ljifo ;r" L
PsfO zLifs{ ki[ 7 ;ªV\ of
PsfO — ! :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff !
PsfO — @ hg ;fªl\ VosL / hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ !#
PsfO — # hg;ªV\ of, jftfj/0f / ljsf; @(
PsfO — $ gk] fnsf] hg ;fªl\ Vos l:ylt / jftfj/0fkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$@
PsfO — % kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff ^!
PsfO — ^ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] tyf hl} js ljljwtf *^
PsfO — & jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo !)&
PsfO — * lszf/] fj:yf, ofg} tyf kh| gg\ :jf:Yo !@^
PsfO — ( pkefS] tf :jf:Yo !$%
PsfO — !) kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfx / hfl] vdkl| t ;fjwfgL tyf ;/' Iff !^%
PsfO ! :jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f
lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
!=! :jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIffsf] kl/ro
:jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f lzIff Ps cfk;df cGt/ ;DalGwt ljifo xg' \ . jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f /
;j+ wg{ sf nflu jftfj/0f lzIffsf] cfjZostf k5{ eg] :j:y, ;rt] / pTkfbgzLn gful/s tof/ ug{
:jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIffn] ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ . dflg; :j:y / ;v' L xg' sf nflu jg
hªu\ n, kf| sl[ ts ea" gf6] , kfgLsf ;f| t] , hl} js ljljwtf cflbsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ ug{' dflg;sf] kd| v'
bfloTj xf] . kj| m[ lt kb| Tt j:tx' ¿ hfu] fO/fVg' p;sf] stJ{ o xf] . :j:y ;db[ w\ dfgj hLjgsf nflu oL
ljifox¿sf] cWoog clt cfjZos / dxTTjk0" f{ xG' 5 . oL ljifox¿sf] cWoogn] :jf:Yo lzIffsf]
cfwf/et" 1fg, hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f tyf ;j+ wg{ ug{ clekl]| /t u5{ .
:Jff:Yo
lzIff
jftfj/0f :jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of hg;ªV\ of
lzIff tyf jftfj/0f lzIff lzIff
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
!=!=! :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo lzIffsf] kl/ro
-s_ :jf:Yo
ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7g (World Health Organization-WHO) n] :jf:YonfO{ o;/L kl/eflift
u/s] f] 5 – æ/fu] / ba' n{ tfaf6 dS' t xg' ' dfq geO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs tj/n] k0" f{
tGb?' :t xg' n' fO{ g} :jf:Yo elgG5Æ
o; kl/efiffn] :jf:Yosf ltg cf6] f kIfnfO{ bv] fPsf] 5 M
- s _ zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo M zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo eGgfn] dfgj z/L/sf sg' } klg cªu\ df /fu] gePsf,]
pkoS' t lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s agfj6 ePsf] / z/L/sf ;a} cªu\ x¿n] pkoS' t ¿kdf sfd ug{
;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ a'emfp“5 .
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 1
-v_ dfgl;s :jf:Yo M dfgl;s :jf:Yon] sg' } klg lsl;dsf] bafa, tgfj tyf sg' } lsl;dsf]
dfgl;s /fu] gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ae' mfp5“ . o; cj:yfdf dflg;n] /fdf| ÷] plrt lg0fo{ ug,{
c;n v/fa 5'6\ofpg ;S5 .
-u_ ;fdflhs :jf:Yo M ;fdflhs :jf:Yon] dflg;n] cfkmg\ f] 3/, kl/jf/, l5ds] L, ;fyLefO;u“ ,
bfhe' fO, lbbL alxgL, jb[ w\ jb[ w\ f / ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolSt;u“ ug{] ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{
a'emfp“5 .
:j:y dflg;sf ljz]iftfx¿
zf/Ll/s ljz]iftf dfgl;s ljz]iftf ;fdflhs ljz]iftf
xl“ ;nf] /xg] tyf v;' L /xg] :j lgoGq0fdf /xg ;Sg] c¿;u“ ldn/] a:g]
/fdf| ;] u“ lgbfpg] ;db[ w\ efjgf ePsf] gl} tsjfg\
efs] nfUg] dfgl;s åGåaf6 dS' t ePsf] /fdf| ] ;:+ sf/ ePsf]
sg' } lsl;dsf] /fu] gePsf] cfTd ;Ddfgsf] efjgf ePsf] ;xofu] L efjgf ePsf]
cgx' f/df pHofnfk] g ePsf] cgfjZos s/' f dgdf gvn] fpg] gt] T[ jsf] efjgf ePsf]
k'mlt{nf] cfTd ljZjf; ePsf] ;xofu] , ;xsfod{ f nfUg]
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-v_ :jf:Yo lzIff
:jf:Yo lzIff Pp6f o:tf] kl| jm| of xf,] h;n] JolSt / ;db' fosf] 1fg, clejl[ Tt / Jojxf/df ;x' fpb“ f]
kl/jtg{ Nofpg ;xofu] u5{ . dflg;nfO{ :jf:Yo kl| t ;sf/fTds agfp5“ , :j:y /xg cfjZos kg{]
1fg lbG5 . pgLx¿sf Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ Nofp“5 .
:jf:Yo lzIff lg/Gt/ rln/xg] kl| j|mof xf] .
o;n] dflg;sf] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL 1fg, wf/0ff / Jojxf/df ;x' fpb“ f] kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ .
dflg;sf] JolStut tyf ;fdb' flos Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ .
:jf:Yo lzIffdf ;fdflhs ;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
:jf:Yo lzIffdf k/]| 0ffsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
dflg;nfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ¿kdf :j:y /xg cfjZos kg{] 1fg lbG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
pSt ljzi] ftfx¿dWo] tkfOs“{ f] ;fyLdf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sg' sg' ljzi] ftfx¿ 5g,\ ;fw] /] sg' } kfr“ cf6] f
ljzi] ftfx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
2 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
-u_ :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTTjkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
;dfhsf kT| os] dflg;x¿ :j:y eP/ afR“ g] rfxgf /fV5g\ . :j:y hLjgsf nflu :jf:Yo lzIff clt
cfjZos 5 . o;n] :j:y /xg] pkfox¿ l;sfp5“ . xfdf| ] h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf cfwf/et"
:jf:Yo ;DaGwL 1fgsf] sdL 5 . emf8f kvfnf, xh} f, lgdfl] gof, 6fOkmfO8 h:tf /fu] af6 dgx{] ¿sf]
;ªV\ of w/] } 5 . ;dfhdf /xs] f cGw ljZjf;, ¿l9jfbL k/Dk/f ;:+ sl[ t cflbsf sf/0f /fu] x¿sf
l;hg{ f eO/xs] f 5g\ . cfkmg\ f] ufp“ 6fn] df pknAw :jf:Yo ;j] f / ;l' jwfsf] ko| fu] gu/L wfdL
emf“j|mLsf] z/0fdf hfg] k|jl[ Ttn] ;dfhsf] cj:yf lau|“b} uPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿nfO{ :j:y /xg
cfjZos kg{] 1fg / l;k kb| fg u/L pgLx¿sf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ Nofpg
:jf:Yo lzIff clt cfjZos / dxTTjk0" f{ 5 . o;sf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDg ab“' fdf JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ :j:y /xgsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/e"t 1fg lbg
-v_ :jf:Yo k|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg
-u_ JolSt÷;dfhsf] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL Jojxf/df ;w' f/fTds kl/jtg{ Nofpg
-3_ ;dfhdf /xs] f cGw ljZjf;x¿ x6fpg
-ª_ bL3{ hLjg kf| lKtsf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug{
-r_ /fu] x¿af6 aRg] lg/fw] fTds pkfox¿ ckgfpg
-5_ pRrtd :jf:Yo kf| Kt ug{] pkfox¿ ckgfpg
-h_ :j:y / pTkfbgzLn gful/s tof/ ug{
ljm| ofsnfk
dflg; :j:y xg' p;df s] s:tf afgL Jojxf/x¿ xg' k' 5,{ ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
!=!=@ hg;ª\Vof / hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] kl/ro
-s_ hg;ª\Vofsf] cjwf/0ff
sg' } lglZrt ;dodf Pp6} lglZrt efu} fl] ns Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ hg;ªV\ of
elgG5 . hg;ª\Vof ;do;“u} kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . of] l:y/ /x“b}g . hGd, d[To' / a;fO“ ;/fOsf
sf/0f hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{g eO/xG5 .
lglZrt efu} fl] ns Ifq]
;fdflhs cfly{s Pjd\ ultzLn kl| jm| of
efu} fl] ns ke| fj
hg;ª\Vof
JolStx¿sf] ;dx" lglZrt ;do ;Ldf
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 3
-v_ hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Population Education)
kl/jf/ lgofh] g lzIff kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff
kh| gg :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of lzIff jftfj/0f lzIff
Population Education
hg ;fªl\ VosL kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ofg} lzIff
hg;ªV\ of lzIffnfO{ ljleGg ks| f/n] kl/eflift u/s] f] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(&) df UNESCO sf] Ifq] Lo
sfofn{ o aª} s\ sdf ePsf] hg;ªV\ of / kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff ;DaGwL klxnf] Ifq] Lo sfoz{ fnf
ufi] 7Ln] hg;ªV\ of lzIffnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift u/s] f] 5 M
hg;ªV\ of lzIff egs] f] hg;ªV\ of;u“ ;DalGwt kh| gg :jf:Yo, kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff, kl/jf/
lgofh] g÷ofh] gf, ofg} lzIff, hg ;fªl\ VosL, jftfj/0f lzIff cflb ljifosf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg] ljifo
xf] . ljb\ofyL{x¿df kl/jf/sf] cfsf/sf af/]df wf/0ff / 1fg lbg' hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf] pbb\ Z] o xf] .
bz] df ;fdflhs kl/jtg{ sf nflu lzIffsf] el" dsf dxTTjk0" f{ xG' 5 . ljbo\ fno txdf hg;ªV\ of
lzIff ;DaGwL pkoS' t hfgsf/L lbg ;sd] f tLj| hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ wsf] lgoGq0fdf o;n] ;xofu]
k¥' ofp5“ . o;sf nflu hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf af/]df hfGg cfjZos 5 . hg;ªV\ of lzIff egs] f]
dfgj hg;ªV\ ofsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbg] lzIff xf] . of] ax' cfoflds x'G5 . o;n] kl/jf/ of]hgfsf
nflu ue{ lg/fw] sf ;fwgx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . dfgj kh| gg / ;Gtfg pTkfbg, ofg} Pjd\ ofg}
Jojxf/ ;DaGwL 1fg lbG5 . To;n} ] hg;ªV\ of lzIff ofg} lzIff klg xf] . To;} u/L hg;ªV\ ofsf
tTTj, kl| jm| of / dfkg ;DaGwL ul0ftLo / tYofªs\ Lo cWoog ug{] ljifox¿ ;dfjz] ePsfn] of] hg
;fª\lVosL klg xf] .
æhg;ªV\ of lzIff Pp6f js} lNks sfoj{ m| d xf,] h;n] kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjdf hg;ªV\ ofsf]
l:ylt afw] u/fO{ pSt l:ylt kl| t ljjs] k0" f{ tyf pTt/bfoL kj| l[ Tt / Jojxf/ ljsf; ug{ dbt u5Æ{
UNESCO sf] kl/efiffaf6 lgDg s/' f :ki6 xG' 5 M
— hg;ª\Vof lzIff Pp6f zl} Ifs k|ljm| of xf] .
— o;n] ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] l:yltnfO{ cjut u/fp“5 .
— kl/jf/, ;db' fo / /fi6s« f dflg;x¿ ;db[ w\ zfnL hLjg ofkg u/fpg] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
4 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
— JolSt tyf /fi6n« fO{ hg;ªV\ ofkl| t s:tf] wf/0ff lng] jf s:tf] Jojxf/ ckgfpg] eGg]
s'/fsf] lg0f{o lng ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .
hg;ªV\ of lzIffnfO{ ljbo\ fno lzIffsf] kl/kI]| odf o;/L k:| 6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf zl} Ifs ljm| ofsnfkaf6 ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿df hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL 1fg, l;k, ;dembf/L,
tyf clejl[ Tt ljsf; eO{ o;af6 pgLx¿sf Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ eO{ ;v' L hLjg ofkg ug{
dbt k'U5 .
hg;ªV\ of lzIff axk' IfLo zl} Ifs kl| jm| of xf] . o;n] hg;ªV\ ofsf] kl/jtg{ af6 JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh
jf bz] df kg{] cflys{ , ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf af/d] f hfgsf/L
u/fp“5 . hg;ª\Vof j[bl\ waf6 kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhn] efl] u/x]sf ;d:ofx¿ af/] l;sfp“5 . ;dfh
/ bz] df kg{] kl| tsn" c;/x¿af/] cjut u/fp5“ . rt] gf hfu/0f ug{ / ;dembf/Lsf] jb[ l\ w ug{
;xofu] k¥' ofp“5 . JolStdf cfkmg\ f] lhDd]jf/L dx;'; u/fO{ ;fr] / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofp5“ .
hg;ªV\ of;u“ ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;Sg] agfp5“ .
ljm| ofsnfk
tn lbOPsf sg' sg' s/' fdf pkoS' t lg0fo{ lng hg;ªV\ of lzIffn] ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ , ;dx" df
5nkmn u/L lrxg\ nufpgx' f;] \ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
lj|mofsnfk ;xL pTt/ unt pTt/
ljjfx ug{] pkoS' t pd/]
klxnf] aRrfsf] ofh] gf
hGdfGt/
cfkm" n] hGdfpg] aRrfsf] ;ªV\ of
lgwf{/0f
kl/jf/sf] plrt kfng kfi] f0f
;/' Iff / ;bk' ofu]
kh| gg ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfg
uf8L rnfpg ;Ifd agfpg
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 5
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-u_ hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf] cfjZostf / dxTTj
ljZjdf hg;ªV\ ofsf] rfk a9b\ } uPsf] bl] vG5 . ljsl;t bz] x¿df hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w eP klg To;n]
;Df:of l;hg{ f u/s] f] kfOb“ g} . t/ cNk ljsl;t / ljsf;fG] dv' bz] x¿df hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w Pp6f
hl6n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf bv] fk/s] f] 5 . xfdf| ] bz] df klg ljut ltg bzsbl] v hg;ªV\ of cTolws
dfqfdf al9/x]sf] 5 . bz] df pknAw ;|ft] / ;fwg oyfjt\ 5g\ . cem} klg hg;ªV\ of lbg k|ltlbg
a9b\ } uO/xs] f] 5 . tLj| hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ wsf sf/0f vfbo\ fGg, cfjf;, nTtfsk8f, cfi} fwL, vfgk] fgL,
:jf:Yo pkrf/, lzIff ;/' Iff, /fh] uf/L h:tf clt cfjZos ljifosf] dfu a9g\ yfns] f] 5 . o;/L
g} hg;ªV\ of a9b\ } hfg] xf] eg] clt cfjZos j:tx' ¿sf] cefj xg' uO{ ux[ snx, a/] fh] uf/L,
efs] d/L, ;fdflhs ck/fw h:tf ;d:of cfpg ;S5g\ . hg;ªV\ ofsf] lg/Gt/ jb[ \lwn] dfgj
hLjgsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs, jftfj/0fLo kIfdf ;d]t uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿
l;h{gf x'G5g\ .
bz] sf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;;u“ hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ wsf] 3lgi7 ;DaGw xG' 5 . ;dod} hg;ªV\ of
lgoGq0f u/L cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg lgtfGt cfjZos xG' 5 . oxL
tYonfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L ;fs{ ;ªu\ 7gsf ;b:o /fi6x« ¿n] ljbo\ fno :t/sf kf7o\ jm| ddf hg;ªV\ of
lzIff ljifo ;dfjz] u/L nfu' ul/;ss] f 5g\ . oL /fi6x« ¿df hg;ªV\ of lzIffnfO{ Pp6f aU] n}
ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . sg' } sg' } bz] x¿df ;fdflhs lzIff, lj1fg, :jf:Yo eu" fn] ,
ul0ft cflb ljifo;u“ PsLst[ u/L ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf] ;Gbed{ f lj=;+ @)%@ ;fnbl] v
lgDg dfWolds txdf / lj=;+ @)%^ bl] v dfWolds txdf clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of
tyf jftfj/0f lzIff ljifodf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} hg;ªV\ of lzIff ljifonfO{ Pl] R5s
ljifosf ¿kdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] lyof] . cfwf/et" tx -sIff ^–*_ sf] kf7o\ jm| ddf hg;ªV\ of lzIff
ljifonfO{ ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo;u“ PsLst[ u/L k7g kf7g ul/b“ } cfO/xs] f] 5 . hg;ªV\ of
lzIffnfO{ lgDg dfWolds tyf dfWolds ljbo\ fno txdf clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf k7g kf7g u/fpg]
Pl;ofsf] klxnf] bz] gk] fn xf] . hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf] dxTTj / cfjZostfnfO{ lgDg ab“' fx¿af6 klg
:ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M
1. hg;ªV\ of lzIffn] ljbo\ fyLn{ fO{ hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ wsf sf/0f / To;af6 pTkGg xg' ]
kl/0ffdsf af/d] f ;r]t u/fp5“ .
2. dflg;sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g NofO{ ;fgf] / ;v' L kl/jf/ agfpgtkm{ cfslift{ u5{ .
3. kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] plrt kfng kfi] f0f, lzIff cflbsf] Joj:yf u/L ;v' L hLjg ofkg
ug]{ pkfo l;sfp“5 .
4. a9b\ f] hg;ªV\ ofaf6 JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjdf kg{ ;Sg] kl| tsn" c;/af/]
;hu u/fp“5 .
5. hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL wf/0ff, 1fg / clejl[Ttsf] ljsf; u/L hg;ªV\ of lgoGq0f ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .
6 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
6. u0' f:t/Lo hLjg ofkg ug{ cfjZos kg{] 1fg, l;k, wf/0ff / Jojxf/sf] ljsf; u5{ .
7. hg;ªV\ of lzIffn] dft[ lzz' dT[ ob' /nfO{ 36fpg ;xofu] u5{ .
8. ;dfhdf ePsf k/Dk/fut ljZjf; / s/' Lltx¿ x6fpg dbt u5{ .
9. kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ;fwgx¿sf] ko| fu] ug{ kl]| /t u5{ .
10. bz] sf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xof]u k¥' ofp“5 .
!=!=# jftfj/0f / jftfj/0f lzIffsf] kl/ro
-s_ jftfj/0fsf] cjwf/0ff
xfdf| j/k/ ePsf ;hLj, lghLj{ , bZ[ o cbZ[ o, 7f;] , t/n, Uof;“ , 5g' ;lsg,] 5g' / bV] g g;lsg,]
cg' ej ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg,] dfgj lgldt{ tyf kf| sl[ ts ;a} kIfnfO{ ;dli6ut ¿kdf jftfj/0f
elgG5 . jft ± cfj/0f bO' { cf6] f zAbaf6 ags] f] jftfj/0f zAbdf jftsf] cy{ jfo' cyjf xfjf /
cfj/0fsf] cy{ dflyaf6 5fk] s] f] jf 9fss] f] eGg] xG' 5 . jfo' hxf;“ Dd kmn} G5, Toxf;“ Ddsf] ;Dk0" f{
Ifq] nfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 . hn, :yn, jfod' 08n / o;;u“ ;DalGwt ;a} kIfx¿sf] ;o+ S' t :j¿kn]
jftfj/0fnfO{ hgfp5“ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dflg;sf] jl/kl/ /xs] f ;Dk0" f{ ;hLj, lghLj{ , j:tx' ¿ h:t}
xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] jg:klt hLj, hLjf0f' cflb h;n] dflg;nfO{ kT| oIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kdf ke| fj kf/s] f
x'G5g\ . tL ;a}nfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-v_ jftfj/0f lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
dflg;sf ;a} ks| f/sf cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/kl" t{ ug{] ;f| t] jftfj/0f xf] . dfgj hLjgsf nflu
cfjZos kf| 0fjfo' clS;hg, cGg, nTtf sk8f, cfi} fwL cflb jftfj/0faf6} kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . jftfj/0flagf
dfgj hLjgsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;ls“b}g . dflg;n] ;~rfng ug]{ sltko lj|mofsnfkx¿
jg ljgfz ug,{] sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] ko| fu] ug,{] hyfefaL kmfx] f/] ug,{] hldg dl' gsf] kfgL, afnj' f,
lu66\ Lsf] cToflws dfqfdf ko| fu] ug{] cflbn] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds ke| fj kf5{ . To:t} hªu\ nL
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 7
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bhgfj/sf] rf/] L l;sf/L ug,{] 89n] f] nufpg] h:tf ljm| ofsnfkn] klg jftfj/0fdf kl| tsn" c;/
kf5{ . dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fdf k/s] f] gsf/fTds ke| fjsf] c;/af6 ljleGg kf| sl[ ts
ks| fk] , af9L, klx/f,] eI" fo, es" Dk, Hjfnfdv' L lj:kmf6] g, tfkjm| d jb[ l\ w, (Global Warming) xG' 5 .
