pkef]Stf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$ sf pb\b]Zox¿Mkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-s_ pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo, ;l' jwf / cflys{ lxt sfod /fVg]
-v_ pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf] u0' f:t/, kl/0ffd Pjd\ dN" osf] clgoldttfaf6 pkefS] tf jun{ fO{
;/+ If0f kb| fg ug{]
-u_ pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf u0' f jf pkofl] utf 36fpg jf lemSg gkfpg] Joj:yf ug{]
-3_ Psflwsf/ jf cgl' rt Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfkåf/f dN" o clejb[ l\ w xg' ;Sg] Joj:yfnfO{ /fS] g]
-ª_ pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf] pkofl] utf Pjd\ ko| fu] ;DaGwL em' 6f tyf ef| ds kr| f/ k;| f/
xg' glbg]
-r_ u0' f:t/oS' t pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf] lajm| L ljt/0f, lgsf;L, k7} f/L / ;~ro ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ug{]
-5_ pkefS] tfnfO{ kg{] dsfs{ f] lj?bw\ pkrf/ lbnfpg] lgsfosf] :yfkgf u/L pkefS] tfsf] xslxt
/ clwsf/ ;/+ If0f ug{]
pkef]Stf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$ n] ;d]6]sf ljifox¿M
-s_ pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f kl/ifbs\ f] Joj:yf / To;sf] sfd, stJ{ o / clwsf/ tfl] sPsf]
-v_ pkefS] tfsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/s] f]
-u_ dfu, cfkl" t{ tyf dN" odf kl| tsn" ke| fj kfg{ gxg' ] Joj:yf
-3_ pkefU] o j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] cfkl" tn{ fO{ Jojl:yt tyf lgolGqt ug{]
-ª_ pkefU] o j:td' f pNnv] ugk{' g{] s/' fx¿sf] Joj:yf
-r_ pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf] ;DaGwdf ug{ gxg' ] sfd
-5_ pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf] u0' f:t/
-h_ lajm| t] fn] dN" o ;r" L /fVgk' g{]
-em_ gk] fn ;/sf/n] hfr“ ae' m / lg/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg]
-`_ lg/LIf0f clwst[ sf] lgol' St tyf lghn] ug{] lg/LIf0f, hfr“ ae' m, vfgtnf;L / cGo sfol{ jlw
;DaGwL s/' fx¿
-6_ pkefU] o j:ts' f] k/LIf0f ;DaGwL ljifo
-7_ pkefS] tf Pg] ;DaGwL s;/' df xg' ] ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf
-8_ db' b\ fsf] txlssft / bfo/L ;DaGwL sfol{ jlw
-9_ Ifltkl" t{ ;ldlt / Ifltkl" t{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf
-0f_ k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL Joj:yf
-;f| t] M pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] @)%^_
150 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcEof;
! = Ps jfSodf l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\M
-s_ u0' f:t/
-v_ pbo\ fu] L
-u_ cgl' rt Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfk
@ = km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\M
-s_ pTkfbs / pkefS] tf
-v_ pkefS] tf clwsf/ / pkefS] tf lzIff
-u_ s;/' / b08 ;hfo
# = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pTt/ lbg'xf];\M
-s_ pkefS] tf zAbsf] pTklTt s;/L eof] <
-v_ ljleGg Pg] lgodx¿åf/f pkefS] tfnfO{ s] s] clwsf/x¿ kb| fg ul/Psf 5g\ <
-u_ pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] @)%$ sf pbb\ Z] ox¿ s] s] xg' \ <
(M@ vfg]s'/f / kf]if0f
dflg;nufot ;Dk0" f{ kf| 0fLx¿sf nflu vfgf Ps cTofjZos j:t' xf] . vfgf gvfPdf dflg; hLljt
/xg ;Sbg} . To;}n] æcGg / kfgLn] ags] f] z/L/Æ eGg] xfdf| ] egfO 5 . vfg]s'/fdf ePsf sfa{g,
xfO8f« h] g, gfO6f« h] g, ;Nkm/, kmf:] km/;, SoflN;od, cflb ljleGg /f;folgs tTTjx¿sf] ;o+ fh] gaf6
g} xfdf| ] z/L/ ags] f] xG' 5 . z/L/sf nflu xfjf / kfgLkl5 vfbo\ kbfyx{ ¿ g} hLjg ;~rfngsf
nflu cfjZos xG' 5 . dfgj z/L/nfO{ Pp6f OlGhg;u“ tn' gf u/]/ xg] { ;lsG5 . h:tf] sg' } OlGhg
rnfpg sfO] nf jf l8hn jf k6] f« n] sf] cfjZostf k5{ eg] OlGhg¿kL dfgj z/L/nfO{ klg x/s]
cfGtl/s tyf jfxo\ sfo{ ;~rfngfy{ vfgfsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
vfgf eGgfn] z/L/nfO{ kfi] f0f kb| fg ug{] tTTjnfO{ ae' mfp5“ . sg' } klg vfbo\ kbfy{ vfPkl5 To;af6
z/L/n] cfkm\ gf] jb[ l\ w ljsf; tyf ;/' Iffsf nflu ;f| t] kf| Kt u5{ eg] Tof] g} vfgf xf] . vfbo\ kbfyd{ f
kfi] f0f tTTjsf] /f;folgs ;/+ rgf xg' k' 5{ . o;n] g} /utdf ku' /] hLjsfi] fx¿sf] cfjZostf k/' f
ug{;S5 .
vfg]s'/fsf cfwf/e"t pb\b]Zox¿
!= z/L/sf] lgdf0{ f ug{'
@= zlSt kb| fg ug{'
#= zf/Ll/s ljm| ofsnfknfO{ lgoldt ug{'
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 151
%= z/L/nfO{ lxkmfht ug{' / lg/fu] L /fVg'kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
^= dgfj] 1} flgs sfo{ ug{'
&= ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts sfo{ ug{'
*= cfi} fwL ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{'
(= JolStTTj ;r" s sfo{ ug{'
vfgfsf] juL{s/0f
-s_ pTklTtsf cfwf/df
-c_ hgfj/ ;f| t] af6 kfOg] vfgf
— b'w / b'waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿
— df;,' df5f, c08f h:tf hgfj/x¿af6 kfOg] vfgs] /' fx¿
-cf_ jg:klt ;f| t] af6 kfOg] vfgf
— cGgM rfdn, ux,“' ds,} sfb] f,] kmfk/ cflb
— bnxgM rgf, /x/, df;, du' L, e6df; cflb
— tn] xgM l3p, tn] / tf/] L, abfd cflb tn] lbg] s/' fx¿
— t/sf/Lx¿M
–xl/of] ;fukft
–hldgdl' g kmNg] cfn,' ;v/vG8, lk8“ fn' cflb
–cGo t/sf/Lx¿
–kmnx¿M cfk“ , s/] f, cDaf, :ofp cflb
-v_ kd| v' sfos{ f cfwf/df
zlSt lbg] vfgfsf] ;dx"
z/L/ lgdf0{ f ug{] vfgfsf] ;dx"
z/L/sf] /Iff ug{] vfgfsf] ;dx"
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfOs“{ f] cfkm\ gf] 3/df laxfg an] s' f tof/ ul/g] / vfhfdf ko| fu] ul/g] vfgs] /' fsf] ljj/0f tof/
ugx{' f;] \ . ljj/0fdf ;dfjz] vfgs] /' f sg' sg' ;f| t] af6 kf| Kt ePsf xg' \ < ltgLx¿n] xfdf| ] z/L/df
s] s] sfd u5{g,\ ljj/0f tof/ u/L sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .
(M@M! xfdLnfO{ cfjZos kf]if0fsf] ¿k/]vf
vfgs] /' fsf] ;/+ rgfdf ljleGg ks| f/sf kfl} i6s tyf /f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿sf] ;lDd>0f eP h:t} xfdf| ]
z/L/ klg lgDg lnlvt cgk' ftdf kfl} i6s tyf /f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿ ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 M
152 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf| l] 6g !& kl| tzt lrNnf] kbfy{ !#=* kl| tzt
sfaf]{xfO8«]6 !=% kl| tzt vlgh kbfy{ ^!=^ kl| tzt
kfgL ^=! kl| tzt
dflysf] ljj/0fcg;' f/ xfdf| ] z/L/df /xg] kfi] f0f tyf /f;folgs tTTjx¿nfO{ ;/' lIft / lg/Gt/
sfod /fVgsf nflu ltgLx¿nfO{ vfgs] /' fsf] ¿kdf pkofu] ul//xgk' 5{ . dflysf] ljj/0fdf kfl} i6s
tTTjx¿dWo] le6fldg gxg' s' f] sf/0f of] xfdf| ] z/L/df ;l~rt eP/ /xg ;Sbg} . xfdLn] z/L/sf]
nflu cfjZos kg{] x/s] ks| f/sf le6fldgx¿ kT| os] lbg vfgk' 5{ . xfdf| ] z/L/sf nflu cfjZos
kg{] sfafx{] fO86]« , kf| l] 6g, lrNnf] kbfy,{ vlgh kbfy,{ le6fldg / kfgLsf] af/d] f oxf“ rrf{ ul/G5M
!= sfaf]{xfO8«]6 kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
kfi] f0fsf ljleGg tTTjx¿dWo] sfafx{] fO86]« Ps kd| v' tTTj dflgG5 . o;n] kT| os] JolStsf] efh] gsf
clwsfz+ dfu k/' f u/s] f] xG' 5 . of] efh] gsf ljleGg tTTjx¿dWo] ;aeGbf ;:tf,] ;n' e / kd| v' eP/
g} o;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ul/abl] v wgL JolStn] klg ;lhn} kl/kl" t{ ug{ ;Sg] xG' 5 . To;n} ] xfdLnfO{
cfjZos ;Dk0" f{ Sofnf/] L dWo] &)—*) kl| tzt efu sfafx]{ fO86] n] k/' f u/s] f] xG' 5 .
Ps uf| d sfafx{] fO86]« af6 $ Sofnf/] L zlSt kf| Kt xG' 5 . xg' t kf| l] 6g tyf lrNnf] kbfy{ klg
zlStaws{ kfl} i6s tTTjx¿ xg' \ . sfafx{] fO86]« n] h:t} ! uf| d kf| l] 6gn] klg $ Sofnf/] L zlSt lbG5,
cem ! uf| d lrNnf] kbfyn{ ] t ( Sofnf/] L zlSt lbG5 . o;f] xb“' fxb“' } klg sfafx{] fO86]« sf] cfkm\ gf] 56' 6\ }
dxTTj 5, hg' kf| l] 6g tyf lrNnf] kbfya{ f6 kl" t{ xg' ;Sbg} .
sfjf]{xfO8«]6sf sfo{x¿
!= z/L/df OGwgsf] ¿kdf sfd ub{} z/L/nfO{ zlSt kb| fg u5{ .
@= tGts' f] lgdf0{ f u/L afn aflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s jb[ l\ wdf dbt u5{ .
#= Ifltu:| t tGtx' ¿sf] kg' lgd{ f0{ f tyf ;Def/ ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .
$= cGt/ bxg -Metabolism_ sf] lj|mofnfO{ pTt]lht kf5{ .
%= z/L/df kf| /; -Enzymes_ / xdfg{] sf] pTkfbgdf ;xofu] ug{] / /fu] kl| t/Iff zlSt pTkfbgdf
dbt u5{ .
^= sfi] fLo jfor' fk -Cellular Osmetic Pressure_ lgoldt /fVg dbt u5{ .
&= z/L/nfO{ xi[ 6 ki' 6, ul7nf] / ;G' b/ agfpg dbt u5{ .
*= z/L/df cDn / Iff/sf] ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg dbt u5{ .
(= kf| l] 6gsf] vktnfO{ sd ug{] / af;] f] tyf lrNnf] kbfys{ f] ;f| t] sf ¿kdf sfd u5{ .
sfaf]{xfO8«]6sf ;|f]tx¿
jg:klt ;|f]tx¿
!= pTtd ;f| t] M rfdn, ds,} ux,“' hf,} sfb] f,] cGo cGgx¿, ;v/vG8, lrgL, dx, ;s' s] f
kmnkm' n, kz| fl] wt vfbo\ j:t,' ;S' vf wn' f] bw' , hfd, kfp/f]6L, rsn6] cflb .
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 153
@= sdhf/] ;f| ]t M w/] }h;f] t/sf/L / kmnkm' nx¿ .kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
#= hgfj/ ;f| t] x¿ M snh] f,] cG8f, df5f, lrh, bw' cflb .
@= k|f]l6g
kf| l] 6gsf] cefjdf sg' } klg hLljt kf| 0fL afR“ g ;Sbg} g\ . ;j{ ky| d ;g\ !*#* df /;fog zf:qsf
ljåfg Gerald Mulder n] hgfj/ tyf la?jfx¿df kfOg] gfO6f« h] goS' t ofl} us g} kf| l] 6g xf] eGg] kTtf
nufPsf lyP . hgfj/sf] z/L/df emG8} @) kl| tzt kf| ]l6g xG' 5 . zf/Ll/s lj|mof ;~rfngdf
kf| l] 6gsf] lgs} dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf xG' 5 . o;df gfO6f« h] g w/] } kfOg] xg' fn] o;nfO{ gfO6f« h] goS' t
of}lus tTTj klg elgG5 .
k|f]l6gsf sfo{x¿
-c_ z/L/sf ljleGg sfi] f tyf tGtx' ¿sf] jb[ l\ w, ljsf; / laluP| sf sfi] fx¿sf] kg' lgd{ f{ 0f u5{ .
-cf_ z/L/leq ljleGg ks| f/sf xdfg{] x¿ / OGhfOdx¿sf] lgdf0{ f u5{ .
-O_ z/L/sf] kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ lgoldt /fVg dbt u5{ .
-O{_ z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVgsf nflu cfjZos /fu] lgjf/0f Ifdtf -Immunity_ tyf /fu] kl| tsf/s
tTTj -Antibodies_ sf] lgdf{0f ug{ dbt u5{ .
-p_ sfi] f -Cell_ sf] jfor' fk -Osmetic Pressure_ nfO{ lgoldt /fVg dbt u5{ .
-pm_ z/L/df cDn, Iff/ / kfgLsf] dfqfnfO{ ;Gtl' nt /fVg dbt u5{ .
-P_ z/L/nfO{ x[i6 k'i6 tyf ;'Gb/ agfpg dbt u5{ .
k|f]l6g k|fKt x'g] ;|f]tx¿
-s_ kf| 0fL ;f| t] x¿ -Animal Sources_M— cG8f, df5f, df;,' bw' , gfg} L, lrh, bxL, vj' f cflb
;f| t] af6 xfdLnfO{ rflxg] Essential amino-acid k|fKt x'G5 .
