ITAspire_JTMK_

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2.3 USB RFID scanner
The USB RFID readers provide an efficient way to read/write RFID tags in any application.

These USB RFID readers are available in a wide range of frequencies including low frequency (LF),
high frequency (HF), ultra-high frequency (UHF), and active 2.45 GHz/433 MHz.
3 METHODOLOGIES

The RFID Students Head Count system use to identify and track students position movement in
the library with the tag attached to the objects. With the RFID reader the staff can keep track the students
when they accessing the library. The RFID used the matric card of students to keep the student’s
information. In this RFID Head Count system used software application and use model agile to proceed
the project. Figure 1 show Model Agile.

44

Figure 1: Model AGILE

Agile methodology is a type of project management process, mainly used for software
development, where demands and solutions evolve through the collaborative effort of self- organizing
and cross- functional teams and their customers. Stemming from the values and principles of the Agile
Manifesto, it was created as a response to the inadequacies of traditional development methods such as
the Waterfall method. The software industry is a highly competitive market due to the fact that software
is something that can be continuously upgraded.

3.1 Hardware Configuration

Radio Frequency Identification is an automatic identification method. The great appeal of RFID
technology allows storing and reading the data without requiring either contact or a line of sight Design
and Application of Radio Frequency Identification Systems 439 between the tag and reader(RC-522).
Figure 2 shows the concept RFID hardware platform which consists of Tag, Arduino RC-522, Arduino
uno board and pc.

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. 45
Figure 2: RFID of hardware platform

RFID consists of three basic component such as transponder (tag), interrogator (reader) and
antenna. In a typical communication sequence, RFID system performs a number of functionalities
between reader and tag. RFID reader emits a continuous RF carrier sine wave. When a tag enters the
RF field of the reader, the tag receives energy from the field. Further, receiving sufficient energy, it
begins to modulate the carrier signal to the data storage on the tag. The modulating carrier signal is
resonated from the tag to the reader. The reader detects the modulating signal from the tag, and decodes
signal in order to retrieve the data from the tag. However, the information relays to the host computer
where more manipulation data will be stored and finally will be displayed to the user. RFID is basically
based on wireless communication making use of radio waves, which is a part of the electromagnetic
spectrum (Wenting et al., 2007). Moreover, RFID follows the standard frequency ranges, which are low
frequency (120-135 KHz), high frequency (10-15 MHz), ultra high frequency (UHF) (850-950 MHz),
and microwave frequency (2.45 GHz). Matt Ward and Rob van Kranenburg (2006) says RFID is a
wireless communication device, it follows a number of standards.

Figure 3: RFID Connectivity

3.2 Software Configuration

Automatic identification system which is composed of several components such as tags , tag
reader, Student database and application software Use Visual studio to create the interface
configuration, use MySql for student database and ardiuno version 1.8 to coding Arduino uno
board,when the arduino rc522 scan the tag student database student will show in PC.

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Figure 4: Interface visual studio
Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is used to
develop computer programs, as well as websites, web apps, web services and mobile apps. Visual
Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense (the code completion component) as well as
code refactoring. Figure 4 show interface visual studio

46

Figure 5: Project system
Project system is about RFID library student headcount. The system has connection, user data,
registration user data and report. This system will print out the report data of the student using library.
The data of the student as name, department, matric card, course, picture and id of the tag. Figure 5
show the interface project system.

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Figure 6: Enter the data in system
User need enter the data of the student for registration. student data is name, department, matric
card, course, picture and id of the tag. After entering the data of student click button save to save data
in system. The Figure 6 show the student data enter on system.

47

Figure 7: Data show in system
Data of student will show in system when all data enter and click button save. The data can edit
if data wrong in system. After data show in system as in Figure 7, user can scan matric card on
scanner.

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Figure 8: Student data show in system

The data student show on screen and print out the data after the tag scan the scanner. The data
show name, matric card, department, picture, course and id tag to print out as a report. The Figure 8
show the data student on screen after the tag or matric card scan on the scanner.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
48 Result Integration test planning is carried out during the design stage. Integration test plan is a

collection of integration tests that focus on functionality. System Integration Testing is defined as a
type of software testing carried out in an integrated hardware and software environment to verify the
behavior of the complete system. For Example, software or hardware components are combined and
tested progressively until the entire system has been integrated on the Table 1.

Tabel 1: Integration Testing Plan

Test Case Test Procedure Pre- Condition Expected Result Result (Pass/
Name Fail

RFID uno RFID uno and rc-522 Use to USB rfid Show symbol pass
board and connect to system scanner to connected
RC-522 connect
to pc
System
headcount The system show Use to RFID uno Show the symbol pass
connected and RC-522 connected
Print connect to pc
using cable RFID
Clear
User is required to click none Print out the data pass
symbol print of the student

User required click button none All data has been pass
clear to clear data student clear

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Moreover, RFID is a method of data collection that involves automatically identifying objects IOT
through low-power radio waves. Data is sent and received with a system consisting of RFID tags,
scanner, RFID reader and a computer.

5 CONCLUSION

It is quite clear from the above discussion that an RFID system will be a comprehensive system
that addresses both the security and materials tracking needs of a library. This system will provide
members with an opportunity to self-serve, allowing staff to spend more time assisting members with
things they absolutely need help with. RFID will help becoming more efficient, economical system. It
is anticipated that the system’s speed and user-friendly features will mean that the vast majority of the
circulation will soon be handled without staff intervention. The interest in RFID as a solution to
optimize further the automation and tracking of student are gathering momentum at an increasing pace,
with more libraries joining the trails. “RFID is increasing in popularity among libraries, as the early
adopters of this technology have shown that it makes good economic sense, both for large and small
libraries.

REFERENCES 49

Abhilash Raj (2014). RFID integration for student id card(ed.). VIT University. Retrieve
from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260190034_RFID_INTEGRATION_FO
R_STUDENT_ID_CARDS

Anastasis C Polycarpou, Theodoros Samaras and J.N. Sahalos (2014) .RFID-based
library management system using smart cabinets (Ed(s).). Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (European).Retrieve from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286813196_An_RFID-based_library_ma
nagement_system_using_smart_cabinets_A_pilot_project

Md. Kaviul Hossain(2019). Library Management System using RFID (ed.). BRAC University:
Affiliation. Retrieve from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336279056_Library_Management_Syst
em_using_RFID

Sree Lakshmi Addepalli et al, (2014). Library management system RFID.(IJCSIT)
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5
(6). Retrieve from
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.657.7931&rep=rep1&ty
pe=pdf

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RFID Attendance System with Face Recognition

Sabrina Bt Syed Sultan1
Vimalla A/P Subramaniam2

Pavitra A/P Manokar3
Sangeetha A/P Othman4

1Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

2Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

3Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

4Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

Abstract Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data
from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose
of identifying and tracking the object. RFID technology is a matured technology that has been widely
deployed by various organizations as a part of their automation systems. In this project, an RFID based
system has been built in order to produce an attendance management system. This project is developed
by using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system and student card to get student attendance.
Before this lecturer needs to use the paper to get the student attendance. There were a lot of problems
when using the paper as student attendance such as cheating. This project can help teacher to reduce
the problem like that by design automatic attendance using RFID and student card. The project system
was running by get the code of card student to compare with the database in Access. Graphical User
50 Interface (GUI) was developed using Visual Basic 6.0 to make the database easier to access.

Keywords: Deep learning, python, Image Processing, Face_Recognition, Electron JS, HOG.

1 INTRODUCTION

RFID (radio frequency identification) is a new technology that incorporates the use of
electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. RFID tags are not an "improved bar code"
as the proponents of the technology would like you to believe. An RFID system consists of three
components: an antenna and transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (the tag).
The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When
activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. RFID technology differs from bar codes. RFID
can read the tag using RF, meaning that the RFID reader can be read from a distance, right through your
clothes, wallet, backpack or purse. Besides the RFID tag consist of unique ID for each tag. The
technology used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s. In our country, this technology already
been used for several years in certain place such as in Highway using card ‘Touch N Go’ and our
government also apply this technology by using RFID as I.C (identification card). Some places, they
prefer to used Barcode which is cheaper than RFID.

In this project, RFID system used to record student attendance automatically. This project will
used student ID card as RFID tag and a RFID reader. This RFID system will be integrate with software.
This method is more effective to prevent problem in process getting attendance manually.

1.1 Problem Statement

Basically, recording of student attendance can be tedious and time consuming if done
manually, especially for large classes. There are a few latest technology that also involve in recording

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students attendence such as bar code system and fingerprint system but all of them are very high
maintenance and costly. If a portable computer assisted system with affordable cost is used, data can
be recorded and stored accurately, so that time consuming problem can be avoided.

Students will be more regular in attending their classes since now no attendance sheet
signature is required,Teachers do not need to waste their time approximately 15min of 1hour for
taking attendance of students.

No need to maintain attendance sheet as the attendance are electronically stored in database.
The system helps the faculty to easily find out defaulters. User may easily get attendance history of
a particular student. It saves time, cost, efforts and institute resources.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this RFID attendance system with face recognition is :

a. To develop a system for student attendance using RFID attendance system with face recognition
for Tadika Garduan Karishma.

b. To keep records of students attendance at real time.
c. To send notification to parents phone via WHATSAPP, SMS, EMAIL and etc.

1.3 Scope of Work 51

The main goal of this project is developing a student attendance using RFID technology. There
is 2 scopes will be cover in this project. Firstly, is to use appropriate RFID Tag & Reader for this
application. Secondly is to design GUI to integrate with RFID technology.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Biometric based System

Biometric based System The Biometric based systems take a unique part of the human body and
use it for attendance management system for example iris, nostrils, retina, palm, fingerprints etc. The
data keeps scaling up and the system needs to be maintained, refreshed Ali, Chowdhary & Choudhary
(2017). The attendance system using Computer or android devices provides a cheaper solution
compared to the biometric based systems. The iris recognition system is useful system but the main
drawback is it can cause injuries to the eye. The same goes for face recognition which assures
uniqueness but has the same drawbacks.

