GRADE 9 HEALTH POPULATION in Nepali

-O_ Ct' kl/jt{gkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

kY[ jL cfkmg\ f] sIfdf 3D' b} ;o" s{ f] jl/kl/ kl/jm| df u5{ . kY[ jLsf] o:tf] ultn] ubf{ Ct' kl/jtg{ xG' 5 .
kY[ jLn] ;o" a{ f6 kf| Kt ug{] ks| fzdf km/s k5{ . df;} d kl/jtg{ , lbg /ft, tfkjm| ddf 36a9, jiff{ xg' ,] x/' L
atf; rNg,] t;' f/f] kg{] h:tf kf| sl[ ts kl| jm| ofx¿ kY[ jLdf rln/xG5 . kmn:j¿k ljleGg ;dodf km/s
km/s lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL xG' 5 . To;n} ] ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjx¿ kY[ jLdf /xg ;ss] f 5g\ .

-O{_ kfgL

kY[ jLsf rf/ efudWo] ltg efu kfgLn] 9fs]sf] 5 . kfgL kY[ jLsf] ;tx / ;txdl' g /x]sf] kfOG5 .
o;nfO{ hn d08n elgG5 . k[YjLsf] xf]rf] efudf kfgL hd/] /x]sf] xG' 5 . ;d'b,| gbL, tfn, kfv] /L
cflb :yfgx¿df kfgL /xs] f] x'G5 . kfgLn] ubf{ kY[ jLnfO{ cf]l;nf] agfPsf] 5 . o;af6 kY[ jLsf]
;txdf ljleGg lsl;dsf af6] la?jfx¿ pdg| , xs' g{ / a9g\ ;ss] f 5g\ . To:t} kzk' G5L, dflg;
cflb hLjx¿sf] hLjg ;~rfngsf nflu klg kfgL rflxG5 . kY[ jLdf kfgL /xs] fn] g} hLjx¿ /xg
;ss] f x'g\ . ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g] tfkjm| dn] ubf{ hnrj|m ;~rfng eO{ k[YjLdf kfgL k|fKt eO/xG5 .

-p_ tfk / k|sfz

;o" a{ f6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf tfk / ks| fz kf| Kt xG' 5 . ;o" a{ f6 kf| Kt ks| fz zlStn] ubf{ g} af6]
la?jfx¿n] cfkmg\ f] vfgf ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0f ljm| ofåf/f agfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . xfdLn] af6] la?jfx¿af6
cGg, kmnkm'n, ;fukft cflb kf| Kt u5{f}“ . ;fo} {tfkn] ubf{ hnrjm| ;~rfng eO{ jiff{ xG' 5 . o;n]
hLjx¿nfO{ xs' g{ , a9g\ , kmNg, kmN' g dbt k¥' ofp5“ . o;n] ubf{ kY[ jLdf ;a} hLjx¿sf] cl:tTTj
sfod x'g ;s]sf] xf] .

-pm_ vfb\o j:t'

dflg;nufot ljleGg hLjx¿nfO{ cfkmg\ f] hLjg lgjfx{ ugs{ f nflu vfbo\ j:t' cfjZos xG' 5 . dflg;n]
cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] vfbo\ j:t' jg:klt, kzk' G5L / cGo hLjx¿af6 klg kf| Kt u5g{ \ . jg:kltx¿n] cfkmg\ f]
vfgf ks| fz ;Z+ ni] f0f ljm| ofåf/f tof/ u5g{ \ . zfsfxf/L kzk' G5Ln] 3f;“ kft, af6] la?jf cflbaf6
cfkmg\ f] vfgf kf| Kt u5g{ \ . df;+ fxf/L kzk' G5Ln] hLj hGta' f6 cfkmg\ f] vfgf kf| Kt u5g{ \ .

-P_ k'gM rj|m0f

hLjx¿ rfx] df;+ fxf/L xg' ,\ rfx] zfsfxf/L xg' ,\ ltgLx¿ sg' } ;dodf d5g{ \ . ljR5b] sx¿n] dt[
z/L/nfO{ sx' fO df6fd] f ldnfp5“ g\ . o;/L df6fd] f ldns] f j:t' af6] la?jfx¿sf nflu vfbo\ j:t'
xG' 5 . hldgaf6 af6] la?jfx¿n] vfb\o j:t' k|fKt u/L kmNg, kmN' g cGg pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g\ .
kY[ jLdf j:tx' ¿ dg,{] ;8g\ ] / kml] / pTklTt xg' ] sfo{ eO/xG5 . o;/L kY[ jLdf j:tx' ¿sf] kg' M rjm| 0f
sfo{ eO/xG5 . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf o:tf] k|ljm| of rln/xG5 . o;n] ubf{ hLj d08nnfO{ rln/xg
dbt k'¥ofp“5 . o;af6 g} hLjx¿ k[YjLdf /xg ;s]sf 5g\ .

^=@=!= k[YjLsf] :ofxf/sf] cfjZostf

dflg;n] kY[ jLdf cfkmg\ f lxtsf nflu ljsf;sf ljleGg sfox{ ¿ ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . p;n] kf| sl[ ts
;f| t] , h:t} M xfjf, kfgL, vlgh kbfy,{ jg hªu\ n, kz'kG5L cflb pkofu] u5{ . To:t} ;8s, ejg,

100 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b9n, l;r“ fOsf nflu s'nf] cflb lgdf{0f ubf{ hldg, jg hª\un, kfgL cflbsf] pkofu] xG' 5 .
oftfoftsf ;fwg, xftxltof/, /f;folgs j:t,' dgf/] ~hgsf ;fwg cflb klg dflg;n] lgdf0{ f ub{}
cfPsf 5g\ . ljleGg pbo\ fu] x¿ klg ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . dflg;n] cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs ultljlw klg
;~rfng u5{ . oL ljm| ofsnfkx¿n] kY[ jLdf sg' } g sg' } ¿kdf c;/ k¥' ofPsf xG' 5g\ . sg' } c;/
7n' f] bl] vG5 eg] sg' } gu0o xg' fn] To;sf] c;/ bl] vb“ g} . o:t,} tTsfn bl] vg] c;/x¿ sfnfGt/df
7'nf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 . kY[ jL hLjx¿sf] cf>o :yn xf] . ;a} hLjx¿n] k[YjLdf ePsf ;|f]tx¿ pkof]u
u/L cfkmg\ f] hLjg lgjfx{ u5g{ \ . kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ug{' egs] f] kY[ jL / o;df /xs] f ;hLj / lghLj{
;a} j:tx' ¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf l6sfO/fVg ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] sfo{ ug{' xf] . kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/sf]
cfjZostf kgs'{ f sx] L k|d'v sf/0fx¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

-c_ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f

xfjf, kfgL, hldg, jg hªu\ n, vlgh j:tx' ¿ kY[ jLsf
cleGg cª\ux¿ xg' \ . logLx¿sf] hyfefjL k|of]u, clt
ko| fu] cflbn] ubf{ kY[ jLdf c;/ k5{ . h;n] ubf{ tfkjm| d
jb[ l\ w xg' ,] df;} d kl/jtg{ xg' ,] vfbo\ fGgsf] sdL xg' ] cflb
;d:ofx¿ pTkGg xG' 5g\ . logLx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ugfn{ ] kY[ jLsf]
:ofxf/df ;xof]u k'U5 .

-cf_ hLjx¿sf] ;+/If0f

kY[ jL dflg;nufotsf ljleGg lsl;dsf hLjx¿sf] af;:yfg xf] . oxf“ cgluGtL :ynLo / hnLo
hLjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ Ps cfk;df cGt/ ;DalGwt 5g\ . Pssf] ljgfzn] csf{nfO{ c;/
u5{ . To;n} ] hLjx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ugs{ f nflu ;dli6ut ¿kdf kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ugk{' 5{ h;n] kY[ jLsf]
kf| s[lts cj:yfnfO{ hf]ufpg dbt kU' b5 .

^=@=@= k[YjL :ofxf/sf pkfox¿

dflg;df ks| l[ tsf] x/] rfx ug{] kj| l[ Ttsf] ljsf; ePdf kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ug{ 6j] f kU' g] 5 . o:tf]
kj| l[ Ttsf] ljsf;n] dflg;sf] cfkmg\ } cl:tTj sfod /fVg klg ;xofu] kU' 5 . o;sf] kd| v' Woo]
kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ;DaGwL sfox{ ¿ :yfgLo :t/, /fli6o« :t/, cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/af6 ljleGg Ifq] df
;~rfng ug{' xf] . kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ugs{ f nflu ckgfpgk' g{] sx] L pkfox¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

-c_ k[YjLsf] ;+/rgfsf] 1fg

kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/sf sfox{ ¿df ;xofu] k¥' ofpgsf nflu kY[ jLsf] ;/+ rgf Pjd\ ;~rfngaf/] yfxf
kfpg' cfjZos xG' 5 . cfkmg\ f] sf7] f, 3/, ljbo\ fno, sfo{ Ifq] , ;8s, ;x/, bz] / ljZjsf] l:yltaf/]
sNkgf ugx{' f;] \ . tL :yfgx¿ s;/L rln/xs] f 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] Ps cfk;df s:tf] ;DaGw /xs] f]
5 < Toxf“ kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/sf nflu ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] s] s:tf ;an kIfx¿ 5g\ < kY[ jLnfO{ c;/
k¥' ofpg] s] s:tf v/fa s/' fx¿ 5g\ < o:tf ljleGg kZ| gx¿sf] ;xL 1fg xfdLdf ePdf kY[ jLsf]

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 101

:ofxf/sf sfoj{ m| dx¿df ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ;lsG5 . To;n} ] kY[ jLsf] l:ylt, ult, dxTTj cflb kIfx¿sfkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
af/]df xfdLdf 1fg xg' ' cfjZos 5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ kY[ jLsf] ;/+ If0fdf nfUg k/|] 0ff hufp5“ .

-cf_ k|s[ltk|lt cfb/ ug'{

dflg;n] cfkmg\ f Jojxf/nfO{ ks| l[ tsf] lgod;u“ ;Demft} f u/L afR“ g l;Sgk' 5{ . p;n] ks| l[ tnfO{
cfkmg\ f] lgoGq0fdf /fVg sfl] ;; ugx{' b“' g} . p;n] ks| l[ tnfO{ cfkmg\ f] ;xofu] L Pjd\ lxti} fL ;fyLsf
¿kdf lngk' 5{ . xfdf| dxTTjk0" f{ ;f:+ sl[ ts Pjd\ efjgfTds k/Dk/fx¿n] kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/df ;xofu]
k¥' ofp5“ g\ . xfdLn] cy{ cfhg{ ug{] kn| fe] gnfO{ sd u/L ks| l[ tnfO{ cfb/sf] efjgfn] Jojxf/ ug{]
ugk{' 5{ . kT| os] JolStn] cfkm" a;s] f] :yfg j/k/sf jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿sf] :ofxf/ / ;/+ If0f ugk{' 5{ .

-O_ k|s[ltcg's"n ljsf;

dflg;n] ljleGg lsl;dsf ljsf;sf sfox{ ¿ ;~rfng u5g{ \ . oL ljsf;dn" s ljm| ofsnfkx¿
kY[ jLsf ultljlw;u“ cgs' n" xg' ' cfjZos xG' 5 . ljsf;n] ks| l[ tdfly ljho kf| Kt u5{ eGg] unt
wf/0ffnfO{ xfdLn] TofUgk' 5{ . ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf sfox{ ¿ kY[ jLsf ultljlwx¿ lj?bw\ ePdf ltgLx¿n]
o;sf] jf:tljs cj:yfdf kl/jtg{ Nofp5“ g\ . o; lsl;dsf kl/jtg{ x¿ hLjx¿sf nflu vt/fgfs
xG' 5g\ . dflg;n] ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿ ks| [ltnfO{ c;/ gkg{] u/L ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ . dfgjLo
ljm| ofsnfk kY[ jLn] wfGg ;Sg] Ifdtf;u“ ldNgk' 5{ . logn] ks| l[ tdf c;/ k¥' ofPdf kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnLnfO{ lauf5{ . To;}n] ljsf; jftfj/0f cgs' "n x'g'k5{ .

-O{_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] plrt pkef]u

dflg;n] cfkmg\ f] cge' j, 1fg / l;ksf cfwf/df kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿, h:t} M jg hªu\ n, vlgh kbfy,{
hldg cflb pkof]u u5{g\ . o;sf] pb\bZ] o b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ug{' xf] . h;n]
dflg;sf] hLjg:t/nfO{ ;w' fg{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ . aª} s\ df art u/s] f] k;} f ;fr] ljrf/ gu/L lemSb}
uPdf vftf vfnL xG' 5 . cGTodf vftf g} aGb klg xg' ;S5 . To:t} dflg;n] cfkm\gf] cfjZostf
k/' f ugs{ f nflu kY[ jLdf ePsf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ cGwfwG' w lsl;dn] pkofu] ug{' xb“' g} . o;f] ugfn{ ]
;f| t] x¿sf] gfz eO{ ;dfKt xg' ;S5, h;sf] kT| oIf c;/ hLjx¿df k5{ .

-p_ ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+nUgtf

ks| l[ tsf] 1fg kf| Kt u//] jf o;sf af/d] f /fd/| L ae' m/] kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ug{] sfod{ f xfdL ;xefuL
aGg'k5{ . kfl/l:ylts kbw\ lt tyf ;/+ rgf af/d] f 1fg x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf] ;/+ If0fsf sfo{jm| ddf
xfdLn] efu lngk' 5{ . cfcfkm\gf] Ifq] af6 ;~rfng ePsf ;+/If0f sfo{x¿df ;xofu] k'¥ofpgk' 5{ .
;Dk0" f{ ;l[ i6df dfgj ;j>{ i] 7 ab' l\ wdfg / ljjs] zLn kf| 0fL xf] . dflg;sf ljm| ofsnfkx¿af6 kY[ jL
;/+ If0f jf ljgfzdWo] sg' } klg xg' ;Sg] ePsfn] kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/df dflg;sf] bfloTj uxg dflgG5 .

^=@=#= k[YjLsf] ;+/If0fsf k|d'v sfo{j|md

kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ug{] lhDdj] f/L ;as} f] xf] . Ps /fi6n« ] dfq o;sf] :ofxf/ tyf ;/+ If0f u//] kU' bg} /
;Dej klg x'“b}g . t;y{ k[YjLsf] ;+/If0f ;DalGwt sfo{j|mdx¿ ;a} b]zn] cfcfkm\gf] If]qdf

102 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcfjZostfcg;' f/ ;~rfng ugk'{ 5{ . kY[ jLsf] ;/+ If0f ;DaGwL ePsf ljleGg k|of;x¿dWo] sx] L
sfoj{ m| dx¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

-c_ ljZjJofkL ;+/If0f gLlt

k[YjL ;a}sf] ;femf af;:yfg xf] . kY[ jLsf] ;/+ If0f gePdf hLjx¿sf] cl:tTTj dl] 6g] 5 . To;}n]
kY[ jLsf] ;/+ If0f Pjd\ ;j+ wg{ gLlt tyf sfoj{ m| dx¿ cfjZos k5g{ \ . o; ;Gbe{df ljZj ;+/If0f gLlt
tyf sfoj{ m| d thd{' f eO{ sfof{Gjog xb'“ } cfPsf] 5 . kY[ jLsf] ;/+ If0fsf nflu k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ Ps
dxTTjk0" f{ sfog{ Llt xf] . kzk' G5L ;/+ If0f, jg hªu\ n ;/+ If0f, e;" /+ If0f cflbnfO{ ;/+ If0f gLltsf
pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

-cf_ /fli6«o ;+/If0f gLlt

kY[ jLdf ePsf kf| sl[ ts, hl} js, efl} ts, ;fdflhs tyf
;f:+ sl[ ts h:tf kIfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug{] /fli6o« gLlt xg' k' 5{ .
w/] } bz] x¿n] o:tf] gLlt thd{' f u/L sfofG{ jog ul//xs] f
5g\ . ;/+ If0f sfo{gLlt th'd{ f eO{ /fli6«o, :yfgLo ljleGg
txdf sfof{Gjog ul/“b} 5 . o:tf gLlt lgdf{0f /
sfofG{ jogdf xfdf| ] bz] n] klg kf| yldstf lbb“ } cfPsf] 5 .
o;cGtut{ hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0f, jftfj/0f lzIff sfoj{ m| d,
jftfj/0fLo ke| fj cWoog tyf dN" ofª\sg cflb k5{g\ .
To:t} jg hªu\ n ;/+ If0f, kz'kG5L ;/+ If0f, e";/+ If0f,
hnfwf/ ;/+ If0f h:tf sfoj{ m| dx¿ :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng
ePsf 5g\ . o;n] k[YjLsf] ;+/If0fdf ljleGg If]qaf6 of]ubfg k'¥ofp“5 .

-O_ jftfj/0fLo of]hgf

kT| os] bz] n] cfkmg\ f] cflys{ , ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts cflb kIfsf] pGgltsf nflu ljsf; sfoj{ m| dx¿
;~rfng u5g{ \ . ljsf; lbuf] ¿kdf l6Sg] / ;f| t] tyf ;fwgx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug]{ PsLs[t sfoj{ m| d
xg' 'k5{ . o:tf] nIo lnO{ th{'df u/]sf] sfo{jm| dnfO{ jftfj/0fLo of]hgf elgG5 . o;n] k[YjLsf]
;/+ If0fdf ofu] bfg k¥' ofO{ ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf l6sfpg dbt u5{ . o:tf sfoj{ m| d ;fgf] tyf 7n' f]
:t/df xfdf| ] bz] nufot ljleGg bz] x¿n] cjnDag u/L sfofG{ jog ul//xs] f 5g\ .

-O{_ P]g sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog

kY[ jLdf ePsf kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] , h:t} M xfjf, kfgL, jg hªu\ n, kzk' G5L cflbsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ Pg] , sfgg'
thd'{ f ug{'k5{ . ltgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfofG{ jog ug{k' 5{ . o:tf ko| f;x¿ ljleGg b]zn] ub}{
cfPsf 5g\ . xfd|f] bz] n] klg cfkm\gf] cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg'g agfp“b} cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] bz] n] o:tf
jftfj/0fLo sfg'gsf] ke| fjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ko| Tg ub}{ 5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 103

-p_ ;+:yfut ;'wf/kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

kY[ jLdf ePsf ;f| t] x¿ pkofu] ug,{] u/fpg] h:tf sfox{ ¿df ljleGg ;ª3\ ;:+ yf tyf lgsfox¿
;n+ Ug 5g\ . logLx¿df ;f| t] sf] ljjs] k0" f{ lsl;dn] ko| fu] ug{ 1fg tyf l;ksf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/
u/fpgk' 5{ . kY[ jLdf ePsf ;f| t] x¿sf] ljjs] k0" f{ lsl;dn] ko| fu] ugk{' g{] clejl[ Tt ltgLx¿df ljsf;
u/fpg'k5{ . ltgLx¿nfO{ kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ;DaGwL sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ . o;
;DaGwdf xfdf| ] bz] / c¿ ljleGg bz] x¿n] cfkmg\ f Ifq] af6 ko| f; ub{} cfPsf 5g\ .

-P_ r]tgf clej[b\lw

kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ;DaGwL ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ cGt/fl{ i6o« , /fli6o« / :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ .
o:tf sfoj{ m| dx¿sf] ;~rfngn] kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ug{] sfod{ f h6' g\ dflg;nfO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug5{] .
;~rfng ePsf sfoj{ m| dx¿df ;xeflutf klg a95\ . ljleGg bz] x¿n] cfcfkmg\ f] cfjZostfg;' f/
o:tf sfoj{ |mdx¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf sfoj{ m| d xfdf| ] bz] df klg ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] b?' kofu] sf] c;/af/] Psfªs\ L agfO{ ljbo\ fnosf] sfoj{ m| ddf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

^=@=$ dflg; / k[YjL

kY[ jL dflg;, jg:klt, kzk' G5L / ljleGg hLjx¿sf] af;:yfg xf] . dflg;n] hLpg] jm| DfDff kY[ jLdf
ljleGg lsl;dsf cfcfkmg\ f ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng u5g{ \ . af;:yfg, vfbo\ j:t,' kfgL, xfjf cflbsf]
;|ft] k[YjL xf] . dflg;n] cfkm\gf] 3/, ejg h:tf lgdf0{ f sfox{ ¿ kY[ jLdf g} u5{g\ . ljsf;sf
sfox{ ¿, h:t} M pbo\ fu] ;~rfng, ;8s lgdf0{ f, sn' f] lgdf0{ f cflb klg kY[ jLdf g} ;~rfng xG' 5g\ .
dflg;sf o:tf ultljlwx¿n] ubf{ eI" fo xg' ,] af9L klx/f] hfg,] df;} ddf kl/jtg{ xg' ] cflb ;d:ofx¿
pTkGg xG' 5g\ . oL ;d:ofx¿af6 kY[ jLnfO{ arfpgsf nflu ljbo\ dfg ;f| t] x¿nfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf ko| fu]
ug'{k5{ . ;fy} k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ ;DaGwL sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ugk'{ 5{ . kY[ jLdf ePsf ;a} hLjx¿
k/:k/df cGt/ ;DalGwt xG' 5g\ . dflg;n] ks| [ltnfO{ cfb/ u/L plrt Jojxf/ ug'{ cfjZos xG' 5 .
o;n] hl} js ljljwtfnfO{ sfod / ;/+ If0f ugs{ f nflu ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ . kY[ jLdf ePsf hLjx¿sf]
ljsf; / To;nfO{ sfod ug{] sfon{ fO{ kf| yldstf lbgk' 5{ . dflg;n] cfkmg\ f ultljlwx¿nfO{ ;~rfng
ubf{ c¿ hLjx¿sf] hLjg kbw\ ltnfO{ afwf l;hg{ f ug{' xb“' g} . kY[ jLdf ePsf ;f| t] x¿ ljjs] k0" f{ ¿kdf
ko| fu] ug{' cfjZos 5 . To;n} ] dflg;n] cfkmg\ f cfjZostf / rfxgf k/' f ubf{ c¿ hLjx¿sf]
cl:tTjnfO{ ljgfz ug{' xb“' g} . kY[ jL hfu] fpgsf nflu lgDg ljifodf ;rt] xg' h?/L 5 M

-s_ kT| os] lbgsf lso| fsnfkn] lug| xfp; Uof;“ 36fp5“ eGg] Vofn ugk'{ 5{ .

-v_ kf| s[lts ;f| t] sf] ljjs] k0" f{ k|ofu] ug{'k5{ .

-u_ kY[ jL /x] dfq dfgjsf] cl:tTTj /xG5 eGg] ljifodf ;rt] /xg' h?/L 5 .

k[YjL / dflg;larsf] ;DaGw ;'wf/sf pkfox¿

 kY[ jLdf /xs] f ;f| t] sf] pkofu] ubf{ cTolws ko| fu] ug{' xb“' g} .

104 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ljsf;sf ljm| ofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ ofh] gfabw\ 9ªu\ n] ugk{' 5{ .
 cfwl' gs / k|ljlwsf] clwstd ko| fu] ug{] t/ jftfj/0f glaufgt]{ km{ ;rt] xg' k' 5{ .
 kY[ jLsf] jxg IfdtfeGbf a9L ko| fu] ug{] bi' ko| f; ug{' xb“' g} .
 zlSt ;/+ If0fn] g} zlSt pTkfbgsf] wf/0ff ljsf; u/fpgk' 5{ .
 ks| l[ tsf] lgod;u“ ;Demft} f u/L afR“ g] snf l;sfpgk' 5{ .
 jftfj/0f d}qL Jojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{k' 5{ .
 jg lzIff tyf s[lif lzIffdf hf]8 lbgk' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

sIffsf7] fdf ækf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / dfgj ;DaGwÆ zLifs{ df jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utfsf] cfofh] gf
ug'{xf];\ .

^=@=% k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ ;DaGwL :yfgLo ¿kdf ug{ ;lsg] k|of;x¿

:yfgLo :t/df ul/g] ;/+ If0ffTds sfox{ ¿ km/s km/s xG' 5g\ . kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ;DaGwL :yfgLo tyf
;db' fo :t/df ug{ ;lsg] sx] L sfoj{ m| dx¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

-s_ gof“ tyf k/' fgf kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ hfu] fpg To; j/k/sf :yfgdf ePsf af6] la?jf
hfu] fpgk' 5{ . To:tf] :yfgdf af]6 la?jf gePdf jf sdL ePdf jI[ ff/fk] 0f u/L Toxf“
af]6 la?jfsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg'k5{ .