To;af6 ljleGg ks| f/sf /fu] x¿sf] l;hg{ f xg' ] / tLj| ¿kdf kmn} g uO{ dfgj :jf:Yodf ljleGg
ks| f/sf ;ªs\ 6x¿ cfOk5g{ \ . o:tf ;ªs\ 6x¿af6 aRg jftfj/0f egs] f] s] xf] < s] s:tf
ljm| ofsnfkx¿af6 jftfj/0fdf g/fdf| ] ke| fj k5{ < jftfj/0fdf xfgL gfS] ;fgL gxf;] \ eGgsf nflu
dflg;n] s] s:tf s/' fdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ eGg] af/d] f hfgsf/L kb| fg u/L jftfj/0f kl| t ;sf/fTds
wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/L dflg;sf Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ Nofpg ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] lzIffnfO{ jftfj/0f
lzIff elgG5 .
jftfj/0f lzIff Pp6f To:tf] zl} Ifs kl| jm| of xf,] h;n] jftfj/0f ;DaGwL ;Dk0" f{ s/' fsf] hfgsf/L
lbG5 . o;n] cfkm\gf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;kmf /fVg l;sfp5“ . jftfj/0fsf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{
;/+ If0f u/L ;Gtl' nt agfpg l;sfp5“ . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf jftfj/0f ;DaGwL 1fgsf] sdL / k/Dk/fut
wf/0ffn] ubf{ af9L klx/f,] eI" fo, es" Dk, /fu] x¿sf] ks| fk] cflbnfO{ bj] L bj] tfsf] >fk 7fGb5g\ .
jftfj/0f lzIffn] o:tf unt wf/0ffx¿nfO{ x6fpb“ } ks| l[ t dq} L ljm| ofsnfk, h:t–} jI[ f/fk] 0f, jg
hªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0f, jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO h:tf sfo{ ug{ k/]| 0ff lbG5 .
jftfj/0fsf ljljw kIfx¿ xG' 5g\ . tL kIfx¿sf] l:ylt ltgsf] dxTTj, pkofu] , ;/+ If0f tyf ;j+ wg{
s;/L ug{] eGg] af/d] f 1fg, wf/0ff, l;ksf] ljsf; u/fO{ bz] sf nflu jftfj/0f Ifq] df sfd ug{
cfjZos kg]{ hgzlSt tof/ ug{ ;xofu] ug{] lzIffnfO{ g} jftfj/0f lzIff elgG5 .
-u_ jftfj/0f lzIffsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTTj
kY[ jLdf ePsf ;a} hLljt kf| 0fLx¿n] jftfj/0faf6 kf| Kt xg' ] ;fwg / ;f| t] x¿sf] pkofu] u//] cf
cfkmg\ f] hLjg lgjfx{ ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] dflg;nufot ;a} hLljt kf| 0fLx¿sf] cl:tTj /Iffsf
nflu jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ ug{' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . jftfj/0f lzIffn] jftfj/0fsf ljleGg
kIfx¿ dflg; / hLjhGts' f ;fy} ;fdflhs, cflys{ , /fhgLlts, ;f:+ sl[ ts cflb kIfx¿;u“ sf] cGt/
;DaGwsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbG5 . jftfj/0faf6 kf| Kt xg' ] ;fwg / ;f| t] sf] plrt pkofu] , ;/+ If0f /
;j+ wg{ ug{ cfjZos kg{] 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ . jftfj/0fdf bv] f k/s] f
;fdfGo tyf hl6n ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos kg{] 1fg tyf l;ksf]
ljsf; u5{ . jftfj/0f lzIffn] jftfj/0fLo ;f| t] x¿sf] ljjs] k0" f{ ko| fu] u/L jftfj/0fsf] ;/+ If0f
ug'{kg{] kIfx¿sf] af]w u/fp“5 . To;}n] jftfj/0f lzIff clt cfjZos / dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . jftfj/0f
lzIffsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTTjnfO{ lgDg ab“' fx¿af6 klg k:| 6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
1. jftfj/0f;“u ;DalGwt ljljw kIfx¿sf af/] 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .
2. jftfj/0fdf ePsf af6] la?jf, hldg, df6f,] kfgL cflb kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] ljjs] k0" f{ ko| fu]
ug{ cfjZos kg{] 1fg / l;k kb| fg u5{ .
8 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
3. jftfj/0faf6 kf| Kt xg' ] j:tx' ¿sf] ljjs] k0" f{ ko| fu] sf] cfjZostf af/] rt] gf clejb[ l\ w u5{ .
4. jftfj/0fsf sg' } klg kIfsf] ;/+ If0f ubf{ bz] sf] ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f:+ sl[ ts dN" o dfGotfnfO{
Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
5. ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfox{ ¿ / ;/+ If0fsf ko| f;x¿ PsLst[ ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ hf8] lbG5 .
6. jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f ubf{ ljsf; sfon{ fO{ cj/fw] gug{] / ljsf;sf sfo{ ubf{ jftfj/0f ljgf;
ug{ gx'g] efjgf hufp“5 .
7. xfd|f] bz] sf] efu} fl] ns ljefhg -lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO_{ nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL If]qcg';f/sf
;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' g{] s/' fsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
8. jftfj/0f lzIffn] dflg;nfO{ ks| l[ tnfO{ ;Ddfg / dfof ugs{' f ;fy} ;fx] Lcg¿' ksf] Jojxf/ ug{
l;sfp“5 .
!=# :jf:Yo lzIff, hg;ª\Vof lzIff / jftfj/0f lzIfflarsf] cGt/ ;DaGw
:jf:Yo lzIff
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
hg;ª\Vof lzIff jftfj/0f lzIff
:jf:Yo lzIff, hg;ªV\ of lzIff / jftfj/0f lzIfflar ulx/f] cGt/ ;DaGw 5 . Pp6f ljifodf k/s] f]
ke| fjaf6 afs“ L bO' { cf6] f ljifox¿ klg :JftM g} ke| fljt xG' 5g\ . sg' } Pp6f ljifo;u“ ;DalGwt ljifo
j:td' f x/] km/] ePdf cGo bO' { ljifo;u“ ;DalGwt kIfx¿ klg ke| fljt xG' 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dfgjLo
ljm| ofsnfkaf6 jftfj/0fnfO{ xfgL gfS] ;fgL k¥' ofPdf ljleGg ks| f/sf /fu] x¿sf] l;hg{ f xG' 5 . dfgj
:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds ke| fj k5{ . /fu] sf sf/0f dflg;x¿sf] dT[ o' xg' uO{ hg;ªV\ ofdf ;dt] gsf/fTds
ke| fj k5{ . kmn:j¿k dflg;sf] :jf:Yo, pTkfbgdn" s / u0' f:t/Lo hLjg ofkgdf ;d:of l;hg{ f xG' 5 .
jftfj/0fsf oL ltg cf6] f kIfdWo] sg' } Pp6f kIfdf ;sf/fTds ke| fj k/d] f afs“ L bO' { cf6] f kIfdf
klg ;sf/fTds ke| fj g} k5{ . dflg;n] ks| l[ tsf] ljjs] k0" f{ ko| fu] , ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ u/d] f To;af6
dfgj :jf:Yodf cgs' n" ke| fj÷;sf/fTds ke| fj kg{ uO{ :jf:Yo :t/df jb[ l\ w xG' 5 . o;af6 dT[ o'
b/ sd xg' hfG5 / :j:y, pTkfbgzLn / u0' f:t/Lo hLjg kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . dflysf] pbfx/0faf6
oL ltg cf6] f ljifox¿ Ps csf{sf kl/k/" s xg' eGg] s/' f :ki6 xG' 5 . :jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of /
jftfj/0f lzIff dfgj hLjgsf ljleGg kIfx¿ h:t} M efl} ts kIf, hl} js kIf, ;fdflhs tyf
;f:+ sl[ ts kIf, cflys{ kIf, lj1fg tyf kf| ljlws kIf, /fhgLlts kIf / dgfj] 1} flgs kIf;u“ cGt/
;DalGwt 5g\ .
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 9
!=$ :jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIffsf If]qx¿
:jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f Ps csfd{ f cGt/ ;DalGwt ljifox¿ xg' \ . oL ljifox¿nfO{ ke| fj
kfg{] kIfnfO{ cyjf cfu] 6g\ ] Ifq] x¿nfO{ o;sf Ifq] x¿ elgG5 . oL ljifox¿sf cf cfkmg\ } Ifq] x¿
x'G5g\ . o;sf ljifout If]qx¿df leGgtf b]lvP tfklg Ps csf{;“u cGt/ ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . :jf:Yo
hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f lzIffsf Ifq] nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ j0fg{ ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ :jf:Yo lzIffsf] If]q
:jf:Yo lzIff;u“ ljleGg 7fp,“ ;ªu\ 7g, ;dx" , ljifox¿nfO{ :jf:Yo lzIffsf] Ifq] elgG5 . :jf:Yo
lzIffsf] kd| v' pbb\ Z] o :j:y hgzlSt tof/ ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg' xf] . ljzi] f u/L :jf:Yo JolStsf]
afgL, Jojxf/, cfr/0f, vfglkg, Jofofd cflb;u“ ;DalGwt xG' 5 . :jf:Yo lzIffsf] dxTTj lbgfgl' bg
a9b\ } uPsf] xg' fn] o;sf] Ifq] Jofks xb“' } uPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo lzIffsf] Ifq] nfO{ lgDg cfwf/df juLs{ /0f
u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
:jf:Yo lzIffsf] If]q
-s_ ;fdflhs /xg ;xgsf cfwf/df -v_ cGo ljifo;“usf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df
!= 3/ != dgfl] j1fg
@= ljbo\ fno @= ;dfh zf:q
#= ;db' fo #= lrlsT;f zf:q
$= :jf:Yo ;j] f kb| fg ug{] ;:+ yfx¿ $= dfgj zf:q
%= sfo:{ yn %= ux[ lj1fg
^= hLj lj1fg
&= hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff
*= zf/Ll/s lzIff
-v_ hg;ª\Vof lzIffsf If]q
hg;ªV\ of lzIff dfgj hLjgsf ljleGg kIfx¿;u“ ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . o;df kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf,
kh| gg :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f lzIff, kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff h:tf ljifox¿ ;DalGwt xG' 5g\ . o;sf
ljifo j:tx' ¿ Jofks / lj:tt[ 5g\ . bz] sf] kl/l:ylt / cjfZostfcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf
10 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
Ifq] x¿ km/s km/s ks| l[ tsf xg' ;S5g\ . dV' o ¿kdf hg;ªV\ of lzIffsf Ifq] x¿nfO{ lgDgcg;' f/
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
-!_ hg ;fªl\ VosL -@_ hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ sf lgwf/{ s tTTjx¿
-#_ tLj| hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ waf6 kg{] c;/x¿ -$_ dfgj ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo
-%_ eljiosf nflu ofh] gf
-u_ jftfj/0f lzIffsf If]qx¿
jftfj/0f lzIff ax' cfoflds ljifo xf] . of] ljifo;u“ lj1fg, eu" fn] , cyz{ f:q, hg;ªV\ of, :jf:Yo,
;fdflhs lzIff, snf, lj1fg, kl| jlw cflb ljifox¿ cGt/ ;DalGwt xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] of] PsLst[ ljifo
xf] . cGo ljifo j:t'x¿df xg' ] kl/jt{gn] jftfj/0f lzIffsf ljifo j:td' f klg c;/ u5{ . jftfj/0f
lzIff;u“ ljleGg Ifq] x¿ eP tfklg dV' o ¿kdf o;sf Ifq] x¿nfO{ ltg efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
ug{ ;lsG5 M
-!_ hl} js kIf -@_ efl} ts kIf -#_ ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts kIf
ljm| ofsnfk
of] kf7 kl9;sk] l5 tkfOn“{ ] cfkmg\ f] kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo cj:yfdf ;w' f/ Nofpg s] s:tf sfdx¿
ug{ ;Sgx' G' 5, sg' } bz cf6] f sfdx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
cEof;
! = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gn] :jf:YonfO{ s;/L kl/eflift u/s] f] 5 <
-v_ Pp6f :j:y JolStdf xg' ] sg' } rf/ cf6] f ljzi] ftfx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ hg;ªV\ of lzIff egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ hg;ªV\ of lzIff lsg cfjZos 5, bO' { cf6] f sf/0f nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ jftfj/0f lzIff egs] f] s] xf] <
-r_ jftfj/0f lzIffsf sg' } bO' { cf6] f dxTTj n]Vgx' f];\ .
@ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ :jf:Yo lzIffsf Ifq] x¿sf] tflnsf agfpgx' f;] \ .
-v_ ljb\ofnoaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s'g} kfr“ cf6] f cg'ejx¿ n]Vgx' f] ;\ .
-u_ eljiosf nflu pkoS' t ofh] gf 5gf6] ubf{ s] s] s/' fdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ < 5nkmn u/L
nV] gx' f;] \ .
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 11
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-3_ jftfj/0f lzIffsf Ifq] x¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-ª_ :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f lzIff;u“ cGt/ ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ u/L
s'g} b'O{ cf]6fsf] 5f6] f] j0f{g ugx{' f];\ .
# = 5f]6f] l6kf]6 n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ :jf:Yo lzIff
-v_ :jf:Yo lzIff / ux[ lj1fgsf] ;DaGw
-u_ :jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of / jftfj/0f lzIff;u“ lj1fg tyf kl| jlw kIfsf] cGt/ ;DaGw
$ = km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
-s_ hg;ªV\ of lzIff / jftfj/0f lzIff
-v_ :jf:Yo lzIff / hg;ªV\ of lzIff
-u_ kf| sl[ ts efl} ts jftfj/0f / dfgj lgldt{ efl} ts jftfj/0f
12 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
PsfO @ hg ;fªl\ VosL / hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{
@=! kl/efiffkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
hg;ªV\ of zf:qnfO{ ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] cfcfkmg\ } lx;fan] kl/eflift u/s] f] kfOG5 . s;n} ] o;nfO{
;ªs\ l' rt bl[ i6sf0] faf6 kl/eflift u/s] f] kfOG5 eg] sltko ljåfgx¿n] o;nfO{ lj:tt[ cyd{ f
kl/eflift u/s] f] kfOG5 . ;fwf/0f cyd{ f hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL ljljw kIfsf] j1} flgs tl/sfn] cWoog
Pjd\ ljZni] f0f ug{] zf:qnfO{ hg ;fªl\ VosL elgG5 . ;ªs\ l' rt cyd{ f hg;ªV\ of zf:qnfO{ cfk} rfl/s
hg ;fªl\ VosL (Formal Demography) elgG5 eg] lj:tt[ cyd{ f o;nfO{ ;fdflhs hg ;fªl\ VosL
(Social Demography) elgG5 . o; sf/0f hg;ªV\ of zf:qnfO{ kl/eflift ubf{ cfk} rfl/s hg
;fªl\ VosL (Formal Demography) / ;fdflhs hg ;fªl\ VosL (Social Demography) df ljeSt
u//] kl/eflift ug{' a9L ;fGbles{ 7flgG5 .
@=@ cf}krfl/s hg ;fª\lVosL
hg;ªV\ of zf:qnfO{ ;ªs\ l' rt cya{ f6 kl/eflift ubf{ o;nfO{ cfk} rfl/s hg ;fªl\ VosL elgG5 .
;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo ax' eflifs hg;ªV\ of zf:qL zAbsfz] (UN Multilingual Demographic Dictionary)
sf cg;' f/, æhg ;fªl\ VosL egs] f] dfgj hg;ªV\ ofsf] j1} flgs 9ªu\ n] cWoog ug{] ljifo xf,]
h;cGtut{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, ;/+ rgf, ljt/0f / ljsf;sf] Jojl:yt 9ªu\ n] cWoog ul/G5 .Æ
;g\ !(*& df hg;ªV\ of zf:qdf hg ;fªl\ VosLnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M æhg ;fªl\ VosL
egs] f] dfgj hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljjfx, hGd, dT[ o,' a;fO“ ;/fOh:tf 36gfx¿sf] cWoog ug{] lj1fg xf] .
o;cGtut{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, efu} fl] ns ljt/0f, hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] / ltgLx¿df ;docg;' f/
s;/L kl/jtg{ eO/xG5 eGg] s'/f klg cWoog ul/G5Æ .
@=# ;fdflhs hg ;fª\lVosL
hg;ªV\ of cWoognfO{ ;fdflhs hg ;fªl\ VosL klg elgG5 lsgeg] o;df hg;ªV\ of cWoogsf
ljifo j:tx' ¿nfO{ bz] jf ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs kIf;u“ ;Dabw\ u//] cWoog tyf ljZni] f0f ul/G5 .
hg;ªV\ of cWoog Pp6f ax' ljifos rl/q ePsf] ljifo xf] lsgeg] o;df cfk} rfl/s hg;ªV\ of
zf:qsf ljifo j:ts' f] cltl/St hLj lj1fg, dgfl] j1fg, lrlsT;f zf:q cflb ljifosf ljifo j:ts' f]
klg cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
hg;ªV\ of cWoognfO{ ;fdflhs hg ;fªl\ VosLcg;' f/ Shryaca and Siegel n] lgDgcg;' f/ kl/eflift
u/s] f 5g\ M æhg;ªV\ of cWoog hg;ªV\ ofsf] kl/jtg{ nfO{ ke| fj kfg{] sf/s tTTjx¿ tyf cGo hg
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 13
;fªl\ VosLo rnx¿;“u dfq ;DalGwt xb'“ g} . o;n] hg;ªV\ of kl/jt{g / cGo sf/s tTTjx¿
-h:t} M ;fdflhs, cflys{ , /fhgLlts, efu} fl] ns, jftfj/0fLo, hl} js cflb_ larsf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf]
af/]df klg cWoog u5{Æ .
@=# hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf ;|f]tx¿
dfgj hg;ªV\ ofsf ljljw kIfsf af/d] f hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] ;r" sfªs\ x¿nfO{ hg;ªV\ of
tYofªs\ elgG5 . ;fwf/0ftof hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ cGtut{ hGd, dT[ o,' a;fO“ ;/fO, pd/] , lnªu\ ,
jj} flxs l:ylt, /fli6o« tf, wd,{ ;fIf/tf, dfte[ fiff, Joj;fo, /fh] uf/Lsf] :t/ cflbh:tf ;r" sfªs\ x¿
k5{g\ . hg ;fª\lVosLo tYofª\sx¿n] ;dfh ljleGg kIfx¿;“u ;DalGwt cWoog tyf
cg;' Gwfgx¿nfO{ ;xofu] u5{ . o;/L hg ;fª\lVosLo cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos
kg{] cyjf hg ;fªl\ VosLo hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{ ;lsg] ;f| t] x¿nfO{ dV' otof bO' { cf6] f lj:tt[ efudf
juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf ;f| t] x¿
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
k|fylds ;|f]tx¿ uf}0f ;|f]tx¿
– hg u0fgf – kf7o\ k:' ts
– k~hLs/0f k0| ffnL – jflifs{ tYofªs\ Lo kl' :tsf
– gdg' f ;jI{] f0f – cfjlws dv' kq
– kz| f;sLo nut – cg;' Gwfg kl| tjb] g
– hg;ªV\ of clenv] – dfg] fu] f| km
-s_ k|fylds ;|f]tx¿
hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf kf| ylds ;f| t] cGtut{ o:tf ;f| t] x¿ k5g{ ,\ h;df hg ;fªl\ VosLo ;r" gf cyft{ \
tYofªs\ x¿ kf| ylds ;r" gfsf] cfwf/df ;ªs\ ng ul/Psf xG' 5g\ . o;cGtut{ hg u0fgf, k~hLs/0f
k0| ffnL, gdg' f ;jI{] f0f, kz| f;sLo nut, hg;ªV\ of clenv] h:tf ;f| t] x¿ k5g{ \ .
hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf kf| ylds ;|ft] x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ hg u0fgf
-@_ k~hLs/0f k0| ffnL÷JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnL
-#_ gdg' f ;jI{] f0f
-$_ kz| f;sLo nut
-%_ hg;ªV\ of btf{ kl' :tsf
14 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b!= hg u0fgf
hg u0fgf zAb cªu\ h]| L zAb Census sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . Census zAbsf] pTklTt Nofl6g
efiffsf] Censere eGg] zAbaf6 ePsf] xf] . Nofl6g efiffdf Censere eGg] zAbsf] cy{ dN" o (Value)
jf s/ (Tax) xG' 5 . o; sf/0f kf| rLg ;dodf ul/g] hg u0fgf s/ ltg{] cyjf s/ ltg{ ;Sg]
s/bftfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{ ul/GYof] . To:t} ;}lgs ;]jfdf etL{ u/fpgsf nflu cfjZos
hgzlStsf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{] pbb\ ]Zon] ul/GYof] . t/ cfwl' gs ;dodf hg u0fgfn] sg' } Pp6f bz] df
jf Pp6f lglZrt l;dfgfleq a;fa] f; ug{] ;a} dflg;x¿sf] ljj/0f l7s l7s ;dodf ;ªs\ ng ug{]
kl/kf6LnfO{ hgfp5“ . hg u0fgf sg' } lglZrt ;dodf sg' } lglZrt efu} fl] ns jf /fhgLlts Ifq] leq
a;fa] f; ug{] JolStx¿sf] ljj/0f Ps} k6s ;ªs\ ng ul/g] kl| jm| of xf] . hg u0fgf sa] n JolStx¿sf]
6fpsf] u0fgf dfq xfO] g . of] JolStsf ;fdflhs, cflys{ tyf hg ;fªl\ VosLo ljzi] ftfx¿ ;dt]
;ªs\ ng ul/g] sfo{ xf] . hg u0fgfdf c:yfoL ¿kdf a;fa] f; ul//xs] f ljbz] Lx¿sf] u0fgf ul/b“ g} .