2.2 Bluetooth based System

Bluetooth System This system has high usability and proxy removal methods can be included to
make the system perfect. However, the system is not scalable and requires 8 connections active at a
time. Bluetooth do not allow more than 8 connections at a time this is due to a master and slave concept.
This redundancy makes it a feasible resource for a limited population.

2.3 RFID based System

RFID System the RFID systems are popular than Bluetooth based system. Students are given
RFID cards in their schools and colleges along with their Identity cards. These cards are put into the
RFID reader before the student enters the classroom. These systems require permanent supervision
because students can put two cards in the RFID reader leading to a proxy and also inappropriate usage

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can harm the RFID reader, RFID reader also requires maintenance.
2.4 Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi 3 over the Pi 2. It has Bluetooth; it has Wi-Fi; and it has a more powerful
CPU/GPU pair. Let’s deal with the CPU first. The Raspberry Pi 3 has a Broadcom BCM2837 CPU.
This is a 1.2GHz quad-core CPU with the Cortex-A53 processor, as used in Qualcomm’s entry-level
Snapdragon phone chipsets. The Broadcom BCM2837 is a 64-bit CPU but the main benefit of the
upgrade is that this chip is more efficient and far more powerful than the one in the Raspberry Pi 2 – a
quad-core Cortex-A7 Broadcom BCM2836.The difference in power is much greater than the move
from a 900MHz quad-core processor to a 1.2GHz quad-core one might suggest.

2.5 RFID Card Reader
RFID readers can read multiple RFID tags simultaneously, offering increases in efficiency. All

RFID tags within range can be detected instantly and matched with information in your database. RFID
can be integrated with active scanning.

2.6 LCD 16 X 2
The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module used

in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones, calculators,
computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-emitting
diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply
programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for displaying custom characters, special and
52 even animations.

3 METHODOLOGIES
3.1 Logical Design

Circuit diagram for this Raspberry Pi Attendance System Project is very simple, which contains
Raspberry Pi 3, RFID Reader, RFID Tags, buzzer, LED and LCD. Here Raspberry Pi controls the
complete process like Reading Data coming from the Reader, comparing data with predefined data,
driving buzzer, driving Status LED and sending status to LCD display. RFID Reader is used to Read
RFID Tags. Buzzer is used for indications and driven by inbuilt NPN transistor. LCD is used for
displaying status or messages on it.

Figure 1: Logical Design

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Figure 2 : Circuit Diagram

53

Figure 3: RFID Card
RFID is an electronics device which has two parts - one is RFID Reader and other is RFID tag
or Card. When we put RFID tag near to the RFID reader, it reads tag data serially.

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Figure 4: Flow chart
Step 1: Setting up Raspberry PI
54 Step 2: Access the Attendance monitoring system GUI the attendance taking session can be
started after the lecturer selected the related date and timetable ID for the current class session
Step 3: Initiate Python script after receiving the button click action from the lecturer done in the
main window, a python script will be initiated called from a bash file.
Step 4: Load the trained data in the python script, the first step is to load the trained data (.yml)
file which is saved during the face database creation process.
Step 5: Acquire Faces the system will then start to capture students’ portraits and then undergo
the same pre-processing routine and face detection process.
Step 6: Recognize the faces valid portraits will then be compared against the loaded gallery from
the recognizer to identify the captured faces.
Step 7: Mark the attendance after identifying the appropriate student from the capturing process,
a record of the current attendance will be added into the attendance table managed by a database.

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Smart Attendance Management System is simple and works efficiency. The system works

automatically once the registration of individual student created by the administration.
a. Face detection of enrolled student
b. The followings are the implementation test and its results produced during the attendance

taking process as shown one student been detected and enrolled as Present and another
student not detected and enrolled as Absent.

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c. user Interface of the Record Attendance
d. Then an email message will be sent from the computer to the absent student as Warning!
e. Email service
f. MySQL Database

The most important step is to create a database. A database is required where all the data of each
and every student in a particular class is placed. The basic process in creating a database is to form a
system that take images. For that we will be using a camera module and pictures of each student
registered in a class is taken. These pictures are taken, and basic image processing technique is used to
get and image processes able and understandable by the computer

55

Figure 5: Project’s Logo

Figure 6: Bar code scanner

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Figure 7: LCD and camera

The top one is bar code scanner that we are going to use for scan the bar code for student’s
attendance. The left sight we are attached the LCD and the right side we attached camera. The camera
will detect our face and will shown on the LCD.

5 CONCLUSIONS

Nowadays attendance management is a subject of concern in every institute and corporate

56 sector. This paper presence and automated attendance marking system which integrates face
recognition with RFID. Integrating both technologies together makes the system more efficient and

secured. This system consists of RFID tag, face detection, feature extraction, face recognition, data

storing, authentication and sending SMS to the parents without human intervention. This system

proves to be beneficial to the institution because it uses a pc and a webcam which makes it a low-cost

management system.

REFERENCES

Kar, Nirmalya, et al. "Study of implementing automated attendance system using face recognition
technique." International Journal of computer and communication engineering 1.2 (2012): 100.

Selvi, K. Senthamil, P. Chitrakala, and A. Antony Jenitha. "Face recognition based attendance
marking
system." Corresponding Author: S. Rajkumar*, Email: rajkumarsrajkumar@ gamil. com (2014)

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Vehicle Breakdown Assistance with GPS

Harmila binti Tukiman1
Priyadharrsini A/P G.I.Raj Kumar2

Kaushaalya A/P Rajakumar3
Sharvena Shri A/P Jeyabalan4

1Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

2Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

3Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

4Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

Abstract The challenges faced when vehicles stop in unexpected situations are many. In such a bad 57
situation, users may not know the exact location to find the nearest mechanic available. Vehicle
Breakdown Assistance with GPS was developed with the reason to provide help to the user during
exigency in the road. This application was designed to improve the user experience and get access to
nearby mechanics, thus contact them using internet facilities and applications. The proposed system
developed is an Android-based application that can run on any compatible Android device, both tablet
and smartphone. This application will allow vehicle owners to find and communicate with any service
surrounding mechanics. The application is using GPS so it can help the user to find nearby car
services centers. Therefore, users get access to mechanical and mechanical locations in return get
access to the user's location, through the application using the google map facility so it can save a lot
of time. We plan that the application will run on android smartphones.

Keywords: Emergency, Application, Vehicle Services, Smartphone

1 INTRODUCTION

Road trips are always fun and exciting because you can learn a lot about the world when you
explore. Before you start a road trip, you will plan and take all precautions to make your trip safe and
smooth. However, in the event of an unexpected road accident, immediate assistance is required
anytime.

A vehicle breakdown is the mechanical failure of a motor vehicle in such a way that the
underlying problem prevents the vehicle from being operated at all, or impedes the vehicle's operation.
Vehicle breakdowns have various causes such as ranging from a dead car battery, fuel pump, poor
quality fuel, faulty electrical wiring, fuel pressure problems, overlooked leaks or missing caps
(Wikipedia Artical & September 2016).
With other problems it can mean more than just car technical defects as it can lead to injury and death.
By getting out of the vehicle to check for damage it can be dangerous especially on highways because
most of the drivers drive their vehicle at high speed. According to the Official Portal Ministry Transport
Malaysia (2016), it shows that 7,152 deaths had been recorded in 2016. In this event, the safe way to
get professional help is vehicle breakdown assistance as they are more knowledgeable and on the road.

Vehicle breakdown assistance with GPS application was developed with the aim of providing
emergency roadside assistance services any time to ensure a pleasurable and unceasing journey
borderline anywhere. The application is designed to enhance the user to experience and ensure that
users get immediate service in the event of the vehicle breakdown. Our application shall make all
possible efforts to locate and direct the nearest service provider to the user's location. This system uses
GPS to track the location of the vehicle and send the details to the admin. In this application, users can

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search the service needed for example flat tyre, changing battery and brake fluid. This application finds
the nearest service center and sets a reminder.

1.1 Problem Statement

There are various issues that drivers face in their daily lives mostly during the festive seasons,
car breakdown cases increase more as long journeys can put vehicles more at risk of breakdown. In
the case of breakdown on State Route and Route in Town, it could be difficult to get help because
when the driver is not familiar with that place. When it comes to breakdown in rural areas, it could be
worse as the point of breakdown is far away from the Car Repair Service Center (Sheng, 2016).

1.2 Objectives

The main objective of this project is to create an application that can help the car
user during vehicle breakdown. To reach the main objective, there are three particular
objectives need to be done and these include:
a. To automatically locate the user's current location.
b. To provide users to find the nearby vehicle service center.
c. To provide a simple instruction and make a platform for the user to set reminders.

1.3 Scope of Work

Scope at work is a document that contains an agreement on the work that needs
to be done. For this project a scope of work should have the following items.

58

a. Milestone
Before starting the project, it need to be break down into manageable phases.

From beginning of the project until the ending of project. By breaking down the
project into phase help to monitor the progress of the project itself.

b. Deliverables
Getting the end product us expected the result of the project must quantifiable

as good or services that must be provided at end of project.

c. Timeline
In progress of developing the project, develop need to use timeline to set

expected duration to complete each phrases. Timeline are important because it
provided simple visual overview of the project form the start to finish.

d. Report
The progress of developing the project are document as a records. Through the

report, the progress of the project are able to track and monitor. Developer can also
identify the risk at early phrase by referring the report.

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Around 70% of service is resolved immediately which is classified as a minor failure IOT
breakdown issue. Minor failure breakdown has segregated into several categories like engine
failure start up, engine failure heat, lockout, and others.

Firstly, the existing manual process is not able to address the transaction request
effectively. The manual process is holding back staff as they are unable to provide quick
response due to lack of a streamlined system with sufficient information available.

Secondly, quick responses features are insufficient in the existing products. This limits a
quick response for the consumer when there is an emergency request. In the existing products,
the emergency request is being handled by the call centre hotline as an interim person before
reaching the vendors.

