
lai lich, ngoai huih, hdnh ddng, ldi ndi, suy nghi, tinh cam,... Mdi nhan vat cdn co
mdi quan he vdi nhiing nhdn vat khdc va thudng duge bdc Id qua diln bien cua
cdt truyen. Trong mdt tdc pham cd the ed nhieu loai nhan vat. Tuy theo vai trd, vi
tri, tdm quan trgng eiia nhan vat trong tde pham, ngudi ta chia ra nhdn vat chinh
vd nhan vat phu. Mdi nhan vat chinh diu gdn liin vdi mdt sd su viee ca ban cua
cdt truyen.

Tdm tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat ehinh la vie't hoac ke lai mdt each
ngdn gpn nhiing su viee ca ban xdy ra vdi nhdn vat dd. Viec tdm tdt ndy giiip ta
ndm vfing tinh cdch vd sd phan cua nhdn vat, gdp phdn di sdu tim hieu vd danh
gia tde pham. Mud'n vay, ban tdm tdt can dap ting day dti yeu cau chung eiia mpt
van ban, trung thdnh vdi van ban gdc, neu dup^ dac diem vd nhfing su viee xdy ra
vdi nhan vat ehinh.

II - CACH TOM TAT V A N DAN Tif SIJ DUA THEO N H A N VAT CHINH

Anh (chi) dpc lai Truyin An Duang Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy vd thuc
hien nhung yeu cdu dudi day:

a) Xdc dinh nhiing nhan vat ehinh eiia truyen.
b) Tim hieu vd tdm tdt truyen dua theo nhan vat An Duong Vuang.

GOT y:
- Lai lich eua nhdn vat.

120

- Cac hanh ddng, ldi ndi va viec lam trong md'i quan he vdi nhung su viee
chinh vd diln bien cua cdt truyen.

- Quan he giiia An Duong Vuong vdi cae nhan vat khdc trong truyen.
- Viet van ban tdm tdt bdng ldi van ciia minh.
c) Tiep tuc tim hieu vd tdm tdt truyen dua theo nhan vat Mi Chau (gpi y nhu d
muc b).

d) Cho biet edeh tdm tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat chinh.

GHI NHO ,
• Tom tdt van ban tu su dua theo nhan vat chinh la vie't hoac ke lai mgt each

ngdn ggn nhirng su viec ca ban xay ra vai nhan vat dd. Ban tdm tat phai
trung thanh vdi van ban gdc.

• Khi tdm tat, can :

- Dgc kT van ban, xac dinh nhan vat chinh.

- Chgn eae su viec ca ban xay ra vdi nhan vat chinh va diln bie'n ciia cac su
viec dd.

- Tdm tdt cac hanh ddng, lai ndi, tam trang ciia nhan vat theo diln bie'n ciia
cac su viec (mgt vai chd cd the ket hgp ddn nguyen van tir ngu, cau van
trong van ban gdc).

*WiMifti.^4KW,.ii' Si,tw' !i

III - LUYEN TAP

1. Dudi day Id cdc ban tdm tat hai van ban khdc nhau :

(1) "Tiin dan ngudi yiu" (Xdng chu xon xao) Id mpt trong nhiing truyen tha
ndi tii'ng nhdt trong kho tdng vdn hpc ddn gian cua nguai Thdi ndi rieng, cua
cdc ddn tdc it nguai a Viet Nam ndi chung. Truyin kelqi cdu chuyen tinh yiu -
hdn nhdn cua mpt ddi trai gdi.

Truyin bdt ddu tu khi chdng trai vd cd gdi cdn ndm trong bung me. Tudu tha
hp da Id bqn thdn thie't cua nhau. Ldn lin, hai ngudi cdng qudn quyt vdi nhau
hon. Song cha me cd gdi chi chdng trai ngheo khdng nhdn re, quye't dinh gd con
cho mpt nguai gidu cd. Cd gdi dau khd nhung bdt luc, cdn chdng trai, truac tinh
cdnh dy quye't ra di timsu gidu sang, mong trd vi chupc Iqi ngudi yiu. Mdy ndm
trdi qua, khi ngudi chong hi't thdi hqn "re ngodi", rdi du cdng "re trong", cd gdi
ddnh phdi ve nhd chong. Dung luc dd, chdng trai mai trd vi thi mpi viec did
mupn. Dau ddn,, anh di theo tiin dan ngudi yiu. Theo ldi anh dan, cd gdi cdldm

121

ra ve vung vi, hdu ddu khii'n gia dinh nhd chdng chdn chudng md trd vi nhd
cha me. Trd ve nhd, bi cha me bdn diet vdo cua quan, cd gdi cdng thdt vpng, d
khd vd phd phdch mqnh han : Cd "gid gqo - qudng chdy; phai thdc - chui sdn
mdng cdt; dd xdi - qudt mdm vd" cdt sao de Iqi dupc trd vi. Ngudi nhd quan
mang cd ra cha bdn "nhung nghin ldn khdng ddt". Cd gdi ngdy ndo "ngdn tay
thon Id hdnh, ddi mdt dep ddi nhu Id trdu xanh", md nay tiiu tuy chi ddng doi
mpt bd Id dong. Ngudi ddi duac cd may sao lai Id anh. Nhung anh gid dd co
nhd cao cua rpng, vp con yin dm, ldm sao nhdn ra cd. Tui phdn, cd gdi man
ddn mdi anh tang ndm xua ra thdi, gai lai ldi thi thdt ngdy ndo. Bdng hodng
nhdn ra ngudi yiu cu, anh chia ddi tdi sdn vd tiin vp vi nhd cha me de. Anh cud
cd gdi vd hai ngudi sdng hqnh phuc bin nhau.

(Ban torn tat cua NBS)

(2) Vi du nhu chuyin vp chong chdng Trucmg: Chdng Truang di ddnh gidc
khi va mdi cd mang. Luc trd vi, con dd bii't ndi. Mpt hdm dua vdi con tuximg I
bd, dua con khdng nhdn md ndi rdng bd nd tdi tdi vdn den. Truong buon vd
ghen, day nghii'n vp di'n ndi ndng phdi tu vdn. Mdt tdi, ngoi bin den diia vdi
con, thdy nd chi lin bdng minh trin tudng md ndi: "Bddd din kia". Luc dd md
biet la minh ldm thi khdng kip niia.

Cdu chuyin le ra chdm hi't a dd, nhung ddn chung khdng chiu nhdn cdi tinh
the dau ddn dy, vd cdgdng dem mpt net huyin do dean ui ta. VI the mai cd doqn
thU hai, ke ehuyin chdng Truong gap mat vampt ldn nUa...

{Theo Nguyen Dinh Thi, Siic sdng cua ddn Viet Nam trong ca dao, co tich

a) Xdc dinh phdn tdm tdt van ban Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xuong trong
doan trieh (2). Mue dieh tdm tdt d (1) vd (2) ed gi khdc nhau ?

b) Gach tdm tdt d (1) va (2) khac nhau nhu the ndo, vi sao ?
2. Tdm tdt Truyin An Duang Vuang vd Mi Chdu - Trpng Thuy dua theo nhan vat

Trgng Thuy.
3. Tdm tat truyen Tdm Cdm dua theo nhan vat Tam.