hg u0fgfsf] kl/efiff
hg u0fgfdf kT| os] JolStsf] cnu cnu u0fgf ul/G5 . o;df kT| os] JolStsf] pd/] , lnªu\ , wd,{
hfthflt, efiff, ;fIf/tf, zl} Ifs l:ylt, k;] f, /fh] uf/ cflbsf af/d] f ;r" gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ug{] sfd
ul/G5 . ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\ n] ;g\ !(&) df hg u0fgfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ kl/eflift u/s] f] kfOG5 M
æhg u0fgf egs] f] hg ;fªl\ VosLo, cflys{ / ;fdflhs tYofªs\ x¿ ;ªu\ x| ug,{] dN" ofªs\ g ug,{]
ljZni] f0f ug,{] ;Dkfbg ug{] / ks| flzt ug{] sn' kl| jm| of xf,] h;df sg' } ljzi] f ;doleq ;Dk0" f{
bz] af;Lx¿sf] jf b]zsf] sg' } ee" fudf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] j0f{g ul/G5 .Æ
dflysf] kl/efiffaf6 hg u0fgf egs] f] JolStsf] u0fgf dfq xfO] gÙ o;df JolStsf ljljw kIfsf
af/d] f dxTTjk"0f{ ;r" gfx¿ klg ;ª\sng ug]{ ul/G5 .
hg u0fgf sg' } lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf ul/G5 . ;fwf/0ftof hg u0fgf %÷% jif{ jf !)÷!)
jifs{ f] cGt/fndf ul/G5 . hg u0fgf ug{] sfd ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 x'G5 . of] Pp6f a[xt\ sfo{
ePsfn] ;do, hgzlSt / Jooef/;dt] a9L nfUb5 . hg u0fgfsf] dV' o pbb\ Z] o bz] leq a;fa] f;
ug{] ;Dk0" f{ gful/sx¿sf] ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ug{' xf] . cyjf bz] leq a;fa] f; ug{] gful/sx¿sf]
;ªV\ of kTtf nufpg' xf] . bz] df ofh] gfabw\ ¿kdf ljsf; sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg{]
gLlt thd{' f ug'{ xf] . ;dud| f bz] sf] hg ;fªl\ Vos, cflys{ / ;fdflhs l:ylt ;DaGwL e/kbf{] /
ljZj;gLo tYofªs\ pknAw u/fpg' xf] .
hg u0fgfsf] ljsf;j|md
gk] fndf hg u0fgf lng] sfos{ f] yfngL ;g\ !(!! bl] v eP tfklg hg u0fgfsf] cfwl' gs kl/efiffcg;' f/
j1} flgs lx;fan] hg u0fgf lng] sfd ;g\ !(%@÷%$ bl] v ePsf] kfOG5 . To;n} ] ;g\ !(%@÷%$
sf] hg u0fgfnfO{ gk] fnsf] klxnf] j1} flgs hg u0fgf eGg] ul/G5 . tyflk kj" l{ t/sf] cfwf efusf]
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 15
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;g\ !(%@ / klZrdsf] cfwf efusf] tYofªs\ ;g\ !(%$ ;fndf ;ªs\ ng ul/Psf] sf/0fn] o;nfO{
j1} flgs tj/n] ;ªs\ ng ul/Psf] eGg ldNbg} eGg] dtx¿ klg 5g\ . To;n} ] ;g\ !(^! sf] hg u0fgf
j1} flgs tj/n] ;a} ljlw k¥' ofP/ ul/Psf] hg u0fgf dflgG5 . gk] fndf kl5Nnf] hg u0fgf
lj=;+=@)^* df -;g\ @)!!_ ePsf] lyof] .
hg u0fgfsf ljlwx¿
hg u0fgf dV' otof ltg cf6] f ljlwsf] cfwf/df ul/G5, hg' lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
-s_ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw (De facto method)
-v_ :yfoL a;fa] f; ljlw (De jure method)
-u_ kl/dflht{ :yfoL a;fa] f; ljlw (Modified De Jure method)
-s_ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw
o; ljlwcg;' f/ hg u0fgf ubf{ sg' } JolSt jf:tljs ¿kdf hg' 7fpd“ f pkl:yt 5, ToxL“ u0fgf
ul/G5 . o; ljlwcg;' f/ hg u0fgf ubf{ k/' } bz] el/ u0fgf ugs{ f nflu Pp6f lbg tfl] sG5 .
;fwf/0ftof /ftLsf] ;dodf ;a} JolStx¿ 3/df el] 6g] xg' fn] o; ljlwcg;' f/ hg u0fgf ubf{ ljzi] f
u//] /fqLsf] ;dodf ul/G5 . To; /flqnfO{ hg u0fgf /fqL (Census night) elgG5 . k'/} b]zel/
;r" gf kj| fx u/L ;a} JolStx¿nfO{ Tof] /ft 3/d} al;/xg cg/' fw] ul/G5 . ;a} u0fsx¿nfO{ Tof]
/ftL 3/3/df uO{ tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{ nufOG5 . ;fwf/0ftof To:tf] /fqL 5gf6] ubf{ g w/] } hf8f]
/ g w/] } udL{ xg' ] Ct' ldnfP/ rGbd| fsf] ks| fz ePsf] /ft 5gf6] ul/G5 . o; ks| f/sf] ljlw
an] fotdf kr| lnt 5 . ;g\ !(#@ df ef/tdf klg oxL ljlw ckgfP/ hg u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] t/
clxn] of] ljlw k|rngdf 5}g .
-v_ :yfoL a;f]af; ljlw
o; ljlwcg;' f/ hg u0fgf ubf{ JolStx¿sf] :yfoL a;fa] f;sf cfwf/df ul/G5 . o;df c:yfoL
¿kdf a;fa] f; ul//xs] f JolStx¿sf] u0fgf ul/b“ g} . :yfoL a;fa] f;sf cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g] of]
ljlw a9L j1} flgs dflgG5 . o; ljlwcg;' f/ hg u0fgf ubf{ k/' } bz] df hg u0fgf ug{ bO' { jf ltg
xKtfsf] Pp6f cjlw tfl] sG5 / ToxL cjlwleq u0fgf ug{] sfd ;dfKt ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . To; cjlwnfO{
hg u0fgf cjlw (Census Period) elgG5 . o; ljlwcg;' f/ hg u0fgf ubf{ sg' } lglZrt cjlwleq
;Dk0" f{ u0fgf ;DaGwL sfox{ ¿ k/' f ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . hg u0fgf cjlwleqs} sg' } Pp6f lbgnfO{ hg
u0fgf ;Gbe{ lbg (Census Reference Date) elgG5 .
-u_ kl/dflh{t :yfoL a;f]af; ljlw
:yfoL a;fa] f; ljlwsf sltko sdL sdhf/] Lx¿nfO{ x6fP/ hg;ªV\ ofljbx\ ¿n] jtd{ fg ;dodf
Pp6f kl/dflht{ :yfoL a;fa] f; ljlw (Modified De Jure Method) kr| ngdf NofPsf 5g\ . o;df
JolStx¿sf] u0fgf cS;/ a;fa] f; u/s] f] :yfg (Place of Usual Residence) sf cfwf/df ug{]
16 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof cS;/ a;fa] f; eGgfn] 5 dlxgf jf ;fe] Gbf a9L ;do sg' } JolSt hg' 7fpd“ f
a;fa] f; u/s] f] xG' 5, To;} 7fpn“ fO{ pSt JolStsf] cS;/ a;fa] f; elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\
@)!! sf] gk] fnsf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ cS;/ a;fa] f; eGgfn] sDtLdf ^ dlxgf jf ;fe] Gbf a9L
;do;Dd a;fa] f; u/s] f] 7fpn“ fO{ ae' mfp5“ . gk] fndf ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] hg u0fgfbl] v g} cS;/
a;fa] f;sf] cfwf/df u0fgf ul/b“ } cfPsf] 5 . jtd{ fg ;dodf gk] fnnufot ljZjsf clwsfz+
bz] x¿df o;} ljlwåf/f hg u0fgf lng] sfo{ ul/G5 .
hg u0fgfsf ljz]iftfx¿
hg u0fgfsf kd| v' ljzi] ftfx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-s_ hg u0fgfnfO{ hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL tYofªs\ x¿sf nflu Pp6f gjLgtd\ /fli6o« e08f/ dflgG5,
h;af6 /fi6n« ] hg;ªV\ ofsf ljljw kIf, h:tM} bz] sf gful/sx¿sf] pd/] , lnªu\ , efiff, wd,{
Joj;fo, hGd, dT[ o' cflb ;DaGwL ;r" gf kf| Kt u5{ .
-v_ /fi6«n] hg u0fgf ug{] sfo{ u5{ cyft{ \ hg u0fgf lng] lhDdj] f/L ;/sf/sf] xG' 5 .
-u_ hg u0fgfdf u0fgf ug{] sfd sg' } lglZrt ;dofjlwleq ;DkGg ul/G5 .
-3_ hg u0fgf sg' } lglZrt ;dofjlwsf] cGt/fndf ul/G5 . ;fwf/0ftof clwsfz+
bz] x¿df hg u0fgf lng] sfd !)÷!) jifs{ f] cGt/fndf ul/G5 .
-ª_ hg u0fgfdf clwsfz+ ;r" gfx¿ pTt/bftfx¿af6 kT| oIf ¿kdf kZ| g ;fw] /] (First hand
information) sf cfwf/df ;ª\sng ul/G5g\ .
-r_ hg u0fgf dV' otof jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw (De facto method_ / :yfoL a;fa] f;
ljlw (De jure method) sf cfwf/df lnOG5 .
hg u0fgfdf ;ª\sng ul/g] ;"rgfx¿
;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ n] hg u0fgfdf ;ªs\ ng ugk{' g{] ;r" gfx¿sf nflu Pp6f ;r" L l;kmfl/; u/s] f]
5 . of] cGt/f{li6o« ¿kdf pkofu] L dflgG5 . ljZjsf clwsfz+ b]zn] cfkmg\ f] bz] df hg u0fgf ubf{
ko| fu] ug{] kZ| gfjnLx¿df To; ;r" LnfO{ ;dfjz] u/s] f] kfOG5 . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ åf/f l;kmfl/;
ul/Psf] pSt ;"rLdf lgDg lnlvt ljifo j:t'x¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 M
-s_ ef}uf]lns ljz]iftfx¿
o; cGtut{ lgDg lnlvt ;r" gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ul/G5g\ M
– xfn a;fa] f; u/s] f] 7fp“ – hGds] f] 7fp“
– xfn al;/xs] f] 7fpd“ f a;fOs“ f] cjlw – sfd ug{] 7fp“
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 17
-v_ JolStut tyf kfl/jfl/s ljz]iftfx¿
o;cGtut{ lgDg lnlvt ;r" gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ul/G5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ hg ;fªl\ VosLo ;r" gfx¿
klg elgG5 .
– pd/] – hLljt hGds] f aRrfsf] ;ªV\ of
– zl} Ifs ofU] otf – lnªu\
– xfn hLljt aRrfx¿sf] ;ªV\ of – efiff
– 3/dn" L;u“ sf] gftf – gful/stf
– hflt – jj} flxs l:ylt
– ;fIf/tf – wd{
-u_ cfly{s ljz]iftfx¿
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
o;cGtut{ lgDg lnlvt ;r" gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ul/G5g\ M
– Joj;fo÷k;] f – pbo\ fu]
– /fh] uf/sf] l:ylt – hLljsfsf] dV' o ;f| t] cflb
hg u0fgfsf kmfObfx¿
-s_ hg u0fgf bz] df eO/xs] f] hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w, pd/] , lnªu\ cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f, dT[ o,'
kh| gg b/, bz] sf] cfGtl/s / jfxo\ a;fO“ ;/fO uf| dL0f / ;x/L hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] cflbaf/]
;r" gf ;ªs\ ng ug{df dbt u5{ . hg' hg ;fªl\ VosLo ljZni] f0fsf nflu ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
-v_ o;af6 bz] sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] k;] fut cj:yf, cfb} o\ fl] us :t/, ;fIf/tfsf] :t/, zl} Ifs ultljlw,
hLjg :t/ / cGo ;f:+ sl[ ts ljzi] ftfx¿, wd,{ efiff cflbsf af/d] f ;dt] ;r" gfx¿ kf| Kt xG' 5g\ .
-u_ kf| Kt tYofª\sx¿sf cfwf/df hLjg ;DaGwL tflnsfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
-3_ hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w / o;} cgk' ftdf rflxg] vfbo\ ;fduL| , vfgk] fgL, cfjf; / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL
;l' jwfx¿sf] cg'dflgt of]hgf th'd{ f ugd{ f ;xof]u k'U5 .
-ª_ t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
lso| fsnfk
hg u0fgf @)^* df tkfOs“{ f 3/ cfPsf tYofªs\ ;ªs\ nsn] s] s] tYofªs\ dfUg' eof,] 3/sf
d"nLnfO{ ;f]wL ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
@= k~hLs/0f k|0ffnL÷JolStut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL (Vital Registration System)
k~hLs/0f k0| ffnLnfO{ JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnL / hGd dT[ o' btf{ k0| ffnL klg elgG5 . JolStut
36gf btf{ k0| ffnL klg hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL tYofªs\ f] Pp6f dxTTjk0" f{ ;f| t] dflgG5 . of] hg;ªV\ of
tYofªs\ sf] Pp6f kf| ylds ;f| t] xf] . ljzi] f u//] ljsl;t bz] x¿df, hxf“ of] k0| ffnL k0" ft{ of kl/kSj
cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOG5, tL b]zx¿df JolStut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL tYofª\ssf] Pp6f k|d'v
;|f]t dflgG5 .
18 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bhGd, dT[ o,' uev{ /] (Miscarriage), uek{ tg (Abortion), ued{ T[ o' (Foetal death/still Birth), ljjfx,
;DaGw ljR5b] , 56' l\ 6Psf,] wdk{ q' ÷wdk{ q' L (Adoption), a;fO“ ;/fO h:tf 36gfx¿ ;dfhdf
lgoldt ¿kdf 3l6/x]sf xG' 5g\ . o;nfO{ hLjg ;DaGwL 36gfx¿ (Vital Events) elgG5 .
;dfhdf lgoldt ¿kn] 3l6/xg] o:tf hLjg ;DaGwL 36gfx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf Jojl:yt 9ªu\ n]
:yfgLo k~hLsflwsf/Lsf] sfofn{ odf btf{ u/fpg] sfon{ fO{ JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnL cyjf
k~hLs/0f k0| ffnL elgG5 . hLjg ;DaGwL 36gfx¿nfO{ ;ªs\ ng tyf ;Dkfbg u/L tof/ kfl/Psf]
tYofªs\ nfO{ hLjg ;DaGwL tYofªs\ (Vital Statistics) elgG5 .
;ªs\ l' rt bl[ i6sf0] fn] kl/eflift ubf{ JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnL eGgfn] hLjg ;DaGwL 36gfx¿
(vital events) nfO{ btf{ ug{' eGg] al' emG5 . ax[ t\ bl[ i6sf0] fn] kl/efiff ubf{ hLjg ;DaGwL 36gfx¿nfO{
;ªs\ ng ug,{] ;Dkfbg ug{] tyf ljZni] f0f ug,{] ks| fzg ug{] Pjd\ ;Dk0" f{ sfo{ JolStut 36gf btf{
k0| ffnLcGtut{ k5{ . JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnLsf] cfwl' gs cjwf/0ffcg;' f/ Pp6f Jojl:yt /
jm| dabw\ ¿kdf j1} flgs tl/sfn] clenv] /fVg] k0| ffnLsf] ;?' cft l:j8g] af6 ePsf] bl] vG5 .
gk] fndf lj=;=+ @)#% ;fn jz} fv ! utb] l] v lgoldt ¿kdf JolStut 36gf btf{ ug{] sfos{ f] z?' cft
ePsf] xf] . gk] fndf hLjg ;DaGwL 36gf 36s] f] #% lbgleq :yfgLo k~hLsflwsf/L ;dIf btf{ ugk{' g{]
sfgg' L Joj:yf 5 . To; ;doleq btf{ gu/d] f hl/jfgf ltgk{' g{] xG' 5 .
k~hLs/0fsf ljz]iftfx¿
hGd dT[ o' btf{ k0| ffnLsf dV' o ljzi] ftfx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
-s_ JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnL hg;ªV\ ofsf] ultzLntfsf] cWoog ug{] Pp6f dxTTjk0" f{
;+oGq xf] .
-v_ o; k0| ffnLcGtut{ hLjgsf kd| v' 36gfx¿ btf{ ugs{ f nflu 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } lglZrt kmf/fdx¿
e//] clen]v /fVg] ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu hGd / d[To' ;DaGwL 36gfx¿sf nflu
5'6\6f5'6\6} kmf/fdx¿ eg'{kg]{ x'G5 .
-u_ o; k0| ffnLdf hLjg ;DaGwL 36gfx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf btf{ ug{] ul/G5 . jflifs{ ¿kdf ;Dkfbg
u//] tL tYofª\sx¿ k|sfzg ul/G5g\ .
-3_ ljsl;t bz] x¿df of] k0| ffnL kl/kSj cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df eg]
cem} s]xL ckl/kSjtf b]lvG5 .
-ª_ o;cGtut{ tYofª\s ;ªs\ ngbl] v lnP/ k|sfzg;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ kl| jm| ofx¿ k5{g\ .
-r_ of] hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf] k|fylds ;f| t] dflgG5 .
-5_ o;df 36gf btf{ ul/;sk] l5 kd| fl0ft ug{] sfd ul/G5 / kd| f0f kq k|bfg ul/G5 .
;ª\sng ul/g] ;"rgfx¿
JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnLcGtut{ hLjg ;DaGwL 36gfx¿, h:t} M hGd, dT[ o,' uev{ /] , ued{ T[ o,'
uek{ tg, wdk{ q' ÷wdk{ q' L, ljjfx, ;DaGw ljR5b] , 56' l\ 6Psf,] a;fO“ ;/fO cflb h:tf JolStut
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 19
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b36gfx¿nfO{ btf{ ubf{ kT| os] 36gfsf nflu 5'66\ f56' 6\ } kmf/fdx¿ eg'k{ g{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 .
:yfgLo kl~hsflwsf/Ln] kT| os] 36gfsf nflu ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ 36gf btf{ kd| f0f kq kb| fg
u5{ . g]kfndf hGd, d[To', ljjfx, ;DjGw ljR5b] , a;fO“ ;/fOsf 36gfx¿ btf{ ug]{ kr| ng 5 .
JolStut 36gf btf{ ubf{ dV' o ¿kdf lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ul/G5 .
-s_ hGd ;DaGwL 36gf btf{ ubf{ hGds] f] lzzs' f] gfd, hGds] f] ldlt, pd/] , lnªu\ , hGds] f] jm| d,
hGds] f] aRrfsf] ;ªV\ of, hGds] f] 7fp,“ a;fa] f; u/s] f] 7fp,“ cfdf afas' f] gfd, cfdfsf] pd/] ,
cfdf afas' f] Joj;fo, cfdf afa'sf] zl} Ifs l:ylt h:tf ;"rgfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ul/G5g\ .
-v_ dT[ o' ;DaGwL 36gf btf{ ubf{ dt[ ssf] gfd, lnªu\ , hft, pd/] , dT[ o' ePsf] 7fp,“ a;fa] f; u/s] f]
7fp,“ Joj;fo, jj} flxs l:ylt, hGds] f] :yfg, dT[ os' f] sf/0f h:tf ;r" gf ;ªs\ ng ul/G5 .
-u_ ljjfx ;DaGwL 36gf btf{ ubf{ o;df bn' fxfsf] gfd, bn' xLsf] gfd, bn' fxfsf] cfdf÷afas' f]
gfd, bn' xLsf] cfdf÷afas' f] gfd, bn' fxfsf] hft÷hflt, bn' xLsf] hft÷hflt, bn' fxfsf] pd/] ,
bn' xLsf] pd/] , bn' fxfsf] hGd:yfg, bn' xLsf] hGd:yfg, bn' fxfsf] Joj;fo jf k;] f, bn' xLsf]
Joj;fo jf k;] f, bn' fxfsf] xfn a;fa] f; ul//xs] f] 7fp,“ bn' xLn] xfn a;fa] f; ul//xs] f] 7fp,“
bn' fxf÷bn' xLsf] zl} Ifs l:ylt h:tf ;r" gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ul/G5g\ .