-v_ jg:klt ;f| t] x¿ -Plant Sources_M— abfd, ;s' s] f] l;dL, bfn, rgf, s/] fp, e6df;, rfdn,
ds,} ux,“' sfb] f,] uf9f xl/of] ;fukft cflb kf| l] 6gsf ;f| t] xg' \ .
k|f]l6gsf] b}lgs cfjZostfM
kf| l] 6gsf] bl} gs cfjZostf JolStsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / dgfj] 1} flgs cj:yf, pd/] , k;] f cflbsf
cfwf/df lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] xG' 5, hg' lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
!= kT| os] jo:s JolStsf nflu zf/Ll/s jhgsf] kl| tlsnfu] f| ddf ! uf| d kf| l] 6gsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
@= lszf/] lszf/] Lsf nflu zf/Ll/s jhgsf] kl| t lsnfu] f| ddf @–@=% uf| d kf| l] 6gsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
#= k|To]s lzz' tyf afn aflnsfsf] nflu sl/a #=% u|fd k|lt lsnf]u|fd k|f]l6gsf]
cfjZostf k5{ .
154 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= uej{ tL tyf aRrfnfO{ bw' vj' fpg] dlxnfnfO{ kl| tlbg !)) uf| d kf| l] 6gsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
%= xfd|f] b]zsf k|To]s JolStsf nflu ;fdfGo cj:yfdf k|ltlbg $)–%) u|fd k|f]l6gsf]
cfjZostf k5{ .
^= zNoljm| of, b3' 6{ gf, 3fprf6] cflb nfuk] l5 lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfxn] kf| l] 6gsf] dfqf lgwf/{ 0f ugk{' 5{ .
z/L/df k|f]l6gsf] sdLn] ug]{ c;/
-s_ kf| l] 6gsf] sdLn] zf/Ll/s jb[ l\ wdf g/fdf| ] c;/ u/L a9b\ f] pd/] sf lzzx' ¿ Vofp6,] xfr] f
k'8\sf x'G5g\ .
-v_ kf| l] 6gsf] sdLn] lzzn' fO{ Sjflzjs/{ eGg] /fu] nfU5, h:df z/L/ km' n/] df6] f] bl] vg,] lb;f
nfUg,] xft v6' 6\ f, dv' / k6] ;l' gg,] skfn v/} f] / km' ;f| ] xg' ,] /fu] lgjf/0f zlSt 36g\ ,] Plgldof
x'g] x'G5 .
-u_ kf| l] 6gsf] cefjdf z/L/n] c¿ ;a} ks| f/sf kfl} i6s tTTjx¿ pkofu] ug{ g;Sbf kf| l] 6gsf]
sdL ePsf la/fdL cToGt gfhs' kl/l:yltdf kU' b5g\ .
#= lrNnf] kbfy{
xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ zlSt kb| fg ug{] cfjZos tTTj lrNnf] kbfy{ klg xf] . of] @)) C df ttfPdf t/n
aGb5 . To;nfO{ Oil elgG5 . xfd|f] z/L/df sfafx]{ fO86«] gePsf] cj:yfdf of] zlStsf] ¿kdf
k|of]u x'G5 . of] klg Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen ldn/] ags] f] k|fªu\ fl/s kbfy{ xf] . Fat ;;fgf
Fatty acid sf PsfO ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 . dflg;sf] z/L/nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/sf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ugs{ f
nflu cfjZos kg{] zlStsf] csf{] ;f| t] lrNnf] kbfy{ xf] . Ps uf| d sfafx{] fO86]« jf kf| l] 6gn] $
Sofnf/] L zlSt lbG5 eg] Ps uf| d lrNnf] kbfyn{ ] ( Sofnf/] L cyjf bfA] a/ a9L zlSt lbG5 .
;fwf/0ftof xfdLn] bl} gs ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{] efh] gdf yf/] } kl/0ffddf eP klg lrNnf] kbfy{ /xs] f]
xG' 5 . jf:tjdf lrNnf] kbfyn{ ] ubf{ g} ljleGg kl/sf/sf efh] g tyf vfbo\ kbfyx{ ¿ :jflbnf] aGb5g\
/ oxL :jfbsf] dbtn] xfdL ef]hg /fd|f;] u“ vfg] u5f“{} .
lrNnf] kbfy{sf vfb\o ;|f]tx¿
-s_ hgfj/ ;f| t] M l3p, dVvg, df5fsf] tn] , ufOs{ f] bw' , df;,' cG8f, lrh, e;“} Lsf] bw' cflb
xg' \ . logLx¿n] le6fldg P / 8L klg kb| fg u5{g\ .
-v_ jg:klt ;f| t] M vfbo\ tn] , abfd, tf/] L, ltn, cfn;, ds,} ;o" d{ v' L km' n cflb jg:klt ;f| t] xg' \ .
lrNnf] kbfy{sf] b}lgs cfjZostf
xfdf| ] ;Gtl' nt efh] gdf slt dfqfdf lrNnf] kbfy{ ;dfjz] xg' k' 5{ eGg] s/' f cem;} Dd Psdt xg'
;ss] f] 5g} . ;fdfGo l:yltdf Ps :j:y JolStsf nflu kl| tlbg sl/a $)–^) uf| dhlt lrNnf]
kbfys{ f] cfjZostf k5{ . To;dWo] sl/a !% bl] v @) uf| d lrNnf] kbfy{ jg:klt ;f| t] h:t} tn] ,
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 155
jg:klt l3p cflbaf6 kf| Kt xG' 5 eg] afs“ L @) bl] v $) uf| d lrNnf] kbfy{ hgfj/ ;f| t] h:t} bw' ,kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
dVvg, l3p, cG8f, df;', df5f cflbaf6 k|fKt xG' 5 .
z/L/df lrNnf] kbfy{sf] cefjdf b]lvg] k|efjx¿
dfgj z/L/df ;fdfGotof af;] fs] f] cefj bv] fkbg{} , t/ z/L/df o;sf] cefj xg' uof] eg] afn
aflnsfsf] ub' åf/ lrnfpg,] 5fnf ;S' vf xg' ,] 5fnf lrnfpg] h:tf nIf0f bv] fk5g{ \ . o;sf] a9L
;j] gn] d6' ,' /StgnL tyf z/L/sf cGo cªu\ df cltl/St ef/ ylkgs' f ;fy} kfrg k0| ffnL ;:' t eO{
zf/Ll/s c;'ljwf l;h{gf x'ghfG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfOs“{ f] 3/df tyf 3/ jl/kl/ kfOg] !)÷!) ks| f/sf sfafx{] fO86]« , kf| l] 6g / lrNnf] kbfy{ kfOg]
vfgs] /' fx¿sf] ;f| t] ;lxt pNnv] u//] tflnsf tof/ ugx{' f;] \ . logLx¿n] xfdf| ] z/L/df ug{]
sfdsf] ljj/0f tflnsfdf e/L sIffdf kb| zg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
$= le6fldg
zf/Ll/s ljm| ofsnfknfO{ lgoGq0f u/L z/L/df ljleGg ks| f/sf /fu] x¿ nfUgaf6 arfpg,] sx] L
dfqfdf b}lgs cfjZos kg,]{ z/L/df ;l~rt gx'g] /f;folgs kbfy{ le6fldg xf] .
le6fldgsf k|sf/ / le6fldgsf ;|f]tx¿
le6fldg P M dvg, l3p, bxL, bw' , cG8f, kfnª' u\ f,] dy] L, wlgof, kl' bgf, l;:g,' ufh/, dn' fsf] ;fu
le6fldg aL M kmnkm' n, ;fukft, df5f, df;,' bw' , bxL, snh] f]
le6fldg ;L M cdnf, cldnf kmnkm' n, 6;' f cfPsf låbnLo j:tx' ¿
le6fldg 8L M bw' , gfg} L, l3p, dVvg, df5f, snh] f,] cG8fsf] kxn“] f] efu
le6fldg O M cGg / jg:klt t]n
le6fldg s] M ljleGg ks| f/sf xl/of ;fukftx¿
jo:ssf nflu b}lgs cfjZos le6fldgx¿
le6fldgx¿ b}lgs dfqf
lrNnfd] f 3N' g] !=P -A_ ^))–&)) dfOjm| fu] f| d
!) dfOjm| fu] f| d
@=8L -D_ #–$ dfOjm| fu] f| d
^)–&) dfOjm| fu] f| d
#=O -E_ )=*–! ld=uf| =
!–!=# ld=uf| =
$=s] -K_
kfgLdf 3N' g] le6fldgx¿ !=aL!-B1_
@=aL@-B2_
156 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
#=aL#-B3_ !=@–!=$ ld=uf| =
$=aL^-B6_ !=% dfOjm| fu] f| d
%=aL!@-B12_ @)) dfOjm| fu] f| d
^=;L -C_ $) ld=uf| =
%= vlgh tyf nj0fx¿kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
vlgh tyf nj0fx¿ dfgj z/L/sf nflu yf/] } kl/df0fdf eP klg geO{ gxg' ] cTofjZos kfi] f0f tTTj
xf] . o;sf] cefjdf dfgj hLjg g} c;Dej xg' ] ePsfn] dfgj z/L/sf] lgldTt vlgh kbfys{ f]
dxTTj / cfjZostf k:| 6 xG' 5 . xfdf| ] z/L/sf] hDdf tfn} dWo] $–^ kl| tzt tfn} vlgh kbfyn{ ]
cfu] 6s] f] xG' 5 . xfdf| ] z/L/sf ljleGg cªu\ x¿dWo] ;ae} Gbf a9L vlgh kbfy{ xf8x¿ / bft“ x¿df
x'G5g\ . af“sL vlgh kbfyx{ ¿ /ut, s8f tGt', df+zk];L cflbdf /xs] f x'G5g\ .
vlgh tyf nj0fsf sfo{x¿
!= z/L/df cDn / Iff/sf lar ;Gtn' g sfod ug{]
@= xf8sf] lgdf0{ fdf dbt ugs{' f ;fy} z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVg]
#= z/L/df /utsf] lgdf0{ fdf dbt ug{]
$= z/L/df sfi] fx¿sf] lgdf0{ fdf dbt k¥' ofpg]
%= cfdfzodf xfO8f« S] nfl] /s cDn tyf yfO/lS;gsf] ;Z+ ni] f0fsf] kl| jm| ofdf dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf vN] g]
^= bft“ lgsfNg tyf bf“tsf] ljsf;sf nflu dbt ug]{
&= glnljxLg uG| yLx¿ tyf ltgLx¿n] lgsfNg] ;f| jx¿nfO{ ;r' f? ¿kn] sfo{ ug{ dbt ug]{
*= df;+ k;] Lsf] vD' rg] tyf km} ng] kl| jm| ofdf lgoGq0f ug{ dbt ug{]
vlgh tyf nj0fsf ;|f]tx¿
vlgh tyf nj0fsf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ lgDg rf/ ;dx" df af8g\ ;lsG5M
-s_ jg:klt ;f| t] -Vegetable Sources_ M kY[ jLdf kfOg] ;a} ks| f/sf ;fukft, kmnkm' n, sGbdn"
-v_ hgfj/ ;f| t] -Animal Sources_ M ;fsfxf/L kzk' IfL, bw' , cG8f
-u_ kfgL -Water_ M ljleGg k|sf/sf vlghx¿ kfgLdf 3n' /] /xs] f xG' 5g\ . To;}n] dflg;n] kfgL
lkPkl5 jf vfgfaf6 vlghsf] cfk"lt{ xG' 5 .
-3_ z/L/sf] cGtbx{ g kl| jm| of -Bodies Metabolism Process_ .
^= kfgL
z/L/df nueu &)–*) kl| tzt kfgL xG' 5 . jo:s dflg;sf] z/L/df &) kl| tzt / ;fgf s6] fs6] Lx¿sf]
z/L/df eg] *) kl| tzt kfgL xG' 5 . kfgL cfkm“} kfl} i6s tTTj xfO] g, t/ cGo ;a} ks| f/sf kfl} i6s
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 157
tTTjx¿nfO{ pkofu] ug{ geO{ gxg' ] ePsfn] kfgL xfdf| ] z/L/sf nflu dxTTjk0" f{ 5 . z/L/df ePsf]kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
kfgLdWo] @) kl| tzt dfq} sd ePdf klg dflg;sf] dT[ o' xg' ;S5 . ;fdfGo l:yltdf afR“ gsf nflu
tfn} sf] ^% kl| tzt kfgL z/L/df /lx/xgk' 5{ . of] kl| tzt sfod /fVgsf nflu z/L/af6 v/] uPsf]
kfgL / z/L/leq k;s] f] kfgLsf] dfqf ;w“} ;Gtn' gdf /fVgk' 5{ . z/L/df kfgLsf] ljt/0f lgDg ks| f/n]
/xs] f] kfOG5 M
kfgLsf sfo{x¿
dfgj z/L/sf dxTTjk0" f{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg kfgLsf] pkl:yltlagf ;Dej gxg' ] ePsfn] dfgj z/L/df
kfgLn] ug{] dxTTjk0" f{ sfox{ ¿ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= kfgL z/L/sf sfi] fx¿nfO{ hLljt /fVg] Ps clt cfjZos t/n kbfy{ xf] .
@= z/L/df kfgLn] dxTTjk0" f{ 3fn] ssf ¿kdf sfo{ u5{ .
#= z/L/leq rNg] ;a} ks| f/sf ch}ljs ljm| of kl| tljm| ofdf kfgLsf] pkl:ylt xG' 5 .
$= o;n] z/L/df hLjge/ rln/xg] cGtb{xg kl| jm| ofdf dxTTjk"0f{ el" dsf v]N5 .
%= z/L/sf nflu xflgsf/s÷cgfjZos kbfyx{ ¿nfO{ pT;hg{ ug{] dV' o dfWodsf ¿kdf sfo{ u5{ .
^= o;n] /utsf] ;/+ rgf Pjd\ t/ntfnfO{ plrt l:yltdf /fVg dbt u5{ .
&= z/L/df 3if0{ f xg' ] 7fp“ h:t} xf8sf] hfg] Ls{ f] efunfO{ ;S' vf xg' af6 arfO 3if0{ fbl] v ;/' lIft /fV5 .
*= z/L/sf] 5fnf / skfnnfO{ rlDsnf] / g/d agfO /fVg dbt u5{ .
(= z/L/sf] cfGtl/s / afxo\ tfkjm| dnfO{ lgoldt /fVg dbt u5{ .
!)= z/L/df cDn / Iff/sf] ;Gt'ng agfP/ /fVg dbt u5{ .
kfgLsf] b}lgs cfjZostf
;fdfGo l:yltdf Pp6f :j:y JolStnfO{ kl| tlbg ltgbl] v kfr“ ln6/;Dd kfgLsf] cfjZostf xG' 5 . of]
hnjfo,' pd/] , zf/Ll/s cfsf/ tyf zf/Ll/s ljm| of cflbdf e/k5{ .
z/L/df kfgLsf] cefjdf b]lvg] c;/x¿
hf8f] / udL{ bj' } df;} ddf z/L/leq hfg] / z/L/aflx/ lg:sg] kfgLsf] dfqf a/fa/ xg' k' 5{ . z/L/aflx/
lg:sg] kfgLsf] dfqf z/L/leq hfg] kfgLsf] dfqfeGbf a9L x'g] cj:yfnfO{ hnljof]hg
-Dehydration_ elgG5 . z/L/af6 %—!) kl| tzt kfgL 36k] l5 z/L/df kfgLsf] sdL xg' ,] 5fnf
vl' DrP/ rfp/L kg,{] /ut afSnf] xb“' } /St;~rf/ aGb xg' ] h:tf l8xfO8;]« gsf nIf0fx¿ bl] vg yfN5g\ .