122

VIET BAI LAM VAN SO 3 : VAN TV SU

(Bai ldm d nha)

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Van dung kie'n thirc, kT nang va riit kinh nghiem J
bai lam van sd 2 de vie't dugc mgt bai van tu su
CO mot sd yeu td hu cau.
V

I - HO^G DAN CHUNG

1. Xem lai phdn Hudng ddn chung a bai Viet bdi ldm vdn sd2 de ndm that vfing:
dac diem chung ctia van ttr su, cdc yeu td eau thanh cua van ban tu su.

2. On lai cdch lap ddn y; cdch chgn su viec, chi tiet tieu bieu trong bdi van tu su.

3. Dgc lai bdi ldm van so 2, dd'i chieu vdi nhfing ghi chep trong tiet trd bdi de tu
nit kinh nghiem cho bdi viet sd 3 theo yeu cau eao hon la viet bdi vdn tu su cd
mdt sdyeu tdhu cdu.

II - GOI Y DE DAI

1. Cdy lau chiing kien viec VQ Nuong ngdi ben bd Hoang Giang than thd mdt
minh rdi tu vdn. Viet lai cdu chuyen dd theo ngdi ke thii nhd't hoac ngdi ke thii
ba (md rdng tac pham Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xuang cixa Nguyin Du).

2. Hay hod thdn vao nhfing que diem de ke lai edu ehuyen theo diln bie'n va ket
thtic truyen ngdn Cd be bdn diim ciia An-dec-xen (hoac diln bien su viee tuong
tu, nhung cd ket thuc khdc).

3. "Tdi ten la Oanh Liet. Gdi ten nay cdu chii dat cho tdi nhd nhfing trdn dau oanh
liet cua tdi tren cdc sdi chgi trong ldng. Vay ma gid ddy, cdu chii bd roi tdi de
chay theo nhfing trd choi mdi...".
Dua theo nhung ldi tam su tren, anh (ehi) hay vie't mdt truyen ngdn theo ngdi
ke thu nhat, ke vl so phan va ndi nilm eua mdt con gd chgi bi bd roi.

4. Sdng tdc mdt truyen ngdn (de tdi tu chgn, mang y nghia xa hdi) cd tdc dung gido
due thiet thuc dd'i vdi tudi tre hien nay (tham khao d l 2, phan Luyin tap, trong
bdi Lap ddn y bdi vdn tu su - trang 46).

123

Ill - GUI Y CACH L A M DAI
1. Suy nghl ki vl d l tdi ma minh se viet, sao cho cau ehuyen cd y nghia sau sdc

nhat. Ttr dd lua chgn nhan de, du kien cdt truyen cho bai vie't.
2. Lap ddn y cho bai vie't, trong dd cd the viet nhap doan md dau, doan ke mdt su

viec tieu bieu hoac doan ket thtic.
3. Khi suy nghl da chin thi chgn mdt thdi diem thich hgp, tap trung tu tudng de

vie't trong khoang ttr 90 den 120 phiit. Gd gdng hoan thdnh bdi vie't trong thdi
gian du kie'n, khdng nen vie't rai rdc, gidn doan trong nhieu lan, nhieu ngay, dl
khien bai vie't rdi rac, tan man, nhat nheo,...
4. Sau khi vie't xong, can dpc lai de bd sung y hoac siia chiia nhiing ldi vl chinh ta,
dtmg ttr, dat cdu,...

124

PHONG CACH N G O N N O V SINH HOAT

(Tiep theo)

II - PHONG CACH NGON NGUf SINH HOAT
Ttr doan hdi thoai d trang 113 va qua thuc te giao tie'p hang ngdy, cd the

thay ngdn ngii sinh hoat cd mdt sd dac tnmg ca ban, rat tieu bieu. Gdc dac
tnmg dd cfing la nhiing dd'u hieu khdi qudt cua phong cdch ngdn ngfi
sinh boat.

1. Tinbcutbe
Ngdn ngfi sinh hoat cd tinh eu the. Trong doan hdi thoai da ddn, tinh eu the

bieu hien d cdc mat sau day:
- Gd dia diem vd thdi gian cu the (budi trua, khu tap the).
- Gd ngudi ndi eu the (Lan, Hting, Huong, me Huong, dng hang xdm).
- Gd ngudi nghe cu the (Lan, Hung ndi vdi Huong, me Huong ndi vdi Lan,

Hting,...).
- Gd dich ldi ndi eu the (Lan, Hting gpi Huong di hpc; me Huong khuyen Lan,

Hung,...).
- Gd each diln dat eu the qua viee dtmg ttr ngfi (kem theo ngtr dieu) phti hpp

vdi dd'i thoai: ttr ngii hd gpi {ai), khuyen bao thdn mat {khe chu), cam dodn,
qudt nat {ldm gi md...), each vi von, mieu td {chdm nhu rua, lqch bd
lqch bqch).
Nhu vay, dau hieu dae tnmg thti nha't cua phong cdch ngdn ngfi sinh boat
Id tinh cu the: cii the vl hodn canh, ve con ngudi vd vl each ndi nang, ttr ngii
diln dat.

2. Tfnb cam xuc
Ngdn ngtr sinh boat cd tinh cam xiie. Trong doan hdi thoai da ddn, tinh cam

xiie bieu hien d cdc mat sau day:

125

a) Mdi ngudi ndi, mdi ldi ndi diu bieu hien thai dp, tinh cam qua gipng dieu :
- Gipng than mat trong thdng tin, keu gpi, thiic glue (Lan, Hting).
- Gipng thdn mat, yeu thuong trong ldi khuyen bao eua ngudi me.
- Gipng than mat trong su trach mdc {gdm), trong so sanh {chdm nhu rua).
- Gipng qudt nat hue bdi eiia dng hang xdm {khdng cho ai...).

b) Nhiing ttr ngfi ed tinh khau ngfi va the hien cam xiie ro ret n h u : gl md, gdm,
lqch bd lqch bqch, ehi't thdi,...

c) Nhfing kieu eau gidu sdc thai cam xiic (cdu cam thdn, cau cdu khien), nhfing
ldi gpi ddp, trdch mdng,...
Nhu vay, da'u hieu dac tnmg thti hai ciia phong each ngdn ngfi sinh hoat la

tinh cdm xuc. Khdng cd mdt ldi ndi nao ndi ra lai khdng mang tinh cam xiic.

3. Tinbcatbe

Doan hdi thoai da ddn khdng ghi dugc dm thanh trong gipng ndi eiia tung
ngudi, nhung neu dugc ghi am hay nghe true tie'p hg dd'i thoai thi ta phan biet
rat ro mdu sdc am thanh trong gigng ndi ctia ttmg ngudi mdt.

Trong ldi an tieng ndi hdng ngdy, ngodi gigng ndi thi each dung ttr ngfi, each
lua chpn kieu cau cua mdi ngudi cting the hien tinh ed the : mdi ngudi thudng
cd vdn ttr ngfi ua dung rieng, ed nhfing cdch ndi rieng,... Qua gipng ndi, qua ttr
ngfi va cdch ndi quen dtmg, ta ed the biet duge ldi ndi ciia ai, thdm ehi dodn
biet dugc tudi tdc, gidi tinh, ea tinh, dia phuong,... cua hg.

Ldi ndi Id ve mat thU hai, diin mqo thu hai cua con ngudi de phan biet
ngudi nay vdi ngudi khdc, ngudi quen hay ke la, tham chi ngudi td't vdi
ngudi xa'u.

Nhu vay, dau hieu dac tnmg thii ba ciia phong each ngdn ngfi sinh hoat la
tinh cd the.

, GHI NHO .