-v_ jg hª\unsf] ;+/If0f :yfgLo If]qaf6 ug'{k5{ . cfkm\gf j/k/sf vfnL :yfgdf
jI[ ff/fk] 0f u/L xl/ofnL a9fpg ;lsG5 . jg hªu\ naf6 ;'ss] f sf7, bfp/f, lem“hf,
kft kltªu\ / cflb ;ªs\ ng ug{ ;lsG5 t/ ;;fgf / pdb“| } u/s] f af6] la?jfx¿nfO{
df:g' x'“b}g . ltgLx¿sf] :ofxf/ ;Def/ u/L j[b\lw ug'{k5{ .

-u_ /f;folgs dn, ljiffbL h:tf /;fogx¿sf] ko| fu] df sdL Nofpg'k5{ . kf| ªu\ fl/s
dnsf] ko| fu] df j[bl\ w ugk{' 5{ . ljiffbLsf] sd ko| fu] n] :ynLo / hnLo hLjx¿sf]
;+/If0fdf dbt k'Ub5 . o:tf] efjgf ;d'bfosf JolStx¿df hufpg'k5{ .

-3_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg ug{] ;fy} clgolGqt a;fa] f;df /fs] nufpgk' 5{ .

-ª_ 8f8“ fkfvf, jg hªu\ n, rf/} cflb :yfgdf 88n] f] nufpg' xb“' g} . To:tf] sfo{ ug{
/f]Sg'k5{ .

-r_ wflds{ :yn, rf/} , ;fjh{ lgs :yn, vfn] fgfnf, hnLo Ifq] cflbnfO{ ;db' fosf ;a}
dflg; ldnL hf]ufpg'k5{ .

-5_ cfkmg\ f] 3/, cfu“ g, af6f], rf/} , ;fjh{ lgs :yn cflb :yfgnfO{ ;kmf /fVg'k5{ . o;sf
nflu ;d'bfoaf6 g} ;/;kmfO sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ug'k{ 5{ .

-h_ 7f;] kmfx] f/] sf] Joj:yfkg, 9n lgsf;sf] plrt ka| Gw ldnfpg'k5{ .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 105

-em_ cfkmg\ f] vt] af/L, hldg cflb :yfgdf eI" fo /fS] gk' 5{ . u/f kbw\ lt ckgfO{ vt] LkftLkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
ugk{' 5{ . vt] af/Lsf] l8ndf af6] la?jf /fK] gk' 5,{ h;n] df6f] ;/+ If0fdf ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ .

-`_ v]taf/Lsf] j/k/sf] jg hª\un hf]ufpg'k5{ .
-6_ cfkmg\ f] Ifq] sf d7, dlGb/, uD' af, dl:hb, wflds{ :ynnfO{ ddt{ ;Def/ u/L hfu] fpgk' 5{ .

o:tf ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0fdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf a9fpgk' 5{ .
-7_ jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f Pjd\ ;j+ wg{ ;DaGwL ;r" gfx¿ cfkmg\ f] j/k/ kr| f/ k;| f/ ugk{' 5{ .
-8_ kfgLsf] kg' M ko| fu] tyf jiffs{ f] kfgL ;ªs\ ng sfoj{ m| d sfofG{ jog ug{ kl]| /t ugk{' 5{ .
-9_ js} lNks ;f| t] sf] vfh] L Pjd\ ko| fu] ug{] gLlt ljsf; tyf sfoj{ m| d nfu' ugk{' 5{ .

cEof;

-s_ clt ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
!= k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] nfO{ kl/eflift ug'{xf;] \ .
@= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] jlu{s/0f ug'x{ f;] \ .
#= gk] fnsf slt kl| tzt dflg;n] bfp/f ko| fu] u5g{ \ <
$= lg/kI] f ;/+ If0f lsg cfjZos 5 <
%= kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <

-v_ 5f]6s/Ldf pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
!= kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf] cjwf/0ff k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \ .
@= cgjLs/0fLo ;f| t] / gjLs/0fLo ;|ft] df cGt/ 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ .
#= kY[ jLsf] :ofxf/ ugk{' gfs{ f sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
$= :yfgLo :t/df s] s:tf ljm| ofsnfk ubf{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0f xG' 5, ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .
%= dflg; / k[YjLlarsf] cGt/ ;DaGw k|:6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .
^= æxl/of] jg gk] fnsf] wgÆ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \ .
&= x/s] JolStn] cfkmg\ f] hGd lbgsf] ;do kf//] Pp6f la?jf /fK] gk' 5{ . o; egfOdf tkfO{“
;xdt jf c;xdt s] xg' x' G' 5, cfkmg\ f] ljrf/ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

-u_ l6Kk0fL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M
!= lg/kI] f / ;fkI] f ;/+ If0f
@= kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf lsl;d

-3_ kl/of]hgf sfo{
3/df ko| fu] ul/g] sg' sg' j:tx' ¿nfO{ sd ko| fu] u//] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] nfO{ ;/+ If0f ug{ dbt
k¥' ofpg ;Sgx' G' 5, kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ ;fw] /] kf| Kt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d6] L pTt/ tof/ u/L
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

106 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

PsfO & jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo

&M! jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] cjwf/0ffkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

jftfj/0f -Environment_ zAb km]| Gr efiffsf] Environ / Ment af6 cfPsf] xf] . Environ sf] cy{
Wind circuit cyft{ jft cfj/0f jf jft ;/+ rgf jf jft axfj xG' 5 . oxf“ jftsf] cy{ xfjf /
cfj/0fsf] cy{ 9sgL jf 9fSg' jf 3g] {' eGg] xG' 5 . o;} u/L Ment sf] cy{ Action -ljm| of_ jf Result
-glthf_ nfO{ ae' mfp5“ . o;/L zflAbs cys{ f] cfwf/df xb] f{ xfjfn] 3/] /] /fvs] f] ;Dk0" f{ Ifq] sf] ;du|
kl/jz] n] g} jftfj/0f eGg] ae' mfp5“ . o; sf/0f jftfj/0fcGtut{ Ps csfd{ f cfl>t xfjf, kfgL,
df6f,] hl} js chl} js j:tx' ¿, ;f:+ sl[ ts wflds{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿ cflb k5g{ \ . jf:tjdf jftfj/0f
egs] f] xfdL / xfdf| ] ;dfhnfO{ ;w+} ke| fljt ul//xg] xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] 9ª' u\ f, kxf8
kjt{ , jg hªu\ n, vfn] f gfnf cflb hLljt / lghLj{ tTTjx¿ xg' \ .

xfdf| lgldTt jftfj/0f clt cfjZos / ckl/xfo{ 5 . jftfj/0flagf dfgj hLjgsf] sNkgf klg ug{
;lsb“ g} . jftfj/0fdf /xs] f x/s] tTTjx¿sf] zb' w\ tfn] u0' ffTds dfgj hLjgsf] :t/nfO{ dfkg u5{ .
o;/L jftfj/0fdf /xs] f tTTjx¿sf] zb' w\ tf;u“ } dfgj :jf:Yo cfTdlge/{ /xs] f] xG' 5 . log} jftfj/0fsf
tTTjx¿sf] zb' w\ tf / o;af6 dfgj :jf:YonfO{ ;b' 9[ agfpg] cj:yfnfO{ ;dud| f jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo
elgG5 . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] cfofh] gfdf ;g\ !(&@ bl] v x/s] jif{ hg' % tfl/vsf lbg x/s] bz] x¿df
ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; dgfpb“ } cfOPsf] 5 . gk] fndf klg a;g{] L ljZj jftfj/0f lbj; dgfpg] ul/G5 .
;g\ @)!$ hg' % df gk] fndf ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;sf] gf/f ‘lxdfn arfcf,“} jftfj/0f hfu] fcf’“} eGg]
lyof] . gk] fndf lj=;=+ @)%# df jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f Pg] / @)%$ df jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f lgodfjnL nfu'
ePkl5 jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f tyf kb| i" f0f lgoGq0fdf w/] } 7n' f] ;xofu] ku' s] f] 5 .

jftfj/0fdf /xs] f xfjf, kfgL, df6f] / Wjlgsf] :j:ytf / zb' w\ tfnfO{ g} jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo elgG5 .
xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] xfjfdf clS;hgsf] dfqf kofK{ t xg' ,' Uof;“ x¿sf lardf /fdf| ] ;Gtn' g sfod xg' '
jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo xf] . kfgLdf wj' f,“ wn' f,] dn} fs] f ;fy} v/fa /;fogx¿ gxg' ,' df6f] pj/{ foS' t xg' '
df6fn] fO{ sdhf/] agfpg] /;fog tyf Knfli6shGo j:tx' ¿ gldl;g' klg jftfj/0f :j:ytfsf] ;r" s
xf] . o;n] ljleGg ;ªj\ m| fds /fu] x¿ lgoGq0f ug{ :jR5 xfjf, ;kmf vfg] kfgL, JolStut ;/;kmfOsf
afgL Jojxf/, ;Gtl' nt / tfhf vfbo\ fGgsf] Joj:yf, kfl} i6s vfgfsf] Joj:yfkgdf dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf
vN] 5 . vfgf agfpb“ f, vfgf vfb“ f, / vj' fpb“ fsf] ;/;kmfO, rkLs{ f] ko| fu] , kmfx] f]/ Joj:yfkg, dndq" sf]
plrt Joj:yfkg, wj' f“ tyf wn' f,] jfo,' Wjlg cflbsf] Joj:yfkgdf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yon] dxTTjk0" f{
el" dsf vN] b5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 107

&M@ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f / k|b"if0fsf] Joj:yfkgkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

xfdf| jl/kl/ /xs] f] jftfj/0f :j:y agfpg xfdLn] Ps 7fpd“ f kxn ul//x] klg cGo 7fps“ f]
sdhf/] Lsf sf/0f xfdL l;sf/ eO/xs] f xG' 5f“} . /s6] , ad, cGtl/If ofgsf] k/LIf0f kI| fk] 0fn] xfdf| ]
jftfj/0fsf] xfjf, kfgL / df6fnfO{ g/fd/| L ke| fj kf5{ . o;af6 cfPsf] cfjfh t/ªu\ sf] ¿kdf
k;| f/0f eO{ Wjlg kb| i" f0f;dt] xG' 5 . ljZjsf] sg' } klg 7fpd“ f ePsf] ljikmf6] sf] c;/ jfo' d08n /
cfh] f]g txdf k5{ . Toxf“ cf“wL ax] /Ln] Toxf“sf] xfjf oxf“ Nofp5“ / oxfs“ f] xfjf Toxf“ k¥' ofp5“ .
To;n} ] ljZjnfO{ g} Pp6f km' naf/L ;Dem/] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fsf] Joj:yfkgdf nfUgk' 5{ .

&M@M! jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf] kl/ro

;Dk0" f{ dfgjnufot hLj hgfj/x¿sf] hLjg ;kmn ¿kdf ;~rfng ugs{ f nflu xfdf| jl/kl/sf]
jftfj/0f ;kmf / :jR5 xg' ' ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . jftfj/0f ;kmf gxb“' f xfdf| ] jl/kl/ /xs] f hLjhGt,' hgfj/,
la?jf / kf| sl[ ts :j¿kdf g} gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . o;/L jftfj/0fdf /xs] f xfjf kfgL, df6f,] hLj
hgfj/, af6] la?jf, vfn] fgfnf, kxf8 kjt{ cflbdf bl] vg] gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ kb| i" f0f elgG5 .
jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0faf6 xfjfdf /xg] Uof;“ x¿sf] dfqfdf ptf/r9fj cfpg,] kfgLdf ljleGg /;fog tyf
hl} js tTTjx¿sf] kj| z] x'g] x'G5 . df6fd] f /f;folgs, hl} js tyf chl} js j:tx' ¿ ldl;bf pj/{ f zlSt
sdhf/] x'“b} hfG5 . cfh] fg] txsf] df6] fO sd xg' ,] cltjl[ i6, cgfjl[ i6, es" Dk, Hjfnfdv' L cflb h:tf
;ªs\ 6x¿ bv] fkg{] xb“' f kY[ jLdf htftt} eofjx, kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] / dxfdf/L lglDtg] cj:yf l;hg{ f xG' 5 .

o;/L bl] vg] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fnfO{ xfdLn] lgoGq0f u/g] f“} eg] xfdf| ] hLjg klg ;ªs\ 6k0" f{ cj:yfaf6 uh' g|
yfNg5] . 3/, ;db' fonfO{ jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0faf6 dS' t u/L xfdL / xfdf| ;GtltnfO{ eodS' t agfpg
jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{' h?/L 5 . jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fsf ;DaGwdf Jojl:yt hfgsf/L
kf| Kt ug{ jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fsf Ifq] / sf/0fx¿ hfGg cfjZos xG' 5 . To:t,} jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0faf6
:jf:Yodf kg{] c;/x¿ / jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ hfGg plTts} cfjZos 5 .

jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] dxTTj
-s_ jftfj/0f / :jf:Yolarsf] ;DaGw klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

-v_ jftfj/0f ;/;kmfO, kmfx] f/] sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ pTkl]| /t u5{ .

-u_ jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fsf sf/0f / kb| i" f0f lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfokl| t ;rt] /xg dbt u5{ .

-3_ jftfj/0fsf sf/0f l;h{gf xg' ] /fu] / To;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ dbt u5{ .

-ª_ JolStnfO{ cfkm\ gf] JolStut :jf:Yo / dfgl;s :jf:YonfO{ :j:y /fVg dbt k¥' ofp5“ .

-r_ kof{j/0fnfO{ arfO{ /fVg dbt u5{ .
kl/jf/ / ljb\ofnodf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo sfod /fVg] pkfox¿

!= 3/ j/k/ / ljbo\ fno j/k/ ;/;kmfO ug{]

@= 3/ / ljbo\ fnoaf6 lg:ss] f kmfx] f/] sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{

108 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b#= 3/ / ljb\ofno j/k/ j[Iff/fk] 0f ug]{

$= 3/ / ljbo\ fnodf zfr} fnosf] k|aGw ug{]

%= ufO{ j:t' / cGo rf}kfofx¿ ljbo\ fnodf kj| z] ug{ glbg]

^= 3/ jf ljbo\ fnodf aur“} f jf kmn' af/L lgdf0{ f ug{]

&= ljbo\ fno j/k/ pbo\ fu] , snsf/vfgf :yfkgf / dn] f, pT;j gug{]

&M@M@ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf ;|f]t / sf/0fx¿

kf| sl[ ts / sl[ qd ljrngsf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo tTTjsf efl} ts, /f;folgs / hl} js u0' fx¿df
kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . o;af6 kT| os] sf] dfqfTds / u0' ffTds cj:yfdf kl/jtg{ cfpg' g} jftfj/0fLo
kb| i" f0f xf] . jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f cfkm“} xg' ] geO{ ks| l[ tdf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ tyf dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfk
kd| v' sf/ssf ¿kdf /xs] f] kfOG5 . ;fo} { d08ndf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ sf] ke| fj, kY[ jLsf] tfkdfgdf
jb[ l\ w, Hjfnfdv' L, af9L, klx/f,] eI" fo, es" Dk cflbnfO{ jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f u/fpg] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf
¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . o;} u/L jg ljgfz, pTvgg, 7n' f 7n' f lgdf0{ f sfo,{ cfb} o\ fl] usLs/0f, ob' w\ ,
lj:kmf6] g, cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f h:tf sfon{ fO{ dfgjLo ;f| t] sf gsf/fTds ljm| ofsnfksf ¿kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . oL bj' } ;f| t] af6 eO/xs] f jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f sf/0fx¿sf ;Gbed{ f oxf“ cWoog ul/G5 M

-s_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t

kY[ jLdf :j:km" t{ ¿kdf ljleGg ;dodf tfkdfgdf kl/jtg{ cfpg,] Hjfnfdv' L, es" Dk, af9L klx/f]
cfpg,] ;o" s{ f] ljls/0f, cDnLo jiff{ xg' ] cflb ultljlw bl] vg] u5g{ \ . xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0fnfO{
kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] af6 kb| i" f0f u/fpg] kIf¿nfO{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

- c _ kY[ jLsf] tfkdfgdf kl/jtg{ M kY[ jLsf] jfo' d08ndf clS;hgsf] sdL tyf sfag{
dfg] fc] S;fO8sf] jb[ l\ wsf sf/0f jfo' d08nsf] tfkdfgdf jb[ l\ w u/fpb“ f slxn] w/] }
udL{ / slxn] w/] } 7G8L x'G5 . k[YjLdf jg hª\unsf] ljgfz, Knfl:6shGo j:t'x¿sf]
hngn] jfo' d08ndf clS;hgsf] dfqf Gog" xG' 5 eg] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, sfag{
dfg] fc] S;fO8 cflbsf] dfqfdf a9fT] t/L xb“' f jfo' d08nnufot kY[ jLsf] cfjZos
tfkjm| ddf ljrng cfp5“ . kl/0ffd:j?k tfkdfg a9/] lxp“ kUng,] lxd klx/f] hfg,]
lxdtfn km' 6g\ ,] gbLdf ckT| oflzt af9L cfpg,] v8/] L kg{] h:tf jftfj/0fLo ;d:of
l;h{gf x'G5g\ .

-cf_ Hjfnfdv' LM kY[ jLdf kg{] ;fo} { d08nsf] tgfj, kY[ jLsf] ea" gf6] df ePsf] sdhf/] L,
cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsf sf/0f Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf6] eO{ o;n] kY[ jLdf ljleGg pTkft
lgDTofp5“ . Hjfnfdv' L ljikmf6] ePkl5 pTkGg ePsf] cTolws tfkjm| dn] jl/kl/sf
af6] la?jf, hgfj/nufot dflg;x¿sf] cTolws dfqfdf dT[ o' xG' 5 . w/] } 6f9f 6f9f
;Ddsf 7fpx“ ¿df klg wj' f,“ wn' f,] bu' G{ wsf sf/0f w/] } /fu] x¿sf] ks| fk] a9/] hfG5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 109

-O{_ e"sDkM kY[ jLsf] cfGtl/s agfj6df cfPsf] ljrngn] es" Dk hfb“ f wn' f] wj' f,“ af9L
klx/f,] 3/ tyf sf/vfgfx¿ ljgf; xb“' f ;Dk0" f{ jftfj/0fnfO{ kb| l" ift agfp5“ .

-O{_ af9L klx/f]M es" Dk, Hjfnfdv' L / sx] L dfgjLo Jojxf/sf sf/0f af9L klx/f] hfb“ fkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
7n' f 7n' f dfgjLo a:tLx¿ gi6 xg' s' f ;fy} df6f,] xfjf, kfgL kb| i" f0f a9g\ ] / pj/{ df6f]
aufpg] cj:yf /xG5 .

-p_ cfh] fg] tx kftnf] xg' M] jg hªu\ nsf] ljgfz, Knfl:6shGo kbfyx{ ¿sf] pTkfbg /
Hjngn] jfo' d08nsf] jl/kl/ /xs] f] cfh] fg] tx kftnf] xG' 5 . kftnf] cfh] fg] tx xb“' }
;"oa{ f6 cfPsf k/fj}hgL ls/0fnufotsf ljiffSt ljls/0fx¿ kY[ jLsf] ;tx;Dd
cfp5“ . o;af6 dfgj tyf cGo hgfj/x¿df SofG;/, 5fnf ;DaGwL /fu] x¿sf]
ke| fj a9g\ s' f ;fy} hn kb| i" f0f df6f] kb| i" f0f a9fp5“ . o;sf ;fy} cfh] fg] tx kftnf]
xb“' f kY[ jLsf] jfo' d08ndf cfPsf ljls/0fsf sf/0f cDnLo jiff{ xb“' f kfgL, df6f]
kb| i" f0f, jg ljgfz, d?e"dLs/0f h:tf c;/x¿ b]lvG5g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOs“{ f] cfkm\ gf] ufps“ f xh/' af, xh/' cfdf tyf sg' } klg jb[ w\ jb[ w\ f;u“ a;/] pxfx“ ¿n] yfxf
kfPsf] klxns] f] tn' gfdf clxns] f] hªu\ nsf] xl/ofnL, af9L klx/f,] wj' f,“ wn' fs] f] cj:yf ;DaGwdf
5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ . bO' { cj:yfsf] km/s km/s ;r" Lx¿ tof/ ub{} tkfOs“{ f] ufps“ f] xfnsf] cj:yfcg;' f/
sdhf]/ jftfj/0fnfO{ ;w' f/ ug{] pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx'{ f;] \ .

-v_ dfgjLo ;|f]t

dflg;n] ug{] ljleGg gsf/fTds ljm| ofsnfkn] jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fdf dV' o el" dsf vl] n/xs] f] xG' 5 .
dflg;n] ug{] o:tf ljleGg sfox{ ¿ cGtut{ jg ljgfz, pTvgg, 7n' f 7n' f lgdf0{ f sfo,{ cfb} w\ fl] usLs/0f,
ob' w\ , lj:kmf6] , cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f cflb k5g{ \ . To:tf ljm| ofsnfk / sf/0fx¿ tn pNnv] ul/Psf 5g\ M

— jg ljgfzM ljleGg ;db' fodf a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿n] cfkmg\ f cfjZostf k/' f ug,{]
cflys{ pkfhg{ ug,{] af;:yfg lgdf0{ f ug{] cflb sfos{ f lgldTt jg ljgfz ug{] u/s] f]
kfOG5 . jg ljgfzaf6 hLj hgfj/sf] lgldTt Zjf; k|Zjf; ug{, tyf jfo' d08ndf

110 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

jfos' f] ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ cfjZos clS;hg -O2_ sf] cefj x'G5 . ;fy} k[YjLsf]
tfkdfg a9g\ ] jfo' d08nsf] jl/kl/ /xs] f] cfh] fg] tx kftnf] xb“' f ;o" a{ f6 cfPsf
ljls/0f l;w} kY[ jLsf] ;txdf k5{ . o;af6 df6f,] kfgL, xfjf kb| i" f0f ug,{] dflg; tyf
hgfj/df ljleGg ;ª\s6k0" f{ /fu] pTkGg ug,]{ cDnLo jiff{ u/fpg] ke| fjx¿ bl] vG5g\ .

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
— pTvggM kY[ jLsf ljleGg efux¿df 5f]lkP/ /x]sf j:t'x¿ k|fKt ug]{ pb\bZ] on]
;/sf/L jf u/} ;/sf/L txaf6 hldgnfO{ vft] Ng,] kN6fpg] ugfn{ ] eI" fo xg' ] u5{ . ;fy}
p8s] f] wj' f,“ wn' fa] f6 xfjf, kfgL, df6f] cflb kb| i" f0f xg' ] u/s] f] 5 .

— lgdf0{ f sfoM{ 7n' f 7n' f lgdf0{ f sfo{ ubf{ jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f xg' ] cj:yf /xG5 . 7n' f
7n' f lgdf0{ f sfo{ ubf{ jg ljgfz xg' ] 8fh] /sf] ko| fu] xg' ,] afnj' f, 9ª' u\ fsf] cTolws
ko| fu] xg' ] xb“' f kfgL, df6f] / jfo' kb| i" f0fsf] cj:yf /xG5 .

— cf}b\of]lusLs/0fM pb\of]u snsf/vfgfaf6 3/]n' tyf cGo cf}b\of]lus ;dfgx¿
lgdf0{ f ul/G5g\ . oL pbo\ fu] tyf sf/vfgf ;~rfng ubf{ lg:sg] wn' f,] wj' f“ /
/;fogoS' t t/n kmfx] /n] xfdf| ] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f kb| l" ift u/fp5“ .

— ob' w\ tyf lj:kmf6] M ljleGg bz] tyf /fi6x« ¿sf] lardf a9b\ } uPsf] c:jYo kl| t:kwf{
cflbn] bl} gs h;f] xg' ] snx, ljjfb, emu8f o'bw\ cflb lgDTofp“5 . o;df k|ofu] xg' ]
ad, ufn] L, af?bsf] ko| fu] n] dflg;sf] cl:tTTj g} ;ªs\ 6df k5{ . lj:kmf6] af6 lgl:sPsf]
cfjfh / wj' fF tyf wn' fn] ] jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f xg' s' f ;fy} k/' f hg hLjg cfjm| fGt /
eofjx agfp“5 .

— cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fM ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ;l' jwf ;DkGg agfpg eGb} dfkb08
ljk/Lt 7'nf / cUnf 3/x¿ lgdf{0f eO/xs] f 5g\ . sltko ;8sx¿ afª\uf l6ªu\ f,
3d' fp/f bl] vG5g\ . 3/x¿df klg Ps ¿ktf bl] v“bg} . vfgk] fgL, 9n, lahn' Lsf] ;xL
Joj:yfkg ePsf] kfOb“ g} . o;af6 jftfj/0f k|bi" f0fdf 6]jf k¥' ofO/xsf] 5 eg] hg
hLjg c;xh alg/xs] f] 5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 111

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfOs{“ f] ufp“ ;dfhdf jftfj/0f ;/' lIft /fVg ug{ gxg' ] s] s] sfdx¿ eO/xs] f 5g\ < tn
pNnlvt zLifs{ df tkfOn“{ ] cge' j u/s] f cj:yf / tL ljm| ofsnfkn] jftfj/0fdf k/s] f] ke| fjx¿sf
af/d] f kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] –\ != jg ljgfz @= pTvgg #= cfb} o\ fl] usLs/0f $= ob' w\ tyf ljikmf6]
%= cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f .

&M@M# jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0faf6 :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/x¿

xfdLx¿ ljleGg ljm| ofsnfkdf ;n+ Ug /xb“ f xfdL a;s] f] :yfg jl/kl/ jftfj/0fdf sx] L g sx] L kb| i" f0f
kml} nG5 . jl/kl/sf o; lsl;dsf kb| i" f0faf6 dfgj hLjgnufot ljleGg hLj hGts' f] :jf:Yodf
gsf/fTds c;/x¿ k5{ . o;/L xfdf| ] :jf:Yodf kg{] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fsf c;/x¿nfO{ ab“' fut
¿kdf lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/G5M

- s _ df6f] kb| i" f0faf6 :jf:Yodf kg{] c;/x¿M xfdf| ] 3/ df6fd} x'G5 . xfdL df6fd} a:5f}“ .
df6fd} vt] L u//] cGg pAhfpb“ } uh' f/f u5f“{} . xfdf| ] bl} gs hLjg;u“ df6fs] f] 3lgi6 ;DaGw
ufl“ ;Psf] 5 . df6fl] agf xfdf| w/] h} ;f] sfd cufl8 a9g\ g;Sg] ePsfn] df6f] kb| i" f0faf6 xfdf| ]
tyf hLjhGtx' ¿sf] :jf:Yodf lgDgfg;' f/sf c;/x¿ bl] vG5gM\

— kb| l" ift df6fdf /x]sf ;I" d hLjx¿sf sf/0f w]/} ks| f/sf /fu] x¿ km} lnG5g\ .
— k|bl" ift df6fdf kmNg] cGg / kmnk'mnn] /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg ;Sb}gg\ .
— kb| l" ift df6fdl' g a:g] hLj hgfj/x¿ /fu] L eO{ hLjg ;ªs\ 6df k5{ .
— k|bl" ift df6fn] kfgL tyf xfjf k|bi" f0f u/fp“5 .
— dfgj tyf cGo hgfj/x¿sf] :+ jf:Yo cj:yf sdhf/] agfp5“ .

112 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-v_ kfgL kb| i" f0faf6 :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/x¿M kb| l" ift kfgL eGgfn] cgk' oS' t uGw, wldnf,] /fu]
;fg{] ;I" d hLj / /;fogo'St kfgL eGg] al' emG5 . dflg; tyf hLj hgfj/x¿sf] hLjg lgjf{x
/ dfgj ;Eotf kl/ist[ ugs{ f lgldTt
:jR5 / ;kmf kfgL clt cfjZos xG' 5 .
kb| l" ift kfgLn] ljleGg ;ªj\ m| fds /fu] x¿
pTklt u/fpg'sf ;fy} dfgjLo tyf
;Dk0" f{ hl} js hutdf xflgsf/s c;/
k¥' ofp5“ . kfgLsf] kb| i" f0faf6 :jf:Yodf
bl] vg] c;/nfO{ lgDg bO' { efudf af8“ g\
;lsG5 M

 h}ljs c;/ -Biological
Effects_ M– kb| i" f0foS' t kfgLdf
ldl;P/ /x]sf ;"Id h}ljs
j:tc' Gtut{ AofS6l] /of, efO/;, kf| 6] fh] fc] f, k/hLjL cflb k5g{ \ . logLx¿dWo] AofS6l] /ofn]
emf8f kvfnf, /utdf;L, DofbL Hj/f] h:tf /fu] x¿ lgDTofp5“ . efO/;n] xk] f6fOl6;,
emf8f kvfnf To:t} kf| 6] fh] fc] fn] ;t] f] cfp“ (Amobic Disantry) / k/hLjLn] ufn] f]
hs' f, cªs\ ;' ] hs' f, lkmTt] hs' f, rg' f{ cflb /f]u nfU5 .

 /f;folgs c;/ -Chemical Effects_M– cfb} o\ fl] us Ifq] tyf sl[ if Ifq] df ko| fu] xg' ]
/f;folgs kbfy{ tyf sL6gfzs cf}ifwLn] zb' w\ kfgLnfO{ kb| l" ift agfp“5 . o;/L
kb| l" ift ePsf] kfgL jf To; kfgLdf xs' s{] f] df5f vfgfn] dflg;nfO{ :gfo' ;d:of, k6] sf]
/fu] , snh] f] / ldufn{} fdf c;/, SofG;/ cflb ;d:ofx¿ bv] f k5g{ \ .

-u_ jfo' kb| i" f0faf6 :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/x¿M– ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7g -WHO_ sf] ;g\ @)!#
sf] tYofªs\ cg;' f/ ljZjdf jifd{ f &) nfv dflg;x¿sf] dT[ o' jfo' kb| i" f0fsf sf/0faf6 xg' ]
u/s] f] bv] fOPsf] 5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf cg;' f/ jfo' kb| i" f0fsf] ke| fj ljzi] f u/L d6' '
/ dl:tisdf a9L dfqfdf /xg] u/s] f] kfOG5 . jfo' kb| i" f0fn] dT[ o' xg' ] &) nfv dflg;x¿dWo]
## nfv 3/leqsf] jfo' kb| i" f0fn] / @& nfv dflg;x¿ 3/ aflx/sf] jfo' kb| i" f0fn] xg' ] ljZj
:jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf] tYofªs\ df pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . xfjfdf ldl;P/ /xs] f ljleGg ljiffSt
j:tx' ¿n] dflg;nufotsf hLj hgfj/df kg{] c;/x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M

Snf/] fk] mn\ f/] f] sfag{ n] cfh] fg] txnfO{ Kjfn kfbf{ ;o" a{ f6 cfPsf k/fjh} gL ls/0f dflg;sf]
5fnfdf kbf{ SofG;/ xg' ] ;Defjgf /xG5 . kftnf] ePsf] cfh] fg] txsf sf/0faf6 cDn jiff{
xb“' f la?jf / hgfj/x¿df 3fp, vl6/f / dflg;df SofG;/nufotsf ;d:of bl] vG5g\ . o:tf
cGo c;/x¿nfO{ ab“' fut ¿kdf tn k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 113

 xfjfdf ePsf] wn' f] / gfO6f« h] g cS;fO8n] ?3f, vfs] L, kmfS] ;f] ;lDaGwL /fu] x¿ u/fp5“ .kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

 xfjfdf ePsf] xfO8f« h] g ;NkmfO8n] afGtf cfpg,] cfv“ f, 3f6“ L / gfs kfN] b5 .

 ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8n] afGtf cfpg,] 6fpsf] bV' g,] 5ftLsf] /fu] nfUg,] gfs, 3f6“ L cfv“ f
kf]Ng], ;f; km]g{ sl7g x'g] u/fp“5 .

 sfjg{ dfg] fc] S;fO8n] /utdf cS;L xd] fU] nfl] ag agfpb“ } z/L/df w/] } /fu] pTkGg
u/fp“5 .

-3_ Wjlg k|b"if0faf6 :jf:Yodf kg]{ c;/x¿M s'g} j:t' jf hLjaf6 lgl:sP/ t/ª\usf]
;xfotfn] cGo hLjhGt' jf dflg;sf] sfgsf] hfnL -Ear Drum_ xb“' } >j0f g;f -Auditory
Nerve_ n] dl:tisdf k¥' ofpg] cfjfhnfO{ Wjlg elgG5 . xfdf| ] cfjZostfeGbf a9L ePsf] /
z/L/sf sg' } klg cªu\ nfO{ cfl+ zs
jf k"0f{ ¿kdf Iflt k'¥ofpg]
cfjfhnfO{ Wjlg kb| i" f0f elgG5 .
xfdf| ] :jf:Yo /Iffsf] lgldTt lbgdf
%% 8]l;an / /ftdf $%
8]l;an;Ddsf] Wjlg pko'St
dflgG5 . Wjlgsf] ;Gbed{ f a;] /L
xlNnPsf] ?vsf kftaf6 !)
8l] ;an, bO' { hgf dflg; larsf]
sfgv] ;' Laf6 #) 8l] ;an, nfdv6' 6\ ]
sfgdf s/fpb“ f $) 8l] ;an Wjlg
pTkGg x'G5 .

7n' f] cfjfhn] z/L/df tgfj pTkGg u/fpb“ f Pl8g« n xdg{ a9L pTkGg eO{ /Strfk a9fp5“ .
lg/Gt/sf] a9L cfjfhn] Wofg Ps} 7fpd“ f sl] Gbt| gxg' ,] 6fpsf] bV' g,] z/L/sf tGt' vl' Drg,]
z/L/ ef/L x'g] ;d:of b]lvG5 .
&M@M$ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿

gk] fnnufot ljZjdf jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k bl] vg] kf| sl[ ts / dfgjLo ljklTt cfh
jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f Gog" Ls/0ftkm{ sx] L ;fR] g afWo u/fPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf ;/sf/L tyf u/} ;/sf/L
;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf] kxndf jftfj/0f kb| i" f0f Gog" Ls/0fsf] lgldTt ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ cufl8 a9fOPsf
5g\ . lg:jfy{ efjgf lnP/ b/" blzt{ f ckgfpb“ } hfg] xf] eg] jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f ;lhn} Gog" Ls/0f xg'
;S5 . o;sf nflu kb| l" ift jftfj/0fsf cfwf/df eljiosf] kl/sNkgf ug;{ Sg] Ifdtf xg' s' f ;fy}
cfwf/et" cfjZostf k/' f ePsf dfgjLo ;db' fosf] cfjZostf k5{ . ul/aL, j/] fh] uf/L, k5f6} k] g,
efs] d/Ln] klg jftfj/0f kb| i" f0fdf dbt ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0f Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿
o; ks| f/ 5gM\

114 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-s_ df6f] k|b"if0f lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿M xfdLn] 3/ agfpg, cGg afnL pdfg{b]lv dfgj
hLjgsf kfOnf kfOnfdf cfjZos kl//xg] df6fnfO{ kb| i" f0faf6 arfpg lgDg lnlvt pkfox¿
ckgfpg' k5M{

— gfªu\ f kfvf tyf hldgdf jI[ f/fk] 0f u/L xl/ofnLoS' t agfpgk' 5{ .

— sf/vfgf, pbo\ fu] wGbf, ko| fu] zfnf cflbaf6 lg:sg] kmfx] /nfO{ kz| fw] g u//] dfq hldgdf
lj;h{g ug'{k5{ .

— ljiffn' tyf ljleGg /f;folgs kbfy,{ kf/f] l;;f h:tf j:tn' fO{ lglijm| o agfP/ dfq
hldgdf lj;h{g ug'{k5{ .

— sl[ if pTkfbg a9fpg ko| fu] ul/g] /f;folgs dn / sL6gfzs cfi} fwLsf] ko| fu] df lgoGq0f
ug'{k5{ .

— ;an} ] cfcfkmg\ f ufp“ / ;dfhnfO{ vn' f lbzfdS' t Ifq] sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ugk{' 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOx“{ ¿ cfcfkm\ gf] 3/df jf l5ds] L xh/' af xh/' cfdf tyf cleefjs;u“ klxn] / clxns] f]
df6fs] f] pj/{ f zlSt s;/L kl/jtg{ ePsf] 5 < eg/] ;fW] b} 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \ . df6fd] f ePsf] pj/{ f
zlStsf] kl/jtg{ n] xfdf| ] Jojxf/df s] s:tf] ke| fj kf/s] f] 5 < 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf ab“' fx¿sf]
cfwf/df o;sf sf/0f / Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ ;DaGwL kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

-v_ kfgL kb| i" f0f lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ M xfdLn] bl} gsh;f] lkpg“ , sk8f wg' , gx' fpg, ef8“ f
df‰g, 3/ ;kmf /fVg kfgL ko| fu] u5f“{} . o;/L bl} gs ko| fu] ul/g] kfgLsf] ;f| t] kb| i" f0f xg' af6
arfpg lgDg pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5M
— 9nnfO{ vfn] f jf gbLdf ld;fpg] kl| jlwnfO{ aGb]h nufpg'k5{ .
— ;a} 8f8“ f, kfvf jf If]qnfO{ xl/ofnLo'St agfpg'k5{ .

— vfn] f / gbLdf d/s] f hgfj/ tyf kmfx] f/] kmfNg] sfon{ fO{ aGbh] nufpg'k5{ .
— sf/vfgf, pbo\ fu] / xf6] naf6 pT;lht{ kmfx] f/] nfO{ kz| fw] g u//] dfq gbL jf vfn] fdf

k7fpg'k5{ .
— kfgLsf ;f| t] glhs} lb;f lk;fa ug,{ sk8f wg' , gx' fpg, ef8“ f df‰g kl| taGw nufpgk' 5{ .

— Thermal plant, Nuclear plant af6 pTkflbt Radio Active Substances nfO{ lglijm| o
kf/]/ hldgdf vf8n vg/] uf8g\ 'k5{ .

— ufp“ / ;x/af6 lg:sg] t/n kmfx] f/] / 9nnfO{ ljbo\ t' pTkfbg, sDkf:] 6 dnsf] lgdf0{ f
cflbdf nufpg'k5{ .

— kfgLsf] dx' fg / To;sf] jl/kl/ 5f8f rfk} fof 5f8] g\ ' xb“' g} .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 115

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-u_ jfo' kb| i" f0f lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿M– jfo' kb| i" f0f Gog" Ls/0fsf pkfox¿ lgDg 5g\ M
— pb\ofu] , snsf/vfgf jl/kl/ jI[ ff/f]k0f ug'k{ 5{ .
— sf/vfgfaf6 pTkflbt wj' fn“ fO{ lrDgLaf6 aflx/ k7fpgk' 5{ .
— pbo\ fu] x¿df jfo' kb| i" f0f sd ug{ ;fOSnfg] Aofu lkmN6/, OnS] 6f« :] 6fl6s kf| l] ;k86] / h8fg

ug'{k5{ .
— pbo\ fu] , sf/vfgfnfO{ dfgj a:tLaf6 6f9f :yflkt ugk{' 5{ . jg hªu\ ndf 89n] f] gnufpg]

/ 7fp“ 7fpd“ f clUg /v] f agfpg] / w/] } wj' f“ kmfNg] k/' fgf ;jf/L ;fwg ;~rfngdf kl| taGw
nufpg'{k5{ .
— l8hn] , k6] f« n] sf] ljsNkdf ljbo\ t' af6 ;~rfng xg' ] ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yf ugk{' 5{ .

-3_ Wjlg k|b"if0f lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿M Wjlg k|bi" f0f lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ lgDg 5g\M
—;~rf/ dfWod, ufi] 7L, kj| rg, kf7\o k:' tsaf6 hg ;fwf/0fdf hg rt] gf hufpgk' 5{ .
— xjfO{ db} fg, sf/vfgf, pb\ofu] nfO{ dfgj a:tLeGbf 6f9f :yflkt ug'k{ 5{ .
— 7n' f] cfjfh cfpg] pbo\ fu] / uf8Lsf dl] ;gx¿ ddt{ u/fO{ ;fgf] cfjfh cfpg] agfpgk' 5{ .
— c:ktfn, pbo\ fu] , sf/vfgf, / ljbo\ fnosf] jl/kl/ uf8Lsf] xg{ ahfpg lgifw] ul/gk' 5{ .
— cfjfh lgoGq0f ug{ ;8s, ljbo\ fno, c:ktfn jl/kl/ jI[ ff/fk] 0f u/L xl/ofnL agfpgk' 5{ .
— pRr Wjlgdf sfd ug{] sfdbf/n] sfgdf skf;, Oo/ df:s cflbsf] ko| fu] ugk{' 5{ .
ljm| ofsnfk
tkfO“{ a;s] f] ;db' fo j/k/ Wjlg kb| i" f0f u/fpg] s] s] sfox{ ¿ eO/xs] f 5g,\ ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ /
tL sfox{ ¿af6 k/s] f] c;/ tyf ;w' f/sf pkfox¿ k;] ugx{' f;] \ .
116 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

cEof;

!= ;ª\If]kdf l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\M

-s_ kb| i" f0f -v_ af9L klx/f]

-u_ ljikmf6] -3_ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo

-ª_ efl} ts jftfj/0f -r_ pTvgg

@ = km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\M

-s_ efl} ts jftfj/0f / dfgl;s jftfj/0f

-v_ hl} js / /f;folgs j:t'
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-u_ Wjlg kb| i" f0f / jfo' kb| i" f0f

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\M

-s_ jftfj/0f egs] f] s] xf,] 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vgx' f;] \ .

-v_ ‘xfdf| jl/kl/ ePsf df6f,] xfjf, kfgL / Wjlgsf] cfGtl/s agfj6 kl/jtg{ xg' n' fO{ g}
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f elgG5 .’ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .

-u_ cfh] fg] tx egs] f] s] xf] < of] s;/L kftnf] xG' 5 <

-3_ jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f lgDTofpg] dfgjLo ;|ft] x¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ug'x{ f;] \ .

-ª_ zb' w\ vfg] kfgLdf ;I" d hLjx¿ kgfn{ ] xfdf| ] z/L/df s:tf] c;/ k5,{ 5f6] s/Ldf
n]Vg'xf];\ .

-r_ jfo' kb| i" f0f x'gaf6 s;/L arfpg ;lsG5, JofVof ugx{' f];\ .

&M# 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nf Joj:yfkg

xfdf| ] ufp,“ ;dfh / ;x/df ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xs] f sl' xg] / gsl' xg,] hNg] / ghNg] j:tn' fO{ 7f;]
kmfx] f/] dn} f elgG5 . xl/of ;fukft, afj] m| fx¿, sfuh, km' 6s] f ef8“ fx¿, kmflnPsf sfuh tyf
sk8fsf 6j' m| fx¿, wn' f,] v/fgL, l;;f cflb j:tx' ¿ g} 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} f xg' \ . dfgjLo ljm| ofsnfkaf6
pTkGg eO{ o:tf kmfx] f/] x¿ 3/, af6f3] f6f,] Jofkfl/s Ifq] , sl[ if tyf cfb} o\ fl] us Ifq] df cgfjZos
¿kdf km\ ofl“ sPsf] cj:yfdf kfOG5g\ .

-s_ 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf ;|f]tx¿

7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} f pTkfbg u/fpg dbt ug{] :yfg, JolSt jf lgsfonfO{ 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] ;f| t]
elgG5 . 7f]; kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] ks| l[ tsf] cfwf/df o;sf ;|f]tx¿ klg km/s km/s xG' 5g\ . c:ktfnaf6
pTkGg xg' ] l;l/Gh, Kof8, AofG8h] , ldlt gf3s] f cfi} fwLx¿ x'G5g\ . pbo\ fu] tyf sf/vfgfaf6

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 117

ljiffSt Uof;“ tyf ljiffSt /;fogoS' t t/n a9Ldfqfdf pTkGg xG' 5g\ . 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] ;f| t] sf
af/d] f oxf“ pNnv] ul/Psf] 5M

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
— 3/n] ' ;f| t] x¿M–3/ ;kmf ubf,{ ;fdfg ldnfpb“ f, ;fdfg kfs] f kfbf{ pTkfbg xg' ] k/' fgf sfuh,
Knfl:6ssf emfn] fx¿, l;;f, v/fgL, sk8fsf 6j' m| fx¿, sf7sf 6j' m| fx¿, h7' f,] t/sf/Lsf]
afj] m| f, /;] f cflbnfO{ 3/n] ' ;f| t] af6 pTkflbt 7f]; kmfx] f/] cGtut{ /fVg ;lsG5 .

— cfb} o\ fl] us ;f| t] x¿M– cfb} o\ fl] us kl| ti7fg cGo sf/vfgfaf6 pTkflbt wft,' sk8f, sfuh
dl] ;gsf k/' fgf 6j' m| f, 6l' jm| Psf pTkflbt j:t' cflbnfO{ cfb} o\ fl] us ;f| t] af6 pTkflbt 7f;] kmfx] f/]
dflgG5 .

— Jofkfl/s ;f| t] x¿M– ;fdfg Kofs ug{] 7fp,“ xf6] n, kmnkm' n k;n, hT' tf k;n, t/sf/L
k;n cflbnfO{ 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] Jofkfl/s ;f| t] dflgG5 . oxfa“ f6 sfuh tyf sk8fsf
6j' m| fx¿, sl' xPsf kmnkm' nx¿, km\ oflsPsf vfgf tyf t/sf/Lsf kmfx] f/] pTkfbg xG' 5g\ .

— ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf ;f| t] x¿M– ljbo\ fno, ljZj ljbo\ fno, ;/sf/L jf lghL sfofn{ ox¿, wflds{
:ynx¿nfO{ klg 7f;] kmfx] f/] pTkfbg ug{] ;f| t] sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oxfa“ f6 sfuhsf 6j' m| fx¿,
efl“ rPsf, dlSsPsf kmlgr{ /x¿, d;L ;lsPsf 86kg] jf sndx¿, l;;f jf sfuhsf a66\ fx¿,
vfbo\ kmfx] f/] , Unf;x¿, Knfl:6s, kft kltªu\ / kmfx] f/] sf] ¿kdf pTkfbg xg' ] u5g{ \ .

— lgdf0{ f ;DaGwL ;f| t] x¿M– ejg agfpb“ f jf eTsfpb“ f af6f] lgdf0{ f ubf,{ 9n vfgk] fgLsf
kfOk h8fg ubf{, 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ubf{ pTkGg x'g] 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf ;|f]tx¿nfO{
lgdf{0f ;DaGwL kmf]xf]/ elgG5 . o;df O“6f, 9'ª\uf, df6f], sf7, tf/, sk8f, sfuh
cflb k5{g\ .

— c:ktfnsf ;|f]tx¿M– 7'nf 7'nf c:ktfn, ;fwf/0f c:ktfn, ;/sf/L tyf JolStut
c:ktfn, lSnlgs, gl;ª{ xfd] , cfi} fwL k;nx¿af6 klg 7f;] kmfx] f/] pTkfbg xG' 5g\ . o;df
a9L ljiffSt kmfx] f/] dn} f, ko| fu] ePsf l;l/Gh, k66\ Lx¿, kfl] vPsf jf ldlt gf3s] f cfi} fwLx¿
ljleGg /;fog cflb k5{g\ .

