GRADE 9 HEALTH POPULATION in Nepali

oxf“,

sn' hg;ªV\ of = @,^$,($,%)$

sn' Ifq] kmn = !,$&,!*! ju{ lsnf] ld6/

hg 3gTj = sn' hg;ªV\ of
sn' Ifq] kmn

hg 3gTj = @,^$,($,%)$

!$&!*!

= !*) JolSt kl| t jul{ snf] ld6/

gk] fndf hg 3gTj ljut bl] vg} tLj| ¿kdf al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 . ;g !(%@÷%$ df gk] fnsf] hg 3gTjkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
kl| t ju{ ls=dL %^=! JolSt /xs] f] lyof] . To;kl5 of] jm| dzM al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 . lj=;=+ @)%* / lj=;+
@)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ hg 3gTj sf] ljj/0fnfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= * g]kfnsf] hg 3gTj ljj/0f

lj=;+= @)%* -JolSt k|lt ju{ @)^* -JolSt k|lt ju{
ls=dL_ ls=dL=_
g]kfn !%& !*)
;x/L Ifq] (*% !#*)
uf| dL0f Ifq] !#* !%#
ef}uf]lns If]q
lxdfn ## #$
kxf8 !^& !*^
t/fO{ ##) #(@

ljsf; If]q !** @)$
k"jf{~rn @(# #%@
dWodf~rn !%% !^*
klZrdf~rn &! *$
dWo klZrdf~rn !!@ !#!
;b' /" klZrdf~rn ;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*

50 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

pkoS{' t tflnsfcg;' f/ gk] fndf xfn hg 3gTj !*) JolSt kl| t ju{ lsnf] ld6/ /xs] f] 5 hg' @)%*
;fndf !%& dfq lyof] . To;} u/L uf| dL0f Ifq] sf] tn' gfdf ;x/L Ifq] df hg 3gTj lgs} pRr /xs] f]
bl] vG5 . ;x/L Ifq] df !#*! JolSt kl| t ju{ lsnfl] d6/ / uf| dL0f Ifq] df !%# JolSt kl| t ju{ lsnf]
ld6/ hg 3gTj /xs] f] 5 . ljut @)%* ;fnsf] hg u0fgfsf] tn' gfdf bj' } Ifq] df hg 3gTj jb[ l\ w
ePsf] kfOG5 .

ljsf; Ifq] x¿ dWo] dWodf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df hg 3gTj ;ae} Gbf a9L #%@ JolSt kl| t ju{ lsnf]
ld6/ / dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df ;ae} Gbf sd *$ JolSt kl| t ju{ lsnf] ld6/ /xs] f] kfOG5 .
lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ lhNnfut ¿kdf clwsfz+ kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfx¿sf] tn' gfdf
t/fOs{ f lhNnfx¿df hg 3gTj w/] } 5 . sf7df8f“} lhNnfdf ;ae} Gbf w/] } $$!^ JolSt kl| t ju{ lsnf]
ld6/ / dgfª lhNnfdf ;ae} Gbf sd # JolSt kl| t ju{ lsnf] ld6/ hg 3gTj /xs] f] kfOG5 . hg
3gTjsf] cfwf/df eStk/' , nlntk/' , wgi' ff, / dxfT] t/L jm| dzM w/] } hg 3gTj /xs] f bf;] f| ,] t;] f| ] rfy} f]
/ kfr“ f} lhNnfx¿ xg' \ . To;} u/L d:' tfª, 8fN] kf / xD' nfdf !) JolSTfeGbf sd kl| t ju{ lsnf] ld6/
hg 3gTj /x]sf] 5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
ljm| ofsnfkM

!= cfÇgf] ;db' fo jf 6fn] l5ds] sf sg' } b; cf6] f 3/df uO{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] nut lngx' f;] /
lnªu\ tyf hfthfltsf] ljj/0f lgDg tflnsfcg;' f/ tof/ kfgx{' f;] M\

3/ g=+ k'?if dlxnf hfthflt s'n
3/ g=+ !

@= cfÇgf] ;db' fodf uO{ ^ jif{ / ;fe] Gbf dflysf pd/] sf ;fIf/ / lg/If/ dlxnf / k?' ifx¿sf]
hg;ªV\ of lgDg tflnsf cg;' f/tof/ kf/L ljZni] f0f ugx{[' f;] \ .

JolStsf] gfd ;fIf/ lg/If/ sn'

k?' if dlxnf k?' if dlxnf

cEof;

! = tnsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ lbg'xf];\ <
-s_ lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fnL dfte[ fiff xg¬ ] hg;ªV\ of slt kl| tzt 5 <
-v_ lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ lxGb" wd{ dfGg] hg;ªV\ of slt kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 <
-u__ lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fnsf] hg 3gTj slt 5 <

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 51

@ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljutbl] v jtd{ fg;Ddsf] cfsf/ ljZni] f0f ub{} hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ wsf]
k|j[lTtnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] egs] f] s] xf] < gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] sf] 5f6] s/Ldf
j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .

#= 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg¬xf];\ .
-s_ hg 3gTj
-v_ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/

$=@ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f

hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f eGgfn] bz] sf] efu} fl] ns agfj6, Ifq] Lo ljefhg, kz| f;lgs Onfsf cflbsf]
cfwf/df sxf“ s:tf] / slt hg;ªV\ of kml} nPsf] 5 eGg] al' emG5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f ljleGg
efu} fl] ns kl/jtg{ cg;' f/ km/s km/s xG' 5 . hg;ªV\ of ljt/0fsf] tYofªs\ af6 bz] df ;/sf/nfO{
Tof] Ifq] tyf 7fps“ f] l:yltcg;' f/ ofh] gf / sfoj{ m| dx¿ agfpg dbt ldNb5 . gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo
:j¿k, xfjfkfgL, df6f,] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / ;fwg cflb km/s km/s ePsfn] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f klg
km/s km/s 5 . hg' 7fpd“ f lzIff, /fh] uf/L, ;~rf/, oftfoft, :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] ;l' jwf xG' 5 To;
7fpd“ f hg;ªV\ ofsf] rfk a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . To;} u/L o:tf ;j] f ;l' jwfx¿ gePsf 7fpd“ f
hg;ª\Vofsf] rfk sd ePsf] b]lvG5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
gk] fnnfO{ kf| sl[ ts bl[ i6n] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ u/L ltg efu} fl] ns Ifq] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}
u/L uf| dL0f / ;x/L Ifq] cg;' f/ klg hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

$=@=! ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f

gk] fnnfO{ efu} fl] ns bl[ i6n] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ u/L ltg efu} fl] ns Ifq] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
km/s km/s ef}uf]lns If]qx¿df w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL / prfOsf b[li6n] ljljwtf
/x]sf] kfOG5 .

tflnsf g+= ( ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f -k|ltztdf_

ef}uf]lns If]q If]qkmn -k|ltztdf_ hg u0fgf jif{

lxdfn #%=@ lj=;+= @)%* lj=;+= @)^*
kxf8 $!=&
t/fO{ @#=! &=# ^=&#
hDdf !))=))
$$=# $#=))

$*=$ %)=@&

!))=)) !))=))

;f| t] M tYofªs\ sG] bL| o ljefu, @)^*

52 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

dflysf] tflnsf xb] f{ efu} fl] ns Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fdf t/fO? Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of ljut
@)%* ;fnsf] tn' gfdf @)^* df jb[ l\ w ePsf] bl] vPsf] 5 . ljut @)%* ;fnsf] hg u0fgfdf
t/fOd{ f sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] $*=$# kl| tzt lx:;f /xs] fdf @)^* df jb[ l\ w eO{ %)=@& kl| tzt ku' s] f]
5 . To;} u/L lxdfnL Ifq] df lj=;=+ @)%* sf] hg u0fgfdf sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] &=# kl| tzt /xs] fdf
lj=;=+ @)^* df sx] L sd eO{ ^=&# kl| tzt /xs] f] bl] vG5 . kxf8L Ifq] df lj=;=+ @)%* df $$=$#
kl| tzt /xs] fd] f lj=;=+ @)^* df $#=)) kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 . nª} l\ us cfwf/df ;dt] lxdfnL /
kxf8L Ifq] df hg;ªV\ of 36s] f] / t/fO{ Ifq] df eg] a9s] f] bl] vG5 .

o;n] s] bv] fpb“ 5 eg] lxdfnL / kxf8L Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of ljt/0f jm| dzM 36b\ } uPsf] 5 eg] t/fOd{ f
jm| dzM al9/xs] f] 5 . kxf8af6 t/fOt{ km{ a;fO ;g{] jm| d a9b\ } uPsfn] t/fOd{ f hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f
a9b\ } uPsf] xf] . t;y{ hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ wb/ xb] f{ lxdfn / kxf8df eGbf t/fO{ Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf]
cf;} t jflif{s j[bl\ wb/ lgs} a9L b]lvG5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
o;/L lxdfn / kxf8L Ifq] df hg;ªV\ of jm| dzM 36b\ } hfg' / t/fOd{ f a9g\ s' f sf/0fx¿df lxdfnL /
kxf8L Ifq] sf] tn' gfdf t/fO{ Ifq] df :jf:Yo, lzIff, oftfoft, /fh] uf/Lsf ;j] f tyf cj;/ / vt] LofU] o
hldg pknAw xg' ' xf] .

$=@=@ ljsf; If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f

gk] fnnfO{ kfr“ ljsf; Ifq] df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . ljsf; Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fn] tL
ljsf; Ifq] x¿df /xs] f hg;ªV\ ofsf] rfknfO{ bv] fp5“ . o:tf] lsl;dsf] hg;ªV\ of ljt/0f kT| os]
Ifq] sf] cflys{ tyf efu} fl] ns jftfj/0fnfO{ bl[ i6ut ubf{ ;g\ !(&! bl] v @)!! ;Ddsf] hg u0fgfn]
;a}eGbf a9L hg;ªV\ of a;f]af; u/]sf] ljsf; Ifq] dWodf~rn / ;ae} Gbf sd hg;ªV\ of
;b' /" klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df /xs] f] bl] vG5 . ljsf; Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/
k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5M

tflnsf g+=!) ljsf; If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f -k|ltzt_ lj=;+= @)%*–@)^*

ljsf; If]q If]qkmn -k|ltzt_ hg u0fgf jif{
lj=;+= @)%* lj=;+= @)^*

k"jf{~rn !(=# @#=)( @!=(#

dWodf~rn !*=^ #$=)( #^=$%

klZrdf~rn @)=^ !(=&$ !*=^)

dWo klZrdf~rn @*=* !#=)! !#=#(

;b' /" klZrdf~rn !#=# (=$& (=^#

hDdf !))=)) !))=)) !))=))

;f| t] M tYofªs\ sG] bL| o ljefu, @)^*

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 53

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljsf; Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fsf] ljZni] f0f ubf{ ;ae} Gbf w/] } hg;ªV\ of dWodf~rn ljsf;
Ifq] df / ;ae} Gbf sd ;b' /" klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df /xs] f] tYo bV] g ;lsG5 . dWodf~rn
ljsf; Ifq] df sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] #^=$% kl| tzt a;fa] f; u5g{ ,\ hg' kl| tzt ut @)%* sf] hg
u0fgfdf #$=)( lyof] . hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/sf] lx;fan] kj" f~{ rn, klZrdf~n / dWo klZrdf~n
sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] jm| dzM @!=(#Ü, !*=^)Ü / !#=%Ü ;lxt bf;] f| ,] t;] f| ] / rfy} f] :yfgdf /xs] f
5g\ . ljutsf] hg u0fgfsf] tn' gfdf kj" f~{ rn ljsf;sf] Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of sx] L 36s] f] bl] vG5 . To;}
u/L klZrdf~rnsf] klg 36s] f] bl] vG5 eg] dWo klZrdf~rnsf] sx] L a9s] f] bl] vG5 . ;b' /"
klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] sf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] (=^# kl| tzt lx:;f cfu] 6s] f] 5 hg' ut @)%* sf]
hg u0fgfdf kf| Kt (=$& kl| tzt eGbf sx] L a9L xf] . ljsf; Ifq] cg;' f/ ;ae} Gbf w/] } hg;ªV\ of
dWodf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df /xs] f] 5 . oxf“ w/] } hg;ªV\ of xg' s' f sf/0fx¿df pAhfp sl[ ifofU] o
hldg, kofK{ t jiff,{ lzIff / :jf:Yosf] ;l' jwf tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] pknAwtf xg' \ . To;} u/L
sf7df8f“} pkTosf klg o;} Ifq] cGtut{ k/s] f] xg' fn] oxfs“ f] hg;ªV\ of clws ePsf] xf] . hg;ªV\ ofsf
bl[ i6sf0] fn] kj" f~{ rn ljsf; Ifq] bf;] f| ] :yfgdf cfp5“ . pAhfp ofU] o el" dsf ;fy} oftfoft Pjd\
cfb} o\ fl] us ljsf;sf sf/0fn] ubf{ o; Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\ of a9L 5 . tLj| ¿kdf xb“' } uPsf] ljsf;n]
ubf{ klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] df klg hg;ªV\ of a9L g} 5 . obo\ lk @)%* sf] tn' gfdf @)^* df
sx] L 36s] f] bl] vG5 . o;/L ;b' /" klZrdf~rn / dWo klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] x¿df hg;ªV\ ofsf]
rfk sd xg' fsf kd| v' sf/0fx¿ dWo] efu} fl] ns ljs6tf, ;dtn / pj/{ el" dsf] cefj, oftfoftsf]
pknAwtf gxg' ' ;fy} pbo\ fu] wGbfsf] ljsf; gxg' ' cflbnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 .

lhNNffut ¿kdf xb] f{ lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ ;ae} Gbf w/] } hg;ªV\ of sf7df8f“} lhNnfdf
!&,$$,@$) bl] vPsf] 5, hg' b; jifc{ l3 !),*!,*$% lyof] . sf7df8fs“} f] hg;ªV\ of b; jifd{ f
^!=@# kl| tztn] jb[ l\ w ePsf] bl] vPsf] 5 / ;fnfvfnf jflifs{ jb[ l\ wb/ $=&*Ü /x]sf] 5 . dgfª
lhNnf ;a} eGbf sd hg;ªV\ of ePsf] lhNnf xf] h;df ^%#* hgf dfq /xs] f 5g . o; lhNnfdf
;ae} Gbf sd -–#=**Ü_ jflifs{ hg;ª\Vof jb[ \lwb/ /xs] f] b]lvG5 .

$=@=# u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f

gk] fnnfO{ uf| dL0f / ;x/sf ¿kdf ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . ;j] f ;l' jwfx¿sf] kxr“' sd, oftfoft
;l' jwf kU' g g;ss] f,] ljsf;sf ;fdfGo kj" fw{ f/;dt] kU' g g;ss] f] / efu} fl] ns ¿kdf ljs6 /xs] f
7fpn“ fO{ ufp“ elgG5 . To;} u/L efu} fl] ns ;u' dtf, ;l' jwf ;DkGg / ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/x¿ ku' s] f
:yfgnfO{ ;x/ elgG5 . ljzi] ftM gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;x/ elgG5 . t;y{ hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;x/L / uf| dL0f
Ifq] cg;' f/ ljt/0f bv] fOG5 eg] To;nfO{ uf| dL0f / ;x/L Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f elgG5 .
gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f / ;x/L Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fnfO{ lgDgtflnsfdf bv] fOPsf] 5 M

54 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f -k|ltztdf_

hg u0fgf jif{ u|fdL0f If]q ;x/L If]q

lj=;+ @)%* -;g\ @))!_ *^=! !#=(#

lj=;=+ @)^* -;g\ @)!!_ *#=)) !&=)&

;f| t] M sG] bL| o ltYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*

dflysf] tflnsfdf gk] fn ;/sf/af6 3fl] ift %* cf6] f gu/kflnsfdf -lj=;+ @)^* ;Dd_ /xs] f]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;x/L Ifq] / ;fa] fxs] sf Ifq] df /xs] f hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ uf| dL0f Ifq] sf hg;ªV\ of dfgL
hg;ªV\ of tflnsLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljut @)%* ;fnsf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ !#=( kl| tzt /xs] f]
;x/L hg;ªV\ of @)^* ;fnsf] hg u0fgfdf sx] L jb[ l\ w eO{ !&=*# kl| tztdf ku' s] f] 5 . kl/0ffd
:j¿k uf| dL0f hg;ª\Vof eg] *^=! k|ltztaf6 36]/ *# kl| tzt k'us] f] 5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
o;n] s] bv] fp5“ eg] gk] fndf uf| dL0f Ifq] af6 ;x/L Ifq] df a;fO“ ;g{] jm| d al9/xs] f] 5 . ;j] f, ;l' jwf
tyf /fh] uf/L uf| dL0f Ifq] df eGbf ;x/L Ifq] df a9L pknAw xg' ] xg' fn] dflg;x¿ ;x/L Ifq] tkm{
cfslif{t ePsf x'g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

efu} fl] ns Ifq] cg;' f/ t/fOd{ f / ljsf; Ifq] cg;' f/ dWodf~rndf hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f jb[ l\ w
eO/x]sf] bl] vG5 . o:tf] lsg ePsf] xfn] f, ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg¬xf];\ .

-s_ lxdfn / kxf8df hg;ªV\ of 36b\ } hfb“ f t/fOd{ f hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w xb“' } hfgs' f sf/0fx¿
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ ljsf; Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0fsf] kj| l[ Tt ljZni] f0f ugx{' f;] \ .

$=# ;x/L/s0f / o;sf c;/x¿

$=#=! ;x/Ls/0fsf] cy{

;x/Ls/0f (Urbanization) zAbsf] pTklTt Urans tyf Urbal eGg] Nofl6g zAbaf6 cfPsf] xf] .
Nofl6g efiffsf] Urans / Urbal zAbsf] cy{ kl/:st[ tyf lzi6 ;dfh eGg] xf] .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 55

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;x/ eg/] To:tf] :yfgnfO{ al' emG5, hxf“ 3gf dfgj a:tL le8ef8, ljhn' L, vfgk] fgL, 9n lgsf;,
ahf/, pbo\ fu] , 7n' f7n' f ejg, oftfoft ;~rf/ / dgf/] ~hg ;l' jwf xG' 5 . ;fy} lzIff / :jf:Yo
;l' jwf kofK{ t dfqfdf xG' 5 . ;x/df sl[ ifafxs] cGo k;] f Joj;fodf ;n+ Ug hg;ªV\ of clws xG' 5 .
gk] fndf sfgg' tM lj=;=+ @)!* ;fnbl] v dfq klxnf] k6s %))) hg;ªV\ of ePsf] ;x/L jftfj/0f
h:t} M snh] , Goflos tyf kz| f;lgs sfofn{ ox¿, ahf/, ;~rf/ ;l' jwf, ldn / pbo\ fu] x¿ ePsf]
Ifq] nfO{ ;x/ eg/] kl/eflift ul/of] . jf:tjdf ;x/Ls/0f egs] f] ;x/x¿sf] :yfkgf, ljsf; /
lj:tf/ x'g] ;du| k|lj|mof xf] .

$=#=@ ;x/L If]qsf] juL{s/0f

;x/nfO{ ahf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 . To:t} gu/, gu/kflnsf h:tf zAbx¿n] klg ;x/sf] cy{ lbg]
u5g{ \ . ;x/ cyjf gu/kflnsf aGgsf nflu s:tf s:tf kj" fw{ f/x¿ xg' ' cfjZos 5 eGg] ljifodf
klg rrf{ ug{ cfjZos xG' 5 . gk] fndf :yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g Pg] @)%% n] ;x/nfO{ lgDg efudf
ljefhg u/s] f] 5 . ;fy} ;x/ aGgsf nflu cfjZos dfkb08 / k"jfw{ f/x¿ s] s] rflxG5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ k|:6\ofPsf] klg 5 . hg' lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ M

!_ gu/kflnsf (Municipality)
@_ pkdxfgu/kflnsf (Sub Metropolitian)
#_ dxfgu/kflnsf (Metropolitan)
!= gu/kflnsf

gu/kflnsf aGgsf nflu lgDg lnlvt dfkb08x¿ ku' s] f] xg' k' 5{ M
— t/fOd{ f @),))) xhf/ / lxdfn tyf kxf8df !),))) hg;ªV\ of xg' k' 5{ .
— Gog" td jflifs{ cfDbfgL t/fOd{ f %) nfv, lxdfn tyf kxf8df % nfv xg' k' 5{ .
— ljbo\ t' , ;8s, vfgk] fgL, ;~rf/ / cGo ;x/L ;l' jwf ePsf] Ifq] xg' k' 5{ .
@= pkdxfgu/kflnsf
— sDtLdf ! nfv hg;ª\Vof xg' 'k5{ .
—  !) s/f]8 jflif{s cfDbfgL x'g'k5{ .
— ljbo\ t' , vfgk] fgL, ;~rf/, k6] L ePsf ;8sx¿, lzIff :jf:Yosf] pRr Joj:yf ePsf Ifq] xg' k' 5{ .
— /fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« vn] sf nflu kj" fw{ f/ ePsf,] ;fjh{ lgs kfs,{ ;efux[ / cGo

;x/L ;l' jwf ePsf] If]q xg' 'k5{ .
#= dxfgu/kflnsf

— slDtdf # nfv hg;ª\Vof x'g'k5{ .
—  jflif{s $) s/f]8 cfDbfgL x'g'k5{ .
—  lahn' L aTtL, vfgk] fgL, ;~rf/, k6] L ePsf] dV' o / ;xfos ;8s, ljzi] f :jf:Yo

;'ljwf x'g'k5{ .