• Phong each ngon ngir sinh boat la phong each mang nhirng dau hieu dac
trung ciia ngon ngu diing trong giao tiep sinh boat hang ngay.

• Oac trung c a ban ciia phong each ngon ngir sinh boat la : tinh cu the, tinh
cam xiic, tinh ca the.

w^!^ps^:s^^^ssEs^

126

Ill - LUYEN TAP

1. Dgc doan nhdt ki dudi day va trd ldi eau hdi.
8-3-69
Di thdm binh nhdn vi giUa dim khuya. Trd vi phdng, ndm thao thuc khdng

ngu duac. Ritng khuya im ldng nhu td, khdng mot tii'ng chim kiu, khdng mpt
tii'ng Id rung hodc mpt ngpn gid ndo dd khe rung cdnh cdy. Nghigi ddy Th. ai ?
Nghigi md ddi mdt ddm ddm nhin qua bdng dim. Qua dnh trdng md Th. thdy
biet bao Id viin cdnh tuoi dep, cd nhitng can cdnh im dim cua nhung ngdy sdng
giua tinh thuong trin mdnh ddt DUc Phd ndy. Roi cdnh chia li, cdnh dau budn
cung den nUa... Ddng trdch qud Th. oi! Th. cd nghe tieng ngudi thuong binh khi
rin vd tieng sung vdn nd nai xa. Chien trudng vdn dang mua chien thdng.

{Nhdt ki Ddng Thuy Trdm, NXB Hpi Nha van, Ha Npi, 2005)

a) Nhiing ttr ngii, kieu cdu, kieu diln dat ndo the hien tinh cu the, tinh cam
xiie, tinh ed the ciia phong cdch ngdn ngii sinh boat ?

b) Theo anh (chi), ghi nhdt kl cd lgi gi cho su phdt trien ngdn ngfi cua minh ?

2. Hay chi ra dau hieu cua phong cdch ngdn ngfi sinh boat bieu hien trong nhiing
eau ca dao sau day:
- Minh vi cd nha ta chdng,
Ta vi ta nhd hdm rdng minh cudi.
- Hdi cd yi'm trdng loa xod,
Lai day dap ddt trdng cd vdi anh.

3. Doan ddi thoai dudi day md phdng phong each ngdn ngfi smh boat, nhung ed
khdc vdi ldi thoai hdng ngdy. Lien he vdi bai Ddc diem cua ngdn ngu ndi vd
ngdn ngU viet a trang 86 de ehi ra diem khac nhau vd gidi thich vi sao lai ed su
khdc nhau dd.

Dam San: - O tdt cd ddn ldng ndy, cdc nguoi cd di vdi ta khdng ? Tu truang
cdc nguai dd chet, lua cdc nguai da muc. Ai chdn ngua hay di ddt ngua !Ai giU
voi hdy di bdt voi lAi giU trdu hdy di lua trdu ve I

Ddn ldng:-Khdng di sao duac! Ldng chung tdi phia bdc dd mpccd gdu, phia
nam da mpc ed hoang, ngudi nhd gidu cdm ddu chung tdi nay da khdng cdn
niia!

Ddm San : - O nghin chim se, a vqn chim ngdi I O tdt cd tdi td bdng ndy!
Chung ta ra vi ndo!

(Chien thdng Mtao Mxdy)

127

NHAN NGUYfiN BINH KHIEM

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Hieu dung quan niem sdng nhan va cam nhan
dugc ve dep nhan each ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem
qua bai tho.

Bie't each dgc mgt bai t h a ke't hgp giira trir
tinh va triet If co each noi an y, tham tram va
sau sac.
^

TIEU D A N Tuong Nguyen Binh Khidm
tai xd Li Hoc, Vinh Bdo, Hal Phong
Nguyin Binh Khiem (1491 - 1585) que a lang
Trung Am, nay thupc xa Li Hpc, huyen Vinh Bao,
ngoai thanh Hai Phong, d6 Trang nguyen (1535),
lam quan duoi trieu Mac. Khi lam quan, ong
dang so vach tpi va xin chem dau muoi tam long
than. Vua khong nghe, ong ben cao quan ve que,
lap quan Trung Tan, dung am Bach Van, lay hieu
la Bach Van Cu Si. (ing day hpc, hpc tro co nhieu
nguoi noi tieng nen ong dugc doi suy ton la
Tuyet Giang Phu Tu (Nguoi thdy song Tuyet).
Nguyen Binh Khiem la nguoi co hpc van uyen
tham. Vua Mac cung nhu cac chiia Trinh,
Nguyin CP viec he upng deu hoi y kie'n ong va
ong deu CO each mach bao kin dao, nhdm han
che chie'n tranh, che't choc. Mac dii ve o an,
Nguyin Binh Khiem vdn tham van cho trieu
dinh nha Mac. Ong dupc phong tu6c Trinh
Tuyen hdu, Trinh Quoc cong nen co ten gpi la
Trang Trinh.

Nguyen Binh Khiem la nha tho 1cm cua dan
tpc. Ong de lai tap tho chir Han Bach Vdn am thi
tap (khoang 700 bai) va tap tho chu Nom Bach
Vdn qudc ngit thi (khoang tren 170 bai). Tho
Nguyen Binh Khiem mang dam chat triet li, giao
huan, ngpi ca chi ciia ke sT, thii thanh nhan,
dong thoi phe phan nhirng difeu xa'u xa trong xa
hpi. Nhdn la bai tho Nom trong Bach Vdn qudc
ngU thi. Nhan de bai tho do nguoi doi sau dat.

128

VAN DAN

Mdt mai'^', mdt eudc, mdt can can,
Tha than dau al*^' vui thii ndo.
Ta dai, ta tim noi vdng ve,
Ngudi khon, ngudi den chdn lao xao.
Thu an mang tnic, ddng an gid,
Xuan tdm hd sen, ha tdm ao.
Rugu, de'n cdi cay^^^ ta se udng,
Nhin xem phti quy tua chiem bao'^'.

{Hop tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -
Vdn hoc thekiX- thiki XVII Sdd)

HU6NG DAN Hpc DAI

1. Gach dung sd ttr, danh ttr trong cdu tha thii nhat va nhip dieu hai cau tha dau
ed gi dang chii y ? Hai cdu tha ay cho ta hieu hodn canh cudc sd'ng vd tdm trang
tdc gia nhu the nao ?

2. Anh (chi) hieu the ndo la noi "vang ve", chdn "lao xao" ? Quan diem cda tdc gia
vl "dai", "khdn" nhu the ndo ? Tac dung bieu dat y eua nghe thudt dd'i trong hai
cau tha 3 vd 4 ?

3. Gac san vat va khung canh sinh boat trong hai cdu tha 5, 6 cd gi ddng ehii y ?
Hai cau tha cho thay cudc sd'ng ciia Nguyin Binh Khiem nhu the ndo ? (Que
mtia, khd circ ? Dam bac ma thanh cao ? Hod hgp vdi ttr nhien ?)

Phan tich gid tri nghe thuat eiia hai cau tha nay.

(1) Mai: dung cy dao dat, xdn dat.
(2) Ddu ai: mSc cho ai. Du ai c6 cich vui thii nao cung mac, toi cii tho than (giira cupc doi nay).

(3) C0i cdy: g6'c cay.