-3_ ;DaGw ljR5b] sf 36gf btf{ ubf{ >Ldfgs\ f] gfd, >LdtLsf] gfd, bj' } hgfsf] :yfoL 7u] fgf,
pd/] , zl} Ifs l:ylt, wd,{ hft hflt, gful/stf, dfte[ fiff, jj} flxs hLjgdf latfPsf] k/' f
;dofjlw, jj} flxs hLjgdf hDdf hLljt hGdfPsf 5f/] f5f/] Lsf] ;ªV\ of, xfn hLljt 5f/] f5f/] Lsf]
;ªV\ of, ;DaGw ljR5b] sf] sf/0f h:tf ;r" gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng ul/G5g\ .
-ª_ a;fO“ ;/fO ;DaGwL 36gf btf{ ubf{ a;fO“ ;/fO ug{] JolSt tyf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd,
pd/] , lnªu\ , hGd:yfg, gful/stf, 7u] fgf, zl} Ifs l:ylt, wd,{ dft[ efiff, a;fO“ ;/fO u/s] f]
:yfg, a;fO“ ;/fO u//] uPsf] 7fp,“ a;fO“ ;/fO ugfs{ f] sf/0f h:tf ;r" gfx¿ ;ªs\ ng
ul/G5g\ .
#= gd'gf ;j]{If0f
hg u0fgf ;DaGwL tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{] jf kf| Kt ug{] Pp6f dxTTjk0" f{ ;f| t] gdg' f ;jI{] f0f klg
xf] . gdg' f ;j{]If0fdf hg u0fgfsf] h:t} ;Dk0" f{ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng ul/“bg} . o;df
;Dk0" f{ hg;ªV\ of dWoa] f6 gdg' fsf] ¿kdf sx] L hg;ªV\ of jf 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ 5fg/] ltgLx¿sf] dfq
ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ul/G5 . ;ªs\ lnt ;r" gfsf] ljZni] f0f u/L To;sf ljzi] ftfnfO{ k/' } hg;ªV\ ofsf]
ljzi] ftfsf ¿kdf k:| tt' ug{] sfo{ ul/G5 . o;df klg tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ugs{ f nflu hg u0fgfsf]
h:t} kZ| gfjnL tof/ kfl/G5g\ . u0fsx¿nfO{ gdg' fsf] ¿kdf 5gf6] ul/Psf] 3/ kl/jf/df uP/
tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{ nufOG5 . o; cyd{ f gdg' f ;jI{] f0fnfO{ hg u0fgfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] ¿k klg
eGg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwcg;' f/ sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] Pp6f ;fgf] cz+ nfO{ dfq gdg' fsf ¿kdf lnO{
;j]{If0f ul/G5 . To;}n] o; ljlwnfO{ gd'gf ;j]{If0f elgPsf] xf] .
20 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgdg' f ;jI{] f0f ljlw hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{] Pp6f ;dsfnLg ljlw xf] . gdg' f
;jI]{ f0f ljlwsf] Oltxf; w]/} k'/fgf] 5}g . o;sf] ;?' cft !( cf“} ztfAbLb]lv ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf]
Pl] txfl;s ki[ 7el" dnfO{ lgofn/] xb] f{ Charles Booth n] !( cf“} ztfAbLsf] pTt/fwd{ f / B.W.
Rowntree n] @) cf“+} ztfAbLsf] ;?' df la6| g] df hg ;fªl\ VosLo tTTjx¿ ;DaGwL gdg' f ;jI{] f0f
u/s] f] kfOG5 . gdg' f ;jI{] f0f ljlwsf] nfs] lko| tf ljZjdf ;g\ !(%) eGbf kl5sf] jifx{ ¿df dfq
a9b\ } uPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(%^ df Princeton University df hg;ªV\ of cg;' Gwfg sG] bs| f] :yfkgf
ePkl5 ljZjel/ nueu $)) hlt hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL 1fg, l;k / clejl[ Ttdf cfwfl/t ;jI{] f0f
ul/Psf lyP . gd'gf ;jI]{ f0f ljlw xfn ljZjsf w/] } b]zx¿df k|rngdf cfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf cGo
bz] x¿ hxf“ lgoldt ¿kdf hg u0fgf ul/G5, Toxf“ klg cGt/ hg u0fgf cjlwdf sg' } lglZrt
pbb\ Z] o kf| lKtsf nflu gdg' f ;jI{] f0f ug{] u/s] f] kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/St slxn] sfxL“ sg' } ljzi] f
ks| f/sf] cWoog cg;' Gwfg ugk{' ¥of] / To;nfO{ cfjZos kg{] tYofªs\ x¿ hg u0fgfdf ;ªs\ ng
ul/Psf] 5g} eg] gdg' f ;jI{] f0f ljlwaf6 g} tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ul/G5g\ .
gk] fndf gdg' f ;jI{] f0fsf] ;?' jft ;g\ !(^^ bl] v ePsf] kfOG5 . clxn;] Dd gk] fndf Longituditional
/ Cross sectional u/L w/] } gdg' f ;jI{] f0fx¿ ul/Psf 5g\
gd'gf ;j]{If0f ljlwsf kmfObfx¿
-s_ tYofªs\ ;ª\sng ug{] Pp6f ldtJooL tl/sf xf] .
-v_ gdg' f ;jI{] f0f ljlwåf/f tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ubf{ hg u0fgfsf] tn' gfdf sd hgzlStsf]
cfjZos k5{ .
-u_ tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{] ;dsfnLg tl/sfx¿sf] ¿kdf ko| fu] ul/G5 .
-3_ tflnd kf| Kt u0fsx¿åf/f tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ul/g] xb“' f hg;ªV\ ofsf] sg' } ljzi] f kIfsf]
ulxl/P/ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
a]kmfObfx¿
-s_ olb u0fs tyf ;k' l/jI] fsx¿ bIf 5g} g\ eg] ;xL (Accurate) tYofª\s k|fKt ug{ ;ls“b}g .
-v_ gdg' f ;jI{] f0f uge{' Gbf klxnf gdg' f 5gf6] ubf{ ckgfOg] tl/sfx¿ (Sampling Procedure) a9L
sl7g xG' 5g\ . o;sf nflu kofK{ t ah6] , ;do / bIf hgzlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
-u_ gdg' f ;jI{] f0fsf nflu ofh] gf agfpb“ f /fd/| L ;fr] ljrf/ ul/Pg eg] To;af6 kf| Kt xg' ]
tYofªs\ al] 7s (Inaccurate) x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
$= k|zf;sLo nut
hg;ªV\ of ;DaGwL tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug]{ csf{] ;f| t] k|zf;sLo nut xf] . o:tf k|zf;sLo nutx¿
cfcfkmg\ f sfofn{ osf sfdsfhdf ;3fp k¥' ofpg] lx;fan] 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } ;:+ yfx¿n] ;ªs\ ng u/s] f
x'G5g\ . To;n} ] logdf ;a} cfjZos ;"rgfx¿ xb'“ g} g\ . st} st} o;nfO{ cf+lzs clenv] (Partial
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 21
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |brecord) eGg] rng klg 5 . o;n] k~hLs/0f kb\wlt / cGo ;j{]If0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofp“b5 . o:tf
nut vf; u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL, ljleGg ;ªu\ 7gsf] nut, sdr{ f/L ;ª3\ sf nut, gful/stfsf]
nut, 6l] nkmfg] 8fO/S] 6/L, :sn' egf{ nut cflb k5g{ \ . sx] L bz] x¿df hLjg aLdf lgud / ljleGg
sDkgLx¿ klg hg;ª\Vofsf] :t/, dT[ o' / hGdaf/] nut /fV5g\ . s'g} vf; jif{df !* jif{
pd/] dflysf dflg;x¿ slt 5g\ eGg] s/' f dtbftf gfdfjnLaf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . To:t}
ljbo\ fno gfdfªs\ g ;r" Laf6 ljbo\ fyL{ cgk' ft / kl| tzt /fd/| L 56' o\ fpg ;lhnf] xG' 5 . gful/stf
kd| f0f kq ljt/0f nutn] ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;ªV\ of atfp5“ . To:t} sdr{ f/L nutaf6 bz] df
;/sf/L tyf u/} ;/sf/L lgsfodf sfo{/t sdr{ f/Lsf] ;ªV\ of yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . vf; u/L
kz| f;sLo nutx¿ cg;' Gwfg stf,{ kz| f;s / ofh] gf ljbx\ ¿sf] ko| fu] sf lglDt sx] L pkofu] L l;bw\
ePsf] 5 . xfdf| ] h:tf] cNk ljsfl;t bz] df o:tf clenv] lgoldt tyf Jojl:yt ¿kdf bl] vb“ g} .
ljsl;t dn' s' x¿df o:tf nutx¿ b?' :t / ultnf] ¿kdf kfOG5 .
%= hg;ª\Vof btf{ k'l:tsf
Ps hgf dflg;sf] hGdbl] v dT[ o;' Dd p;sf hLjgdf 36g\ ] 36gfx¿ ljjfx, ;Gtfg, lzIff, /fh] uf/ tyf
a;fO“ ;/fO ;DaGwL ljifodf ;Dk0" f{ nut /fVg] k0| ffnLnfO{ hg;ªV\ of kl' :tsf cyjf hg;ªV\ of clenv]
(Populaion Register) elgG5 . hg;ªV\ of clenv] sf dV' o pbb\ Z] ox¿ lgDgcg;' f/ 5g\ M
-s_ sg' } Pp6f /fi6«, kf| Gt jf :yfgLo If]qsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cj:yf cbo\ fjlws ug{
-v_ a;fO“ ;/fO ;DaGwL tYofªs\ x¿ pknAw u/fpg
-u_ hGd, dT[ o' tyf ljjfx ;DaGwL tYofªs\ x¿ pknAw u/fpg
of] k0| ffnL lgs} vlrn{ f] xG' 5 . o;sf nflu bIf hgzlStsf ;fy} bIf kz| f;g xg' ' clt cfjZos
x'G5 . st} st} o;nfO{ Universal Register klg elgG5 . o;n] ;fwf/0ftof pd/] / lnªu\ cg;' f/,
;a} hftLo ;dx" , ;a} ;fdflhs ju{ cflbnfO{ ;d6] s] f] xG' 5 . xfn of] k0| ffnL al] Nhod, aN' ul] /of,
8g] dfs,{ lkmgNofG8, hdg{ L, cfo/NofG8, O6fnL, lgb/NofG8, gj,{] l:j8g] bz] x¿df kr| lnt 5 .
uf}0f ;|f]tx¿
hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf uf0} f ;f| t] cGtut{ sg' } JolSt, ;ª3\ , ;:+ yf jf lgsfon] ;ªs\ ng u/s] f jf
ks| fzg tYofªs\ x¿ k5g{ \ . o;cGtut{ kf7o\ k:' ts, cfjlws dv' kqx¿ (Periodic Journal),
jflifs{ tYofªs\ Lo kl' :tsf, cg;' Gwfg kl| tjb] g, dfg] fu] f| km (Monograph) h:tf ;|f]tx¿ k5{g\ M
@=# hg;ª\Vofdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] sf/s tTTjx¿
@=#=! hGd
hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofpgsf nflu hGd kd| v' kf| sl[ ts sf/0f dflgG5 . aRrfsf] hGd xg' f;fy
;Dabw\ kl/jf/, ufp“ tyf bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of a95\ . hGddf ;fdflhs tyf wflds{ ljZjf;n] klg
k|efj kfb5{ . hGdsf] ;DaGw k|hgg;u“ x'G5 . k|hggsf sf/0fn] hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jt{g Nofpg
lgDg lnlvt sf/s tTTjsf] el" dsf /xG5 M
22 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
tflnsf g+= @ M hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{g
k|hggdf ke| fj kfg{] sf/s tTTjx¿
;fdflhs tTTj cflys{ tTTj jftfj/0fLo tTTj
xfjfkfgL
clzIff, sd pd]/df ljjfx, ax' ljjfx, cflys{ :t/, ul/aL,
nª} l\ us cl:tTTj, kl/jf/sf] 9fr“ f, a/] fh] uf/L, k;] f
ljjfxsf] pd/] / ;j{ Jofkstf, pRr
lzz' dT[ ob' /, åGå, dlxnfsf] l:ylt
@=#=@ d[To' kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
hg;ª\Vofdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] csf]{ kf| sl[ ts sf/0f d[To' xf] . dT[ on' ] hg;ª\Vof 36fp“5 . ljZjel/
g} dT[ ob' /nfO{ ;s;] Dd 36fpg] ko| f; hf8] tf8] sf ;fy eO/xs] f] 5 . gk] fndf klg dT[ ob' / sd ug{]
ko| f; hf/L 5 . sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefun] lj=;=+ @)^# df u/s] f] cgd' fgcg;' f/ gk] fnsf] sf/] f
dT[ ob' / *=& kl| t xhf/ lyof] hg' @)^* df ^ kl| t xhf/ dfq 5 .
gk] fndf dT[ ob' / sd xg' fsf] kd| v' sf/0f lzz' Pjd\ afn dT[ ob' /df sdL cfpg' xf] . dT[ ob' / pRr
/x;] Dd hGdb/ Tof] eGbf pRr /lx/xG5 . sf/0f bDktLx¿nfO{ cfkmn" ] hGdfPsf lzzx' ¿ dg{] afR“ g]
sg' } 7u] fg / e/f;] f xb“' g} . o;n} ] w/] } hGdfO/fvd] f !÷@ hgf t s;f] gafR“ nfg\ eGg] wf/0ff
hgdfg;df /xG5 . d[To'sf sf/0f hg;ª\Vofdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] sf/s tTTjx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
tflnsf g+= # M hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{g
dT[ od' f ke| fj kfg{] sf/s tTTjx¿
;fdflhs tTTj cflys{ tTTj jftfj/0fLo tTTj
afR“ g] zn} L, clzIff, /fu] Joflw ul/aL / lgDg hLjg :t/ xfjfkfgL
:jf:Yo ;j] f / ;l' jwfsf] sdL efh] gdf kfi] f0f tTTjsf] sdL kf| sl[ ts ks| fk]
@=#=# a;fO“ ;/fO
hg;ªV\ ofdf 36a9 xg' d' f sl[ qd sf/ssf ¿kdf a;fO{“ ;/fOnfO{ lnOG5 . cfGtl/s a;fO“ ;/fOn]
sg' } :yfg ljzi] fsf] hg;ªV\ of 36a9 xg' ] eP tfklg bz] sf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ sg' } c;/ kfbg{} .
gk] fndf cfGtl/s a;fO“ ;/fOn] ubf{ lxdfn / kxf8sf] hg;ªV\ of 36g\ uO{ ;x/ / t/fOd{ f
hg;ªV\ of a9\g uPsf] 5 . afxo\ a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 klg gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vofdf 36a9 eO/x]sf] 5 .
Psflt/ l5ds] L dn' s' x¿af6 gk] fndf a;fO“{ ;/L cfPsf dflg;x¿n] ;ªV\ of a9fO/xs] f 5g\ eg]
csfl{] t/ gk] fnaf6 ljbz] df a;fO“ ;/L uPsf dflg;x¿n] bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of 36fO/xs] f 5g\ .
xfn gk] fndf ljbz] tkm{ hfge] Gbf l5ds] L bz] x¿af6 jm| lds ¿kn] a;fO“ ;/L cfpgx] ¿ w/] } 5g\ .
pgLx¿dWo] w/] h} ;f] sfd tyf /fh] uf/sf] vfh] Ldf cfp5“ g\ / kl5 la:tf/} oxL“ a:g] u5g{ \ . l5ds] L
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 23
b]zx¿af6 cfpg] z/0ffyL{x¿n] klg
hg;ªV\ of a9fO/xs] f 5g\ . jfxo\ Pjd\
cfGtl/s a;fO“ ;/fO bj' n} fO{ cfsif0{ f /
ljsif0{ f tTTjn] ke| fljt u5{ . /fh] uf/ kfOg,]
sl[ ifofU] o el" d kfOg,] bl} gs cfjZostfsf
j:tx' ¿ pknAw xg' ] / lzIff tyf :jf:Yo
;j] f ;n' e ePsf 7fpx“ ¿df dflg;x¿ a;fO“
;/L hfg cfslift{ xG' 5g\ . o;sf cltl/St
gftfuft] f tyf cfkmGt a;fa] f; u/s] f] sf/0fn]
klg a;fO“ ;g{] u/s] f] kfOPsf] 5 .
o; ks| f/ sg' } klg 7fp“ ljzi] fsf] hg;ªV\ of 36a9 u/fpgdf a;fO“ ;/fOsf] cxd\ el" dsf xG' 5 .
a;fO“ ;/fOsf] sf/0f hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg] sf/s tTTjx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
;fdflhs tTTj cfly{s tTTj jftfj/0fLo tTTj
lzIff /fh] uf/L xfjfkfgL
ljjfx cfb} o\ fu] LsLs/0f kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] x¿
oftfoft
:jf:Yo ;j] f
dgf/] ~hg
lso| fsnfk
tkfOs+{ f Ifq] df a;fO“ ;/L cfPsf jf uPsf dflg;x¿ jf ltgsf 5/ l5ds] LnfO{ a;fO“ ;/L cfpg'
jf hfgs' f] sf/0f ;fw] L kf| Kt hjfkmx¿nfO{ ;r" L agfO{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ . ;fy} hGd, dT[ o' / a;fO“
;/fOsf] sf/0f hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg] sf/s tTjx¿sf] ;dx" ut 5nkmn u/L s;/L
ltgLx¿n] hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg el" dsf vN] 5g\ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
@=#=$ ljjfx
ljjfxnfO{ ;fdflhs aGwg klg dflgG5 . hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg] tyf ke| fj kfg{] tTTjx¿dWo]
ljjfx klg Ps sf/s tTTj xf] . ;dfhsf] dN" o, dfGotf / wflds{ ljZjf; tyf k/Dk/f leq ljjfx
k5{ . lsgeg] xfdf| ] bz] df tLj| hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w xg' ' ljjfxkl| tsf] dN" o / wflds{ ljZjf; tyf
k/Dk/fn] ubf{ xf] . k/Dk/fbl] v ljjfxnfO{ lgs} dxTTj lbP/ 5f/] Lx¿nfO{ /h:jnf xg' k' j" { g} ljjfx
ul/lbgfn] Ps t dlxnfsf] kh| gg cjlw a9L xg' ] / ;fg} pd/] df uew{ f/0f u/L zf/Ll/s sdhf/] L xg' ]
xG' 5 . To:tf cfdfx¿af6 hGds] f afn aflnsfx¿ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kn] sdhf/] xG' 5g\ .
clzlIft ;dfhdf ljjfxsf] wflds{ ljZjf;sf] ke| fj lgs} alnof] 5 . 5f/] LnfO{ ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx
ul/lbPdf k0' o kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf klg kfOG5 . To;} u/L ;fgf] pd/] df ljjfx ul/lbg]
24 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bk/Dk/fut rngn] ubf{ cWoog ug,{] tflnd lng,] /fh] uf/Ldf
nfUg] ;dodf ljjfxsf] dN" o jf dxTTjnfO{ kf| yldstf lbP/
5f/] f5f/] Lx¿sf] ljjfx ul/lbg] k/Dk/f 5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf sltko
;db' fodf cem} klg of] l:ylt /xs] f] 5 . ;dfhdf ;fg} pd/] df
5f/] f5f/] Lsf] ljjfx ul/lbP/ ;dod} gflt gfltgfsf] dv' xg] {] eGg]
wflds{ ljZjf; / k/Dk/f ljbo\ dfg 5 . ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx ubf{
k9g\ gkfpg,] tflnd / /fh] uf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;lsg] xb“' f
clzlIft, c;Ifd / a/] fh] uf/x¿sf] ;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w eO{ bz] df
u0' f:t/Lo hgzlStsf] vfr“ f] kg{ ;S5 . clzlIft, c;Ifd, cofU] o
/ a/] fh] uf/ JoLStn] kfl/jfl/s ;ªV\ of 7n' f] /fVg] k/' fgf] dN" o
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{} hfg] xb“' f pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ emg\ v:sb“ } hfG5 . ;dfhdf l56f] ljjfx ug{]
dfGotf / 5f/] fsf nflu kf| yldstf lbg] rngn] ubf{ klg tLj| hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w xg' ku' s] f] xf] .