56 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

— cfjZos cGt/fl{ i6o« vn] sf nflu kj" fw{ f/x¿ ePsf] xg' k' 5{ .
— pRr lzIffsf ljleGg Ifq] x¿df k;| :t cj;/ sDtLdf Pp6f :yfgLo ljZj ljbo\ fno

x'g'k5{ .
—  kz| :t ;x/L ;'ljwf ePsf] / pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] :t/ k|fKt ul/;s]sf] xg' k' 5{ .

$=#=# g]kfndf ;x/Lx/0fs]f k|j[lTt

gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] ;?' cft 7o\ fSs} oxL ;dobl] v ePsf] xf] eg/] olsg ;fy eGg ;lsg] cj:yf
5g} . obo\ lk Oltxf; / ljleGg wflds{ uG| yx¿ sf] cWoogaf6 s] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 eg] hgsk/' ,
lj/f6gu/, kgft} L, sflGtk/' , efbufp,“ kf6g, nl' DagL cflb 7fpx“ ¿ kf| rLg gu/sf ¿kdf lyP eGg
;lsG5 . kf| rLg sfndf Pl] txfl;s ¿kdf /xs] f oL 7fpx“ ¿df ;dosf] ljsf; jm| d;u“ } ;x/Lx/0f
a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
cfwl' gs ¿kdf xb] f{ gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] bl] vb“ g} . ;g\ !(%@÷%$ -lj=;=+
@))(÷!!_ df ;DkGg kfrf“} hg u0fgfbl] v dfq ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . Tolt
an] f %))) eGbf a9L hg;ªV\ of a;s] f] Ifq] nfO{ ;x/L Ifq] egL u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] . Tolt an] f
gk] fnsf] sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] @=( kl| tzt hg;ªV\ of dfq ;x/L Ifq] df a;fa] f; uy{] . To;kl5sf hg
u0fgfx¿df ;x/Ls/0fsf] kj| l[ Tt lgs} g} al9/xs] f] bl] vG5 . ljzi] ftM gu/kflnsf ePsf] Ifq] nfO{
;x/L Ifq] eGg] ul/G5 . ufps“ f] efu} fl] ns ljs6tf, :jf:Yo, lzIff, /fh] uf/, ;~rf/ / oftfoftsf
;fwg ufpd“ f ;xh ¿kdf pknAw gxg' n' ] klg dflg;x¿ ;x/tkm{ a;fO“ ;/fO ug{] jm| d lgs} g}
al9/x]sf] 5 . t/ ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;Sbf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;d:ofx¿ lglDtg ;Sb5g\ .
t;y{ ca ljsf;sf kj" fw{ f/x¿ ufp“ ufp;“ Dd k¥' ofpg h?/L 5 . gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] kj| l[ TtnfO{
lgDg tflnsfdf k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5M

tflnsf g+= !@ g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|j[lTt -;g\ !(%@÷%$–@)!!_

jif{ ;x/L hg;ª\Vof ;x/L If]q ;x/L hg;ª\Vof
;g\ !(%@÷%$ -k|ltztdf_
dxf÷pk÷g=kf= j[b\lwb/ -k|ltztdf_
@=(
!) cf6] f –

;g\ !(^! #=^ !^ cf6] f $=%#

;g\ !(&! $=) !^ cf6] f #=@#

;g\ !(*! ^=$ @# cf6] f &=%%

;g\ !((! (=@ ## cf6] f %=*(

;g\ @))! !#=( %* cf6] f ^=^%

;g\ @)!! !&=) %* cf6] f #=#*

;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu, @)^*

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 57

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk
ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ ;dx" df ljefhg u/L dflysf] tflnsf cWoog / ljZni] f0f u/fO{ sIffdf k:| tt'
u/fpgx' f;] \ .
$=#=$ ;x/Ls/0fn] hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx¿
pbo\ fu] wGbf, snsf/vfgf;u“ } ;x/Ls/0f kl| jm| of cufl8 a9s] f] xG' 5 . hg' 7fpd“ f pbo\ fu] wGbfsf]
ljsf; xG' 5 To; 7fpd“ f Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] klg la:tf/ xG' 5 . ;x/Ls/0fsf] kl| jm| of;u“ } To; 7fpd“ f
oftfoft, ;~rf/ lahn' L aTtL, ;8snufot cGo ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/x¿sf] la:tf/ xb“' } hfG5 .
To;;u“ } pSt :yfgtkm{ /fh] uf/L, cfo cfhg{ / cGo cj;/sf] vfh] Ldf dflg;x¿ hfg] jm| d a9b\ }
hfG5 . To;s} f] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;x/Ls/0f kl| jm| of tLj| x“'b} hfG5 . o;/L sg' } klg If]qtkm{ dflg;x¿
sl] Gbt| xg' ] jf ;x/Ls/0f xg' ] sfon{ ] hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0fsf Ifq] df ;sf/fTds ;u“ } gsf/fTds
c;/x¿ klg kfg{ ;Sb5 . o;/L ;x/Ls/0f kl| jm| ofn] dfgj tyf jftfj/0fLo Ifq] df kfg{] ;sf/fTds
tyf gsf/fTds k|efjx¿nfO{ ab“' fut ¿kdf tn ki| 6o\ fOPsf] 5 M
!= ;x/Ls/0fn] hg;ª\Vofdf kg]{ c;/x¿
-s_ ;x/Ls/0fn] hg;ª\Vofdf kg]{ ;sf/fTds c;/

 lzIff tyf :jf:Yodf kx'“r a9fp“5 .
 r]tgfsf] :t/ pRr agfp5“ .
 /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x¿ j[b\lw u/fp“5 .
 hLjg:t/ pRr agfpg ;xof]u u5{ .

58 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

 dflg;sf] k;] f jf Joj;fodf kl/jtg{ u/fp5“ .
 dgf]/~hgsf j}slNks cj;/x¿ a9fp5“ .
 ;fgf] kl/jf/ k|lt cfslif{t u/fp“5 .
 dlxnfx¿sf] :t/ dfly p7fpg ;xof]u u5{ .
 dflg;x¿n] cfkm" df ePsf] IfdtfnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ kfp5“ g\ .
 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/df kx'“r a9fp“5 .
-v_ ;x/Ls/0fn] hg;ª\Vofdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/

 dflg;x¿sf] rfk jf le8ef8 a9fp“5 .
 w/] } dflg;x¿sf] rfkn] ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf kb| i" f0fx¿ a9g\ uO{ dfgjLo :jf:Yodf

c;/ k¥' ofp5“ .

 vfbo\ fGg, cfjf; / vfg] kfgLsf] cefj l;h{gf u5{ .
 ljbo\ fno tyf :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf clws rfk kg{ uO{ u0' f:t/Lo lzIff / :jf:Yosf]

cj;/af6 jl~rt u/fpg ;S5 .

 ljleGg lsl;dsf ljsl[ t tyf lj;ªu\ lt a9g\ uO{ ;fdflhs ;/' Iff vnalng ;S5 .
 ck/fwhGo ljm| ofsnfkx¿ a9b\ uO{ lhp wgsf] c;/' Iff a9b\ 5 .
 ;8s, oftfoft, 9n lgsf; tyf lahn' Lsf] kxr“' df sdL xg' ;S5 .
 /fh] uf/Lsf Ifq] df c:j:y kl| t:kwf{ a9fp5“ .
 hfltut, wfld{s ;fy} juLo{ lje]bx¿ a9g\ ;S5 .
@= ;x/Ls/0fn] jftfj/0fdf kg]{ c;/x¿

-s_ ;x/Ls/0fn] jftfj/0fdf kg]{ ;sf/fTds c;/x¿
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 59

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b dflg;df 1fg tyf rt] gfsf] ljsf;n] jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf nfUg kl]| /t u/fp5“ .
 jftfj/0f ;DaGwL r]tgf a9fp“5 .
-v_ ;x/Ls/0fn] jftfj/0ofdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/x¿

 Wjlg, hn, jfo' / el" d kb| "if0f u/fp“5 .
 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fn] ubf{ jftfj/0fnfO{ kb| l" ift agfp5“ .
 jg hª\unsf] ljgfz u/fp5“ .
 k|fsl[ ts ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ Iflt u/fp“5 .
 ljiffSt Uof;“ x¿sf] pTkfbgn] ubf{ jfod' 08nnfO{ kb| l" ift kf5{ .

jg:klt / ;Dk0" f{ hl} js, hLjhGt' dflg; / chl} js j:tl' ar kf| sl[ ts ;Gtn' gdf sdL
Nofp“5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfO“{ a;s] f] 7fp“ ufp“ jf ;x/ s] xf] < ;x/Ls/0f aGb} u/s] f] Ifq] klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ / ;x/Ls/0f
aGgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kj" fw{ f/x¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/L ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
ckgfpg] pkfox¿sf af/]df ;d"xdf cGtlj|mo{ f ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ n]Vg¬xf];\ M

-s_ pkdxfgu/kflnsf aGgsf nflu slt hg;ªV\ of / jflifs{ slt cfDbfgL xg¬ k¬ 5{ <
-v_ lj=;= @))(÷!! sf] hg u0fgfcg;¬ f/ gk] fnsf] ;x/L hg;ªV\ of slt kl| tzt /xs] f] lyof] <
-u_ ;x/Ls/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
@ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ n]Vg¬xf];\ M
-s_ ;x/L Ifq] sf] juLs{ /0fnfO{ tflnsf agfO{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ ;x/Ls/0fn] hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0fdf kg{] ;s/fTds / gs/fTds c;/x¿sf]

klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .
# = 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ M

-s_ gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] kj| l[ Tt
-v_ dxfgu/kflnsf

60 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

PsfO % kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff

%=! kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] kl/ro

lzz'
e"|0f afns

;r] g dfgj hLjg rj|mkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b lszf/]

dT[ o' oj' f
j[b\w

dflg; cfdfsf] ued{ f e0|" f cj:yfaf6 lj:tf/} ljsf; eO{ jm| dzM lzz,' afns, lszf/] , oj' f, kf| 9}
cj:yf / cGTodf jb[ w\ cj:yfdf kU' 5 . dfgj hLjgsf oL ljleGg r/0fx¿df s] s:tf s/' fx¿sf]
cjZostf k5{ < tL s/' fsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] eGg] af/d] f cfjZos 1fg lbO{ JolStnfO{ ;Ifd,
ofU] o, :j:y, stJ{ olgi7 agfO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;v' do agfpg lbOg] lzIff g} kfl/jfl/s hLjg
lzIff xf] .

dflg; kl/jf/df hGdG5 / kl/jf/d} db5{ . hGdkl5 / dT[ oc' l3sf] hLjgdf p;nfO{ w/] } ks| f/sf
1fgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . /fdf| ] g/fdf| ,] l7s al] 7s, 7n' f] / ;fgfl] arsf] leGgtf, kl/jf/ ;dfh /
JolStlarsf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbOG5 . To;} u/L kfl/jfl/s ljsf;sf r/0f, ljjfx,
;Gtfgsf] pTklTt, kh| gg ;/+ rgf / kl| jm| of, ofg} ljsf;, ;dfhsf dN" o dfGotf, kfl/jfl/s hLjg;u“
kT| oIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kn] ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifo j:ts' f af/d] f hfgsf/L lbOG5 . hLjgsf af/d] f
:jtGq ¿kn] ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] ;xL lg0fo{ lng ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ugs{ f nflu lbOg] cfwf/et" lzIff
g} kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff xf] .

kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] cfjZostf afNosfnbl] v g} ;?' xG' 5 . lszf/] fj:yfdf ;ae} Gbf a9L
cfjZos k5{ . lsgeg] of] cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s j[b\lw ljsf; tLj| ¿kdf x'G5 . zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s
/ efjgfTds kl/jtg{ x¿ eO/xG5g\ . lszf/] lszf/] Lx¿df ljleGg lsl;dsf ptf/ r9fj /
tgfjx¿ kb} f eO/xG5g\ . kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] ug{] Jojxf/ af/] hfgsf/L gxb“' f ljleGg lsl;dsf

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 61

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;d:ofx¿ bv] f k5{g\ . o:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;xL ;dfwfg ug{ l;sfpg] tyf pgLx¿sf ef}lts,
;fdflhs, ;j+ u] fTds / gl} ts ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] lzIff g} kfl/jfl/s lzIff xf] .

kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffn] dfgj ljsf; jm| dsf r/0fdf xg' ] ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf cge' jx¿ kb| fg u5{ .
h:tM} dflg; oj' f ePkl5 ljjfx u5,{ aRrf hGdfp5“ , cfdf afa' aGb5 / jb[ w\ xG' 5 . cfkm" / cfkmg\ f]
;dfhsf af/d] f /fd/| L ae' m\ 5 . dflg;sf] hGd sj] n afR“ gsf nflu dfq geO{ hLjgnfO{ ;v' do agfpg,'
;fdflhs dfg kl| ti7f kf| Kt ug'{ xf] . To;} u/L kl/jf/leq dfof, kd]| , ;be\ fj, ;xofu] , cfb/ ;/' Iff
x/] rfx ugs{ f nflu xf] eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffn] u/fp5“ .

-c_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] If]q

JolSt JolSt ldn/] kl/jf/ aG5 / kl/jf/ kl/jf/ ldn/] ;dfh aG5 . ljjfx u/k] l5 JolSt
kl/jfl/s aGwgdf afl“ wG5 . jj} flxs hLjgsf] ;'?cft;“u} gof“ kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] yfngL x'G5 .
PSnf] hLjg lg/fzfhgs, lg/ys{ / ;v' bM' vdf ;fy lbg] sfx] L gxg' ] xg' fn] x/s] dflg;n] ljjfx u5g{ \
/ kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] ;?' cft u5g{ \ . kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf Ifq] x¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ ljefhg u/L cWoog
ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= ljjfxsf] cj:yf

leGgfleGg} jftfj/0f / kl/jz] df xs' s{] f bO' { leGg JolStlar ljjfx xG' 5 . pgLx¿ jw} flgs ¿kdf
Ps} 7fpd“ f a;L 3/hd u5g{ \ . oL bO' s{ f] JolStTj, afgL Jojxf/, ;+:sf/, ?lr dN" o dfGotf,
cfjZostf km/s xg' ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf klt kTgLlar /fdf| ] ;dembf/L agfO{ cfTdLotfsf]
efjgf ljsf; u/fpg'k5,{ h;n] kfl/jfl/s hLjgnfO{ cfgGbdo / ;'vdo agfp“5 .

@= kl/jf/ lj:tf/sf] cj:yf

ljjfxkl5 klt kTgLn] cfk;L ;/;Nnfxdf kl/jf/ ofh] gf agfpgk' 5{ . klxnf] ;Gtfg sg' ;dodf
hGdfpg,] klxnf] / bf;] f| ] aRrfsf] lardf ;dosf] cGt/ slt /fVg,] cfDbfgLsf] ;f| t] s;/L a9fpg] eGg]
;Nnfx u/L ;Gtfg hGdfpgk' 5{ . pgLx¿sf] plrt :ofxf/ ;Def/ ugk{' 5{ . cfdf afas' f ¿kdf
lhDdj] f/L jxg ugk{' 5{ . cfkmg\ f 5f/] f 5f/] Lx¿nfO{ gl} ts dN" o dfGotf, cfTd cg;' f;g, cfkm" eGbf
7n' fsf] cf1f kfng, cfkmg\ f] sfd cfkm}“ ug{] h:tf s/' fsf] cEof; u/fpgk' 5{ . o;df klt kTgL bj' s} f]
pTt/bfloTj xg' ] ePsfn] 3/ Jojxf/ / aRrfsf] nfng kfngdf bj' s} f] ;dfg ;xeflutf /xgk' 5{ .

#= afn k|lzIf0fsf] cj:yf

of] cjlw ;ae} Gbf nfdf] xG' 5 . lsgeg] o; r/0fdf gful/s aGgsf nflu p;sf] pRr JolStTj
ljsf;sf nflu ;xL lzIff lbg] cj:yf xf] . o; cj:yfdf kj" { kf| ylds txbl] v pRr tx;Ddsf] lzIff
k|bfg ul/G5 . cfdf afa'n] cfkmg\ f] Ifdtfn] EofP;Ddsf ;l' jwf / plrt lzIff lbgk' 5{ . cfwf/et"
txkl5 lzIff s:tf] lbg,] sg' ljifo k9g\ kl]| /t ug{] eGg] s/' fsf] lg0fo{ ubf{ afn aflnsfsf rfxgf
ljrf/ / efjgfnfO{ klg kf| yldstfdf /fVg'k5{ .

62 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= ;Gtfgsf] hLjg ofkgsf] cj:yf

o; cj:yfdf ;Gtfg plrt lzIff / l;k kf| Kt u/L cfTd lge/{ xG' 5g\ . cfcfkmg\ f] k;] f Joj;fo
;DxfNg ;Sg] cj:yfdf kU' 5g\ . cfTdlge/{ ePkl5 pgLx¿ ljjfx ofU] o xG' 5g\ . kl/jf/df 5f/] f
5f/] Lx¿n] gof“ bfDkTo hLjg ;?' u5g{ \ . kl/jf/df 5f/] f ax' f/L jf 5f/] L HjfOn“ ] gof“ dfGotfsf]
kl| tlglwTj u5{g\ . To:t,} k/' fgf :yflkt dfGotfsf] k|ltlglwTj cfdfafan' ] u5{g\ . o; cj:yfdf
k/' fgf] / gof“ dfGotflar slxns] fxL“ c;dembf/L l;hg{ f xg' ;S5 . of] cj:yf cfpg glbg bj' } kIfn]
Ps csfs{ f] efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] / v;' L kfg{] ko| f; u/d] f kl/jf/ ;v' L / v;' L aGg ;S5 .
kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;v' do agfpg 5f/] f 5f/] Ln] cfdfafan' fO{ cfb/ efjn] xg] {] ;Ddfg ug,{] tyf pxfx“ ¿
kl| t cfkmg\ f] stJ{ o k/' f ugk'{ 5{ . cfdfafan' ] klg gof“ dN" o / dfGotfsf ;fy} k/' fgf dN" o /
dfGotflar ;fdGh:o sfod u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;xL af6f] bv] fpg] ko| f; ugk{' 5{ .

%= lj>fdsf] cj:yf

of] cj:yf cfdfafas' f] jb[ w\ fj:yf xf] . jb[ w\ cj:yfdf kj| z] u/s] f cfkmg\ f cfdf afan' fO{ cfb/efj
JoSt u/L w/] e} Gbf w/] } dfof ugk'{ 5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ >bw\ f / dfofsf] a9L cfjZostf k5{ . pgLx¿af6
3/sf] /v] bv] xg' ,] gflt, gfltgL, xs' fp{ g ;xofu] kU' g,] sl7g kl/l:yltdf xf;} nf kf| Kt xg' ] xg' fn]
kl/jf/sf] ljsf;df pgLx¿sf] ;ljm| o el" dsf /xG5 . To;n} ] jb[ w\ sf] ;Ddfg ug{' kl/jf/sf x/s]
;b:osf] stJ{ o xf] . jb[ w\ x¿n] klg ;do / kl/l:yltnfO{ ae' m/] kl/jz] nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{] ko| f; ug,{]
wflds{ k:' ts k9g\ ,] syf ;G' g,] cWoflTds lrGtg ug,{] kq klqsf k9g\ ,] 3d' lkm/ ug,{] ofu] cflb ug{]
h:tf sfo{df cfkm" nfO{ Jo:t /fVg'k5{ .

-O_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxTTj

kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff hLjgsf x/s] r/0fx¿df clt cfjZos / dxTTjk0" f{ 5 . ;fg} pd/] bl] v
kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff kfPsf afn aflnsf cfkmg\ f zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf ;j+ u] fTds
ljsf;af/] ;rt] /xG5g\ . lszf]/fj:yfsf] kl/jtg{ df ;fx] Lcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . kfl/jfl/s
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp5“ g\ . o;af6 cfdfafa' v;' L x'G5g\ / kl/jf/ klg ;'vL xG' 5 .
kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDg ab'“ fdf klg JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 M

1. kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffn] cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo /Iff tyf kj| wg{ ug{ ;xofu]
k'¥ofp“5 .

2. hg;ªV\ of lgoGq0fsf nflu cg'sn" jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .
3. aRrfx¿nfO{ efiff l;sfO ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
4. oj' fx¿nfO{ kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofsf] ;fdfwfg ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
5. gjbDktL tyf cfdfafan' fO{ cfkmg\ f] bfloTj ;kmn / ke| fjsf/L 9ªu\ n] lgjfx{ ug{ ;Sg]

agfp“5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 63

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b6. kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] cge' j cfleefjs tyf cGo dflg;;u“ cfbfg kb| fg ug{
;xof]u u5{ .