Dehydration af6 aRrfnfO{ sd ;dodf g} cToGt g/fd|f] c;/ u5{ . xfd|f] bz] df clwsf+z
afndT[ o' kvfnf / l8xfO8;]« g (Dehydration) s} sf/0faf6 xg' ] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
158 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk
tkfOs“{ f] jl/kl/ kfOg] le6fldg, vlgh tyf nj0f / kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿ s] s] xg' \ < logLx¿n] xfdf| ]
z/L/df s] s:tf sfddf dbt u5g{ ,\ ;r" Labw\ ub{} k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
(M@M@ u'0f:t/Lo vfgfsf ljz]iftfx¿
sltko 7fpd“ f ;Gtl' nt / u0' f:t/Lo vfgfnfO{ kofo{ jfrL zAbsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 . w/] }
ks| f/sf kfl} i6s tTTjsf] ;Gtn' g ldns] f] vfgs] /' fnfO{ g} ;Gtl' nt efh] g elgG5, t/ ;Gtn' g ldNof]
eGg] lalTts} u0' f:t/sf] eof] eGg ;lsb“ g} . oxf“ ;Gtl' nt zAbn] efl} ts :j¿ksf ;fy;fy} u0' f:t/
nfO{ hf8] lbOPsf] 5 . vfgs] /' fdf ePsf ljleGg kfl} i6s tTTjx¿nfO{ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df
Joj:yfkg ul/of] eg] dfq vfgs] /' f u0' f:t/Lo / ;Gtl' nt xg' ;S5 . dflg;nfO{ pd/] , sfd, lnªu\ sf
cfwf/df cfjZos kg{] ;a} ks| f/sf kfl} i6s tTTjx¿ kofK{ t dfqfdf /xs] f] vfgfnfO{ g} u0' f:t/Lo
jf ;Gtl' nt vfgf elgG5 . vfgf ;Gt'lnt xg' sf nflu u0' f:t/Lo xg' 'k5{ . dlSsPsf,] w]/} cf]l;Psf],
89s] f,] w/] } v¥ofP/ tn] df tfl/Psf] vfgfdf ljleGg kfl} i6s tTTjsf] Gog" dfqf /xs] f] xG' 5 .
cfjZostfcg;' f/ u0' f:t/Lo vfgs] /' fn] xfdf| ] z/L/sf ;a} cªu\ x¿sf ;fy} zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
;fdflhs, ;j+ u] fTdsnufot ;a} kIfsf] ;dfgk' flts ljsf; xG' 5 . afnaRrf, jb[ w\ jb[ w\ f ;fy}
uej{ tL / ;fwf/0f, dWod tyf s8f kl/>d ug{] dflg;x¿n] km/s km/s ks| f/sf vfgs] /' fsf
;dx" x¿sf] pkefu] ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . pkefu] u/s] f] u0' f:t/Lo vfgs] /' f s} cfwf/df zf/Ll/s jb[ l\ w tyf
ljsf;sf ;fy} zlStsf] pTkfbg / pkofu] ug]{ sfo{ z/L/df eO/xs] f] xG' 5 .
vfgfdf bfn, eft, /f6] L Pjd\ t/sf/L ldnfP/ vfPdf z/L/sf] jb[ l\ w ug,{] zlSt lbg] / /fu] af6 arfpg]
sfd u5{ eg] df;n' ] kf| l] 6g pknAw u/fpg ;xofu] u5{ . cem sv' /' fsf] df;' / cG8f :jf:Yosf
bl[ i6n] /fdf| ] dflgG5 . sv' /' fsf] df;d' f z/L/nfO{ rflxg] lhªs\ le6fdLg / vlgh kfOG5 eg] cG8f
cfv“ fsf] :j:ytfsf nflu pkofu] L dflgG5 . To;n} ] u0' f:t/Lo vfgfn] z/L/nfO{ k¥' ofpg] kmfObf /
dxTTj ;DaGwdf hfgsf/ eO{ To;sf] pkofu] ugk{' g{] xG' 5 .
u'0f:t/Lo vfgfsf ljz]iftfx¿
!= z/L/sf] ;dfgk' flts lgdf0{ f ug{'
@= zlSt kb| fg ug{'
#= zf/Ll/s ljm| ofsnfknfO{ lgoldt ug{'
$= kfl} i6s tTTjx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf kb| fg ug{'
%= z/L/nfO{ lxkmfht ug{' / lg/fu] L agfpg'
^= dgfj] 1} flgs sfo{ ug{ dbt ug{'
&= ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts sfo{ ug{'
*= cfi} fwL ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{'
(= JolStTj ;r" s sfo{ ug'{
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 159
dflg;sf ljleGg cj:yfcg;' f/ km/s km/s dfqf / u0' f /xg] u/L u0' f:t/Lo vfgf pknAw u/fpg'
k5{ . ;a} dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps} ks| f/ / Ps} dfqfdf vfgf pknAw u/fpb“ f s;n} fO{ cfjZostfeGbf
a9L / s;n} fO{ sd u0' f:t/ tyf dfqf xg' u] 5{ . To;n} ] vfgs] /' fsf] u0' f:t/ / dfqfsf] lgwf/{ 0f ug{
ke| fj kfg{] tTTjx¿nfO{ o; ks| f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5M
!= pd/] @= lnªu\
#= k;] f $= zf/Ll/s l:ylt
%= xfjfkfgL ^= :jf:Yo cj:yf
&= cfo;f| t] ÷cflys{ cj:yf *= lzIff tyf hg rt] gf
(= vfgf vfg] afgL !)= vfbo\ j:ts' f] pknAwtf
!!= ;x/L / uf| dL0f ;db' fosf] a;fOkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b!@= kl/jf/sf] cfsf/
!#= hft, wd{ tyf k/Dk/f
;fdfGotof kT| os] lbgsf] u0' f:t/Lo vfgfdf % ks| f/sf vfbo\ ;dx" xg' ' h?/L 5, hg' o; ks| f/ 5gM\
!= bw' / bw' af6 pTkflbt kl/sf/ sg' } Ps
@= df;+ fxf/Lsf nflu df5f, df;,' cG8fsf] kl/sf/df sg' } Ps / zfsfxf/Lsf nflu ;s' s] f
u8] fu8' L h:tM} af8] L, l;dL, s/] fp, e6df;, abfd, cfv] / cflb dWo] Ps
#= rfdn, ds,} ux,“' hf,} rgf cflbdf Ps
$= xl/of] t/sf/Lx¿ cflbdf sg' } Ps
%= kmnkm' ndf cfk“ , :ofp, cDaf, s6x/ cflbdf sg' } Ps
ljm| ofsnfk
!= tkfOs“{ f] 3/ tyf l5ds] df Ps jif{ k/' f ePsf aRrfx¿sf cfdf;u“ a;/] Psbl] v ltg
dlxgf;Dd, rf/bl] v 5 dlxgf;Dd / ;ftbl] v af/ dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf] bw' nufot cGo
vfgs] /' f s] s,] slt slt ;dosf] km/sdf, slt k6s vj' fpg' eof] egL 5nkmn ub{} sfkLdf
l6kf6] u/L u0' f:t/Lo eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf cfkm\ gf] ;e' mfj;lxt k|ltjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
@= tkfO“{ / tkfOs“{ f l5ds] L;lxt sIff ( / !) df k9g\ ] !) hgf ljbo\ fyL{ en] f eO{ tkfOx“{ ¿n]
laxfg, an] s' f / vfhfsf] ¿kdf vfg] vfgs] /' fx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ub{} tkfOn{“ ] vfg] u/s] f] vfgf
u0' f:t/Lo eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf ljZni] f0ffTds kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
#= tkfOs“{ f] 3/df jf l5ds] df ePsf uej{ tL jf aRrfnfO{ bw' vj' fpg] dlxnfnfO{ e6] /] pxfn“ ]
kfr“ lbg;Dd vfPsf vfgfx¿sf] ljj/0f eGg nufO{ sfkLdf gf6] ugx{' f;] \ / pxfs“ f]
>Ldfge\ Gbf 36L÷a9L jf km/s ePsf vfgs] /' fx¿;dt] l6kf6] u/L pxfn“ ] kf| Kt u/s] f vfgf
u0' f:t/ eP jf gePsf] ;Gbed{ f cfkm\ gf] ts;{ lxtsf] kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
160 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
u'0f:t/xLg vfg]s'/fx¿
vfgf ;Gt'lnt / u'0f:t/Lo xg' k' 5{ . t/ ljleGg sf/0fn] vfgf sd u0' f:t/sf] xg' ;S5 . pkoS' t
kfl} i6s tTTj gePsf,] ld;fj6oS' t / af;L ;8u] ns] f vfgfnfO{ u0' f:t/xLg vfgs] /' f elgG5 . oxf“
vfgs] /' f u0' f:t/xLg xg' ] sx] L cj:yfx¿ k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ a9L lrNnf] / d;nf ePsf] vfgs] /' f,
-v_ w/] } ks| f/sf /ª nufO /ªu\ L lj/ªu\ L agfOPsf vfgs] /' f
-u_ cflys{ cefjdf lgjfx{ sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf c;Gtl' nt vfgs] /' f
-3_ dlSsPsf, 98“' L cfPsf, sl' xPsf cGgaf6 tof/ ul/Psf vfgs] /' f .
cEof; kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
! = ;xL pTt/df dfq l7s -_ lrx\g lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ lk8“ fn' sg' vfbo\ jul{ eq k5{ <
-c_ t/sf/L -cf_ bnxg -O_ kmnk'mn -O_{ tn] xg
-v_ xfdf| ] z/L/df ;aeGbf a9L /xg] kfl} i6s tTTj sg' xf] <
-c_ vlgh kbfy{ -cf_ kf| l] 6g -O_ sfafx{] fO86]« -O_{ kfgL
@ = l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ zlSt kb| fg ug{] vfgs] /' f
-v_ z/L/df ;l~rt gxg' ] kfl} i6s tTTj
-u_ cGt/bxg
#= km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
-s_ kf| 0fL ;f| t] / jg:klt ;f| t]
-v_ gfg} L / l3p
-u_ z/L/sf] afxo\ / cfGtl/s tfkjm| d
$ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pTt/ lbg'xf];\M
-s_ vfg]s/' fsf cfwf/e"t pb\bZ] o n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ xfdf| ] z/L/df ;l~rt /xg] kfl} i6s tTTj / ltgLx¿sf] dfqf nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ xfdLnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kfl} i6s tTTjx¿sf] gfd n]vL kfgLsf] dxTTj k|:6 kfgx{' f;] \ .
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 161
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-3_ ;ftbl] v af/ dlxgfsf aRrfx¿sf nflu u0' f:t/Lo vfgfsf] :j?k s:tf] xg' k' 5{ <
-ª_ cG8fnfO{ lsg kfl} i6s tTTjsf] /fdf| ] ;f| t] dflgG5 <
(M# xflgsf/s ;fdu|L / :j:ys/ hLjgofkgM
ahf/df cfpg] dfn ;dfgdf slxn]sfxL ld;fj6 x'g] u5{ . o:tf ;fdfgx¿ sd tf}n tyf
u0' f:t/xLg xG' 5g\ . ld;fj6 ul/Psf ;fduL| af6 JolStnfO{ rflxg] kfi] f0f tTTj kfOb“ }g . sltko
j:tx' ¿ z/L/nfO{ xflg k¥' ofpg] klg xg' ;Sb5g\ . o; kf7df xfdL xflgsf/s ;fduL| x¿ / :j:ys/
hLjg ofkgsf ljifodf cWoog ug]{5f}+ .
(M#M! b}lgs k|of]udf cfpg ;Sg] xfgLsf/s ;fdu|Lx¿
JolStut tyf kfl/jfl/s cfjZostf k/' f ug{ xfdL ljleGg ks| f/sf ;fduL| x¿ ko| fu] ul//xs] f
xG' 5f“} . tL ;fdfgx¿ pbo\ f]uLn] pTkfbg ub{5g\ / Jofkf/Ln] ahf/ tyf ufp;“ Dd k'¥ofp5“ g\ . o;/L
kf| Kt ePsf ;fdfg slt zb' w\ xG' 5g\ eg] sltko pkefS] tfnfO{ ;fe] m} xfgL ug{] cj:yfsf xG' 5g\ .
;dfhdf vfgf ;DaGwL sx] L unt wf/0ff jf ed| x¿ klg 5g\ . ;db' fo / hfltcg;' f/ klg vfgf
km/s x'g] u5{g\ .
gof“ :jfbsf] dHhf lng] rfxgf, /ªu\ Lrªu\ L tyf cfsifs{ vfgf / ;fdfgsf] ko| fu] ug{] zn} L,
cleefjssf] xN] rj] m|\ fofO“ cflb sf/0fn] klg xfgLsf/s ;fduL| x¿sf] ko| fu] a9s] f] kfOG5 . vfbo\
kbfyd{ f ld;fj6, sd u0' f:t/ tyf sd tfn} ePsf j:ts' f] lgdf0{ f, ljt/0f / sfnfa] hf/Laf6
pkefS] tf 7luG5g\ . vfbo\ j:t' xflgsf/s jf Gog" u0' f:t/sf] xg' d' f lgDg sf/0f xg' ;S5gM\
-s_ Ps ks| f/sf] vfbo\ j:td' f csf{] vfbo\ j:t' ld;fpg'
-v_ pkefU] o ldlteGbf kl5;Dd klg tof/L vfgfx¿ ko| fu] ug'{
-u_ sg' } vfbo\ j:ts' f] dN" o sd ug{ kfl} i6s tTTj sd u/L tof/L ug'{
-3_ :jfbsf nflu vfbo\ kbfyn{ fO{ tf//] ko| fu] ug'{
-ª_ vfbo\ / ko] kbfyd{ f ljleGg /;fog ko| fu] ug{'
-r_ vfbo\ j:tn' fO{ km' nfpg jf /fdf| ] bv] fpg cvfbo\ j:t' ldl;Psf /ª cflb ko| fu] ug'{
-5_ vfbo\ tyf ko] kbfyn{ fO{ Knfl:6s jf l6gsf a66\ fdf Kofs ug'{
vfbo\ ;fduL| x¿sf ;fy} bl} gs pkefU] o ;fduL| x¿ sk8f, k6] L, emfn] f, /l] 8of,] dfj] fOn, ef8“ f jtg{ ,
8f/] L, l;dG] 6, kmnfdsf /8nufot ;fdfgx¿df klg u0' f:t/ ePsf] ;l' gZrttf xg' k' 5{ . xfdL /fdf| ]
aGg] rfxgfn] skfn, cgx' f/, gª / z/L/df ko| fu] ul/g] tn] , hn] , ;D] km' , xo] / :k,]| dx] GbL, xo] / sn/,
kfln; cflbsf] ko| fu] ub5{ f“} . u0' f:t/ olsg gu/L ko| fu] ul/g] o:tf ;fduL| x¿af6 skfn emg,{]
5fnfsf] /fu] bl] vg,] 5fnf rfp/L kg{] tyf z/L/ s¿' k xg' ;S5 . o;n] zf/Ll/s ;fG} bo{ gi6 xg' s' f
;fy} cfv“ f jf cGo cªu\ df ;d:of l;hg{ f xg' ;S5 .