5f/] f5f/] LnfO{ ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx ul/lbg,] To;kl5 5f/] f] hGdd] f hlt hGd] klg l7s eGg,] 5f/] Lx¿ hGdd] f
5f/] f] kfpg] cfzfn] csf{] ljjfx ug{] u/s] f] kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ klg pSt JolStsf] kl/jf/df kfl/jfl/s
;ªV\ of 7n' f] eO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo / kfi] f0foS' t cfxf/sf] ofh] gf xg' ;Sbg} . To;n] ubf{ klg kfl/jfl/s
;b:ox¿sf] hLjgsf] u0' f:t/df xf| ; cfp5 .
;fs{ bz] x¿df ljjfxsf] sfgg' L pd/] nfO{ xb] f{ gk] fnsf s6] Lx¿sf] pd/] !* jif{ / s6] fx¿sf] pd/]
@! jif{ xg' k' g{] pNnv] 5 . ef/tdf s6] Lx¿sf] pd/] !* jif{ / s6] fx¿sf] pd/] @! jif{ g} lgwf/{ 0f
ul/Psf] 5 . aª\unfb]zdf s6] Lsf] pd]/ !* jif{ / s]6fsf] pd/] @$ jif{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . To;} u/L
e6' fg / >Lnªs\ fdf !*÷!* jifs{ f] pd/] nfO{ sfgg' L ljjfxdf afl“ wg] pd/] dflgPsf] 5 . cfh
ljZjsf cfb} o\ fl] us jf ljsl;t bz] x¿df ljjfxsf] dN" o, wflds{ ljZjf; tyf k/Dk/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ul/“bg} . pgLx¿ ;ae} Gbf klxn] lzIff, tflnd / /fh] uf/L eP/ cfkmg\ f] v6' 6\ fdf pleg ;Sg] ePkl5 jf
@% jif{ gfl3;sk] l5 ljjfx u5g{ \ . To;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] bfDkTo hLjg ;v' do xG' 5 . kl/jf/sf
bDktLsf] bfDkTo hLjgdf ;v' do xg' ' klg hLjg:t/ dfly p7g\ ' xf] . pSt bz] x¿df xfdf| ] bz] df h:tf]
5f/] f5f/] Lx¿nfO{ ;fgf] pd/] df ljjfx ul/lbg,] 5f/] f5f/] Ldf nª} l\ us eb] efj /fVg,] 5f/] fnfO{ a9L kf| yldstf
lbg] ubg{} g\ . To;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg ;v' L aGb} uPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ cWoog, tflnd / /fh] uf/nfO{
kf| yldstf lbg] u5g{ \ / kl5 dfq ljjfxnfO{ dfGotf lbG5g\ .
@=$ a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 c;/ kg]{ If]qx¿
cfhsfn dflg;x¿n] ;v' ;l' jwfx¿ vfh] /] jf cfsif0{ f ug{] tTTjx¿df k/L cfkmg\ f] pTklTt :ynnfO{
r6Ss} 5f8/] a;fO“ lsg ;/s] f xfn] fg\ < o;/L a;fO“ ;/fO ubf{ pTklTt :yn / uGtJo :yn bj' d} f
c;/x¿ k5{ . ;/sf/n] x/s] Ifq] sf hgtfdf lzIff, :jf:Yo ;j] f tyf ;l' jwf, vfg] kfgL, ;/;kmfO,
oftfoft, ljbo\ t' , ;~rf/, ahf/ Joj:yfnufotsf ;l' jwfx¿ jb[ l\ w ugk{' 5{ . To:t} /fh] uf/Lsf
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 25
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fP/ u0' f:t/Lo hLjg ofkg ug{] cj;/ kf| Kt ePdf sg' } klg bz] sf hgtfx¿n]
cfkmg\ f] pTklTt :ynnfO{ 5f8/] uGtJo :ynlt/ nfUbg} g\ .
uf| dL0f Ifq] df uf;“ , af;, skf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;/' Iff, a/] fh] uf/L cflb sf/0fx¿n] ubf{
cfkm\gf] ufp“3/ 5f8L ;x/df kj| ]z u5{g\ . ;x/df ;j] f ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw xg' ], /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x¿ kfOg,] hLpHofgsf] ;/' Iff xg' ] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o;/L ;x/df hg3gTTj a9b\ f ;x/df jfo'
kb| i" f0f, kfgL kb| i" f0f, hldgsf] kb| i" f0f, ;f:+ sl[ ts kb| i" f0f, rf/] L, 8st} L, jZ] ofjl[ Tt cflb ;d:of tyf
lj;ªu\ ltx¿ dfn} fPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;d:ofx¿n] ubf{ hgtfx¿sf] hLjg:t/ lubf]{ cj:yfdf uPsf] 5 .
c;/' lIft a;fO“{ ;/fOn] afn>d a9fpg,] dfgj ar] lavgsf nflu bnfnn] cfkmg\ f] k~hfdf kfg{ ;xh
xg' ] sf/0f jb} l] zs /fh] uf/L / ljbz] L e'ldsf ofg} wGbfsf nflu al] rg' kg{] cj:yf /xG5 . To:t,} ;:tf]
k;} fdf sfd ug{] u/L jb} l] zs /fh] uf/df hfgk' g{] jf bnfnsf] kmGbfdf k/L 3/af; / k;} f 8a' fpgk' g{] l:ylt
c;/' lIft a;fO“{ ;/fOsf] gsf/fTds kIfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
hg;ªV\ ofsf] efu} fl] ns ljt/0f / jb[ l\ wdf a;fO“ ;/fOn] c;/ kf/s] f] xG' 5 . Ps 7fp“ jf Ifq] af6
csf{] 7fp“ jf Ifq] df dflg; 7n' f] ;ªV\ ofdf a;fO“ ;g{] kl| jm| ofaf6 uGtJo :yfgdf hg;ªV\ of a95\ eg]
pbu\ d :yfgdf 365\ . a;fO“ ;/fOsf] kl| jm| ofaf6 hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fdf kl/jtg{ cfO{ ljsf;sf
ljleGg Ifq] x¿df kl| tsn" ke| fj kg{ hfG5 . xfdf| ] bz] df a;fO“ ;/fO / o;af6 l;lhP{ sf ljleGg
Joj:yfksLo kIfx¿ ;/sf/sf nflu rg' ft} L ePsf 5g\ . xfn gk] fndf lxdfnL / kxf8L Ifq] x¿af6
7n' f] ;ªV\ ofdf dflg; t/fOt{ km{ / ufpa“ f6 ;x/ k:g' a;fO“ ;/fOsf kd| v' ljzi] ftf xg' \ . /fh] uf/Lsf
nflu oj' f lk9“ Lsf] 7n' f] hdft ljbz] lt/ hfg] kr| ng sx] L jifb{ l] v a9b\ } 5 . o;/L a;fO“ ;/fOn] pbu\ d
:yfg / uGtJo :yfg bj' n} fO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] c;/ kfl//x]sf] xG' 5 . vf; u/L a;fO“ ;/fO kl| jm| ofaf6
lgDg kIfx¿df c;/ kg{ hfG5 M
26 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b@=$=!= jftfj/0fLo kIf
a;fO“ ;/fOn] ubf{ jftfj/0fLo kIfdf kT| oIf c;/ kf/s] f] 5 . a9b\ f] a;fO“ ;/fOn] uGtJo Ifq] df
kl| tlbg kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / ;Dkbfsf] ljgfz, jftfj/0f c;Gtn' gsf ;fy} jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f h:tf
;d:ofx¿ a9b\ } 5g\ . o;/L a;fO“ ;/L cfpgx] ¿sf] a9b\ f] ;ªV\ ofn] uf;“ , af; / cGo cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf k/' f ugs{ f nflu clgolGqt ¿kn] jg hªu\ nsf] km8“ fgL eO/xs] f] 5 . hªu\ n ljgfz
/ cltjm| d0fn] ubf{ hªu\ ndf kfOg] hLjhGt' / dxTTjk0" f{ jg kb} fjf/;dt] sf] ljgfz xg' ] jm| d
lbgfgl' bg a9b\ } uPsf] kfOG5 . oltdfq geO{ a;fO“ ;gx{] ¿sf] a9b\ f] rfkn] OGwg j:te' fpsf
3f;“ kftsf nflu jg / hªu\ n dfl;g] jm| d a9b\ f] 5 . o; ks| f/ cGwfwG' w jg hªu\ n df:gfn] /
ep" kofu] ;xL tl/sfn] gugfn{ ] af9L, klx/f,] ;S' vf, v8/] L, cltjl[ i6, cgfjl[ i6, v08jl[ i6, df;} d
kl/jtg{ , jfod' 08nsf] tfkjm| ddf jb[ l\ w / d?ed" Ls/0f h:tf ;d:ofx¿ bl] vg yfns] f 5g\ .
@=$=@= cfly{s kIf
kxf8L Ifq] af6 t/fOl{ t/ dflg;x¿sf] a;fO“ ;/fO tLj¿| kdf ePsf sf/0f kxf8L Ifq] n] sfo{ Ifdtf
/ bIftf ePsf tyf hfu“ l/nf hgzlSt ud' fpgk' /s] f] 5 . o;/L cfkmg\ f] dfgjLo ;fwg ud' fpgk' bf{
kxf8df ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfox{ ¿df cj/fw] kb} f ePsf] 5 . >dzlSt vf; u/L xftdf l;k ePsf
sfdbf/ / sfnLu9x¿sf] sdL bl] vPsf] 5 . To:t} pTkj| f;gn] kxf8lt/sf ;LdfGt el" ddf afnL
nufpg vt] af/Lsf] tof/L / /fk] fO ugx{] ¿sf] cefjn] ;dodf /fk] fO ug,{ dnhn ug{ g;sL sl[ if
pTkfbsTjdf xf| ; cfPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} afnL sf6g\ ] / afnL leqo\ fpg] ofddf >lds / sfdbf/sf]
sdLn] klg pkoS' t ;dodf sfd k/' f ug{ g;sL pTkfbgdf /f; cfPsf] 5 . o;/L sl[ if pkhsf]
pTkfbg sd eO{ vfbo\ fGg ;ªs\ 6 l;hg{ f ePsf sf/0f efs] d/L / sk' fi] f0fsf] hl6n ;d:of bl] vPsf]
5 . Psflt/ o:tf ks| f/sf ;d:of kxf8df 5g\ eg] csfl{ t/ kxf8af6 7n' f] ;ªV\ ofdf t/fO{ kj| z]
u/s] f ;an} ] /fh] uf/ / hUuf kfpg ;ss] f 5g} g\ . t/fO{ Ifq] lt/ hUufsf] dfn] cs:dft\ a9g\ fn]
el" dxLg JolStx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] 5 . sfd / /fh] L/f6] Lsf nflu 7'nf] xf]8afhL 5 . a]/f]huf/L
;d:ofn] cfsfz 5'g yfns] f] 5 . ;'s'Daf;L ;d:of l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o;n} ] 7fp7“ fpd“ f tgfj
a9]sf] 5 .
@=$=#= :jf:Yo Pjd\ ;fdflhs kIf
ljleGg ;dodf ul/Psf cWoogx¿af6 kxf8L Ifq] af6 t/fO{ / uf| dL0f Ifq] af6 ;x/L Ifq] df a;fO“
;gx{] ¿dWo] clwsfz+ oj' f pd/] sf k?' if / k9] nv] s] f JolSt k5g{ \ . lzlIft oj' fju{ ;x/L Ifq] df
knfog eP/ kxf8 / ufps“ f] zl} Ifs Pjd\ ;fdflhs ljsf; sfod{ f afwf kU' g uPsf] 5 . csfl{] t/
uGtJo :yfgx¿df ePsf lzIff, :jf:Yo / cfjf; ;l' jwfx¿df hg;ªV\ ofsf] rfk a9g\ uPsf] 5 .
o; ks| f/ dflg; cGwfwG' w tl/sfn] a;fO“ ;bf{ uGtJo :yfgdf cfjf;sf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ htftt}
cJojl:yt a;fa] f; / ofh] gf ljxLg cfjf;Lo Ifq] x¿sf] lgdf0{ f eO/xs] f] kfOG5 . ofh] gflagf g}
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 27
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b3/a:tL a:gfn] uNnL Pjd\ rfs] x¿df bu' G{ w a9s] f] 5 . o:tf Onfsfx¿df kmfx] f/] dn} f lbgfgl' bg
a9b\ } 5 . o;af6 ;/] fk] m/] fs] f] jftfj/0f;dt] x/s] bl[ i6sf0] fn] c:j:ys/ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k
cgs] g /fu] Joflwx¿sf] ks| fk] a9b\ } hfg] ;Defjgf a9L bl] vG5 .
To:t} a;fO“ ;/fO lg/Gt/ ¿kn] Ps} Ifq] lt/ dfq sl] Gbt| xb“' f vfgk] fgL tyf lahn' L cfkl" td{ f cj/fw]
cfpg] / oftfoft ;j] fdf /f; cfp5 . :jf:Yo rfs} L / c:ktfnsf] cefjdf cfwf/et" :jf:Yo ;j] f
/ ;l' jwf kofK{ t dfqfdf k¥' ofpg g;lsg] xg' fn] hgtfsf] :jf:Yo lauG| 5 .
a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 ;fdflhs kIfdf kg{] csf{] dxTTjk0" f{ ke| fjdWo] ;fdflhs lj;ªu\ lt / ck/fwnfO{
lng ;lsG5 . aflx/af6 a;fO“ ;/L cfpgx] ¿sf] ljrf/, wf/0ff, ;fr] fO / dfgl;stf uGtJo :yfgsf
:yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf] eGbf leGg xg' ;S5 . o:tf] xg' fsf sf/s tTTjx¿df efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t cflb
x'g ;S5g\ . o;}n] a;fO“ ;/L cfpg]x¿ / :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf] lardf dgd6' fj a9g\ ,] eme} mu8f,
n6' kf6 x'g] / slxns] fxL“ tgfj l;h{gf eO{ ;fjh{ lgs ck/fwx¿ x'g ;S5g\ .
cEof;
!= hg ;fªl\ VosL egs] f] s] xf] <
@= hg;ªV\ of ;ª\sngsf tl/sfnfO{ juL{s/0f ug'{xf;] \ .
#= hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofpg] sf/s tTTjx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
$= a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 sg' sg' Ifq] df c;/ kfb5{ <
%= hg u0fgf egs] f] s] xf] < of] lsg ul/G5 <
^= hg u0fgfsf ljlw pNnv] u/L 5f6] s/Ldf rrf{ ugx{' f];\ .
&= hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf kf| ylds ;f| t] x¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ sg' } bO' s{ f] JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .
*= JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnL egs] f] s] xf] < of] lsg cfjZos 5 <
(= gd'gf ;j]I{ f0f lsg ul/G5, sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ug'x{ f];\ .
!)= hg;ª\Vof btf{ k'l:tsfaf/] 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vgx' f];\ .
!!= a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 c;/ kfg]{ Ifq] x¿ pNn]v u/L ;d:ofsf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
!@= pRr lzz' dT[ ob' /n] s;/L hg;ªV\ ofdf kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ , sf/0f lbgx' f;] \ .
!#= hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ sf sf/s tTTjdWo] hGddf ke| fj kfg{] ;fdflhs tTTjsf] 5f6] s/Ldf rrf{ ugx{' f;] \ .
!$= xfjfkfgLn] dT[ ob' /df kfg{] ke| fjsf] JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .
!%= l6Kk0fL nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ cflys{ :t/ -v_ :jf:Yo ;j] f tyf ;l' jwf
!^= dT[ o'df k|efj kfg]{ sf/s tTTjsf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
!&= a;fO“ ;/fO egs] f] s] xf] < lsg dflg;x¿ a;fO“ ;b5{ g\ <
!*= ljjfxn] hg;ªV\ of kl/jtg{ df s:tf] el" dsf v]N5 <
28 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
PsfO # hg;ªV\ of, jftfj/0f / ljsf;
# = hg;ª\Vof, jftfj/0f / ljsf;sf] ;DaGw
hg;ªV\ of egs] f] sg' } bz] df a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿sf] hg;ª\Vof
hDdf ;ªV\ of xf] . k[YjLsf] rf/l} t/ km}lnPsf] xfjf,
kfgL jf cGo kIf h;n] kT| oIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kn] xfdL
jl/kl/sf] cj:yfnfO{ ke| fj kf5,{ To;nfO{ jftfj/0f
elgG5 . jftfj/0f hLjx¿sf] hLjg, To;sf] ljsf;,kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
dfgj Jojxf/, ;dfh cflbdf ke| fj kfg{] ;Dk0" f{ afxo\
cj:yfsf] l;ªu\ f] ¿k klg xf] . j|mdzM a9b\ } jf
;l' wb“| } uPsf] cj:yf, pGglt jf jm| lds kl/jtg{ ljsf; ljsf;
xf] . hg;ªV\ of, jftfj/0f / ljsf; Ps csfs{ f jftfj/0f
kl/k'/s x'g\ . jftfj/0fleq dflg; /x]sf] x'G5 .
dflg;n] hg;ªV\ of, jftfj/0f / ljsf;sf] cGt/ ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gtn' g ug{ ;S5 . dflg;n] ljjs] k0" f{
9ªu\ n] lg0fo{ u/L eljionfO{ ;fr] /] ljsf; lgdf0{ f sfo{ / cfb} o\ fl] us ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;s]
hg;ªV\ of lgoGq0f, jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / ljsf; xg' ;S5 . dflg;n] cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] j:t' jftft/0faf6
kf| Kt u5{ . jftfj/0fleq} hg;ªV\ of / ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng x'G5g\ . hg;ªV\ of / ljsf;
sl[ if, pbo\ fu] , :jf:Yo, ;/' Iff, cfjf;, ;~rf/, lzIff, kl| jlw, /fh] uf/L, ;:+ sl[ t Pjd\ dfgj ;;+ fwg;u“
;DalGwt 5g\ . oL Ifq] df ljsf;sf ultljlw cufl8 a9fpb“ f dflg;n] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fnfO{ cfkmg\ f]
bfloTj ;Demgk' 5{ . kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f ks| l[ t kb| Tt xG' 5 eg] cflys{ , ;fdfflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts cflb
jftfj/0f dfgj lgldt{ xG' 5g\ . hg;ªV\ of hgzlSt;u“ ;DalGwt 5 . ljsf; ultljlw ;~rfng ubf{
dfq o;n] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf Wofg lbg ;S5 . jftfj/0fsf ljljw kIflardf ;Gtn' g eO/x] dfq
dflg;sf cfjZostf k/' f xG' 5g\ . ljsf; ultljlw ;~rfng ubf{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0f
;Gtn' gdf Wofg k¥' ofpgk' 5{ . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ko| fu] , ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfox{ ¿ ;~rfng, cflys{
ljsf;sf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng / ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts ultljlw ubf{ hg;ªV\ of, jftfj/0f
/ ljsf;lar ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{k5{ .
#=!=! ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
ljsf; egs] f] dflg;sf cfwf/et" / ljzi] f cfjZostf jf pbb\ Z] o kl" ts{ f nflu pknAw kf| ljlws
1fgsf] Jojl:yt / j1} flgs ko| fu] u/L kf| Kt pGgt cj:yf xf] . ljsf; dflg;sf cfjZostf /
rfxgf k/' f ug{df s]lGb|t x'G5 . o;n] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfly{s :t/nfO{ ;ªs\ ]t u5{ . bz] sf] pGgltsf
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 29
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bnflu ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ug{' cfjZos xG' 5 . ljsf;n] bz] sf] efl} ts, dfgjLo, ;fdflhs /
;f:+ sl[ ts l:yltdf ;sf/fTds / ;/+ rgfTds ;w' f/ Nofp5“ . ljsf;sf ultljlw / ljm| ofsnfkn]
bz] sf] ljbo\ dfg l:yltdf jm| lds ¿kdf kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ . ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffleq ;fdflhs, cflys{ ,
;f:+ sl[ ts ku| lt ;dfjz] xg' ] ePsfn] of] dn" tM dflg;sf cfjZostf kl" t;{ u“ } ;DalGwt xG' 5 .
vfbo\ fGg, sk8f, cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;j] f, lkpg] kfgL, ;/;kmfO, pmhf,{ dgf/] ~hg, ;/' Iff cflb
cfwf/et" cfjZostf xg' \ . ljsf;sf] nIo oL cfjZostf k/' f ug'{ xf] . ljsf;n] dflg;df cfTd
lge/{ tf / ;Ifdtf clejb[ l\ w u5{ . dflg;n] ljsf;nfO{ cfkmg\ f] OR5f / rfxgfcgs' n" lglbi{ 6
lbzflt/ 8f¥] ofpg] ePsfn] ljsf;sf nflu dfgj ;fwgsf] dxTTjk0" f{ :yfg xG' 5 . ljsf; ofh] gfabw\
/ jftfj/0f dq} L xg' ;Sof] eg] o;n] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / cfjZostf kl" t{ bj' n} fO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
ljsf;nfO{ dfgjLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ub{] tfl] sPsf] lbzfdf ul/g] kl/jtg{ klg elgG5 . ljsf;
;dfhsf] sNof0f ug{] l;nl;nfdf jtd{ fgsf] dfq geO{ cgGt;Ddsf] af6f] klxrfg ug{] ofh] gfabw\
kl| jm| of xf] . o:tf] k|ljm| of ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] lbzfdf kj| flxt xG' 5 . ljsf;af6 dfgj hLjg
;/n, ;DkGg / cfgGbbfoL x'g ;S5 . dfgj hLjgsf] :t/ psf:g' / pgLx¿nfO{ ;Gti' 6 kfg{'
ljsf;sf] clGtd nIo xf] .
ljsf;sf ljleGg cfofd xG' 5g\ . o;df uf| dL0f ljsf;, ;fdb' flos ljsf;, ;x/L ljsf;, dfgj
;;+ fwg ljsf;, cflys{ ljsf;, jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / hnjfo' kl/jtg{ , kz| f;g ;b' 9[ Ls/0f h:tf ljljw
kIf ;d]l6G5g\ .