Looking at the necessary situation and shorter time leads the vehicle drivers to use this
system immediately to defeat the difficult circumstance faced. The consumers would know
where and how to seek help that will indirectly save their time.

2.1 Definition of Android Mobile Application

An Android mobile application is a software that runs on the android platform. Because the
Android platform is built for mobile devices, a typical Android application is designed for a smartphone
or a tablet PC running on Android OS. Android applications are written in the Java programming
language and use Java core libraries.

2.2 Importance of Android Mobile Application 59

Android allows phone manufacturers to produce relatively advanced devices without worrying
about software, this makes them cheaper and gets them into the hands of more people.

2.3 Open Source

Android application is an open source software that makes the source code freely available, for
anyone to see and use it. Companies, individuals and universities mostly develop those projects by using
an open-source license, then they give the code away to anyone who wants to use it.

2.4 Android Application Are Mostly Free

Android mobile application is free for consumers and for manufacturers to install but
manufactures need a license to install the Google Mobile Services (GMS). Manufactures can be refused
a license, but any company producing an Android device will need a certificate from an authorized
testing facility in order to apply for the license.

2.5 Fully Customizable Mobile Application

Going custom in development allows the developer to build a robust personalization strategy with
each client. It is possible due to an integration of analytic tools at the initial stage of application
development.

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2.6 Vehicle Breakdown Assistance
Vehicle breakdown assistance is a form of protection when the vehicle breakdown while driving.

Most of the assistance is just a phone call away. It usually includes a number of services to the user.

2.7 Global Positioning System (GPS)

GPS or Global Positioning System is a global navigation satellite system that provides
location, velocity and time synchronization.

3. METHODOLOGY

Methodology means defined the combination of logically related practices, methods and

processes that determine how to plan, develop, control and deliver the project throughout the

continuous implementation process until successful completion. Methodology that used in this

application is Agile. The Agile methodology is the way to manage a project by breaking it up

into several phases. It involves constant collaboration with stakeholders and continuous

improvement at every stage. Once the work begins, teams’ cycle through a process of planning,

executing, and evaluating.

Continuous collaboration is vital, both with team members and project stakeholders.

Agile also promotes a disciplined project management process that encourages frequent

inspection and adaptation, a leadership philosophy that encourages teamwork, self-

60 organization and accountability, an asset of engineering best practices intended to allow for
rapid delivery of high-quality software and a business approach that aligns development with

customer needs and company goals. Figure 1 shown agile methodology of the project.

(Wikipedia January 2015, Agile Methodology)

Figure 1: Agile Methodology

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a. Requirement
Vehicle breakdown assistance is designed to solve most of the car problem. The proposed system,

connects vehicle service centre and public through this system, allowing the user to connect the nearest
vehicle service centre in case the car breaks down on any highway or federal road by utilizing the GPS
functionality on the smartphone.

b. Design
Design the layout of the application and selected two difference app to make comparison. Table

1 shows the comparison of other applications.

Table 1: Table of Comparison of other applications

Salem Car Service Kurnia One Touch Vehicle Breakdown
Assistance
The User This application provides a This application provides a
Interface This application provides
poor User Interface service good User Interface a better User Interface
service to the users.
to the user. service to the user.

Information This application This application did not This application provides
equip vehicle service on the more detailed vehicle
details affords vehicle app. service on the app.

service on the app.

The cost of The payment will display User wouldn’t know their The payment will display
payment until the service after the user selected their
survive after user selected the done. services.
.
service. The application is free to
downloads The application is charged
App The application is free to to download 61
purchase download.

i. Salem Car Service

The advantage of this application is the information of the vehicle service is provided to the
user in the app with the cost of the payment of the service that the user requests. This application
doesn’t have a proper register form for the user to add their details.

● This application didn’t have a register form.
● Provide information of vehicle service.
● Display the cost of payment of the service.

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62

Figure 2: User Interface of Salem Car Service
Application

ii. Kurnia One Touch
The advantage of this application is the register form provided so the user can insert their

personal information in the application. This application also has disadvantages, that is they didn’t
provide information about the vehicle service details to the user. Secondly, this application also didn’t
display the cost of the payment of the service in the app to the user.

● This application has the register form.
● Didn’t provide information on vehicle service.
● Didn’t display the cost of payment of the service in the app.

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

IOT

Figure 3: User Interface of Kurnia One Touch Application 63

c. Development

Design the sketch of an interface then started to code the applications by order. Figure 4 shows
the wireframe design of the application.

Figure 4: Main menu interface

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64

Figure 5: Service menu interface
d. Testing

Once you develop the application, test the system to ensure that the application
must be functional and there must be no error shows.
e. Deployment
The software is ready to release after it has been approved.
f. Review
If the user is handy with the application, it can be updated from time to time.
2.7 Hardware Configuration
This is done by using Intel Core i5 which has 32GB memory card size.

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

2.8 Software Configuration

Software configuration of this project is Android Studio. Android Studio provides a unified IOT
environment where you can build apps for Android phones, tablets, Android Wear, Android TV and
Android Auto. The language that we use to create the application was Java. The second software that
we use is Adobe XD. We used this software to design the layout for our project. Thus Wi-Fi connectivity
is required for the app to work. Figure 6 shows one of the user interfaces of the application on mobile.
In this user interface shows two main categories to access the app.

Figure 6: Welcome interface 65

a. Splash Screen

Splash screen is the first user interface of the application. In this screen, it displays the logo of
our app, names of the developers and supervisor.

Figure 7: Splash screen

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

b. Onboarding
For the first time user, the three onboarding screens will automatically display. Then, the third

onboarding screen will show the button the next screen.

Figure 8: Onboarding screens
c. Main Page

The main screen has two buttons. They are “+” buttons which are connected to the login and
66 sign up page. Moreover, navigation button which is connect to “Home”,” Add car details”,

“Knowledge Base” , “User Manual”.

Figure 9: Main page
d. Login Page

For the first time user, they need to fill in the information and create a new account. Users who
forget the password need to press the “Forget Password” and then the user should type their email

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

address. After that, users can create their new password.

IOT

Figure 10: Login page

67

Figure 12: Login page

e. Add Car Detail
After pressing the “Navigation” button at the main page then the next page will appear.

Moreover, for the “Add Car Details” the user needs to fill the information requested. Then, the type of
services will appear and users can choose the services that they need.

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68

Figure 13: Add Car Details page
These are the services that users can choose. After the user selects the services, they should
enter the information requested.

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP IOT

Figure 14: Selects the services page
The next navigation is “Knowledge base”. It shows the basic information that consumers need
to know in an emergency.

69

Figure 15: Knowledge base page
These are the knowledge that users can learn from this page. For instance, how to jumpstart a
car, information about tyre maintenance, car accident guide and dashboard warning light.

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

Figure 16: Knowledge base type page

70

This is the GPS system for this application. The user can locate their location by looking at the
current location. After that, users must click the button to search the nearby place. It will display the
car service center to the user.

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP IOT

Figure 17: GPS system page
At the navigation we provide the number to call if the user of this application has any question to ask.

71

Figure 18: Interface for contact details
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

First phase of the system evaluation will be discussed in this section. First phase is to perform
unit testing, including the ability of the system to validate the security system. After the testing, find
that all tasks are perfectly working. Moreover, the overall results show that the performance of the

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

IOT system was accurately functioning and reliable in use. Table 2 displays the result of testing the
application.
Table 2: Result of Testing

Test Test Procedure Expected Result Result (Pass /
Description Failure)

Login User have to fill the email and “You are now eligible to Pass
password field before access the apply”
system

Add car details User have to enter their car details “You can choose the Pass
before access to type of service service needed”

Type of service User have chosen and fill the type “Your information have Pass
of service before access the GPS saved”

5 CONCLUSIONS

As a conclusion Vehicle Breakdown Assistance with GPS, users can get travel with the related
service information wherever they are or any place. The system provides information about the car
battery, brake fluid and flat tires based on the user’s location. The system is a combination of
smartphones and the user. The service details can be accessed from the application, which is stored in
the server as a part of the border Vehicle Breakdown Assistance with GPS, highlighting the user’s
current location on the map. We hope that this application will be a valuable app to the user.

REFERENCES

72

A car breakdown service station locator system. (2021, 29 April). Baharudin, A. (n.d.).
https://www.academia.edu/38064064/A_Car_Breakdown_Service_Station_Locator_System

Advance Scientific Research and Engineering. (2018, April). A Car Breakdown Service
Station Locator System. Miss Monika Kadam.
http://ijasret.com/VolumeArticles/FullTextPDF/215_4.A_Car_Breakdown_Service_Station_Loca
tor_System.pdf

Chapter 2. Literature review. (2001).ja el zarif.
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/28195/05Chap2_literature_review
pdf?sequence=8&is

International journal of engineering research & Technology. (2021, 29 April). Retrieved.
https://www.ijert.org/

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. (2017, April).
Emergency Breakdown Services using Android Application.
V.Kapadi.https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i4/IRJET-V4I4239.pdf

Science and Technology. (2016, December). Automotive Servicing and Breakdown Assistance
System (ASBAS). Kamal Karkonasasi and Ahmad Suhaimi Bagarudin.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313407682_Automotive_Servicing_and_Breakdown_A
ssista

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP IOT

Auto Countable Basket

Rosmawati Binti Jaafar1
Nur Leyana Binti Abd Kahar2
Anis Umairah Binti Md Saukeri3
Nurul Najwa Binti Mohd Sukri4

1Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
[email protected]

2Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
[email protected]

3Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
[email protected]

4Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
[email protected]

Abstract This system is a combination of programmed software and hardware. Furthermore, this 73
project is about the customer will buy the item, then they will scan each item on the barcode scanner in
the basket, LCD will display the name item and the price of the item. From that, the application will
receive a list of item purchases and a barcode of total price. When customers make a payment, customer
click basket id and list of item purchases appear, every customer have different basket id and at the
bottom in the list of items displays a barcode representing the total price. Besides, cashier scan the
barcode of total price for payments. Lastly, data will be saved.