7. /fd|f] kfl/jfl/s of]hgf agfO{ ;v' L kfl/jfl/s hLjg latfpg ;xof]u u5{ .
-O{_ kl/jf/sf] kl/ro

kl/jf/ ;dfhsf] klxnf] ;ªu\ l7t cfwf/et" PsfO xf] . of] cfkmd} f Pp6f ;fgf] ;+;f/ klg xf] . of]
Pp6f jz+ ut ;dx" xf,] hxf“ leGg leGg lnªu\ / pd/] sf dflg;x¿ k/:k/ cfTdLo tyf efjgfTds
;DaGw /fvL ;ªu\ l7t eP/ a:5g\ . dflg; kl/jf/df hGdG5, xs' G{ 5 / hLjg ofkg u5{ . o;sf
nflu dflg;nfO{ c¿sf] ;xofu] , ;be\ fj / ddtfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . kl/jf/df a:bf Pp6f
JolStaf6 csf{] JolStn] dfof, ddtf, :gx] , cfb/, ;be\ fj / ;xofu] kf| Kt u5g{ \ . To;n} ] kl/jf/sf]
ljsf; ePsf] xf] . kl/jf/sf] ;?' cft slxnb] l] v ePsf] xf] eGg] s/' fsf] jf:tljs tYofªs\ kmn] f
k/s] f] 5g} tfklg dfgj ljsf;sf] jm| ddf 9ª' u\ ] ou' bl] v kl/jf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

Pp6} 5fgfdl' g a;L, Pp6} efG;fdf vfg] cfdfafa,' 5f/] f5f/] L, gftL gfltgf, wd{ kq' , wd{ kq' Lsf]
;DaGwåf/f ufl“ ;Psf ;b:ox¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ kl/jf/ elgG5 . o:tf] ;DaGw /ut, ljjfx / efjgfTds
;DaGwåf/f uf“l;Psf] x'G5 .

-p_ kl/jf/sf] dxTTj

kT| os] JolStsf nflu kl/jf/ clt cfjZos / dxTTjk0" f{ xG' 5 . kl/jf/lagf dfgj hLjgsf]
kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsb“ g} . kl/jf/sf] dxTTjnfO{ tnsf ab“' faf6 :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

1. kl/jf/af6 dfof, cfkmg\ f]kg, ;'/Iff, ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 .
2. kl/jf/af6 kfl/jfl/s, wflds{ , ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts, cfWoflTds, gl} ts 1fg kf| Kt

x'G5 .
3. kl/jf/ ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf] dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .
4. kl/jf/n] j+znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 .
5. kl/jf/n] gof“ k:' tfnfO{ 1fg, l;k, cge' j / ;:+ sl[ tsf af/d] f 1fg x:tfGt/0f u5{ .
6. la/fdL cj:yf, czSt cj:yf / a9' o\ fn} Ldf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 dfof ddtf /

x]/rfx x'G5 .
&= kl/jf/af6 JolStn] lhpg] cfwf/ / xf};nf kf| Kt u5{ .
*= JolStnfO{ PSnfk] g / g/} fZoaf6 d'St agfp5“ .
-pm_ kl/jf/sf] lsl;d

kl/jf/sf] :j¿k ljsf; xb“' } hfb“ f sfnfGt/df kl/jf/sf] juLs{ /0f xg' yfNof] . kl/jf/sf, ljzi] ftf
el" dsf, agf6] cflbsf cfwf/df kl/jf/sf] juLs{ /0f xg' yfNof] . kl/jf/nfO{ Psn / ;o+ S' t u/L bO' {
ks| f/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

64 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

-s_ Psn kl/jf/

hg' kl/jf/df cfdfafa' / pgLx¿sf 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿ dfq
/xG5g\ To:tf] kl/jf/nfO{ Psn kl/jf/ elgG5 . Psn
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ kf| oM ;fgf] xG' 5 t/ w/] } hgf 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿
ePsf] kl/jf/ Psn kl/jf/ eP/ klg ;ªV\ ofdf 7n' f] xg'
;S5 . Pp6f bDktLn] cfkmg\ f] 5f/] fsf] ljjfx u/L p;sf
;Gtfg gx'Ghn] ;Ddsf] cj:yf g} Psn kl/jf/ xf] . o:tf]
kl/jf/df cfdfafan' ] g} kl/jf/sf] ;Dk0" f{ vr{ h6' fp5“ g\ .
ljsl;t /fi6x« ¿df ;fgf] cfsf/sf] Psn kl/jf/sf] kr| ng
a9L dfqfdf kfOG5 . gk] fndf klg Psn kl/jf/sf] kr| ng jm| dzM a9b\ } uPsf] 5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
Psn kl/jf/sf kmfObfx¿ Psn kl/jf/sf ak] mfObfx¿

—kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf cfjZostf, OR5f, —sd ;/' Iff xG' 5 / ;dGjosf] cefj xg'

rfxgf k'/f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;S5 .

—kl/jf/ ;ªV\ of sd xg' ] xg' fn] eme} mu8f —emu8f / ;d:of kbf{ ;dfwfg ug{ sl7g
sd xg' ] cj:yf /xG5 . xG' 5 .

—kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] /fdf| ] x/] rfx ug{ — cl3Nnf] k:' tfsf] dN" o dfGotfdf sdL

;xh x'G5 . xg' ;S5 .

—kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿lar dfof ddtf —c¿kl| tsf] dfof Pjd\ efjgfTds
xG' 5 . ;DaGwdf sdL xG' 5 .

—lg0fo{ ug{ / lg0fo{ lng :jtGqtf xG' 5 . —bj' } hgf k;] f ug{] bDktLnfO{ aRrf
xs' fp{ g uf/f] xG' 5 .

— s6] f s6] Lx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs tyf
;f:+ sl[ ts Jojxf/ / dN" o dfGotf l;Sg]

cj;/ sd x'G5 .

-v_ ;+o'St kl/jf/

kl/jf/df ltg jf ;fe] Gbf a9L k:' tf Ps} 7fp“ a;d] f To:tf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;o+ S' t kl/jf/ dflgG5 . o:tf]
kl/jf/df afh] aHo,} cfdfaa' f, bfhe' fO, 5f/] f 5f/] L, efph,' ax' f/L, gflt gfltgLx¿ u/L ltg cyjf
;fe] Gbf a9L k:' tfn] Pp6} efG;fdf vfg] / a;fa] f; ug{] u5g{ \ . To:tf] kl/j/nfO{ ;o+ S' t kl/jf/
elgG5 . ;+o'St kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ k|foM 7n' f] x'G5 . jf:tjdf PseGbf a9L bDktLx¿ Pp6} 3/df
;ufn] df a:g] kl/jf/ g} ;o+ S' t kl/jf/ xf] . o:tf] kl/jf/ rnfpg vr{ a9L nfU5 . To;}n] cfo;f| t]

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 65

klg a9L x'gk' 5{ . kl/jf/df sdfpg] ;b:osf]

;ªV\ of a9L x'gk' 5{ . 7'nf] kl/jf/df sfd ug{

;Sg] ;a} ;b:ox¿ ldn/] kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL ;+o'St kl/jf/
a9fpgk' 5{ . To;u} /L cfDbfgLsf cfwf/df vrs{ f] emNsg] lrq
kf| yldstf lgwf/{ 0f u/L cfDbfgL / vrl{ ar ;Gtn' g

sfod /fVg'k5{ . ta dfq kl/jf/sf] sNof0f

xG' 5 . g]kfndf Psn kl/jf/sf] tn' gfdf ;o+ 'St

kl/jf/sf] kr| ng a9L 5 . klZrdL hLjg zn} Lsf]

ke| fj / bDklt sfdsfhL xg' s' f sf/0f Psn

kl/jf/sf] kr| ng klg a9b\ } uPsf] bl] vG5 . ;o+ S' t

kl/jf/nfO{ klg ;fgf] cfsf/sf] agfP/ Jojl:yt
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . h:tM} xh/' af, xh/' cfdf, cfdfafa' / Ps jf bO' { hgf dfq aRrfx¿

ePsf] kl/jf/ ;fgf] cfsf/sf] ;o+ S' t kl/jf/ xf] .

;+o'St kl/jf/sf kmfObfx¿ ;+o'St kl/jf/sf a]kmfObfx¿

—cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ;j+ u] fTds ;/' Iff xG' 5 . —kl/jf/sf ;b:o cnu a:g vfh] d] f
efuaG8fsf] l:ylt cfp5“ .

—afnaRrfsf] /fdf| ] x/] rfx xG' 5 . —kl/jf/df ;dfg Jojxf/ gePdf snx xg' ;S5 .

—;fdflhs dN" o dfGotf, rfnrng, —kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o ldn/] cfDbfgL a9fpg]
k/Dk/fsf af/d] f hfgsf/L kf| Kt xG' 5 . sfd gu/d] f cefjsf] hLjg afR“ g' kg{] xG' 5 .

—lszf/] fj:Yffdf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf —cfDbfgL a9L ug{] / sd cfDbfgL ug{] ;b:olar
;xofu] kU' 5 . dgd6' fj xg' ;S5 .

—Joj;fo jf vt] LkftL ug{ ;xh xG' 5 .
—;dfhdf 3n' ldn xg' ] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; xG' 5 .

xfdLdWo] sltnfO{ Psn kl/jf/ dg k5{ eg] sltnfO{ ;o+ S' t kl/jf/ dg k5{ . ;fgf] cfsf/sf] ;o+ S' t
kl/jf/ klg pkoS' t dflgG5 . xfdL ;a}sf] pb\b]Zo cfkmg\ f] kl/jf/nfO{ ;'vL / ;d[b\w agfpg' xf] .
kl/jf/nfO{ ;v' L agfpg / kl/jf/ sNof0fsf nflu kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffn] 7n' f] dbt u5{ .

-p_ kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ afR“ g, xs' g{ , kl/jf/sf] pGglt ug{ cfkmg\ f] kl/jf/nfO{ ;v' L / ;db[ w\ agfpg
ljleGg s/' fx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ . tL cfjZostf k'/f x'g ;sd] f dfq kl/jf/ ;v' L x'G5 .
kl/jf/df ;b:ox¿sf] ;ªV\ of ylkb“ } hfb“ f kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ a9b\ } hfG5 . kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ a9b\ }
hfg] / cfDbfgLsf] ;f| t] ;Lldt /xs] f] cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf cfwf/et" cfjZostfx¿ k/' f xg' ;Sbg} g\

66 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b/ Gog" hLjg:t/ afR“ gk' g{] cj:yf l;hg{ f xg' ;S5 . To;n} ] cfDbfgL vr{ / kl/jf/ ;ªV\ ofsf lardf
;Gtn' g sfod ug]{ ko| f; ugk{' 5{ . cfwf/et" txsf cfjZostfx¿df vfgf, cfjf;, nTtf sk8f,
:jf:Yo, lzIff / ;/' Iff kb5{ g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk
ljleGg ;dx" df ljeflht vfbo\ fGg, cfjf; lzIff / :jf:Yo oL rf/ cf6] f cfjZostfsf cfwf/df
Psn jf ;o+ S' t sg' kl/jf/ /fdf| ] xf,] 5nkmn u/L ;dx" ut ljrf/ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

cEof;
! = tnsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ kl/jf/ ;dfhsf] s:tf] PsfO xf] .
-v_ cfwf/et" txsf cfjZostfleq sg' sg' cfjZostf kb5{ g\ <
-u_ aRrfx¿sf] /fdf| ] x/] rfxsf nflu s:tf] kl/jf/ pkoS' t xG' 5 <
-3_ ;o+ S' t kl/jf/df slt k:' tf;Dd /xG5g\ <
-ª) kl/jf/sf] cfsf/n] s] s/' fnfO{ ae' mfp5“ <
@ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf rf/ cf6] f dxTTj nV] gx' f;] \ .
-v_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf Ifq] x¿sf] j0fg{ ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ tkfOn“ fO{ Psn jf ;o+ S' t sg' kl/jf/ dg k5{ sf/0f lbgx' f;] \
-3_ kl/jf/sf cfwf/et" cfjZostfx¿ dWo] sg' } ltg cf]6fsf] j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
# = km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ M
-s_ Psn kl/jf/ / ;o+ S' t kl/jf/
-v_ cfwf/et" cfjZostf / cltl/St cfjZostf
$= sf/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ ;fgf] kl/jf/ g} ;'vsf] cfwf/ xf] .
-v_ kl/jf/sf] cfsf/cg';f/ cfDbfgLsf] ;f| t] x'gk' 5{ .
-u_ kl/jf/sf] cfsf/nfO{ ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s dN" o dfGotfn] ke| fj kfb5{ .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 67

%=@ kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf cfdfafa' jf cleefjssf] pTt/bfloTj
ljm| ofsnfk

lgDg kZ| gdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \ M

cfkmg\ f cleefjsaf6 s] s:tf cfkmg\ f cleefjsx¿sf nflu s] s] ug{
s/' fx¿sf] ckI] ff ugx{' G' 5 < ;Sgx' G' 5 <

kl/rokf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

cfdfafa' jf cleefjs aGg' ;fdfGo s/' f xfO] g . bDktLn] aRrfnfO{ hGd lbG5g\ . hGd lb“bd} f
aRrf kl| tsf] lhDdj] f/L k/' f xb“' g} . cfkm\gf aRrfsf] plrt nfng kfng, /fd|f] lzIff, /fd|f] :jf:Yo
pkoS' t gl} ts dN" o / dfGotfsf] ljsf; u/L :j:y, pTkfbgzLn, :jfjnDaL / stJ{ o afw] ug{ ;Ifd
gful/ssf ¿kdf :yflkt ugk{' 5{ . kl/jf/ afnssf] klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] eg] cfdfafa' p;sf klxnf
u?' xg' \ . cfkmg\ f] ;GtfgnfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;a} s/' fsf] Joj:yf u/L ;Ifd gful/s agfpg' g}
cfdfafa'sf] pTt/bfloTj xf] .

cfdfafas' f] pTt/bfloTjleq cfkmg\ f ;Gtfgsf] plrt kfng kfi] f0f ug{] /fdf| ] lzIff lbg] :j:y /
tGb?' :t /fVg,] dfof :gx] tyf ;bJojxf/ ug{' h:tf sfox{ ¿ k5g{ \ . cfdfafas' f] plrt /v] bv] /
;xofu] n] afn aflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / ;j+ u] fTds ljsf; xG' 5 . cfhsf
slnnf afn aflnsfx¿ eljiodf kl/jf/sf] cfzf e/f;] fsf sG] b,| ;dfhsf sd7{ JolStTj / bz] sf
s0fw{ f/ aG5g\ . lhDdj] f/ cfdfafas' f] pbb\ Z] o cfkmg\ f ;Gtfg ;kmn, ;Ifd tyf eljiodf lhDdj] f/
cfdfafa' klg aGg ;sg" \ eGg] /x]sf] 5 .

cfdfafa' :jfefljs ¿kdf cfkmg\ f ;Gtfg kl| t ljzi] f ;j+ b] gzLn xG' 5g\ . o:tf lsl;dsf kj| l[ Tt
dflg; nufot kzk' IfL tyf hgfj/x¿df klg ;lhn} bV] g ;lsG5 . of] :jfefljs kl| jm| of / kj| ml[ t
k|bTt lgod xf] .

-c_ ;Gtfgk|lt cfdfafa'sf] pTt/bfloTj

cfkmg\ f ;Gtfgkl| t cfdfafan' ] lgjfx{ ugk{' g{] pTt/bfloTj / lhDdj] f/Lx¿ w/] } 5g\ . tL dWo] kd| v'
pTt/bfloTj / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ cfo;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg

kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿ k/' f ug{ kl/jf/df lgoldt ¿kdf kf| Kt xg' ] /fdf| ] cfDbfgLsf] ;f| t] cfjZos
xG' 5 . cfkmg\ f] cfDbfgLnfO{ ljrf/ u/L kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ lgwf/{ 0f ug{ afa' cfdfsf] el" dsf dxTTjk0" f{
/xG5 . kl/jf/sf] cfo;|f]t / kl/jf/sf] cfsf/df ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{k5{ . o;f] ug{ ;s]df
kl/jf/sf kT| os] ;b:on] kl/jf/df pknAw ;fwg, ;f| t] / ;l' jwfsf] ;dfg ¿kn] pkofu] ug{
kfp5“ g\ . kl/jf/sf cfjZostfx¿ k/' f xg' s' f ;fy} pRr :t/sf ;l' jwfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

68 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bu0' f:t/Lo kfl/jfl/s hLjg kf| Kt xG' 5 . o;/L cfkmg\ f ;GtfgnfO{ pRr hLjg :t/df xs' fp{ g tyf
/fdf| ] cflys{ dfkb08df k¥' ofpg cfdfafas' f] lhDdj] f/L / ;xeflutfsf] ljzi] f dxTTj /xG5 .

-v_ lzIffsf] Joj:yf

lzIff kf| Kt u/s] f] dflg;n] ;xh ¿kdf hLjg ofkg ug{ ;S5 . hLJfg lhpg] jm| ddf cgs] f} ks| f/sf
;d:ofx¿ efU] gk' g{] xG' 5 . cfkmg\ f ;GtfgnfO{ ;fgb} l] v c;n / /fdf| s/' fx¿, ld7f zAbx¿, /fdf|
/ c;n cfr/0f l;sfpg' bj' s} f] stJ{ o xf] . cfkmg\ f ;GtfgnfO{ lzIff cfhg{ sf nflu ljbo\ fno hfg
kl]| /t ugk{' 5{ . u0' fjfg\ / lzlIft agfO{ cfkmg\ f] kf/} vdf afR“ g ;Sg] bIf, ;Ifd / :jfledfgL gful/s
aGg ;xofu] k¥' ofpg' cfdfafas' f] bfloTj xf] . lhDdj] f/ cfdf afaa' f6 afn aflnsfn] ;dfhdf
:jfjnDaL gful/s aGgsf nflu cfTd ljsf;sf] /fdf| ] cj;/ kf| Kt u5g{ \ .

-u_ ;Gtfgsf cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{

cfkm" n] hGd lbPsf ;Gtfgsf nflu kfl} i6s cfxf/, nTtf sk8f :j:ys/ jftfj/0f, :jR5 / zb' w\
lkpg] kfgL, plrt /v] bv] , dgf/] ~hg cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{' cleefjssf] lhDdj] f/L xf] . cfkmg\ f
5f/] f5f/] Lsf ;a} cfjZostf k/' f u/L xs' fp{ g ;Sg] u/L eljiosf] ofh] gf agfpg' cfdfafas' f]
pTt/bfloTj xf] . 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿nfO{ ;fdfhLs/0f ug,{] efs] , /fu] / c;/' Iffaf6 hfu] fpg,] pd/] cg;' f/sf
cfjZostf / rfxgfnfO{ ae' mL ;fx] Lcg¿' ksf] Jojxf/ ugk{' 5{ . afn clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ko| fu] ug{'
cfdfafas' f] pTt/bfloTjleq k5{ . oL sfox{ ¿sf cltl/St kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ cgz' f;gdf
/fVg,' cfkm" klg cgz' f;gdf a:g,' cfodn" s sfdx¿ u/L cfkmg\ f] kl/jf/nfO{ ;v' L, ;db[ w\ zfnL /
cfbz{ kl/jf/sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{' klg cleefjssf] bfloTj xf] .

-3_ ;Gtfg ;ª\Vofsf] lgwf{/0f

bDktLn] cfkm" x¿ cfdfafas' f] el" dsfdf kj| z] uge{' Gbf cufl8 slt hgf 5f/] f5f/] L hGdfpg] /
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ s:tf] / sqf] agfpg] eGg] s/' fsf] lg0fo{ lngk' 5{ . o;f] u/s] f v08df cfkmg\ f]
kl/jf/nfO{ ;v' L / v;' L /fVgs' f ;fy} 3/ kl/jf/ Jojl:yt ¿kn] rnfpg ;lsG5 . lhDdj] f/
cfdfafan' ] kl/jf/sf ;d:of ae' m/] dfq xb“' g} , kl/jf/df ;d:of cfpg glbgsf nlfu ;dodf g}
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;Lldt /fVg cfjZos pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' 5{ . lhDdj] f/ cfdfafan' ] cfkmg\ f]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ c;n dfu{df 8f]¥ofpgk' 5{ . kl/jf/df b]vfk/]sf ;fgf tyf 7'nf ;a}
ks| f/sf ;d:ofsf] plrt ;dfwfg vfH] gk' 5{ . kl/jf/df cfpg ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv/]
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ lgdf0{ f ugk{' 5{ . kl/jf/df ;d:of/lxt cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f ug{ cfdfafas' f] lhDdj] f/L
/ ;xeflutfnfO{ pko'St dflgG5 .

-ª_ hGdfGt/

cfdfafan' ] pkoS' t pd/] df ;Gtfg hGdfO{ :gx] k0" f,{ ddtfoS' t / dfofn' jftfj/0fdf xs' fp{ gk' 5{ .
klxnf] ;Gtfg cfdfafas' f] plrt /v] bv] df xs' /{] ljbo\ fno hfg yfln;sk] l5 bf;] f| ] ;Gtfgsf] ofh] gf
ugk{' 5{ . 5f6] f] ;dodf w/] } ;Gtfg hGdfPdf pgLx¿nfO{ plrt /]vbv] ug,{] ;do, ;fwg / ;f| t] sf]

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 69

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcefj xG' 5 . cfdf / aRrf b'js} f] :jf:Yo cj:yf lau|G5 . kl/jf/sf] cfo;|f]t sd x'g] / vr{ a9\g
uO{ cflys{ cj:yf gfhs' xb“' } hfG5 . cfkmg\ f ;GtfgnfO{ u0' f:t/Lo hLjg ofkg ug{ ;Ifd agfO{
;G' b/ eljiotkm{ 8f¥] ofpg bO' { ;Gtfglar plrt hGdfGt/ /fVg' cfdfafas' f] pTt/bfloTj xf] .
rf/ kfr“ jifs{ f] cGt/df aRrf hGdfpgfn] cfdf / aRrf bj' s} f] :jf:Yo /fdf| ] xG' 5 . aRrfnfO{ /fdf| ]
x/] rfx / u0' f:t/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;j] f, ;l' jwf pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . plrt hGdfGt/af6
cfdfafan' ] cfkmg\ f] k;] f Joj;fo / jl[ Tt ljsf;df ;do lbg kfp5“ g\ . To;n} ] ;Gtfg slt jifs{ f]
km/sdf hGdfpg] eGg] uDeL/ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ sfd klg cfdfafa' s} xf] .