(4) Hai cau 7 va 8 tac gia c6 y ddn dien Thuin Vu Phan uong rupu say ndm ngu duoi goc cay hoe,
r6i mo thay minh d nu6c Hoe An, dupc cong danh phii quy rat muc vinh hien. Sau bimg mat
tinh day thi hoi ra d6 la giac mong, thay du6i canh ho6 phia nam chi c6 mpt td kien ma thoi.
Tir do dien nay co y: phii quy chi la mpt gidc chiSm bao.

5 NGU VAN 10/1 A 129

4. Dgc chti thieh 4 de hieu dien tich dugc van dung trong hai eau tha cudi. Anh
(chi) cam nhdn nhu the nao vl nhan each Nguyin Binh Khiem ?

5. Quan niem sdng nhan ctia Nguyin Binh Khiem la gi ?
- Khdng vdt va, cue nhgc.
-Khdng quan tam tdi xa hdi, ehi lo eho eudc sdng nhan tan eiia ban than.
-Xa lanh noi quyin quy de giii cdt cdch thanh cao.
- Hod hgp vdi tu nhien.
Quan niem sd'ng dd la tich cue hay tieu cue ? Vi sao ?

r.HI NHO
(\

Bai tha nhu Idi tam su tham tram, sau sdc, khang dinh quan niem sd'ng nhan
la hoa hgp vdi tu nhien, giii cdt each thanh eao, vugt len tren danh Igi.

^

LUYEN TAP
Neu cam nhdn ehung cua anh (chi) vl eudc sdng, nhan each Nguyin Binh Khiem
qua bdi tho Nhdn.

130 5.NGIJVAN 10/1-B

o p e TIEU THANH Kl J^UXINDU

(Dpc Tieu Thanh ki)

KET QUA C A N OAT -

• Hieu dugc Tieu Thanh thuoc kieu nhirng ngudi
phu nir tai sdc, bat hanh ma Nguyin Du dac
biet quan tam trong sang tac ciia minh.

• Hieu su ddng cam cua Nguyin Du vdi sd phan
nang Tieu Thanh cd tai nang van chuang ma
bat hanh.

^

TIEU D A N

Tuong truyen Tieu Thanh la mpt co gai Trung Quoc co tai va co sdc, song khoang dau
thoi Minh. Von thong minh nen tir nho co da thong hieu nhieu mon nghe thuat nhu thi ca,
am nhac. Nam 16 tuoi, co lam vo le mpt nha quyen quy. Vp ca la nguoi hay ghen, bdt co phai
song rieng tren Co Son, canh Tay Ho. Vi dau buon, co sinh benh roi chet a tuoi 18. N6i uat
lie, dau kho dupc co gui gdm vao tho nhung nhi6u bai tho da bi nguoi vp ca dot, may mdn co
mpt so bai tho con sot lai. Nguoi ta cho khac in sd tho do, dat ten la Phdn du (Bi dot con sot
lai). Thucmg xot cho so phan bat hanh cua nhirng nguoi phu nu tai sdc la mpt cam hung lon
Uong sang tac cua Nguyen Du. Nha tho khong chi khoe nang Tieu Thanh ma con khoe nang
Kieu. Sdc dep, tai nang tho ca, dan hat la nhirng gia tri tinh than cao dep, nhung chu nhan
cua nhimg gia tri do lai phai chiu so phan bat hanh. Hien tuong nay duoc Nguyen Du neu len
thanh mpt van de lon trong sang tac ciia ong. Tien Phong Mong Lien Duong chu nhan
Nguyen Dang Tuyen timg co loi binh Truyen Kieu nhu sau : "Thuy Kieu khoe Dam Tien,
Td Nhu tir lam Truyen Thuy Kieu, viec tuy khac nhau ma long thi la mot, nguoi doi sau thuong
nguoi doi nay, nguoi doi nay thuong nguoi doi xua, hai chir tai tinh that la mpt cai thong luy
ciia bpn tai tir khdp trong gam troi va sudt ca xua nay vay".

Ve ten bai tho Doc Tieu Thanh ki (Dpc Tieu Thanh ki) co hai each giai thich. C^ach thii
nha't: Tieu Thanh ki la tap tho ciia nang Tieu Thanh. Vay ten bai tho phai hieu la Doc tap tha
ciia Tieu Thanh. Cach thii hai: Tieu Thanh ki la ten truyen vie't ve nang Tieu Thanh. Hien nay
nguoi ta chi biei co Tieu Thanh truyen. Co the Nguyen Du da dpc Tieu Thanh truyen.

131

VAN BAN Tdy Ho hoa uyen tdn thanh khu,
Phien dm Ddc dieu song tiln nhat chi thu.
Ghi phan hfiu than Uen tti hau,
Dich nghia Van chucmg vd menh luy phan du.
Gd kim ban su thien nan van,
Dich tha Phong van ki oan nga tu cu.
Bat tri tam bach du nien hau,
Thien ha ha nhan khap Td Nhu ?

Vudn hoa ben Tay Ho da thanh bai hoang rdi,
Ghi vieng nang qua mdt tap sach dgc trudc cua sd'^'.
Son phan cd than chdc phai xdt xa vi nhfing viec sau khi chet'^',
Van chuang khdng cd sd menh ma cfing bi ddt dd.
Nhfing md'i han cd kim khd ma hdi trdi dugc,
Ta tu coi nhu ngudi eting mdt hdi vdi ke mdc noi oan la liing

vi net phong nha'^'.
Khdng bie't hon ba tram nam sau,
Thien ha ai ngudi khdc Td Nhu'*' ?

Tdy Ho cdnh dep hod gd hoang,
Thdn thuc ben song mdnh gidy tdn.
Son phdn cd thdn chdn vdn hqn,
Vdn chuong khdng minh ddt cdn vuong.
Ndi hdn kim cd trdi khdn hdi,
Cdi dn phong luu khdch tu mang.
Chdng biet ba trdm ndm le nua,
Ngudi ddi ai khdc To Nhu chdng ?

VO TAM TAP djch
{Tha chti Hdn Nguyin Du,
NXB Van hpc, Ha Npi, 1965)

(1) Y noi: dpc tap ki ke ve cupc doi Tieu Thanh.
(2) Y noi: nguoi dep Unh thieng nen chet di vin khien ngudi doi thuang tiec.
(3) Y noi: Nguyfin Du dong cim voi than phan bat hanh cua nang Tieu Thanh vi ong ciing cung

than phan.
(4) Bay gio ta khoe nang Tieu Thanh, khong biei ba Uam nam nira ai se la ngudi khoe ta. Hai cau

ket di lifin m^ch voi hai cau luan o tren. Ba trdm ndm kh6ng nhai thiet phai la con sd chinh x^c
ma CO the chi sd nhieu. Td Nhu la ten chQ cua Nguyin Du.

132

Dpc them ban dich tha

Ho Tdy hoa kieng: ddi gd hoang,
Cua he trang tha chanh diiu ndng.
Hqn ludng vuong thim hon phdn dqi '^',
Tro chua tdn het luy vdn chuang.
Thanh thuang khd hdi oan chong chdt,
Phong nhd ddnh chung no vdn vuang.
Roi TdNhu, sau ba ki niia,
Trdn gian ai ke sut sui thuong ?

QUACH TAN dich,
(Tap chi Vdn, sd dac biet
"Tu6ng niem Nguyin Du", Sai Gdn, 1967)

Trudc song gidy muc viing ndng.
Ho Tdy vudn cu; gd hoang bdy gid.
Xua nay trdi vdn ldm nga,
Mdi oan thim mdt ngudi tha budc minh.
Hoa tdn li rd huang thanh;
Vdn chuong phdn mdng chua ddnh tro bay!
Roi ba trdm ndm sau ddy
Cdn ai khdc TdNhu ndy nua chdng ?