118 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

— ;8s af6f]sf ;f| t] x¿M– ;8s jf af6fd] f kmflnPsf la?jfaf6 pTkflbt sf7 / kftsf
6j' m| fx¿, nx/fx¿, 8f/] L, k/' fgf eP/ kmflnPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf b}lgs pkefU] o j:tx' ¿,
sfuhx¿, ufa] /, 9ª' u\ f, df6f,] lxnf] 3/ agfpg yk' fl/Psf lu66\ L afnj' f cflbnfO{ ;8s
af6f]sf 7f;] kmf]xf/] dn} fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

-v_ 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] juL{s/0f

ljleGg sfddf ;n+ Ug JolStx¿n] ko| fu] ul/;sk] l5 kmfNgk' g{] cj:yfdf /xs] f sfd gnfUg]
j:tx' ¿ g} 7f;] kmfx] f/] xg' \ . o;/L pTkflbt kmfx] f/] kbfyn{ fO{ lgDg bO' { efudf af8“ g\ ;lsG5M

- c _ sl' xg÷] kf| ªu\ fl/sM pTklt ePsf] sx] L ;do kl5 ;8g\ ,] uNg,] bu' G{ w cfpg] kmfx] f/]
dn} fnfO{ sl' xg] jf kf| ªu\ fl/s kmfx] f/] dn} f elgG5 . o;df kmnkm' nsf afj] m| f, ufO{
e;“} Lsf] ufa] /, t/sf/L sn] fP/ cfPsf TofGbf| x¿, cG8fsf afj] m| fx¿, eftsf l;tfx¿,
ufO{ e;“} Ln] gvfP/ afs“ L /xs] f kft kltªu\ /x¿, d/s] f hgfj/x¿, 3f;“ , k/fn h:tf
j:t'x¿ k5{g\ .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-cf_ gsl' xg÷] ckf| ªu\ fl/sM hldgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd uf8b\ f klg gsl' xg,] g;8g\ ] kmfx] f/]
dn} fnfO{ ckf| ªu\ fl/s elgG5 . o;df kmnfd, tfdf cflb wftx' ¿, l;;fsf 6j' m| fx¿,
O“{6f, 9'ª\uf, /a/, Knfl:6s h:tf j:tx' ¿ k5g{ \ .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOs“{ f] 3/df $ lbg leqdf pTkGg ePsf 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ . ltgLx¿nfO{
sl' xg] / gsl' xg] u/L bO' { ;dx" df 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ . s] slt sf/0fn] o:tf kmfx] f/] dn} f pTkGg ePsf
xg' \ < 3/sf kl/jf/;“u a;/] 5nkmn ub}{ klxrfg u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

-u_ 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ pkfox¿

JolStsf bl} gs ljm| ofsnfksf jm| ddf pTkGg ePsf sfd gnfUg] j:tx' ¿ plrt tl/sfn]
Joj:yfkg u/L :j:y hLjg ofkg ug{ ;lsG5 . kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] ks| f/cg;' f/ Joj:yfkg klg
56' 6\ f 56' 6\ } lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5, h;nfO{ o; ks| f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5M

-c_ s'lxg]÷k|fª\ufl/s kmf]xf]/
d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg

— y'kfg]{ M 3/, ;dfh tyf
sfofn{ odf pTkfbg ePsf v/fgL,
w'nf], ?vsf kftx¿, sfuh,
Knfl:6shGo j:t'x¿nfO{ 3/
glhs} /xs] f] vfnL 7fpd“ f hDdf
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ y'kfg'{ elgG5 . 7f];
j:t' Joj:yfkg ug{] of] ;ae} Gbf

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 119

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bk/' fgf] tl/sf xf] . o;n] xfjf / hldgdf kb| i" f0f lgDTofp“5 . o;df r/f, d';f cfslift{
xb“' f rf/t} km{ kmfx] f/] 5l/g,] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds ke| fj kg{] / dflg;x¿df l;w} c;/
kg{] ePsfn] ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gn] o; ljlwnfO{ kl| taGw nufPsf] 5 .

— vf8ndf k'g]{M a;f]af; ePsf] If]qaf6
sx] L 6f9f /xs] f] hldgdf kfgLsf] dx' fg
kb| i" f0f gxg' ] u/L vfN8f] kf/L To;df kmfx] f/]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlwnfO{ vf8ndf k'g]{
elgG5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg]
ePsfn] klg of] ljlwnfO{ ;;+ f/sf emG8}
() kl| tzt dflg;x¿n] ckgfPsf] kfOG5 .
kmfx] f/] dn} f Joj:yfkgsf] of] ljlw ;ae} Gbf
;/n ljlw xf] . o;sf cju0' fsf ¿kdf
uGw pTkGg xg' ,] lemu“ f, r/f, d;' f cfslift{ xg' ,] cfuf] nfUg ;Sg,] kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿
kb| l" ift xg' ;Sg] bl] vG5g\ . o;sf ltg cf6] f Joj:yfkg tl/sf 5gM\

!= vfN8f] vg/] -Trench Method_

@= vf8n k/' /] -Ramph Method_

#= Ifq] ljlw -Area Method_

— hnfpg] -Incineration_M c:ktfn, ;db' fo / ljbo\ fnoaf6 pTkflbt 7f;] kmfx] f/]
dn} fdf ePsf Knfl:6s, l;;f, wft' h:tf uDeL/ j:t'nfO{ 56' o\ fpgk' 5{ . afs“ L /xs] f
cgfjZos k66\ L, skf;, sk8f, sfuh, sf7sf] wn' f,] kft kltªu\ / cflbnfO{ cfuf]
nufP/ gi6 ug]{ ljlwnfO{ hnfpg' elgG5 . kmf]x/ hln;sk] l5 sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 /
gfO6f« h] gsf ¿kdf kl/jt{g xG' 5 . o;n] jfo' kb| i" f0f a9L u/fp“5 t/ kfgL / df6f]
kb| i" f0f sd u/fp“5 . kmf]xf/] nfO{ hnfpg v'NnfeGbf ;Dej eP;Dd e66\ Lsf] ko| fu]
ugk{' 5{ . e66\ Ldf O6“ fx¿af6 ag]sf] cfuf] 5S] g,] v/fgL lgsfNg] 9fs] f, Aofkmn Kn]6 /
wj' f“ lgisf;g ug{] lrDgL xg' k' 5{ .

— dn agfpg] -Composting_M sl' xg] kmfx] f/] j:tx' ¿nfO{ ulx/f] vf8ndf yk' f//]
;I" d sL6f0fx' ¿sf] ;xfotfaf6 unfP/, 6S' o| fP/ af6] la?jfx¿df ko| fu] ul/g] dnsf]
¿k lbg] tl/sfnfO{ dn agfpg] elgG5 . of] ljlw dflg;x¿n] ;fdl" xs ¿kdf a:g] /
vt] LkftL ug{ ;?' cft u/b] l] v g} rlncfPsf] dflgG5 . o;sf nflu ulx/f] vf8ndf
kmfx] f/] j:tn' fO{ yk' f/L k/fn jf df6fn] ] 5fK] b} lr;f] agfpg kfgLsf] kmfx] /f lbgk' 5{ .
To;df Ps xKtfdf tfk pTkGg eO{ 5bl] v cf7 xKtfdf cGg jf kmnkm' n pTkfbg ugs{ f
nflu pTtd k|sf/sf] sDkf]:6 dn tof/ xG' 5 .

120 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b— dn vfN8f]M -Manure Pit_M of] dfly plNnlvt dn agfpg] ljlw h:t} xf] . uf| dL0f
Ifq] sf j:tLx¿df ufO{ tyf e;“} L uf7] af6 pTkflbt ufa] /;lxtsf] 3f;“ , k/fnnfO{
glhss} f] vf8ndf /fvL sl/a 5 dlxgfdf dn tof/ ug{] tl/sfnfO{ dn vfN8f]
elgG5 . of] ljlw ;/n tyf k|efjsf/L 5 . Ps k6s vg]sf] vf8nn] jiff“{} jif;{ Dd
sfd ug]{ x'G5 .

— uf8g\ ' -Burial_M uf| dL0f Ifq] sf vfnL hldgx¿df @–# ld6/ ulx/fO / @ ld6/
km/flsnf] vf8n vGg'k5{ . 3/ tyf ;dfhaf6 pTkGg xg' ] hl} js kmf]xf/] nfO{ o;/L
bl} gs vf8ndf /fVg] / vf8n el/g $) ;=] ld= afs“ L /xb“ f o;nfO{ df6fn] 9fSgk' 5{ .
df6fn] 5fk] s] f] $ bl] v ^ dlxgfdf hl} js j:tn' fO{ dnsf] ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
Pp6f vf8n el/Pkl5 csf{] vf8n vg]/ dflys} kl| jm| ofcg;' f/ ko| fu] ugk{' g{] xG' 5 .
o;/L tof/ ePsf] dnnfO{ vt] af/Ldf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOs“{ f] 3/ jl/kl/ pTkGg ePsf sl' xg] 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt ug{] ul/Psf]
5 < cfkm\ gf] cfdfaa' f;u“ 5nkmn u//] % lbg leq kmfx] f/] dn} f lj;hg{ ug{ ko| fu] ul/Psf
tl/sfnfO{ ;d6] /] JolStut ¿kdf kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

-cf_ gs'lxg]÷ck|fª\ufl/s kmf]xf]/

Joj:yfkg ug]{ tl/sf

— sd pTkfbgM xfdf| bl} gs Jojxf/df kmfx] f/] j:t' pTkfbg xg' ] :yfgx¿df g} sd
kmfx] f/] pTkfbg ug{] tl/sf xf] . pbo\ fu] , sf/vfgf ;~rfng, ahf/sf] lsgdn] , ;dfg
kfs] f kfg{] cflb sfddf ;fjwfgL ckgfpb“ } kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] pTkfbgdf w/] } sdL Nofpg
;lsG5 . pTkfbgdf sdL u/fpg] tl/sfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M

– ahf/df lsgdn] ug{ hfb“ f sk8fsf] emfn] f ko| fu] ug,{]

– kfs] } kfs] f kf/s] f w/] } ;dfgx¿ glsGg,]

– chl} js kmfx] f/] j:tn' fO{ hyfefjL gkmfnL kg' Mko| fu] ug,{]

– hl} js kmfx] f/] nfO{ sDkf:] 6 dn agfpg ko| fu] ug,{]

– ;fdfgx¿ kfs] f kfg{] ;dodf ;Dej eP;Dd sd kfs] f kfg,{]

— kg' M ko| fu] (Reuse) : lxhfc] fh ;x/ ahf/sf ljleGg efux¿df saf8L ;dfg
laj|mLsf nflu eg/] /fvs] f] kfOG5 . o;af6 klg cflys{ cj:yf sdhf/] ePsf
dflg;x¿n] 3/ 5fpg] h:tfsf] kftf, vfgk] fgLsf kfOk, kfgL /fVg] aflN6g, kmnfdsf
/8, s6' f,] sfb] fnf] cflb ;dfgx¿ kg' Mko| fu] sf nflu vl/b u//] nh} fg' kz| ;+ gLo ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 121

— kg' Mlgdf0{ f (Recycling_M ko| fu] u//] sfd gnfUg] eO;ss] f gsl' xg] 7f;] kmfx] f/]kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
j:tx' ¿dWo] ljleGg wftx' ¿, Knfl:6s, sfuh, l;;f, l6g cflbnfO{ pbo\ fu] jf sf/vfgfdf
nu/] kg' M lgdf0{ f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L kmfx] f/] Joj:yfkg ug{] ljlwnfO{ kg' M lgdf0{ f ljlw
elgG5 .

lxhfc] fh xl:k6n, dlGb/, kfs{ tyf ;fjh{ lgs :yfgx¿df /ftf,] xl/of,] lgnf] /ªu\ sf kmfx] f/] hDdf
ug{] ef8“ fx¿ /flvPsf x'G5g\ . tL ef“8fsf] aflx/ To;df hDdf ug]{ kmfx] f/] sf] ks| f/ nl] vPsf] xG' 5 .
o;af6 klg gsl' xg] kmfx] f/] j:tn' fO{ kg' Mko| fu] / kg' Mlgdf0{ f ugd{ f w/] } ;xofu] kU' b5 . o;} u/L ;x/L
Ifq] df hDdf ul/Psf saf8L ;dfgx¿dWo] klg kg' Mko| fu] ug{ g;lsg] ljleGg ;fdfgnfO{ kg' Mlgdf0{ f
u/L gof“ 9fr“ fdf ;fdfg pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOs“{ f] 3/ tyf ;dfhdf pTkGg xg' ] u/s] f gsl' xg] 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
tkfOs“{ f] 3/df sl' xg] / gsl' xg] kmfx] f/] j:t' hDdf ug{ aflx/kl66\ kmfx] /sf ks| f/x¿ nv] /]
6fl“ ;Psf Knfl:6ssf a66\ fx¿ jf sf6g{' x¿sf] ko| fu] ugx{' f;] \ . o;af6 tkfOn“{ fO{ s:tf] cge' j
eof,] Ps xKtfkl5 kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

&=#=# 9n lgsf; Pjd\ dnd"q Joj:yfkg

-s_ 9n lgsf;

;x/L Ifq] df lg:sg] t/n kmfx] f/] kbfyn{ fO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ 9nsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' 5 . 3/af6
lg:sg] dndq" Joj:yfkg Pjd\ pbo\ fu] , snsf/vfgf, c:ktfnaf6 lg:sg] kmfx] f/] t/n kbfy,{ jiffd{ f
;8sdf k/s] f] kfgLsf] lgsf; ug{' 9n lgsf; xf] . o;df 3/af6 lg:sg] kmfx] f/] t/n kbfy{ jf
dnd"qnfO{ kfOkdfkm{t 9ndf v;fNg] ul/G5 . 9naf6 lgsf; ePsf] t/n kmf]xf]/nfO{ dfgj
a:tLeGbf 6f9f ;S' vf hldgdf kfOkåf/f k¥' ofpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 .

-v_ dnd"qsf] Joj:yfkg

uf| dL0f Ifq] sf rkL{ gagfPsf sltko 3/sf dflg;x¿n] af6fs] f] 5p] , vN' nf rf/} , emf8L, vfN] ;f,
hªu\ n, vfn] fsf] lsgf/, ;fjh{ lgs ktL{ hldg, eTsg nfus] f k/' fgf kf6L, kfj} f h:tf :yfgnfO{ lb;f
lk;fa ug{] rkLs{ f ¿kdf ko| fu] u/s] f] kfOG5 . uf| dL0f Ifq] df dfq xfO] g sf7df8fn“} ufot ;x/L
Ifq] df klg sltko cj:yfdf vfn] fsf lsgf/, 3/sf rk] , sg' f cflb 7fpx“ ¿df dndq" Tofu ug{]
u/s] f] kfOG5 . o;/L x'g] c:j:ys/ / czfe] gLo sfon{ fO{ lg?T;flxt ugk{' 5{ . dfgj dndq" df
xflgsf/s hLjf0f,' ljiff0f,' kf| 6] fh] fc] f, k/hLjL, xl] NdlGy;nufotsf nfef{ tyf km' nx¿ /xg] ePsfn]
jftfj/0fLo kb| i" f0fsf] ;aeGbf 7n' f] sf/0fsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . dndq" nfO{ hldgdf vN' nf ¿kdf
lj;hg{ ug{' g} dfgj ;dfhdf /fu] x¿ km} ngs' f] kd| v' sf/0f xf] . o;nfO{ jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yosf] clt
hl6n kIfsf ¿kdf lnb“ } lj:tt[ ¿kdf cWoog ug{' cfjZos xG' 5 .

122 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcfhefl] n ;/sf/L / u/} ;/sf/L ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf cuj' fOdf vfN8] tyf jf6/l;n rkL{ lgdf0{ f ug]{
jm| d a9b\ } cfPsf] 5 . o; sfddf uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf cGo ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿n] hgtfx¿nfO{ hg
rt] gf hufpg] / rkL{ gagfpb“ f xg' ] xflgsf/s c;/x¿ ae' mfpgk' 5{ . ;an} fO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf rkL{
agfpg kf| T] ;fxg ugk{' 5{ . o;/L x/s] ufp“ tyf ;dfhdf JolStut / ;fjh{ lgs zfr} fno lgdf0{ f ub{}
hfg] xf] eg] gk] fnsf uf| dL0f / ;x/L Ifq] af6 of] ;d:ofnfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
bz] sf ljleGg efudf agfpg ;lsg] rkLs{ f ks| f/x¿ o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

! = 6G]« r rkL{ M dn] f tyf SofDk cflbsf nflu
sn' f] vg] h:tf] nfdf] vf8n vGb} w/] } hgfn]
Ps} k6s lb;f jf lk;fa ug{ ;Sg] u/L
uf]Kotfsf] lgldTt jl/kl/af6 lqkfn jf
af/] fn] a/] /] agfOPsf] rkLn{ fO{ 6G]« r rkL{
elgG5 . d]nf jf SofDk ;DkGg ePkl5
df6fn] dndq" kl' /lbgk' 5{ . olb dn] f ;DkGg
gxb“' } vf8n el/g nfUof] eg] ;f] vf8n k/' /]
csf]{ 7fp“df vf8n vGg'k5{ .

@ = bn' ] rkL]{ M adf{ -Auger_ gfdsf] dl] ;gn]
!$–!^ OGr -#)–$) ;=] ld=_ Jof; ePsf] ^
ld6/ -@) lkm6_ ulx/f] vf8n vgL vf8nsf]
dv' df dflg; a:g] l;n /fv/] agfOPsf]
rkL{nfO{ b'n] rkL{ elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
rkL{ ef/tdf ;g\ !(#) df /f]sk]mn/n]
cªs\ ;' ] hs' f lgoGq0f ug{] cleofgsf jm| ddf
;'?cft u/]sf lyP .

o;nfO{ kfgLsf] ;f| t] af6 !%–%) ld6/ 6f9f
agfpg'k5{ . t/fO{ Ifq] df of] a9L kr| lnt
5 . %–^ hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ o;n] ! jif;{ Dd
sfd rnfpg ;S5 . bn' f] el/g sl/a #
lkm6 afs“ L /xb“ f o;nfO{ df6fn] ] k/' /] csf{]
b'nf] agfpg'k5{ . lem“uf geGsg,] ;fgf] 7fp“,
sd vr,{ ;kmf ug{ gkg{] o;sf u0' fx¿
xg' \ . vGg] cfh} f/ gkfOg,] bn' f] l566\ } el/g,] r66\ fg] / wfk hldgdf bn' f] agfpg g;lsg,]
d;' fn] bv' lbg] o; rkLs{ f cju0' fx¿ xg' \ .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 123

# = vfN8] rkL{ M bn' ] rkLn{ fO{ ;w' f/ u/L &% ;=] ld=kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
Jof; / #–#=% ld6/ ulx/fOsf] vf8ndfly a:g]
9Ssg (Squating Plate) /fv/] ufK] otfsf nflu
5fgf] / af/ nufO{ agfOPsf] rkLn{ fO{ vfN8] rkL{
elgG5 . o:tf] rkL{ agfpb“ f >d / vr{ sd nfU5 .
o; ks| f/sf] rkLn{ fO{ ef/t / klZrd aªu\ fndf
vN' nf lb;f lgoGq0f ug{ ;g\ !(%) lt/ ckgfOPsf]
lyof] . o;sf] a:g] 9Ssgdf zf}r ubf{ v'6\6f 6]Sg]
7fp“ agfOPsf] x'G5 . lem“uf eGsgaf6 arfpg
rK] 6f] sf7df nfdf] 808L 7fs] /] dndq" Tofu ug{]
Kjfn 5fK] g] 9sg agfOPsf] xG' 5 . ljleGg ;d:of
gcfPdf %–^ hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ % jif;{ Dd kU' g ;S5 . agfpg ;/n, >d / vr{ sd, ;a}
7fpd“ f pkofu] L, lem“ uf lgoGq0f o;sf u0' fx¿ xg' \ eg] Ogf/ kb| i" f0f, bu' G{ w cju0' fx¿ xg' \ .

$ = jf6/l;n rkL{] M 3/leq, 3/aflx/ jf sf7] fleq Kofg h8fg u/L Kofgsf] tNnf] efudf
;fOkmg h:tf] afªu\ f] kfOk hf8] /] To;df kfgL el/O{ bu' G{ w cfpg glbg] rkLn{ fO{ jf6/l;n rkL{
elgG5 . o:tf] rkLd{ f lem“ uf geGsg,] kfgLsf] dfqf a9L rflxg] cfwl' gs :yfoL ks| l[ tsf]
xG' 5 . of] bu' G{ w/lxt, 3/leq jf aflx/ agfpg ;lsg,] afn aflnsf / jb[ w\ jb[ w\ fsf nflu
pkofu] L, af/Daf/ agfpg gkg,{] kfgL tyf df6f] kb| i" f0f gxg' ] u0' fx¿ xG' 5 . ;kmf ul//xg' kg,{]
dxu“ f], kfgL a9L rflxg] cflb o;sf cju0' fx¿ xg' \ .

% = kfgLjfnf rkL{ M ;]lK66\ofª\sL h:t} t/
Kofgaf6 uPsf] kfOk ;l] K66o\ fªs\ Lsf] kfgLsf]
;txeGbf sx] L tn;Dd k¥' ofO{ ;k] m\ 6L6o\ fªs\ Lsf]
b'u{Gw l;w} rkL{3/df cfpg glbg] rkL{nfO{
kfgLjfnf rkL{ elgG5 . o; ks| f/sf] 6o\ fªs\ Ldf
t/n k0" f{ ¿kdf el/b“ g} , lsgeg] dflyNnf] txeGbf
#) ;=] ld=tn t/n kmfx] /nfO{ aflx/ k7fpg
kfOk hf]l8Psf] xG' 5 . o; kfOknfO{ 9n jf
cGo 7fp“df k7fpg 6f9f;Dd nluPsf] xG' 5 .
o; 6o\ fªs\ df /xs] f] 7f;] j:tn' fO{ sx] L ;dosf]
km/sdf ;kmf ubf{ nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp xG' 5 .
o;df rkLs{ f] Kofg l;w} 6o\ fªs\ Ldf hfl] 8Psf]
xb“' f uGw kfOkaf6 aflx/ lg:sL jftfj/0f kb| l" ift xg' ;Sg,] 7f;] j:t' ;kmf ul//xgk' g{]
cju'0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

124 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk
tkfO“{ a;s] f] ufp“ jf ;x/df dndq" sf] lgsf; s;/L ul/Psf] 5, cjnfs] g u/L ;f] ljlw pkoS' t
xf] jf xfO] g, lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f;] \ . ;fy} pkoS' t geP s] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPnf, cfkm\ gf]
ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

! = tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ jftfj/0fsf] zflAbs cy{ k|:6 kfg'x{ f;] \ .
-v_ af9L klx/fs] f sf/0fx¿ s] xg' ,\ ;"rL tof/ ugx{' f];\ .
-u_ cfh] fg] tx egs] f] s] xf] < of] kftnf] xg' ] sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ df6f] kb| i" f0f xg' ] sf/0f / o;sf c;/x¿nfO{ ab“' fut ¿kdf JofVof ug'x{ f;] \ .
-ª_ a9\bf] sf]nfxnn] xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjx¿ / lg/fs/0fsf pkfox¿
klxNofpg'xf];\ .
-r_ gsl' xg] kmfx] f/] dn} f egs] f] s] xf] < o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{] tl/sfx¿;dt] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .
-5_ ahf/, dn] f, SofDksf lgldTt cfjZos kg]{ rkLs{ f af/]df lrq;lxt j0f{g ugx{' f;] \ .

@ = tnsf egfOnfO{ sf/0f;lxt 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\M
-s_ jftfj/0flagf dflg;sf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;ls“bg} .
-v_ xfd|f] c1fgtfn] jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f eO/x]sf] 5 .
-u_ kfgLdf kmf]xf/] ldl;gfn] kfgL k|bi" f0f x'G5 .
-3_ dflg;sf] v/fa afgLn] kmfx] f]/ dn} f al9/x]sf] 5 .
-ª_ kfgLjfnf rkL{af6 bu' G{ w k}mln“bg} .
-r_ xfdL :j:y x'g jftfj/0f :jR5 x'g'k5{ .
-5_ k[YjLsf] tfkdfg sd ug{ xl/ofnL a9fpg'k5{ .
-h_ Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fn] oftfoftnfO{ ;u' d agfp“5 .

# = Ps jfSodf l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];M
-s_ eI" fo -v_ cDnLo jiff{ -u_ 8l] ;an -3_ af9L klx/f] -3_ cltjl[ i6

$= km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\M
-s_ es" Dk / Hjfnfdv' L -v_ af9L / klx/f] -u_ bn' ] rkL{ / vfN8] rkL{
-3_ Wjlg kb| i" f0f / jfo' kb| i" f0f

% = tkfO{“sf] 3/df 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] s;/L lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < JofVof ug'{xf];\ .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 125

PsfO * lszf/] fj:yf, ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo

*M! lszf]/fj:yfkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

dfgj ljsf;sf ljleGg cj:yf xG' 5g\ . afNofj:yf / jo:sfj:yfsf] larsf] ;do lszf]/fj:yf xf] .
cªu\ h]| Lsf] Adolescence zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] Adolescere af6 cfPsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ To Grow
cyjf To Grow to maturity xG' 5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf cg;' f/ !) jifb{ l] v !( jifs{ f]
pd/] nfO{ lszf/] fj:yf dflgG5 . afNofj:yf / jo:sfj:yfsf nIf0f;dt] bl] vg] ePsfn] o;nfO{
vlK6Psf] cj:yf klg elgG5 . lszf/] fj:yfnfO{ kf| /lDes lszf/] fj:yf, dWo lszf/] fj:yf / k0" f{
lszf/] fj:yf u/L ltg efudf ljefhg ul/G5 . s6] Lx¿ * bl] v !@ jifs{ f] pd/] df kf| /lDes
lszf/] fj:yfdf kj| z] u5g{ \ eg] s6] fx¿ !) bl] v !$ jifs{ f] pd/] df kf| /lDes lszf/] fj:yfdf kj| z]
u5g{ \ . dWo lszf/] fj:yfdf s6] Lx¿ !@ bl] v !^ jifs{ f] pd/] df kj| z] u5g{ \ eg] s6] fx¿ !$ bl] v
!& jif;{ Ddsf] pd/] df o; cj:yfdf /xG5g\ . !^ jifs{ f] pd/] bl] v s6] Lx¿ k0" f{ lszf/] cj:yfdf
kj| z] u5{g\ . s]6fx¿ !& jifb{ l] v k"0f{ lszf]/fj:yfdf kj| z] u5{g\ . k"0f{ lszf]/fj:yfdf kj| z] u/]kl5
pgLx¿df kl/kSjtf kf| Kt xG' 5 . of] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;j+ u] fTds / ofl} gs ¿kaf6 ;Ifd x'g]
cj:yf xf] .