Keywords: Internet of Thing (IoT), barcode system, billing software and smart basket electronic
hardware.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until 1999. One of the first examples
of an Internet of Things is from the early 1980s, and was a Coca Cola machine, located at the Carnegie
Melon University. Local programmers would connect by Internet to the refrigerated appliance, and
check to see if there was a drink available, and if it was cold, before making the trip. By the year 2013,
the Internet of Things had evolved into to a system using multiple technologies, ranging from the
Internet to wireless communication and from micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) to embedded
systems. The traditional fields of automation (including the automation of buildings and homes),
wireless sensor networks, GPS, control systems, and others, all support the IoT. (Keith, 2016).

The IoT has several benefits and perks which can help enterprise, common people to make their
life easy. The benefits of Internet of Things (IOT) are gathering rich data. For any type of organization,
the data is termed as the most important weapon. The organizations are extensively using the IoT models
and methodologies in their businesses for gathering a huge chunk of data about customers and company
products. Furthermore, IoT can enhanced security measures. The IoT enables the access control system
to provide additional security to the organization and common people. The use of IoT technology in
surveillance can help to improve security standards in the organization and also help to track any
suspicious activity. In the organization it can be useful to track the activities of an employee, can be
used to maintain their daily record. Other than that, reduction in operational cost. IoT technologies can
benefit the organization to reduce their operational cost and other costs to earn maximum profit. Every
organization tries to reduce their operational cost but only that enterprise becomes successful which
uses maximum use of IoT solutions for their purpose. There is a need for constant connection to the
smart device and organization so that operational costs can be reduced for the organization.

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

1.1 Problem Statement

Agro Bazaar Permatang Pauh is the centre where can get every stuff the people’s need. Every
day, many people will come to this grocery store to buy their daily stuff such as food, beverages, and
more. Unfortunately, there are some problems that often occur in that store. It is because there are many
customers who come and cause the store to be crowded. If the situation is too crowded, it will make the
customer feel uncomfortable when to buy. Moreover, the space of the store is quite limited to
accommodate many customers. This also will cause the problems for customers who want to make a
payment. It will difficult for them to line up at the counter. It also can cause the payment process slow
down.

1.2 Objective

a. To display the name item and price on LCD.
b. To allow application receive data of customer purchases.
c. To avoid customer queuing for a long time at the counter section.

1.3 Project Scope

1.3.1 System scope

To achieve the project objectives, the scope of this project is to build a system that will function
properly based on the objective and to solve problem faced as much as it can. The scope of this project
74 is to build an auto countable basket using barcode scanner. There are two part of the project, the first
part is hardware and the second part are databases.

The first part is hardware it consists of Arduino Mega, ESP8266 (Wi-Fi module), 6x2 LCD
display, USB shield, barcode scanner, man female jumper wire, man to man jumper wire, breadboard,
potentiometers, power supply and basket.

The second part is software it consists of coding for application using MIT app inventor, php
Myadmin and Arduino IDE. Arduino Mega using Arduino IDE to program and will display on LCD
display. The application is use for user to know the total price.

1.3.2 User scope

People: They can use this Auto Countable Basket to know the name and price and easy for
people to make the payment. This basket can make it easier for customer to buy goods.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

This project will discuss about many documents found outs by studies and research which it’s
important. It also gives some simple knowledge or the theory bases. Many of the surveys are of
relevant article, previous work and journal of same type. The Barcode scanner is easy to use, low-
priced and does not require any special training.

This system will reduce the rush of the billing counter and save the valuable time of customer
because they no need to queue in long time to make payments. This is the differences between existing
systems and proposed systems.

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

Table 1: Differences between existing system and proposed system IOT

Existing System Proposed System

1. Automatic billing 1. Manual billing

2. Use RFID tags for billing 2. Use barcode for billing

3. RFID card are more expensive than 3. Less expensive than RFID tags.
barcode technology
4. Each product can be scanned using
4. Every product requires a different RFID barcode scanner.
card
5. Getting product information is easy and
5. Getting product information difficult & no extra time needed.
time consuming

Table 2: Comparison between barcode and RFID RFID Tags
Barcode

Barcode tags are cheaper RFID tags are typically more expensive

Represent data by varying the widths and Use radio waves to track and transfer efficiently 75
spacing of parallel lines without human intervention

Barcode accuracy has been said to be the same RFID tags are less accurate than barcode
or even better than RFID tags technology in some cases.

Barcode does not have read and write capability. RFID tag having read and write capability.

3. METHODOLOGY

The methodology is a systematic analysis of the method that applied to achieve the objective
of the project. Project need to develop based on methodology that have created.

3.1 Design Development

The methodology that we used is agile model. In the agile methodology after every
development iteration, the customer is able to see the result and understand if he is satisfied with it or
he is not. This is one of the advantages of the agile software development life cycle model. One of its
disadvantages is that with the absence of defined requirements it is difficult to estimate the resources
and development cost. Both development and testing activities are concurrent unlike the Waterfall
model

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

Figure 1: Agile software development cycle
a. Plan

Agile planning is a project planning method that can estimates work using self-contained work
units called iterations or sprints. Sprints are periods of 1-3 weeks in which we can focuses on a small set
of work items and aims to complete them. Agile planning defines which items are done in each sprint,
and creates a repeatable process, to help teams learn how much they can achieve.

b. Design
76 In design phases is process of defining the architecture, interfaces and data for system to satisfy

specified requirement. Show the design for app and design for devices with prototyping idea by making
an easy one to understand with Arduino Mega. The total amount with LCD display has Arduino mega
as main board to connect with ESP8266 and USB shield. Then, the Arduino Mega is connected to LCD
display using the Male Female jumper wire.
c. Develop

In develop phases is the process defining the expectation of the students for this project to be
built or modified. This requirement was important because it can identify the problem need by the
students to use this auto-countable basket with LCD display in their daily. It was provide the
questionnaire that related to let them know about how important this system for them.
d. Test

In this phase, we will test develop our project whether it works or not. Normally, the issues are
the scanner cannot detect the barcode and the price did not display at the LCD. If the hardware broken
so maintenance support must supply the new requirement that needed for our project but this problem
happen only once in a while. This is why unit testing phase is important to make sure all requirement
in term hardware or system working without problem at the end of project.
e. Evaluate

Once the software testing phase is over and no bugs or errors left in the system then the final
evaluate process starts. The final software is released and checked for deployment if any issues. LCD
used to display the total of the payment based on the student’s purchased item.

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The benefit of using the Auto Countable Basket is that customers no need to wait for cashier to IOT
scan each item at the counter. The customers will directly scan the barcodes of the item and put in
the basket. This generates the advantages of Auto Countable Basket compared for with ordinary
basket.

Table 3.Result of integration testing
Integration testing plan

Test name Test procedure Pre-condition Expected results Test result
case Pass
Pass
Login Customer None Customer will
required to click directly go to screen Pass
login button Customer who ‘buy’
already have an Pass
Sign up New Customer account no need to Customer will Pass
required to click sign up again directly go to screen Pass
sign up button ‘buy’ after login Pass
None Pass
Basket ID Customer click Customer will
basket ID. Cashier check the directly go to next
barcode of total price screen
Cashier scan Cashier will directly 77
Data barcode of total None go to screen data
save
price
Cashier will go to
Data save Data save next customer

Scan item Customers scan Customers take the Successful scan
Display items one by one basket barcode

The name of the Customers scan item Successful customers
items and price know the detail item.
are displayed

5 CONCLUSION

To conclude, this is about designing and developing a barcode system that will simplify shopping
experience of customer in the groceries shop and can reduce their waiting time. Scanner is the key
technology required for the implementation of the project. Barcode system involves effective
communication between two separate systems which is billing software and smart basket electronic
hardware. Main emphasis was made for the smart basket hardware while other two system were left for
the consideration of shop owner. Therefore, a detailed design and development of the hardware was
proposed and the practical model was successfully manufactured. This project proposed a novel
approach in designing a smart basket system which is intended to reduce billing time in groceries shop.
It is unique because it uses phpmyAdmin database. Finally, the working principle of the entire system
is present in the literature review. For this system, we will create apps that can be used for both operating
system which is for IOS and Android. It is because this system can only be used by Android user only

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

REFERENCES

Administrator. (2018, March 22). How to Control ESP8266 over Internet. Electronic Hub. Retrieve
from https://www.electronicshub.org/control-esp8266-over- internet/

Different between the different level & types of testing. https://reqtest.com/testing- blog/different-
levels- of testing/#:~: text=There%20are%20generally%20four%20recognized,
of%20specificity%20oF%20the%20 test.