162 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b(M#M@ xflgsf/s ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf ;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿M
bz] df a9b\ } uPsf] ul/aL / a/] fh] uf/Lsf sf/0faf6 pkefS] tfx¿sf] rfxgf ;:tf ;fdfgtkm{ cfslift{
xb“' } uPsf] kfOG5 . pkefS] tfsf] rfxgfcg;' f/ ;fdfg pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f xg' fn] klg sd u0' f:t/
xg' uO{ xflgsf/s ;fduL| x¿sf] ko| fu] a9g\ ] ub5{ . ;/sf/n] o; lsl;dsf sfon{ fO{ lg?T;flxt ug{
pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f ;DaGwL Pg] sfgg' sf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . xflgsf/s ;fduL| sf] ko| fu] df sdL Nofpg
o:tf sfgg' sf] ke| fjsf/L sfofG{ jogsf ;fy} bz] sf] ul/aL, a/] fh] uf/L tyf clzIffnfO{ sd ug{ klg
plTts} h?/L 5 . xfgLsf/s ;fduL| sf] ko| fu] df sdL Nofpg lgDg cg;' f/sf ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' 5M{
— pkefS] tf lzIffåf/f hg rt] gf hufpg'k5{ .
— pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ko| fu] zfnf k/LIf0fkZrft\ dfq ahf/df n}hfgk' 5{ .
— Jofkfl/s ufb] fddf ul/g] lg/LIf0f / cgu' dgnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpgk' 5{ .
— xflgsf/s ;fduL| pTkfbg ug{] pbo\ fu] L tyf Jofkf/LnfO{ s8f sf/jfxL ugk{' 5{ .
— ;db' fodf sd u0' f:t/sf pkefU] o j:tx' ¿sf] lajm| L ljt/0f eP u/s] f] kfOPdf ;DalGwt
lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fO{ sf/jfxLsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ ;xofu] ugk{' 5{ .
— af9L, klx/f,] cfuhgL, ob' w\ , kf| sl[ ts ljgfzsf] ;dodf w/] } dfqfdf xfgLsf/s ;fduL| lelqg]
ePsfn] ;r]t x'g'k5{ .
— xflgsf/s ;fduL| sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf s8f sfgg' sf] Joj:yf u/L :yfgLo lgsfonfO{
sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfpg'k5{ .
— pkefU] o ;fduL| x¿sf] pTkfbg, ar] lavg, e08f/0f / ljt/0fdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf cf1fkq
nfu' u/fpg'k5{ .
— ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;ªu\ 7gx¿, u/} ;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿, :jod;\ j] L ;:+ yfx¿ / ;/sf/L dfWodaf6
vfbo\ ld;fj6 ;DaGwL ;r" gf tyf hfgsf/L ;db' fonfO{ u/fpgk' 5{ .
(M#M# :j:ys/ hLjg ofkgsf] of]hgfM
:j:ys/ hLjg eGgfn] efl} ts tyf dfgl;s bj' } lsl;daf6 :j:y /xs] f] cj:yfnfO{ al' emG5 . ;dfh
tyf kl/jf/ :j:y eof] eg] JolStsf] hLjg klg :j:ys/ xG' 5 . afn aflnsfx¿sf] hLjgofkg
:j:Yos/ agfpgdf cleefjssf] dxTjk0" f{ el" dsf xG' 5 . kl/jf/nfO{ :j:y /fVg ;a} ;b:osf]
plTts} bfloTj /xG5 . kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/ :j:ys/ agfpg cleefjsnufot kT| os] ;b:on]
vN] gk' g{] el" dsf o; ks| f/ 5gM\
-s_ cfkm\ gf] :jfyn{ fO{ kl/jf/sf nflu ;dlkt{ ug{'
-v_ kl/jf/df ;fdl" xs ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ug{'
-u_ kl/jf/sf x/s] lg0fo{ ;as} f] ;Nnfx / ;xdltdf lng'
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 163
-3_ kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿ cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf kl/kl" t{ ug{'
-ª_ kl/jf/sf x/s] ;b:on] Ifdtfcg;' f/sf] lhDdj] f/L lgjfx{ ug'{
-r_ :j:ys/ kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw sfod ug{'
-5_ kl/jfl/s vrs{ f] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfo cfhg{ df nfUg'
ljm| ofsnfkM
!= tkfOs“{ f] ufp3“ /df ko| fu] df cfO/xs] f xflgsf/s ;fduL| x¿sf] ko| fu] af6 ;dfhnfO{ s;/L
arfpg ;lsG5 < o; ;DaGwdf tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ePsf ljleGg ;/sf/L jf u/} ;/sf/L
;:+ yfdf sfd ug{] JolStx¿nfO{ /fv/] 5nkmn ub{} kf| Kt ePsf] lgisifn{ fO{ kl| tjb] gsf]
¿kdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
@= tkfOs“{ f] 3/ kl/jf/sf] hLjgofkg s;/L rln/xs] f] 5 < kl/jf/sf] dfl;s vrn{ fO{ s;/L
;dfofh] g ug{] uge{' Psf] 5 < cfo cfhg{ sf ;f| t] x¿ s] s] 5g\ < kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿larsf]
;DaGw s:tf] 5 < kl/jf/sf] hLjgofkg :j:Yos/ 5 ls 5g} < olb gePdf :j:Yos/
agfpg s] ugk{' 5{ < o; ljifodf k|ltjb] g tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
cEof;
! = l7s pTt/df dfq l7s -_ lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ pkefS] tf cfkm\ g} sf/0fn] s;/L vfbo\ j:tn' fO{ xflgsf/s agfp5“ g\ <
-c_ cGw ljZjf; -cf_ af9L k/} f] -O_ es" Dk -O_{ ob' w\
-v_ :j:ys/ hLjgofkgdf s;sf] el" dsf a9L xG' 5 <
-c_ cleefjs -cf_ cfdf -O_ aa' f -O_{ xh/' aa' f
@ = Ps jfSodf l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ xflgsf/s
-v_ rfprfp
-u_ tf/s] f] vfgs] /' f
-3_ cG8fsf] kmfObf
# = km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
-s_ pbo\ fu] L / Jofkf/L
-v_ /f;folgs / vfbo\ kbfy{
-u_ 3/dn' L / aa' f
$ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ b}lgs k|ofu] sf xflgsf/s ;fdu|Lx¿ s;/L tof/ x'G5g\, ;r" L tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .
-v_ xflgsf/s j:ts' f] ko| fu] af6 xfdL s;/L aRg ;S5f,“} ab“' fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ :j:ys/ hLjgofkgsf] ofh] gf agfpb“ f Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ s] s] xg' ,\ k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \ .
164 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
PsfO !) kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfx / hfl] vdkl| t
;fjwfgL tyf ;/' Iff
!)=! k|fylds :jf:Yo x]/rfxsf] kl/rokf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
:j:y eP/ afR“ g kfpg' ;as} f] hGdl;bw\ clwsf/ xf] . hg' ;s' } :yfgdf a;fa] f; ug{] JolStn] klg
:jf:Yo ;j] f ;dfg tl/sfn] kfpg' p;sf] cfwf/et" dfgj clwsf/ xf] . t/ cfh ljZjsf ;a}
JolStn] ;dfg ¿kdf :jf:Yo ;j] f kf| Kt ug{ ;ls/xs] f 5g} g\ . :jf:Yo ;j] f eGgfn] pkrf/fTds
;j] fnfO{ dfq a‰' g] ul/G5 . t/ o;sf c¿ kIfx¿ lg/fw] fTds / kj| wg{ fTds ;j] fnfO{ klg la;g{ '
xb“' g} . xfdf| ] h:tf] ljsf;zLn bz] x¿df xfdL clxn] klg :jf:Yosf] pkrf/fTds kIfnfO{ dfq Wofg
lbO/xs] f 5f“} . o; ;Gbed{ f kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxn] ;d6] s] f :jf:Yosf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoog
ug{] ko| f; ul/Psf] 5 .
clxns] f] cfwl' gs ljZjdf klg :jf:Yo ;j] f kf| Kt ug{] ;Gbed{ f wgL / ul/alar lgs} 7n' f] vf8n
bl] vPsf] 5 . bz] leqsf ;a} hgtfn] :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] ;dfg cj;/ / pkefu] ug{ kfPsf 5g} g\ . o:tf]
lsl;dsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ljZjdf w]/} ko| f;x¿ xb'“ } cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfx To:tf] cfwf/et" :jf:Yo ;j] f xf,] of] uf| dL0f tyf bu' d{ sf JolStx¿nfO{ lagf
eb] efj j1} flgs :t/sf] :jf:Yo ;j] f pgLx¿n] :jLsfg{ ;Sg] dN" odf pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf
;w' fgs{ f nflu lbOg] ky| d ;Dks{ :ofxf/ (Fist contact care) xf] . k|fylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxdf
ul/a÷wgL jf ;u' d÷bu' d{ eg/] s;n} fO{ klg eb] efj ul/b“ g} . o;df ;an} fO{ ;dfg vfnsf] / ;j{
;'ne ;]jf pknAw u/fOG5 .
k|fylds :jf:Yo x]/rfxsf ljz]iftfx¿
-s_ cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;j] f
-v_ ;fdflhs ¿kn] :jLsfo{
-u_ ;j{ ;n' etf
-3_ ;db' fosf] k0" f{ hg ;xeflutf
-ª_ ;db' fon] vr{ Joxfg] { ;Sg]
-s_ cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;]jf
kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxnfO{ cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;j] fsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . cTofjZos :jf:Yo
;j] fcGtut{ :jf:Yo lzIff, vfbo\ fGgsf] kl/kl" t{ tyf kfi] f0f, ;/' lIft vfgk] fgL k5{ . To;u} /L ;/;kmfO,
dftl[ zz' :jf:Yo ;j] f, kl/jf/ lgofh] g, ;?jf /fu] lj?bw\ vfk] , cTofjZos cfi} fwfk] rf/sf] Joj:yfx¿
o;c} Gtut{ k5g{ \ . oL cTofjZos s/' fx¿ ufps“ f sg' fsfKrfbl] v ;x/;Ddsf ;a} hgtfx¿nfO{
cfjZos x'G5g\ . oL ;]jfx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;xh k|sf/n] pknAw klg x'g'k5{ .
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 165
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-v_ ;fdflhs ¿kn] :jLsfo{
kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxsf dfWodaf6 kb| fg ul/g] :jf:Yo ;j] fx¿ :yfgLo kl/jf/ / ;db' fon] :jLsfg{]
xg' 'k5{ . :jf:Yo ;]jf kb| fg ubf{ ;d'bfosf] /Llt l/jfh;u“ ldNg] / :jLsf/ ug{] vfnsf] xg' k' 5{ .
-u_ ;j{ ;'netf
kf| ylds :jf:Yo ;j] f ;x/ sl] Gbt| dfq geO{ uf| dL0f Onfsfx¿ tyf lk5l8Psf ul/a a:tLx¿df klg
pknAw x'gk' 5{ . of] ;]jf ;a} 7fp“df ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df pknAw x'g] ;j] f xf] .
-3_ ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;xeflutf
kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxn] ;db' fosf] ;Dk0" f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ k0" f{ ¿kdf kl/rfng ugk{' 5{ eGg] dfGotf
/fVb5 . k0" f{ ¿kdf hg ;xeflutf u/fP/ :jf:Yo sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng u/d] f cfkmg\ f] :jf:Yosf]
;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ ugs{ f nflu JolSt :jod\ ;ljm| o xG' 5 . To;n} ] hgtfsf] lg/fw] fTds, kj| wg{ fTds
/ pkrf/fTds :jf:Yosf nflu hgtfx¿nfO{ g} ;ljm| o agfO{ pgLx¿s} k0" f{ ;xeflutfdf /fdf| ] :jf:Yo
kf| Kt u/fpg] gLlt kf| ylds :jf:Yo x]/rfxn] lnPsf] 5 .
-ª_ ;d'bfon] vr{ Joxf]g{ ;Sg]
;db' fodf pknAw xg' ] :jf:Yo ;j] fx¿ pkefu] ugs{ f nflu hgtfsf] cflys{ Ifdtfn] yU] g ;Sg]
xg' k' 5{ . ul/a hgtfn] klg kf| ylds :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] xg' 'k5{ . o;sf nflu kf| ylds
:jf:Yo ;j] f :yfgLo ;f| t] tyf ;fwgx¿df cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .
!)=!=! k|fylds :jf:Yo x]/rfxsf] dxTTj
kf| ylds :jf:Yo x]/rfx cTofjZos :jf:Yo ;j] f xf] . of] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;j] f klg xf] . xfdf| ] h:tf]
cNkljsl;t dn' s' df ufpd“ f cfi} fwfk] rf/ ug{] 7fp“ 5g} . ljs6 a:tLx¿df sfx] L la/fdL eof] eg]
;j{ ky| d cfi} fwL pkrf/ ug{] k;} f xb“' g} . hg] tg] u//] k;} fsf] aGbfa] :t u/k] lg oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf
gkU' bf ;dod} c:ktfn k¥' ofpg ;lsb“ g} . o:tf] lsl;dsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug]{ Pp6} dfq pkfo
k|fylds :jf:Yo x]/rfx g} xf] .
;x/ ahf/df / ;l' jwf ;DkGg 7fpd“ f 7n' f 7n' f c:ktfnx¿ vn' s] f xG' 5g\ . o;/L c:ktfn vfN] bd} f
cfd hgtfx¿sf] :jf:Yosf] ;/+ If0f xg' ;Sbg} . ljs6 ufps“ f a:tL;Dd ;j{ ;n' e :jf:Yo ;j] f,
cfi} fwL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf clg :jf:Yo sG] bx| ¿sf] :yfkgf xg' h?/L 5 . o;f] eof] eg] dfq ;Dk0" f{
hgtfsf] :jf:Yosf] ;/+ If0f / kj| wg{ xG' 5 . log} / o:t} s/' fx¿nfO{ kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxn] Wofg
lbPsf] 5 . gk] fn h:tf] clt sd ljsl;t dn' s' x¿df hgtfn] kf| ylds :t/sf] cToGt} ;fwf/0f
:jf:Yo x/] rfx;dt] gkfP/ cNkfod' } dT[ o' xg' ] u/s] f] s/' f xfdf| ] ;fd' ki| 6} 5 . To;} u/L clt cfjZos
cfi} fwL pkrf/sf] cefjdf so} f“} dflg;x¿sf] dT[ o' eO/fvs] f] 5 . o:tf lsl;dsf :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿nfO{
36fpg] sfo{ kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxn] dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . efl} ts kj" fw{ f/ sd ePsf] xfdf| ] h:tf]
bz] sf nflu t emg a9L pkofu] L 5 . ctM kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxsf] dxTTjnfO{ ab“' fut ¿kdf
lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M
166 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
— uf| dL0f Ifq] df g} clt cfjZos cfi} fwfk] rf/nfO{ ;j{ ;n' e ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg dbt
u5{ .