-r_ ;fdflhsLs/0f

cfkmg\ f 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿nfO{ cfkm" a;s] f] 3/, ;dfhsf ;fdflhs dN" o, dfGotf, Jojxf/x¿ l;sfO
;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xhLs/0f cfdfafas' f] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ lhDdj] f/L xf] . 3/ afn aflnsfsf]
klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] eg] cfdfafa' klxnf u?' xg' \ . cfkmg\ f 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf 3n' ldn eP/
;kmn ;fdflhs hLjg afR“ gsf nflu cfjZos kg{] 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;xofu]
ugk{' 5{ . o;sf nflu kT| oIf / ckT| oIf ¿kdf ;do ;dodf lgbz{] g / tflnd lbO{ ;dx" df 3n' ldn
u/fpg, cgz' f;gdf a;fpg, ;fdflhs lgodx¿ kfngf u/fpg, ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ x6fpg
;xof]u ug'{k5{ .

-5_ :jf:Yo :ofxf/

;Gtfg hGdfP/ cfdfafa' aGbd} f aRrf kl| tsf] bfloTj k/' f xb“' g} . cfkmg\ f aRrfx¿nfO{ ljleGg
ks| f/sf /fu] x¿ nfUgaf6 hfu] fpg :jf:Yo sG] bd| f ljleGg /fu] lj?bw\ sf vfk] x¿ nufpgk' 5{ .
pgLx¿sf] JolStut ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbgk' 5{ . kfl} i6s cfxf/ ;j] g u/fpg,] ;do ;dodf aRrfsf]
:jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg,] la/fdL k/s] f] ;dodf :j:Yo ;:+ yfdf nuL /fdf| ] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'
cfdfafa'sf] dxTTjk"0f{ pTt/bfloTj tyf lhDd]jf/L xf] .

-h_ :j:y kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwsf] Joj:yf

c;n kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf nflu kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw ;d' w/' xg' k' 5{ . o;sf nflu kl/jf/df cfk;L
;Dembf/L, ljZjf;, dofb{ f, dfof, kd]| , ;be\ fj xg' ' cfjZos xG' 5 . kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw ;d' w/' agfpg
cfdfafan' ] lhDdj] f/Lkj" s{ sfd ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . klt kTgLlar dfof kd]| / ;dembf/L sfod ug{] 5f/] f
5f/] LnfO{ kIfkft gug,{] ;fgf ltgf s/' fdf ljjfb gug,{] ;v' / bM' vnfO{ ldn/] kf/ ug{] dgfj] l[ Ttsf]
ljsf; u/fpg] sfddf cfdfafas' f] el" dsf dxTTjk0" f{ xG' 5 . ;w}“ 5f/] f5f/] Ldf ljeb] ug{] ;an} fO{
;dfg Jojxf/ gugf{n] kl/jf/df czflGt x'G5 . kl/jf/df o:tf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g glbg
cfdfafa'sf] k|d'v bfloTj x'G5 .

cf_ cfdfafa'sf] e"ldsf

cfdfafa' ÷cleefjs kl/jf/df ;ae} Gbf dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf lgjfx{ ugk{' g{] JolStTj xg' \ . cfkmg\ f
afn aflnsfsf] kfng kfi] f0f ug{] jm| ddf ljleGg ks| f/sf el" dsf lgjfx{ ugk{' g{] xG' 5, h:tM} slxn]

70 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

;fyL, slxn] lzIfs, slxn] 1fgsf] ;f| t] sf ¿kdf el" dsf lgjfx{ ugk{' 5{ . cfkmg\ f aRrfsf] hGdbl] v
gxs' G{' hn] ;Dd pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;j+ u] fTds kIfx¿sf] ljsf;df cfdfafas' f] k0" f{
lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . of] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ cfdfafa'n] lgDgfg';f/sf] e"ldsf lgjfx{ u'g{k5{ M

-s_ gLlt lgdft{ f -v_ cgs' /0fLo JolStTj -u_ u?' / ky kb| zs{

-3_ pTk/]| s -ª_ ldq

cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ hGdb] l] v afnssf] sg' sg' kIfsf] ljsf;df cfdfafas' f] k0" f{ pTt/bfloTj /xG5 <
-v_ cgs' /0fLo JolStTjsf] pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\ .
@ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-s_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \ .
-v_ cfdfafa'sf k|dv' e"ldsfx¿ s] s] xg' ,\ j0f{g ugx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ cfdfafan' ] lgefpgk' g{] kd| v' pTt/bfloTj / lhDdj] f/Lx¿ s] s] xg' ,\ ;ªIfk] df j0fg{

ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg :t/ psf:g cfdfafas' f] ;xeflutfn] s:tf] el" dsf lgjfx{ u5,{

cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] pbfx/0f lbO{ ljj]rgf ugx{' f];\ .
#= 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ .

-s_ ;Gtfgsf] nfng kfngdf cfdfafas' f] lhDdj] f/L
-v_ cfo;f| t] sf] Joj:yfkg
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0f
$= tkfOn“{ fO{ sg' ks| f/sf] kl/jf/ dgk5{ / lsg <
%= kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxTTjdfly ks| fz kfgx{' f;] \ .
%=# ljjfx
-c_ ljjfxsf] kl/ro

;fdfGo cyd{ f ljjfx eGgfn] bO' { ljk/Lt lnªu\ sf JolStx¿sf] cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf sfod ul/g]
;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] kl| jm| of xf] . hg' ;s' } ;dfhdf ljjfxn] dxTTjk"0f{ :yfg cfu] 6s] f] xG' 5 . k/fk"j{
sfnbl] v g} ljjfxnfO{ dlxnf / k?' ifsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{] gl} ts cfwf/sf ¿kdf dflgb} cfPsf] 5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 71

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljjfxn] c;Eo / 5f8f ofg} ;DaGwnfO{ lg?T;flxt
u5{ . of}g cfjZostfnfO{ ;J' ojl:yt Pjd\ lgolGqt
9ª\uaf6 k'/f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . dfgj ;dfhn]
ckgfPsf] / :jLsl[ t lbPsf] o:tf] jw} flgs kr| ngnfO{
g} ljjfx elgG5 . ljjfxnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf]
5, æljjfx kl/jf/sf] ;?' cftsf nflu :yflkt Ps
;:+ yf xfÆ] -dfgj zf:qsf] zAbsfz] _

dlxnf / k?' ifsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cfcfkmg\ f] dN" o, dfGotf,
k/Dk/f ;:+ sl[ t /Lltl/jfh tyf sfgg' L kl| jm| of cg;' f/
Ps cfk;df >Ldfg\ >LdtL eO{ a:g] dGh/' L ePsf]
cj:yfnfO{ g} ljjfx elgG5 .

;ªI\ fk] df eGg' kbf{ ljjfx ;fdflhs tyf wflds{ /
sfgg' L kl| jm| ofcg?' k bO' { ljk/Lt lnªu\ larsf] ;DaGw
xf] . xfdf| ] ;fdflhs Jojxf/df dlxnf / k?' iflar lgDg cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f ePdf To;nfO{ ljjfx dfgL
sfgg' L ¿kaf6 kd| fl0ft ul/G5 M

— wflds{ /Lltl/afh, ;:+ sf/ / k/Dk/fcg;' f/ jj} flxs ;DaGw ePdf

— dlxnf / k?' ifn] cfk;df ;DaGw sfod u/L bDktLsf] cfr/0f u/d] f,

-cf_ ljjfxsf k|sf/

dV' otof xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ltg ks| f/sf ljjfx a9L kr| ngdf 5g\ M

-s_ dfuL ljjfx

pd/] ku' s] f s6] f / s6] Lsf cleefjsn] pgLx¿sf] dGh/' Ldf cfkmg\ f] ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/ / k/Dk/fcg;' f/
ul/lbg] ljjfxnfO{ dfuL ljjfx elgG5 .

-v_ k|]d ljjfx

pd/] ku' s] f s6] f / s6] Llar cfk;L ;dembf/L / dGh/' L eP/ xg' ] ljjfxnfO{ kd]| ljjfx elgG5 .

-u_ sfg'gL ljjfx
pd/] ku' s] f s6] f / s6] Ln] sfgg' df Joj:yf ePcg;' f/ cbfntaf6 >Ldfg\ >LdtL ePsf] kd| f0f kq
lnO{ bfDkTo hLjgdf afl“ wg] ljjfxnfO{ sfgg' L ljjfx elgG5 .

xfdf| ] bz] df ljleGg hfthfltx¿ 5g,\ ltgLx¿n] cfcfkmg\ } /Lltl/jfh, k/Dk/f ;:+ sl[ tcg¿' k ljjfx
ug]{ rng 5 .

72 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-O_ ljjfxsf] pd]/

ljjfx dfgj hLjgsf] clgjfo{ cfjZostf xf] . ljjfx h'g;s' } pd/] df ug{'x“'b}g . sfgg' / :jf:Yosf
bl[ i6n] pkoS' t dflgPsf] pd/] df ugk{' 5{ . o:tf] ljjfxn] ofg} :jf:Yo, kh| gg :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds
k|efj kfb{5 . sd ;Gtfg hGdG5g\, hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f x'G5 .

gk] fnsf] sfgg' df cleefjssf] :jLsl[ tdf dlxnf / k?' if bj' s} f] pd/] !* jif{ k/' f ePdf / cfkm" v;L
ljjfx ug{ @) jif{ pd/] k/' f ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . slnnf] pd/] df ljjfx u//] t?' Gt} uew{ f/0f ubf{ cfdf
/ aRrf bj' s} f] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . slnnf] pd/] df dlxnfsf kh| gg cªu\ sf] ljsf;
/fd|f;] u“ ePsf] xb“' g} . k|hgg cjlw nfdf] xg' uO{ w/] } ;Gtfg hGdG5g\ . dlxnfsf] pd/] #% jif{ k/' f
ePkl5 kh| ggsf bl[ i6n] ljjfxsf nflu pkoS' t dflgb“ g} . pd/] , lzIff, tflnd, cfo;f| t] cflbsf
bl[ i6n] kl/kSj ePkl5 dfq ljjfx ug{' pkoS' t dflgG5 . oj' f oj' tLx¿n] /fdf| ] lzIff xfl;n u/L,
kh| gg :jf:Yosf bl[ i6sf0] fn] dlxnfsf] pd/] @) jif{ / k?' ifsf] pd/] @% jif{ k/' f ePkl5 ljjfx ug{'
clt pTtd elgG5 .

-O{_ sd pd]/df ul/g] ljjfxaf6 x'g] a]kmfObfx¿

ljjfxsf nflu sfgg' L / kh| ggsf bl[ i6n] pkoS' t pd/] geO{ ul/g] ljjfxnfO{ sd pd/] df ul/g] ljjfx
elgG5 . o:tf] ljjfxn] dlxnf / k?' ifsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf, aRrfsf] :jf:Yo kl/jf/sf] cflys{ ,
;fdflhs / zl} Ifs ljsf;df gsf/fTds ke| fj kfb5{ . sd pd/] df ul/g] ljjfxaf6 xg' ] ;d:ofx¿
lgDg ab“' faf6 :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

1. lzIff kf| Kt ug{ cfjZos ;do kf| Kt x“b' g} .
2. vfg,] vN] g,] /dfpg] pd/] df kfl/jfl/s aGwgdf afl“ wgk' 5{ .
3. JolStnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, cflys{ / :jf:Yosf bl[ i6n] ljjfxkl5sf]

lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ uf/f] x'G5 .
4. dlxnfsf kh| gg cªu\ x¿ kl/kSj xb“' g} g\ . o;af6 lgDg ;d:ofx¿ cfp5“ g\ M

 kf73] /sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] xG' 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sd tf}nsf] aRrf hGdg] / lzz'
d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

 kf73] / slnnf] / kf73] /sf] dv' sdhf/] xg' ] xg' fn] ue{ tl' xg ;S5 .
 cfdfsf] ued{ f gf} dlxgf k'/f geO{ l56f] aRrf hGdg ;S5 . To:tf] aRrf

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kn] k0" f{ ¿kdf ljsl;t gx'g ;S5 .
5. dlxnfn] cfod"ns l;k l;Sg] cj;/ kfp“b}gg\ .
6. dlxnfn] cfo cfhg{ sf] sfd ug{ g;Sbf kfl/jfl/s cj:yf sdhf]/ xg' ;S5 .
7. dlxnf tyf k?' ifdf kh| gg kl| jm| of, kl/jf/ lgofh] g tyf dftl[ zz' :jf:Yo ;j] f ;DaGwL

hfgsf/Lsf] cefj x'G5 .
8. 5f6] f] ;dodf w/] } ;Gtfg hGdg uO{ slnn} pd/] df z/L/ sdhf/] xG' 5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 73

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b9. ckl/kSj pd/] sf] ljjfxn] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw sdhf/] xg' ;S5 .
10. >Ldfg\ >LdtLlar cfTdLo ;DaGwsf] ljsf; gxg' ;S5 . o;n] dfgl;s czflGt

k}bf u5{ .

-p_ pko'St pd]/df ul/g] ljjfxaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿

gk] fnsf] sfgg' adfl] hd cleefjssf] :jLsl[ tdf dlxnf / k?' if bj' s} f] pd/] !* jif{ k/' f ePkl5 ljjfx
ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . o;n} fO{ ljjfxsf nflu pko'St pd]/ dflgPsf] 5 . cleefjssf] :jLst[ Llagf
cfkm" v;' L ljjfx ug{ bj' s} f] pd/] @) jif{ k/' f ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . o:tf] ljjfxaf6 dlxnf / k?' ifnfO{ xg' ]
kmfObfnfO{ lgDg ab“' fx¿af6 :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

 cfjZos dfqfdf lzIff xfl;n ug{] dfs} f k|fKt xG' 5 .
 cfodn" s l;k l;Sg] cj;/ kf| Kt u/L /fh] uf/L kfpg ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
 /fh] uf/L kf| Kt u/L cfTdlge/{ eO{ JolStTj ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
 cfodn" s Jofj;fo u/L kl/jf/sf] cflys{ , zl} Ifs / :jf:Yo :t/df ;w' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
 afn aflnsfn] /fdf| ] kfng kfi] f0f x/] rfx / /fdf| ] lzIff lbIff kf| Kt u5g{ \ .
 aRrf hGdfpb“ f cfdf / aRrf bj' s} f] :jf:YonfO{ sd vt/f xG' 5 .
 cfdfaa' fdf 1fg tyf rt] gfsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . pgLx¿ lhDdj] f/ xG' 5g\ / afn aflnsfsf]

;'vL eljiosf] of]hgf agfpg ;S5g\ .
 kl/jf/df ;an} fO{ kfl} i6s / ;Gtl' nt cfxf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ / :j:y ¿kdf aRrf

x'sf{pg ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
 ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s Ifq] df sfd ug{ cj;/ ldN5 .
 k9g\ ,] l;Sg,] vN] g,] /dfpg] pd/] sf] k0" f¿{ kdf pkofu] ug{ kfOG5 . o;af6 :j:y z/L/

Pjd\ dl:tissf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
 k?' if tyf dlxnfn] ljjfxkl5sf] ;Dk0" f{ lhDdj] f/L jxg ug{ ;S5g\ .
 kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof ;fgf] x'G5 .
 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ¿kn] :j:y eO{ bfDkTo hLjg ;v' do xG' 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf cfdfafas' f] :jLsl[ tdf ljjfx ug]{ slt 5g\ < sfgg' n] tfs] a] dfl] hdsf] pd/] df
ljjfx ug{] bDktLx¿ slt 5g\ < lgDgcg;' f/ ;r" L tof/ kf/L ;dx" df 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ / lgisif{
lgsfNg'xf];\ .

;db' fo÷Ifq] sf] gfd ;/+ Ifssf] dGh/' Ldf ljjfx sfgg' cg;' f/ ljjfx sd pd/] df ljjfx
ug{] bDktLsf] ;ªV\ of ofU] o pd/] df ljjfx ePsf bDktLsf] ;ªV\ of
ePsf bDktLsf] ;ªV\ of

74 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b%=$ kfl/jfl/s of]hgf

ofh] gf eGgfn] sg' } klg sfo{ uge{' Gbf cufl8 Tof] sfo{ lsg ug,{] s;/L ug,{] s;sf nflu ug,{] slxn]
ug,]{ egL ul/g] k"j{ tof/L eGg] a'lemG5 . ljjfx ePkl5 kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] ;?' cft xG' 5 .
kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;?' xg' e' Gbf cufl8 ljjfx sg' pd/] df ug,{] cfo;f| t] sf nflu sg' k;] f jf Joj;fo
ckgfpg] eGg] ofh] gf agfpgk' 5{ . slt hgf ;Gtfg hGdfpg,] ljjfxkl5 klxnf] ;Gtfg sg' ;dodf
hGdfpg,] To;sf nflu s:tf] tof/L ug,{] klxnf] / bf;] f| ] ;Gtfgsf lardf slt ;dosf] cGt/
/fVg] eGg] ofh] gf klg clgjfo{ ugk{' 5{ . hGdfGt/sf nflu s;n] ->Ldfg÷\ >LdtL_ sg' c:yfoL
;fwgsf] ko| fu] ug,{] cfkmg\ f ;Gtfgsf] kfng kfi] f0f, lzIffbLIffsf] tof/L s;/L ug{] eGg] klg ofh] gf
tof/ xg' k' 5{ . o; k|sf/ tof/ ul/Psf] sfos{ f] ¿k/]vfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s of]hgf elgG5 .

x/s] bDktLn] cfkmg\ f] kl/jf/df pknAw ;fwg / ;f| t] nfO{ Wofgdf /fv/] ke| fjsf/L ofh] gf lgdf0{ f
ugk{' 5{ . To:tf] ofh] gfdf kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL, vr,{ lzIff, cgz' f;g, k;] f, Jofj;fo afn aRrfsf]
kfng kfi] f0f tyf kfl/jfl/s hLjg;u“ ;DalGwt ;Dk0" f{ kIfx¿ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] xg' k' 5{ . ke| fjsf/L
kfl/jfl/s ofh] gfn] kl/jf/sf Gog" td cfjZostfx¿ k/' f ug{ dbt k¥' ofp5“ . To;} u/L pRrtd
kfl/jfl/s ;dembf/L sfod ug,{ cfdf / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo /Iff ug,{ :j:y ;v' L / ;db[ w\ kl/jf/
lgdf{0f ug{ dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjfx{ u5{ .

-c_ kfl/jfl/s of]hgf lgdf{0fdf dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf

xfdf| ] ;dfhdf kl/jf/df ul/g] sg' } klg lsl;dsf ofh] gf / sfox{ ¿df dlxnfsf] el" dsfnfO{ dxTTj
xG' 5 . ljsl;t /fi6x« ¿df kl/jf/sf ;a} ks| f/sf ofh] gf / sfox{ ¿df dlxnfsf] el" dsfnfO{ k?' if
;/x a/fa/ dfGotf lbOG5 . ædnfO{ lzlIft cfdf bp] m, d ltdLnfO{ c;n /fi6« lbG5Æ' eGg] gk] fl] nog
afg] fkf6s{ f] egfOaf6 klg kl/jf/df cfdfsf] el" dsf dxTTjk0" f{ 5 eGg] s/' f :ki6 xg' cfp5“ . To;n} ]
xfdf| ] bz] df klg kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ug{] sfod{ f dlxnfsf] k?' if ;/x ;dfg ;xeflutf xg' '
clt cfjZos 5 .

jf:tjdf dlxnfx¿ xfdf| ] ;fdfhsf ;zSt / ;ljm| o ;b:o xg' \ . sn' hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfwfeGbf a9L
;ªV\ ofdf /xs] f gk] fnsf dlxnfx¿sf] kl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ fdf dxTTjk0" f{ lhDdj] f/L xg' k' 5{ .
xfdf| wflds{ dfGotfx¿n] klg kl/jf/ ;~rfngdf dlxnfsf] el" dsfnfO{ kd| v' :yfg lbPsf 5g\ .
kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0fd{ f dlxnfsf] ;n+ Ugtf a9fpg lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M

 kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ fdf dlxnfsf] ;n+ Ugtf ;DaGwL rt] gf clejb[ l\ w ug{ rt] gfdn" s
cleofg ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ .

 dlxnfnfO{ kl/jfl/s of]hgfdf ;n+ Ug u/fpg] kbw\ lt kl/jf/af6} ;?' ugk{' 5{ .

 dlxnfx¿nfO{ kl/jf/ sNof0f ;DaGwL lzIff, tflnd, ;xofu] , jl[ Tt ljsf;sf nflu
kof{Kt cj;/x¿ k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 75

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf x/s] kIfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpgk' 5{ .
 dlxnfx¿nfO{ afn aRrfsf] x/] rfx, 3/wGbf, vt] LkftLdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL kfl/jfl/s

hLjgdf cfOkg{] ;d:ofx¿sf] plrt ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L lg0ffo{ s
e"ldsf lbg'k5{ .
 kl/jf/df xg' ] hg' ;s' } ;j+ b] gzLn ultljlwx¿df dlxnfnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;xefuL
u/fpg'k5{ .
 ;dfhdf xg' ] pT;j, e6] 3f6, dn] fkjd{ f hd36 xg' ] l5ds] L, ;fyLx¿, ;fdflhs
sfos{ tfx{ ¿, kf| 9} dlxnf cflbnfO{ kfl/jfl/s ofh] gfsf] lgdf0{ f / ;kmntfkj" s{ sfofG{ jog
ug]{ sfo{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{k5{ .
 ;dfhsf cuj' f dlxnfx¿n] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/, kl/jf/ sNof0f, pkoS' t pd/] df ljjfx,
pkoS' t pd/] df ky| d uew{ f/0f, hGdfGt/ h:tf ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpgk' 5{ .
 lhDdj] f/ cfdfafas' f] el" dsf lgjfx{ ug,{ kl/jf/sf] cflys{ zl} Ifs / :jf:Yo :t/ dfly
p7fpg dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .
 ljzi] f u/L uf| dL0f Ifq] sf dlxnfx¿ tyf hgtfx¿nfO{ kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ;fwgx¿sf]
ko| fu] , lzz' tyf cfdfsf] :jf:Yo x/] rfx ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbO{ ;ljm| o el" dsf lgjfx{
ug{ k|]l/t ug'{k5{ .
 :yfgLo ;f| t] af6 pknAw xg' ] kfl} i6s cfxf/, ;?jf /fu] af6 arfj6, 3/ j/k/sf]
;/;kmfO ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbO{ ;ljm| o el" dsf lgjfx{ ug{ nufpgk' 5{ .
 lzlIft dlxnfx¿n] ;dfhsf ;j;{ fwf/0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ f /
sfof{Gjogsf ljleGg kIfdf cfjZos ;xofu] ugk{' 5{ .
 dlxnfx¿ xfdf| ] ;dfhsf ;j;{ fwf/0f hgtfx¿df rt] gf hufpg] kd| v' JolStTj / ;f| t]
JolSt xg' pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfhsf x/s] sfddf ;ljm| o u/fpgk' 5{ .
 ;dfh kl/jt{gdf dlxnfx¿sf] el" dsf dxTTjk0" f{ xG' 5 . To;n} ] pgLx¿sf sfd k|lt
a9L ljZjf; / e/f;] f /fVg'k5{ . cfly{s sf/f]jf/ / cflys{ pGgogsf ultljlwdf
dlxnfnfO{ ;lj|mo u/fpg'k5{ .
 ;fdfhdf kl/jtg{ sf] nx/ cfPkl5 :jefljs ¿kdf kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ fdf
dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9\b} hfG5 .
— cfkm\ gf] sdfOnfO{ cfkmn“} ] vr{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L dlxnfnfO{ clwsf/ lbgk' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOs{“ f] ;db' fodf sfo/{ t kfr“ cf6] f ;:+ yfsf] gfd nv] L tL ;:+ yfdf dlxnf ;n+ Ugtf 5 5g} < 5g}
eg] lsg 5g} < 5 eg] Toxf“ dlxnfn] u/s] f sfdx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ u/L Pp6f kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] \
/ sIffdf k|:t't u/L 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \ .

76 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

k|ltj]bgsf] 9f“rf

;db' fodf sfo/{ t ;:+ yfdf dlxnfsf] ;:+ yfn] ug{] dlxnfsf] 5 eg] sfd 5g} eg] sf/0f
;:+ yfsf] gfd ;+nUgtf÷kb sfdx¿ ;n+ Ugtf 5÷5g}

-cf_ eljiosf nflu kl/jf/ of]hgfkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf kj| z] uge'{ Gbf cufl8 g} eljiodf xg' ] kl/jf/sf nflu cfjZos kj" fw{ f/;lxtsf]
ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ug{' g} eljiosf nflu kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf xf] . kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff Pp6f dxTTjk0" f{
zl} Ifs kl| jm| of xf] . o;n] pkoS' t tl/sfaf6 kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ f ug{] sfo{df ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .
cfhsf oj' f eljiosf lhDdj] f/ cfdfafa' xg' \ . kl/jf/kl| t cfkmg\ f] pTt/bfloTj / lhDdj] f/LnfO{
;kmntfkj" s{ jxg ug{ jtd{ fgdf g} eljiosf nflu ;fR] gk' g{] xG' 5 . efjL kfl/jfl/s hLjg lgdf0{ fsf
nflu cfjZos kj" fw{ f/x¿sf af/d] f hfgsf/L kf| Kt ugk{' 5{ . o:tf] lzIff kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf]
cWoogaf6 kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . oj' fx¿sf] kh| gg Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ NofO{ ab' l\ wdTtfkj" s{ eljiosf
nflu kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf agfpg] sfod{ f kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxTTjk0" f{ :yfg /xG5 . eljiosf
nflu kl/jf/ ofh] gfaf6 xg' ] kmfObfx¿nfO{ tnsf ab“' fx¿af6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M

 kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xofu] k'U5 .

 aRrf hGdfpg] pko'St ;do lgwf/{ 0f ug{ ;xof]u kU' 5 .

 kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf c:yfoL ;fwgx¿sf] 5gf6] / ko| fu] df ;xofu] kU' 5 .

 kl/jf/df pknAw cfly{s ;f| t] sf] kl/rfngdf ;xofu] kU' 5 .

 cfdf / aRrfsf] pkoS' t tl/sfn] x/] rfx / ;/' Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

 kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/ pRr agfpg ;xof]u u5{ .

 kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿lar c;n kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;xofu] kU' 5 .

ljm| ofsnfk
tnsf kZ| gx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO“{ tkfO“{ cfkmg\ f] eljiosf nlfu kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf s;/L tof/
ugx{' G' 5 < ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L 5nkmnaf6 kf| Kt lgisifs{ f cfwf/df kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ f u/L
k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ sg' sg' tx;Dd cWoog ug]{ <

-v_ sg' k;] f÷Joj;fo ug{] <

-u_ sg' pd/] df ljjfx ug{] <

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 77

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-3_ sg' pd/] df klxnf] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] <
-ª_ slt hgf 5f/] f 5f/] L hGdfpg] <
-r_ hGdfGt/ slt ;dosf] xg' ] <
-5_ s;/L / sxf“ a:g] <
%=% j[b\wfj:yf / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
;dosf] kl/jtg{ ;u“ } lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] Ifq] df pNnv] gLo ljsf; eO/xs] f] 5 . o;af6 dflg;n] kf| Kt
u/s] f] :jf:Yo lzIff, ckgfpg] hLjg zn} L / kf| Kt :jf:Yo ;j] f / ;l' jwfsf sf/0f jm| dzM dT[ ob' / 36b\ }
uO/xs] f] 5 . dflg;sf] ;/b/ af“Rg] cfo' kl| tlbg a9\b} uO/xs] f] 5 . dflg;sf] cfo' nlDab} hfg'
egs] f] jb[ w\ x¿sf] hg;ªV\ of a9g\ ' xf] . ;dosf] ultn] lglZrt xb kf/ u/k] l5 dflg; jb[ w\
cj:yfdf k|j]z u5{ .

%=%=! j[b\wfj:yf
-s_ j[b\w cj:yfsf] kl/ro
dfgj hLjg ultzLn 5 . dflg;n] hGd lnG5, xs' G{ 5 a95\ , sd{ u5{, a'9f] xG' 5 / db5{ . o;}nfO{
g} hLjg dflgG5 . kT| o]s dfl;gn] hLjgsf oL ;a} cj:yfx¿ kf/ ugk'{ 5{ . hGdkl5sf ljleGg
cj:yfx¿ kf/ ub{} hfb“ f dflg;df hl} js, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs kl/jtg{ x¿ cfp5“ g\ . pd/] n] ^) jif{
k/' f ePkl5 jm| dzM dflg;sf cªu\ x¿ / k0| ffnLx¿sf] sfddf lzlyntf cfp5“ . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf
sdhf/] xb“' } hfG5 . z/L/sf] efl} ts cfsl[ tdf kl/jtg{ ÷a9' o\ fn} Lsf ;ªs\ t] x¿ bl] vG5g\ . dfgl;s
¿kn] ;dt] czSt xb“' } hfg] hLjgsf] of] cj:yfnfO{ jb[ w\ cj:yf elgG5 . jb[ w\ cj:yf lg/Gt/
rln/xg] ks| l[ t kb| Tt lgod xf] . dflg;n] rfx/] jf grfx]/ j[b\w cj:yf x'g] xf]Og . of] dflg;sf]
lgoGq0f eGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] . kY[ jLdf ePsf ;a} ;hLj / lghLj{ j:tx' ¿ ;do laTb} hfb“ f k/' fgf
x'“b} hfG5g\ .
78 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-v_ j[b\w cj:yfsf sf/0fx¿

 z/L/sf] kl| t/Iff zlSt sdhf/] xb“' } hfg'
 zf/Ll/s an, tfst 36b\ } hfg'
 dfgl;s tgfj a9b\ } hfg'
 aRrf cj:yfdf pkoS' t lsl;dsf] x/] rfx, kfl} i6s vfgf, vfk] kf| Kt ug{ g;Sg'
 nfdf] ;do;Dd ladf/L kg'{
 kl/jf/df ;lhn} ;dfofh] g xg' sl7g xg' '
 w/] } zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s sfd ug{'
 af/Daf/ /fu] n] ;tfpg'

-u_ j[b\w cj:yfdf b]lvg] kl/jt{gx¿

jb[ w\ cj:yfdf w/} lsl;dsf kl/jtg{ x¿ b]vfk5{g\ . s'g} l56f] / s'g} lj:tf/} bv] fk5g{ \ . j[b\w
cj:yfdf 3/sf] jftfj/0f kl/jt{g x'G5 . ;fyLefO sd x'“b} hfG5g\, cfDbfgL 36\b} hfG5 .
kl/jf/df e"ldsf kl/jt{g x'G5 . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ;+/If0fdf a:g'k5{ . ;fdflhs k|lti7f kl/jt{g x'G5 .
jb[ w\ cj:yfdf xg' ] kl/jtg{ nfO{ lgDg ab“' fx¿af6 :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g

 z/L/sf] 5fnf ;'vf x'g] / rfp/L kg]{ xG' 5 .
 1fgl] Gbo| x¿ -cfv“ f, sfg, gfs, lhaf| ,] 5fnf_ sf] Ifdtf sdhf/] xG' 5 .
 efs] gnfUg] jf vfgfdf ?lr sd x'G5 .
 z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff zlSt sdhf]/ x'G5 .
 lgbf| sd nfUg], vfgf kfrg xg' w/] } ;do nfUg] xG' 5 .
 kh| gg xdg{ sd xb“' } hfG5, dlxgfjf/L aGb xg' ] / ofg} zlSt 36b\ } hfg] h:tf

zf/Ll/s kl/jtg{ bl] vG5g\ .

dfgl;s kl/jt{g

 ;Demgf zlSt 36\b} hfG5 .
 lg0f{o ug{] Ifdtf tyf l;h{gzLntf 36b\ } hfG5 .
 wflds{ ljm| ofsnfkdf a9L ;lj|motf b]lvG5 .
 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtf 36b\ } hfG5 .
 oj' f lk9“ Lsf Jojxf/ kl| t c;Gtl' i6 a95\ .

;fdflhs kl/jt{g

 ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutf hgfpg g;Sg] x'G5 .
 PSnf]kgsf] dx;'; x'G5 .
 afn aflnsf kl| t dfof, kd]| , ;befj / x/] rfx ug{] ?lr a95\ .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 79

 kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhaf6 dfof, kd]| / cfb/efjsf] ckI] ff a9L xG' 5 .
 cfkmg\ f] pd/] ;d"xsf JolSt;“u cfkmg\ f efjgf JoSt ug]{ rfxgf j[bl\ w xG' 5 .

efjgfTds kl/jt{g

 l56f] l/;fpg] x'G5 .
 s'g} klg ljifok|lt ?lr 36\b} hfg] x'G5 .
 k'/fgf s'/fx¿sf] ;Demgf a9L cfpg] x'G5 .

cfly{s kl/jt{g

 c?dfly cfl>t x'g'k5{ .
 k];f÷Joj;fo 5f8\g'k5{ .
 cfly{s ;|f]t 36\5 .

-3_ j[b\w cj:yfsf ;d:of
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
dflg;sf] pd/] a9b\ } hfb“ f :jfefljs ¿kn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cflys{ , ;fdflhs, efjgfTds ¿kn]

pm sdhf/] xb“' } hfG5 . o; cj:yfdf bl] vg] ;d:ofnfO{ lgDg ab“' fdf :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M
 k];f Joj;fo ug{ g;Sg'
 z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff zlSt sdhf]/ x'g'
 ljleGg ks| f/sf -d6' ,' kmfS] ;f,] Zjf; kZ| jf;, dwd' x] cflb_ /fu] x¿n] a9L ;tfpg'
 cfv“ f, sfg, 5fnf, lk;fa gnL / cGo cªu\ x¿ sdhf/] xb“' } hfg'
 cfkm\gf ;fdfGo sfdsf nflu c?sf e/df kg'{

o:tf] cj:yfdf jb[ w\ x¿ kl| t ;be\ fj, dfof, ddtf clt cfjZos / dxTTjk0" f{ xG' 5 . jb[ w\ cj:yf
cfkmd} f ;d:of xfO] g, zf/Ll/s ljsf;jm| d, dfgl;s ultljlw / ljm| ofsnfkn] jb[ w\ fj:yfsf] cj:yf

l;hg{ f ePsf] xf] . jb[ b\ wfj:yfnfO{ rg' ft} Lsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] xg' fn] o;nfO{ hg ;fªl\ VosLsf] Pp6f

dxTTjk0" f{ kIf dflgPsf] 5 . ^) jife{ Gbf dfly pd/] sf dflg;n] pTkfbgsf ultljlw ;xefuL xg'

g;Sg] xg' fn] hg;ªV\ ofsf] bl[ i6df o:tf] pd/] sf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ lglijm| o hg;ªV\ of elgG5 . o:tf]

hg;ªV\ ofn] bz] sf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df kT| oIf jf ckT| oIf ¿kn] ke| fj kf5{ . ljsf;f]Gdv'

/fi6x« ¿sf] tn' gfdf cfb} o\ fl] us / ljsl;t bz] x¿df kf| 9} x¿sf] hg;ªV\ of jb[ l\ w hl6n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf
bv] f k/s] f] 5 . o;sf] dV' o sf/0f ljsl;t bz] x¿df dflg;sf] afR“ g] cf;} t cfo' a9b\ } hfg' xf] .

gk] fndf jb[ w\ hg;ªV\ ofsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] ljifodf tnsf] tflnsfaf6 :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

tflnsf g+ !

gk] fndf ^) jife{ Gbf dflysf jb[ w\ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljj/0f kl| tztdf

pd]/÷lj=;+= 2018 2028 2038 2048 2058 2068

^)± 5=19 5=62 5=74 5=81 6=5 8=13

;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu @)^*

80 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

dflysf] tflnsfdf jm| dzM jb[ w\ x¿sf] ;ªV\ of a9b\ } uPsf] bl] vG5 . o;sf] dV' o sf/0f ;/b/ cfo'
a9g\ ,' dT[ ob' / sd xg' ,' cfwl' gs :jf:Yo ;j] f / pkrf/ kbw\ ltsf] ko| fu] xg' ' xf] . gk] fnsf hgtfsf]
cf;} t cfo' jb[ l\ wsf] jm| d tnsf] tflnsfaf6 xg] { ;lsG5 M

tflnsf g+ @

cf;} t cfo' -jifd{ f_

;fn 2018 2028 2038 2048 2058 2068

cf;} t cfo' 31 37 45 54=4 60=7 68

;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofªs\ ljefu @)^*

cf;} t cfo' hgtfsf] hLjg :t/;u“ ;DalGwt xG' 5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf hgtfsf] cf;} t cfos' f] l:ylt s:tf]kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
5, sg' :t/df 5, eGg] s/' fsf] dN" ofªs\ g ug{ l5ds] L bz] x¿;u“ tn' gf ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . xfdf| l5ds] L
/fi6x« ¿sf] jb[ w\ fj:yf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L tnsf] tflnsfaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+ #

;fs{ /fi6x« ¿sf] cf;} t cfo' -jifd{ f_ ;g\ @)!@

j|m=;+ b]zsf] gfd k'?if dlxnf cf};t
! ckmuflg:tfg
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dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoogaf6 jb[ w\ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ;d:of gk] fndf dfq xfO] g, xfdf| l5ds] L dn' s' x¿df
klg lj:tf/} a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .

-ª_ j[b\wx¿sf] :ofxf/ ;';f/

gk] fnL ;dfhdf klZrdL hLjg zn} Lsf] ke| fj, Jo:t hLjg zn} L, cflys{ cefj, l56f] wgL aGg] rfxgf,
k:' tg] L b/' L cflbsf sf/0f Psn kl/jf/sf] rfxgf a9b\ } uO/xs] f] bl] vG5 . jb[ w\ cj:yfdf kU' bf
dflg;df sfd ug{ cN5L nfUg,] ;/;kmfOdf sd rf;f] jf hfu“ / xg' ] / cfkm\ gf c;Gtl' i6 JoSt
ul//xg] :jefjsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . pgLx¿df log} :jefjsf sf/0f dflg;x¿ jb[ w\ x¿nfO{ xn] f u5g{ \ .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 81

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bsltko jb[ w\ x¿ 3/df 5f] /f5f/] L eP/ klg cnUu} a:g] u5g{ \ . slt jb[ w\ x¿ 5f/] f5f/] Laf6 ckxl] nt
eP/ jb[ w\ f>ddf a:g afWo xG' 5g\ . jb[ w\ f>ddf hlt;s' } efl} ts ;l' jwf kf| Kt eP tfklg tL ;:+ yfn]
3/sf] :yfg lng ;Sbg} g\ lsgeg] Toxf“ afac' fdf, xh/' aj' f, xh/' cfdf, / gftL gfltgflarsf] ltg
k:' tfsf] dgfj] 1} flgs / cfTdLo ;DaGw xb“' g} . jb[ w\ x¿sf] ;v' b kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf nflu kfl/jfl/s
cfTdLotfsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

jb[ w\ x¿ ;dfh lgdf0{ f stf{ xg' \ . pgLx¿åf/f g} ;fdflhs ;f:+ sl[ ts dN" o, dfGotf / k/Dk/fx¿ gof“
k:' tfdf x:tfGt/0f xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿sf klg cfkmg\ f OR5f / rfxgfx¿ xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cf/fdsf
;fy hLjgofkg ug]{ clwsf/ 5 .

sg' } JolSt jb[ w\ cj:yfdf ku' b] l] v dT[ o' gxb“' f;Dd pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs tyf
;j+ u] fTds kIfdf ;sf/fTds ke| fj kfg{] lsl;dn] jb[ w\ x¿sf] :ofxf/ ;;' f/ ugk{' 5{ . To:t} /v] bv] ,
vfglkgsf] plrt Joj:yf, ;/;kmfO, dfg ;Ddfg, cfi} fwL pkrf/sf] plrt Joj:yf, dfofn' jftfj/0f
cflbsf] Joj:yfnfO{ jb[ w\ x¿sf] :ofxf/ ;;' f/ elgG5 . jb[ w\ cj:yfdf cfjZos x/] rfx gkU' bf xfdf| ]
;dfhsf w/] } jb[ w\ x¿n] si6s/ hLjg latfO/xs] f 5g\ . jb[ w\ x¿sf] pkoS' t lsl;dn] x/] rfx u/L
pgLx¿nfO{ kL8f, /fu] / tgfjaf6 dS' t /fVg' ;a} 5f/] f5f/] Lx¿sf] stJ{ o xf] . o;f] ug{ ;sd] f
j[b\wx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;'vdo x'G5 .

jb[ w\ x¿sf] plrt /v] bv] / x/] rfx ug{ lgDg s/' fsf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ M

 kfl} i6s / ;Gtl' nt efh] gsf] Joj:yf ug{]
 lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug{]
 :jf:YosdLs{ f] ;Nnfxdf dfq cfi} fwL vj' fpg]
 :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOdf ljzi] f Wofg lbg]
 uf/f,] w/] } ysfO nfUg] sfd ug{ glbg]
 nfdf] ofqf gu/fpg]
 :jR5 / vN' nf jftfj/0fdf ;w“ } lx88\ n' ug{ nufpg]
 xns' f zf/Ll/s Jofofd ug{ nufpg]
 wd" k| fg, nfuk' bfy{ tyf dfbs kbfys{ f] ;j] gaf6 6f9f /fVg]
 kfl/jf/df ;a} ;b:o;u“ } a;/] vfgf vfg,] 5nkmn ug,{] 7n' f dflg;nfO{ cfb/ ug,{]

;fgfnfO{ dfof / ;/' Iff ug,{] c;StnfO{ ;j] f ug{] jftfj/0f agfpg]
 cfWoflTds jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u/L kh" fkf7, ehg, kf| yg{ f / lgTosd{ cflbsf] Joj:yf

ldnfO lbg]
 cjsfz kf| Kt jb[ w\ x¿nfO{ lgjl[ Tte/0f eTtf, dfg kbjL sb/ kq, ;Ddfg kq cflbsf]

kb| lzt{ xg' ] u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ug{]
 cjsfz kf| Ktx¿sf] kg' ldn{ g, e6] 3f6 cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{]

82 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b bl} gs lbgrof{ /dfOnf] / /fr] s agfpg jfrgfno, k:' tsfnfo, kfs,{ Sna cflbsf]
Joj:yf ug{]

 a;] xf/f jb[ w\ x¿sf nflu ;l' jwf ;DkGg jb[ w\ f>dsf] Joj:yf ug{]
-r_ j[b\wx¿sf] dxTTj

j[bw\ x¿ xfdf| ] hLjgsf dxTTjk0" f{ cfwf/ x'g\ . pgLx¿ xfd|f 1fg / ;"rgfsf ;f| ]t xg' \ . j[b\wx¿n]
hLjgdf efu] s] f / cg' ej u/s] f 36gfsf cfwf/df oj' f k:' tfnfO{ ;xL dfu{ bzg{ ug{ ;S5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] dxTTjnfO{ lgDg ab“' fdf :ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

 jb[ w\ x¿n] cfkm" ;ljm| o eP/ sfd ug{ ;Sbg} g\ t/ sfd s;/L ubf{ ke| fjsf/L xG' 5 egL
o'jfx¿nfO{ l;sfpg ;S5g\ .

 jb[ w\ x¿;u“ lats] f] ;dosf] 1fg / cge' j xG' 5, h;nfO{ xfdL Oltxf;sf ¿kdf
cWoog ug{ ;S5f}“ .

 jb[ w\ x¿nfO{ l;h{gfTds sfddf nufO{ bz] ljsf;df ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 .
 xfdLnfO{ k/Dk/fut d"No, dfGotf, /Lltl/jfh cflbsf af/d] f 1fg kf| Kt xG' 5 .
 jb[ w\ x¿ xfdLnfO{ hLjg kb| fg ug{] hGdbftf xg' \ / xfdf| ] eljio /fdf| ] agfpg] sfod{ f

pgLx¿sf] ;lj|mo e"ldsf /xG5 .

 jb[ w\ x¿af6 kl/jf/df afn aRrfsf] plrt x/] rfx / 7n' fn] cfjZos ;e' mfj /
;xof]u k|fKt u5{g\ .