VtJ HOANG CHUONG dich,
(Nguyet san Tdn vdn, sd 8, Sai Gon, 12 - 1968)

HU6NG DAN HOC BAI

1. Theo anh (chi), vi sao Nguyin Du lai ddng cam vdi so phan ciia ndng Tieu Thanh ?
2. Gau "Ndi hdn kim cd trdi khdn hdi" cd nghia gi ? Ndi hdn (ban) d day Id gi ?

Tai sao tac gia cho la khdng the hdi trdi dugc ?
I. Nguyin Du thuang xdt vd ddng cam vdi ngudi phu nii cd tai van chuong ma bat

hanh. Dilu dd ndi gi ve tam ldng ciia nha tha ?
4. Phdn tich vai trd cda mdi doan tha (dl, thue, luan, ket) ddi vdi ehu dl toan bai.

(1) Phdn dai: chi do trang diem cua phu nQ.

133

GHI NHO
Bai t h a Doc Tieu Thanh ki the hien cam xuc, suy t u ciia N g u y i n Du v l sd
phan bat hanh ciia ngudi phu nu cd tai van chuang trong xa hgi phong kie'n.
Dieu dd cung noi len mgt phuang di$n quan trgng trong chu nghia nhan dao
eiia Nguyin Du : xot xa cho nhirng gia tri tinh thdn bj cha dap.

LUYEN TAP
Dgc doan tha sau day trong Truyin Kiiu (ttr cau 107 den eau 110) vd chi ra

diem tuong ddng vdi bdi Dpc Tieu Thanh ki:
Rdng: Hong nhan tu thud xua,

Cdi diiu bqc minh cd chUa ai ddu.
Ndi niim tudng din md dau,

Thdy nguai ndm dd biet sau thendo ?
Gpi y: Tim hieu xem doan tha nay vie't ve nhan vat nao, ldi ndi tren la ciia ai.
Ttr dd, tim ra dl tai ma Nguyin Du quan tam trong cac sang tac ciia dng.

134

THirc HANH PHEP TU TIT.
AN DU VA HOAN DU

KET QUA CAN DAT -
• Nang cao hieu bie't v l phep tu tir an du va

hoan du.
• Co kT nang phan tich gia tri bieu dat va sir dung

hai phep tu tir ndi tren.

I ' AN DU
1. Dgc nhiing cau ca dao sau vd tra ldi cdu hdi.

(1) Thuyin ai cd nhd bin chdng
Bin thi mdt dq khdng khdng dpi thuyin.

(2) Trdm ndm ddnh ldi hen hd,
Cdy da ben cu, con do khdc dua.

a) Anh (chi) cd nhdn thay trong hai can ca dao tren, nhiing ttr thuyin, ben, cdy
da, con do,... khdng chi la thuyin, ben,... ma edn mang mdt ndi dung y nghia
hodn todn khdc khdng ? Ndi dung y nghia dy la gi ?

b) Thuyin, ben (can 1) vd cdy da ben cu, con dd (edu 2) cd gi khdc nhau ?
Lam the ndo de hieu diing ndi dung ham an trong hai cau dd ?
Gpi y: Gd hai cdch de suy y diing :
- Dat quan he song song : thuyin - ben, ben eii - con dd (quan he giira
nhiing vat can cd nhau, ludn gdn bd vdi nhau, nhung bin thi ed dinh, edn
thuyin, do thi di chuyen, khdng cd dinh).
- So sdnh ngam : lien tudng den nhting ngudi ed quan he tinh edm gdn bd
nhung phai xa nhau.

2. Tim va phan tich phep an du trong nhiing doan trich sau :
(1) Dudi trdng quyin dd gpi he,
Dau tudng lUa luu lap loe dam bdng.

(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

135

(2) Vut di nhUng thU vdn nghi ngdn ngpt, bdy ra su phi phdn thod
thui hay cay ddng ehdt doe eua benh tdt, quanh qudn vdi tinh
cdm gdy gd cua cd nhdn co nim lai. Chung ta mudn cd nhiing
cudn tieu thuyet, nhiing cdu tha thay ddi dupc cd cupc ddi nguai
dpc - ldm thdnh ngudi, ddy chung ta len mpt su sdng truoc kia
chi dung xa nhin thdp thodng.

(Nguyin Dinh Thi, Nhdn dudn^

(3) Oi" con chim chiin chiin
Hdt chi md vang trdi
Timg giot long lanh rai
Tdi dua tay tdi hung.

(Thanh Hai, Miia xudn nho nho)

(4) Thdc bao nhiiu thdc cung qua,
Thinh thinh Id chiec thuyin ta trin ddi.

(Td Hiiu, Nudc non ngdn ddm)

(5) Xua phu du'^' md nay dd phu sa,
Xua bay di md nay khdng trdi mdt.

(Che Lan Vien, Nay ddphiisd)

3. Quan sat mdt vat gan gfii quen thudc, hen tudng den mdt vat khac cd diem
gidng vdi vat dd vd viet cdu van cd dfmg phep an du.

li - HOAN DU

1. Dpc nhfing edu sau va tra ldi cau hdi.
(1) Ddu xanh dd tdi tinh gi,
Md hong ddn qud niia thi chua thdi.

(Nguyin Du, Truyen Kieu)

(2) Ao ndu liin vol do xanh,
Ndng thdn liin vai thi thdnh dUng lin.

(Td Hiiu, Ba muai ndm ddi ta co Ddng)

(1) Phil du : loai con triing nho sdng ttfin mat nuoc ao ho, thoi gian sdng rat ngSn (ciing la ten gpi
nhirng loai buom nho, ban dem thuong bay vao den).
Kiep phd du : kiep sdng ttoi ndi, ngin ngui, phu phiem.

136

a) Dting nhfing cum ttr ddu xanh, md hdng, nhd tha Nguyin Du mud'n ndi dieu
gi va am chi nhan vat nao trong Truyin Kiiu ? Cfing nhu vay, dting nhfing
cum ttr do ndu, do xanh, Td Hfiu mud'n ehi ldp ngudi ndo trong xa hdi ta ?

b) Lam the nao de hieu dfing mdt dd'i tupng khi nha tha thay ddi ten gpi eiia
ddi tupng dd ?
Gpiy: Lay mdt dae diem tieu bieu ctia dd'i tugng quan sdt, chdng ban lay
mdt bd phan ea the, mdt vat dung, mgt tinh chat,... de ggi ten nhan vat, dd
Id phep hodn du ndi chung. Hoan du tu ttr la bien phap thay ddi mdt ten ggi
quen thudc bang mdt ten ggi khac nhd cd su phat hien mdi vl ddi tugng dd
theo quan he gan giii vdi mdt dd'i tugng khac.

2. Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng,
Cau thdn Dodi nhd gidu khdng thdn ndo.
(Nguyin Binh, Tuang tu)

a) Cau tha tren ed cd hodn du vd an du. Anh (chi) hay phdn biet hai phep tu
tfidd.

b) Cung bdy td ndi nhd ngudi yeu, nhung cdu Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng
khdc vdi edu ea dao Thuyen oi cd nhd bin chdng... a diem nao ?
Gpi y : An du "cau thdn Dodi' vd "trdu khdng thdn ndo" tuy duge dung
trong mdt cdu bdi lap hing (cdu hdi tu ttr) nhung lai dm ehi ngudi thdn Dodi
vd thdn Ddng. Day Id edeh diln dat phti hgp vdi tam trang ctia ngudi dang
yeu, phu hgp vdi each ndi lap limg, bdng gid trong tinh yeu ddi liia.