— hg ;db' fosf] ;xeflutfdf g} :jf:Yo sfoj{ m| d cufl8 a9fp5“ .
— :yfgLo :t/df pknAw ePdf ;f| t] ;fwgx¿sf] ;dl' rt ko| fu] u/L ;j] f pknAw
u/fp“5 .
— cflys{ ¿kdf ljkGg hgtfnfO{ klg cfi} fwfk] rf/ pknAw u/fpg ;xof]u u5{ .
— :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] dfWodaf6 :j:y eP/ afR“ g] tl/sf / ljleGg /fu] , kfi] f0f / jftfj/0fLo
;/;kmfOsf af/]df hgtfnfO{ ;r]t kfg{ ;xof]u u5{ .
— kd| v' ;?jf /fu] lj?bw\ kl| t/fw] fTds vfk] x¿ uf| dL0f txdf ;lhn} pknAw u/fpg
;xof]u u5{ .
— ;fdfGo /f]u / rf]6 k6ssf] plrt pkrf/ pknAw u/fp5“ .
— :jR5 vfg] kfgL / ;/;kmfO sfoj{ m| dnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfp5“ .
— ;db' fodf cS;/ km} ln/xg] ;ªj\ m| fds /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;xofu] u5{ .
— uej{ tL tyf k;| l" t ;j] fsf nflu tflnd k|fKt :jf:YosdL{af6 ;j] f pknAw u/fp“5 .
— ;db' fodf ;~rfng ePsf :jf:Yo;u“ ;/fs] f/ /fVg] ljljw sfoj{ m| dnfO{ PsLst[ ¿kdf
;~rfng u5{ .
— :jf:Yo lzIffaf6 JolStsf] 1fg, wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ Nofpg dbt u5{ .
!=!=@ k|fylds :jf:Yo x]/rfxsf tTTjx¿
kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxsf tTTjx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-s_ ;'/lIft vfg] kfgL tyf cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO
;/' lIft vfg] kfgLsf] cefjdf 6fOkmfO8 h:tf ljleGg lsl;dsf /fu] x¿ nfUg] u5{ . JolStut
;/;kmfO ePg / j/k/sf] jftfj/0f kmfx] f/] eof] eg] klg xfdL ljleGg /fu] sf] l;sf/ aGg ;Sb5f“} .
t;y{ ;Dk0" f{ ;db' fosf dflg;x¿nfO{ kofK{ t dfqfdf ;kmf vfg] kfgLsf] ljt/0f u/L To; 7fps“ f]
jftfj/0fnfO{ ;kmf /fVg'k5{ .
-v_ vfb\ofGg tyf plrt kf]if0fsf] Joj:yf
dflg;nfO{ afR“ gsf nflu vfbo\ fGg h?/L k5{ . :j:y eP/ afR“ gsf nflu kfi] f0foS' t ;Gtl' nt
efh] gsf] cfjZostf k5{ . xfdf| ] h:tf] clt sd ljsl;t bz] x¿df hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ wsf] tn' gfdf
vfbo\ fGgsf] cfkl" t{ xg' ;ls/xs] f] 5g} . cem} klg xfdf| ] bz] sf] bu' d{ Pjd\ lk5l8Psf Ifq] x¿df kofK{ t
dfqfdf vfbo\ fGgsf] cfkl" t{ xg' ;ls/xs] f] 5g} . t;y{ To:tf Ifq] x¿df ;Gtl' nt efh] gsf] cefjdf
sk' fl] ift eO{ ljleGg :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ bv] f kl//xs] f 5g\ . cfd ;j{ ;fwf/0f hgtf;Dd vfbo\ fGgsf]
cfkl" t{ tyf kfi] f0fsf] Joj:yf xg' h?/L 5 .
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 167
-u_ ;fwf/0f /f]u tyf rf]6 k6ssf] plrt pkrf/kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
6fpsf] bV' g,] ?3fvfs] L nfUg,] k6] bV' g,] emf8f kvfnfn] an] f an] fdf ;tfO/xs] f] xG' 5 . To;} u/L
slxn] sfxL“ ;dfGo rf6] k6s nfUg] u5{ . ;fwf/0f /fu] jf rf6] k6ssf] ;dod} plrt pkrf/ xg'
;sg] eg] To;n] ubf{ Hofg} hfg ;Sg] hfl] vd klg xg' ;S5 . t;y{ ;fwf/0f /fu] tyf rf6] k6s
nfus] f] an] f tTsfn cfi} fwfk] rf/ xg' ;Sg] Joj:yf xg' k' 5{ eGg] dfGotf kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxn]
/fVb5 .
-3_ cTofjZos cf}ifwLx¿sf] Joj:yf
dflg;nfO{ nfUg ;Sg] ;Defljt /fu] x¿ / rf6] k6saf6 arfpgsf nflu cTofjZos cfi} fwLx¿sf]
Joj:yf ul/gk' 5{ . ;/sf/n] o:tf lsl;dsf cfi} fwLx¿sf] Joj:yf pk :jf:Yo rfs} L tyf :jf:Yo
rfs} Lx¿df u/s] f] kfOG5 . cfjZos cfi} fwLx¿sf] Joj:yf tyf c:ktfn / lrlsT;ssf] ;dt]
Joj:yf xg' k' 5{ . ;j{ ;fwf/0f hgtfn] ;j{ ;n' e 9ªu\ af6 kf| Kt xg' ] u/L cTofjZos cfi} fwLx¿sf]
Joj:yfdf k|fylds :jf:Yo x]/rfxn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
-ª_ dft[lzz' :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf kl/jf/ lgof]hg
sd pd/] df ljjfx ug]{ / rf8“ f] rf8“ f] aRrf hGdfpg] ugfn{ ] cfdf tyf aRrfsf] :jf:Yodf kl| tsn"
c;/ kl//xs] f] xG' 5 . To;} u/L uefj{ :yfdf / k;| jsf] an] fdf cfjZos :jf:Yo ;j] f pknAw gxb“' f
cfdf tyf lzzs' f] hLjg g} hfl] vddf kg]{ ;Defjgf klg plTts} /xG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf dftl[ zz'
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf] h?/L k5{ . sd pd]/df ljjfx ug{' x'b“ g} . dlxnfx¿n] la; jife{ Gbf cufl8 g} aRrf
hGdfpg' :jf:Yosf] bl[ i6sf0] faf6 hfl] vd dflgG5 . rf8“ f] rf8“ f] aRrf hGdfpgaf6 /fS] gsf nflu
kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ugk'{ 5{ . o:tf ljljw ;d:ofx¿ /fS] gsf nflu kl/jf/
lgofh] g tyf dftl[ zz' :jf:Yo ;j] f sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ugk'{ 5{ .
-r_ :yfgLo ¿kdf b]lvg] /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd
ljleGg 7fpc“ g;' f/ km/s km/s /fu] x¿ bv] fk5g{ \ . slxn] sfxL“ :yfgLo ¿kdf bl] vg] To:tf /fu] x¿n]
dxfdf/Lsf] ¿k g} lng] u5{g\ . h:t} M emf8f kvfnf, x}hf cflb /fu] x¿ . o:tf /f]ux¿af6 aRg
klxn] g} xfdLn] ;ts{ tf / ;fjwfgL ckgfpg h?/L xG' 5 . t;y{ To:tf lsl;dsf /fu] x¿ :yfgLo
¿kdf bv] f gk¿g egL klxn] g} ;/' IffTds pkfo / /fu] nfUof] eg] To;sf] /fs] yfdsf] nflu t?' Gt}
Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
-5_ k|d'v ;ª\j|mfds /f]ux¿ lj?b\w vf]k
;ªj\ m| fds /fu] x¿ gnfuf;] \ eg/] vfk] nufOG5 . Ifo/fu] , wgi' 6ªs\ f/, Eofut' ] /fu] , nx/v] fs] L, bfb/' f,
kfl] nof] h:tf ;ªj\ m| fds /fu] x¿af6 aRg afn aflnsfx¿nfO{ ;dod} vfk] nufpgk' 5{ . t;y{ o:tf
/fu] x¿af6 arfpgsf nflu an] f an] fdf ufp“ 3/df g} vfk] sf] Joj:yf ul/gk' 5{ eGg] s/' fdf kf| ylds
:jf:Yo x/] rfxn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
168 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
-h_ :jf:Yo lzIff
:jf:Yo lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 cfd hgtfx¿nfO{ ljleGg :jf:Yo Joj:yfaf6 dl' St kfpg Pjd\ ljleGg
/fu] x¿ /fs] yfdsf nflu hg rt] gfsf] kr| f/ k;| f/ ul/gk' 5{ . :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;xL wf/0ffsf] ljsf;
u/fpg] / Jojxf/ kl/jtg{ u/fpg] kd| v' dfWod g} :jf:Yo lzIff xf] . xfdLnfO{ :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿
s] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfp5“ g\ / To;nfO{ sd ug]{ pkfox¿ s] s] xg' \ < sg' vfgs] /' f s;/L vfg] < s:tf
vfgs' /' f vfg] < /fu] L;u“ s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ < eGg] s/' fsf] hfgsf/L :jf:Yo lzIffaf6 dfq kf| Kt
xG' 5 . t;y{ :jf:Yo lzIffnfO{ kf| ylds :jf:Yo x]/rfxsf] tTTjsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= tkfOs“{ f] ufp÷“ ;db' fodf kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxsf tTTjx¿ dWo] sg' sg' tTTjx¿
s] s;/L nfu' ePsf 5g,\ ;dx" df cGt/ljm| of u/L lgrf8] k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
@ = tkfO“{ cfkm\ gf] ufp÷“ ;db' fosf] kf| ylds :jf:Yo rfs} L÷:jf:Yo rfs} L ÷ kf| ylds :jf:Yo
sG] bd| f uO{ Toxfs“ f] kd| v' nfO{ e6] L pSt uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=÷j8fdf nfu' ePsf kf| ylds
:jf:Yo x/] rfxsf] cj:yfsf] af/d] f lj:tt[ hfgsf/L lnO{ Pp6f 5f6] f] l6kf6] tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
cEof;
!= kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfx egs] f] s] xf] <
@= kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxsf] tTTjx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ u/L rf6{ tflnsfdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \ .
#= kf| ylds :jf:Yo x/] rfxsf] dxTTj dfly ks| fz kfgx{' f;] \ .
!)=@ hf]lvdsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf k|sf/ tyf Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo
!)=@=! hf]lvdsf] cjwf/0ff
;Defljt vt/fsf] c;/af6 Iflt xg' ;Sg] cj:yf g} hfl] vd xf] cyft{ \ sg' } klg ks| fk] sf] sf/0faf6
pTkGg xg' ;Sg] ljktn\ ] Nofpg] Ifltsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ g} hfl] vd elgG5 . ;fdfGotof ks| fk] tyf
ljktn\ ] dflg;, 3/, sfofn{ o ejg, ;8s, kn' tyf vt] af/L, 3/ kfnj' f kzk' G5L / hLjgofkgsf
ljljw ;f| t] df Iflt k¥' ofpg] ;DefjgfnfO{ hfl] vd elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu es" Dk hg' sg' } an] f klg
hfg ;S5 . es" Dkaf6 ;Dk0" f{ efl} ts ;+/rgf / dfgj a:tLdf kg{ ;Sg] Iflt hfl] vd xf] .
sg' } klg ljktk\ 0" f{ cj:yfn] / ;Defljt b3' 6{ gfn] ubf{ dfgj :jf:Yodf hfl] vdk0" f{ cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f
ul/lbG5 . ;do ;dodf ljleGg k|sf/sf ljgfzsf/L 36gf x'G5g\ . slxn] x'/L atf; ;“u} cl;gf
kfgL k5{ . slxn] nfdf] ;do;Dd v8/] L k/]/ v]tdf /fk] ]sf] afnL ;S' 5 . slxn] d;' nwf/] kfgL k/]/
af9L 8a' fg / klx/f] hfG5 . slxn] ufp3“ /df dxfdf/L km} lnP/ w/] } dflg;sf] dT[ o' xG' 5 . o:tf
36gfdf k/L vfb\ofGg, n'ufkmf6f], wgdfn, v]taf/L / afnLgfnL klg gi6 x'G5g\ . o:tf
ljgfzsf/L 36gfdf k/s] f kLl8t JolSt jf ;db' fonfO{ 5/ l5ds] , u/} ;/sf/L ;ª3\ ;:+ yf cyjf
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 169
;/sf/sf] ;xofu] sf] cfjZos k5{ . kf| sl[ ts jf ckf| sl[ ts 36gfaf6 pTkGg xg' ] o:t} ljgfzsf/Lkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
cj:yfnfO{ g} ks| fk] elgG5 . To:tf lsl;dsf ks| fk] n] dfgj :jf:Yo tyf ;fdb' flos :jf:Yodf lgs}
g} hfl] vdk0" f{ cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f ul/lbG5 . o:tf ks| fk] af6 pTkGg xg' ] hfl] vdnfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug{ xfdL
;w}“ ;hu /xg h?/L x'G5 .
JolStn] sfd ul//xb“ f crfgs kl| tsn" cj:yf pTkGg xg' ;Sb5 . pSt kl| tsn" cj:yfn] ubf{
dfgj :jf:Yodf ljleGg lsl;dsf :jf:Yo ;d:ofx¿ lglDtg ;Sg] xg' ;S5 . h:t} pbo\ fu] , snsf/vfgfdf
sfd ug]{ dhb/' x¿nfO{ Toxf“ ko| fu] xg' ] /;fogx¿n] :jf:Yodf kl| tsn" ke| fj kfg]{ hfl] vd xG' 5 . To;}
u/L dl] ;g/L ;fdfg rnfpgx] ¿nfO{ rf6] k6s nfUg] hfl] vd xg' ;Sb5 . To:t} kxf8L Ifq] lt/ af9L
klx/fs] f] hfl] vd xG' 5 eg] t/fOl{ t/ 8a' fgsf] hfl] vd xG' 5 .