%=%=@ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

;fdflhs ;/' Iff dfgjLo sNof0fdf cfwfl/t sfoj{ |md xf] . o;n] ;fdflhs GofonfO{ kf| T] ;fxg u5{ .
;fdflhs ;xofu] / ;be\ fjnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . ;fdflhs ;/' Iffn] dn' et" ¿kdf sdhf/] , ;LdfGtst[
hfl] vddf /xs] f gful/ssf] hLljsfk] fhg{ Pjd\ sNof0fsf lgldTt cfjZos ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ sf
sfox{ ¿ u5{ . o;cGtu{ t lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/s] f] kfOG5 M

 ul/a tyf c;xfonfO{ cfosf] ljt/0f, pkefU] o j:ts' f] ;xfotf
 hLljsfk] fhg{ sf] cefjdf ;/' Iffsf] hfl] vddf k/s] fx¿sf nflu ;/+ If0f
 ;LdfGtst[ , lk58fju,{ nfk] fG] dv' hfltsf] ;Ddfgkj" s{ hLjgsf lglDt ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;w' f/
;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf] cjwf/0ff !^ cf“} ztfAbLdf an] fotaf6 ;?' ePsf] xf] . !& cf“} ztfAbLdf ;o+ S' t
/fHo cdl] /sf / Sofgf8fdf To;kl5 jm| dzM cGo bz] x¿df of] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; xb“' } uof] .
;fdflhs ;/' Iff gk] fnnufot ljZjsf w/] } bz] x¿df sfofG{ jog eO/xs] f] 5 . bz] / ;ªu\ 7gcg;' f/
sfoj{ |md / cjwf/0ffdf leGgtf kfOG5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 83

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;fdflhs ;/' Iff dfgjLo ;/' Iff / ;/+ If0fsf] dxTTjk0" f{ kIf xf] . o;n] sdhf/] tyf ;xfotf
cfjZos ePsf] cj:yfdf ;/' Iff ;l' glZrt u/fO{ JolStnfO{ p;sf] eljiosf] hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0f ug{
;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ . ;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf sfoj{ m| dn] hfl] vddf /xs] f JolSt, 3/, kl/jf/ tyf ;db' fonfO{
cfosf] /fdf| ] Joj:yf ug{ ;xofu] k'¥ofp“5 .
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf lgb]{zs l;b\wfGtx¿
;fdflhs ;/' Iffsf lgbz{] s l;bw\ fGtx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

 ul/aL / hfl] vdnfO{ 36fpg'
 ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfjz] L cjwf/0ffnfO{ a9fjf lbg'
 ;f| t] x¿sf] clwstd pkofu] ug{'
 cfwf/et" ;j] fsf] ;l' glZrt ug{'
 ;j] f kj| fxdf u0' f:t/Lotf dfkg ug{'
 ;fdflhs ;be\ fjsf] jb[ l\ w ug{'
 ;Ddflgt hLjg ofkg ug{ ;xofu] ug{'
;dflhs ;/' Iffsf log} lgbz{] s l;bw\ fGtaf6 gk] fnnufot ljleGg bz] df gLltx¿sf] thd{' f eO{
sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL sfo{j|md
- s _ sfdbf/ sdr{ f/Lx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;/' IffM gfs] /Lsf] ;/' Iff, :jf:Yofk] rf/ ;l' jwf, pkbfg,
kG] ;g, czSt eTtf, kfl/jfl/s hLjg jl[ Tt ;l' jwf pknAw 5g\ .
-v_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cg'bfgM lj=;+ @)%@ ;fnaf6 Ho]i7 gful/s, ljwjf, ckfª\u, Ho]i7
gful/s pkrf/ sfoj{ m| d ;~rflnt 5g\ . ;?' df ?=!)) kb| fg ul/Psfd] f cf=j= @)&@÷&#
b]lv k|lt dlxgf ?=!))) k¥' ofOPsf] 5 .
-u_ vfbo\ fGg ;xofu] sfoj{ m| dM vfbo\ pknAwtf sdhf/] ePsf :yfgdf sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng ePsf
5g,\ h:tM} sfdsf nflu vfbo\ fGg, ljbo\ fnodf kfl} i6s cfxf/ / lbjf vfhf sfoj{ m| d cflb .
-3_ ;/+ If0fhGo sfoj{ m| dM jb[ w\ f>d, cgfyfno, nfk] fG] dv' hfthfltsf] ;/+ If0f, z/0ffyLx{ ¿sf
nflu cf>o cflb .
-ª_ kT| oIf ;fdflhs ;'/IffhGo sfo{jm| dM Hoi] 7 gful/s pkrf/ ;l' jwf, Hoi] 7 gful/sx¿nfO{
lgMzN' s pkrf/ cflb .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ckl/kSj pd/] df ul/g] ljjfxn] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw s:tf] xG' 5 <
-v_ pkoS' t pd/] df ul/g] ljjfxaf6 xg' ] sg' } Pp6f kmfObf nV] gx' f;] \ .

84 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-u_ slt jife{ Gbf dflysf] pd/] df ku' k] l5 jb[ w\ fj:yf ;?' xG' 5 <
-3_ j[b\w cj:yfsf] s'g} Pp6f ;d:of n]Vgx' f];\ .
-ª_ hg u0fgf @)^* cg;' f/ jb[ w\ sf] hg;ªV\ of slt kl| tzt 5 <
-r_ gk] fnsf] kl5Nnf] tYofªs\ cg;' f/ gk] fnLsf] cf;} t cfo' slt jif{ xf] <
@ = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ ljjfx egs] f] s] xf] < ljjfxsf ks| f/x¿sf] 5f6] f] j0fg{ ugx{' f;] \ .
-v_ sd pd/] df ul/g] ljjfxaf6 xg' ] ak] mfObfx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
-u_ pkoS' t pd]/df ul/g] ljjfxaf6 xg' ] sg' } kfr“ cf]6f kmfObfx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-3_ jb[ w\ cj:yfsf] kl/ro lbO,{ ;/b/ cfo' a9g\ fsf sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-ª_ kfl/jfl/s ofh] gf lgdf0{ fdf dlxnfsf] ;n+ Ugtf a9fpg s] s] ug{ ;lsG5, kfr“ cf6] f

pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ jb[ w\ cj:yfdf bl] vg] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s kl/jtg{ sf] ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
-5_ tkfOs“{ f] 3/df jf ;db' fodf ePsf jb[ w\ x¿df s] s:tf ;d:of 5g,\ ltgLx¿sf] klxrfg

u/L ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-h_ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhsf cfbz{ lsg dflgPsf] xf] <
-em_ tkfO“{ cfkmg\ f jb[ w\ cfdfaa' fsf] x/] rfx s;/L ugx{' G' 5, sg' } kfr“ cf6] f ab“' f nV] gx' f;] \ .
-`_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfndf ;~rflnt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL

sfo{j|mdx¿sf] 5f]6f] j0f{g ugx'{ f;] \ .
-6_ tkfOs{“ f] ;db' fosf jb[ w\ x¿n] s] s:tf ;fdflhs ;/' Iff kf| Kt u/s] f 5g,\ ;db' fosf

jb[ w\ x¿nfO{ ;f]wL pTt/ tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .
#= km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-s_ pkoS' t pd/] df ul/g] ljjfx / sd pd/] df ul/g] ljjfx
-v_ jb[ w\ cj:yfdf bl] vg] ;fdflhs kl/jtg{ / cflys{ kl/jtg{
-u_ dfuL ljjfx / kd]| ljjfx
$= sf/0f;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ ;G' b/, ;v' L / ;db[ w\ kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf nflu kfl/jfl/s ofh] gfsf] lgdf0{ f ugk{' 5{ .
-v_ ljsl;t b]zx¿df j[bw\ x¿sf] ;d:of hl6n aGb} 5 .
-u_ ;fdflhs ;/' Iff dfgjLo sNof0fdf cfwfl/t sfoj{ m| d xf] .
-3_ dlxnfnfO{ cflys{ pGgltsf] cleoGtf agfpg' ;dosf] dfu xf] .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 85

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bPsfO ^ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] tyf hl} js ljljwtf

^=!= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cjwf/0ff
^=!=!= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] kl/ro
kY[ jLdf /xs] f jf ks| l[ tdf kfOg] dfgjsf nflu pkofu] L ;hLj jf lghLj{ j:tx' ¿ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] xg' \ .
o:tf ;f| t] nfO{ ks| l[ tsf j/bfg tyf bg] klg elgG5 . jg hªu\ n, hn, hldg÷df6f,] jfo,' vlgh
kbfy,{ jGohGt,' hnjfo' kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf pbfx/0f xg' \ . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] rrf;{ u“ } ks| l[ tsf] af/d] f
klg sx] L hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf ;|f]tx¿ dfgjLo >d / ;dosf] vr{lagf lgldt{ 5g\ . k[YjLdf
ljleGg ks| f/sf ;hLj / lghLj{ j:tx' ¿ 5g\ . hldg, vlgh, r66\ fg, kxf8 kjt{ , xfjf, kfgL lghLj{
j:t'x¿ x'g\ . ljleGg lsl;dsf jg:klt, dflg;, kz'kG5L, ;I" dhLjx¿ ;hLj j:t' xg' \ . k|fsl[ ts
j:t'x¿df ;'Idb]lv a[xt\ j:t'x¿ klg k5g{ \ . ultzLn tyf lg/Gt/tfsf rjm| ks| l[ tdf rln/xG5 .
kl/0ffd :j¿k o;df eTsg,] 6j' m| g,] gfl;g,] kg' M lgdf0{ f xg' ] h:tf kf| sl[ ts ultljlwx¿ eO/xG5g\ .
logLx¿sf] cj:yfdf kl/jtg{ xg' ] kl| jm| of eO/xG5 . sx] L j:tx' ¿ gfl;G5g\ eg] sx] L gof“ j:tx' ¿
klg l;hg{ f xG' 5g\ . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿n] ;Dk0" f{ hLljt kf| 0fLx¿sf] hLjg lgjfx{ ugs{ f nflu pkoS' t
jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u/]sf] xG' 5 . kf| s[lts ;f| t] g} hLjx¿nfO{ cf>o :yn kb| fg ug]{ kd| v' sG] b| xf] .
dfgj hLjgsf ;xofu] Lsf ¿kdf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] nfO{ ux| 0f ugk{' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk
tkfO{“ a;fa] f; ug{] Ifq] j/k/ dfgjLo >dlagf lgldt{ kf| sl[ ts j:tx' ¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .

^=!=@= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] juL{s/0f
ks| l[ taf6 kf| Kt ePsf sg' } sg' } ;f| t] x¿ ;fe] m} ux| 0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fo} { zlSt, kfgL,
af6] la?jfx¿af6 kf| Kt xg' ] kmnkmn' cflb . tn] , kmnfd, ;txdl' gsf] kfgL h:tf ;f| t] x¿ kT| oIf
¿kdf ko| fu] df Nofpg ;lsb“ g} . pkoS' t pkfox¿ ckgfP/ dfq logLx¿nfO{ ko| fu] df Nofpg
;lsG5 . k|fsl[ ts jftfj/0faf6 dflg;n] ljleGg j:t'x¿ hLjg rnfpgsf nflu k|of]u u5g{ \ .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tnfO{ h}ljs / ch}ljs u/L juL{s/0f u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . d'VotM k|fs[lts
;f| t] nfO{ cgGt, gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo u/L ltg ;dx" df juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5, hg' tn k:| tt'
ul/Psf] 5 M

86 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t]

cgGt gjLs/0fLo cgjLs/0fLo

Hjf/ef6f kfgL ;fo} z{ lSt jfoz' lSt hLjf+z OGwg wft'ut vlgh kbfy{ cwft' vlgh kbfy{

:jR5 xfjf :jR5 kfgL pj/{ f df6f] jg:klt / kz'kG5L

-c_ cgGt ;|f]t kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

cljgfzL tyf cIfo lsl;dsf] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] cgGt lsl;dsf] ;f| t] xf] . o;nfO{ c;Lldt lsl;dsf]
;|f]t klg elgG5 . ;fo} z{ lStnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;"o{af6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
;fo} z{ lSt kf| Kt eO/xG5 . To:t} jfoz' lSt, Hjf/ef6f zlSt, alu/xs] f] kfgLaf6 kf| Kt xg' ] zlSt cflb
cgGt lsl;dsf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ x'g\ . cgGt lsl;dsf ;|f]tnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f klg ug{ ;lsG5 . kfgL
tyf ;f}oz{ lStaf6 ljb\ot' lgsfNg' o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

-cf_ gjLs/0fLo ;|f]t

kg' ?Tkfbg xg' ] ;f| t] ;fwgnfO{ gjLs/0fLo ;f| t] elgG5 . kg' ?Tkfbgn] Ps k6s pTkfbg eO{ sd xb“' }
uPsf] jf /fl] sPsf] l:yltnfO{ kml] / pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] Ifdtfdf Nofpg] kl| jm| ofnfO{ hgfp5“ . jg:klt,
3f;“ kft, ;db' s| f df5f, :jR5 xfjf, :jR5 kfgL, pj/{ df6f,] ljleGg hl} js j:tx' ¿ gjLs/0fLo
;|f]t x'g\ .

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ gjLs/0f ug{ jf u/fpg ;lsg] u/L ko| fu] ugk{' 5{ . ltgLx¿ cfkm+} g} gjLs/0f eO{
klxnfsf] l:yltdf cfPdf ;f| t] sf] ljgfz xb“' g} . hldg, jg hªu\ n, r/g Ifq] cflbsf] cTolws ko| fu]
u/L a9L pTkfbg ug{ t ;lsG5 t/ ltgLx¿n] wfGg ;Sg] IfdtfeGbf clwstd ko| fu] xg' fn] ltgsf]
ljgfz xg' yfN5 . Ps k6s ljgfz ePkl5 kg' M :yfkgf ug{ sl7g k5{ . o;y{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf]
ko| fu] ljjs] k0" f{ lsl;dn] ubf{ ltgLx¿sf] gjLs/0f x'G5 eGg]tkm{ ;rt] xg' k' 5{ .

-O_ cgjLs/0fLo ;|f]t

lg/Gt/ ko| fu] ub{} hfb“ f ;lsPkl5 jf l/lTtPkl5 kml] / kg' ?Tkfbg ug{ g;lsg] ;fwg ;f| t] nfO{
cgjLs/0fLo ;f| ]t elgG5 . kf| s[lts tn] / vlgh kbfy{ o;sf pbfx/0f xg' \ . kmnfd, tfdf, sfO] nf
cflb vlgh kbfy{ x'g\ . lognfO{ gjLs/0f gx'g] ;f| ]tx¿ klg elgG5 . kY[ jLdf o; lsl;dsf ;|ft] x¿
;Lldt dfqfdf xG' 5g\ . ko| fu] ub{} hf“bf tL j:t'x¿ ePsf] :yfg vfnL xb“' } hfG5 . oL ;f| t] x¿
;lsPkl5 kfpg ;ls“b}g .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 87

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bsd ko| fu] ug,{] kg' M ko| fu] ug{] / kg' M rjm| 0f ug{] h:tf pkfon] cgjLs/0fLo ;f| t] x¿sf] ko| fu] sf] cjlw
a9fpg ;lsG5 . tfdf, cfNd'lgod, kmnfd, l;;f h:tf j:tx' ¿nfO{ k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
ltgLx¿nfO{ ;ªs\ ng u/L kg' M rjm| 0f kl| jm| of ckgfO{ ljleGg c¿ j:tx' ¿ agfpg ;lsG5 .

^=!=#= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] dxTTj

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] cGtut{ kg{] xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] jg:klt, jGohGt,' vlgh kT| os] sf] cfcfkmg\ } lsl;dsf]
dxTTj x'G5 . plNnlvt ;as} f] ;dli6ut dxTTjn] k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] dxTTj ae' mfp5“ . kf| sl[ ts
;f| t] sf] dxTTjsf af/d] f xfdL tn cWoog ug{] 5f“} M

- c _ :jR5 xfjf / kfgLsf] ;f| t] M kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] dxTTjdWo] :jR5 xfjf / kfgL dV' o xg' \ .
dflg;, kz'kG5L cflb hLjhGt'x¿sf nflu xfjf / kfgL cTofjZos xG' 5g\ . oL cTofjZos
j:tx' ¿ kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0faf6 kf| Kt xG' 5 . logsf] l:ylt laud]| f jf bl" ift ePdf ;as} f]
:jf:Yodf c;/ k5{ . k|sl[ tn] xfjf, kfgL h:tf ;|ft] x¿ ;s];Dd :jR5 /fVg sf]l;; u5{ .
kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gtn' gdf /fvd] f :jR5 xfjf / kfgL kfpg ;xh xG' 5 .

-cf_ cf>o :yn M hldg, jg hª\un, kfgL cflb ljleGg hLj hGtx' ¿sf] cf>o :yn xf] .
dflg;n] hldgnfO{ cfkmg\ f] 3/ agfpg] 7fps“ f ¿kdf, aur“} f lgdf0{ f ug,{ vt] LkftL ug,{
af6f3] f6f] lgdf0{ f ugs{ f nflu ko| fu] u5g{ \ . cgluGtL hLj hGtx' ¿ ls/f km6o\ fªu\ f| cflb
hLjx¿sf] af;:yfg hldg xf] . jg hªu\ ndf af3, efn,' v/fof,] r/fr?' ªu\ L h:tf jGohGt'
/xG5g\ . To:t}, vf]nfgfnf, kf]v/L, tfn cflb hnLo hLj hGtx' ¿sf af;:yfg x'g\ .

-O_ vfbo\ j:ts' f] ;f| t] M hldg / jg hªu\ n dxTTjk0" f{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ xg' \ . kf| sl[ ts
;f| t] x¿sf] ;DaGw Ps cfk;df ufl“ ;Psf] xg' fn] ltgLx¿sf] emg\ dxTTj a9s] f] 5 . dflg;n]
hldgdf vt] LkfgL u//] vfbo\ fGg, tn] Lo kbfy,{ gub] afnL, j:q cflb pTkfbg u5g{ \ . jg
hªu\ naf6 cfjf;sf nflu rflxg] sf7, bfp/f, /ª/fu] g, hl8a6' L cflb kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . kxf8L
Ifq] df t jg hªu\ naf6 kf| Kt xg' ] v/, :ofpnf cflbn] 3/ 5fp5“ g\ . dflg;n] cfkmn" fO{ rflxg]
df;,' eT' nf, xf8vf]/, cGo ;xofu] hLjhGta' f6 kf| Kt u5g{ \ . jGo hGt,' h:t} M du[ , :ofn,
af3, r/fr'?ªu\ L cflb Toxf“ pknAw x'g] j:tx' ¿ vfP/ g} hLjg lgjf{x u5g{ \ .

-O{_ kf| sl[ ts ;fG} bo{ M kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] n] bz] sf] ;fG} bo{ sfod /fvs] f] xG' 5 . ljZjsf] ;jfR]{ r
lzv/ ;u/dfyf, ljleGg prfOsf] kxf8 kjt{ , ;dy/ efu, tfn, gbLgfnf, em/gf, vfr“]
kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ xfdf| ] bz] df /xs] f 5g\ . bz] df ePsf cgluGtL jg:klt, kzk' G5L cflbn]
b]zsf] ;f}Gbo{ a9fPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;f}Gbo{n] b]zsf] OHht a9fp“5 .

-p_ ko{6g ljsf; M ;an} fO{ kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] x¿sf] ;G' b/tf / ljljwtfn] cfslif{t u5{ . xfdf| ]
bz] df kxf8 kjt{ , lxdfn, kzk' G5L, tfntno} f, ;G' b/ :ynx¿ cflb kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ 5g\ .
logLx¿n] ubf{ ko6{ g ljsf;df 6j] f k¥' ofp5“ g\ . oL ljleGg kIfx¿ cjnfs] g tyf cWoog

88 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bug{ :jbz] L tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ pT;'s xG' 5g\ . o; j|mddf ko{6ssf nflu :yfgLo 3/df
a;fa] f;sf] ka| Gw (Home Stay) ldnfp“bf /fh] uf/Lsf] ;dt] cj;/ kf| Kt xG' 5 .