3. Quan sdt mdt sir vat, nhan vat quen thude vd thir ddi ten ggi cua chiing theo
phep an du hoac hoan du de viet mdt doan van vl su vat, nhan vat dd.

137

.DOCTHEM. V A N N U O C PHAPTHUAN
{Qudc tp)

TIEU D A N

Thien su Phap Thuan (915 - 990) hp D6, khong ro ten that va que quan, la mpt nha su thupc
the he thii muoi dong thien Nam phuong do Thien su ngudi Thien Tnic Ti-ni-da-luu-chi
de'n nuoc ta nam 580 lap ra. Ong timg giir cong viec cd van quan trpng dudi trieu Tien Le.

Tac pham cua ong hien con mpt bai tho tra loi Le Dai Hanh hoi ve van nuoc. De hieu bai
tho, can hieu khai niem "vo vi". Vo vi nghia den la "khong lam gi". Khai niem vo vi dupc nhieu
truang phai triet hpc, ton giao su dung. Vo vi la thuat ngir trong sach Dao ddc kinh cua
Lao Tii nham chi mpt thai dp sdng thuan theo tu nhien, khong lam dieu trai tu nhien. Trong
bai tho nay, vo vi con dupc hieu theo nghia cua Nho giao. Thien Ve Linh cong sach Ludn ngii
cua Khong Til cd cau: "Vo vi nhi tri gia, ki Thuan da du ?" (Vo vi ma thinh tri, do la vua Thua'n
chang ?). Chu Hi chii giai y nay nhu sau: "Vo vi ma thinh tri la vi bac thanh nhan cd dire thinh
nen cam hoa dupc nhan dan, khong phai lam gi hon".

VAN BAN Qud'c to n h u dang lae.
Phiin dm Nam thien h thai binh.
Vd vi eu dien cdc,
Dich nghia Xii xii tire dao binh.

Van nude'^' n h u day may leo quan quyt'^^
6 coi trdi Nam [md ra] canh thai binh.
Vd vi d noi eung dlen'^',
[Thi] khdp mgi noi d i u tdt h e t dao binh.

(1) Van nuac: dich chit qudc to. To co nhieu nghia : phuc, van may ciia qudc gia; ngoi (vua, hoang
de). 6 day hieu qudc to la van nuoc.

(2) Ddy mdy leo qudn quyt: dich hai chQ ddng lac {ddng: cay may ; lac: cudn day a xung quanh).
(3) Cung dien : dich hai chii dien cdc.

138

Dich tha Van nudc nhu mdy qudn,
Trdi Nam md thdi binh.
Vd vi trin diin cdc,
Chdn chdn dUt dao binh.

Theo ban dich ciia DOAN THANG
{Tha vdn Li - Trdn, tap I,

NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1977)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Tde gia so sdnh "Van nudc nhu day may leo qudn quyt" nhdm diln ta dilu gi ?
(Su vfing b i n ? Str ddi lau ? Su phat trien thinh vugng ?)

2. Qua hai cau tha dau, neu cam nhdn ciia anh (ehi) v l :
- Hoan canh da't nudc.

- Tdm trang tde gia.

3. Dgc Tieu ddn de hieu ndi dung hai chfi vd vi, sau dd thu giai thich vi sao tac gia
lai khang dinh "Vd vi tren dien cdc - Chdn chdn dfit dao binh".

4. Theo anh (chi), hai cau tha cud'i phan anh truyin thd'ng td't dep gi cua dan tdc
Viet Nam ?

139

.DOC THEM J CAO B E N H , BAO MOI N G U O I MANGIAC

LCQJ (Cdo tdt thi chung)

TIEU DAN

Thiin su Man Gidc (1052 - 1096) ten la Li Truong, nguoi lang An Cach (?). Thud nh6, ong dupc v4o
hau Thdi tii Kien Diic (tiic la Li Nhan T6ng sau nay), va duoc Thai hau rat trgng. Khi Kien Due len ng6i,
ong dirgrc ban hieu Hoai Tin, gpi la Hoai Tin tnrdng lao, lai duoc moi vao chua Giao Nguyen trong cung.
Man Giac la ten thuy do vua ban tSng sau khi ong m3!t.

KS: thi van Phat gido, diing de truyen ba gido li Phat phdp. K§ dupc viit bdng vdn vin. Nhieu bdi k?
CO gia tri vdn chuong nhu cdc bai tha. Bdi ke cua thiin su Man Gidc vdn khdng c6 nhan di. Cdo t^t
thi chiing Id nhan di do ngudi ddi sau ddt.

VAN BAN Xuan khti bach hoa lac,
Phiin dm Xuan ddo bach hoa khai.
Dich nghia Su true nhan tiln qua,
Dich tha Lao tdng dau thugng lai.
Mac vi xuan tan hoa lac tan,
140 Dinh tiln tac da nhat chi mai.

Xuan di, tram hoa rung,
Xuan den, tram hoa nd.
Viec ddi rudi qua trudc mdt,
Tudi gia hien den ttr tren mai dau.
Chd bao xudn tan hoa rung het,
Dem qua, mdt canh mai trudc sdn.

Xudn qua, trdm hoa rung,
Xudn tai, trdm hoa tuoi.
Trudc mdt viec di mdi,
Trin ddu gid den roi.
Chd bdo xudn tdn hoa rung het,
Dim qua sdn trude mpt cdnh mai.

(Theo Hap tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -
Vdn hoc thi kiX-theki XVII, Sdd)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM
1. Hai cau tha dau ndi len quy luat nao ciia tu nhien ? (Quy luat van ddng,

bien ddi ? Quy luat tuan hoan ? Quy luat smh trudng ?) Neu dao eau tha 2 len
vi tri cau tha dau thi y tha khdc nhau nhu the nao ? Dao nhu the, trong nhfing
quy luat tren, quy lu$t nao gifi nguyen, quy luat ndo hi dnh hudng, vi sao ?
2. Gau tha 3 va 4 ndi len quy luat gi trong eudc sd'ng ciia eon ngudi ? Anh (ehi) cam
nhan nhu the nao ve tam trang tac gid qua hai cau tho ndy ? (Than nhien ?
Nudi tiec ? Xdt xa ?) Nguyen nhan ddn den tdm trang ay ?
3. Hai cau cudi cd phai la tha ta thien nhien khdng ? Gau tha dau khdng dinh
"Xuan qua, tram hoa rung" vay ma hai cau cud'i lai ndi xudn tan vdn nd canh
mai. Nhu the cd mau thuan khdng ? Vi sao ? Gam nhan cua anh (chi) vl hinh
tugng cdnh mai trong cdu tha cudi ?
4. Qua bai k^, anh (chi) hay lam sang td ldng yeu ddi vd cai nhin lac quan cua
tac gia.
(Can xau chudi phan tra ldi d nhfing cau hdi tren, chti y :
-Gach md dau va ket thfie bai tha.
- Nhiing tti ngfi lam nen tinh chat khang dinh d hai cau tha ket.
- Tam trang tac gia trong hai cau 3,4 va trong hai cau tha ket cd ^ khac nhau ?)