Instructorless. (2017, October 7). Arduino PS/2 Barcode Scanner. Retrieved from
https://www.instructables.com/id/Arduino-PS2-Barcode-Scanner/

Instructorless. (2018, March 27). Add Wi-Fi to Arduino UNO. Retrieved from
https://www.instructables.com/id/Add-WiFi-to-Arduino-UNO/

January 13 2018. How to connect an I2C LCD Display to an Arduino MEGA

2560. YouTube. Retrieve from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8DNokj9LnY

RFID vs. Barcode: What makes them different? A detailed breakdown. (2020, July 28). Nordic ID
Oyj.Retrieved from https://www.nordicid.com/resources/blog/rfid-vs-barcode/

September 24. Ulf Eriksson. Retrieved from Foote, K. D. (2016, August 6). A Brief History of the
Internet of Things. DATAVERSITY. Retrieved from https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-
internet-things/

Shopping cart, S. (2018, June 9). What are advantages of smart shopping cart. Retrieved from
78 Https://Info-

70550. Medium.Com/What-Are-Advantages-of-Smart- Shoping-Cart-from-Superhii-
43566d45232d.

SM. (2019, April 5). “Hello World!” Arduino. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LibraryExam
Ples/HelloWorld

System Requirements. (2010, December 15). Hal Abelson, Mark

Friedman. Retrieved from https://appinventor.mit.edu/explore/content/system-requirements.html

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP IOT

Light Door Sensor Using IOT 79

Rooszana Binti Abdul Rahman1
Fakhrul Aiman Bin Mohd Adib2
Muhammad Ali Imran Bin Mohd Mukahayadi3
Muhammad Ehsan Bin Ab Halim4

1Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

2Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

3Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

4Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

Abstrak Projek akhir ini menghasilkan alat kawalan lampu makmal berdasarkan bilangan
pengguna di dalam makmal. Alat kawalan ini dibangunkan sebagai kaedah alternatif bagi
menjimatkan penggunaan elektrik di makmal. Secara amnya, alat kawalan ini dibangunkan
menggunakan modul penerima inframerah, Microcontroller ATMEGA16A, lampu, LED, dan
paparan LCD. Mikrokontroler menerima input dari penerima modul IR, kemudian
mikrokontroler memproses dan memberikan output ke peranti paparan LCD bagi
memaparkan nilai counter yang mewakili bilangan pengguna dalam makmal serta
menghidupkan lampu LED jika nilai counter melebihi 1. Alat ini dapat memberikan
kemudahan kepada pengguna sehingga dapat menjimatkan masa dan usaha. Dengan ini dapat
disimpulkan bahawa alat kawalan elektrik makmal ini dapat digunakan untuk
mengautomasikan lampu di ruang makmal.

Kata kunci : Microcontroller ATMEGA16A, inframerah, modul IR

1 PENGENALAAN

Agenda IT Kebangsaan (National IT Agenda, NITA) telab dilancarkan pada Disember 1996 oleh
'National IT Council' (NITC) yang dipengerusikan oleh YAB Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Datuk Seri
Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. NITA memberikan garispanduan bagaimana teknologi maklumat dan
komunikasi (information and communication technology, ICT) dapat digunakan untuk menjadikan
Malaysia sebuah negara maju selaras dengan Wawasan 2020 (NITC, 2001). Salah satu inisiatif awal
NITC adalah untuk mewujudkan 'Multimedia Super Corridor, MSC’ bagi mencapai agenda IT
kebangsaan. Beberapa strategi telah dirancang oleh pihak NITC untuk membawa Malaysia ke era
globilisasi dalam abad ke 21 ini. Lima bidang utama yang telah dikenalpasti untuk diberi tumpuan khas
adalah 'E-Community', ‘E-Public services', e-pembelajaran, ‘E-Economy' dan 'E-Sovereignty'. Selaras
dengan penubuhan politeknik yang sememangnya memerlukan transformasi bagi merealisasikan
penubuhan politeknik universiti. Ledakan kemajuan teknologi maklumat pada masa kini memberi kesan
yang besar kepada sistem pendidikan di politeknik. Pelajar tidak hanya melalui proses pembelajaran
secara konvesional tetapi juga perlu melalui proses pembelajaran yang seiring dengan teknologi
perkomputeran pada masa kini. Negara kita juga peka terhadap era yang mencabar ini, jsteru itu, bagi
memastikan generasi seterusnya tidak ketinggalan, pendidikan yang berunsurkan teknologi moden
berkomputer ini telah dilaksanakan. Salah satu elemen penting yang hangat dibincangkan serta berkait
rapat dengan pengajaran dan pembelajaran berbantukan komputer ialah multimedia. Pembelajaran
menggunakan elemen interaktif multimedia merupakan instrumen yang popular dikalangan pelajar
masa kini. Gabungan antara elemen teks, audio, video dan antaramuka yang interaktif dapat

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

menghidupkan suasana menarik dan menyeronokkan. Menurut Spector (2001), pengajian tinggi
memerlukan objek pengajaran yang mampu digunapakai bagi meningkatkan keberkesanan pengajaran.
Keberkesanan pengajaran bukan sahaja dapat dicapai melalui perancangan yang teliti oleh pesnyarah
sebelum bermulanya sebarang kuliah, penyampaian kuliah yang mudah difahami, serta respon baik
dari pelajar yang berminat untuk belajar, tetapi ia juga boleh dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran lokasi kuliah
dijalankan. Kemudahan asas di lokasi kuliah juga memberi kesan pada suasana pembelajaran. Walau
sehebat mana teknologi yang cuba diaplikasi oleh pensyarah di dalam kelas, namun jika kipas tidak
berfungsi, lampu tidak menyala, penghawa dingin tidak menyejukkan, projektor sentiasa terpadam
sendiri dan soket tiada sambungan ke bekalan elektrik, maka sia-sialah persediaan yang dibuat oleh
pensyarah untuk mengajar. Masalah gangguan bekalan elektrik yang diakibatkan oleh litar pintas,
sememangnya menjadi masalah atau penghalang bagi pensyarah dalam melaksanakan tanggungjawab
dengan baik.

Oleh itu, satu inisiatif telah diambil bagi mengatasi masalah ini melalui penghasilan Projek Tahun
Akhir yang bertajuk Light Door Sensor Using IoT. Projek ini secara umumnya menutup suis lampu di
makmal apabila semua pelajar dan staf meninggalkan makmal dan membuka semula suis apabila ada
pengguna yang masuk ke makmal. Kaedah ini menjamin penjimatan penggunaan elektrik melalui suis
lampu. Walau bagaimanapun, projek ini boleh dinaik taraf di masa akan datang dengan menambah
lebih banyak lagi suis yang boleh dikawal seperti suis penghawa dingin dan suis projektor.

1.1 Pernyataan Masalah

Pada masa kini, pengguna selalu meninggalkan bilik makmal tanpa menutup peralatan elektrik
seperti suis lampu, maka ia akan menyebabkan pembaziran elektrik yang agak tinggi. Oleh hal itu, kalau
pengguna terlupa untuk menutup suis elektrik, kadar bil elektrik yang ditanggung akan lebih tinggi dari
biasa. Masalah ini perlu dielakkan supaya duit tidak dibazirkan ke arah yang tidak berfaedah. Pada
waktu yang sama, kegagalan menutup suis ketika meninggalkan makmal dapat mengakibatkan litar
80 pintas berlaku. Jika berlakunya litar pintas, perkara yang tidak diingini akan berlaku seperti berlakunya
kebakaran, kerosakan barangan elektrik dan sebagainya. Disebabkan masalah di atas, sistem sensor
pintu cahaya diperlukan untuk memastikan kurangnya berlaku pembaziran dan bahaya kepada orang
yang menggunakannya.

1.2 Objektif

a. Untuk mengurangkan pembaziran elektrik di pejabat dengan menggunakan sensor lampu
cahaya. Fungsi sensor ini ialah pengganti kepada suis lampu yang akan menutup lampu secara
automatik apabila ketiadaan orang di dalam pejabat.

b. Untuk mengelakkan berlakunya litar pintas di pejabat. Litar pintas juga boleh berlaku
disebabkan kecuaian pengguna yang tidak menutup lampu ketika tidak menggunakannya lagi.
Oleh itu, penggunaan konsep sensor pintu cahaya yang mana lampu akan tertutup secara
automatik ketika pejabat ketiadaan orang.

c. Untuk mengawal suis lampu berdasarkan nilai pada counter. Nilai counter mewakili bilangan
pengguna makmal dalam suatu masa. Jika nilai counter bersamaan 0, suis lampu akan ditutup
secara automatik dan lampu dibuka jika nilai counter lebih dari 0.

1.3 Skop Kajian

Skop kajian projek ini dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian iaitu skop pengguna dan skop sistem.
Ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kumpulan pengguna yang terlibat menggunakan projek ini dan
perkakasan serta teknologi yang digunakan untuk membangunkan projek.

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP IOT

1.3.1 Skop pengguna
Skop pengguna merupakan semua staf dan pelajar yang menggunakan makmal.

1.3.2 Skop sistem

Skop sistem merangkumi pengunaan teknologi IR sensor, Arduino UNO, LED, LCD display
dan bekalan kuasa.

2 KAJIAN LITERATUR 81

Projek ini adalah pelaksanaan kepada gagasan pengiraan pelawat automatik dan beban kawalan
menggunakan mikropengawal. Pada masa ini, kerja utama yang telah dilakukan pada sistem yang
dicadangkan ini adalah menggunakan sensor mikropengawal dan sensor IR.

Jika pengguna ingin menghidupkan dan mematikan peralatan elektrik, dia mesti pergi ke kawasan
tertentu dan hidupkan / mati perkakas. Tetapi dalam reka bentuk ini, kita mengawal beban elektrik dari
jauh menggunakan Teknologi IR. Pengguna mempunyai RFTransmitter dan penerima RF disimpan di
sebelah aplikasi. Pengguna dapat mengawal peralatan elektrik dalam lingkungan 100 kaki.

Projek ini bertajuk "Sensor Pintu Cahaya" adalah direka dan disajikan untuk menghitung pelawat
auditorium, dewan, bilik, pejabat, mal, tempat sukan, dan lain-lain. Sistem ini menghitung pengunjung
masuk dan keluar auditorium atau dewan dan tempat lain, tempat ia ditempatkan. Bergantung kepada
gangguan dari tesis, sistem mengenal pasti kemasukan dan keluar pengunjung. Apabila sistem berjaya
dilaksanakan, ia akan menunjukkan bilangan pengunjung yang hadir di dalam bilik. Sistem ini boleh
dilaksanakan secara ekonomi di semua tempat di mana pengunjung perlu dikira dan dikawal. Sistem ini
boleh digunakan sebagai suis automatik untuk meningkatkan tenaga. Sistem ini boleh digunakan di
pintu masuk bilik untuk mengawal peralatan lampu dan lain-lain

2.1 Kursus Water Supply and Waste Water Engineering

Water Supply and Waste Water Engineering melengkapkan pelajar dengan pengetahuan kajian
sumber air, ciri air, penggunaan dan permintaan bekalan air, proses rawatan air mentah dan sistem
pengagihan air. Kursus ini juga termasuk memberi maklumat mengenai proses dalam loji rawatan
kumbahan, rawatan enapcemar dan pelupusan. Ia juga memberi penekanan pada parameter air minuman
dan efluen dari loji rawatan kumbahan. Kursus ini merangkumi 2 kredit pengajaran dalam seminggu
dan diajar selama 15 minggu setiap semester.