;dosf] kl/jtg{ ;u“ } cl3 a9s] f] efl} ts ljsf;n] dflg;sf] hLjg zn} Ldf Jofks kl/jtg{ NofPsf]
5 . cfwl' gs pbo\ fu] , ;8s tyf oftfoftsf] Jofks lj:tf/af6 jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f lg/Gt/ a9b\ } uPsf]
5 . h;sf sf/0f dfgj :jf:Yodf ljleGg lsl;dsf /fu] x¿ bl] vg,] ;8s b3' 6{ gf a9g\ ] h:tf hfl] vd
al9/x]sf] 5 . o:tf lsl;dsf hf]lvdaf6 aRgsf nflu ;w}“ ;rt] / ;hu /xg'k5{ .
!)=@=@ hf]lvdsf k|sf/x¿
jf:tjdf hfl] vd x/ 7fpd“ f xG' 5 . cfkm" n] ug]{ u/s] f] sfddf slxn] sfxL“ ;hutf gckgfpb“ f ToxL
b3' 6{ gf klg xg' ;Sb5 . o;n] ;Defljt Ifltsf] hfl] vd lgDTofp5“ . vfgLdf sfd ug]{ dhb/' x¿n] cfkm"
;hu ePgg\ eg] rf6] k6s nfUg] hfl] vd xG' 5 . xfjfx/' L rNg] ;dodf uf| dL0f a:tLx¿df cfunfuLsf]
hfl] vd xG' 5 . kf| sl[ ts ljktn\ ] lgs} 7n' f] hfl] vd lgDTofp5“ . oxf“ xfdL ljktn\ ] Nofpg] hfl] vdsf
ks| f/x¿sf] rrf{ u5f{“} . To;} u/L sfo:{ yndf xg' ] hfl] vdsf ks| f/x¿sf] af/d] f klg 5nkmn u5f“{} .
ljkta\ f6 l;hg{ f xg' ] hfl] vdnfO{ dV' o u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ kf| sl[ ts ljkta\ f6 pTkGg xg' ] hfl] vd
-v_ dfgj l;lht{ ljkta\ f6 pTkGg xg' ] hfl] vd
-s_ k|fs[lts ljkt\af6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
kY[ jLsf] ;txleq jf aflx/ ljleGg ks| f/sf kf| sl[ ts kl| jm| ofx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng eO/xs] f]
xG' 5 . oL kf| sl[ ts kl| jm| ofx¿sf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg xg' ] cfsl:ds 36gf, h;af6 wghgsf] 7n' f] Iflt
xg' ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To:tf] lsl;dsf] ljkta\ f6 pTkGg xg' ] hfl] vdnfO{ kf| sl[ ts ljkta\ f6
pTkGg xg' ] hfl] vd elgG5 . slxns] fxL“ lgoldt ¿kdf ;~rfng eO{ kf| sl[ ts kl| jm| of klg clgoldt
eOlbg ;S5 . h;sf sf/0f dfgj hLjgdf k|lts"n ke| fj kfg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . e"sDk,
Hjfnfdv' L, af9L, klx/f,] 8a' fg, lxdkft, cl;gf kfgL, x/' L atf;, ;db' L| cfw“ L, r6o\ fª, zLt nx/,
lxdtfn ljikmf6] g, lxd klx/f,] eI" fo, 89n] f,] cfunfuL h:tf kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] n] ubf{ 7n' f] hgwgsf]
Iflt xg' ] xG' 5 . o:tf lsl;dsf kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] n] ljklTtk0" f{ cj:yf l;hg{ f eO{ hg hLjgnfO{ g}
c:tJo:t agfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . oxf“ s]xL k|fsl[ ts k|sf]ksf] af/d] f rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
170 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-c_ e"sDk
kY[ jLleq ePsf] xnrnsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ kY[ jL aflx/sf] sg' } efu ylsb{ f cge' j xg' ] wSsfnfO{ es" Dk
-e'Or“ fnf]_ elgG5 . es" Dk kf| s[lts tyf efu} f]lns sf/0fn] ubf{ hfg] u5{ . gk] fn klg e"sDksf]
pRr hf]lvd Ifq] cGtut{ k5{ . e"sDkn] ubf{ 7n' f] hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] pRr hfl] vd xG' 5 .
e"sDk cfpg'cl3 ckgfpg'kg{] ;fjwfgLx¿
!= kf| ylds pkrf/ ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{]
@= sf7] fsf u/f“} / cUnf ;/;fdfg Pjd\ kmlgr{ /x¿ grNg] / gv:g] u/L alnof;] u“ /fVg]
#= u/f“} ;fdfgx¿ b/fhsf] tNnf] txdf /fVg]
$= aTtL, kªv\ f tyf 7'nf P]gfx¿ gv:g] u/L /fVg]
%= ko| fu] ug'{ gk/s] f] cj:yfdf kfgL, Uof;“ / lahn' Lsf] nfOg aGb ug{]
^= gof“ 3/ lgdf0{ f ubf{ es" DkLo ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{]
&= cfkts\ fnLg emfn] f (Emergency Bag) tof/ u/L ;/' lIft / ;an} ] ;lhn} e6] g\ ]
:yfgdf /fVg]
*= es" Dk cfof] eg] s] ug]{ eGg] s/' f cfk\mgf] 3/ kl/jf/df ;Nnfx ug]{ / ;fjwfg /xg]
(= es" Dksf an] f 3/leq /xs] f] cj:yfsf nflu æ38“' f 6s] L u8' N' sL, cft] nflu ;dftÆ
cEof; (Duck, Cover and Hold) ug]{ / ;'/lIft :yfg klxn] g} klxrfg ug{]
e"sDk uO/x]sf a]nf cjnDag ug'{kg]{ pkfox¿
!= gcflTtg,] zfGt /x/] ;/' lIft :yfgdf /xg] jf hfg] .
@= tkfO{“ 3/leq xg' x' G' 5 eg] –
-s_ 9fs] fdf pleg] jf 6a] n' jf vf6d'lg l5g]{ .
-v_ eTsg ;Sg] ‰ofn, 9f]sfd'lg ga:g] .
-u_ 6fpsf] / 3f6“ LnfO{ xftn] 5fk] /] ;/' lIft /fVg] .
-3_ tkfO“{ eO' t“ nfdf xg' x' G' 5 eg] t?' Gt aflx/ lg:sg] t/ 3/aflx/ ;/' lIft 7fp“ 5g} eg] 3/leq}
a:g] . slxNo} klg ‰ofnaf6 xfd gkmfNg] .
#= tkfO“{ 3/aflx/ xg' x' G' 5 eg] – lahn' Lsf] nfOg, 7n' f ?vdl' g ga:g,] ;jf/L ;fwg rnfO/xge' Psf]
5 eg] ;8saf6 x6/] vN' nf 7fpd“ f ;jf/L ;fwg /fS] g] .
-c_ af9L÷klx/f]
af9L
gbL gfnf, vfN] ;f vfN] ;Lx¿df ;flassf] eGbf kfgLsf] dfqf a9L xg' fsf ;fy} kfgL geO{ ;S' vf xg' ]
vx/x] ¿df ;dt] kfgLsf] axfj tLj| xg' n' fO{ g} af9L elgG5 . w/] } h;f] gbLdf kfgLsf] dfqf a9g\ f;fy
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 171
kj| fxsf] ult klg a9g\ ] ePsfn] lsgf/fdf Iflt kU' g ;S5 . af9L cfpb“ f gbLsf] ;tx a9g\ ,] klx/f]kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
hfg,] hldg kl' /g,] eI" fo xg' ] h:tf s/' fx¿n] hgwgsf] 7n' f] Iflt xg' ] hfl] vd /xG5 . gk] fndf klg
dg;g' ;?' xg' f;fy af9Lsf] ;d:of bl] vg yfN5 . x/]s jif{ wg, hg / hldgsf] Iflt x'g] u5{ .
klx/f]
jiffs{ f] d;' nwf/] kfgLn] hldgsf] ;tx uN5 . o;f] xb“' f le/fnf] hldgsf] efu csf]{ :yfgdf emg,'{ v:g'
cyft{ nb] f;] u“ ldl;P/ aUg' g} klx/f] xf] . kxf8L / lxdfnL a:tLlt/ klx/fs] f] lgs} g} hfl] vd
x'g] u5{ .
af9L÷klx/f]sf] c;/
af9L / klx/fn] ] hgwg, cGgafnL, hldg, kzk' IfL, d7 dlGb/, af6f] 3f6f,] kf6L kfj} f, axd' N" o ;Dkbf,
jftfj/0fdf bL3s{ fnLg ¿kdf c;/ kf5{ eg] JolStx¿df dfgl;s c;Gtn' g klg Nofpg ;Sb5 .
af9L÷klx/f]sf] Ifltaf6 aRg k"j{ tof/L
-s_ ;db' fodf kg{ ;Sg] af9L / klx/f] To;af6 aRg] pkfox¿sf] af/d] f ;db' fosf JolStx¿
e]nf eO{ 5nkmn tyf ljrf/ ljdz{ ug'k{ 5{ .
-v_ af9L / klx/f] ;DaGwdf hg rt] gf clejb[ l\ w ug{ ;db' fodf cfjZos cfwf/et" tflnd,
uf]i7L, a7} sx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul//fVg'k5{ .
-u_ vfnL hldg, gfªu\ f] 8f8“ f, le/kfvf, gbL, vfn] fsf] lsgf/fdf jI[ f/fk] 0f ugk{' 5{ .
-3_ gbL vfn] fsf] lsgf/df e:" vng xg' ] a9L ;Defjgf ePsf] 7fpd“ f tf/hfnL, 9ª' u\ f,
af/] fdf afnj' f e/L jf af;“ sf] esf/L h:tf] agfO{ df6fn] e/L t6a\ Gwg tof/ kfgk{' 5{ .
-ª_ af9L cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf] ;dodf gbLsf] lsgf/fdf 8ª' u\ f, 6o\ a" , hLjg /Iffsf]
nflu Hofs6] , 8f/] L cflb j:t' tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg'k5{ .
-r_ ;db' fodf af9L÷klx/f] xg' ;Sg] a9L ;Defjgf bl] vPdf ;an} fO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;hu
xg' ;r" gf k|0ffnLnfO{ tof/L cj:yfdf /fVgk' 5{ .
-5_ af9L / klx/fn] ] kT| oIf c;/ ug]{ 7fpd“ f 3/x¿ gagfpg,] alg;ss] f 5g\ eg] ;/' lIft
:yfgdf ;fg,]{ ;Defljt af9L / klx/fn] fO{ Wofg lbP/ dfq ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo{
;~rfng ug'{k5{ .
af9L÷klx/f] cfO/x]sf] ;dodf
-s_ s6] fs6] L, czSt, ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts/] L dlxnf, j[bw\ x¿nfO{ ;/' lIft :yfgdf ;fg{] .
-v_ ks| f]kaf6 ke| fljt JolStx¿nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] .
-u_ ;Dej eP;Dd axd' N" o uxgfx¿, sfuhkqx¿ ;/' lIft :yfgdf ;fg]{ .
-3_ cge' jL JolStx¿n] lbPsf] lgb{z] gsf] kfngf ug{] .
-ª_ ;Dej eP;Dd ke| fljt tyf 3fOtx] ¿nfO{ ;/' lIft :yfgdf ;fg]{ / kf| ylds pkrf/ ug]{ .
172 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |baf9L÷klx/f] k|sf]k kl/;s]kl5 ul/g] sfo{x¿
-s_ ks| fk] uPsf] :yfgdf kmfx] f/] dn} f, d/s] f hLjhGt' cflbnfO{ vfN8f] vgL uf8g\ ] .
-v_ ke| fljt 3/leq /xs] f JolStnfO{ pbw\ f/ ug]{ / dt[ ssf cfkmGthgx¿nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] .
-u_ k|sf]k :yndf hyfefjL lx8“ 8n' gug]{ .
-3_ cfkm" n] kfPsf] ;r" gf tTsfn ;DalGwt lgsfodf lbg] .
-ª_ k|sf]k ke| fljtnfO{ tTsfn /fxt pknAw u/fpg] . ;a} ldnL /fxt ;ª\sng ug{] .
-O_ lxd klx/f]
lxd klx/f] Pp6f kf| sl[ ts ljklTt xf] . lxdfnaf6 lxps“ f] klx/f] hfg] kl| j|mof g} lxd klx/f] xf] . of]
klx/fd] f lxpd“ fq geO{ df6f,] r66\ fg;dt] xG' 5 . lxdfnL Ifq] df yl' kP| sf] lxp“ tfksf sf/0f lg/Gt/
kUng] u5{ . To;/L lxp“ klUnPkl5 tnlt/ aUg] u5{ . aUb} hfb“ f To;n] 7n' f] Ifq] nfO{ c;/ u/L v:g
yfNof] eg] To;nfO{ lxd klx/f] elgG5
lxd klx/f]sf sf/0fx¿
lxd klx/f] ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] hfG5 . To:tf sf/0fx¿nfO{ o;/L pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ dfgjLo ctLj|md0f
lxdfnL Ifq] df ljleGg efl} ts ;/+ rgf lgdf0{ f ubf{ To;sf] bafasf sf/0f lxp“ kUnb“ } hfG5 / lxd
klx/f] hfG5 . To:t} oL Ifq] df oftfoftsf ;fwg cfxf/] bfx] f/] ubf,{ dflg;x¿n] lxdfn r9g\ ] sfou{ bf,{
lxdfn r9g\ n] ] ko| fu] ug]{ vfglkg / cGo ;fdfgx¿ hyfefjL kmfNbf, lxpd“ f vl] ng] l:s h:tf vn] x¿
vN] bf klg lxpd“ f tfk / bafa a9\g uO{ klx/f] hfg] ;Defjgf xG' 5 .
-v_ k|fs[lts sf/0f
lxp“ kbf{ 9ª' u\ fdf6f]lagf g} lxpd“ fly lxp“ yl' kb“| } hfG5 . 7'nf] cfw“ L ax] /L rnd] f klg lxp“ klx/f] hfg
;S5 . kY[ jLsf] tfkjm| ddf jb[ l\ w eO/xs] f] 5 . cf:jefljs ¿kdf tfkjm| d a9\g] / 36g\ ] ePdf klg
lxp“ bt'| ultdf kUng] / hDg] ubf{ lxp“ klx/f] hfg] u5{ . To:t} es" Dk, Hjfnfdv' L h:tf sf/0fn] klg
lxd klx/f] hfg] u5{ .
ug{'kg{] tof/L / ;'/lIft /xg] pkfox¿
lxd klx/fa] f6 aRg / ;/' lIft /xg lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ klx/f] /fS] ge' Gbf klx/f] hfg} glbg] sfod{ f ;a} nfUgk' 5{ .
-v_ lxdfnL If]qdf dfgjLo cltj|md0f xg' lbg' xb“' g} . Toxf“ efl} ts ;/+ rgf agfpg], kmfx] f/]
dn} f hyfefjL kmfNg] h:tf sfo{ ug{' x“'bg} .
-u_ l:s vn] vn] fpb“ f /fd/| L ;jI]{ f0f u//] , hfl] vd cflbsf] cg;' Gwfg u//] dfq vN] g] cgd' lt
lbg'k5{ .