141

(-OOOOCCTTHHEEMMvj H U N G T R O VE NGUYDNTRUNG_NGAN

LCQJ {Quy hiing)

TIEU DAN

Nguyen Trung Ngan (1289 - 1370) tu la Bang True, hieu la Gioi Hien, ngudi lang
Tho Hoang, huyen Thien Thi (nay la huyen An Thi, tinh Hung Yen), dd Hoang giap ndm
16 tudi. Khoang nam 1314 - 1315, ong duoc cu di sir sang dap 1§ nha Nguyen. Ong lam quan
de'n chiic Thugng thu, con de lai tac pham Giai Hiin thi tap.

Bai tho Hicng trd ve duoc sang tac khi Nguydn Trung Ngan dang di sii 6 Giang Nam
(Trung Qudc).

VAN BAN Lao tang diep lac tdm phuang tan,
Phiin dm Tao dao hoa hucmg gidi ehinh phi.
Kien thuyet tai gia ban diee hao,
Giang Nam tuy lac bat nhu quy.

Dich nghia Dau gia la rung tam vtra chin,
Liia sdm nd hoa tham, cua dang liic beo.
Nghe ndi d nhd diu ngheo van tdt,
Dat Giang Nam^^' tuy vui, cfing chang bang ve nha.

Dich tha Ddu gid Id rung tdm vita chin,
Lua sdm bdng tham cua beo ghi.
Nghe ndi a nhd ngheo vdn tdt,
Ddu vui ddt khdch chdng bdng vi.

(Theo Hap tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam, tap II -
Vdn hoc thekiX-theki XVII, Sdd)

HUlorNG D A N DOC THEM

1. Ndi nhd que huong d hai cau tha dau cd ^ dac sdc ? (Luu y : Bai tha su dung
nhfing hinh anh dan da, quen thudc nhung lam xiic ddng ldng ngirdi; U giai vi sao.)

2. Phdn tieh net rieng ctia ldng yeu nude va nilm tu hao dan tdc trong bai tha qua
nhfing hinh tugng tha ddc dao.

(1) Giang Nam : miin nam song Tnrdng Giang, noi phdn hoa do hdi, nay la ba tinh : Giang To,
An Huy va Giang Tay (Trung Qudc).

142

TAI LAU HOANG HAC LI BACH
TIEN MANH HAO NHIEN
Dl QUANG LANG

(Hodng Hqc Idu^^^ tdng Mqnh Hqo Nhiid^^ chi Qudng Ldng^^^)

KET QUA CAN DAT -

• Hieu dugc tinh ban chan thanh, trong sang ciia
tac gia.

• Ndm dugc dac trung phong each tha tuyet cii
(tir tuyet) ciia Lf Bach : ngon ngir gian di, hinh
anh tuoi sang va ggi cam.

TIEU D A N

Li Bach (701 - 762), tu la Thai Bach, que o Lung
Tay (nay thupc tinh Cam Tiic). Ong la nha tho lang
man vi dai cua Trung Qudc. Vi tinh each khoang dat,
tho lai hay ndi de'n coi tien nen LI Bach dugc gpi la
"Thi tien". Tho dng hien cdn tren 1000 bai.

Ndi dung tho LI Bach rat phong phii, vdi nhirng
chu de chinh la : udc mo vuon toi li tudng cao ck,
khat vpng giai phdng ca tinh, bat binh vdi hien thuc
tam thudng, the hien tinh cam phong phu va manh
Iiet. Phong each tho Li Bach rat hao phdng, bay
bong lai rat tu nhien, tinh te va gian di. Dac trung
noi bat cua tho Li Bach la su thdng nha't giira cai cao
ca va cai dep.

Li Bach
(Tranh chdn dung)

(1) Hodng Hac ldu (lau Hoang Hac) : mdt thing canh ndi tieng ciia Trung Qudc ndm tren mdm
Hoang Hac Co, niii Hoang Hac, ben sdng Trudng Giang, huyen Vii Xuong, nay thudc thanh
phd Vu Han, tinh Ho Bdc.

(2) Manh Hao Nhien (689 - 740) : mpt nhd tho noi tieng ciia Trung Qudc thdi Duong. Manh Hao
Nhien hon Li B^ch 12 tudi, nhung hp la ddi ban vdn chirong rai than thiet.

(3) Qudng Ldng : ten mdt quan, thu phu Id Duong Chau, dd thi phdn hoa vao bac nhai 6 thdi
Dudng, nay la thanh phd Duong Chau, tinh Giang Td.

143

VAN BAN

Phiin dm Co nhdn tdy ttr Hoang Hac lau.
Yen hoa tam nguyet ha Duong Chau.
Gd pham viin dnh bich khdng tan,
Duy kien Trudng Giang thien te luu.

Dich nghia Ban eu gia ttr lau Hodng Hac, d phia tay,
Dich tha Xudi vl Duong Chau gitia thdng ba, mua hoa khdi.
Bdng cdnh budm le loi xa dan, mat hiit vao khoang khdng xanh biec,
Ghi thay sdng Trudng Giang chay vao coi trdi.

Bqn tU ldu Hqc lin dudng,
GiUa mua hoa khdi, Chdu Duong xudi ddng.

Bdng budm dd khudt bdu khdng,
Trdng theo chi thdy ddng sdng bin trdi.

NGO TAT TO dich,
{ThaDuong, tap II, NXB Vdn hpc, Ha Ndi, 1987)

HirOTNG D A N HOC BAI

1. Xac lap md'i quan he gifia khdng gian (lau Hoang Hac - sdng Trudng Giang -
Duong Chau), thdi gian (thang ba - mtia hoa khdi) vd con ngudi (cd nhdn...)
trong bdi tho. Mdi quan he ay cd tde diing nhu the nao trong viec the hien
khung canh vd tam tinh ngudi dua tien ?

2. Sdng Trudng Giang la huyet mach giao thdng chinh ciia miin Nam Tnmg Qud'c.
Mtia xuan tren sdng Trudng Giang hdn cd nhilu thuyin be xudi ngugc, vi sao
Ii Bach lai ehi thay "cdnh budm le loi" (cd phdm) ciia "ed nhan" ?

3. Anh (chi) hay ttr dat minh vao vi tri eiia ngudi dua tiln nhin theo canh budm
dan xa vd ddng sdng chay vdo cdi trdi de cam nhan tam tinh cua thi nhdn.

GHI NHO .

r

Vai ngon ngir gian di, hinh anh ggi cam, bai tha the hien tinh ban sau sdc, chan thanh
cua hai nha tha Idn thdi Thinh Oudng. Thai dai nao tinh ban cung rat dang tran trgng.

LUYEN TAP

1. Ngudi ta thudng cho rdng: Gdi hay ciia tha Dudng la d chd the hien dugc "y tai
ngdn ngoai" (y d ngodi ldi). Hay tim "y tai ngdn ngoai" qua bai tha nay.

2. Gac nhd tha thdi Dudng rat tran trgng tinh ban. Anh (chi) hay suy ngdm vl vi
tri va y nghia ciia tmh ban trong eudc sdng ngay nay.

3. Hge thudc bai tha (phan phien am va dich tha).

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CAM XUC MUA THU P6PHU
{Thu hUng^^^)

KET QUA CAN OAT ^^

• Hieu dugc birc tranh miia thu hiu hdt cung la
birc tranh tam trang budn lo ciia nha tha trong
canh loan li : ndi lo au cho da't nuac, ndi budn
nha que huong va ndi ngam ngiii, xot xa cho
than phan minh.