2.2 Perbezaan antara pembelajaran tradisional dan e-pembelajaran

Di dalam sebarang bentuk pembelajaran, kejayaannya banyak bergantung kepada usaha
pensyarah dan juga pelajar. Bagaimana pun untuk tujuan perbandingan diberikan perbezaan antara
pembelajaran 'tradisional' dan e-pembelajaran. Di dalam kelas 'tradisional', pensyarah dianggap sebagai
pendita di atas pentas. Pensyarah dianggap sebagai orang yang serba tahu dan ditugaskan untuk
menyalurkan ilmu pengetahuan beliau kepada pelajarnya. Sebarang perancangan pada kebiasaannya
adalah berpusatkan pensyarah. Di dalam pembelajaran e-pembelajaran fokus utamanya adalah pelajar.
Pelajar perlu berdikari pada masa-masa tertentu dan bertanggungjawab untuk pembelajarannya.
Suasana pembelajaran e-pembelajaran akan memaksa pelajar memainkan peranan yang lebih aktif
dalam pembelajarannya. Pelajar membuat perancangan dan mencari bahan atau maklumat dengan daya
usaha,dan inisiatif sendiri.

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2.3 Keperluan e-pembelajaran di Politeknik

E-pembelajaran membolehkan pembelajaran kendiri dilaksanakan dengan lebih berkesan. Pelajar
boleh memilih masa, kandungan serta hala tuju pembelajaran mereka. Pelajar juga berpeluang belajar
tajuk yang susah berulang kali sehingga pemahaman dicapai. Mereka juga dapat belajar di dalam
suasana yang selamat tanpa merasa malu untuk bertanya. Pertanyaan juga boleh dibuat di dalam talian.

Perbincangan kumpulan yang lebih terancang dan teratur juga boleh dicapai dengan
menggunakan teknologi yang sedia ada. E-pembelajaran yang diuruskan dengan baik dapat menyimpan
rekod pembelajaran yang berkesan dan sistematik untuk rujukan pelajar dan juga untuk pensyarah,
mentor atau fasilitator. Bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran e-pembelajaran yang dirancang dan
disediakan secara profesional dan baik akan menggunakan ciri-ciri multimedia untuk menyampaikan
isi pelajaran dengan berkesan dan menarik. Segelintir pelajar-pelajar yang mengikuti kursus Water
Supply and Waste Water Engineering di Politeknik Melaka sudah mula menggunakan internet sebagai
sumber maklumat yang penting. Mereka juga sudah didedahkan kepada bahan e-pembelajaran yang ada
di pasaran tempatan.

2.4 Prinsip Multimedia

Penggunaan pelbagai gabungan elemen-elemen multimedia dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran
Water Supply and Waste Water Engineering dapat menyeimbangkan pacaindera pelajar. Ini bersesuaian
dengan kehendak kursus ini sendiri. Model Mayer telah menjana satu siri kajian yang menghasilkan
lima prinsip utama tentang cara menggunakan multimedia untuk membantu pelajar memahami
penerangan saintifik iaitu: Prinsip Representasi Pelbagai (Multiple Representation Principle), Prinsip
Beserta (Contiguity Principle), Prinsip Gangguan Tumpuan Perhatian (Split-Attention Principle),
Prinsip Perbezaan Individu (Individual Differences Principle), dan Prinsip Kejelasan (Coherence
Principle) (Mayer, 1997).

82

2.5 Perisian Visual Basic 6

Visual Basic (VB) adalah bahasa pengaturan berasaskan BASIC. VB membolehkan
Pembangunan Aplikasi Pantas Rapid Application Development (RAD) bagi aplikasi antara muka
pengguna grafik (GUI) membenarkan capaian pangkalan data dengan menggunakan DAO, RDO, atau
ADO dan menjadikannya mudah untuk mencipta kawalan ActiveX. Sebagai aplikasi pengaturcaraan
berasaskan Windows, VB mempunyai kemampuan untuk berinteraksi dengan seluruh aplikasi
Windows, seperti Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel dan Microsoft Acces. Dengan kemampuan yang
hampir tidak terbatas, VB dapat digunakan untuk semua aplikasi pengaturcaraan, seperti game,
multimedia, program perhitungan, bahkan untuk membuat aplikasi program yang mirip Word dan Excel
(Pamungkas, 2003).

3 METODOLOGI

Untuk melakukan projek ini, Agile Model akan digunakan. Agile Model merupakan gabungan
kaedah Iteration dan Incremental Model. Metodologi ini terdiri daripada kaedah, prosedur, dan
peraturan untuk disiplin tertentu. Kaedah Agile memberikan bimbingan mengenai cara memilih kaedah
dan prosedur untuk mencapai ketangkasan. Kaedah ini menawarkan rangka kerja ringan untuk
membantu pasukan. Ia membantu mereka berfungsi dan mengekalkan fokus pada penghantaran cepat.
Fokus ini membantu organisasi yang berkebolehan dalam mengurangkan risiko keseluruhan yang
berkaitan dengan pembangunan perisian.

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IOT

Rajah 1: Light Door sensor 83
Rajah 2: Sistem Light Door Sensor

Rajah 3 : Model Agile

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

a. Keperluan
Sebelum memulakan projek, senarai kesemua keperluan yang perlu ada untuk menyiapkan projek
ini. Setelah senarai dibuat, keperluan yang dikehendakiakan disediakan

b. Reka bentuk
Reka bentuk yang yang sesuai dikenalpasti untuk melakukan projek ini. Jika sesuai dengan
tempat yang ingin dilakukan, prosedur yang seterusnya akan diteruskan

c. Pembangunan
Setelah menyenaraikan keperluan dan mereka bentuk projek, projek ini akan dibangunkan.
Langkah seterusnya akan diteruskan jika ia sesuai dengan persekitaran pengguna.

d. Ujian
Dalam fasa ini, projek ini akan diuji untuk mengetahui projek ini berfungsi dengan baik atau
tidak.

e. Penyelenggaraan
Jika didapati projek ini berlaku kesilapan, maka penggubahsuaian akan dibuat mengikut
kesilapan yang telah berlaku pada projek ini

3.1 Rekabentuk Pembangunan
IR sensor diguna pakai untuk mengesan pergerakkan keluar dan masuk oleh pengguna di dalam

sistem ini. Paparan LCD juga digunakan untuk mempamerkan jumlah pengguna yang berada dalam
sesuatu makmal. Komponen elektronik lain yang digunapakai ialah arduino uno, lampu LED, IR sensor
dan mikrokontroler. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan komponen elektronik yang digunakan.

84

Rajah 4: Rekabentuk

3.1.1 Konfigurasi Perisian
Arduino adalah papan litar sumber terbuka yang dapat diprogramkan yang dapat digabungkan ke

dalam pelbagai jenis projek yang mudah dan kompleks. Arduino ini membantu mikrokontroler yang
dapat diprogramkan untuk membantu dan mengawal objek dalam dunia fizikal. Arduino akan
diprogramkan oleh pengguna untuk melakukan projek ni. Berikut adalah contoh program yang telah
dibuat oleh pengguna.

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85

Rajah 5: Aturcara

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86

Rajah 6: Carta Alir
Rajah 7: Litar Projek

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4 HASIL DAPATAN DAN PERBINCANGAN

Projek ini terbukti dapat menjimatkan penggunaan elektrik khususnya melalui penggunaan lampu
di makmal. Dengan penggunaan IR sensor, ia dapat mengesan pelajar mahupun staf yang keluar dan
masuk ke dalam makmal dan seterusnya menghasilkan pertambahan atan pengurangan nilai pada
counter. Nilai inilah yang seterusnya akan menentukan samada suis lampu akan dibuka atau ditutup
secara automatik tanpa perlu kepada tindakan menutup suis dari pengguna.

Keupayaan projek ini untuk mengesan pergerakan adalah terhad kepada pergerakan seorang
pelajar dalam satu masa. Jika lebih dari seorang pelajar bergerak bersama-sama secara serentak, keluar
atau masuk ke makmal, boleh mengakibatkan IR sensor mengesan ia sebagai hanya 1 pergerakan dari
seorang pelajar sahaja. Ini boleh mengakibat pertambahan dan pengurangan nilai yang tidak tepat pada
counter dan seterusnya mengkibatkan lampu tidak dipadam walaupun sudah tiada pengguna di dalam
makmal kerana nilai pada counter masih belum mencapai 0. Perlaksanaan projek ini juga melibatkan
kos yang tinggi memandangkan pelajar atau staf boleh keluar dan masuk dari 2 pintu. Ini bermaksud
lebih dari satu sensor diperlukan dan perlu pendawaian tambahan bagi menghubungkan sensor kepada
counter dan microcontroller.

Bagi mendapatkan hasil yang lebih memuaskan, projek ini juga memerlukan komponen
elektronik sokongan yang lebih kompleks, namun disebabkan kekangan masa dan bidang pengajian
serta kemahiran pelajar yang berbeza dari bidang elektrik dan elektronik, projek ini dihasilkan hanya
menggunakan komponen asas dalam IoT. Walau bagaimanapun projek ini boleh diteruskan di masa
hadapan dengan menambah lebih banyak ciri-ciri IoT.

Jadual 1 : Ujian Penerimaan Pengguna

UJIAN PENERIMAAN PENGGUNA

No. Nama Kes Ujian Syarat Penerimaan Keputusan ujian Penguji Komen 87
Lulus Gagal Fakhrul

1. Menguji IR sensor Sensor mengesan lulus Irhas
pertama masuk. Naufal
Izzat
2. Microcontroller Menunjukkan tindak lulus
balas kepada sensor.