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 173
-3_ lxd klx/fs] f] Ifq] klxrfg ugk'{ 5{ / 5p] 5fpsf afl;GbfnfO{ ;/' lIft /xg] sfod{ f kj" {kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
;"rgf lbg,] ;rt] u/fpg] h:tf sfo{ ugk{' 5{ .
-ª_ w/] } lxp“ kg]{ / klx/f] uO/xg] Ifq] df tf/ hfnL;lxtsf] kvfn{ nufpgk' 5{ .
-r_ lxdkft xb“' f ;'/lIft ¿kdf 3/leq} a:gk' 5{ .
-5_ ke| fljt dflg;nfO{ vfgs] /' f, nufpg] sk8f, kfgL tyf cfi} fwLsf] Joj:yf klg ugk'{ 5{ .
-O{_ lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g
lxdfnL Ifq] df /xs] f tfnx¿nfO{ lxdtfn elgG5 . To;sf] jl/kl/ /xs] f] lxp“ kUnb} uPdf tfndf
kfgLsf] dfqf a9b\ } hfG5 . tfkjm| dn] ubf{ lxp“ kUn/] lxdtfndf kfgL ylkb“ } hfb“ f klg lxdtfnsf]
cfsf/ / ulx/fO a9\b} hfG5 . kmn:j¿k lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g xg' ] u5{ . lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g xb'“ f To;sf]
tNnf] Ifq] sf vfn] f, gbLdf 7n' f] af9L cfp5“ / To;n] jl/kl/sf Ifq] df w/] } gfS] ;fg k¥' ofpg ;S5 .
lxdtfn lj:kmf6] g ePdf tNnf] Ifq] df Psr} fl] 6 7n' f] kfgL aU5 / To;n] cf;kf;sf Ifq] df ;dt]
gfS] ;fg k¥' ofp5“ . gk] fndf #))) eGbf a9L lxdtfnx¿ /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;dWo] @) cf6] f hlt
lxdtfnx¿ lj:kmf6] g xg' ] cj:yfdf 5g\ . gk] fndf ePsf sx] L lxdtfn lj:kmf6] gsf 36gfx¿M
— ;g\ !(^* df lxdtfn lj:kmf]6gsf sf/0f a9' L u08sL gbLdf 7'nf] af9L cfPsf] lyof] .
— ;g\ !(*% df ;u/dfyf Ifq] sf] lbUrf] lxd tfn lj:kmf6] g xb“' f cfPsf] af9Ln] gfDr] ahf/
glhs yfg] ufpd“ f cjl:yt hn ljbo\ t' \ ux[ Wj:t ePsf] lyof] .
— ;g\ @)!@ df cGgk0" f{ lxdfndf uPsf] lxd klx/fs] f sf/0f kfv] /fl:yt ;t] L gbLdf cfPsf]
af9Laf6 @) hgf dflg;sf] dT[ o' ePsf] lyof] . o;n] sx] L jk] Ttf xg' s' f ;fy} 7n' f] wghgsf]
Iflt;d]t ePsf] lyof] .
R5f/] fN] kf lxdtfn lj:kmf6] xg' ] ;Defjgf bl] vPsfn] To;af6 aRg ljleGg pkfox¿ eO/xs] f 5g\ .
o:tf pkfox¿df ;"lrt ug]{ oGq h8fg, ;r]tLs/0f sfo{ cflb k|dv' 5g\ .
ug{'kg{] tof/L / ;'/lIft /xg] pkfox¿
-s_ lxdfnL Ifq] sf lxdtfnx¿ s:tf] cj:yfdf 5g\ eGg] s/' fsf] cWoog, cgG' wfg /
ljZn]if0f ul//xg'k5{ .
-v_ lxdtfnsf] ;j{I] f0f / cg'udg af/Daf/ ul//xgk' 5{ .
-u_ lxdtfn lj:kmf6] g xb“' f To;n] ug]{ xfgL gfS] ;fgLsf] kj" fg{ d' fg u/L sd xflg gfS] ;fgL xg' ]
Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
-3_ cf;kf;sf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ o;af/] k0" f{ ;rt] u/fO{ ;/' lIft /xg] pkfox¿ ;DaGwL
tflndx¿ lbg'k5{ .
174 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
-ª_ sx] L u/L lxdtfn lj:kmf6] eOxfnd] f jl/kl/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;/' lIft :yfgdf /fVg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
-r_ ke| fljt dflg;x¿nfO{ cTofjZos xg' ] vfglkg / kfgL tyf a;fa] f;sf] Joj:yf
ugk'{ 5{ . ;fy} rf6] k6s nfud] f cfjZos kg{] cfi} fwLsf] ;dt] hfx] f] ul//fVgk' 5{ .
-v_ dfgj l;lh{t ljkt\af6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfksf sf/0fn] pTkGg xg' ] 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] 7n' f] Iflt eO{ ;fdflhs hg hLjgdf
kl| tsn" c;/ k¥' ofpg ;Sg] hfl] vdnfO{ dfgj l;lht{ ljkta\ f6 pTkGg xg' ] hfl] vd elgG5 . cfhsf]
@! cf“} ztfAbLdf lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] ljsf;n] c;Dej s/' fx¿nfO{ klg ;Dej agfO/xs] f] 5 . o;sf
;fy} dfgj :jf:Yodf TolTts} hfl] vd klg jb[ l\ w eO/xs] f] 5 . pbo\ fu] wGbf, snsf/vfgfsf] ljsf;
t eO/xs] f] 5, t/ TolTts} dfqfdf Toxf“ sfd ug]{ dhb/' x¿df :jf:Yodf kg]{ hfl] vd klg al9/xs] f]
5 . dfgjLo lj|mofsnfksf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] hfl] vd lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-c_ afw“ eTs/] af9Ln] ufp“ 8a' fpg] hf]lvd
-cf_ jg hª\un ljgfz eP/ klx/f] hfg] hf]lvd
-O_ cfufsf] ko| fu] df x]nrj] m| o\ fO ubf{ cfunfuL xg' ] hfl] vd
-O{_ cfk;L jd} g:on] u[x o'b\w rNg] hf]lvd
-p_ cfb} o\ f]lus lj:kmf]6gaf6 hgwgdf x'g] Ifltsf] hfl] vd
-pm_ ;fdflhs åGå / o'b\waf6 x'g] hf]lvd
-P_ vfgL b'3{6gfaf6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd
xfdf| ] :jf:Yodf hfl] vd Nofpg] tTTjx¿ w/] } xG' 5g\ . hLjg lhpg] jm| ddf xfdL ljleGg k;] fdf cfabw\
xG' 5f“} . Toltan] f xfdLn] ug]{ ljm| ofsnfkn] xfdf| ] :jf:Yodf kl| tsn" c;/ kfg]{ hfl] vd lgs} g} /xs] f]
xG' 5 . ljleGg Jofj;flos Ifq] x¿df sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿df bl] vg ;Sg] :jf:Yo hfl] vdsf] af/d] f
s]xL 5nkmn u5f}“{ .
-c_ efl} ts hfl] vdx¿ M sfd ug]{ :yfgsf] efl} ts kIfsf] sf/0f sfdbf/x¿df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL
ljleGg hfl] vdx¿ cfpg ;S5g\ . sfd ug]{ :yfgsf] tfk tyf 7G8Lsf] dfqf w/] } 5 eg] sfdbf/sf]
:jf:Yodf ;d:of cfpg] hf]lvd x'G5 . w/] } sf]nfxn 5 eg] sfgsf] ;d:of cfpg] hf]lvd x'G5 .
To;n} ] sfd ug]{ :yfgsf] efl} ts kIf l7s cj:yfdf /fVgk' g]{ xG' 5 .
-cf_ /f;folgs hfl] vd M sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿ ljleGg /f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿;u“ 3n' ldn xg' k' g]{
x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ p;sf] :jf:Yodf kT| oIf c;/ k'¥ofpg] hf]lvd x'G5 . sfd ug{] l;nl;nfdf 5fnfdf
s'g} /f;folgs kbfy{ k¥of] eg] PnhL{ xg' ] hfl] vd xG' 5 . 5fnf ;DaGwL cGo /fu] x¿ nfUg ;Sb5g\ .
t;y{ To:tf] an] f cln ;hu eP/ sfd ugk'{ g]{ xG' 5 . To;} u/L Zjf; kZ| jf; dfuå{ f/f kmfS] ;fd] f ku' L
Zjf; kZ| jf; ;DaGwL /fu] nfUg] pRr hfl] vd xG' 5 . To;n} ] /f;folgs kbfy;{ u“ sfd ubf{ clgjfo{
¿kdf df:ssf] k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 175
-O_ hl} js hfl] vd M sfdbf/x¿ sfd ug]{ 7fpd“ f ljleGg lsl;dsf /fu] x¿ pTkGg u/fpg] hLjf0f'kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
Pjd\ k/hLljx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . ltgLx¿n] :jf:YonfO{ kl| tsn" c;/ kfg{] pRr hf]lvd x'G5 . kz'
kfng ug,]{ vt] af/Ldf sfd ug]{ >ldsx¿df ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjf0f' Pjd\ k/hLljx¿n] cfjm| d0f ug{
;Sb5g\ . sfd ubf{ vfnL v6' 6\ fdf sfd gug,]{ sfd ul/;sk] l5 xft v6' 6\ f ;fag' kfgLn] /fd/| L wg' ]
ugfn{ ] To:tf lsl;dsf hfl] vdaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
-O_{ oflGqs hfl] vd M ljleGg lsl;dsf sf/vfgfx¿df sfd ug]{ sfdbf/x¿ oGqx¿;u“ sfd
ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . o;/L oGqx¿ rnfpb“ f rf6] k6s nfUg ;Sb5 . o:tf rf6] k6sn] cª\ueªu\ u/fpg]
jf d[To'sf] d'v;Dd k'¥ofpg] hfl] vd x'g ;S5 . t;y{ oGqx¿;“u sfd ubf{ ;w“} rgfvf] eO/fVgk' 5{ .
cGoq Wofg df]8\g' x'“b}g . oGqx¿;u“ sfd ubf{ lhl:sg] tyf Vofn Vofn ;lDemg] ug{x' “b' }g . cfk"mn]
sfd ubf{ ko| fu] u/s] f ;fwgx¿ l7s 7fpd“ f /fVg] ugk'{ 5{ .
!)=@=# k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿
ks| fk] hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0f ugs{ f nflu ;j{ ky| d t :yfgLo ;f| t] ;fwgsf] klxrfg tyf kl/rfng u/L
:yfgLo ;db' foåf/f g} ks| fk] tyf ljkts\ f] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf jb[ l\ w ugk'{ 5{ . o;cGtut{ kj" {
tof/Lsf ultljlwx¿ ;db' fosf dflg;x¿nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/sf ks| fk] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL tflnd
;~rfng ug,]{ hg rt] gfdn" s sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ugk'{ 5{ . :yfgLo:t/df sfo/{ t ;/sf/L tyf
u/} ;/sf/L ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿;u“ sf] ;dGjo / ;xsfoa{ f6 ;db' fodf hfl] vd sd ug]{ vfnsf sfox{ ¿
;~rfng ug{'k5{ .
;db' fo jl/kl/sf] efl} ts cj:yf / ;DefJo vt/fsf] klxrfg ugk'{ 5{ . cfkm\ gf] ;db' fo jf 3/ jl/kl/
sxf“ sxf“ s] s:tf] cj:yf 5, cjnfs] g ugk'{ 5{ . klx/f] hfg] 7fp,“ 9ª' u\ f v:g] 7fp,“ vN' nf 7fp“ cflb
nv] /] 6f:“ g klg ;lsG5 . 3/sf] sxf“ sxf“ a9L hfl] vd 5, / sxf“ tn' gfTds ¿kn] ;/' lIft 5, yfxf
kfpgk' 5{ . o:tf] hfl] vdsf] ;jI{] f0f jf klxrfg ;DaGwL sfo{ :yfgLo :t/df lgoldt ug{k' 5{ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu aflx/L uf/fe] Gbf leqL uf/f] tn' gfTds ¿kn] ;/' lIft xG' 5 .
To;} u/L t6aGw lgdf0{ f, jI[ f/fk] 0f / eI" fo lgoGq0f ug{ h?/L xG' 5 . kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] xg' ' kj" { ;/' lIft
:yfgsf] klxrfg ul/gk' 5{ . :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos hgzlSt tof/ u/L cfjZos tflnd tyf
cledv' Ls/0f ugk'{ 5{ . ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfo{ ubf{ To;sf] sf/0faf6 xg' ;Sg] ;Defljt ks| fk] sf]
hfl] vdnfO{ Vofn u/L sfo{ ug{'k5{ . jg hª\un km8fgLdf /f]s nufpgk' 5{ .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= tkfOs“+{ f] ufp÷“ ;db' fodf kg{ ;Sg] ;DefJo hfl] vdx¿ s] s] xg' klxrfg u/L ;dx" df
5nkmn ug'{xf;] \ . To; kl5 ;dx" sf] lgisif{nfO{ ljifo lzIfs;u“ k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .
@= tkfOs“+{ f] kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿n] sfd ug]{ :yfg sxf“ xf] < pSt :yfgdf :jf:Yodf kfg{ ;Sg]
hfl] vdx¿ s] s] xg' \ < hf]lvdaf6 aRg ckgfO/x]sf pkfox¿sf] af/d] f kl/jf/sf
;b:o;“u 5nkmn u/L l6kf6] tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
176 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcEof;
! = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ hfl] vd eGgfn] s] a‰' gx' G' 5 <
-v_ es" Dk egs] f] s] xf] <
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ kf| sl[ ts ljkts\ f] hfl] vdaf6 aRgsf nflu ckgfOg] sg' } bz cf6] f kj" { tof/Lx¿sf
af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ hfl] vd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿sf af/]df j0f{g ugx{' f;] \ .
# = ;ª\If]kdf l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ dfgj l;lht{ ljkta\ f6 pTkGg xg' ] hfl] vd
-v_ efl} ts hfl] vd
-u_ lxd klx/f]
!)=# ;'/Iff lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff
!)=#=! ;'/Iff lzIffsf] kl/ro
xfdf| ] hLjg rg' ft} Lk0" f{ g} xG' 5 / hLjgsf] sg' } g sg' } v08df xfdL 7n' f] jf ;fgf] b3' 6{ gfdf k/s] }
xG' 5f“} . b'3{6gfaf6 aRg ;fjwfgL ckgfp“bf ckgfpb“ } klg 36gf e}/xG5 . hLjg cd"No 5 t;y{
o;sf] ;/' Iff klg cfjZos xG' 5 . jf:tjdf ;/' Iff egs] f] sg' } ljm| of uge'{ Gbf kj" { To;kl| t ckgfOPsf]
;fjwfgL xf] . æ/fu] sf] pkrf/ u//] lgsf] kfge'{ Gbf /fu] nfUg g} glbg' a;] Æ eGg] egfOcg;' f/
b3' 6{ gfdf k/s] f JolStsf] kf| ylds pkrf/ uge'{ Gbf b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg' /fdf| ] xf] . b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg]
pkfonfO{ arfp elgG5 . o;sf] nIo b'36{ gf xg' glbg' xf] . t;y{ ;/' lIft af“Rgsf nflu ;/' Iff
lzIff cfjZos x'G5 .