*M!M! lszf]/fj:yfsf ljz]iftfx¿

-s_ lszf]/fj:yf kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf xf] .

lszf/] fj:yfdf zf/Ll/s kl/jtg{ sf ;fy} Jojxf/ / wf/0ffdf klg kl/jtg{ bl] vG5 . pgLx¿df
;j+ u] , ofg} kl/kSjtf, ;fdflhs ljm| ofsnfkdf rfv, ;fdflhs dN" o dfGotfsf] afw] tyf
:jfjnDaLkg h:tf kIfdf kl/jt{g bv] fk5{g\ .

-v_ lszf]/fj:yf bf]wf/sf] cj:yf xf] .

o; cj:yfsf lszf/] lszf/] Ldf Psflt/ afNoj:yfsf Jojxf/ /lx/xs] f xG' 5g\ eg] csft{] km{
lszf/] fj:yfsf Jojxf/ b]vfk5g{ \ . oLdWo] sg' Jojxf/nfO{ :jLsfg{] eGg] kIfdf lszf]/
lszf]/L bf]wf/df x'G5g\ .

-u_ lszf]/fj:yf dxTTjk"0f{ cj:yf xf] .

lszf/] fj:yfdf dfgl;s zf/Ll/s / dgfj] 1} flgs kIfsf] tLj| ljsf; xG' 5 . ;fy} o; cj:yfdf
ofl} gstfsf] ljsf;df tLjt| f cfp5“ . o; cj:yfsf ljzi] ftf kl5;Dd /xg] / o;n] eljiosf]
ofh] gf lgwf/{ 0f ug{] ;do ePsfn] of] dxTTjk0" f{ cj:yf xf] .

126 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-3_ lszf]/fj:yf kl/ro vf]Hg] cj:yf xf] .

o; cj:yfsf lszf]/ lszf/] L pRr dgl:ylt / dxTTjfsfª\IffoS' t xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkmg\ f
sfo{ / sfdsf] dN" ofªs\ gdfkmt{ cfkmg\ f] kl/ro vfH] g rfxG5g\ .

-ª_ lszf]/fj:yf jo:skgsf] ;“3f/ xf] .

lszf/] fj:yf sfgg' L kl/kSjtf kf| lKtsf] cj:yf xf] . o; cj:yfdf pgLx¿ cfkmn" fO{ s6] fs6] L
g7fgL jo:s eGg ?rfp“5g\ . pgLx¿df kl/kSj sNkgf b]lvg] ePsfn] of] ;“3f/sf]
cj:yf xf] .

-r_ lszf]/fj:yf lbjf:jKgsf] cj:yf xf] .

of] cfkmg\ f] sfdsf] kz| ;+ f vfH] g] / cfkm" 7n' f] ePsf] sNkgf ug{] pd/] xf] . o; an] f pgLx¿
cfkm"nfO{ ;flxTosf/, 8fS6/ h:tf ;dfhsf] k|ltli7t JolStsf ¿kdf sNkgf u/L
dSv k5{g\ .

-5_ lszf]/fj:yf 8/fpg] / b'MvL x'g] cj:yf xf] .

lszf]/fj:yfsf lszf]/ lszf]/L pTt]lht / dxTTjfsfª\IfL x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxLF pgLx¿
c;fdflhs sfd;d]t u5g{ \ . o;af6 pgLx¿df 8/ / lrGtf pTkGg x'g] ePsfn] bM' vL
klg x'G5g\ .

-h_ lszf]/fj:yf ;d:ofk"0f{ cj:yf xf] .
lszf/] fj:yf kj" s{ f afn aflnsfsf gsf/fTds / c;fdflhs ljm| ofsnfknfO{ klg ;fgf] 7fg/]
cfdfafan' ] ;xG5g\ . o; cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf ;an lszf/] lszf/] Ln] u/s] f c;fdflhs
sfon{ fO{ cfdfafa', ;fyLx¿ / ;dfhn] ;xb“ g} g\ . t;y{ cfkm\g} sfo{ / Jojxf/n] ;d:of
lgDTofpg] ePsfn] o; cj:yfnfO{ ;d:ofk"0f{ cj:yf dflgG5 .

*M!M@ lszf]/fj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{g

lszf/] fj:yf cfTd lge/{ tflt/ cu;| / xg' ] cj:yf xf] . o; cj:yfdf gof“ / kl/kSj pd]/sf
JolSt;u“ ;DaGw a95\ . z/L/ tGb?' :t / alnof] xG' 5 eg] ;fdflhs pTt/ bfloTjkl| tsf] rfv
a95\ . ;j+ u] fTds Jojxf/, cfTdlge/{ tf, cflys{ kf| lKt / ljjfxsf] tof/L klg o; cj:yfsf
ljsf;fTds sfo{ xg' \ . o; cj:yfsf lszf/] lszf/] Ldf lgDgfg;' f/sf kl/jtg{ bv] fk5g{ \ M

-s_ zf/Ll/s kl/jt{g

lszf/] fj:yfdf afxo\ / cfGtl/s ¿kdf zf/Ll/s kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . prfO, tfn} , zf/Ll/s cgk' ft,
ofg} cªu\ x¿ / ;xfos ofg} uG| yLx¿df cfpg] kl/jtg{ jfxo\ kl/jtg{ xg' \ . kfrg, /St ;~rf/,
Zjf; kZ| jf; tyf OG8fj] m| fOg k0| ffnL / zf/Ll/s tGtx' ¿df cfpg] kl/jtg{ cfGtl/s xf] .

;fdfGotof s6] Lx¿sf] !&–!* jif{sf] pd]/;Dd / s6] fx¿df !(–@) jifs{ f] pd]/;Dd
z/L/Ls jb[ l\ w xG' 5 . lzz' cj:yfdf vfk] / kfi] f0fsf] dfqf ku' s] f aRrfdf o;sf] sx] L jifk{ l5

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 127

;Dd klg prfO a95\ . prfOsf] ;fydf tfn} klg jb[ \lw xG' 5 . x88\ L / af];f]sf] ljsf;n]kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
tfn} df kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . o; cj:yfdf z/L/sf ljleGg efusf] ;Gtn' g xg' s' f ;fy} cgk' ft
ldn/] cfp5“ . 5ftL rf8} f / ki' 6 xg' ,' kfv/' f dhat' xg' ,' lt3f| 7n' f xg' ' / k7' 7\ f rfSnf] xg' '
o; cj:yfsf zf/Ll/s ljzi] ftf xg' \ . o; cj:yfdf s]6f / s6] L bj' s} f ofg} cªu\ x¿ ljsf;
ePsf xG' 5g\ t/ sfo{ ug{] ¿kdf kl/kSj ePsf x'b“ g} g\ . ;xfos of}g cªu\ ljsf; x'g]
ePsfn] s6] fx¿df bf/L h3“' f bl] vg,] 5ftLdf /f“} knfpg,] sfvL tyf uK' tfªu\ df /f“} pdg| ] x'G5 .
s6] Lx¿df klg sfvL tyf uK' tfªu\ df /fF} pdg| ,] dlxgfjf/L ;?' xg' ,] ofg] L tyf kf73] /sf] cfsf/
a9g\ ,] 5fnf lrNnf] xg' ,] l8Da lgisf;g ;?' xg' ] / :tgsf] cfsf/df jb[ l\ w xg' ] xG' 5 .

o; cj:yfdf kfrg k|0ffnL ;lj|mo xG' 5 . k]6sf] nDafO / kl/lw a95\ . df+;k]zL dhat'
xG' 5 . snh] f,] vfb\o gnL / Zjf; gnLdf cfjZos ljsf; xG' 5 . d6' 'sf] ljsf; hGdsf]
cgk' ftdf !@ u0' ff a9g\ ] ePsfn] /St ;~rf/ k0| ffnLsf] klg /fdf| ] ljsf; xG' 5 . kmfS] ;fs] f]
ljsf; eO;Sg] ePsfn] Zjf; kZ| jf;df ;d:of /xb“ g} . jb[ l\ w ;f| j / of}g ;f| jsf lardf
;Gtn' g cfO{ OG8fj] m| fOg k0| ffnL ;ljm| o xG' 5 . x88\ L, df;+ kz] L / tGts' f] /fdf| ] ljsf; xg' ] xb“' f
z/L/ k'i6 x'G5 .

-s_ dfgl;s kl/jt{g

jz+ fgj' m| d, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f tyf cflys{ cj:yf / cfdfafas' f] lzIffn] lszf/] lszf/] Lsf]
dfgl;s kl/jtg{ df ke| fj kf5{ . lszf/] fj:yfdf :d/0f, sNkgf, Psfut| f / ts{ zlStdf
kl/jtg{ bl] vG5 . pgLx¿ ;d:ofnfO{ sNkgf / tsa{ f6 ;dfwfg ug{] ko| f; u5g{ \ . pgLx¿
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds ts{ u5g{ \ . gsf/fTds ts{ ug{] afgL ljsf; ePdf hg' ;s' } s/' fnfO{
klg pN6f] 9ªu\ n] ;fR] g] kj| l[ Tt ljsf; xG' 5 . pgLx¿ 3/ / ljbo\ fnosf] jftfj/0f cfkm" cgs' n"
gePsf] 7fG5g\ . pgLx¿df 7n' fn] egs] f] gdfGg,] PSsfl; tgfjdf cfpg,] ufk] gLotf ?rfpg,]
:jtGq xg' vfH] g,] cfbz{ gfos kl| t ;dlkt{ xg' ] h:tf afgL ljsf; xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] cfdfafa' /
lzIfssf s/' f pgLx¿nfO{ dg gkg{ ;S5 . sltkon] PsfGtdf a:g,] ljleGg axfgf agfO{
cfTdLotf vfH] g,] l/;fpg] / c;fdflhs sfo{ ug;{] dt] u5g{ \ . o; cj:yfdf cleefjsn] c;n
k/fdz{ lbPdf / cfkmn" ] klg cfkmg\ } af/d] f ;fR] g] u/d] f gsf/fTds kj| l[ Tt x6g\ ;S5g\ . lszf/]
lszf/] Ln] ;xL / unt 56' o\ fP/ ;xLnfO{ k5o\ fpgk' 5{ eg] cfdfafan' ] klg pgLx¿nfO{ ufnL gu/L
al' emlbgk' 5{ . ;fy} o; cj:yfdf gof“ sfo{ ug{ pT;s' xg' ,] sNkgfzLn xg' ,] gof“ s/' f l;Sg
clekl]| /t xg' ] ts{ ug,{] ;dfnfr] gfTds xg' ] cflb dfgl;s kl/jtg{ bv] fk5g{ \ .

-v_ ;+j]ufTds kl/jt{g

lszf/] fj:yfdf pT;fx, ;xfge' l" t, kd|] , dfof, 30[ ff, Oi{ of,{ l/;, 8fxf h:tf ;j+ u] bv] fk5g{ \ .
pT;fxn] sfo{ ;kmn agfp5“ eg] sfos{ f] ;kmntfaf6 klg yk pT;fx kb} f xG' 5 . sfod{ f
/fs] fj6 ePdf l/; p75\ . ;j+ u] fTds kl/jtg{ s} sf/0f lszf/] fj:yfdf xf:“ g, ?g, PsfGtdf
a:g, kd]| syf k9g\ , l;gd] f xg] { dg nfU5 . lszf/] fj:yfsf ;j+ u] nfO{ ;xL 9ªu\ n] ;Dafw] g

128 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bug{ ;Sgk' 5{ cGoyf logn] ljst[ ¿k lng ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu vn] sb' , gfrufg tyf
dgf/] ~hgfTds sfod{ f ;n+ Ug eO{ l;hg{ fTds kl| tef ljsf; ug{' /fdf| ] xG' 5 . :sfp6, afn
Sna, hl' go/ /8] jm| ; ;sn{ cflbdf ;xefuL eO{ ;ljm| otf bv] fpg ;sd] f ;j+ u] sf] Joj:yfkg
ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g

jz+ fgj' m| d, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;j+ u] fTds ljsf;, kl/jf/sf] ;/+ rgf / cflys{ ;fdflhs
cj:yf tyf ;fyL ;dx" sf] ke| fjn] lszf/] fj:yfdf ;fdflhs ke| fj kf5g{ \ . lszf/] fj:yfdf
lszf/] lszf/] L ljleGg ;fdflhs sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿df gt] T[ j ug{] Ifdtf ljsf;
xG' 5 . pgLx¿df ldqtf uf:“ g,] ;fyL ;dx" agfpg,] ;dx" kl| t pTt/bfoL xg' ,] sfdsf nflu
kl5 gx6g\ ] h:tf Jojxf/ bv] fk5g{ \ . lszf/] lszf/] Ldf vn] sb' / ;fdflhs sfoa{ f6
;fdflhs u0' fx¿ ljsf; xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿ o:tf sfod{ f cfkmn" fO{ /fdf| nfus] f u0' fx¿ ;xh}
:jLsf/ u5g{ \ . o;af6 pgLx¿df ;bfrf/, cgz' f;g, dq} L, ;xofu] , gt] T[ j h:tf kIfdf
kl/jtg{ bv] fk5g{ \ . lszf/] lszf/] Ln] cfkmn" fO{ ae' mSs8 / kl/kSj 7fGg] xb“' f pgLx¿af6
jo:ssf h:tf u0' f bl] vP eg] cleefjsn] l:jsfbg{} g\ . h;n] ubf{ kfl/jfl/s ad] n] xg' ;Sg]
x'b“ f lszf/] lszf]/L o; kl| t ;rt] x'gk' 5{ .

*M!=# lszf]/fj:yfsf dfu / cfjZostf

lszf]/fj:yf ;+jb] gzLn x'G5 . pgLx¿ s]6f s]6L;u“ 3'nldn x'g ;Sb}gg\ eg] jo:sn] l:jsfbg{} g\ .
zf/Ll/s ljsf; / jb[ l\ w tLj| ¿kdf eP klg dfgl;s ¿kdf sd ;Ifd xg' ] xb“' f pgLx¿nfO{ 3/,
ljbo\ fno / ;db' fodf ;dfofh] g xg' uf/f] k5{ . pgLx¿ efjs' ag/] ;fyLx¿;u“ ;do latfpg
rfxG5g\ . cfkm\gf] klxrfg agfpg kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L lng rfxG5g\ . t/ kl/jf/n]
lhDdj] f/L lbg rfxb“ g} . To;n} ] pgLx¿df lg/fzf / gsf/fTds efjgf kb} f xG' 5 . o;af6 pgLx¿df
ofg} b/' frf/ ug,{] wd" k| fg, dbo\ kfg / nfu' kbfy{ ;j] g ug,{] cZnLn lrq rnlrq xg] ,{] ;fdflhs ;Dklt
tf8] kmf8] ug{] tyf c;fdflhs sfo{ ug{] h:tf gsf/fTds afgL ljsf; xG' 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
cleefjs / lzIfsx¿n] pgLx¿sf dfu / cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;xL dfu{ bzg{ / ;xofu]
ugk{' 5{ . lszf/] fj:yfsf dfu / cfjZostf o;ks| f/ xg' ;S5g\ M

— cfkmg\ f rfxgf, cfjZostf / dg;fo cu|hx¿n] al' emlbpmg\ .

— cleefjsn] cfkmg\ f] cl:tTTj / ljrf/nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf ;do lbpmg\ .

— ;fdflhs sfod{ f lg0fo{ lnb“ f cfkmx" ¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpmg\ .

— cfkmg\ f cfjZostf tyf ;d:of cuh| n] ae' mL ;dfwfg ul/lbpmg\ .

— cfkmn" fO{ ;fgf] g7fgL JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu ;an} ] ;xofu] u¿g\ .

— ljrf/ / efjgf gyf]k/L ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / lgb]z{ g lbpmg\ .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 129

— 3/ / ;dfhsf ;fdflhs / cflys{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfkmn" fO{ klg ;xefuL u/fpmg\ .
— uNtL ubf{ ;fjh{ lgs ufnL gu/L cleefjsn] / lzIfsn] ;w' f/sf pkfo / ;Nnfx lbpmg\ .
— 5f/] f 5f/] L sfnf,] uf/] f,] cUnf,] xfr] f,] ckfªu\ ePs} sf/0f eb] efj gul/of];\ .
— 3/, kl/jf/, ljbo\ fno, ;dfh tyf /fi6s« f] ljsf;df dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf lbOof;] \ .
*M!M$ lszf]/fj:yfsf ;d:of

lszf/] fj:yf afNofj:yf / oj' fj:yfsf] ;t] ' xf] . o; cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;j+ u] fTds /
;fdflhs ljsf; tLj| ¿kdf xg' ] xb“' f ;dfhdf ;dfofh] g xg' uf/f] xG' 5 . xfdfg{] / ofg} fªu\ sf]
ljsf;n] s6] Lx¿df /h:jnf / s6] fx¿df :jKgbfi] f bv] fk5{ . ljk/Lt lnªu\ L kl| t cfsif0{ f, efjs' tf,
;j+ b] gzLntf / ;j+ u] df cl:y/tfn] ubf{ o; cj:yfdf ljleGg ;d:of bv] fk5g{ \ . o; cj:yfsf dV' o
;d:of lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
-s_ ;fyL ;d"xsf] bafj

lszf/] fj:yfdf zf/Ll/s ljsf; tLj| eP klg dfgl;s kl/kSjtf cfO;ss] f] xb“' g} . pgLx¿
afns / jo:s bj' s} f] ;dx" df c:jLs[t xG' 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ bft“} /L ;dx" agfp5“ g\ /
To;} k|lt a9L cf:yf / ljZjf; k|s6 u5g{ \ . pgLx¿ ;fyLx¿n] egs] f s/' f 6fg{ ;Sbg} g\ .
cfkmg\ } ;dx" af6 pgLx¿sf OR5f, cfsfªI\ ff / rfxgf lgwf{/0f xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿sf OR5f
cleefjsaf6 c:jLst[ ePdf pgLx¿ cfkmg\ f] ckdfg ePsf] 7fG5g\ / 3/ 5f8L w/] } ;do
bf“}t/L ;d"xdf latfp5“ g\ . bf}t“ /L ;dx" af6 klg plrt ;Nnfxsf ;66\ f bafj kf| Kt x'G5 .
;fyLx¿s} bafjdf k/L pgLx¿ bJ' o;{ g / ofg} hGo ljm| ofsnfkdf nfUg ;S5g\ . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ;xL / unt ljm| ofsnfk klxrfg u/L ;xL lg0fo{ ug{' a9L ab' l\ wdfgL xg' ] 5 .

-v_ b]vfl;sL

lszf/] fj:yfdf ;j+ u] fTds cl:y/tf xg' ] ePsfn] lszf/] lszf/] Lx¿ /fdf| ] / g/fdf| ] 56' o\ fpg
;Sbg} g\ . kl5;Dd ;fR] g] Ifdtfsf] cefjn] pgLx¿ ;fgf] kmfObf / Ifl0fs cfgGbdf cfslift{
x'g] u5g{ \ . o; cj:yfsf lszf/] lszf]/L cfkmn" fO{ c¿eGbf leGg bv] fpg rfxG5g\ .
pgLx¿df afN] g,] lx8“ g\ ] / vfg] tl/sf, sk8f nufpg] / skfn sf6g\ ] tl/sf / cGo 9ªu\
9fr“ fdf klg kl/jtg{ cfp5“ . pgLx¿ snfsf/, ufos, vn] f8L, rnlrq, lj1fkg cflbaf6
bv] fl;sL u/L cfkmg\ f] Jojxf/df To:t} Jojxf/ ptf5g{ \ . pgLx¿ of}g, kh| gg tyf dfgl;s
/ ;fdflhs :jf:Yosf bl[ i6n] gsf/fTds Jojxf/sf] klg cgs' /0f u5g{ ,\ of] /fdf| ] xfO] g .
o:tf bv] fl;sLaf6 sltko wd" k| fg, dbo\ kfg / nfu' kbfys{ f] bJ' o;{ gsf] sn' tdf km:5g\ .
o;af6 ;do d} ;fjwfg / ;rt] /xgk' 5{ .

-u_ of}g b'Jo{jxf/

lszf/] fj:yfdf leGg lnªu\ L kl| t cfsif0{ f tyf ofg} rfxgf a9g\ yfN5 . ofg} rfxgf kl" ts{ f
nflu sltkon] of}g bJ' oj{ xf/nfO{ c“ufN5g\ . pgLx¿ Ps csfn{ fO{ lh:sfpg,] of}gfªu\

130 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bbv] fpg,] ;j+ b] gzLn cªu\ df 5g' ,] cZnLn zAb afN] g,] ;xdltlagf ofg} Jojxf/ ug,{] l6eL /
OG6/g6] df cZnLn lrq xg] ,{] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf g/fdf| lrq / kmf6] f] /fVg] ,Ankm sn ug{]
cflb ljm| ofsnfk u5g{ \ . ofg} bJ' oj{ xf/ 3/, af6f3] f6f,] ;dfh, xf6 ahf/, dn] fkj,{ ;ef
;Ddn] g, ;jf/L ;fwg, ljbo\ fno, SofDk;, sfo:{ yn h:tf 7fp“df xG' 5 . o:tf 7fp“df
lszf/] Lx¿ ljzi] f rgfvf] xg' k' 5{ / ofg} bJ' oj{ xf/ ePdf t?' Gt kl| tsf/ ug{] jf ph/' L ug{]
ugk{' 5{ . ofg} bJ' oj{ xf/ ;DaGwL ljm| ofsnfk hfl] vdk0" f{ xg' ] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ o:tf] Jojxf/
gug{ ;r]t u/fpg'k5{ .

-3_ c;'/lIft of}g ;Dks{

xdfg{] sf] pTkfbg / ke| fjn] ubf{ lszf/] fj:yfdf kh| gg cªu\ sf] tLj| ljsf; xG' 5 . o;sf
;fy} ofg} rfxgf klg jb[ l\ w xG' 5 . ofg} rfxgf / ofg} cfju] nfO{ /fS] g g;Sbf sltko lszf/]
lszf/] L ofg} ljm| ofsnfkdf klg ;n+ Ug xG' 5g\ . cg;' Gwfgn] s] bv] fPsf] 5 eg] w/} ] h;f]
lszf/] L cfkmg\ f s6] f ;fyLsf] bafjdf k/L ofg} ;Dks{ ug{ kU' 5g\ . o:tf] ofg} ;Dks{ c;/' lIft
xg' ;Sg] ePsfn] o;af6 clglR5t ue{ /xg,] ofg} k;| fl/t /fu] nfUg] tyf dgd6' fa a9L lx;+ f
;d]t xg' ;Sg] xG' 5 . ljjfxkj" s{ f] o:tf] ofg} ;Dks{ ;fdflhs bl[ i6n] klg c:jLsfo{ xG' 5 .

-ª_ sd pd]/df ljjfx

;fdflhs k/Dk/fsf sf/0f sltko ;dfhdf 5f/] Lsf] ljjfx ;fgf] pd/] df ul/lbg] rng 5 .
l9nf] ljjfx ubf{ bfOhf] w/] } lbgk' g,{] /fdf| ] s6] f] kfOb“ g} ls eGg] wf/0ff /fV5g\ eg] /h:jnfkj" {
ljjfx ul/lbb“ f wd{ xg' ] h:tf ;fdflhs ed| / sl' jrf/sf sf/0f lszf/] Lsf] ljjfx pd/] gkU' b}
x'g] u/s] f] 5 . o:tf] ljjfxn] pgLx¿sf] lzIff / :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . of}g cªu\
kl/kSj gxb“' } ue{ /xg] ;Defjgf a9g\ ] ePsfn] sd pd/] sf] ljjfxn] cfdf / lzz' bj' s} f]
:jf:Yodf c;/ k5{ . o:t} o;af6 sd tfn} sf] aRrf hGdg,] uek{ tg xg' ;Sg,] nfdf] k;| j
Joyf nfUg,] uefj{ :yfdf /Strfk a9g\ ,] z/L/df sDkg cfpg] / kf73] /af6 /ut aUg] xg'
;S5 . o;n} ] sd pd/] jf la; jif{ gku' L ul/Psf] ljjfxnfO{ lszf/] fj:yfsf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 .