3. Paparan LCD Menunjukkan lulus
bilangan pengguna.

4 Menguji IR sensor Mengesan pengguna lulus

kedua keluar.

5 KESIMPULAN

Kesimpulannya, dalam dunia teknologi digital yang sangat maju ini, pengguna lebih suka perkara
yang dilakukan secara automatik. Projek ini juga membantu mengurangkan tenaga manusia. Sistem ini
sangat berguna untuk memulihara sumber. Ia sangat berguna di makmal, Projek ini membantu dalam
perkara ini keadaan kerana ia memberikan pengiraan pada paparan LCD. Sistem sensor pintu cahaya
yang dicadangkan adalah kos efektif dan cara paling selamat untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga
elektrik. Ini membantu kita untuk menyingkirkan masalah dunia pada masa lampau dan yang paling
penting, kos utama dan penyelenggaraan dapat dikurangkan dengan mudah. Lampu ini dapat
menggunakan tenaga elektrik yang kurang dan mempunyai kecerahan yang lebih baik daripada lampu
yang menggunakkan tenaga yang tinggi.

Seterusnya, sumber tenaga baharu & boleh diperbaharui, sistem ini boleh ditingkatkan dengan
menggantikan modul lampu yang menggunakan sensor dengan modul lampu yang menggunakan suis

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

biasa. Dengan sebab-sebab , kerja yang dibentangkan ini mempunyai lebih banyak kelebihan yang dapat
mengatasi kekurangan sekarang. Perlu diingat bahawa manfaat jangka panjang ini, kos permulaan tidak
akan menjadi masalah kerana masa pulangan pelaburan sangat kurang. Sistem ini boleh dilaksanakan
dengan mudah di lampu jalan, bandar pintar, rumah automatik, pemantauan lapangan pertanian, lampu
automatik yang tepat pada masanya, lampu parking hospital, pusat beli belah, lapangan terbang,
universiti dan industri.

Dari projek ini dapat disimpulkan bahawa pendekatan adalah diambil untuk mengawal lampu
automatik dengan bantuan pelbagai peranti dan pengguna dimaklumkan kemasukan orang melalui IR
sensor di penerima.

RUJUKAN

10 Langkah Mudah Untuk Kurangkan Bil Elektrik. (2021, March 19). CompareHero.My.
https://www.comparehero.my/money-tips/articles/langkah-kurangkan-bil-elektrik

Agile software development. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development

Arduino Uno. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino_Uno

Hambali, M. A., & Zainal Arifin, A. N. (in press). Refleksi Terhadap Pengujian Regressi Untuk
Mainframe Dalam Transformasi Metodologi Scrum Agile Dari Metodologi Waterfall. E-
Prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan 2018.

88 Konaen, S. N. (2012, June). Projek Buku Skrap. Slideshare.
https://www.slideshare.net/ientannazurana/pembelajaran-berasaskan-projek-17489124

Lampu dengan sensor gerakan More: https://ms.decoratex.biz/svetilniki/s-datchikami-dvizheniya-
osveshchennosti/. (n.d.). Decoratex. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from
https://ms.decoratex.biz/svetilniki/s-datchikami-dvizheniya-osveshchennosti/

Lutkevich, B. (2019, November). Microcontroller (MCU). TechTarget.
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/microcontroller

Penjimatan Elektrik di Rumah dan Pejabat. (2019, December 25). Harian Metro.
https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/harian-metro/20191225/282480005703838

Taiming, A. R. (2017, July 3). Penggunaan elektrik berlebihan punca kebakaran. Berita Harian.
https://www.bharian.com.my/node/298474

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP IOT

Aplikasi Sistem Penyiraman Automatik (SPA)
Di Tapak Semaian Tanaman Hiasan

Virakwan A/P Hai Kelian1
Phatchari A/P Bun Mi2
Ku Hui Jing3

Nush Shama A/P Chan Tha Rat4

1Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

2Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

3Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

4Jabatan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi, Politeknik Seberang Perai;
([email protected])

Abstrak Kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk kegunaan tapak semaian Seri Enggang bagi 89
memudahkan sistem penyiraman tanaman. Fokus utama projek ini ialah untuk menambahbaik kaedah
menyiram tanaman di tapak semaian. Fungsi utama sistem penyiraman ini ialah menyiram tanaman
secara automatik apabila tahap kelembapan tanah adalah rendah. Sistem ini menggunakan sensor
moisture dan Arduino Uno sebagai komponen asas untuk menjalankan kajian. Sensor moisture
berfungsi untuk mengesan tahap kelembapan pada tanah dengan mengukur isipadu kandungan air di
dalam tanah. Arduino Uno akan mengawal untuk mengeluarkan air ke waterpump. Dengan adanya
sistem ini, pengusaha di tapak semaian Seri Enggang tidak memerlukan sumber manusia yang banyak
untuk menyiram tanaman. Secara tidak langsung sistem ini dapat menggantikan sumber tenaga
manusia. Sistem penyiraman ini boleh menyelesaikan masalah sistem penyiraman di tapak semaian
Seri Enggang dan membawa lebih banyak kelebihan serta menjimatkan banyak masa dan tenaga.

Kata kunci: Internet of Thing (IoT), Room Automation, Sensors, Controller

1 PENGENALAN

Projek yang dibangunkan adalah bertajuk Sistem Penyiraman Automatik (SPA). SPA
dibangunkan untuk membantu pengusaha di tapak semaian Seri Enggang untuk menyiram tanaman
secara automatik disamping dapat memastikan semua tanaman disiram dengan kadar air yang
mencukupi. Sistem ini dibangunkan dengan berasaskan kepada teknologi Internet of Thing (IoT) yang
menggunakan sensor kelembapan tanah sebagai alat untuk mengesan kadar kelembapan tanah. Sensor
kelembapan tanah berupaya untuk mengukur isipadu kandungan air di dalam tanah dan memberikan
output dalam bentuk analog iaitu dari nilai 0 - 1023.

Apabila kelembapan tanah berada pada paras rendah, arduino akan menghidupkan pam untuk
menyalurkan air ke paip dan menyiram air ke tanaman yang kering. Screen LCD juga digunakan dalam
sistem ini untuk memaparkan status kesediaan sistem ini untuk berfungsi. Sensor Infrared (IR) juga
dipasang di tangki air untuk mengesan tahap paras air dalam tangki.

1.1 Penyataan Masalah

Tercetusnya pembangunan Sistem Penyiraman Automatik (SPA) adalah kerana tapak semaian
Seri Enggang di Sik, Kedah telah mengalami beberapa masalah yang berkaitan dengan sistem
penyiraman tanaman sedia ada. Antara masalah yang dihadapi oleh premis ini ialah, pertama sistem

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

penyiraman tanaman yang digunakan sekarang ialah secara percikan air. Kaedah ini tidak dapat
membekalkan air secara menyeluruh dan mencukupi kepada setiap tanaman. Malah, tenaga kerja yang
tidak mencukupi di tapak semaian ini telah menyebabkan penyiraman air yang tidak berkala dan pada
waktu yang tidak menentu. Disebabkan masalah ini, menyebabkan ketidaksuburan terhadap tanaman
di tapak semaian tersebut. Oleh itu, kadar air yang mencukupi untuk setiap tanaman adalah penting
untuk memastikan setiap tanaman dapat tumbuh dengan subur.

Masalah kedua, oleh kerana premis ini menggunakan sistem penyiraman secara percikan,
menyebabkan berlakunya pembaziran air. Oleh kerana setiap tanaman memerlukan air yang berbeza.
Kadar keperluan air yang berbeza setiap tanaman menyebabkan pembaziran jika air yang banyak
digunakan untuk menyiram tanaman yang memerlukan air yang sedikit. Malah, ada tanaman yang
sensitif dengan jumlah air yang dibekalkan kepadanya. Jika air yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan
tanaman itu mati. Oleh itu, sangat penting untuk memastikan air hanya disiram kepada tanaman apabila
tanaman tersebut memerlukan atau kelembapannya berkurang sahaja.

Ketiga ialah premis tapak semaian Seri Enggang pernah menggalami masalah yang besar apabila
tidak mendapat makluman berkenaan bekalan air terputus atau bekalan air tiba-tiba terputus. Ini
menyebabkan semua tanaman tidak dapat disiram. Sehubungan itu, amat menjadi keperluan untuk
premis ini mempunyai simpanan bekalan air yang mencukupi dan mendapat notifikasi jika bekalan air
berkurangan. Oleh kerana beberapa masalah yang wujud dan sebagai langkah mengatasi, sistem
penyiraman automatik dibangunkan.

1.2 Objektif

Objektif projek ini ialah

a. Membangunkan sistem untuk menyiram air tanaman secara automatik mengikut kepada
keperluan tanaman.

90 b. Mengaplikasikan sensor moisture untuk mengesan kadar kelembapan tanah supaya semua
tanaman mendapat bekalan air yang secukupnya.

c. Memasang sensor IR untuk memberi notifikasi bunyi apabila mengesan paras air di tangki
berkurangan.

1.3 Skop Projek

Projek ini dibangunkan khususnya untuk penggunaan di tapak semaian Seri Enggang yang
bertempat di Sik, Kedah. Fungsi utama sistem penyiraman ini ialah menyiram tanaman secara
automatik apabila paras kelembapan tanah adalah rendah. Fokus utama projek ini ialah untuk
menambahbaikan kaedah menyiram tanaman di tapak semaian Seri Enggang yang akan memberi kesan
yang lebih baik terhadapap tanaman. Fungsi yang ditambah baik ialah sistem penyiraman air yang
menyeluruh terhadap tanaman supaya semua tanaman dapat tumbuh dengan subur. Sistem yang
dibangunkan ialah berbentuk prototaip yang dilaksanakan di sebahagian bahagian tanaman pokok
hiasan di tapak semaian Seri Enggang sahaja.