;/' Iff lzIff egs] f] sg' } klg lsl;dsf b3' 6{ gf xg' glbgsf nflu To; ;DaGwL ckgfOg] kj" {
;fjwfgLsf pkfox¿sf] hfgsf/L cyft{ \ 1fg / l;k xf] . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf ;/' lIft hLjg afR“ gsf
nflu h] hlt lgod cyjf pkfox¿ ckgfOG5, To;nfO{ ;/' Iff lzIff elgG5 . b3' 6{ gf s;/L /fS] g
;lsG5 < ;/' lIft hLjg s;/L afR“ g ;lsG5 < oL g} ;/' Iff lzIffsf] pbb\ Z] o xg' \ . jftfj/0fdf x/]
d] f o:tf b3' 6{ gfx¿ w/] } xG' 5g\ . h;nfO{ ;fdfGo ;fjwfgL ckgfPsf] eP 6fg{ ;lsg] vfnsf xG' 5g\ .
ljleGg 7fpd“ f arfpsf nflu s:tf s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' 5{ eGg] hfgsf/Lx¿ ;/' Iff lzIffaf6
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
;/' Iffsf] cy{ ;a} vt/fk0" f{ l:ylt x6fP/ b3' 6{ gf xg' } glbg' xfO] g . sg' } sg' } cj:yfdf sfd tyf
vn] sf] ks| l[ t g} vt/fk0" f{ xg' ;S5 / To:tf] ;dodf sfd} gug'{ jf vn] } gvN] g' ;/' Iff xfO] g . a? tL
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 177
vn] jf sfd ;fjwfgLkj" s{ vN] g' jf ug'{ ;/' Iff lzIff xf] . olb sg' } klg JolStn] sg' } hfl] vd sfo{kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
klg ;/' lIft 9ªu\ n] u5{ eg] p;n] ;/' Iff lzIfnfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/]sf] 7x5{ .
!)=#=@ ;'/Iff lzIffsf] dxTTj
;/' Iff lzIffn] ;Defljt b3' 6{ gfnfO{ x6fO{ JolStnfO{ kg{ ;Sg] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s oftgfaf6 dS' t
/fVg dbt u5{ . ;'/Iff lzIffsf] dxTTjnfO{ a'“bfut ¿kdf lgDg tl/sfaf6 k|:6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ ;/' Iff lzIffn] ;/' lIft hLjgofkg ug{ dbt u5{ .
-v_ ;/' Iff lzIffsf] 1fg ePdf b'36{ gfaf6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt d[Toa' f6 arfp“5 .
-u_ ;/' Iff lzIffn] vt/gfs kl/l:yltdf klg cfkm} “ s;/L ;/' lIft xg' ] egL l;sfp5“ . o;y{ klg
o;sf] dxTTj /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ ;a} hgfdf ;/' Iff lzIffsf] 1fg eof] eg] b3' 6{ gfsf] b/df sdL Nofp“5 .
-ª_ ;/' Iff lzIffn] ;Defljt b'36{ gfaf6 xg' ] vr{ art u5{ .
-r_ ;/' Iff lzIffn] Ps :j:y tyf k|ultzLn ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ fdf 6j] f k¥' ofp5“ .
!)=#=# ;'/Iff pkfosf] k|aGw
dflg; laxfg p7b] l] v an] s' f ;T' g] an] f;Dd ljm| ofzLn /lx/xG5 . kT| os] Ifq] rfx] Tof] 3/ xf;] ,\ vn]
db} fg xf;] ,\ zl} Ifs ;:+ yf xf;] \ jf lx8“ g\ ] af6f] xf;] \ p kT| os] kn ;ts{ xg' k' 5{ . dflg; hxf“ a;s] f]
xG' 5, hxf“ sfo/{ t xG' 5, p;n] To; 7fpd“ f cfkm" nfO{ ;/' lIft /fVg] ko| f; ugk'{ 5{ . oxf“ xfdL 3/,
;8s, ljbo\ fno / vn] db} fgdf ckgfpgk' g]{ ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿sf af/d] f rrf{ u5f{“} .
-s_ 3/ cf“ugdf ckgfpg'kg{] ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ (Safety Measures at Home)
;/' lIft hLjgsf nflu 3/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . olb 3/, cfu“ gdf sx] L ;ts{ tf cyjf ;fjwfgL
ckgfPgf“} eg] lglZrt ¿kn] ljleGg lsl;dsf b3' 6{ gfx¿ xg' ;S5 . 3/df b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg ;/' Iff
Joj:yf ubf{ ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;fR] g' kg]{ xG' 5, h:t} 3/df lahn' L aTtLsf] Joj:yf, kfgLsf] Joj:yf,
kmlgr{ /sf] Joj:yf, efG5fsf] Joj:yf cflb . t/ ;fdfGo bl[ i6sf0] fn] xb] f{ olb xfdL sx] L ;/' Iffsf
pkfox¿sf] cjnDag 3/ cfu“ gdf ug{ ;Sof“+} eg] ;;fgfbl] v 7n' 7n' f b3' 6{ gfaf6 ;/' lIft xg'
;Sb5f}“ . ;/' Iffsf tL pkfox¿ lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M
-c_ cfkm\ gf] ;fdfg ;/' lIft ;fy lglZrt 7fpd“ f /fVg] afgL a;fNg' k5{ . wfl/nf xft
xltof/ tyf cGo 3fp rf6] nfUg] ;fduL| x¿ 3/ cfu“ gdf hyfefjL 7fpd“ f g/fvL
;'/lIft ;fy lglZrt 7fpd“ f /fVg'k5{ .
-cf_ lahn' Lsf] tf/ gfªu\ f] eP oyfzL3| ddt{ u/fOxfNg'k5{ .
-O_ ljb\ot' \ pks/0fx¿ ;fgf ;fgf s6] fs6] Ln] ge6] g\ ] u/L /fVgk' 5{ .
-O{_ e¥ofª lrKnf] xg' glbg] / e¥ofª c“Wof/f] 7fpd“ f eP k|sfzsf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ .
178 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-p_ rkLd{ f klg lrlKng ;Sg] xg' fn] rkL{ an] f an] fdf ;kmf ugk'{ 5{ / rkLd{ f cW“ of/f] eP
k|sfzsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-pm_ cfu“ gdf vfN8fvN' 8L / kfgL hDg] 7fp“ eP kl' /lbgk' 5{ . ljiffbL tyf cfi} fwLx¿
s6] fs6] Ln] ge6] fpg] 7fpd“ f /fVg'sf ;fy} k:| 6 ¿kn] lrGg] u/L gfd nv] /] /fVgk' 5{ .
-P_ cfuf] aln/xs] f] cj:yfdf sf/0fj; aflx/ hfgk' g]{ ePdf cfuf] lgefP/ jf lhDdj] f/
JolStnfO{ eg]/ hfg'k5{ .
-P_] hyfefaL cfuf] afNg] jf cfuf;] u“ vN] g' x'“b}g .
-cf]_ 3/af6 aflx/ hfb“ f lahn' Lsf l:jr tyf pks/0fx¿ aGb u//] 5f8] g\ k' 5{ .
-v_ ;8sdf ckgfpg'kg{] ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿
Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf hfb“ f af6fdf ljzi] f ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kg]{ xG' 5 . cGo
b3' 6{ gfeGbf vf; u/L ;x/L Ifq] df ;8s b3' 6{ gf lbgfgl' bg a8b\ f] 5 . o;df ;ts{ tf ckgfOPg eg]
Hofg} klg hfg ;S5 . t;y{ kT| os] gful/snfO{ ;fgb} l] v ;8sdf xg' ;Sg] b3' 6{ gfaf6 ;/' lIft /xg
sx] L ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' g]{ / To; ;DaGwL lzIff lbgk' g]{ xG' 5 . ;8s b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg xfdL
lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;Sb5f} M
-c_ ;8sdf lx“8\bf 6f« lkms lgodnfO{ cg';/0f ugk'{ 5{ .
-cf_ ;8sdf lx8“ b\ f k6] Laf6 cyjf 5]p nfu/] lx8“ \g'k5{ .
-O_ ;8sdf kf/ ubf{ h]a|f jm| l;ªaf6 dfq ugk{' 5{ .
-O{_ ;8sdf lx“8\bf ;8ssf] b]a|] k]6Laf6 lx8“ \g'k5{ .
-p_ af6fdf 3fprf6] nfUg] sfr“ , 9ª' u\ f cflb j:tx' ¿ /fd/| L x/] L lx8“ g\ k' 5{ / o:tf j:t'
b]v]df x6fpg] ug{'k5{ .
-pm_ ;8ssf] lardf v]Ng' x'“b}g .
-P_ ;fOsn tyf cGo ;jf/L ;fwg r9\bf jf rnfp“bf ;jf/L lgod kfngf ugk{' 5{ .
-P_] ;'/lIft 9ª\un] a;df r9\g] / cfn] g{ ] ug{'k5{ .
-cf]_ slxn] sfxL“ ;8sdf ufO,{ e;“} L 5fl] 8Psf] xg' ;S5 / To:tf] ;dodf /fd/| L xf;] \ k¥' ofpg'
k5{ . slxn] sfxL“ e:' ofxf s's/' x¿ ;8sdf xg' ;S5g / To:tf] cj:yfdf klg bfof–“
afof“ x]/L lx“8\g'k5{ .
-u_ ljb\ofnodf ckgfpg'kg{] ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿
ljbo\ fnodf ljleGg lsl;dsf b3' 6{ gfx¿ xg' ] ;Defjgf a9L xG' 5 . ;rt] / ;hu eO{ sx] L lgodx¿
kfngf ug{ ;sd] f o:tf b3' 6{ gfdf sdL cfpg ;S5 . ljbo\ fnodf xg' ;Sg] b3' 6{ gfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf
:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 179
/fv/] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;/' Iff ka| Gw ldnfpg'kg]{ xG' 5 . h;sf nflu ckgfpg ;lsg] ljleGgkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
pkfox¿dWo] sx] L lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M
-c_ x/s] sIff sf7] fdf pd/] cg;' f/sf] kmlgr{ / plrt 9ªu\ n] ldnfP/ /fVgk' 5{ .
-cf_ k/' fgf / 66' k] m' 6s] f kmlgr{ /x¿ ;dod} ddt{ ugs'{ f ;fy} cgfjZos kmlgr{ /nfO{ ;dl' rt
7fp“df yGSofpg'k5{ .
-O_ sIff sf7] f lrKnf] vfnsf] ePdf xf;] \ k¥' ofP/ lx8“ g\ k' 5{ .
-O{_ sIff sf7] f, af6f] / e¥ofªdf lx8“ b\ f pR5ª[ v\ n Jojxf/ ugx'{ b“' g} .
-p_ cgfjZos j:tx' ¿ ljbo\ fno jl/kl/ gkmflnof;] \ eGgfsf nflu 7fp“ 7fpd“ f kmfx] f/]
kmfNg] ef“8fsf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
-pm_ ‰ofn9f]sfx¿ ;'/lIft x'g'k5{ . ‰ofnx¿df lu|n /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-P_ sIffsf7] fdf k|sfzsf] Joj:yf /fd|f] x'gk' 5{ .
-P_] lah'nLsf tf/x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVgk' 5{ .
-cf]_ ko| fu] zfnfdf ePsf ljleGg ;fdfuL| x¿ ;/' lIft /fVgk' 5{ .
-cf}_ zf}rfno tyf vfgk] fgLsf] /fd/| L k|aGw ldnfpg' k5{ .
-c+_ b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg] ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿sf] af/d] f lzIff lbgk' 5{ .
-3_ v]n d}bfgdf ckgfpg' kg{] ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿
ljbo\ fnodf zf/Ll/s ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf nflu vn] sb' db} fg lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . ljzi] f u//]
ljbo\ fnosf] vn] db} fgdf a9L b3' 6{ gf eO/xs] f] kfOG5 . t;y{ vn] db} fg ;/' lIft xg' ' cfjZos
xG' 5 . vn] db} fgdf x'g] b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg lgDg ;'/IffTds pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
-c_ ljm| ofsnfksf nflu ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ vn] db} fgdf nUgk' j" { lzIfsn] vn] db} fgsf]
;t{stfk"j{s lg/LIf0f ug'{k5{ .
-cf_ vN] g] ;fduL| x¿ 66' k] m' 6s] f 5g÷\ 5g} g\ egL lgoldt ¿kn] lg/LIf0f ugk'{ 5{ .
-O_ vn] d}bfgdf 9'ªu\ f / lzIffsf 6'jm| fx¿ x'g' xb“' g} .
-O{_ vn] db} fgdf vfN8f vN' 8L tyf kfgL hDg] 7fp“ xg' ' xb“' g} .
-p_ vn] db} fg lgdf0{ f ubf{ ;/' Iffsf bl[ i6n] Joj:yf ugk'{ 5{ .
-pm_ vn] x¿ vN] bf ;s;] Dd lzIfssf] lgu/fgLdf dfq v]Ngk' 5{ .
-P_ vn] x¿ hlxn] klg cgz' fl;t eO{ lgodfg';f/ v]Ng'k5{ .
180 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (
ljm| ofsnfk
— cfkm" n] 3/ tyf ;8sdf xg' ;Sg] b3' 6{ gfaf6 aRg ckgfpg] u/s] f ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿sf
af/d] f ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn ub}{ ;fyLn] ckgfpg] ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿;u“ tn' gf ugx'{ f;] \ .
— cfkm\ gf] ljbo\ fnosf ljleGg 7fpx“ ¿ cjnfs] g u/L lgDg ab“' fx¿sf] cfwf/df Ps kl| tjb] g
tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .
— e¥ofª, rkL,{ sIffsf7] f, af6f] / vn] db} fgdf b3' 6{ gf xg' ;Sg] cj:yfx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
— tL b3' 6{ gfx¿af6 aRg tkfOn“+{ ] s] s] ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ ckgfO/xg' ePsf] 5 <
— pSt 7fpx“ ¿ ;/' lIft /fVg ljbo\ fnon] s] s] Joj:yf ldnfpgk' g]{ bV] gx' G' 5 <
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
s_ tkfOs“{ f] ljbo\ fno jl/kl/ x'g ;Sg] b3' 6{ gfsf sg' } kfr“ cf6] f sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
v_ ;/' Iff lzIffsf] dxTTjsf af/]df rrf{ ugx'{ f;] \ .
u_ ;/' Iff lzIffsf] kd| v' dxTTj s] xf] <
@ = ;ª\If]kdf l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ M
s_ 3/ cfu“ gdf ckgfpg] ;/' Iffsf pkfo
v_ ;/' Iff lzIff
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 181
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GRADE 9 HEALTH POPULATION in Nepali
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