*M!M% lszf]/fj:yfsf ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkg

lszf/] fj:yfdf bl] vg] ;d:ofnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ k/fdz{ / ;Nnfx

lszf/] fj:yfsf lszf/] lszf/] L nhfn' :jefjsf xG' 5g\ . o;n} ] pgLx¿ cfkmg\ f s/' f tyf ;d:of
c¿;u“ vn' ]/ eGg ;Sbg} g\ . o;af6 emg\ ;d:of ylkG5g\ . tLj| zf/Ll/s ljsf; / ckl/kSj
dfgl;s cj:yf klg ;d:ofsf] sf/0f xf] . pgLx¿sf] pd]/nfO{ g} ;d:ofsf] sf/s dflgG5 .
pd/] cg;' f/ cfpg] pgLx¿sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ plrt ;Nnfx / k/fdzs{ f] cfjZostf k5{ .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 131

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgk] fnL ;dfhdf ofg} nfO{ vn' f 5nkmnsf] ljifo dflgb“ g} . ufK] o 7flgg] o:tf] ljifokl| t lszf/] lszf/] L
lh1f;' / pT;flxt xG' 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] lh1f;f / pT;fxnfO{ cleefjs jf lzIfsn] ae' m/] ;dfwfg
gul/lbPdf pgLx¿n] unt af6f] cu“ fNg ;S5g\ . lszf/] fj:yfdf bl] vg] dfgl;s tgfj, of}g bJ' oj{ xf/,
/h:jnf, :jKgbfi] f, c;/' lIft ofg} ;Dks,{ clglR5t ue{ h:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;dod} k/fdz{ /
;Nnfx kb| fg ugk{' 5{ . 3/df cfdfafan' ,] ljbo\ fnodf lzIfsn] / :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf :jf:Yo sdLn{ ]
ufK] o ¿kdf ofg} / cGo ljljw kIf;u“ ;DalGwt k/fdz{ / ;Nnfx lbg ;S5g\ .

-v_ ;'/lIft of}g Jojxf/sf nflu ;Nnfx

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf; / kl/kSjtfsf ;fy;fy} lszf/] lszf/] Ldf ofg} rfxgf / Ifdtfdf klg
kl/kSjtf cfp5“ . pgLx¿ leGg lnªu\ Lkl| t cfslift{ xG' 5g\ / ofg} hGo ljm| ofsnfkdf klg ;n+ Ug
x'G5g\ . sltkon] ;dlnªu\ L ;DaGw klg :yfkgf u5{g\ . lszf/] lszf]/Ldf xg' ] kd|] / of}gn]
ljjfxsf] ¿k lnPdf To;n] ;fdflhs dfGotf kfp5“ . c;/' lIft ofg} ;Dksn{ ] eg] clglZrt ue,{ ofg}
/fu] tyf PrcfOeL, xk] f6fOl6; aL ;ªj\ m| d0f, ;fdflhs lt/:sf/, cfTdxTof h:tf ;d:of l;hg{ f
u5{ . ;'/lIft of}g Jojxf/n] o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;3fp“5 .

;/' lIft ofg} Jojxf/ eGgfn] ofg} ;o+ d ckgfpg,] ljZjfl;nf] Ps hgf;u“ dfq ofg} ;Dks{ ug{] / ofg}
;Dks{ ubf{ sG8dsf] ko| fu] ug{] s/' f k5g{ \ . ofg} hl} js cfjZostf ePsfn] o;nfO{ k0" f{ ¿kdf
aGbh] ug{ ;lsb“ g} t/ o;sf js} lNks pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ofg} rfxgf xb“' f l9nfO ug,{] cGo
l;hg{ fTds sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xg' ] h:tf ljm| ofsnfkaf6 ;o+ d ckgfpg ;lsG5 . PseGbf a9L;“u ofg}
;Dks{ ug]{ JolSt cfkm" dfq ;d:ofdf kbg}{ . pm;u“ ;Dks{ ePsf ;a}df ;d:of bl] vG5 . olb ofg}
;Dks{ ugk{' g{] cj:yf l;hg{ f ePdf sG8dsf] ko| fu] ugk{' 5{ . sG8d /a/n] ags] f] ofg} ;Dkss{ f
a]nf ofg} fª\udf ko| fu] ug]{ ;fwg xf] . dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu 5'6\6f 56\ \6} sG8d xG' 5g\ . o;sf]
ko| fu] n] clglZrt ue{ /xg] tyf ofg} /fu] x¿af6 aRg ;lsG5 . o; af/d] f lszf/] lszf/] LnfO{
;Nnfx lbg ;s] pgLx¿df ;/' lIft ofg} Jojxf/ kfngf ug{] afgL ljsf; eO{ ofg} ;d:ofsf]
Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] kU' 5 . oj' f dq} L ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo ;j] f pknAw u/fP/ klg lszf/] fj:yfsf
;d:of Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-u_ cfk;L ;dembf/L

kl/jf/sf ;b:o, lzIfsx¿ / ;db' fosf dflg;;u“ lszf/] lszf/] Lsf] OR5f, rfxgf / cfjZostfdf
dn] gvfb“ f c;dembf/L pTkGg xg' ;S5 . l/; / O{iof{ lszf]/fj:yfsf pRr ;+j]u xg' \ . logs} sf/0f
lszf]/ lszf]/L rf8“ } l/;fpg] / emf]lSsg] u5{g\ . sltkon] t c;fdflhs sfo{ klg u5{g\ . o:tf
Jojxf/nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ cleefjs, lzIfs / ;d'bfosf dflg;n] lszf/] lszf/] Lsf efjgf cfjZostf
jf ;d:of ae' mL To;c} g;' f/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;3fp kU' g] ljm| ofsnfk ul/lbgk' 5{ . cleefjs, lzIfs
/ ;d'bfosf dflg; tyf lszf]/ lszf]/Llar cfk;L ;dembf/L ePdf o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug{ ;lsG5 .

132 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

-3_ l;h{gfTds sfo{df ;xeflutf

lszf/] fj:yfsf lszf/] lszf/] LnfO{ ljleGg el" dsf lbO{ l;hg{ fTds sfod{ f nufpgk' 5{ . l;kdn" s
sfo,{ ;ªu\ Lt, lrqsf/L, vn] sb' , gT[ o, ;flxTo nv] g tyf cWoog h:tf l;hg{ fTds sfon{ ] c;Gtl' nt
/ pRr ;j+ u] lgoGq0f xG' 5g\ . l;hg{ fTds ljm| ofsnfksf] ;n+ Ugtfn] unt ljm| ofsnfk ;fR] g /
c;fdflhs Jojxf/ ug{ ;do g} kU' bg} . ljleGg l;hg{ fTds ljm| ofsnfkdf nfUbf lhDdj] f/L afw] xg' ,]
kl| tef k:| km6' g xg' ] tyf Jojxf/df kl/kSjtf cfpg] ePsfn] o;af6 lszf/] fj:yfsf ;d:ofdf klg
sdL cfp“5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

lszf/] fj:yfdf /xs] f ;d:of af/] tkfOs“{ f 5/l5ds] sf b; hgf lszf/] lszf/] LnfO{ ;fw] /] tnsf]
tflnsf egx{' f;] \ M

lszf/] lszf/] Lsf dV' o ;d:of ;d:of Joj:yfkgsf pkfo ;d:of Joj:yfkgdf cfkmg\ f] bfloTj
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
*M@= of}g lzIff

ofg} kf| sl[ ts jf hl} js tYo xf] . o;n] JolStnfO{ cfkm" dlxnf, k?' if jf t;] f| ] lnªu\ L ePsf] kl/ro
lbG5 / of] ckl/jtg{ zLn xG' 5 . ofg} ;u“ ;DalGwt ljrf/, dN" o dfGotf, efjgf / Jojxf/ ;DaGwL
lzIffnfO{ ofg} lzIff elgG5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª3\ sf cg;' f/ ofg} lzIff l;sf?nfO{ hl} js, ;f:+ sl[ ts,
tyf dfgj ofl} gstfsf gl} ts cfofdx¿sf af/d] f ;xL 1fg kb| fg ug{] tYok0" f{ zl} Ifs sfoj{ m| d xf] .
ofg} lzIff ofg} af/s] f] 1fgsf] ljt/0f ug{] kl| jm| of xf] . o;n] JolStsf] ofg} OR5f tyf ofg} Jojxf/
af/] 1fg clejb[ l\ w u5{ . o;n] dfgj z/L/sf] ljsf;fTds cj:yfdf ljsf; xg' ] ofg} OR5f tyf
Jojxf/ ;DaGwL cge' j kb| fg u5{ . o;n] kh| gg k0| ffnL, :j:y ofg} Jojxf/, ofg} ljsl[ t tyf To;sf
bi' kl/0ffd tyf PrcfOeL P8;\ , lel/ªu\ L h:tf ofg} k;| fl/t /fu] x¿sf af/d] f hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;df
dfgj kh| gg k0| ffnL, ofg} Jojxf/sf hl} js, ;f:+ sl[ ts / hftLo kIf tyf dlxnf / k?' ifsf jo} lSts
wf/0ffsf af/d] f lzIff lbOG5 . of] kf| 9} fj:yf, ljjfx, lktT[ j tyf jb[ w\ fj:yfsf nflu tof/ /xg
oj' fx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, ;fdflhs / efjgfTds ljsf;df dbt ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] sfoj{ m| d
xf] . ofg} lzIffaf6 JolSt, kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhnfO{ ofg} ;DaGwL ;jfn tyf sfos{ f nflu hfgsf/L
kf| Kt eO{ :j:y ofg} hLjg ofkgdf ;xofu] kU' 5 . ofg} lzIffn] ofg} tyf kh| gg clwsf/ / :jf:Yosf
;fy} o; ljifo;u“ ;DalGwt ;fdflhs ;jfnx¿ af/] jf:tljs ;r" gf lbG5 . ofl} gstf ;DaGwL
hl} js, ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts, dgfj] 1} flgs / efjgfTds kIf ;dl] 6Psf] ofg} lzIffnfO{ ax[ t\ ofl} gstf
lzIff elgG5 . o;df ofg} tyf kh| gg lzIff, nl} ªu\ s, ofg} clwsf/, ljljwtf, dgf/] ~hg / ;DaGw
;d]l6G5g\ .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 133

*M@M! of}g lzIffsf] pb\b]Zokf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

ofg} lzIff ;fwf/0f tyf ;fdfGo lzIffs} ;fydf kb| fg ul/g] zl} Ifs sfoj{ m| d xf] . ofg} lzIff ofg}
;DaGwL ljifo j:ts' f] hfgsf/L lbg, ofg} k;| fl/t /fu] af6 ;rt] u/fpg / ofg} Jojxf/ / cfr/0f
l;sfpg kb| fg ul/G5 . ofg} lzIffsf dV' o pbb\ Z] o o; ks| f/ 5g\ M

— kh| gg kl| jm| ofsf af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fO{ hGd b/ sd ug{'

— kl/jf/ lgofh] g ;DaGwL 1fg, wf/0ff / l;kdf hf8] lbO{ kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ;fwg /
ko| fu] ug{] tl/sfsf] hfgsf/L lbg'

— ofg} ljsl[ tsf sf/0f pTkGg c;fdflhs jftfj/0faf/] ;rt] u/fpg'

— ofg} Jojxf/nfO{ ;sf/fTds wf/tkm{ pTkl|] /t u/fpg'

— ofg} /fu] sf af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fO{ pTkGg xg' ] vt/f / aRg] pkfoaf/] ;rt] u/fpg'

— nª} l\ us ljljwtf / dlxnf tyf k?' if ofg} cªu\ sf af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fO{ ofg} fªu\ sf
sfo{ afw] u/fpg'

— kf| sl[ ts / ckf| sl[ ts ofg} jm| L8fsf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ :j:y ofg} ljm| ofsnfkaf/] ;rt] gf
kb} f u/fpg'

— ofg} ;DaGwL unt wf/0ff / gsf/fTds efjgf lg/fs/0f u/L :j:y ofg} cfr/0f /
;/' lIft ofg} hLjg JotLt ug{ ;Ifd tN' ofpg'

— kh| gg b/df lgoGq0f u/L u0' f:t/Lo hLjg ofkg ug{' .
ljmofsnfk
tkfOs“{ f 5/l5ds] df ePsf :jf:Yo sdL{ jf ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yosf af/d] f hfgsf/ JolStnfO{
tnsf kZ| g ;fw] L To;sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx{' f;] M\
-s_ JolStnfO{ ofg} lzIff lsg cfjZos k5{ <
-v_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf ofg} lzIffnfO{ s;/L xg] {] ul/Psf] 5 <
-u_ ;dfhsf lszf/] lszf/] Lsf] ofg} kl| tsf] wf/0f s:tf] 5 <

*M# k|hgg :jf:Yo

dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ;d:of x/] rfxsf ;fy} ;/' lIft dftT[ j, ue{ ktg, kl/jf/
ofh] gf, ofg} ;DaGwL /fu] x¿, afe“ mfk] g x6fpg,] gjhft lzzs' f] x/] rfx / hLjg rjm| sf ljifo j:td' f
kb| fg ul/g] ;j] f tyf cGo sfo{ kh| gg :jf:YocGtut{ k5g{ \ . ofg} ;DaGwL pkoS' t ;r" gf tyf
hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{' ofg} sf bl[ i6n] ;ljm| o k?' if jf JolStsf] clwsf/ xf] . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf
cg;' f/ kh| gg :jf:Yo egs] f] kh| gg k0| ffnL, kh| gg cªu\ x¿ tyf ltgsf sfox{ ¿sf] ;DaGwdf
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs tj/n] k0" f{ :jf:Yosf] cj:yf xf] . kh| gg :jf:Yo /fu] Joflw /
zf/Ll/s ljsf/ gePsf] cj:yf dfq xfO] g . kh| gg :jf:YonfO{ ;/' lIft, ;/+ lIft / pGgt agfpg

134 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |buefj{ :yf, k;| jfj:yf / k;| l" t cj:yfsf] x/] rfx cfjZos k5{ . kh| gg :jf:Yosf] cjwf/0ff ;j{
ky| d ;g\ !(($ df sfo/f]df ePsf] hg;ª\Vof / ljsf; ;Dd]ngaf6 cfPsf] xf] .

gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] klg dlxnfnfO{ kh| gg clwsf/ kb| fg u/s] f] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f @* df dlxnf
xscGtut{ dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 sg' } klg lsl;dsf] eb] efj gul/g,] dlxnfnfO{ kh| gg :jf:Yo tyf
kh| gg ;DaGwL clwsf/ xg' ,] dlxnf lj?bw\ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo lsl;dsf lx;+ fhGo sfo{
gul/g] / kt} s[ ;Dkltdf 5f/] f / 5f/] LnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ xg' ] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] dlxnfsf]
kh| gg :jf:Yo tyf kh| gg ;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ dfl} ns xssf ¿kdf :yflkt u/s] f] 5 . kh| ggsf]
cy{ ;Gtfg pTkfbg kl| jm| of xg' ] ePsfn] kh| gg :jf:Yo eGgfn] kh| ggsf] sf/0faf6 :jf:Yodf k/s] f]
ke| fj cWoog u/L k0" f{ :j:ytf kf| Kt ug{' klg xf] . zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs tj/n] :j:y eP/
dfq JolStnfO{ k0" f{ :j:ytf kf| Kt xb“' g} . o;sf nflu kh| gg k0| ffnL / o;sf sfo{ tyf kl| jm| ofaf/d] f
klg :j:ytf cfpg'k5{ . k|hgg :jf:Yon] ue{wf/0fb]lv dflg; gd?Gh]n;Dd dfgj :jf:Yodf
;xof]u u5{ .

*M#M! k|hgg :jf:Yosf kIf

kh| gg :jf:YocGtut{ kh| gg cªu\ / To;sf k0| ffnL af/d] f lzIff lbOG5 . ofg} lzIff / kh| gg lzIff
Pscsfd{ f cGofG] ofl>t xG' 5g\ . ofg} lzIff ofg} sf af/d] f hfgsf/L / kj" { tof/Lsf] kl| jm| of xf] eg]
kh| gg :jf:Yo egs] f] ofg} lzIffsf] kfngfaf6 kf| Kt xg' ] k0" f{ :j:ytfsf] cj:yf xf] . kh| gg :jf:ydf
dfgj z/L/sf] ljsf; jm| ddf bv] fkg{] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s kl/jtg{ sf af/d] f rrf{ xG' 5 .
JolStsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ;v' ;l' jwfsf] k0" ft{ fnfO{ kh| gg kl| jm| of / ;v' L hLjg ofkgn]
lgwf{/0f u5{ . k|hgg :jf:Yosf ljleGg kIfsf] hfgsf/Ln] ;'vL hLjg ofkgsf] nflu dbt
u5{ . oxf“ kh| gg :jf:Yosf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] rrf{ ul/G5 M

-s_ kl/jf/ of]hgf (Planning of the Family)

kl/jf/ ofh] gf egs] f] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;l' glZrt u/L kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ :jf:Yo, lzIff, kfi] f0f
h:tf cfwf/et" cfjZostf k¥' ofpg] ofh] gf xf] . of] kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL tyf cGo ;f| t] x¿sf] plrt
Joj:yfkgaf6 kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ ;v' L hLjg ofkg u/fpg] ofh] gf klg xf] . kl/jf/ ofh] gfleq
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ lgwf/{ 0f, kl/jf/sf] lzIffbLIff tyf tflnd, ljjfxsf] pd/] lgwf/{ 0f, aRrf hGdfpg]
;ªV\ of / hGdfGt/ tyf ue{ lg/fw] ;DaGwL ;j] fx¿ k5g{ \ . kl/jf/sf] cfsf/, cfDbfgL / To;c} g;' f/
kl/jf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] kIf kl/jf/ ofh] gfsf] dV' o kIf ePsfn] o;af6 ;v' L tyf u0' f:t/Lo kl/jf/
Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] kU' 5 . kl/jf/ ofh] gfn] kh| gg :jf:Yosf uefw{ fg, lzz' hGd / dft[ tyf lzz'
:ofxf/sf ljljw kIfdf dxTTjk"0f{ ofu] bfg k'¥ofp“5 .

-v_ ;'/lIft dft[Tj

;/' lIft dftT[ j kh| gg :jf:Yosf] csf{] dxTTjk0" f{ kIf xf] . of] dlxnf uej{ tL ePbl] v ;T' s/] L ePsf]
$@ lbg;Ddsf] cj:yf xf] . ;/' lIft dftT[ jdf ue{ tyf lzzs' f] hGd;u“ ;DalGwt ;d:ofaf6

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 135

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bdlxnfnfO{ arfpg] sfox{ ¿ k5g{ \ . gk] fndf ues{ f] ;d:ofsf sf/0f jf aRrf hGdfpg g;s/] dT[ o'
xg' ] dlxnfsf] ;ªV\ of w/] } 5 . lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0ffcg;' f/ bz jif{ jf ;fe] Gbf dflyNnf] pd/] sf
ljjflxt JolStx¿sf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] lx:;fsf] klxnf] ljjfx !% bl] v !( jifs{ f] pd/] df ePsf] bl] vG5 .
of] pd/] leq $*=( kl| tzt ljjflxt JolStx¿sf] klxnf] ljjfx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . !$ jifd{ l' gsf]
pd/] df klxnf] ljjfx xg' x] ¿ !!=% kl| tzt /xs] f 5g\ . krf; jifs{ f] pd/] kf/ ul/;sk] l5 klxnf]
ljjfx xg' x] ¿ %)*^ hgf /xs] f] bl] vG5 . o:tf dlxnfx¿df aRrf hGdfpg g;s]/ dT[ o' xg' ]
;Defjgf a9L xG' 5 . gk] fndf kT| o]s kf“rdf ltgeGbf a9L dlxnfn] 3/d} aRrf hGdfp5“ g\ . u|fdL0f
eu] sf hDdf Ps ltxfO hlt aRRff dfq :jf:Yo ;:+ yfdf hGdG5g\ . ;odf !% hgf dlxnfn]
ghrfOsg aRrf hGdfpg] u/s] f 5g\ . %*=# kl| tztn] dfq uej{ tL hfr“ sf nflu bIf JolStsf] ;j] f
lng] u5g{ \ . kT| os] Ps xhf/ aRrf hlGdb“ f aRrf hGdfPs} sf/0f ltg hgf cfdfsf] dT[ o' xg' ] u/s] f]
5 . pd/] gkU' b} cfdf aGg,] hGdfGt/ ;f/} sd xg' ,] ;Gtfg w/} } ;ªV\ ofdf hGdfpg] sf/0fn] klg
;'/lIft dft[Tjdf ;d:of cfPsf] 5 .

-u_ gjhft lzz' tyf afn :jf:Yo x]/rfx

gjhft lzzs' f] :jf:Yo /fdf| ] xg' sf nflu uej{ tL cfdfsf] :jf:Yodf Wofg k¥' ofpgs' f cltl/St
;/' lIft k;| l' t u/fpgk' 5{ . hGdkZrft\ lzzs' f] gfs, sfg, cfv“ f, 5fnf / gfnsf] /fdf| ] x/] rfx
ugk{' 5{ . :tgkfg, sk8fsf] Joj:yf / cf/fd tyf lgb|fdf klg TolTts} Wofg k¥' ofpg'k5{ . lzz' /
afn :jf:Yodf x/] rfx k¥' ofpg ;s] afn dT[ ob' /df sdL cfp5“ .

-3_ ue{ ktg ;d:ofsf] sf/0f tyf pkrf/

ued{ f /xs] f] aRrfnfO{ hGdg glbO{ hGdge' Gbf cufl8 g} tx' fpgn' fO{ ue{ ktg elgG5 . dflg;n]
hfg/] jf ghfg/] ue{ ktg ug{] u5g{ \ . gk] fnnufot ;;+ f/sf w/] } bz] df ued{ f /xs] f] lzz' jf
cfdfnfO{ ;d:of k/s] f] cj:yfdf ue{ ktg u/fpg ;Sg] sfgg' L kf| jwfg 5 . cjw} uen{ fO{ ns' fpg,
c¿nfO{ yfxf glbg / cGo sltko sf/0fn] dflg;n] c;/' lIft ue{ ktg u/fpg] u5g{ \ . o;af6
cfdfsf] :jf:Yodf v/faL cfpg] tyf dT[ o;' Dd xg' ] ;d:of bl] vPsf 5g\ . lszf/] fj:yfdf g} o;af/]
hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos xG' 5 . c;/' lIft ue{ ktgn] cfdfsf] Hofg;Dd hfg ;Sg] ePsfn] ;fr] /]
uefw{ fg ug{] t/ ue{ ktg gu/fpg] ;Nnfx lbg' cfjZos 5 . ue{ ktg u/fpg} kg{] ;d:of cfPdf
klg tflnd tyf cgd' lt kf| Kt lrlsT;s jf :jf:YosdLa{ f6 dfq uek{ tg u/fpgk' 5{ . gk] fnsf]
sfgg' cg;' f/ uej{ tL dlxnfn] :jR] 5fn] !@ xKtf;Ddsf] ue,{ ha/h:tL s/0fL jf xf8gftf s/0fLaf6
/xg uPsf] eP !* xKtf;Ddsf] ue{ ktg u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} ofU] otf kf| Kt lrlsT;ssf]
/focg;' f/ uej{ tL dlxnfsf] Hofgdf vt/f kU' g ;Sg] ePdf jf dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s jf
dfgl;s ¿kn] v/fa xg' ;Sg] ePdf jf ljsnfªu\ aRrf hlGdg] ePdf klg ue{ ktg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
o;f] ubf{ cfdfsf] :jf:Yodf kg{] kl| tsn" c;/af6 arfpg ;lsG5 . uefw{ fg tyf ue{ ktg kh| gg
:jf:Yosf] dV' o kIf ePsfn] ljjs] k0" f{ uefw{ fg ug,{] ;s;] Dd ue{ ktg gu/fpg] / u/fpg} k/] tflnd tyf
cgd' lt kf| Kt lrlsT;s jf :jf:Yo sdLa{ f6 dfq u/fpg] u/d] f ue{ ktg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

136 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-ª_ k|hgg gnLsf] ;ª\j|md0f

dlxnfsf] kh| gg gnLdf ljleGg sf/0fn] ;ªj\ m| d0f xG' 5 . w/] } ofg} ;Dks{ ug{] / w/] } hgf;u“ ofg}
;Dks{ ug{] dlxnfdf o:tf] ;d:of bl] vg] u/s] f] 5 . hfgl] Gbo| df hDdf eO/fvs] f hLjf0f,' ljiff0f' jf
9;' L ljsl;t eO{ kh| gg gnLdf ;ªj\ m| d0f xG' 5 . ofg} k;| fl/t ;ªj\ m| d0fsf sf/0f klg kh| gg gnLsf]
;ªj\ m| d0f xG' 5 . o:t} zNoljm| of ubf,{ kf73] /df nk' nufpb“ f jf lrlsT;sLo cfh} f/sf] nfk/jfxLsf
sf/0f klg kh| gg gnLsf] ;ªj\ m| d0f xg' ;S5 . kh| gg gnLsf] ;ªj\ m| d0faf6 PrcfOeL P8;\ /
lel/ª\uL h:tf /f]u nfUg ;S5 . o:tf] ;ª\jm| d0f dlxnfaf6 k?' ifdf / k'?ifaf6 dlxnfdf ;g{ ;S5 .
ofg} /fu] x¿nfO{ jf:tf ul/Pg jf an] d} f o;sf] pkrf/ ul/Pg eg] o;af6 afe“ mfk] g xg' ,] kf73] /sf]
dv' df SofG;/ xg' ] h:tf ;d:of bv] fk5g{ \ . o;af/d] f lszf/] fj:yfsf dlxnf / k?' ifn] ljzi] f ¿kdf
;r]t xg' 'k5{ . k|hgg :jf:Yo lzIffn] o:tf ljleGg ;d:ofaf6 arfpg ;xof]u u5{ .