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffleq dn" tÙ lgDg lnlvt kIf ;dl] 6G5g\ M
bz] sf,] cflys{ , ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ;f:+ sl[ ts pGglt
j:t' / ;j] fsf] pTkfbsTj jb[ l\ w
dfusf] ke| fjsf/L / nIodn" s ;Dafw] g
jo} lSts ;dfgtf / :jtGqtf
k/Dk/fut ;fr] af6 cfwl' gs ;fr] tkm{ cu;| /tf
;fdflhs dfGotf / ljZjf;sf] ke| fjsf/L pkofu]
cflys{ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f
ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfjZostf kl" t{
ckxl] nt cflys{ cjl:yltaf6 dl' St / cfTd ;Ddfgsf] efjgf clejb[ l\ w
ljsf; cflys{ pGglt, hLjg :t/ ;w' f/, cfjZostf kl" t,{ jftfj/0f ;Gtn' g, ;fdflhs ljsf;,
dfgjLo bIftfsf] ljsf; tyf kl| jlwsf] ljsf;;u“ ;DalGwt 5 . bz] sf] hg;ªV\ ofdWo] ;Ifd
hgzlStsf dfWodn] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ko| fu] u/L ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts ultljlw ;~rfng u//]
cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/x¿sf] kofK{ ttf x'g'k5{ . ljsf;sf
kj" fw{ f/sf kIf lgDg lnlvt xG' 5g\ M
30 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
- c _ efl} ts kIf M o;df ;8s, kn' , gx/, sn' f,] ejg, 9n, ;~rf/, ljb\o't\ cflb k5{g\ . logn]
yk ljsf; sfo{ ug{ ;3fp“5g\ .
-cf_ ;fdflhs kIf M o;df dflg;sf] 1fg, l;k, bIftf, dN" o dfGotf / sfd ug]{ tTk/tf k5g{ \ .
logn] dflg;nfO{ ljsf; sfo{ ug{ pTk]|l/t u5{g\ .
-O_ cflys{ kIf M o;df dn" tM kh“' L k5{ . nufgLn] ljsf; sfo{sf] u0' f:t/ / sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{
ke| fj kf5{
-O{_ dfgjLo kIf M o;df ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos lzIff, :jf:Yo, sl[ if,
;~rf/, lj1fg kl| jlw Ifq] ;u“ ;DalGwt bIf hgzlSt k5g{ \ . o;n] ljsf; lgdf0{ f sfo{ ug{
;xhLs/0f u5{ . of] ljsf;sf nflu ;lj|mo / rn ;|f]t xf] .
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfOs“{ f] 5/l5ds] df ljsf;sf s] s:tf ultljlw ePsf 5g,\ cleefjs jf ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf
kl| tlglwnfO{ ;fw] L l6kf6] ugx{' f;] \ / sg' } Ps ljsf; sfos{ f af/d] f tnsf ab“' fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f]
l6kf6] tof/ kfgx{' f;] M\
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-s_ kl/ro -v_ pb\bZ] o -u_ sfoj{ m| d -3_ ljsf;
-ª_ kmfObf -r_ ak] mfObf -5_ lgisif{ jf ;e' mfj
#=!=@ ljsf;sf kl/;"rs (Indicators of Development)
ljsf;sf] klxnf] cfwf/ cfwf/et" cfjZostfsf] kl/kl" t{ xf] . cfwf/et" cfjZostf egs] f uf;“ ,
af;, cfjf; xg' \ . oL cfjZostf k/' f ePkl5 ;/' Iff, dfof ddtf, cfTd ;Ddfg / cfTd kl/rosf
cfjZostfx¿ ljsl;t xG' 5g\ . o:tf cfjZostfsf] kl" ts{ f] cj:yfnfO{ ljsf;sf] kl/;r" ssf
¿kdf xl] /G5 . cfjZostf kl/kl" td{ f ;dfg'kflts b[li6sf0] f ckgfpg'k5{ . o;f] ug{ ;lsPg eg]
;l' jwfsf] cefj eO{ ;fdflhs ljsl[ t a9g\ ] tyf jftfj/0fdf xf| ; cfpg] xG' 5 . o;n] hg;ªV\ ofsf]
c;dfg ljt/0f l;hg{ f u/L c:j:ys/ a;fa] f; ugk{' g{] cj:yf lgDTofp5“ . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 arfO{
ljsf; sfon{ fO{ ult lbg pbo\ fu] wGbf :yfkgf u/L bz] leq} sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg / pkofu] ugk{' 5{ .
cflys{ ljsf; u/L hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ Nofpg dfgjLo ;f| t] sf] ljsf;, /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ l;hg{ f,
j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg j[b\lw / lghL If]qsf] ;d]t kl/rfng ug'{k5{ . ljsf;sf kl/;"rs lgDg
lnlvt xG' 5g\ M
-s_ cfly{s pGglt
ljsf;sf] klxnf] kl/;r" s cflys{ pGglt xf] . ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/, oftfoft,
zlSt / jfl0fHo h:tf kj" fw{ f/ to ug{ cflys{ ;antfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . bz] leqsf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t]
/ ;fwgsf] kl/rfngaf6 cflys{ ;antf kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . cflys{ pGgltlagf c¿ pGglt ug{
;ls“b}g . sfd u//] bfd sdfpg] s/' f k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] xf] . cfly{s pGglts} nflu
dflg;n] cfb} o\ fl] us jm| flGt u¥of] / cfkmg\ f cfjZostf kl" ts{ f nflu ljleGg cfljisf/ tyf pbo\ fu]
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 31
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bwGbfsf] ljsf; u¥of] . ljsf;sf nflu cflys{ pGglt cfjZos xg' ] eP klg ;fwg tyf ;f| t] /
pTkflbt ;fduL| sf] ljt/0f k0| ffnL l7s xg' k' 5{ . ljsf;sf bl[ i6n] kT| os] bz] sf] cj:yf leGg leGg
xg' ;S5 . cflys{ pGglt /fdf| ] ePsf bz] df ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/ ku' s] f xG' 5g\ eg] cflys{ pGglt
sdhf/] ePsf bz] df kj" fw{ f/sf] sd eO{ ljsf;sf kl/;r" sx¿ klg sdhf/] bl] vG5g\ .
bz] sf] cflys{ pGgltnfO{ sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbg / sn' /fli6o« pTkfbg;u“ tn' gf u//] xl] /G5 . sn'
ufx:{ y pTkfbg jb[ l\ w / cfosf] pTkfbgdn" s kl/rfngaf6 /fi6n« ] ;db[ l\ w kf| Kt u5{ . sn' ufx:{ y
pTkfbg egs] f] j:t' / ;j] faf6 kf| Kt ePsf] pTkfbgsf] cf;} t ahf/ dN" o xf] . sn' /fli6o« pTkfbg
egs] f] Ps jifd{ f j:t' / ;j] faf6 /fHonfO{ kf| Kt ePsf] pTkfbgsf] sn' ahf/ dN" o xf] . pkofu] ,
nufgL, vr,{ j:t' tyf ;j] f lgoft{ tyf cfoftsf] u0fgfaf6 sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbg lgsflnG5 eg] sn'
ufx:{ y pTkfbgdf sn' cfo hf8] L sn' Jofo 36fP/ sn' /fli6o« pTkfbgsf] u0fgf ul/G5 . sn'
ufx:{ y pTkfbgn] :yfgLo ;db[ l\ wnfO{ bv] fp5“ eg] sn' /fli6o« pTkfbgn] /fli6o« cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf;nfO{
;ª\s]t u5{ .
cflys{ ljsf; ;DklTt cfhg{ ;u“ dfq ;DalGwt 5g} . o;df sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbgsf] jb[ l\ wnfO{ klxnf]
kf| yldstfsf cfwf/df lng] ul/G5 . ljsl;t bz] x¿sf] sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbg bfx] f/] f] cªs\ df jb[ l\ w ePsf]
bl] vG5 eg] xfdf| ] bz] sf] sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbg Psn cªs\ d} ;Lldt 5 . sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbgsf] jb[ l\ w cflys{
pGgltsf] ;r" s xf] . o:t} ljsf;sf nflu cfosf] ;dfg ljt/0f xg' k' 5{ . ;a} 7fpd“ f kf| Kt ;fwg / ;f| t] sf]
plrt kl/rfng ugk{' 5{ . ;fIf/tf jb[ l\ w u/L lzIffsf] kxr“' ;ad} f k¥' ofpgk' 5{ . :jf:Yo ljsf;sf] csf{]
kl/;r" s ePsfn] hgtfn] :yfgLo :t/d} u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;j] f kfpgk' 5{ . ;dfhdf a:g] kT| os] JolStn]
;fdflhs ;/' Iff kf| Kt ugk{' 5{ . ;dfhsf Hoi] 7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, czSt cflbnfO{ lgjfx{ eTtfsf]
Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ . bz] sf ;a} hgtfsf nflu pkoS' t oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ . logn]
cflys{ ;db[ lwnfO{ ;ªs\ t] u5g{ \ eg] oL ljsf;sf kf| ylds kl/;r" s xg' \ .
cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] klg TolTts} dxTTj xG' 5 . cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu pkoS' t
hldg / sz' n >ldssf] cfjZostf xG' 5 . ;a} 7fpd“ f kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ljt/0f Psg} f;sf] xb“' g} .
dfgjLo ;f| t] sf dfWodn] kf| Kt kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ;bk' ofu] ugk{' 5{ . ;f| t] kl/rfngsf nflu kh“' Lsf] ;dt]
cfjZostf xG' 5 . ljsf;sf nflu art, rfn,' dfgj, afb} l\ ws / ;fdflhs kh“' Lsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
-v_ u'0f:t/Lo hLjg
cyz{ f:qLx¿n] ljsf;sf kl/;r" ssf ¿kdf dflg;sf] hLjg :t/sf] efl} ts u0' f jb[ l\ wnfO{ lnPsf
5g\ . o; bl[ i6sf0] fdf ljsf;nfO{ cflys{ pGgltsf bl[ i6n] dfq gx/] L To; bz] df a;fa] f; ug{]
dflg;sf] hLjg :t/ / cGo kIfnfO{ klg xg] k{' g{] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . o;cg;' f/ dflg;x¿sf]
/xg;xg, Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f, ;/;kmfO / vfgk] fgLsf] cj:yf, zl} Ifs :t/ cflbnfO{ klg ljsf;sf
kl/;r" ssf ¿kdf xl] /G5 . dflg;nfO{ afR“ gsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/et" cfjZostf tyf efl} ts,
dgfj] 1} flgs, efjgfTds / cfWoflTds cfjZostfsf] ;Gtl' i6:t/ g} u0' f:t/Lo hLjg xf] . o;
dfGotfcg;' f/ ;dfh tyf /fi6s« f] ljsf; xg' hgtfn] lgDgfg;' f/sf cj:yf kf| Kt ugk{' 5{ M
32 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
— kT| os] JolStn] lbgx“' kfl] ;nf] tyf ;Gtl' nt efh] g kfpgk' 5{ .
— lszf/] lszf]/Ln] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ pkoS' t agfO{ :t/oS' t ;j] f / ;l' jwf kf| Kt ug{] cj;/sf
nflu plrt ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ kfpgk' 5{ .
— kl/jf/sf kT| os] ;b:on] JolStut tyf ;fdb' flos ;/;kmfO, lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f tyf
pkrf/, ljjfx, uew{ f/0f tyf hGdfGt/sf nflu k/fdz{ / Jofofd tyf cf/fdsf] ;l' jwf
kfpg'k5{ .
— kl/jf/ a:g] 3/, cfu“ g, /5o\ fg, aur“} f, af6f3] f6f,] ;fjh{ lgs :yn, kfgL kw“ /] f] tyf
kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f ;kmf / :jR5 x'gk' 5{ .
— kT| os] JolStn] u0' f:t/Lo lzIffsf] kxr“' kf| Kt ugk{' 5{ .
— hLjg wfGg] u/L cfo;f| t] h6' fpg kl/jf/n] cj;/ k|fKt ugk{' 5{ .
— JolStut, ;fdflhs / ;fdb' flos hLjg ofkg ugs{ f nflu gful/sn] zflGt ;/' Iff kf| Kt
ug'{k5{ .
/fh] uf/Lsf] cefj, sd cfo tyf ul/aL, cfwf/et" cfjZostf kl/kl" td{ f sdL, kfl/jfl/s snx,
:jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOdf sdL tyf pRr dftl[ zz' dT[ ob' / Gog" :t/Lo hLjgsf ;ªs\ t] xg' \ . o;nfO{
x6fpg lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, ;/' Iff, kl/jf/sf] cfsf/, kfl] ;nf] vfgf, kl/jf/sf] cfo;f| t] /
artnfO{ ljsf;sf cfwf/ ;r" ssf ¿kdf kf| yldstfdf /fvL ljsf; sfo{ ug{' cfjZos 5 .
u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf dV' o cfwf/sf ¿kdf vfbo\ fGg, nTtfsk8f, cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfgk] fgL
tyf ;/;kmfO h:tf cfwf/et" cfjZostf, efl} ts hLjg :t/sf ;r" sx¿ / dfgj ljsf; ;r" sfªs\ nfO{
xg] {] ul/G5 . vf; u/L efl} ts hLjg :t/sf ;r" sx¿df kfr“ jifd{ l' gsf] afn dT[ ob' /, cf;} t cfo' /
;fIf/tf k5{g\ . cf;} t cfo', lzIff / cfo cfh{gnfO{ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfªs\ df x]g{] ul/G5 .
u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf] dfkg ) bl] v ! cªs\ nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL a9L cªs\ kf| Kt ug{] bz] nfO{ pRr
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg ofkg ePsf] dflgG5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
;fs{ d'n'ssf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs, @)!#
>]0fL b]z cª\s
&# >Lnª\sf )=&%)
!)# dflNbE; )=^(*
!#% ef/t )=%*^
!#^ e'6fg )=%*$
!$@ aª\unfb]z )=%%*
!$% g]kfn )=%$)
!$^ kfls:tfg )=%#&
!^( ckmuflg:tfg )=$^*
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 33
;+;f/sf pRr dfgj ljsf; ePsf b]z
>]0fL b]z cª\s
! gj{] )=($$
@ c:6l]« nof )=(##
# l:j6h\ /NofG8 )=(!&
$ g]b/NofG8 )=(!%
% ;o+ S' t /fHo cdl] /sf )=(!$
;+;f/sf lgDg dfgj ljsf; ePsf b]z
>]0fL b]z cª\s
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
!*@ Ol/l6o« f )=#*!
!*# l;o/flnofg] )=#&$
!*$ rf8 )=#&@
!*% sG] bL| o clkm| sg u0ftGq )=#$!
!*^ sª\uf] )=##*
;f| t] M dfgj ljsf; kl| tjb] g, @)!$
ljsf;sf] kl/;r" ssf ¿kdf u0' f:t/Lo hLjg lgdf0{ fsf nflu lgDg lnlvt kIfdf Wofg k¥' ofpg'
cfjZos 5 M
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] agfpg]
:t/Lo lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{]
pkoS' t pd/] df ljjfx ug{]
pkoS' t pd/] df ky| d uew{ f/0f ug{]
bO' { aRRffsf lardf hGdfGt/ ug]{
:jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg]
kfl] ;nf] vfgf vfg]
nª} l\ us ;dfgtf sfod ug{]
cfdf afas' f] lhDdj] f/L jxg ug{]
art ug{]
34 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-u_ v';Lkg
ljsf;sf] kl/;r" ssf ¿kdf cfgGbLkg jf ;v' LkgnfO{ klg lnOG5 . bz] sf dflg; ul/a 5g,\ cefj
5 t/ dflg; v';L 5g\ eg] Tof] klg ljsf; xf] . ;DkGgtfleq v;' L 5}g eg] To;nfO{ ljsf; dflg“bg} .
cfwf/et" cfjZostfsf] kl" t,{ ;fdflhs ;/' Iff tyf kfl/jfl/s / jo} lSts ;Gtl' i6af6 v;' Lkg kf| Kt
x'G5 . dflg;df ;Gt'li6 kf| Kt ePdf To;nfO{ ljsf;sf] pRr u'0f dflgG5 .
;g\ @))^ bl] v GoO' sfg] fl] dS; kmfpG8;] gn] v;' Lkg jf ;Gtl' i6 ;r" s (Happiness Planet Index
HPI) klg ks| fzg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
ljsf;nfO{ ;Gtl' i6sf ;fkI] ftfdf xl] /g] o; kl/;r" sdf bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu lgDg lnlvt ;ft
;db[ l\ wnfO{ ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds kj" fw{ f/sf ¿kdf xl] /G5 M
- c _ cfly{s ;db[ l\ w M o;df pkefS] tfnfO{ kf| yldstfdf /fvL pkefS] tfsf] sdfO, cf;} t
sdfO / b]zleq /x]sf JolStsf] cfosf] ljt/0fsf] cj:yf cf“sng ul/G5 .
-cf_ jftfj/0fLo ;d[bl\ w M o;df hn, hldg, jfo' kb| i" f0f, xfx] Nnf / ;jf/L 6f« lkmssf]
cj:yf x]l/G5 .
-O_ efl} ts ;db[ l\ w M o;df dflg;sf ljleGg ks| f/sf czSttf, df6] fk] gf / uDeL/
ks| l[ tsf k|f0f 3fts /fu] sf] cj:yf cf“sng ul/G5 .
-O{_ dfgl;s ;d[bl\ w M o;df dfgl;s tgfj 36fpg cfi} fwLsf] ko| fu] u/] gu/s] f] /
dfgl;s /f]uLsf] ;ª\Vofsf] tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
-p_ sfo:{ yn ;db[ l\ w M o;df sfd ug{] cj;/sf] kf| lKt, a/] fh] uf/L, sfddf cfO/xg]
kl/jtg{ , sfo:{ yndf xg' ] Jojxf/sf af/d] f ul/g] ph/' L / sfd ;DaGwL sfgg' L
Joj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnOG5 .
-pm_ ;fdflhs ;db[ l\ w M o;df ;fdflhs ljeb] , ;/' Iff, ;DaGw ljR5b] b/, 3/fo;L emu8f,
kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs sfgg' sf] kfngf / ck/fw b/sf] ljj/0f tof/ kfl/G5 .
- C _ /fhgLlts ;d[b\lw M o;df kh| ftGq, jo} lSts :jtGqtf / cfGtl/s tyf afxo\
åGåsf] cj:yf x]l/G5 .