2 KAJIAN LITERATUR

Penyiraman ialah satu proses pembekalan air atau pengaliran kepada tanah untuk keperluan
tumbesaran tanaman dan seterusnya dapat meninggikan kualiti dan hasil tanaman (Waworundeng,
Suseno & Manaha, 2019). Wujudnya sistem penyiraman, ia dapat memastikan bekalan air kepada
tanah sentiasa ada dan mencukupi untuk digunakan pada bila-bila masa terutamanya pada peringkat
awal pertumbuhan tanaman (Dinesshwaran dan Dahlila, 2017). Selain itu, lapisan tanah keras (soil
hard pan) membolehkan pertumbuhan sistem perakaran yang baik dan memudahkan kerja-kerja
membajak tanah dilakukan (Rasli, 2008).

Menurut Satria, Zulfan, & Hidayat (2018), sistem penyiraman yang terkawal berupaya

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membaiki struktur tanah dengan menggalakan proses tindakbalas kimia dan meningkatkan aktiviti
organisma mikro yang terdapat di dalam tanah.

2.1 Teknologi Internet Of Things (IOT)

Internet of Things (IoT) pertama kali diperkenalkan sejak 15 tahun yang lalu, tetapi hingga kini belum
ada suatu definisi yang tepat untuk menerangkan mengenai definisi IoT (Meutia, 2015). IoT (I-O-T)
ialah singkatan kepada Internet of Things, teknologi ini semakin popular di zaman kepesatan teknologi
sekarang. Ia adalah satu konsep di mana peralatan, mesin, sensor dan peranti dihubungkan dengan
Internet dan berlaku pengumpulan dan perpindahan data menerusi rangkaian (Yudhanto, 2007). Jika ia
boleh dihubungkan dengan rangkaian Internet atau menjadi sebahagian daripada mesin yang berhubung
dengan Internet dan ada pemindahan data, ia dikategorikan sebagai IoT. Ini termasuklah kamera, lampu,
pembancuh kopi, mesin basuh, pembaca nadi, telefon, smartwatch, alat sensor cahaya dan bunyi, palang
dan pagar rumah, rantai di leher kucing dan pelbagai lagi. Contoh yang mudah dapat dilihat berkenaan
penggunaan teknologi IOT sekarang ialah telefon bimbit.

Sebelum era telefon pintar, telefon bimbit hanya berhubung dengan rangkaian telekomunikasi
untuk panggilan dan SMS. Kini, telefon pintar mempunyai akses Internet, mampu menyimpan data
kompleks seperti lokasi pengguna, mengesan pergerakan seperti berjalan dan berlari, aplikasi boleh
mengakses mikrofon dan kamera, menyimpan log bila dan bagaimana sesebuah telefon digunakan.
Konsep IoT ini sangat luas, boleh diaplikasikan di pelbagai bidang dan teknologi.

2.2 Platform Arduino 91

Arduino adalah platform sumber terbuka yang digunakan untuk membina projek-projek
elektronik (Eriansyah & Hambali, 2020). Arduino terdiri daripada kedua-dua papan litar diprogram
secara fizikal dan sekeping perisian, atau IDE. Platform Arduino membolehkan pengguna
menjalankannya di komputer, membenarkan menulis dan meng-upload kod komputer kepada papan
fizikal, Arduino Uno (Kuongshun, 2018). Bahasa pengaturcaraan IDE digunakan ialah C++. Menurut
Kuongshun (2018), arduino mengambil input dari sensor dan mengawal output. Arduino Uno telah
digunakan secara meluas di serata dunia kerana ianya amat sesuai untuk seseorang individu yang ingin
mengetahui dengan lebih mendalam mengenai mikro pengawal (Rasli, 2008). Projek sistem penyiraman
automatik ini menggunakan Arduino Uno sebagai asas kepada keseluruhan projek. Arduino Uno
digunakan sebagai pengendali utama yang diprogram untuk mengetahui kelembapan tanah tanaman
melalui Moisture Sensor. Selain Arduino Uno, projek ini juga menggunakan dua jenis komponen iaitu
Sensor moisture dan LCD sebagai asas kepada projek yang dibina. Sensor moisture digunakan untuk
mengesan dan memberi maklum balas berkenaan kelembapan tanah dari persekitaran fizikal. Input akan
diterjemahkan ke dalam data dan merekod maklumat dengan cara tertentu. LCD juga digunakan dalam
projek kita untuk memaparkan status berkenaan masa penyiraman.

2.3 Sensor Kelembapan Tanah (Sensor Moisture)

Merupakan sensor yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar air di dalam tanah. Menurut Singh dan
Saikia (2017), mengatakan bahawa sensor kelembapan tanah berupaya untuk mengukur isipadu
kandungan air di dalam tanah dan memberikan output dalam bentuk peratusan kelembapan. Sensor ini
datang dengan dua komponen utama iaitu prob dan litar komparator.

Terdapat dua mod output pada sensor ini iaitu output analog dan output digital (Eriansyah &
Hambali, 2020). Sensor kelembapan tanah ini mempunyai prob yang direka dengan dua bahagian
pengalir arus yang masing-masing tidak bersambung antara satu sama lain. Tujuannya ialah untuk
menjadikan kandungan air pada tanah sebagai medium pengalir arus di antara dua bahagian prob ini.
Jika kelembapan tinggi, arus akan mengalir dengan lebih tinggi dan ini bermaksud rintangan yang
diberikan oleh tanah adalah rendah. Begitu juga sebaliknya jika kelembapan rendah. Berdasarkan
parameter ini, tahap kelembapan tanah dapat diukur. Pada mod output digital, sensor akan memberikan

IOT IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

output HIGH jika ia mengesan kelembapan pada nilai yang tertentu. Nilai ini boleh diselaraskan
menggunakan potentiometer yang terdapat pada litar komparator. Mod output analog pula akan
memberikan nilai bacaan dalam 10-bit (0-1024). Nilai ini merupakan voltan di dalam sistem angka 10-
bit yang diukur oleh sensor berdasarkan perubahan rintangan pada prob.

2.4 Kelembapan Tanah

Kelembapan tanah adalah air yang mengisi sebahagian atau seluruh pori – pori tanah yang berada
di atas water table. Definisi yang lain mengatakan, kelembapan tanah ialah jumlah air yang tersimpan
di antara pori – pori tanah (Chotimah & Kartika, 2019). Kelembapan tanah sangat dinamik, tanah adalah
bahan semulajadi yang melitupi permukaan bumi. Ia adalah hasil daripada proses mekanikal, kimia dan
biologi. Tanah ini dibahagikan kepada empat bahagian pecahan iaitu (Wild, 1993):

a. Bahan mineral (50%)
b. Bahan organik (5%)
c. Air (25%)
d. Udara (0-40%)

Tanah adalah sangat kompleks dalam komposisinya. Sifat semulajadinya yang kompleks dan
perubahan sifat semasanya adalah disebabkan daripada ketidaksamaan semasa proses tindakbalas antara
komponen-komponen tanah (Gani, Musa, & Nismayanti, 2014). Di dalam segumpal tanah, terdapat
semaksimum tiga fasa, iaitu pepejal, cecair dan udara. Dalam perkataan yang mudah, tanah terdiri
daripa taburan pelbagai jenis pepejal yang di celah-celah pepejal itu wujud ruang-ruang kosong. Ruang-
ruang kosong ini, yang disebut lompang, mungkin berisikan cecair atau tidak bercecair. Tanah akan
dinamakan tepu jika lompang dipenuhi cecair. Manakala tanah akan dinamakan kering jika lompang
dipenuhi udara separa tepu jika lompang berisikan cecair dan udara (Delya, 2015).

92

3. METODOLOGI

Metodologi yang digunkana dalam pembangunan projek ialah metodologi Agile. Metodologi
Agile merupakan metodologi pembangunan projek yang lebih fokus kepada pembangunan daripada
dokumentasi (Dinesshwaran dan Dahlila, 2017). Selaras dengan pembangunan projek ini yang juga
fokus ke arah satu fungsi utama. Disamping itu, Metodologi Agile juga dilaksanakan oleh kumpulan
yang berskala kecil ataupun minimum dua orang. Pengaturcaraan yang ditulis diuji dan ditulis berkala
untuk memenuhi kehendak projek. Model ini mempunyai beberapa kelebihan terhadap pembangunan
tradisional termasuk :
a. Pelaksanaan perubahan yang lebih cepat.
b. Lebih banyak fleksibiliti untuk perubahan.
c. Komunikasi yang lebih baik dengan pengguna dan kepuasan pengguna yang lebih tinggi.

Terdapat beberapa fasa dalam model ini. Iaitu:

a. Fasa Perancangan/Permulaan(Initiate)
b. Fasa Pembangunan(Development)
c. Fasa Pengeluaran
d. Fasa Perubahan

IT ASPIRE VOL. 1, NO. 1, 2020| JTMK, PSP

IOT

Rajah 1: Aliran metodologi Agile 93

a. Fasa Perancangan
Dalam fasa ini pengumpulan data serta objektif projek ditentukan untuk memastikan perjalankan

projek ke arah yang tepat untuk memenuhi dan mencapai objektif serta kehendak pengguna. Pada masa
yang sama, kajian ringkas telah dilaksanakan untuk memantapkan lagi pembangunan projek serta
penambahbaikan juga dapat diperolehi melalui kajian ini. Selain itu, jangka pembangunan projek juga
ditentukan dalam fasa ini, untuk menyampaikan projek kepada pengguna mengikut tempoh yang
ditentukan. Work Breakdown Structure telah dibangunkan dalam fasa ini untuk memastikan kerja-kerja
yang perlu dilaksanakan sehingga selesai sehingga ke proses pengujian sistem. Rajah 2 menunjukkan
Work Breakdown Structure yag melibatkan tiga aktiviti yang utama iaitu pembangunan perkakasan,
pembangunan perisian dan pengujian. Dalam Work Breakdown Structure telah menghuraikan setiap
Langkah kerja yang perlu dilaksanakan.