-r_ af“emf]kg

zf/Ll/s sf/0f / l8Da tyf zj' m| f0fs' f] v/faLn] sx] L dlxnf tyf k?' ifdf aRrf gxg' ] xG' 5 . w/] }
jif;{ Dd aRrf hGdfpg rfx/] jf ko| f; u//] klg pgLx¿ aRrf hGdfpg ;Sbg} g\ . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{
afe“ mfk] g elgG5 . k?' ifdf jLo{ pTkfbgsf] sdL, cfjZos ;ª\VofeGbf sd zj' m| sL6 pTkfbg,
zj' m| jflxgL gnL aGb xg' ' / c08sfi] fdf ;fd:ofsf sf/0f afe“ mfk] g bl] vG5 . dlxnfdf c08 pTkfbgdf
sdL, c08fzosf] ;d:of, c08jflxgL gnL aGb xg' ' tyf ofg] Ldfu{ ;ªj\ m| d0fsf sf/0f afe“ mfk] g
bl] vG5 . bDktLn] bO' { jif;{ Dd aRRff kfpg] rfxgf u/L ofg} ;Dks{ ubf{ klg aRrf gePdf ofg} :jf:Yo
k/LIf0f u/fpg' /fdf| ] xG' 5 . afe“ mfk] g ePsf dlxnf tyf k?' ifn] ;dod} c:ktfn / lg;Gtfg pkrf/
sG] bd| f uO{ ljzi] f1 lrlsT;snfO{ hfr“ u/fPdf o:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xg' ;S5 . cfhsn xdfg{]
y/] fkL, sl[ qd uefw{ fg, jLo{ aª} s\ , Snfl] gª, k/k?' if dftT[ j h:tf kl| jlwaf6 afe“ mfk] g ePsf bDktLn]
aRrf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

-5_ lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf] k|hgg :jf:Yo

kh| gg :jf:Yosf af/d] f lszf/] lszf/] Ln] ljzi] f Vofn ugk{' 5{ . sIff ( df cWoog/t xfdL lszf/]
lszf/] L xf}“ . o; cj:yfdf lszf]/ lszf/] Ldf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf] ult tLj| x'G5 .
gk] fndf klg !^–!& jifs{ f lszf/] L uej{ tL xg' ] cj:yf bl] vG5 . of] :jf:Yosf nflu cToGt
xflgsf/s xG' 5 . @) jif{ pd/] gkU' b} uej{ tL ePdf o;af6 cfdf, gjhft lzz' / bj' s} f] :jf:Yodf
gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ . kh| gg :jf:Yosf] 1fgaf6 lszf/] lszf/] Lsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s kl/jtg{ ,
;/' lIft ofg} ;Dks,{ sd pd/] sf] uefj{ :yfaf6 xg' ] xflg, ljjfx / ue{ wf/0fsf] pkoS' t pd/] h:tf
kIfsf] hfgsf/L xG' 5 . o:t} cfdfafa,' lzIfs / ;db' fosf cuh| af6 lszf/] lszf/] LnfO{ kh| gg
:jf:Yosf] hfgsf/L lbgk' 5{ . o;af6 u0' f:t/Lo :j:y hLjgdf ;xofu] kU' g] ePsfn] lszf/] lszf/] Lsf]
k|hgg :jf:YonfO{ dxTTjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 137

-5_ k|f}9 dlxnfsf] k|hgg :jf:Yokf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

;fdfGotof $% jifs{ f] pd/] kl5 dlxnfdf /h:jnf aGb xG' 5 / uefw{ fg xb“' g} . pd/] 9Nsk] l5sf]
uefw{ fg dlxnfsf nflu ;d:ofkb| xG' 5 . 9Nss] f] pd/] df aRrf kfpg] / a9L aRrf kfpg] dlxnfdf
kh| gg pd/] kf/ ul/;Sbf kf73] / v:g,] kf73] /sf] dv' df SofG;/ xg' ,] :tgdf SofG;/ xg' ] h:tf
;d:of bv] fk5{g\ . o:tf dlxnfdf dfgl;s ;d:of klg pTkGg xg' ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfjZos
;Nnfx tyf ;e' mfj lbg,] :jf:Yo hfr“ ug,{] cfi} fwLsf] Joj:yf ug{] tyf dfof ddtf;lxt ;j] f ug{] s/' fdf
ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . lszf]/fj:yfdf a'9\of}nL lzIffsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fP/ klg k|f}9
dlxnfsf] kh| gg :jf:Yosf] plrt x/] rfx ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ kf| 9} dlxnfsf] kh| gg :jf:YonfO{
kh| gg :jf:Yosf] dxTTjk0" f{ kIf dflgG5 .

cfkm\ gf] zf/Ll/s :jf:YonfO{ dxTTj lbg,' lszf/] fj:yf, dlxgfjf/L / :jKgbfi] fnfO{ kf| sl[ ts ¿kdf
ae' mg\ ' / ;Gtfg pTkfbgnfO{ ofl} gstfsf] Ps kIfsf ¿kdf lng' kh| gg lzIffsf] dV' o ;Gbz] xf] .
dofl{ bt tyf ;/' lIft ofg} Jojxf/ u/L ofg} /fu] tyf ;ªj\ m| d0faf6 ar/] :j:y hLjg ofkg ug{' klg
o'jf bfloTj xf] .

*M#M@ k|hgg k|0ffnL

;GtfgfT] kfbg hLljt k|f0fLsf] ljz]iftf xf] . Ps sf]ifLo hLjdf sf]if ljefhgaf6 ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg x'G5 .
s]xL k|f0fLn] km'n kf/]/ aRrf sf/] N5g\ . dflg;n] z/L/leq uefw{ fg u/L aRRff hGdfp5“ g\ .
dflg;df k?' if / dlxnfsf] ofg} ;Dksa{ f6 zj' m| sL6 / l8Dasf] ldng ePdf dlxnfdf uew{ f/0f
xG' 5 . dlxnfsf] kf73] /df aRrfsf] ljsf; x'G5 / ;fdfGotof @&) lbgkl5 aRRffsf] hGd x'G5 .
o;/L ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{] cªu\ / To;sf] sfo{ k0| ffnLnfO{ kh| gg k0| ffnL elgG5 .

-s_ dlxnfsf k|hgg cª\u / ltgsf sfo{

ofg} sz] , eufªs\ /' , ;fgf] eufi] 7, 7n' f] eufi] 7, dq" åf/, ofl] gåf/ / ub' åf/ dlxnfsf aflx/L kh| gg
cªu\ xg' \ eg] ofl] gdfu,{ kf73] /, c08jflxgL gnL / c08fzo leqL cª\u xg' \ . oxf“ leqL cªu\ sf]
dfq rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

138 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b-c_ of]lgdfu{ (Vagina)

dlxnfsf] lk;fa ug{] / aRrf hGdfpg] cªu\ nfO{ ofl] g elgG5 . ofl] gbl] v kf73] /;Dd kml} nPsf] sl/a
!% bl] v @% ;=] ld= nfdf] gnLnfO{ ofl] gdfu{ elgG5 . ofl] gdfu{ /;] fbf/ df;+ kz] L ePsf] / Olkyl] non
tGt' / hf8] g\ ] tGt' ldn/] ags] f] xG' 5 . ofl] gdfus{ f] dV' o sfd ofg} ;Dkss{ f an] f lnªu\ / zj' m| sL6
u|x0f ug'{ tyf lzz' hGdfpg' xf] .

-cf_ kf7]3/ (Uterus)

kf73] / dlxnfsf] ofl] gdfu;{ u“ hfl] 8Psf] gf:kftL cfsf/sf] t/ leq vfj] m| f] ePsf] cªu\ xf] . of]
dlxnfsf] leqL cªu\ xf] . of] k]lNes Sofle6L, dq" yn} L / dnåf/sf] lar t;] f{] cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
o;sf] cf;} t nDafO & ;=] ld=, rf8} fO $ ;=] ld=, df6] fO @=% ;=] ld= / tfn} $) bl] v %) uf| d xG' 5 .
of] dlxnf kh| gg k0| ffnLsf] ;j+ b] gzLn / hl6n cªu\ xf] . kf73] /sf] tNnf] efu vn' s] f] xG' 5 /
o;sf bO' { 5p] af6 bO' { cf6] f c08jflxgL gnL vn' s] f xG' 5g\ . dlxnfdf /h:jnf ;?' ePkl5 kf73] /sf]
leTtfdf /St sfl] ifsfsf txx¿ tof/ xG' 5g\ . uefw{ fg xb“' f ToxL txsf] jftfj/0f kfP/ aRrf xs' G{ 5
t/ uefw{ fg gePdf tL txx¿ 6'ljm| P/ aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . o;nfO{ /h:jnf ePsf] elgG5 .

-O_ c08jflxgL gnL (Overy Duct)

kf73] /sf] dflyNnf] efusf] bO' { 5p] af6 bj' l} t/ lg:ss] f bO' { cf6] f gnLnfO{ c08jflxgL gnL elgG5 .
o;sf] nDafO{ !) bl] v !@ ;=] ld= xG' 5 . oL gnL c08fzoaf6 ;?' eO{ uefz{ osf] dflyNnf] efudf
hf]l8Psf xG' 5g\ . c08jflxgL gnLsf] b'j} 5]pdf cfn“} f h:tf] kms' ]sf] efu xG' 5 . o;n] c08nfO{
c08fzob]lv kf7]3/;Dd k'¥ofp“5 .

-O{_ c08fzo (Overy)

kf73] /sf] bfofF / afoflt/ bO' { cf6] f c08fzo xG' 5g\ . lszf/] fj:yf ;?' ePkl5 kT| os] dlxgf Ps
Ps cf6] f kl/kSj l8Da l8Dafzoaf6 lg:s/] l8DajflxgL gnLdf cfp5“ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;xjf;
ePdf kl/kSj l8Da / zj' m| sL6sf] ldng eO{ ;f] l8Da lgzl] rt eO{ uew{ f/0f xG' 5 . c08fzo c08
pTkfbg ug{] cªu\ ePsfn] kh| gg k0| ffnLdf o;sf] dxTTjk0" f{ el" dsf xG' 5 . c08 pTkfbgsf] jm| d
/h:jnf x'Gh]n /lx/xG5 .

-v_ k'?ifsf k|hgg cª\u / ltgsf sfo{

-c_ c08sf]ifx¿ (Testes)

c08sfi] f k?' ifsf] kh| gg uG| yL xf] . 5fnfsf] yn} Lleq c08fsf/df /xg] o; uG| yLnfO{ jLo{ uG| yL klg
elgG5 . c08sf]ifleq @%) bl] v $)) ;Dd ;;fgf gnLx¿ x'G5g\ . oL gnLdf z'jm| sL6 tof/
xG' 5g\ . c08sfi] fsf] dflylt/ 3'dfp/f gnLx¿ x'G5g\ . Olkl88fOld; gfdsf oL gnLsf Ps 5p]
c08sf]if;“u / csf]{ 5]p z'j|mjflxgL gnL;Dd k'u]sf x'G5g\ . b'j} c08sf]if / Olkl88fOld;

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 139

c08sfi] fsf yn} L (Scrotum) leq /xs] f xG' 5g\ . c08sfi] fn] k?' if ofg} xdfg{] tyf zj' m| sL6 agfpg]
sfd u5{ .

-cf_ z'j|mjflxgL gnL (Vas Referens)kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

Olkl88fOld;af6 ;?' eO{ dq" yn} Lsf] l7sdl' g :vng gnL;Dd ku' s] f] gnLnfO{ zj' m| jflxgL gnL
elgG5 . c08sfi] fdf pTkfbg ePsf] z'jm| sL6 oxL gnLsf dfWodaf6 :vng gnL;Dd k'U5 .

-O_ jLo{ yn} L (Seminal vesleles)

dq" gnLsf] l7s dl' g bfofF afofF bO' { cf6] f jLo{ yn} L /xs] f xG' 5g\ . jLo{ yn} Laf6 Ps Ps cf6] f gnL
lg:s/] zj' |mjflxgL gnL;u“ ;o+ S' t eO{ d"q gnLdf ldns] f x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ :vng gnL elgG5 . jLo{
yn} Ln] Ps k|sf/sf] ;t] f] / RofkRofk nfUg] kbfy{ lgsfN5 . o;nfO{ jLo{/; elgG5 . jLo{ /;n]
zj' m| sL6sf nflu cTofjZos vfgf / cGo kbfy{ kl/kl" t{ u/L ult;dt] kb| fg u5{ .

-O_{ lnªu\ (Penis)

k?' ifsf bO' { lt3s| f lardf nfDrf] cfsf/sf] df;n' ] ags] f] sfd] n ofg} fªu\ nfO{ lnªu\ elgG5 . lnª\u
tlGsg] tGt' / g/d df+;kz] Laf6 ags] f] x'G5 . o;nfO{ kftnf] 5fnfn] 9fss] f] x'G5 . o;sf] 6K' kfsf]
;k' f/L cfsf/sf] efunfO{ lnªu\ d0' 8 elgG5 . o;sf] 6'Kkfdf dq" gnL vn' ]sf] xG' 5 . oxf“af6 lk;fa
/ jLo{ lg:sG5 . ;Defu] sf] ;dodf lnªu\ pTtl] ht xg' ] an] f /St gnLaf6 /ut hDdf eO{ lnªu\
pTtl] ht xG' 5 / :vngkl5 wdgL vl' DrO{ lnªu\ klxns] } 7fpd“ f cfp5“ . dl:tisdf /xs] f] lk6o\ 6' /L
uG| yLaf6 kmfl] nsn l:6dn' l] 6ª xdfg{] lg:sk] l5 pSt xdfg{] n] c08sfi] fdf /xs] f dl;gf gnLx¿nfO{
ke| fj kf5{ / zj' m| sL6 pTkfbg xg' yfN5 . c08sfi] faf6 Olkl88fOld;df cfP/ zj' m| sL6 kl/kSj
xG' 5 . Olkl88fOld;af6 zj' m| jflxgL gnL xb“' } zj' m| sL6 :vng gnL;Dd kU' 5 / ofg} ;Dkss{ f] ;dodf
ofg] Ldfu;{ Dd kU' 5 . zf/Ll/s agfj6, vfgkfg / hfltut jz+ f0fs' f sf/0f lnªu\ sf] cfsf/df
leGgtf bl] vG5 . o;sf] dV' o sfo{ dq" lgisf;g ug{' tyf ofg} ;Dkss{ f an] f zj' m| sL6 tyf jLo{
dlxnfsf] of]lgleq k'¥ofpg' xf] .

140 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

-u_ /h:jnf

lszf/] fj:yfdf k|jz] u/b] l] v uew{ f/0f geP;Dd dlxnfdf x/]s dlxgf of]lgaf6 /St;|fj xg' ]
kl| jm| ofnfO{ /h:jnf elgG5 . o;nfO{ k/ ;g,{' 5O' { xg' ,' g5g' ] xg' ,' dlxgfjf/L xg' ,' dfl;s ;f| j xg' '
klg elgG5 . ;fdfGotof of] k|ljm| of x/s] dlxgfdf bf]xfl] /g] x'b“ f o;nfO{ /h:jnf rjm| klg elgG5 .
of] rj|m ;fdfGotof @* lbgsf] x'G5 .

dl:tisdf /xs] f] xfOkfy] nfd;n] ufg] f8f6] f« l] kms xdfg{] pTkfbg u5{ . o;sf] ke| fjdf lk6o\ 6' /L
uG| yLsf] cufl8sf] efun] Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH / Lueinizing Hormone LH
lgsfN5 . oL xfdfg{] n] c08fzodf /xs] f kmfl] nsnnfO{ ke| fj kfg{] ePsfn] kT| os] dlxgf Pp6f
kmfl] nsn kl/kSj xG' 5 / To;leq c08 /x]sf] xG' 5 . FSH / LH sf] ke| fjdf c08 kl/kSj xb“' f
tL xdfg{] sf] ke| fjdf c08fzon] P:6f« h] g / kf| h] :] 6/] fg] xdfg{] pTkfbg u5{ . oL xdfg{] sf sf/0f
kf73] /sf] leTtf aflSnP/ uefw{ fg ug{ cgs' n" jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u5{ . kf73] /sf] leTtf aflSng]
kl| jm| of dlxgfjf/Lsf] /St;f| j aGb ePsf] nuTt} ;?' xG' 5 / rjm| sf] lar;Dd tLj| ¿kdf /xG5 . c08
lgisf;gkl5 kf73] /leq aflSnPsf] txn] ;t] f] ks| f/sf] lrKnf] kbfy{ lgsfN5 . of] kl| jm| of /St;f| j
gx'Ghn] eO/xG5 . /h:jnf rj|msf] sl/a larsf] ;dodf lag xdf]g{ PSsfl; j[b\lw x'G5 . o;n]
kmfl] nsnleq kl/kSj xb“' } u/s] f] c08nfO{ cem kl/kSj agfOlbG5 / kmfl] nsnaflx/ lg:sg dbt
u5{ . kl/kSj c08 kmfl] nsn aflx/ lg:sg] kl| j|mofnfO{ c08 lgisf;g elgG5 . c08 lgisf;gkl5
pSt c08 c08jflxgL gnLdf cfp5“ . o; an] fdf ofg} ;Dks{ ePdf k?' ifsf] zj' m| sL6 / c08;u“
ldng eO{ ue{ wf/0f xG' 5 . olb c08 lgifr] g xg' ;sg] eg] pSt c08 kf73] /lt/ cfp5“ / &@
306f;Dddf d5{ . ue{ wf/0f ePdf kf73] /sf] leTtfdf lgdf0{ f ePsf] tx /lx/xG5 t/ ue{ wf/0f
gePdf c08fzosf] sk'{ nl' 6odn] xdfg{] pTkfbg ug{ 5f85\ . xdfg{] pTkfbg aGb ePkl5 kf73] /sf]
leTtfdf ePsf] /ut, lgifl] rt xg' gkfPsf] c08 ofl] gdfu{ eO{ aflx/ lg:sG5 . o; kl| jm| ofnfO{
/h:jnf elgG5 .
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
:tg u/fF} xg' ' jf bV' g,' tNnf] k6] bV' g,' slAhot xg' ' / ylst xg' ' /h:jnf xg' nfUgs' f nIf0f xg' \ .
o:tf] an] f 9f8sf df;+ kz] L bV' g,] ofg] Lsf] lr;fk] gfdf kl/jtg{ cfpg,] cgx' f/ lrNnf] xg' ] jf 8l08kmf/]
cfpg] / dg ar] g} xg' ] nIf0f bl] vg ;S5g\ . o; cj:yfdf k6] bV' g,] sDd/ bV' g,] ;Grf] gxg' ,] /ut
w/] } aUg] ePdf l/u“ 6f nfUg] h:tf zf/Ll/s ;d:of bv] f k5g{ \ . o:t} l/; p7g\ ,] afN] g dg gnfUg,]
pbf; xg' ] lrGtf xg' ] cflb klg xG' 5 . o:tf ;d:ofaf6 aRg lgDgfg;' f/sf pkfo ckgfpgk' 5{ M

 /h:jnfnfO{ :jfefljs kl| jm| ofsf ¿kdf lnO{ o; af/d] f cfdf, lbbL, efph" cflb
/h:jnf eO;s]sf dlxnf;“u g8/fO{ 5nkmn u//] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Ifdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .

 zf/Ll/s kL8f ePdf xNsf s;/t ug,{] t/n kbfy{ lkpg] tyf tftfk] fgLdf uf8] f
8a' fpg], /a/ Aofun] k6] ;S] g] jf cf}ifwL vfg] ugk{' 5{ .

 ofl] gdf ;l] g6/L Kof8 jf ;kmf sk8f ko| fu] u/L lbglbg} kmg] {] jf wg' ] ugk{' 5{ / lk;fa
ul/;s]kl5 of]lg w'g'k5{ .

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 141

 u/fF} sfd ug'{ / nfdf] ofqfdf hfg' /fd|f] xb“' g} , s]xL cf/fd klg ug'k{ 5{ .kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

 lrNnf,] lk/f,] d;nfoS' t vfgf gvfO{ ;Gtl' nt vfgf vfgk' 5{ .