-3_ dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf;
;g\ !(() kl5 ljsf;sf] kj" fw{ f/sf ¿kdf dfgj ;f| t] sf] ljsf; / To;sf] pRrtd pkofu] sf]
cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/of] . dfgj ;f| t] sf] ljsf;lagf cGo ;f| t] sf] kl/rfng ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn]
ljsf;fG] dv' bz] df hgzlSt ljsf;sf ljleGg /0fgLlt to u/L sfofG{ jog ul/Psf 5g\ .
kf| sl[ ts ;fwgx¿ lglijm| o xG' 5g\ t/ dfgj ;fwg ;ljm| o xG' 5 . bz] sf gful/snfO{ pTkfbgsf ;ljm| o
;fwg dflgG5 . dfgj ;f| t] ljjs] zLn xg' ] ePsfn] o;n] cfkmg\ f] ab' l\ w tyf >d zlStsf dfWodn]
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 35
kf| sl[ ts ;fwgx¿sf] ;bk' ofu] u5{ . kf| sl[ ts ;fwgsf] kr| /' tf eP klg dfgj ;fwg gePdf ljsf;
;Dej xb“' g} . pTkfbg sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xg' ] hgzlStnfO{ bIf hgzlSt elgG5 . bIf hgzlStn] bz] sf]
ljsf;df dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf ljjfx{ u5{ . bz] sf] IfdtfeGbf a9L hg;ªV\ of ePdf To;n] cflys{
ljsf;df kl| tsn" ke| fj kf5{ . dfgj ;f| t] bz] sf] ea" gf6] , kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf / bz] sf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df
lgwf/{ 0f xg' k' 5{ . bIf hgzlStaf6 ljsf;sf lgDg lnlvt kIfdf ;xofu] kU' g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ljsf;sf]
kl/;r" ssf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] xf] .
kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] ;fwgsf] ;bk' ofu]
pTkfbg jb[ l\ w
efl} ts kh“' Lsf] pkofu]
sl[ ifsf] cfwl' gsLs/0f tyf cfb} o\ fl] usLs/0f
kj" fw{ f/ ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f
;fdflhs ljsf;
cflys{ pGglt
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfOs“{ f] 5/l5ds] sf sg' } b; 3/df uO{ lgDgfg;' f/sf ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng u/L To;sf cfwf/df
cfkmg\ f] ;dfh ljsf;sf kl/;r" sdf s:tf] cj:yfdf /xs] f] 5, kTtf nufpgx' f;] \ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
ljj/0f cj:yf s}lkmot
kl/jf/df /xs] f ;b:o ;ªV\ of
P;Pn;LeGbf dfly k9g\ s] f] ;ªV\ of
ljjfx u/s] f] pd/]
ky| d uew{ f/0f ePsf] pd/]
bO' { aRRffsf lardf hGdfGt/ cjlw
:jf:Yo ;l' jwf kfP gkfPsf]
kfl] ;nf] vfgf vfg kfP gkfPsf]
nª} l\ us ;dfgtf /x] g/xs] f]
kl/jf/n] aª} s\ df art u/] gu/s] f]
36 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
dfgj ;;+ fwg egs] f] ;fdfGo sfdbf/bl] v bIf kf| ljlws;Ddsf dfgj hgzlSt xg' \ . dfgj ;;+ fwg
ljsf; egs] f] ljzi] ft sfdbf/ jf sdr{ f/Lsf nflu tflnd / ljsf;sf ljljw kIfsf] ;Dafw] g ug{]
dfgj ;f| t] Joj:yfkgsf] kf6f] xf] . o;df JolStnfO{ gof“ 1fg, l;k, ;f| t] , sfd / ljm| ofsnfk kb| fg
ug{] tflnd kb| fg ul/G5 . dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; egs] f] sg' } bz] jf ;ªu\ 7gsf nflu jtd{ fg /
eljiodf cfjZos kg{] hgzlSt cfk"lt{ of]hgf xf] .
dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; egs] f] sg' } klg ;ªu\ 7gsf sfon{ fO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpg] ofh] gf xf] . o;af6
;:+ yfsf] ;Ifdtf, sfdbf/ jf sdr{ f/Lsf] sfd ug{] ;Ifdtf / jo} lSts ljsf; xG' 5 . sdr{ f/L
sdr{ f/Llardf ;xofu] sf] efjgf ljsf; ug,{ ;dx" sfo{ ug{ tyf ;a} sfdbf/ jf sdr{ f/Lsf lardf
;xofu] fTds efjgf ljsf; ug{ klg dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ljsf; cfjZos k5{ . dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;
;:+ yfsf] ;w' f/;u“ ;DalGwt 5 t/ dfgj ;;+ fwg Joj:yfkg hgzlSt ljsf;;u“ ;DalGwt 5 .
dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;df sfdbf/sf] jo} lSts ljsf; tyf ;Ifdtf ljsf;df Wofg lbOG5 . ;ªu\ 7gsf
;a} sfdbf/ ;:+ Yffkl| t g} pTt/bfoL xG' 5g\ eg] hgzlSt Joj:yfkg ubf{ sfdbf/sf] ;Gtl' i6 /
cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbOG5 . dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgdf sfdbf/sf] :jfwLg / cGt/ ;DalGwt
cl:tTTj ljsf; ul/G5 . o;df sfdbf/ / ;ªu\ 7gsf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ hf8] lbb“ } sfdsf nflu
sdr{ f/LnfO{ pTt/bfoL agfOG5 . of] JolStnfO{ lhDdj] f/L lbO{ p;n} fO{ k/' :st[ tyf bl08t u//]
sfdsf nflu pTk]|l/t ug{] cjwf/0ff xf] .
$=! dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] cfjZostf
dfgj ;;+ fwg egs] f] sfdsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;fdfGo tyf kf| ljlws hgzlSt xf] . sfd /
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ofh] gf agfO{ dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ul/G5 . dfgj ;;+ fwg
ljsf; egs] f] hgzlSt tof/Lsf] ofh] gf xf] . cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf cWoog u//] / ljleGg ks| f/sf
tflndsf] Joj:yf u//] sfdsf nflu dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] tof/L ul/G5 . bz] sf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs /
j1} flgs pGgltsf nflu dfgj ;f| t] sf] cfjZostf kg{] ePsfn] bz] leq dfgj ;f| t] sf] kofK{ ttf ePdf
o;n] ljsf;nfO{ ult kb| fg ug{ ;S5 . dfgj ;f| t] ljsf;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ kl' i6
ug{ ;lsG5 M
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df hgzlStsf] cefj k"lt{ ug{ tyf a9L ePsf] hgzlStsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{
dfgj ;;+ fwg ofh] gfsf cfwf/df hgzlSt dfu tyf etL{ ug{
>dsf] nfut ljZni] f0f u/L ;ªu\ 7gsf sfdbf/ 36fpg jf sfdcg;' f/ sfdbf/ /fVg
bz] df sfdsf nflu cfjZos kg{] bIf / lj1sf] kf| Kotf / ;Defjgf kTtf nufpg
sfddf ljljwtf Nofpg tyf ljleGg sfdsf nflu cfjZos kg{] / ahf/df kfOg] hgzlStsf]
cj:yf cfs“ ng ug{
pknAw hgzlStsf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L ;ªu\ 7gsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 37
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$=@ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] dxTTj
lglZrt ofh] gf cjlwdf sg' } ;:+ yfsf ;a} tx / ks| f/sf hgzlStsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ dfgj ;;+ fwg
ljsf; cfjZos 5 . o;af6 ;:+ yfsf] pb\b]Zo k"lt{sf nflu ;Ifd hgzlSt kf| Kt x'G5 . ;+:yfdf
hgzlSt etL,{ ltgsf] pkofu] , hgzlStsf] sfo{ Ifdtf / ;:+ yfsf] ;w' f/ tyf l;k, kl| jlw, dN" o dfGotf
/ ;:+ yfut ;/+ rgf ;/+ If0fsf nflu dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; dxTTjk0" f{ xG' 5 . dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;sf]
dxTTjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M
- c _ Joj:yfkg sfo{M sg' } ;:+ yfsf nflu tof/ kfl/g] dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;n] To; ;:+ yfsf] ;du|
ofh] gf, ;ªu\ 7g, gLlt lgdf0{ f, cfk;L ;xofu] tyf ah6] Joj:yf / gfkmf 3f6fsf] ;Dk0" f{
cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-cf_ ke| fjsf/L pkof]uM cfhsf] ljZj ;r" gf kl| jlwsf] ljZj xf] eg] cflys{ bl[ i6n] cfb} o\ fl] us
;+;f/ dflgG5 . ljsf;sf nflu k|Tos] dn' s' n] ljZjsf] ult k5\ofpg ;Sgk' 5{ . o;sf nflu
dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] nIodv' L pkof]u ugk{' 5{ . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ofh] gfn] hgzlStsf]
k|efjsf/L pkof]udf ;xof]u k'¥ofp5“ .
-O_ pTk/]| 0ffM ;:+ yfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu efl} ts ;f| t] sf] hfl] vd zG" o pkofu] ug{ ;Sg] dfgj ;f| t]
cfjZos k5{ . hgzlSt ;j] f ;l' jwfaf6 k|efljt xG' 5 . hgzlStnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf tyf
;l' jwfn] ;:+ yfsf] pbb\ Z] o kf| lKtdf kT| oIf c;/ kf5{ . dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gfaf6
hgzlStsf nflu kf| T] ;fxg ofh] gf (Incentive Plan) to ug{ / eljiosf nflu ;dt] hgzlStsf]
vfh] tyf ;xeflutfsf] vfsf sfg] { ;xofu] kU' g] ePsfn] dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gfn]
hgzlSt tyf ;ª\u7g b'jd} f pTk|/] 0ff k|bfg u5{ .
-O{_ dfgj ;DaGw lj:tf/M dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gf hgzlStsf] ;Ifdtf ljsf; / sfo{
;DaGw lj:tf/sf nflu agfOG5 . o;af6 ;ªu\ 7gdf ke| fjsf/L ;~rf/, ke| fjsf/L ;k' l/jI] f0f
/ gt] T[ j ljsf;df ;xofu] kU' 5 . o;n] ;:+ yfleqsf dfgj ;f| t] / ;:+ yf aflx/sf ;/fs] f/jfnflar
;DaGw lj:tf/ u5{ . dfgj ;DaGw lj:tf/n] sfdsf] u0' f:t/ / cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgdf klg
;sf/fTds k|efj kf5{ .
-p_ pRr pTkfbsTjM dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gfaf6 ;:+ yfdf ;f| t] kl/rfng xG' 5 . o;af6
;dosf] ;bk' ofu] , kh“' L kl/rfng, pmhf{ Joj:yfkg, ckl] Ift pknlAw xfl;n, tflnd ljsf;
tyf Iflt Gog" Ls/0fdf dxTTjk0" f{ ;xofu] kf| Kt eO{ ;:+ yfaf6 pRr pTkfbsTj kf| Kt xG' 5 .
$=# dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] k|lj|mof
dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; hgzlStsf] jo} lSts ljsf;;u“ ;DalGwt 5 . o;af6 sfdbf/ jf sdr{ f/Lsf]
jtd{ fg el" dsfdf ;w' f/ ug{] tyf eljiosf] el" dsfsf nflu tof/L ug{] b/" bl[ i6 kf| Kt xG' 5 . o;n]
sfdbf/x¿ larsf] ;DaGw ;w' f/ u/L ;dx" sfo{ ug{ tyf Psfk;df ;xofu] lj:tf/ ug{ dbt
38 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bk'¥ofp“5 . dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; jm| dabw\ / Jojl:yt kl| jm| of xf] . o;sf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf] kl| jm| of
ckgfOG5 M
-c_ hgzlSt of]hgfsf] k|f¿k tof/LM dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0fk"j{ ;+:yfsf
pb\b]Zox¿sf] kg' /fjnfs] g ugk{' 5{ . o;kl5 nIo / pb\bZ] o lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . o;} jm| ddf
;:+ yfsf] cfGtl/s ;f| t] sf] k/LIf0f u/L hgzlSt egf{ ofh] gf agfpgk' 5{ . o:tf] kf| ¿kdf
eljiosf nflu ;ªu\ 7gsf] ;/+ rgf / egf{ ofh] gf;lxt dfgj ;f| t] ljsf; ofh] gf tof/
kfg'{k5{ .
-cf_ jtd{ fg hgzlStsf] ljZni] f0fM o;df sg' } ;:+ yfsf] sfo{ ks| l[ t, ;:+ yfdf kf| Kt /fh] uf/Lsf
k|sf/, /f]huf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof / ltgsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;+:yfdf xfn pknAw hgzlStsf]
ljZni] f0f ul/G5 . o;df ;:+ yfsf] cfGtl/s ljsf; tyf ;:+ yfsf] sfo{ kbw\ ltsf] dfunfO{
kf| yldstfdf /flvG5 . ;:+ yfnfO{ ult kb| fg ug{ Ifdtf ljsf; ofh] gf agfO{ sfofG{ jog ug,{]
;:+ yfn] u/s] f c;n sfdx¿sf] ;~rf/ ug{] / ;:+ yfsf nflu c;n ;fr] /fVg] kIfnfO{ klg
o;}df ;d]6\g'k5{ .
-O_ eljiosf nflu cfjZos hgzlStsf] kl/sNkgfM dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gf agfpb“ f
eljiodf pSt ;:+ yfnfO{ slt / s:tf] hgzlSt rflxG5 eGg] lg0fo{ ugk{' 5{ . o;sf nflu
hgzlSt ljsf;sf] kj| l[ Tt, sfdbf/ jf sdr{ f/Lsf] sfoa{ fe] m, ;:+ yfsf cGo cfjZos kIf /
ah6] h:tf kIfdf lg0fo{ ug{' cfjZos 5 . cfjZostfsf] kl/jtg{ sf cfwf/df Ifdtf ljsf;
of]hgf klg kl/jt{g x'G5 .
-O{_ /f]huf/Lsf sfo{j|md ljsf;M dflg;n] gof“ vfnsf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ vf]lh/xG5 .
cfkmn" ] sfd ul//xs] f] ;:+ yfdf klg gof“ ks| l[ tsf] yk lhDdj] f/Lsf] rfxgf u5{ . o;y{ dfgj
;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gfdf /fh] uf/Lsf kofK{ t sfoj{ m| d ljsf;nfO{ ;d6] g\ k' 5{ .
-p_ tflnd sfoj{ |md ljsf;M ;:+ yfdf sfd ug{] sdr{ f/Lsf nflu l;k / bIftf ljsf; ug{]
vfnsf kg' tfh{ uL tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 . o:t} ;:+ yfdf gj
kj| z] L sfdbf/ tyf sdr{ f/Lsf nflu klg tflndsf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ . tflndn] hgzlStdf
yk pmhf{ kb| fg u5{ / sfdsf nflu pTk/|] 0ff klg a9fp5“ . ;:+ yfsf] ;Dk0" f{ IfdtfnfO{ pkofu]
u/L pRr sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ klg dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gfdf cfGtl/s tyf afxo\ tflndsf
k|z:t sfo{j|mdx¿sf] k|aGw ug'{k5{ .
$=$ g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf r'gf}tL tyf efjL lbzf
/fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« dfuadfl] hdsf] bIf hgzlSt tof/ ug{' tyf :jbz] d} /fh] uf/Lsf] cj;/
l;hg{ f u/L jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldflysf] lge/{ tf sd ug{' klg dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;sf] rg' ft} Lsf ¿kdf
/xs] f] 5 . bz] df pTkflbt hgzlSt / dfular plrt tfndn] ldnfpg,' bz] df ;~rflnt ljbo\ dfg
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 39
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |btflnd sG] bx| ¿lar plrt ;dGjo sfod /fVg,' uf| dL0f Ifq] , dlxnf, blnt, lk5l8Psf Ifq] , ju,{
;db' fodf kU' g] u/L ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug{' h:tf rg' ft} Lx¿ klg xfdf| ;fd' 5g\ . o:tf
rg' ft} Lx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ xfdLnfO{ bL3s{ fnLg sfo{ ofh] gf;lxtsf] dfgj ;;+ fwg ofh] gfsf] vfr“ f]
/x]sf] 5 .
dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;sf nflu lgDg lnlvt bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] /fVg' cfjZos bl] vG5 M
/fli6o« Pjd\ cGt/fl{ i6o« ahf/df kl| t:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd / bIf hgzlStsf] ljsf; ug{]
;Ifd / bIf dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ljsf; u/L hgzlStsf] dfu / cfkl" tl{ ar ;Gtn' g sfod ug{]
/fh] uf/L tyf :j/fh] uf/L l;hg{ f ug{] vfnsf kf| ljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf
hf8] lbg]
bIf dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;sf nflu PsLst[ ¿kdf sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{]
dfgj ;;+ fwg;u“ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clejb[ l\ w ug{]
dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt tof/ u/L sfofG{ jogdf Nofpg]
oj' f hgzlStsf nflu gt] T[ j ljsf; ;DaGwL sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{]
zl} Ifs ;:+ yfx¿af6 pTkflbt hgzlSt / ahf/df pknAw /fh] uf/Llar ;fd~h:o sfod ug{]
nlIft ;dx" sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{]
:jbz] L hgzlStdf ljbz] L ahf/df kl| t:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] l;k tyf kl| jlw x:tfGt/0f u/L dfgj
;;+ fwgsf] ljsf; ug{]
sfdnfO{ gof“ 9ªu\ n] kl/eflift ug{] / lzIffnfO{ sfddv' L agfpg]
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfOs“{ f lzIfssf] ;xofu] df ljbo\ fno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf / kw| fgfWofks;u“ 5nkmn
u//] tnsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ tof/ kf/L ‘xfdf| ] ljbo\ fnosf] dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;’ zLifs{ df Pp6f
5f6] f] nv] tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ M
-s_ ljbo\ fnodf dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ljbo\ fnodf dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ljsf; lsg ugk{' 5{ <
-u_ ljbo\ fnodf dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ljsf; ug{ s:tf] ofh] gf agfOPsf] 5 <
-3_ ljbo\ fnonfO{ jl/kl/sf ljbo\ fnoeGbf /fdf| ] kfg{ eljiodf s:tf] hgzlSt ofh] gf agfpgk' nf{ <
-ª_ dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; ofh] gf agfpb“ f ljbo\ fnodf s:tf rg' ft} L cfpg ;S5g\ <
cEof;
-s_ Ps jfSodf pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\M
!= jftfj/0f egs] f] s] xf] <
@= ljsf;n] bz] df s:tf] ;w' f/ Nofp5“ <
40 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b#= ljsf;sf] clGtd nIo s] xf] <
$= bz] sf] cflys{ pGgltnfO{ s;] u“ tn' gf u//] xl] /G5 <
%= u0' f:t/Lo hLjg egs] f] s] xf] <
^= ;fs{ dn' s' df ;ae} Gbf pRr / lgDg dfgj ljsf; ;r" sfªs\ ePsf bz] sg' sg' xg' \ <
&= ;v' Lkg ;r" s slxnb] l] v ks| fzg ePsf] xf] <
*= pRr pTkfbsTj s;/L kf| Kt xG' 5 <
(= hgzlSt egf{ ofh] gf lsg agfOG5 <
!)= lsg gk] fndf dfgj ;;+ fwg ofh] gfsf] vfr“ f] 5 <
-v_ 5f]6f] pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\M
!= lsg hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ljsf;sf nflu ;ae} Gbf dxTTjk0" f{ kIf dflgG5 <
@= cfwf/et" cfjZostf egs] f s] s] xg' \ <
#= ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffleq sg' sg' kIf ;dl] 6G5g\ <
$= ljsf;sf nflu s:tf kj" fw{ f/ cfjZos k5g{ \ <
%= sn' ufx:{ y pTkfbg / sn' /fli6o« pTkfbgdf km/s bv] fpgx' f;] \ .
^= hgtfn] s] s] kfPdf ;dfh tyf /fi6s« f] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 <
&= dfgj ljsf; ;r" sfªs\ n] s] sf] ;ªs\ t] u5{ <
*= s;/L u0' f:t/Lo hLjg lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 <
(= dflg;x¿sf] v;' Lkg s;/L kTtf nufOG5 <
!)= lsg dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;sf] ofh] gf agfpgk' 5{ <
!!= dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] dxTTj n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
!= hg;ªV\ of, jftfj/0f / ljsf;larsf] cGt/ ;DaGw kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .
@= ljsf; eGgfn] s] al' emG5 / ljsf; s:tf] xg' k' 5{ <
#= ljsf;sf kl/;r" ssf] ;r" L agfO{ sg' } bO' s{ f] JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .
$= v;' Lkgsf ;ft ;db[ l\ wn] ;dfhsf s:tf cj:yfnfO{ ;ªs\ t] u5g{ ,\ cfkmg\ f] ljrf/
n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;sf] kl| j|mof pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .
^= gk] fndf dfgj ljsf;sf rg' ft} L / efjL lbzfsf] ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 41
PsfO $ gk] fnsf] hg ;fªl\ Vos l:ylt / jftfj/0f
$=! hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/
sg' } klg bz] , 7fp“ jf Ifq] sf dflg;x¿sf] sn' ;ªV\ ofnfO{ g} To; 7fps“ f] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ eg/]
a'lemG5 . cyft{ \ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ eGgfn] bz] df slt hg;ªV\ of 5 eGg] hgfp5“ . sg' } klg
7fps“ f] hg;ªV\ of ;w} l:y/ g/xL kl/jtg{ e/} xG5 . lglZrt 7fp“ / lglZrt ;dosf] cfwf/df dfq
hg;ªV\ ofsf] jf:tljs cfsf/ olt g} 5 eg]/ atfpg ;lsG5 .
$=!=@ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / j[b\lw b/
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/df ljutsf sx] L bzsbl] v tLj| ¿kdf jb[ l\ w e/} xs] f] 5 . ljjm| d ;Djt\
!(^* -;g\ !(!!_ ;fnbl] v gk] fndf hg u0fgf lng] sfos{ f] ;?' cft ul/Psf] xf] . oxL g} gk] fnsf]
klxnf] hg u0fgf lyof] . To;kl5 x/s] !)–!) jifs{ f] km/sdf hg u0fgf lng] sfo{ ;DkGg xb“' }
cfO/xs] f] 5 . xfn;Dd gk] fndf P3f/ k6s hg u0fgf eO;ss] f] 5 eg] hg u0fgf ;?' u/s] f] klg Ps
;o jif{ kl' u;ss] f] 5 . ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] hg u0fgf lj=;=+ @)^* -;g\ @)!!_ df ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .
gk] fndf ePsf] xfn;Ddsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ / jb[ l\ w b/nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ tflnsfdf bv] fOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf g+= ! M g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ / jflif{s j[b\lwb/
hg u0fgf jif{ s'n vb' jb[ l\ w jflifs{ hg;ªV\ of hg;ªV\ of
hg;ª\Vof jb[ l\ wb/ -kl| tztdf_ bfA] a/ xg' nfUg]
;do -jif_{
lj=;=+ !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ %^,#*,&$( — — —
lj=;=+ !(&& -;g\ !(@)_ %%,&#,&** –^$,(^! –)=!# —
lj=;=+ !(*& -;g\ !(#)_ %%,#@,%&$ –$!,@!$ –)=)& —
lj=;=+ !((* -;g\ !($!_ ^@,*#,^$( &,%!,)&% !=!^ ^)
lj=;=+ @))(÷!! *@,%^,^@% !(,&@,(&^ @=@& #!