• Hieu them dac diem ciia tha Dudng luat.
^:

TIEU D A N

D 6 Phu (712 - 770) tu la Tir MI, que d huyen Cung, tinh Ha Nam, xuat than uong mpt gia dinh
cd tmyen thdng Nho hpc va tho ca lau ddi. Ong sdng ttong ngheo khd, che't ttong benh tat.

Dd Phil la nha tho hien thuc vT dai cua Trung Qudc, la danh nhan van hoa the gioi.
Tho D6 Phii hien cdn khoang 1500 bai, cd ndi dung rat phong phii va sau sdc. Dd la nhiing
hire tranh hien thuc sinh ddng va chan xac de'n miic dugc gpi la "thi sir" (lich sir bdng tho);
dd ciing la niem ddng cam vdi nhan dan trong khd nan, chiia chan tinh yeu nudc va tinh than
nhan dao. Gipng tha Dd Phu tram uat, nghen ngao. Ong sanh ta't ca cac the tho nhung dac
biet thanh cdng 6 the luat thi. Vdi nhan each cao thugng, tai nang nghe thuat trac viet,
Dd Phu dugc ngudi Trung Qudc gpi la "Thi thanh".

VAN BAN Ngpc Id dieu thuong p h o n g thii lam,
Vu son, Vu gidp khi tieu sam.
Phiin dm Giang gian ba lang kiem thien diing,
Tdi thupng phong van tiep dia am.
Ttmg ciic luang khai tha nhat le,
Gd chu n h a t he cd vien tam.
Han y xii xir thdi dao xich,
Bach De thdnh eao cap md cham.

(1) Ndm 766, Dd Phu dang ngu cu d Quy Chau (nay thudc tinh Tii Xuyen), tai day dng da sang tdc
chiim tho Thu hdng, gom 8 bai. Bai dupc tuyen hpc d day la bai thii nhai ciia chtim tho dd.

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Dich nghia Suong mdc trdng xod lam tieu dieu ea rung cay phong'^',
Niii Vu, kem Vu'^) hoi thu hiu hdt.
Giiia long sdng, sdng vpt len tan lung trdi,
Tren ciia di, may sd xud'ng giap mat dd't am u.
Khdm ciic nd hoa da hai ldn [lam] tudn roi nudc mdt

ngdy trudc,
Gon thuyin le loi budc mai tam ldng nhd noi vudn cfi.
Chd nao cfing rdn rang dao thudc de may do ret,
v l chilu, thdnh Bach Decao, tieng chay dap do'^'

nghe cdng ddn dap.

Dich tha Lde ddc rimg phong hqt mdc sa,
Ngdn non hiu hdt, khi thu loa.
Lung trdi sdng ran ldng sdng thdm.
Mat ddt mdy dun cda di xa.
Khdm cue tudn thim ddng li cu.
Con thuyin bupc chat mdi tinh nhd.
Lanh lung glue ke tay dao thudc,
Thdnh Bqch, chdy vang bdng dc td.

NGUYfiN CONG TRIJ dich
{ThaDudng, tap II, Sdd)

(1) Cdy phong: mdt loai cay miia thu la chuyen sang mau dd, nen oTrung Qudc xua, "ritng phong
nhudm do" thudng dupc diing de tupng tnmg cho mtia thu.

(2) Nui Vu, kem Vu (Vu son, Vu gidp) : hai dia danh thudc vimg thupng luu sdng Trudng Giang,
vdn rai hiing vi hiem ttd, vi thu khi ttdi cang mil mit.

(3) Tieng chdy ddp do : a Trung Qudc, vai de may do ret thudng rai day va rai ciing, nen ngudi ta
phai ngam nudc rdi dat len tdng dd, dimg chay dap cho m i m ra mdi may dupc. Mtia thu ngirdi
ta thudngdap vai de may do chdng ret, ddc biet la de gin cho ngudi linh tran thii d bien cuong.
Bdi vay tieng chay dap do (tiic dap vdi de may do) ttong bdng hoang hdn cung la am thanh
ddc trung ciia mtia thu va thudng gpi ndi budn da diet.

146

HUDNG OAN HOC BAI

1. Theo anh (chi), bdi tha ed the chia lam may phan ? \^ sao lai chia nhu vay ? Hay
xdc dinh npi dung ciia mdi phdn.

2. Nhan xet su thay ddi cua tdm nhin ttr bdn eau dau den bdn cdu sau. Vi sao ed
su thay ddi ay ?

3. Xdc dinh md'i quan he giiia bdn eau tho ddu vdi bdn cdu tho sau, mdi quan he
giiia toan bai vdi nhan d l Thu hUng.

GHI NHO I
I
Bai tho la ndi Idng rieng t u ciia D d Phii nhung cung chan chirraa tam su yeu
nudc, thuang ddi. Nghe thuat tha Dudng d day da dat tdi trinh dp mdu muc.

LUYEN TAP

1. Thii dd'i chie'u ban dich tha eiia Nguyin Gdng Trii vdi ban phien am vd
dich nghia.

2. Theo anh (chi), chfi "le" trong cau 5 chi nudc mat cua nha tha hay nudc mat
cua "khdm ciic" ?

3. Hpe thude bai tha (phan phien am va dich tha).

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TRINH BAY MOT VAN DE

KET QUA CAN OAT -
• Nam dugc y§u eau va each thirc trinh bay mdt

van de.
• Trinh bay dugc mgt van de trudc tap the.

I - TAM QUAN TRONG CUA VIEC TRINH BAY MOT V A N DE
Trong cudc sdng hdng ngay eung nhu trong hpc tap, nhieu ltic chiing ta can

phdi trinh bdy mdt van dl nao dd trudc tap the hoac trtrdc ngudi khdc de bay to
nguyen vpng, suy nghi, nhdn thtic cua minh ciing nhu thuyet phuc hg cam thdng
vd ddng tinh vdi minh, vi du : phdt bieu xay dung bai, phat bieu trong cac cupc
sinh boat td, suih boat ldp, dai hdi ldp, dai hdi Doan,... Gdng viec nay khdng dl
dang thuc hien mdt each cd hieu qua nhu mong muon. Trudc mdt, chiing ta hay
ren luyen mdt sd thao tac ea ban, can thiet nhat.

II - CONG VIEC CHUAN Bl
Gia dinh anh (chi) da dang ki trinh bay trong buoi sinh hoat cau lac bd do Doan

trudng td chiic vdi dl tai "Thdi trang vd tudi tre". Vay nen bdt dau nhu the nao ?
1. Chon van de trinh b(iy

Be tdi "Thdi trang va tudi tre" dat ra nhieu vaii dl can thao ludn, trao doi, tuy
nhien mdi ngudi chi nen ndi vl mdt khia canh nao dd ma thdi.

Nhiem vu dat ra la anh (chi) phai chpn van dl nao de trinh bay. De cd co sd
chpn lua, hay suy nghi va xac dinh:

- De tai "Thdi trang vd tudi tre" cd the bao gdm nhfing van de nao ?
- Ngudi nghe la nhiing ai (tudi tac, trinh dp, gidi tinh, nghl nghiep,...) ? Hp
dang quan tam den van de gi ?
- Ban thdn anh (ehi) am hieu va thich thii van dl nao ?
Viec lua ehpn van 6e trinh bdy tuy thudc vao dl tai chung, hieu biet cua ban
thdn, lugng tu lieu thu thap dugc, tinh hap ddn cua khia canh dugc lua chgn va su
quan tam ctia ngudi nghe.

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