 /h:jnf xb“' f 3/aflx/, uf7] df jf 5fpuf7] df a:gk' 5{ eGg] wf/0ff unt xf] . o; an] f
;s;] Dd lbgx'F gx' fO{ bl} gs sfd u/]/ cf/fd;fy a:g'k5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk
;dfhsf kfr“ kfr“ hgf lszf/] lszf/] L, ljjflxt dlxnf / kfsf k?' ifnfO{ ;fw] /] tnsf kZ| gsf
af/d] f hjfkm ;ªs\ ng u/L kh| gg lzIff zLifs{ df Pp6f 5f6] f] l6kf6] tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ M
-s_ lszf/] lszf/] LnfO{ kh| gg cªu\ / ltgsf sfd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg' xG' 5 ls xb“' g} < xG' 5 eg]

lsg xG' 5 / xb'“ g} eg] lsg xb'“ g} , sf/0f lbO{ :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \ .
-v_ tkfOs“{ f] ;dfhdf /h:jnf xb“' f dlxnfnfO{ s] s:tf Jojxf/ ul/G5g\ <

*M$= k|hgg clwsf/

kh| gg clwsf/ egs] f] dlxnfn] :jtGq ¿kdf aRrf hGdfpg] jf ghGdfpg] eGg] ;DaGwL clwsf/
xf] . k|hgg clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/sf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;g\ !(($ df sfo/f]df ePsf]
cGt/fl{ i6o« hg;ªV\ of / ljsf; ;DaGwL ;Ddn] gn] kfl/t u/s] f] l;bw\ fGt & n] dlxnfsf kh| gg
;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ :ki6 kf/s] f] 5 . kh| gg clwsf/n] ofg} tyf kh| gg clwsf/nfO{ hLjg koG{ t
:jf:Yosf] dxTTjk0" f{ kIf dfgs] f] 5 . o;df kh| gg ;DaGwL lg0fo{ , ljjfx ug{] dGh/' L, kl/jf/sf]
cfsf/ lgwf/{ 0f, ;Gtfgsf] ;ªV\ of lgwf/{ 0f, hGdfGt/sf] lg0fo{ cflb 5gf6] df dlxnfn] kf| Kt ugk{' g{]
;r" gfsf] JofVof / ljZni] f0f ul/G5 . o;n] cfb/k0" f{ hLjg, cfTd lg0fo{ sf] clwsf/, :jtGq hLjg
ofkgsf s/' f, ofg} tyf kh| gg ;/' Iff / ofg} hGo lx;+ faf6 dl' St kfpgk' g{] s/' fnfO{ ;d6] 5\ . o;
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ;g\ !((%df aO] lhªdf ePsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« kl/jf/ lgofh] g dxf;ª3\ , ljZj
:jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7g, ljZj afn sfi] f / ljZj hg;ªV\ of sfi] fsf] ;o+ S' t cfofh] gfaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;df
dlxnf / ul/aL, :jf:Yo, lx;+ f, ljbf| x] , cyt{ Gq, dfgj clwsf/, ;~rf/, jftfj/0f, gLltut kIf,
;:+ yfut ;/+ rgf / afn aflnsf h:tf kIfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ dlxnf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfos{ f] yfngL
ul/of] . gk] fndf klg ;g\ !((# df ;/' lIft dftT[ j sfoj{ m| d nfu' u/L dlxnf kh| gg :jf:Yo ;/+ If0f
/ ;j+ wg{ nfO{ kf| yldstfdf /flvof] . ;g\ @))( clkn| ( df sf7df8fdF} f ePsf] Women Sexual
and Reproductive Health Right ;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ddn] gn] klg dlxnfsf ofl} gs tyf kh| gg
clwsf/sf] rt] gf a9fpg] / :jf:Yo sdLn{ fO{ ofl} gs tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;j] f kb| fg ug{
pTkl]| /t ug{] sfd u/s] f] lyof] . aO] lhª ;Ddn] gdf !@& /fi6l« ar ePsf] ;xdltcg;' f/ cGt/fl{ i6o«
kl/jf/ lgofh] g dxf;ª3\ n] ofl} gs tyf nª} l\ us cNk ;ªV\ osx¿ ;dt] sf nflu tof/ kf/s] f ofg}
tyf kh| gg clwsf/ lgDg lnlvt 5g\M

 af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/

 JolStut :jtGqtf / ;/' Iffsf] clwsf/

142 :jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;dfgtf tyf ;a} ks| f/sf] eb] efjaf6 dl' Stsf] clwsf/
 uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/
 :jtGq ljrf/ ug]{ clwsf/
 ;"rgf tyf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
 ljjfx ug{] gug,{] kl/jf/ a;fpg] ga;fpg] ;DaGwdf 5gf6] sf] clwsf/
 aRrf kfpg] jf gkfpg] jf slxn] kfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/
 :jf:Yosf] x/] rfx tyf :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ;DaGwL clwsf/
 lj1fgn] u/s] f] ku| ltaf6 nfeflGjt x'g kfpg] clwsf/
 ;ef ;Ddn] g jf en] f ug{] tyf /fhgLltdf ;xefuL xg' kfpg] clwsf/
 oftgf tyf bJ' o{jxf/af6 d'lStsf] clwsf/
;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\ sf] ofg} tyf kh| gg clwsf/ ;DaGwL a8fkq -;g\ @)))_ df ofg} tyf kh| gg
clwsf/sf af/d] f lgDg lnlvt s/' f nl] vPsf] 5 M

 uew{ f/0f, lzzs' f] hGd / lnªu\ af6 JolStsf] hLjgdf vt/f xg' ' xb“' g} .
 ofg} tyf kh| gg hLjgdfly cfkmF} lg0fo{ / lgoGq0f ug{ kfpgk' 5{ .
 hflt, /ª, wd,{ lnªu\ , efiff, ofg} kj| l[ Tt / ;fdflhs agfj6af6 eb] efj ul/g' xb“' g} .
 kh| gg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL lg0fo{ ug{] / ;r" gf kf| Kt ug{] clwsf/ ;an} fO{ xG' 5 .
 aRrf kfpg], gkfpg] jf slt ;ª\Vofdf kfpg] eGg] clwsf/ JolStut x'G5 .
 kT| os] n] ofg} lzIff / zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;l' jwf kfpg'k5{ .
 j1} flgs cfljisf/sf] pkof]u ug]{ clwsf/ ;a}df x'G5 .

lszf/] fj:yf lszf/] lszf/] Lsf nflu ;j+ b] gzLn / ;d:ofk0" f{ cj:yf xf] . o; cj:yfsf lszf/]
lszf/] Ln] ofg} lzIff, kh| gg lzIff / ofg} tyf kh| gg clwsf/sf af/d] f hfgsf/L /fv/] ;fjwfgLkj" s{
ofg} Jojxf/ ckgfPdf pgLx¿sf] hLjg :j:y / u0' f:t/Lo aGg ;S5

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfO{“sf 5/l5d]ssf ljjflxt dlxnfn] cfkm\g} v';Ldf ;Gtfg hGdfpg kfPsf
5g\ < kfPsf 5g} g\ eg] s] sf/0fn] o:tf] ePsf] xfn] f, b; hgf ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ ;fw] /] ;fgf]
l6kf]6 tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 143

cEof;

-s_ Ps jfSodf pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\M

!= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gsf cg;' f/ sg' pd/] nfO{ lszf/] fj:yf dflgG5 <
@= cfGtl/s kl/jtg{ egs] f] s] xf] <
#= lszf/] fj:yfdf d6' s' f] ljsf; hGdsf] cgk' ftdf slt u0' ff a95\ <
$= c;/' lIft ofg} ;Dksa{ f6 l;hg{ f xg' ] ;d:of s] s] xg' \ <
%= ofg} bJ' ojxf/ sxfF sxfF xg' ;S5g\ <
^= jx[ t\ ofl} gstf lzIff eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
&= /h:jnf egs] f] s] xf] <
* = kh| gg :jf:YocGtut{ kg{] ljifo Ifq] s] s] xg' \ <
(= gk] fndf ;/' lIft dftT[ j sfoj{ m| d slxn] nfu' eof] <
-v_ 5f]6f] pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\M
!= lszf/] fj:yf egs] f] s] xf] <
@= lszf/] fj:yfdf bl] vg] dV' o dfgl;s kl/jtg{ s] xg' \ <
#= ofg} lzIff lsg rflxG5 <
$= s:tf] cj:yfdf ue{ ktg u/fpg kfOG5 <
%= ofg} bJ' ojxf/ egs] f] s] xf] <
^= afe“ mfk] g eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
&= /h:jnf egs] f] s] xf] < /h:jnf xb“' f s] s] s/' fdf Wofg k¥' ofpgk' 5{ <
*= dft[ dT[ ob' / 36fpg / lzz' :ofxf/sf nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:on] uej{ tL dlxnfsf nflu

s] s] ug{ ;S5g\ <
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

144 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

PsfO ( pkefS] tf :jf:Yo

(M! pkef]Stf / pkef]Stf :jf:Yokf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b

xfdL bl} gs ¿kdf ljleGg ks| f/sf j:t' jf ;j] fx¿sf] pkofu] ul//xs] f xG' 5f“} . pTkflbt j:t' jf
;j] fx¿sf] pkofu] ug{] ePsfn] g} la?jf tyf hgfj/x¿nfO{ pkefS] tf elgPsf] xf] . sg' } klg
pTkfbs -Procuder_ n] pTkfbg u/s] f] sg' } klg ;fdfg of j:ts' f] pkefu] ug{] JolSt jf ;dx" nfO{
pkefS] tf -Consumer_ elgG5 . xfdf| ] ;dfhsf] ;Gbed{ f pTkfbsn] pTkfbg ug]{ eGgfn] ls;fgn]
pTkfbg ug{] ljleGg cGg, ;fukft tyf kmnkm' n cflb, pbo\ fu] Lx¿n] ljleGg pbo\ fu] tyf sf/vfgfaf6
pTkfbg ug{] ljleGg j:t' / ;j] f ae' m\ gk' 5{ . o;} u/L pkefS] tfn] dfly plNnlvt pTkflbt j:tx' ¿
Jofkf/Laf6 lsg/] , ;f6/] jf sg' } ks| f/n] lnO{ vfg] / pkofu] ug{] u5g{ \ . pkefS] tfn] zN' s lbP/ jf
glbO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, l;r“ fO, jg, ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f cflb ko| fu] ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . xfdLn] sx] L
j:tx' ¿ pTkfbg u5f{“} eg] xfdLn] g} cGo sx] L j:t' c¿af6 lnP/ pkefu] u/L g} /xs] f xG' 5f“} . t/
sltko pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf g/x/] klg pkefu] dfq ul//xG5f“} . ljZjsf sg' } klg JolStn]
cfkm' nfO{ rflxg] vfgs] /' fbl] v sk8f, sfkL, snd, ;jf/L ;fwg cflb cfkm“} agfpg jf pTkfbg ug{
;s]sf] x'“b}g . JolSt jf ;d"xnfO{ cfjZos kg{] cfkm" n] pTkfbg u/] afxs] sf sg' } g sg' } j:t' Jofkf/L
jf cGo JolSt;u“ lnP/ pkefu] ug{' g} k5{ . o;/L xb] f{ xfdf| ] 3/, ;dfh, ufp,“ lhNnf, /fi6« / ljZjdf
a:g] ;Dk0" f{ dflg;x¿ pkefS] tf xf“} .

pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] –@)%$ sf] bkmf @-s_ n] æsg' } pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] fsf] pkefu] jf ko| fu] ug{] JolSt
jf ;:+ yf pkefS] tf xfÆ] egL kl/eflift u/sf] 5 . ;fwf/0f cyd{ f pkefS] tf eGgfn] ahf/df kf| Kt xg' ]
j:t' jf ;j] fsf] pkefu] ug{] JolSt jf ;dx" al' emG5 .

ljm| ofsnfk

tkfO{“ cfk\mgf] 3/sf] cfwf/df pTkfbs jf pkef]Stf s] x'g'x'G5 < pTkfbs jf pkef]Stf
xg' x' G' 5 eg] klg o;sf sf/0f;lxt cfkm\ g} 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;Gbed{ f ljZni] f0ffTds kl| tjb] g tof/
ug'{xf];\ .

pkefS] tfn] pkefu] ug{] j:tx' ¿ pTkfbg xg' ] :yfgsf] cfwf/df pkefS] tfnfO{ klg ljleGg efudf
af8“ g\ ;lsG5 . Pp6} kl/jf/df kl/jf/sf] Ps hgf ;b:on] pTkfbg u/s] f j:tx' ¿ csf{] ;b:on]
pkefu] ug{] pkefS] tfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s pkef]Stf elgG5 . cfk\mg} Ifq] jf Onfsfdf dfq pTkfbg ePsf]
j:t' pkefu] ug{] pkefS] tfnfO{ Ifq] Lo pkefS] tf elgG5 . cfkm\ gf bz] df pTkfbg ePsf j:tx' ¿ dfq
pkofu] ugn{] fO{ /fli6o« pkefS] tf elgG5 . h:t}M d gk] fndf pTkflbt j:t' jf vfgf dfq pkofu] u5'{
eGg] JolSt /fli6o« pkefS] tf xG' 5 . cfkm\ gf] bz] df pTkfbg ePsf j:ts' f] pkefu] gu/L c¿ bz] sf

:jf:Yo hg;ªV\ of tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 145

dfq pTkflbt j:ts' f] pkefu] ugn{] fO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« pkefS] tf elgG5 . o;/L hg' ;s' } 7fpd“ f pTkflbtkf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
eP tfklg pkefU] o j:tn' fO{ u0' f:t/Lo agfO{ dfgj tyf ;db' fosf] :jf:Yo /Iff ug{ pkefS] tf
:jf:Yodf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . pTkflbt j:t' u0' f:t/Lo eof] eg] dfq pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo ;an
aGb5 . To;n} ] pTkflbt j:ts' f] pTkfbg, ;/+ If0f, e08f/0f, 9j' fgL cflbdf ul/Psf] ;fjwfgLn]
pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo ;'b9[ agfpg kof{Kt dbt u5{ .

(M!M! pkef]Stf :jf:Yosf] kl/ro

ljZjdf pkefS] tf :jf:Yosf] cjwf/0ff pGgfO;f“} ztfAbL kZrft\ ;?' ePsf] xf] . cfb} o\ fl] us jm| flGtkl5
pkefS] tfx¿sf nflu Joj:yfkg xg' k' g{] vfgs] /' f tyf cGo bl} gs pkefU] o ;fduL| x¿ pknAw ePg .
o;af6 pkefS] tfx¿sf] :jf:Yodf k/s] f] gsf/fTds c;/sf] sf/0f cfGbfl] nt pkefS] tfn] o; zAbsf]
;?' cft u/s] f xg' \ . pgLx¿n] cfkm\ gf] :jf:Yo ;/' Iff tyf ;/+ If0fsf nflu p7fPsf] cfjfh klxnf] xf] .
pkefS] tfx¿n] pkefu] ul//xs] f j:t' jf ;j] fx¿sf] u0' f:t/nfO{ sfod /fVb} JolStut tyf ;fdb' flos
:jR5tf / :j:ytfsf] cj:yf sfod ugn{' fO{ pkefS] tf :jf:Yo elgG5 .

pkefS] tfx¿sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf ;/' Iff ug{' sg' } klg ;/sf/ / ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿sf] lhDdj] f/L
xf] . pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo sdhf/] agfpg] c;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{' xfdL ;as} f] bfloTj
xf] . xfdf| ] bz] df pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo /Iff ug{ pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] @)%$, vfbo\ Pg] @)@#, cfi} fwL
Pg] @)#%, :6f088{ gfk / tfn} Pg] @)@%, sfnf] ahf/ tyf sx] L cGo ;fdflhs ck/fw tyf ;hfo
Pg] @)#@, g]kfn u0' f:t/ Pg] @)#& cflb sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ .

xfdLn] nufpg] sk8f, z/L/df nufOg] tn] , kmlgr{ /, sfkL, snd, 3/ lgdf0{ f ;fduL| x¿ l;dG] 6, O6“ f,
9ª' u\ f cflbsf] u0' f:t/ / zb' w\ tfn] ;dt] pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yodf ke| fj kf5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo /Iffsf nflu tkfOs“{ f] 3/ ;dfhdf ePsf ;sf/fTds sfox{ ¿sf] ;r" L tof/
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

(M!M@ pkef]Stf :jf:Yo clwsf/

pkefS] tfn] pkofu] ug{] j:t' jf kbfyn{ fO{ pkefU] o j:t' elgG5 . pkefU] o j:tn' ] pkefU] o j:tx' ¿sf]
pTkfbg tyf lgdf0{ fdf ko| fu] xg' ] sRrf kbfy,{ /ª, ;u' Gw jf /;fog cflbnfO{ ;dt] hgfp5“ .
pkefU] o ;j] f eGgfn] sg' } sfdsf nflu sg' } klg lsl;dsf] zN' s jf kl| tkmn lnO{ kb| fg ul/Psf] ;j] f,
;'ljwf jf k/fdz{nfO{ a'emfp“5 .

cfjZos j:t' ;/+ If0f Pg] @)!@, cfjZos kbfy{ lgoGq0f -clwsf/_ Pg] @)!& adfl] hd bx] fosf
j:tx' ¿nfO{ cTofjZos j:tx' ¿sf] ¿kdf lnO{ ;Dk0" f{ j:tx' ¿sf] dN" o ;r" L kT| os] yfs] tyf vb' f|
lajm]| tf ;an} ] bV] g] u/L lajm| L :yndf /fVgk' g{] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5M

146 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

!= rfdn @= ds} #= lrp/f

$= ux“' -db} f / lk7f_] %= bfn ^= gg'

&= lrgL *= lrof (= vfgt] n]

!)= l3p !!= bw' !@= t/sf/L

!#= df;' -df5f;dt] _ !$= kmnkm' n !%= d;nf

!^= cfi} fwL !&= df6] fjfgfsf] sk8f !*= ;fag'

!(= dl6tn] , l8hn, k6] f« n] , xjfO OGwg @)= dn

@!= bfp/f, sfO] nf @@= l;dG] 6 @#= kmnfd] 58

@$= ss6{ kftf @%= lh=cfO=/ kfl] nlyg kfOk @^= O6{“ f
kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
@&= sf7 @*= nV] g,] 5fKg] sfuh, sfkL, snd, d;L, l;;f snd

@(= Go'h lk|G6 .

-;f| t] M jfl0fHo tyf cfkl" t{ @)&!, jfl0fHo tyf cfkl" t{ Joj:yfkg ljefu_

ljm| ofsnfk

ljleGg Pg] lgodx¿n] lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f @( cf6] f j:tx' ¿nfO{ cTofjZos j:tx' ¿sf] ;r" Ldf
/flvPsf] k|lt tkfO{“nfO{ s:tf] nfU5 < of] ;"rLdf yk ug'{kg]{ cGo j:t'x¿ 5g\ h:tf]
nfU5 < tkfOs“{ f] kl/jf/df ;a};u“ a;/] 5nkmn ub}{ kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .

pkefS] tfx¿sf nflu cTofjZos j:ts' f ¿kdf dfgL cfPsf dflysf vfbo\ tyf cGo j:tx' ¿ ;/n
9ªu\ af6 kfpgk' g{] xfdf| ] clwsf/leq k5{ . xfdf| ] ufp“ tyf ;x/df logLx¿sf] sdL xg' glbg /
pkefS] tfn] ;xh ¿kdf pkefu] ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0f agfpg' ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . o;sf nflu
lgdf0{ f ePsf] pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] @)%$ sf] bkmf ^ cg;' f/ pkefS] tfnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/sf clwsf/x¿
kf| Kt xg' 5] g\ eg/] lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] 5M

-s_ lhp, Hofg, :jf:Yo tyf ;DklTtdf xflg k¥' ofpg] pkefU] o j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] lajm| L ljt/0faf6
;/' lIft xg' kfpg] clwsf/

-v_ cgl' rt Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfkaf6 ;/' lIft xg' pkefU] o j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] dN" o, u0' f, kl/0ffd,
zb' w\ tf, u0' f:t/ cflb af/] ;;' l" rt xg' ] clwsf/

-u_ oyf;Dej kl| t:kwfT{ ds dN" odf pkefU] o j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] 5gf6] ug{ kfpg] cj;/df ljZj:t
xg' ] clwsf/

-3_ pkefS] tfsf] xs lxt ;/+ If0fsf ;DaGwdf pkoS' t lgsfoaf6 ;g' j' fO{ xG' 5 eGg] s/' fdf
ljZj:t xg' ] clwsf/

:jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff ( 147

-ª_ cgl' rt Jofkfl/s ljm| ofsnfkaf6 pkefS] tfx¿df xg' ] zfi] f0f tyf dsfs{ f] lj?bw\ ;g' j' fO /kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b
Ifltkl" t{ kfpg] clwsf/

-r_ pkef]Stf lzIffsf] clwsf/ .
pkefS] tfx¿nfO{ kf| Kt ePsf plNnlvt clwsf/x¿df pkefS] tf, ;/sf/L lgsfo / gful/s ;dfhn]
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{ .

pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] @)%$ n] Joj:yf u/c] g¿' ksf pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] f pkefu] ubf{ pkefS] tfx¿n]
Vofn ugk{' g{] s/' fx¿nfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5M
-s_ vl/b ug{] ;fdfgsf] 5gf6] ubf{ ljzi] f Wofg lbg]
-v_ vl/b ul/g] ;fdfgsf] kl/df0f, dN" o / u0' f:t/ dgfl;a 5 5g} xg] {]
-u_ Koflsªd\ f pTkfbg stfs{ f] gfd, 7u] fgf pNnv] 5 5g} xg] {]
-3_ lajm]| tfn] lajm| L sIfdf dN" o ;r" L /fvs] f] 5 5g} jf Koflsªdf clwstd vb' f| dN" o -MRP_

pNnv] u/s] f] 5 5g} xg] {]
-ª_ Koflsªdf j:t' pTkfbg ubf{ ko| fu] ePsf] sRrf kbfy,{ e08f/0f / pkefu] ug{] tl/sf, tfn} ,

pTkfbg ldlt, pkefU] o ldlt pNnv] u/s] f] 5 5g} xg] {]
-r_ cfi} fwL jf cfi} fwLoS' t kbfy{ eP ;fs] f] Koflsªdf ko| fu] ug{] tl/sf pNnv] u/s] f] 5 5g} xg] {]
-5_ pkefU] o ldlt gf3s] f] cfi} fwL, ldg/n jf6/, la:s6' , kfp/f6] Lnufotsf vfbo\ tyf pkefU] o

j:t'x¿ vl/b tyf k|of]u gug]{
-h_ pTkfbg ldlt, pkefU] o ldlt s/] d6] u/s] f] jf kg' M na] lnª jf 5kfO u/s] f] j:t' vl/b gug{]
-em_ ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ lan lbg' lajm| t] fsf] stJ{ o xf] eg] lan kfpg' pkefS] tfsf] clwsf/ xf,] t;y{

lan lbg] lng] u/L cfkm\ gf] xs ;'/lIft ug{]
ljm| ofsnfk

tkfOs“{ f] ufp“ 3/df pkefS] tfn] s] s:tf clwsf/ pkofu] ul//xs] f 5g\ < Toxf“ pkefS] tfn]
pkefU] o j:t' jf ;j] f pkefu] ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] sg' sg' s/' fdf Wofg kU' g ;ls/xs] f] 5g} < ls;fg,
Jofkf/L / pbo\ fu] L h:tf pTkfbsnfO{ pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ug{ lgifw] ul/Psf s] s:tf j:t' jf
;j] fx¿ tkfOs“{ f] ufp“ 3/df ljt/0f / ko| fu] eO/xs] f 5g\ < o; ;DaGwdf cfkm\ gf] ufp3“ /sf
lajm]| tf / pkefS] tfx¿;u“ 5nkmn / cjnfs] g u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

(M!M# pkef]Stf :jf:Yo lzIffsf] dxTTj

;x/ ahf/df sd;n, ld;fj6oS' t, xflgsf/s j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg / lajm| L ljt/0fdf Jofkstf
cfpb“ f hg:jf:Yodf kl| tsn" c;/ k/s] f] xG' 5 . pkefS] tf ;rt] gxb“' f sd;n, ld;fj6oS' t tyf
xflgsf/s j:tx' ¿ pkefu] ug{ afWo xG' 5g\ . pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo /Iff ug{ Jofkf/L tyf pTkfbsaf6
xg' ] ld;fj6, gSsnL j:t' tyf cfi} fwLsf] pTkfbgsf] ;zSt kl| tjfbsf] lgldTt pkefS] tf cfkm“} hfu?s

148 :jf:Yo hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f lzIff, sIff (

kf \7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bxg' ' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . pkefS] tfsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf arfpg pkefS] tfsf xs, clwsf/ / ;/' Iff
;DaGwL hfgsf/L kf| Kt ug{' klg cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsfn] pkefS] tf :jf:Yo lzIffsf dxTTjx¿nfO{
lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ul/G5M

-s_ pkefU] o ;fdfg tyf ;j] fsf] 5gf6] ug{
-v_ cfkm\ gf] tyf ;db' fosf] :jf:Yo ;/+ If0f ug{
-u_ pkefS] tfsf] sfd, stJ{ o, clwsf/ / bfloTjkl| t ;rt] agfpg
-3_ pkefU] o j:ts' f] dfu, cfkl" t{ / dN" odf ;rt] agfpg
-ª_ pkefU] o j:t' / ;j] fsf] u0' f:t/ cfs“ ng ug{
-r_ JolSt, ;dx" / ;/sf/af6 cfjZostfcg;' f/ lg/LIf0f, hfr“ ae' m / vfgtnf;L u/fpg
-5_ pkefS] tf Pg] ;DaGwL s;/' df db' b\ f, Ifltkl" t{ / kg' /fjb] gsf kl| jm| ofx¿ ae' mfpg
-h_ Jofkf/L, pbo\ fu] Lx¿af6 xg' ] ld;fj6, gSsnL j:t' jf cfi} fwL lj?bw\ hg rt] gf hufpg
-em_ pkefS] tf xslxt ;DaGwL sfgg' sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg
-`_ pkefS] tfsf cTofj:os j:tx' ¿sf] af/d] f hfgsf/L u/fpg
-6_ pkefS] tfsf] xslxtdf ;ljm| o ;:+ yfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
-7_ pkefU] o j:tx' ¿sf] vl/b ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿ kl| t ;rt] u/fpg

ljm| ofsnfk
tkfO“{ cToGt bu' d{ uf| dL0f Ifq] df a;fa] f; ul//xge' Psf] 5 / tkfOn“{ ] pkefS] tf :jf:Yo lzIff kf| Kt
uge{' Psf] 5g} eg] tkfOs“{ f] :jf:Yodf s] s:tf] c;/ k5{ < tkfOs“{ f] sIffsf % hgf ;fyLx¿;u“
a;/] lgisif{ lgsfNb} tkfOd“{ f kg;{ Sg] c;/sf ;DaGwdf kl| tjb] g k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

(M!M$ pkef]Stf :jf:Yo ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿

pkefS] tf ;/+ If0f Pg] @)%$ pkefU] o j:t' tyf ;j] fx¿nfO{ lgolGqt, lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{] tyf
pkefS] tfsf] clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug{] pbb\ Z] osf ;fy NofOPsf] Pp6f sfgg' L kf| jwfg xf] . o;n]
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