-;g\ !(%@–%$_
lj=;=+ @)!* -;g\ !(^!_ ($,!@,((^ !!,%^,#&! !=^$ $@
lj=;=+ @)@* -;g\ !(&!_ !,!%,%%,(*# @!,$@,(*& @=)% #$
lj=;=+ @)#* -;g\ !(*!_ !,%),@@,*#( #$,^^,*%^ @=^@ @^
42 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
lj=;=+ @)$* -;g\ !((!_ !,*$,(!,)(& #$,^*,@%* @=)* ##
lj=;=+ @)%* -;g\ @))!_ @,#!,%!,$@# $^,^),#@^ @=@% #!
lj=;=+ @)^* -;g\ @)!!_ @,^$,($,%)$ ##,$#,)*! !=#% %@
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*
ljm| ofsnfk
ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;dx" df ljefhg u/L dflysf] tflnsf cWoog / ljZni] f0f u/fO{ sIffdf k:| tt'
u/fpgx' f;] \ .
$=!=# hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] eGgfn] hg;ªV\ ofsf] pd/] , lnªu\ , wd,{ k;] f, hfthflt, dfte[ fiff, lzIff cflbsf
cfwf/df a;s] f dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] elgG5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] df slt
dlxnf, slt k?' if, slt s6] fs6] L, slt a9' fa9' L 5g\ eGg] s/' f cWoog ul/G5 . To;} u/L hft, wd{
efiff / k;] fsf] cfwf/df klg hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] s:tf] 5 eGg] s/' f kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 .
hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] af6 lzlIft, clzlIft To:t} cflys{ ¿kn] ;ljm| o -sfd u//] sdfpg ;Sg_] slt
5g, lgl:jm| o -sfd u/]/ sdfpg g;Sg]_ slt 5g\ eGg] s/' f klg yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
hg;ªV\ of agf6] sf] cWoogaf6 bz] df ePsf] hg;ªV\ ofn] bz] ljsf;df s:tf] ;xofu] kU' g ;Sb5
eGg] cg' dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . hg;ª\Vof agf6] sf] cWoog sg' } klg bz] jf efu} fl] ns Ifq] sf nflu
cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] sf cfwf/df bz] sf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
-c_ lnªu\ cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] (Population Composition by Sex)
-cf_ hfthfltcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] (Population Compositi on by Caste/Ethnicity)
-O_ wdc{ g;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] (Population Composition by Religion)
-O{_ pd/] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] (Population Composition by Age)
-p_ dfte[ fiffcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] (Population Composition by Mother Tongue)
-pm_ zl} Ifs l:yltcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] (Population Composition by Educational
status)
-O_ k;] fcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] (Population Composition by Occupational Status)
-c_ lnª\ucg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
bz] sf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ k?' if / dlxnfnfO{ cnu cnu juLs{ /0f ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ lnªu\ cg;' f/
hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] elgG5 . o;/L dlxnf / k?' ifsf] aU] nf aU] n} u0fgf ul/of] eg] sg' } klg 7fp÷“ Ifq]
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 43
jf bz] sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] lnªu\ cg;' f/sf] agf6] kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 . lnªu\ sf cfwf/df gk] fnsf]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ tlnsfdf bv] fpg ;lsG5 M
tflnsf g+= @ M lnª\ucg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
hg u0fgf jif{ k'?if k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltzt hDdf
lj=;=+ @)%* -;g\ @))!_ !!%^#(@! $(=( !,!%,*&,%)@ %)=! @,#!,%!,$@#
lj=;=+ @)^* -;g\ @)!!_ !@*$()$! $*=$( !,#^,$%,$^# %!=%) @,^$,($,%)$
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*
-cf_ hfthfltcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
gk] fndf ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ a;fa] f; u5g{ \ . oL ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf cfkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
cfkmg\ } ei] fei" ff, /xg ;xg, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t /xs] f 5g\ . tYofªs\ ut ¿kdf gk] fnel/ sg' hflt sxfF
slt a:5g\ eGg] clenv] /fVg] Joj:yf lj=;=+ @)$* sf] hg u0fgfaf6 dfq ;?' cft ul/Psf] lyof] .
lj=;=+ @)^* ;fnsf] hg u0fgfn] gk] fnel/ /xs] f !@% hfthfltsf] klxrfg u/s] f] 5 . hfthfltcg;' f/
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ lgDg tflnsfdf bv] fpg ;lsG5 M
tflnsf g+ #M
hfthfltcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 -hg u0fgf lj=;+= @)%* / @)^* cg';f/_
-Ps k|ltzt eGbfdfly hg;ª\Vof ePsf hfthfltsf] ljj/0f_
j|m=;+= hflt÷;d"x hg u0fgf jif{ -@)%*_ hg u0fgf jif{ -@)^*_
k|ltztdf k|ltztdf
! If]qL 15=80 16=60
12=74 12=18
@ af| xd\ 0f -kxf8L_ 7=17 7=12
# du/ 6=75 6=56
$ yf? 5=64 5=81
% tfdfª 5=48 5=03
^ gj] f/ 4=27 4=39
& d'l:nd 3=94 4=75
* sfdL 3=94 3=98
( ofbj 2=79 2=34
!) /fO{ 2=39 1=97
!! u'?ª 1=72 1=78
!@ bdfO{÷9f]nL 1=58 1=46
!# lnDa'
44 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
!$ 7s'/L 1=47 1=61
!% ;fsL{ 1=40 1=41
!^ tn] L 1=34 1=40
!& rdf/, xl/hg, /fd 1=19 1=27
1=11
!* sf]O/L 1=16
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*
/fli6o« hg u0fgf @)^* cg;' f/ bz] df hDdf !@% cf]6f hfthfltx¿ /xs] f 5g\ . )%* ;fnsf]
hg u0fgfdf sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] !%=* kl| tzt /xs] f] Ifq] Lsf] hg;ªV\ of @)^* sf] hg u0fgfdf sx] L
jb[ l\ w eO{ !^=^) kl| tzt ku' s] f] 5 . kxf8L af| xd\ 0fsf] hg;ªV\ of @)%* ;fndf !@=&$ kl| tzt
/xs] fd] f xfn !@=!* kl| tzt bl] vPsf] 5 . xfn du/, yf? / tfdfª jm| dzM &=!@, ^=%^ / %=*!
kl| tzt;lxt t;] f| ,] rfy} f] / kfrf“} kd| v' hfthfltx¿sf] :yfgdf /xs] f 5g\ . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg
u0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf ! kl| tzteGbf sd hg;ªV\ of xg' ] hfltx¿sf] ;ªV\ of !)& /xs] f] 5 eg] afs“ L
!* hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] hg;ªV\ of ! kl| tzteGbf dfly /xs] f] 5 . ;ae} Gbf sd hg;ªV\ of s;' G' 8f
hfltsf] -@&# hgf dfq_ bl] vPsf] 5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-O_ wd{cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
gk] fn Ps ax' wflds{ /fi6« xf] . oxf“ ljleGg wdfj{ nDaLx¿sf] a;f]af; /xs] f] 5 . wflds{ ljljwtf
eP tfklg ;a} wds{ f lardf wflds{ ;be\ fj / ;lxi0ft' f ePsf] kfOG5 . o; bz] ax' wflds{ dn' s'
eP tfklg lxGb" wd{ dfGgx] ¿sf] ;ªV\ of clws /xs] f] 5 . gk] fnsf kd| v' wdx{ ¿df lxGb," afb} w\ ,
dl' :nd, ls/ft“ , hg} / ljm| l:rog /xs] f 5g\ . lj=;=+ @)%* / lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/
gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] wflds{ agf6] nfO{ lgDg tflnsfdf bv] fpg ;lsG5 M
tflnsf g+ $ wd{cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 -hg u0fgf @)^* cg';f/_
j|m=;+= wd{ @)%* -k|ltzt_ @)^* -k|ltzt_
! lxGb" 80=62 81=34
@ af}b\w 10=74 9=00
# O:nfd 4=2 4=39
$ ls/f“t 3=6 3=05
% ljm| l:rog 0=45 1=41
^ h}g 0=02 0=01
& k|s[lt 0=46
* af]g 0=04
( cGo pNnv] gul/Psf 0=39 0=22
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu @)^*
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 45
dflysf] tflnsf g+ $ cg;' f/ gk] fndf lxGb" wd{ dfGgx] ¿sf] afxN' o /xs] f] bl] vG5 . To;kl5 bf;] f| ]
:yfgdf afb} w\ / t;] f| ] :yfgdf O:Nffd wd{ dfGgx] ¿ /xs] f 5g\ . To;} u/L, rfy} fd] f ls/ft“ / kfrfd“} f
ljm| l:rog wd{ dfGg] /xs] f 5g\ . Ps kl| ztzeGbf klg sd hg;ªV\ of cGo wdx{ ¿ hg} , ks| l[ t, afg]
wd{ dfGg]x¿ /xs] f] kfOG5 . o;/L xb] f{ g]kfn Pp6f wfld{ s{ :jtGqtf ePsf] d¬ns' xf] . oxf“ ljleGg
wdfn{ DaLx¿lar wflds{ ;lxi0ft¬ fsf] ;fy} ;be\ fjk0" f{ Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Pp6f wd{ dfGg]
dflg;x¿n] csf{] wd{ dfGg] dflg;nfO{ ;Ddfg u/s] f] kfOG5 . km/s km/s wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ eP
tfklg Ps cfk;df ldnLhn¬ L a;s] f 5g\ .
-O{_ pd]/cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
pd/] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] eGgfn] pd/] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] juLs{ /0f eGg] al' emG5 . cyft{ ,\
kT| os] pd/] ;dx" df xg' ] dlxnf / k?' ifx¿sf] hg;ªV\ of jf kl| tztnfO{ hgfpb“ 5 . pd/] cg;' f/
hg;ªV\ ofsf] juLs{ /0faf6 ;;fgf afn aflnsfsf] ;ªV\ of, ljbo\ fno hfg] pd/] sf afn aflnsfsf]
;ªV\ of, sfd u//] sdfpg ;Sg] -;ljm| o hg;ªV\ of_ / ^% jife{ Gbf dflysf cfl>t a9' fa9' Lx¿sf]
hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/ yfxf kfpg ;Sb5f}“ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
hg;ªV\ ofsf] pd/] cg;' f/ juLs{ /0f ubf{ Ps jif{ pd/] ;dx" sf] cWoog ug{ ufxf| ] xg' ] xb“' f vf; u/L
kfr“ kfr“ jif{ pd/] ;dx" df ljefhg u//] cWoog ul/G5 . lj=+ ;+ @)^* ;fnsf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/
gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] pd/] cg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ of agf6] nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf bv] fOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf g+= % pd]/ tyf lnª\ucg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 -lj=;+= @)^* cg';f/_
pd]/ ;d"x k'?if -k|ltzt_ dlxnf -k|ltzt_ s'n -k|ltzt_
))–)$ jif{
)%–)( jif{ 10=23 9=18 9=69
!)–!$ jif{ 12=73 11=50 12=10
!%–!( jif{ 13=73 12=54 13=12
@)–@$ jif{ 11=23 10=91 11=07
@%–@( jif{ 8=13 9=63 8=90
#)–#$ jif{ 7=14 8=52 7=85
#%–#( jif{ 6=00 7=07 6=55
$)–$$ jif{ 5=76 6=33 6=06
$%–$( jif{ 5=14 5=32 5=23
%)–%$ jif{ 4=48 4=38 4=43
%%–%( jif{ 3=94 3=66 3=80
^)–^$ jif{ 3=21 2=97 3=09
2=87 2=85 2=86
46 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
^%–^( jif{ 2=16 2=03 2=09
&)–&$ jif{ 1=55
&%–&( jif{ 0=91 1=43 1=49
*)–*$ jif{ 0=49
*%–*( jif{ 0=20 0=86 0=89
()–($ jif{ 0=07
(% ± jif{ 0=03 0=48 0=49
0=20 0=20
0=08 0=08
0=05 0=04
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*
ljm| ofsnfk kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;dx" df ljefhg u/L dflysf] tflnsf cWoog / ljZni] f0f u/fO{ sIffdf k:| tt'
u/fpgx' f;] \ .
-p_ dft[efiffcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
gk] fn Ps ax' eflifs /fi6« xf] . oxfs“ f dflg;x¿ leGg leGg efiffx¿ afN] b5g\ . ax' ;ª\Vos
dflg;x¿ gk] fnL efiff afN] gx] ¿ 5g\ . ;g\ !(&! sf] hg u0fgfn] la; cf6] f dfte[ fiffx¿ klxrfg
u/s] f] lyof] eg] ;g @))! -lj=;=+ @)%*_ sf] hg u0fgfn] aofgAa] cf6] f dfte[ fiffx¿ klxrfg u/s] f]
lyof] . To;} u/L ;g\ @)!! -lj=;=+ @)^*_ sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ Ps ;o tO] ; cf6] f dfte[ fiff klxrfg
u/s] f] 5 . lj=;+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ ! kl| tzteGbf a9Ln] afN] g] u/s] f] dfte[ fiffsf] ljj/0f
lgDg tflnsfdf k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M
tflnsf g+= ^ M dft[efiffcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 -hg u0fgf lj=;+= @)^*_
efiff k|ltzt efiff k|ltzt
g]kfnL $$=^$ du/ @=(*
d}lynL !!=^& 8f]6]nL @=(&
ef]hk'/L %=(* pb'{ @=^!
yf¿ %=&& cjlw !=*(
tfdfª %=!! lnDa' !=#)
g]jf/ #=@) u'?ª !=@#
alHhsf @=(( j}t8]nL !=)#
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 47
pkoS{' t tYofªs\ cg;' f/ gk] fnL efiff afN] gx] ¿ sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] $$=^$ kl| tzt /xs] f 5g\ .
lj=;=+ @)%* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ $*=^! kl| tzt hg;ªV\ ofsf] dfte[ fiff gk] fnL /xs] f] lyof] .
gk] fnL efiff;lxt jm| dzM !$ cf6] f kT| os] efiff ! kl| tzteGbf a9L hg;ªV\ ofåf/f afl] ng] efiff /xs] f
5g\ . afs“ L !)( cf6] f kT| os] efiff ! kl| tzteGbf sd hg;ªV\ ofåf/f afl] ng] efiffsf ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g\ .
-pm_ z}lIfs l:yltcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
lzIff dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf] Pp6f dV' o ;r" s xf] . lzIffsf] ljsf;af6 g} bz] sf] cflys{ tyf
;fdflhs ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . zl} Ifs :t/cg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ of agf6] df slt JolStx¿ ;fIf/ 5g,
slt lg/If/ 5g . z}lIfs txcg;' f/ hg;ª\VofnfO{ juL{s/0f ul/G5 . o;n] ubf{ b]zsf] ljsf;df
gLlt lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . gk] fndf ;g\ !(%@÷%$ sf] hg u0fgfbl] v ;fIf/tf ;DaGwL tYofªs\
;ªs\ ng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !((! sf] hg u0fgfn] ;fIf/tfsf] kl/efiff o;/L lbPsf] 5 æhg;' s' }
efiffdf nV] g k9g\ / a‰' g ;Ifd xg' s' f ;fy} ;fwf/0f ul0ftLo 1fg ePsfnfO{ ;fIf/ elgG5Æ . oxL
kl/efiffnfO{ g} ;g\ @))! / @)!! sf] hg u0fgfdf klg ko| fu] ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!! sf] hg
u0fgdf kfr“ jif{eGbf dflysfnfO{ ;fIf/tfsf] af/]df ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . Tof]eGbf cufl8sf] hg
u0fgfdf ^ jife{ Gbf dflysfnfO{ ;fl] wPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((! bl] v ;g\ @)!! ;Ddsf] gk] fnsf] ;fIf/tf
kl| tztnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
tflnsf g+= & g]kfndf ^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt
;g\ !((!–@)!! -lj=;+= @)$*–@)^*_
hg u0fgf jif{ k'?if dlxnf s'n
lj=;=+ @)$* -;g\ !((!_ %$=% @% #(=^
lj=;=+ @)%* -;g\ @))!_ ^%=% $@=* %$=!
lj=;=+ @)^* -;g\ @)!!_ &%=! %&=$ ^%=(
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*
dflysf] tflnsf g=+ & cg;' f/ ;g\ !((! bl] v ;g\ @)!! sf] hg u0fgf cjlwdf gk] fnsf] sn'
;fIf/tfdf pNnV] o ¿kdf jb[ l\ w ePsf] bl] vG5 . !((! df sn' ;fIf/tf kl| tzt #(=^ /xs] fd] f
@))! df Tof] ;ªV\ of a9/] %$=! kl| tzt ku' s] f] lyof] eg] @)!! df ^%=( kl| tzt ku' s] f] lyof] .
k?' if ;fIf/tfsf] kl| tzteGbf dlxnf ;fIf/tf k|ltzt sd bl] vP tfklg jm| dzM dlxnf ;fIf/tf klg
a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
48 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
-P_ k];fcg¬;f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6
k;] fcg;¬ f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] ;/+ rgfn] slt kl| tzt hg;ªV\ of sg' k;] fdf ;n+ Ug 5 eGg]
s/¬ fnfO{ bv] fp5“ . o;n] bz] sf] hg;ªV\ ofdf cyfk{] fhg{ sf Ifq] df nfus] fx¿dWo] slt kl| tzt s]
s:tf ks| f/sf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkdf ;n+ Ug /xs] f 5g\ eGg] s/' f ki| 6 kf5{ . oxf“ @)%* / @)^*
sf] hg u0fgfcg;¬ f/ k;] fut ¿kdf hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k:| tt¬ ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+ * : k];fcg¬;f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 -@)%*–@)^*_
k];f @)%* @)^*
s[lif ^%=&) ^)=$#
u/} sl[ ifIfq] #$=#) #(=%&
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
hDdf !)) !))
;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*
dflysf] tflnsfaf6 s] k:| 6 xG¬ 5 eg] @)%* sf] tn¬ gfdf @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;¬ f/ sl[ if k;] f
cu“ fNgx] ¿ 3l6/xs] f 5g\ . To;} u/L sl[ ifafxs] cGo k;] f Joj;fodf nfUgx] ¿sf] ;ªV\ of al9/xs] f]
5 . @)%* df #$=#) kl| tzt sl[ ifafxs] sf] k;] fdf nfUgx] ¿ @)^* df cfpb“ f of] ;ªV\ of a9/]
#(=%& kl| tzt ku¬ s] f] 5 . o;n] s] kl¬ i6 u5{ eg] xfdf| ] bz] sl[ if kw| fg bz] eP tfklg ljut sx] L
bzsbl] v lj:tf/} sl[ ifafxs] sf] k;] fdf nfUgx] ¿sf] ;ªV\ of jm| dz jb[ l\ w xb“¬ } u/} xs] f] 5 . o;n] ubf{
hLjg:t/ dfly psf:gsf nflu dbt u5{ . ;fy} bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df klg yk 6]jf k'¥ofpb“ 5 .
$=!=$ hg 3gTj
sg' } bz] jf 7fps“ f] Ps ju{ lsnf] ld6/ Ifq] kmn leq a:g] dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{ hg 3gTj
elgG5 . hg 3gTj d'Votof b]zsf] Ifq] kmn / hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/df e/ k5{ . hg 3gTjaf6 s'g}
klg Ifq] df hg;ªV\ ofsf] rfk s:tf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . hg 3gTjnfO{ dfkg ug{ sg' }
lglZrt If]qsf] If]qkmn / To; If]qsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . hg 3gTj
lgsfNgsf nflu sg' } Ifq] ÷7fp÷“ bz] sf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;Dk0" f{ ee" fusf] Ifq] kmn -ju{ ls=dL_ n]
efu ug'{k5{ . o;/L efu u/L cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ g} hg 3gTj elgG5 .
hg 3gTj lgsfNg] ;"q
hg 3gTj = sn' hg;ªV\ of
sn' Ifq] kmn
pbfx/0f
lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ªV\ of @,^$,($,%)$ /xs] f] lyof] / ;f] ;do gk] fnsf]
sn' Ifq] kmn !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=ld= /xs] f] lyof] eg] pSt ;dosf] gk] fnsf] hg 3gTj slt xfn] f <
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 49
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GRADE 9 HEALTH POPULATION in Nepali
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