-pm_ cfly{s ljsf; M bz] df sl[ if, pbo\ fu] , jfl0fHo ljsf; ugs{ f nflu kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ rflxG5g\ .
jg kb} fjf/, vlgh, kzh' Go pTkfbg kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] af6 kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf]
plrt kl/rfng ug{ ;sd] f bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df 6j] f kU' 5 . gk] fnsf nflu ko6{ g Ifq]
Pp6f cj;/sf ¿kdf :yflkt x'G5 .

-P_ dgfz] flGt M kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] df /dfpb“ f 56' 6\ } cfgGb cfp5“ . pkrf/sf j|mddf 3/n] ' hl8a6' L
ko| fu] n] dflg;sf] z/L/df cGo c;/ ubg{} . zf/Ll/s cEof; ubf{ :jR5 jftfj/0f ePdf emg}
kmfObf x'G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] dxTTj o;n] emg} a9fPsf] 5 .

lso| fsnfk

:yfgLo :t/df e|d0f u/L k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] sf] cj:yfaf/] kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .

^=@= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf lsl;dx¿ / l:ylt

k|fsl[ ts ;|f]t / dflg;larsf] ;DaGw 3lgi7 xG' 5 . k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] sf] k|sf/ / l:yltdf leGgtf 5 .
xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] jg hªu\ n, jGohGt,' vlgh kd| v' kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ xg' \ . logLx¿sf] jftfj/0fdf
ljzi] f dxTTj /xs] f] 5 . sx] L kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] af/] xfdL ;ªI\ fk] df tn cWoog ug{] 5f+} M

^=@=!= k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿

-c_ xfjf

/ª, uGw / :jfb ljxLg Uof;“ x¿sf] Ps ld>0f xfjf xf] . of] kY[ jLdfly Ps cfj/0fsf ¿kdf /xs] f]
5 . :yn / hndfly ags] f] jfos' f] cfj/0faf6 jfod' 08n ags] f] x'G5 . jfod' 08ndf ljleGg
Uof;“ x¿ ;lDd>0f eP/ /xs] f xG' 5g\ . o;df &*=)( kl| tzt gfO6f« h] g, @)=(% kl| tzt clS;hg
/ )=)# kl| tzt sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, cfufg{] Uof;“ )=(# kl| tzt / cGo Uof;“ )=))$ kl| tzt /xs] f]
xG' 5 . ;fy} xfjfdf cGo Uof“;x¿, hnjfik / w'nfsf s0fx¿ xG' 5g\ . sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 ;aeGbf
u/f“} Uof;“ xf] eg] gfO6f« h] g / xfO8f« h] g xns' f Uof;“ xg' \ . hnjfik / wn' fsf s0fx¿ klg u/f“} g}
xG' 5g\ . logLx¿sf] bfh“ fd] f lgof]g, lxlnod, cfh] fg] cflb Uof;“ x¿ w/] } xns' f xG' 5g\ . k[YjLdf ePsf]
kfgL ;o" s{ f] tfkn] ubf{ hnjfikdf kl/0ft eO{ jfod' 08ndf /xG5 . kY[ jLsf] ;txaf6 lg:ss] f
w'nfsf s0fx¿ jfo'd08ndf g} ldl;G5g\ .

xfjfsf k|d'v sfo{x¿

— Zjf; k|Zjf;sf nflu
— pmhf{ zlStsf] ;|f]tdf k|of]u ug{

— la?jfnfO{ ;dt] ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0fdf ;xofu] k¥' ofpg

— cGgaf6 cgfjZos j:t' lgkmGg

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 89

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-cf_ kfgL

kY[ jLsf] rf/ efudWo] sl/a ltg efu -&! kl| tzt_ kfgLn] 9fss] f] 5 . Ps efu clS;hg / bO' { efu
xfO8f« h] g ldn/] kfgL aGb5 . kfgLnfO{ jiffs{ f] kfgL, ;txL kfgL / el" dut kfgLsf ¿kdf ljefhg
ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ ;txL kfgL

g]kfndf ^ xhf/eGbf a9L gbLgfnfx¿ 5g\ . oL gbLx¿ jiff{sf] kfgLdf lge/{ xG' 5g\ . kY[ jLsf] afxo\
efu tyf hldgsf] ;txdf /xs] f] kfgLnfO{ ;txL kfgL elgG5 . gbL, vfn] f, tfn, ;db' | ;txL kfgLsf
pbfx/0f x'g\ . logsf] k|d'v ;|f]t jiff{sf] kfgL xf] . jiff{ofddf kfgLsf] dfqf / a]u a9L x'G5 . lxp“b
jf ;S' vf ;dodf kfgLsf] dfqf sd xG' 5 . o;/L ;S' vf ;dodf tL ;f| t] x¿df kfgL 36g\ ] ePsfn]
cfjZostfcg;' f/ kfgL kfpg ;lsb“ g} t/ sf;] L, u08sL / s0ffn{ L h:tf 7n' f gbLx¿df lxp“ kUn/]
cfPsf] kfgL ldl;g] xg' fn] ltgLx¿df hn kj| fx clj/n ¿kdf eO/xG5 .

-v_ e"ldut kfgL

el" dut hn e08f/df ePsf] kfgL tyf kY[ jLsf l5b]| r66\ fg tyf ;txeGbf dl' g /xs] f] kfgLnfO{
e"ldut kfgL elgG5 . o:tf] kfgL jiffs{ f] kfgLaf6 ;l~rt eO/xG5 . xfdf| ] bz] df Ogf/ / s'jfsf]
kfgL klg ko| f]u ug]{ rng 5 . xft]sn, kDk;6] cflbn] tfg]/ el" dut hnsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
t/fOs{ f] efj/ Ifq] df hldgsf] sl/a %) lkm6dl' g / dWot/fO{ Ifq] df % bl] v !) lkm6dl' g el" dut kfgL
/xs] f] 5 . kfgLsf] sdLn] ubf{ ;x/L Ifq] x¿df klg 6o\ a' n] h8fg u/L el" dut kfgLsf] ko| fu] ug{
yflnPsf] 5 . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ $&=&* kl| tzt dflg;n] wf/f÷kfOksf] kfgL
k|of]u u5{g\ .

kfgLsf k|d'v sfo{x¿

— kf| 0fL tyf jg:kltnfO{ hLljt /fVg]
— ljb\o't pTkfbg ug]{
— pbo\ fu] ;~rfng ug{]
— l;r“ fOsf ug{]
— bl} gs 3/fo;L sfod{ f ko| fu] xg' ]
— l;hg{ fTds ljm| ofsnfk -kf8} L vN] g, 8ª' u\ f rnfpg, ¥ofkm\ l6ª ug{ cflb_
-O_ hldg÷df6f]

hldg dxTTjk"0f{ kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf xf] . ;txL efu :yn d08n xf] . kT| o]s bz] sf] efu} le{s ;+/rgf
Toxfs“ f] r66\ fg ks| l[ t, agfj6 / u0' fsf] cfwf/df km/s lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . o;n] hldgsf] l:ylt,
agfj6 cflbdf ke| fj kf5{ . r66\ fgsf] IfoLs/0f, hLjfz+ ;8/] / efl} ts Pjd\ /f;folgs kl| jm| ofaf6

90 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bnfdf] ;dokl5 df6f] aG5 . df6f] aGg] kl| jm| of hnjfo,' w/ftnLo :j¿k, ;do, dfl} ns r66\ fg,
hl} js ljm| ofsnfk e/ k5{ . o;} sf/0fn] sg' } Ifq] df sx] L jifl{ eqdf df6f] aGb5 eg] sg' } Ifq] df ;of“}
jif;{ Dd klg nfUg ;S5 . gk] fnsf] sn' el" dsf] !% kl| tzt lxdel" d, #* kl| tzt hªu\ n / a6' o\ fgn]
9fss] f] 5 . oxfs“ f] efu} fl] ns Ifq] cg;' f/ hldgsf] ;ªl\ IfKt ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 M

-s_ lxdfnL If]q

lxdfnL Ifq] sf] e;" Dkbf kl/jltt{ r66\ fgaf6 lgldt{ ePsf] 5 . o; Ifq] sf] df6f] k0" f{ ljsl;t ePsf]
5}g . k|foM o; If]qsf] df6f] 9'ªu\ f, sª\s8, bfgfbf/ / l5b|} l5b| ePsf] x'G5 . agfj6sf bl[ i6df
df6fs] f] ljZni] f0f ubf{ anf6} ] bfd] 6 / l;N6L bfd] 6 o; Ifq] df kfOG5 . o; Ifq] sf] df6fd] f rg' , kmnfd
/ jg:klt s'lxPsf efux¿ sd dfqfdf ldl;Psf 5g\ . To;n} ] lxdfnL If]qsf] e;" Dkbf sd
dlnnf] x'G5 .

-v_ kxf8L If]q

kxf8L Ifq] sf] hldg le/fnf] lsl;dsf] 5 . kxf8L Ifq] sf] df6fd] f dV' otof kfu“ f] df6fs] f] ld>0f
kfOG5 . o; Ifq] sf] df6f] kl/jltt{ r66\ fg / kq] r66\ fgaf6 ags] f] 5 . oxfs“ f] df6fs] f] agfj6 bfd] 6
lsl;dsf] jf l;N6L Sn] nfd] lsl;dsf] 5 . anf6} ] df6fd] f sªs\ 8, afnj' f, 9ª' u\ f ldl;Psf] kfOG5
h;n] ubf{ v]tLkftLsf nflu of] df6f] lgDg:t/sf] dflgG5 . o; If]qsf] df6fd] f a9L e"Ifo xG' 5 .

-u_ t/fO{ If]q

t/fO{ Ifq] sf] hldg ;dy/ lsl;ldsf] 5 . o; Ifq] sf] df6f] gbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] kfu“ f,] dlnnf] /
uu] / df6f] hDdf eO{ ags] f] 5 . oxfs“ f] df6fd] f kf6] f;, rg' , cDn, km:kmf/] ; kz| :t dfqfdf ldl;Psf
5g\ . To;}n] t/fO{ If]qsf] df6f] sl[ ifsf nflu pkofu] L / pTkfbgzLn dflgG5 .

-O{_ jg hª\un

ea" gf6] sf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ xfdf| ] bz] df ljleGg lsl;dsf kf| sl[ ts jg hªu\ nx¿ kfOG5g\ . ;g\
@)!! sf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ ^$ kl| tzt g]kfnLn] jgsf] bfp/f ko| f]u u5{g\ . . gk] fnsf] sn'
Ifq] kmndWo] sl/a @( kl| tzt hldg jg hªu\ nn] / !)=^ kl| tzt emf8L Ifq] n] 9fss] f] 5 . emf8L
Ifq] egs] f] jg hª\un dfl;P/ /xs] f] :yfg xf] . To:t} !!=* kl| tzt 3f;“ ] d}bfgn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
gk] fnsf] ee" fusf] prfOdf 7n' f] km/s kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ gk] fn ljljw kl/l:ylthGo k0| ffnL / e"
tyf hnfwf/ Ifq] sf] :yn ags] f] 5 . bz] sf] blIf0fL ;dtn db} fgL efu tyf leqL dwz] efudf pi0f
hnjfod' f kfOg] lsl;dsf jg hªu\ n tyf jg:klt /xs] f 5g\ . dWo kxf8L tyf lxdfnL eu] df
pkfi] 0f tyf zLtfi] 0f hnjfod' f kfOg] jg:klt kfOG5g\ . jg hªu\ n ljleGg lsl;dsf kf| sl[ ts
;f| t] x¿dWo] Ps xf] . w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, df6f,] :yfgLo kl/jz] cflb kIfx¿sf] cfwf/df jg
hªu\ nnfO{ ljleGg ;dx" df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . cWoog ug{ ;lhnf] xg' ] lsl;daf6 oxf“ lgDg rf/
;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 91

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-s_ pi0f jg hª\un

gk] fnsf] blIf0fjtL{ Ifq] df ;db' s| f] ;txaf6 sl/a
!))) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd pi0f jg hª\un
kml} nPsf] 5 t/ gk] fnsf] klZrdL Ifq] sf] sl/a
!,@)) ld6/sf] prfOdf klg pi0f kb| z] Lo kxf8L
jg hªu\ n klg kfpg ;lsG5 . pi0f jg hª\un
t/fO,{ r/' I] fq] , bg' , dxfef/t kxf8sf] blIf0flt/sf]
xf]rf] efudf kfOG5 . o; If]qdf a9L udL{ x'G5 .
o;n] ubf{ jiff{ klg a9L g} xG' 5 . o:tf] k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fn] ubf{ af6] la?jf klg ;bfjxf/ xG' 5g\ .
oxfs“ f] jg hªu\ ndf ;fn, l;;f,} vo/, rfk“ ,
knf;, l;dn, s6;' , af;“ , hfdg' h:tf ljleGg
ks| f/sf af]6 la?jf x'G5g\ . o; If]qsf 7fp“
7fp“df afSnf 3f“;] emf8L /xs] f 5g\ . oxfs“ f]
sf7 ejg lgdf0{ f, kmlgr{ /, bfp/f cflbsf nflu pkofu] L 5g\ . /ª/fu] gsf nflu pkofu] L dflgg] af6]
la?jf klg oxf“ k|z:t 5g\ . /ªu\ Lrªu\ L kmn' km'Ng] af6] la?jfn] jg hªu\ nsf] zfe] f a9fPsf] 5 .

-v_ pkf]i0f jg hª\un

pkf]i0f jg hª\un ;d'b|sf] ;txaf6
gk] fnsf] klZrdL Ifq] df !@)) bl] v @)))
ld6/sf] prfO;Dd kfOG5 . k"jL{ If]qdf
eg] !,))) bl] v !,&)) ld6/sf] prfOdf
o:tf] jg hª\un kfpg ;lsG5 .
dxfef/t Ifq] sf] blIf0flt/sf] kxf8L efu
/ r/' s] f] pRr efudf o:tf] jg hªu\ n
/x]sf] 5 . gk] fnsf] klZrdb]lv k"j;{ Dd
k6] Lsf ¿kdf pkfi] 0f jg hªu\ n kml} nPsf]
5 . o; Ifq] sf] sd prfOdf ;fn, l;dn,
s6';, lrnfpg] k|z:t 5g\ . lkkn, j/,
pTtL;, cfv] /, ;Ldn, af;“ , lgufnf] h:tf
ljleGg lsl;dsf af6] la?jf oxfs“ f jg
hªu\ ndf 5g\ . o; Ifq] sf] dflyNnf] Ifq] df ;Nnf,] nfnL u/' f;“ h:tf af6] la?jf w/] } 5g\ . o; Ifq] sf]
7fp“ 7fpd“ f v/, aflaof,] sf;“ h:tf 3f;“ x¿ pldP| sf xG' 5g\ .

92 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-u_ zLtf]i0f jg hª\un

zLtfi] 0f jg hªu\ nnfO{ tNnf] Ifq] sf] zLtfi] 0f jg hªu\ n / dflyNnf] Ifq] sf] zLtfi] 0f jg hªu\ n u/L
bO' { ;dx" df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fnsf] klZrdL Ifq] sf] sl/a @,))) bl] v @,&)) ld6/;Ddsf]
/ kj" L{ Ifq] df sl/a !,&)) bl] v @,$)) ld6/sf] prfOsf Ifq] x¿df tNnf] Ifq] sf] zLtfi] 0f jg hªu\ n
kfOG5 . To:t} gk] fnsf] klZrd / dWo Ifq] sf] sl/a @,&)) bl] v #,!)) ld6/sf] / kj" Lo{ Ifq] sf]
@,$)) bl] v @,*)) ld6/sf] prfOsf Ifq] x¿df dflyNnf] Ifq] sf] zLtfi] 0f jg hªu\ n /xs] f] 5 . o;
lsl;dsf] jg hªu\ n kj" b{ l] v klZrd dxfef/tsf] kxf8L Ifq] df kml} nPsf] 5 . lr;fn] ] ubf{ af6]
la?jf sf0] ffsf/sf ¿kdf jb[ l\ w ePsf xG' 5g\ . nfnL u/' f;“ , v;,'| bj] bf/, wk' L, kmnf6“ / ljleGg
;Nnfsf af6] la?jf o; Ifq] sf jg hªu\ ndf kfOG5 . l6d/' , lr/fOtf,] kfr“ cfn+} ,] h6fd;L h:tf
ljleGg lsl;dsf hl8a6' Lx¿ klg o; Ifq] df /xs] f 5g\ . To:t} /ªu\ L lj/ªu\ L kmn' kmN' g] af6] la?jf
klg oxf“sf] jg hª\undf 5g\ . oxfs“ f ?vx¿df ‰ofp al] /Psf] x'G5 . oxfs“ f jg kb} fj/nfO{
sfuh, /ª/f]ug, cf}ifwL, kmlg{r/ h:tf j:t'x¿ agfpg k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ n]sfnL tyf lxdfnL jg hª\un

ns] fnL Ifq] sf] jg hªu\ nnfO{ tNnf] ns] fnL Ifq] / dflyNnf] ns] fnL Ifq] u/L bO' { ;dx" df juLs{ /0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf] klZrdL Ifq] sf] #,))) bl] v $,@)) ld6/ / kj" L{ Ifq] df sl/a #,)))
prfO;Ddsf Ifq] x¿df tNnf] ns] fnL jg hªu\ n kfOG5 . o; Ifq] df jg hªu\ n kftnf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . w'kL, ;Nnf,] ;fgf;fgf nfnLu/' f“; h:tf af6] la?jf oxfs“ f jg hªu\ ndf 5g\ . ;;fgf
a6' o\ fg, 3f;“ , lhDa' h:tf jg:klt klg oxf“
5g\ . kmn' kmN' g] ljleGg lsl;dsf af]6
la?jf klg 5g\ . 7G8Ln] ubf{ af6] la?jf
/fd/| L x's{g ;Sbg} g\ . oxf“sf af]6 la?jf
sf]0fwf/L x'G5g\ . n]sfnL If]qsf] s'g}
lglZrt If]q;Dd ?v pd|g / xs' {g ;S5 .
Tof] Ifq] sf] clGtd :yfgnfO{ ?v xg' ] Ifq] sf]
;Ldf dflgG5 . g]kfndf ;/b/ j[If/]vf
$,))) ld6/nfO{ dflgG5 . dflyNnf] ns] fnL
If]q sl/a $,@)) b]lv $,%)) ld6/
prfOsf] larsf] :yfg xf] . of] Ifq] df ?vx¿
x's{g / a9\g ;Sb}gg\ t/ emf8L, kf]y|]
lsl;dsf af]6 la?jf eg] kfOG5g\ . kfy] |]
lsl;dsf ;;fgf nfnLu/' f;“ oxf“ kfOG5g\ .
To:t} ‰ofp, np] , 3f;“ / emf8L xg' ] lsl;dsf
;;fgf jg:klt klg kfOG5g\ .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 93

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-p_ jGohGt'

ljZjdf g]kfnsf] 5'6\6} hl} js klxrfg 5 .
gk] fn efu} fl] ns :j¿k, xfjfkfgL cflbsf]
leGgtf / gk] fn hLjhGts' f bl[ i6sf0] fn] wgL
5 . ;g\ !((% df tof/ ul/Psf] h}ljs
ljljwtf kl/of]hgf kfZj{¿ksf]
clenv] cg;' f/ %!^) kh| fltsf kmn' kmN' g]
af6] la?jf, !*! kh| fltsf :tgwf/L, *$$
k|hfltsf r/fr'?ª\uL, ^#%^ k|hfltsf
kt' nLx¿, %))) ls/f km6o\ fªu\ f| / !*%
k|hfltsf df5f g]kfndf kfOG5g\ . 3;|g]
;dx" cGtut{ kg{] 3l8ofn ufx] L, ;g' ufx] f/] f]
/ clhªu\ / u/L ltg lsl;dsf jGohGt'
kfOG5g\ . o:t} ljleGg lsl;dsf ;k{ /
ljleGg hLjx¿ gbLgfnf cflbdf /xs] f 5g\ .
jGohGt' tyf r/fr?' ªu\ L dxTTjk0" f{ hLj
j+zf0f'sf ;f| t] x'g\ . jgIfq] jGohGt'x¿sf] af;:yfg xf] . kzk' G5Lx¿nfO{ hª\unL / kfNt' u/L b'O{
;dx" df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . bj' } lsl;dsf hLjhGt'sf] jftfj/0fdf dxTTjk0" f{ :yfg /x]sf] xG' 5 .

-pm_ vlgh

hldgdl' g kfOg] j:t' g} vlgh kbfy{ xf] . vlgh g]kfnsf nflu dxTTjk0" f{ kf| s[lts ;|ft] xf] .
gk] fndf lj=;=+ @)@$ bl] v j1} flgs ¿kdf efu} les{ ;eI{] f0f / vlgh pTvgg sfo{ ;?' ePsf]
kfOG5 . kmn:j¿k ljleGg vlghhGo pbo\ fu] x¿ ;~rfng xg' yfns] f xg' \ . tLdWo] l;dG] 6 pb\ofu] ,
sl[ if pbo\ fu] , sl[ if rg' pbo\ fu] , wft' pbo\ fu] , dfan{ pbo\ fu] cflb :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . pTvgg tyf
;eI{] f0faf6 kTtf nufOPsf sx] L kd| v' vlgh kbfyx{ ¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt ljj/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 M

-s_ kmnfd

kmnfd gk] fnsf] kd| v' vlgh kbfy{ xf] . ljleGg ;dodf ul/Psf] efu} fl] ns ;eI{] f0fcg;' f/ gk] fnsf
ljleGg Ifq] df kmnfd vfgL kTtf nufOPsf] 5 . sf7df8f“} pkTosfsf] blIf0f kj" d{ f l:yt kmn' rfs] L
8f8“ f kmnfd vfgLsf nflu rlrt{ 5 . /fd5] fk, lrtjg, dsjfgk/' , gj' fsf6] , Ko7' fg cflb lhNnfsf
ljleGg :yfgdf kmnfd vfgL ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .

-v_ tfdf

bz] sf ljleGg 7fpx“ ¿, h:t} M dsjfgk/' , tgx,'“ ufv] f,{ gj' fsf6] , Onfd, l;Gwk' fNrfs] , tfKnh] ª' cflb
lhNnfsf sg' } sg' } :yfgdf tfdf vfgL kTtf nufOPsf] 5 . tfdfaf6 ef8“ f jtg{ x¿, lahn' Lsf ;fdfg
cflb lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

94 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-u_ l;;f

l;;f Ps dxTTjk0" f{ vlgh j:t' xf] . dsjfgk/' , afUnª' , /;j' f, sf7df8f,“} at} 8L, gj' fsf6] cflb
lhNnfx¿sf ljleGg If]qx¿df l;;f kTtf nufOPsf] 5 .

-3_ r'g9'ª\uf

sf7df8f+} pkTosfsf] rfe] f/ / dsjfgk/' lhNnfsf] e;+} ] bfe] fgdf rg' 9ª' u\ fsf vfgLx¿ 5g\ . oL
vfgLx¿af6 lg:ss] f] rg' 9ª' u\ f l;dG] 6 sf/vfgfdf ko| fu] ul/G5 .

-ª_ vl/9'ª\uf

g]kfnsf] clwsf+z kxf8L If]qdf vl/9'ª\uf kfOG5 . l;Gw'kfNrf]s, afUn'ª, bf]nvf / pbok'/
lhNnfsf sx] L :yfgdf vl/9'ªu\ f el] 6Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ lgdf{0f / z[ªu\ f/sf] sfddf k|ofu] ul/G5 .

-r_ :n]6

tgx,'“ sf:sL, aemfª / wflbªsf sx] L Ifq] x¿df :n6] kfOG5 . To:t} klZrd, dWo Pjd\ kj" L{ kxf8L
Ifq] df :n6] sf] e08f/ ePsf] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . :n6] nfO{ 5fgf 5fpg,] 3/ zª[ u\ f/ ug{] cflb
sfo{x¿df k|of]u ug]{ rng 5 .

-5_ sf]Onf

gk] fndf sfO] nf kfOg] ljleGg Ifq] x¿ 5g\ . r/' ] kxf8L zª[ v\ nfsf] leqL efu, bfª, ;Nofg, sn} fnL,
s~rgk/' , lrtjg, d:' tfªsf] yfsvfn] f, afUnª' / sf7df8f“} lhNnfsf sg' } sg' } :yfgdf sfO] nf kfOG5 .

-h_ lgsn

l;Gwk' fNrfs] , /fd5] fk, wgs6' f lhNnfx¿df lgsn kfOG5 . pRr u0' f:t/sf] O:kft lgdf0{ f ug{
lgsn k|of]u ul/G5 .

-em_ ;'g

gk] fnsf ljleGg gbLx¿sf au/df ePsf] afnj' fdf ;g' ldl;Psf] kfOG5 . sfnL u08sL, d:ofª{ b\ L,
a9' L u08sL, ;g' sf;] L Ifq] x¿df ;g' kfOg] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 .

-`_ k]6«f]n tyf Uof“;

gk] fnsf ljleGg Ifq] x¿df k6] f« n] kfOg] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;Defljt Ifq] x¿ d:' tfª, bn} v] ,
bfª, ;Nofg, Ko'7fg, ;v' t{] , emfkf, df]/ª lhNnfsf ljleGg efux¿ dflgG5g\ .

^=#= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f

ks| l[ tdf xfjf, kfgL, hldg, jg hªu\ n, kzk' G5L, vlgh h:tf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ /xs] f 5g\ .
dflg;sf] x:tIfk] gePdf jf kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] g36d] f oL kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ ;Gtl' nt cj:yfdf
/xG5g\ . ks| l[ tsf :jtM ;~rfng eO/xg] kl| jm| ofx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Gtn' g /fVg dbt k¥' ofPsf
xG' 5g\ . oL k|ljm| ofn] ltgLx¿nfO{ gfl;g jf lau|gaf6 hf]ufp5“ g\ . dflg;n] cfkm\gf] cfsfª\Iff k'/f

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 95

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bugs{ f nflu kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] nfO{ b?' kofu] ugfn{ ] ltgLx¿sf] ;Gtn' g lauG| 5 . kf| sl[ ts kl| jm| ofnfO{ :jtM
;~rfng xg' afwf gkU' g] u/L kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] pkefu] u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;Gtn' g sfod ug{] sfon{ fO{
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f elgG5 .

^=#=!= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fsf] l;b\wfGt

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] n] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg cTofjZos kg{] tTTjx¿sf] ;~rfng, lgdf0{ f,
;j+ wg{ h:tf sfox{ ¿df 6j] f k¥' ofp5“ . kf| 0fL, jg:klt, ;I" d hLjf0f' cflbn] efu} fl] ns kl/l:yltcg;' f/
cfkmg\ f] cgs' n" kbw\ lt agfO{ afl“ r/xs] f xG' 5g\ . dflg;n] logLx¿sf] kfl/l:ylts kbw\ ltnfO{ vnan
gkfl/lbPdf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu ;xofu] kU' 5 . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0fnfO{ ljleGg
lsl;daf6 JofVof ljZni] f0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] ;/+ If0f / pkofu] Ps cfk;df cfabw\
xG' 5g\ . k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]t ;+/If0fsf lg/kI] f / ;fk]If b[li6sf0] f af/] tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

-c_ lg/k]If ;+/If0f

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] nfO{ slTt klg glauf/L h] h:tf] cj:yfdf 5, ToxL g} cj:yfdf sfod /fVg] wf/0ffnfO{
lg/kI] f ;/+ If0f elgG5 . o; cyd{ f kf| sl[ ts j:tx' ¿ h:t} M xfjf, kfgL, hldg, jg hªu\ n, hLjhGt,'
vlgh kbfy{ cflbsf] kl/df0ffTds l:ylt / u0' f:t/nfO{ slTt klg laufg{' xb“' g} eGg] ;fr] fO bl] vG5 /
;/+ If0f / pkofu] Ps cfk;df cfabw\ xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] lg/kI] f ;/+ If0ffTds wf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{ Hofb} sl7g xG' 5 . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] ko| fu] gu/L ltgLx¿sf] ;/+ If0f dfq ug{] elgPdf
;/+ If0fsf sfoj{ m| d tyf ko| f;x¿ ;Dej xb“' g} g\ . kf| sl[ ts l:yltdf dfgjLo x:tIfk] tyf kf| sl[ ts
sf/0fn] ubf{ nfk] xg' nfus] f hLjx¿sf] eg] ;/+ If0fsf nflu lg/kI] f ;/+ If0fsf] bl[ i6sf0] f lng' pkoS' t
xG' 5 . o; b[li6sf0] fn] ltgsf ;ªV\ ofTds / u0' ffTds :t/nfO{ la:tf/} j[b\lw ug{ ;xofu] k'¥ofp5“ .

-cf_ ;fk]If ;+/If0f

;fkI] f ;/+ If0f egs] f] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] pkofu] / ;/+ If0f sfox{ ¿nfO{ PsLst[ u/L Ps;} fy
;~rfng ugk{' g{] wf/0ff xf] . o:tf] wf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfgs{ f nflu ;f| t] tyf ;fwgx¿sf]
pkofu] sf ;fy} hug] f{ ug,{] kg' ?Tkfbg ug{] h:tf dfGotf dflg;n] cjnDag ugk{' 5{ . o:tf] efjgf
xfdL ;ad} f cfTdfbl] v g} ljsf; xg' k' 5{ . tn] , sfO] nf, vlgh kbfy{ h:tf cgjLs/0fLo ;f| t] x¿sf]
sd ko| fu] , kg' M ko| fu] / kg' M rjm| 0fsf pkfox¿ Jojxf/df Nofpgfn] ltgsf] ;/+ If0fdf ;xofu]
kU' 5 . gjLs/0fLo ;f| t] x¿, h:t} M jg hªu\ n, kzk' G5L, vt] LkftLsf] ko| fu] eg] ltgsf] pTkfbgsf]
l:ylt / kg' M pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ugfn{ ] ;/+ If0fdf 6j] f kU' 5 . t;y{ ;/+ If0fsf] ;fkI] f
b[li6sf]0fn] dflg;nufotsf hLjhGt' / k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿larsf] ;x;DaGwsf] cl:tTTjnfO{
sfod /fVb5 .

96 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

lg/k]If / ;fk]If ;+/If0flar cGt/nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

j|m=;+= lg/k]If ;+/If0f ;fk]If

! lg/kI] f ;/+ If0fsf] l;bw\ fGtn] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ;fkI] f ;/+ If0f kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] pkofu] /
k|of]u gu/L ;+/If0f ug{ lgb]{z u5{ . ;/+ If0f ;u“ ;u“ } ug{] l;bw\ fGtaf6 lgbl{]zt u5{ .

@ of] l;bw\ fGt k/:yfgLo / :yfgLo ¿kdf of] ;fdb' flos jg ;/+ If0f sfoj{ m| ddf

pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pkof]u ul/G5 .

# kf| sl[ ts sf/0fn] nfk] xg' nfus] f kh| flt gjLs/0fLo ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0fdf pkofu] L xG' 5 .
;+/If0fdf a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$ lrl8of 3/, jGo hGt' cf/If0f, /fli6o« ;fdb' flos jg, df5f kfng, df/} L kfngdf

lgs'~hdf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . of] k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

% of] ;}b\wflGts ;+/If0f xf] . of] Jojxfl/s ;+/If0f xf] .

^=#=@= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0ffTds k|of]u

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ljjs] k0" f{ ¿kdf ko| fu] u/L ltgsf] kl/0ffd / u0' ffTds l:yltnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
l6sfpgn' fO{ ;/+ If0ffTds ko| fu] elgG5 . o;sf] Woo] ;f| t] x¿nfO{ efjL ;Gtltsf nflu klg sfod
/fVg ;xofu] k¥' ofpg' xf] . o:tf] efjgfn] ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0ffTds ko| fu] sf] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg
;xofu] k'¥ofp5“ . dflg;n] k|fs[lts ;f| ]tx¿sf] ko| fu] ljjs] k0" f{ lsl;dn] ugk'{ 5{ . kmn:j¿k
kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] ko| fu] df sdL cfO{ ltgLx¿sf] hug] f{ ug{ ;xofu] kU' 5 . dflg;n] ;/+ If0ffTds
efjgf / Jojxf/sf] cjnDag u/L kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ko| fu] ugk{' 5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dflg;n] jg
hªu\ naf6 :ofpnf, sf7, bfp/f cflb Nofp5“ g\ . sf7, bfp/f Nofpb“ f slnnf ;l' /nf ?vx¿ gsf6L
9ns] f ;s' s] f ?vx¿sf] ko| fu] ugk{' 5{ . ;fnsf] kft l6Kbf o;sf ?vx¿ / ;;fgf la?jfx¿nfO{
sf6g\ ' xb'“ g} . To:t} Jofkf/sf ¿kdf cGwfw'Gw hª\un km8fgL ug'{ x'b“ }g . sg' } klg k|fs[lts
;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0ffTds ko| fu] ug{] kj| l[ Ttsf] ljsf;n] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] ;/+ If0f eO{ kf| sl[ ts
jftfj/0f sfod /fVg dbt kU' 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf ;fy kofj{ /0f / kh| flt ;/+ If0fsf nflu, hl} js
ljljwtf ;/+ If0fsf nflu, kofj{ /0fLo kl| jm| of ;xh agfpgsf nflu kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0f ugk{' 5{ .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0fn] s:tf] wf/0ff agfp“5 <

— gjLs/0fLo ;f| ]tsf] ko| fu] / lg/Gt/tf ug{
— jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f / zlStsf ;|ft] arfpg
— k'gM k|of]u / k'gM rj|m0f l;sfp5“
— cgjLs/0fLo ;f| t] sf] ljj]sk"0f{ k|ofu] ug{
— cgGt ;|f]tsf] a9LeGbf a9L k|of]u ug{

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 97

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b^=$ k[YjLsf] :ofxf/

^=$=!= k[YjLsf] :ofxf/sf] kl/ro

;g\ !(*) df ljZj ;/+ If0f sfog{ Lltn] ljZj kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf ;/+ If0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf gLltut
kIfx¿sf] JofVof u/s] f] 5 . ljsf; / kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbf ;/+ If0fsf sfox{ ¿nfO{ PsLst[ ub{} nh} fgsf
nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/x¿ agfpg o;n] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df k[YjLsf]
:ofxf/af/] gLlt / Jofjxfl/s sfox{ ¿ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o; sfog{ Lltn] kY[ jLsf] ;/+ If0f ug{] sfo{
ofh] gfx¿df nfUg ;an} fO{ dfu{ bzg{ u/s] f] 5 . ljZj ;/+ If0f sfog{ LltnfO{ ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf
sfofG{ jog ugs{ f nflu kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ / lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu Ps sfog{ Llt thd{' f ul/Psf] xf] .
ljZj ;/+ If0f ;ª3\ (The World Conservation Union-IUCN, International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource) ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ Lo jftfj/0f sfoj{ m| d (United
Nations Environment Programme-UNEP) / ljZj jGohGt' sfi] f (World Wildlife Fund-
WWF) sf] ;o+ S' t ko| f;af6 k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ sfo{gLlt ks| fzg ul/of] . oL lgsfox¿n] lbuf] hLjg
ofkgsf nflu hf8] lbPsf 5g\ . lbufk] gsf l;bw\ fGtnfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf sfofG{ jog ug{ / u/fpg
logLx¿n] cfkm\gf ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ kl| tabw\ u/fPsf 5g\ .

;/sf/, cGt/fl{ i6o« lgsfo, u/} ;/sf/L ;ª3\ ;:+ yf cflbn] kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ sfog{ LltnfO{ ;dyg{
u/s] f 5g\ . lj=;=+ @)$* ;fn sflts{ $ uts] f lbg nG8g, Goo' fs] ,{ 6fl] sof,] sf7df8f“} / ljZjsf
c¿ %% eGbf a9L ;x/x¿df o;sf] ljdfr] g Ps;} fy ul/Psf] lyof] . ljZj ;/+ If0f sfog{ Lltn]
jftfj/0fsf] ;/' Iff ug{ / o;df ;w' f/ Nofpgsf nflu ljleGg ko| f;x¿ ugk{' g{] s/' fdf hf8] lbPsf]
5 . tLdWo] hLjx¿sf] ;/+ If0f, lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;bw\ fGtsf] ko| fu] , ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0f / cjnDag ugk{' g{]
sx] L kd| v' ko| f;x¿ xg' \ . o; ko| f;sf ;fy} o;n] hg ;db' fosf] hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ ugs{ f nflu
sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{ hf8] lbPsf] 5 .

kY[ jL ;as} f] cf>o :yn xf] . kf| 0fL tyf jg:kltsf] hLjgsf nflu ofU] o agfO/fVg kY[ jLnfO{ :ofxf/
ul/g'k5{ . ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ ;~rfng ubf{, ;x/Ls/0f ubf{, cf}b\of]lusLs/0f ubf{ k[YjLsf]
kf| sl[ ts jftfj/0f Gog" dfqfdf c;/ kfgt{] km{ Wofg lbOgk' 5{ . ctM kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] tyf OGwgsf] vkt
sd ug,{] gjLs/0f ug{ g;lsg] wfts' f] sd ko| fu] ug,{] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ko| fu] nfO{ bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] sf
cfwf/df ug,{] jg:kltsf] ljsf; ug,{] jftfj/0f ljgfz tyf kb| i" f0fnfO{ sd ug{] / kY[ jLnfO{ kf| 0fLsf
nflu k|d'v cf>osf ¿kdf bL3{sfnLg ;do;Dd :j:y cj:yfdf /fVg] sfo{nfO{ k[YjLsf]
:ofxf/ elgG5 .

k[YjL :ofxf/sf dxTTjk"0f{ l;b\wfGt

— hl} js ljljwtfsf] ;/+ If0fsf] l;bw\ fGTf
— lbuf] ljsf; ;fy} kf| s[lts ;|ft] ko| fu] sf] l;b\wfGTf
— gjLs/0fLo ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0ffTds ko| fu] / cgjLs/0fLo ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0fsf] l;bw\ fGTf
— js} lNks pmhf{sf] a9L ko| f]usf] l;b\wfGt
— kY[ jLsf] ;/+ If0f g} dfgjLo hfl] vd Gog" Ls/0f wf/0ff ljsf;sf] l;b\wfGt

98 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b^=$=@= k|f0fLsf] cf>o :ynsf ¿kdf k[YjL

;fo} { d08ndf ePsf ljleGg ux| , pkux| x¿sf] bfh“ fd] f kY[ jLsf]
leGb} lsl;dsf] ljzi] ftf 5 . o;sf] cjl:ylt, tfkjm| d, kl/jm| d0f
tyf kl/e|d0f, xfjfkfgL cflb s]xL d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\ .
kY[ jLaf6 ;o" { sl/a !% s/f8] lsnfl] d6/ 6f9f ePsfn] klg of]
hLjx¿sf] nflu cgs' n" :yfg ePsf] xf] . oL ljzi] ftfx¿n] ubf{
g} kY[ jLdf hLjx¿ afR“ g ;s]sf xg' \ . k[YjL hLjx¿sf] Ps
ljzfn af;:yfg xf] . o;af6 hLjx¿nfO{ rflxg] xfjf, kfgL,
vfbo\ fGg, af; cflb kf| Kt xG' 5g\ . hldg, vfn] fgfnf, gbL, ;db' ,|
jg hªu\ n, rf/} cflb kf| sl[ ts Ifq] x¿df ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjx¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\ . tL kT| os] Ifq]
k[YjLsf cleGg cªu\ x'g\ . oL If]qx¿ Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\ . sg' } Ps Ifq] lau]d| f jf gfl;Pdf
csfn]{ fO{ c;/ k5{ . kY[ jLnfO{ xfdLn] æ;femf 3/Æ jf af;:yfgsf ¿kdf lng'k5{ .

kY[ jL kf| sl[ ts af;:yfg ePsfn] o;df ljleGg hLjx¿ /xg ;ss] f xg' \ . xfTtL, u8“} f, af3, lubw\ ,
afh cflb hldgdf a:g] kzk' G5L oxf“ 5g\ . df5f, ufx] L, ;I" d hLjx¿ cflb hnLo hLjx¿ xg' \ .
hldg / kfgLdf bj' } 7fpd“ f a:g ;Sg] Eofut' f h:tf peor/ hLjx¿ klg kY[ jLdf 5g\ . efu} fl] ns
:j¿k Pjd\ xfjfkfgLn] ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjx¿ kY[ jLdf /xs] f 5g\ . kY[ jL hLjx¿sf nflu
Ps cgs' "n :yfg ePsfn] of] hLjx¿sf] af;:yfg ag]sf] xf] . hLj d08n k|f0fLx¿sf] d08n xf] .
kY[ jLdf hLj d08n, jfo' d08n, :yn d08n / hn d08nsf] ;o+ S' t ;o+ fh] gn] ubf{ o;sf cfkmg\ }
ljzi] ftf 5g\ . o:tf] ;o+ S' t ;dfofh] gn] ubf{ g} kf| 0fLx¿sf] cl:tTTj sfod ePsf] 5 . kY[ jL
hLjx¿sf] cf>o :yn ag]sf] 5 . o;sf s]xL kd| v' ljz]iftfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

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kY[ jLdf :yn d08n 5 . kY[ jLsf] rf/ efudWo] sl/a ltg efu kfgL / Ps efu hldg 5 . k[YjLsf]
aflx/L ;txbl] v sx] L leqL efu;DdnfO{ :yn d08n elgG5 . cUnf,] xfr] f,] wflknf,] ;dy/ cflb
hldgsf :j¿k /x]sf 5g\ . hldgsf] l:yltcg;' f/ kfl/l:ylts kb\wltdf km/s k5{ . kf| s[lts
jftfj/0f klg km/s xG' 5 . kfl/l:ylts kbw\ ltcg;' f/ jg:klt / hLjx¿ klg km/s km/s lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ . o;}n] oxf“ ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjx¿ /xg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

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kY[ jLnfO{ jfo' d08nn] 3/] s] f] 5 . gfO6f« h] g, clS;hg, sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, xfO8f« h] g, hnjfik,
wn' fsf s0f cflb ldnL jfod' 08n ags] f] 5 . jfod' 08ndf ePsf] clS;hg Uof;“ n] ubf{ g} hLjx¿
kY[ jLdf afR“ g cgs' n" jftfj/0f ags] f] xf] . ;o" a{ f6 cfpg] 3fts k/fjh} gL ljls/0fnfO{ kY[ jLdf
cfpge' Gbf cufj} cfh] g txn] k/fjtg{ u5{ . kY[ jLnfO{ cfjZos kg{] hlt ls/0f eg] ;o" a{ f6 jfo'
d08n xb“' } kY[ jLdf cfp5“ . o;/L cfpg] tfkn] af6] la?jf, hLj hGt' cflbsf] zf/Ll/s ljm| ofx¿
;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 99