คู่มือจำแนกกล้าไม้ต้นป่าดิบแล้ง_ISBN

คูม อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz
fruit (A1), seed (B1), cotyledon (C1) seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 4

Local name: กลว ยไมล กู ใหญ
Botanical name: Alphonsea ventricosa (Roxb.) Hook. f. & Thomson
Family: Annonaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits aggregate, apocarous; monocarpus, 2 – 5, baccate, ellipsoid to globose, 15.80 – 33.30 mm
long, 17.70 – 42.50 mm in width, 15.00 – 33.30 mm thick (not including monocarps stalk, 0.15 mm
long); exocarp young fruit smooth, greenish, reddish-brown, turning brownish-black, white hair
when mature, fragrant smell, 4 – 8 seeded inside, not separating from fruit wall.

Seeds reddish-brown, ellipsoid, applanated, 11.10 – 19.68 mm long, 6.56– 19.52 mm width, 3.310
– 9.78 mm thick, 0.279 – 0.544 g in weight; endocarp shallow canaliculate, scabrous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 5.50 – 11.50 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
white dotted, lenticle, sparsely reddish-brown hair; collar diameters 1.20 – 2.20 mm; height
7.70 – 13.60 cm tall; hypocotyls 1.20 – 16.80 cm long; epicotyls 1.40 – 3.30 cm long.
Cotyledons epigeal position, cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample
leaf, alternate abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or
oblong to narrow oblong, 1.80 – 6.00 by 0.90 – 3.10 cm long, 0.120 – 0.150 mm thick, vernicose
on upper surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, concave,
straight or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex, acuminate, retuse or absent;
margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 10 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.40 cm long,
shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell crushed leaf with strong unpleasant smell. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely reddish-brown
hair; collar diameters 1.70 – 2.80 mm; height 15.10 – 18.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, 2.50 – 8.30 by
1.30 – 3.50 cm long, 0.150 – 0.170 mm thick, vernicose on upper surface; base abruptly
symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute or obtuse

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

angles, straight, acuminate, convex, rounded, apiculate or retuse; margin sparsely white hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.50 cm long, shallow canaliculate in
cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell crushed
leaf with strong unpleasant smell. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 77 – 114 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 132 days
Germination to first true leaves : below 248 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

47

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Alphonsea ventricosa (Roxb.) Hook. F. & Thomson
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 5

Local name: สะบนั งา
Botanical name: Cyathocalyx harmandii (Finet & Gagnep.) R. J. Wang & R. M. K.
Family: Saunders
Canopy Layer: Annonaceae
Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, baccate, 56.62 – 85.26 mm long, 32.86 – 42.82 mm in width, 29.50 – 41.69 mm
thick, 40.368 – 91.243 g in weight; exocarp young fruit greenish, with reddish-pink when mature,
smooth, glabrous, numerous seeds inside.

Seeds reddish-brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 18.98 – 31.00 mm long, 12.24 – 20.38 mm in width,
1.98 – 11.27 mm thick, 0.400 – 2.620 g in weight; endocarp smooth, shallow canaliculated at
edge of seed, indurated.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 8.80 – 24.7 0 cm long. Stems light green,
sparsely white hair; collar diameters 2.80 – 4.10 mm; height 9.30 – 15.60 cm tall; hypocotyls
8.20 – 12.70 cm long; epicotyls 0.10 – 0.80 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, elliptic to suborbiculate, narrow ovate or oblong, 4.70 – 6.00 by 2.50 – 3.20 cm
long, 0.191 – 0.261 mm thick, coriaceous; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse angles,
convex, rounded; apex obtuse angles, convex, emarginate or lobed; margin entire, glabrous;
primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple
brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.40 – 0.70 cm long, normal, semiterete in cross-section.
Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow
elliptic to suborbiculate or narrow obovate, 2.50 – 7.40 by 1.50 – 3.40 cm long, 0.160 – 0.250
mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex,
concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, convex, acuminate, straight or rounded; margin sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous, simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 4 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, absent agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.40 – 1.20 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, white hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems pale green, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters approximately 2 mm; height approximately 16.5 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
medial symmetrical, elliptic, 7.10 – 8.50 by 1.70 – 1.90 cm long, approximately 0.12 mm thick,
coriaceous; base oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute or obtuse
angles, convex or acuminate, apiculate; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation eucamptodromous becoming
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 5 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.70 – 0.90 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-
section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with fragrant
smell. Exudate clearly white.

50

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Cyathocalyx harmandii (Finet & Gagnep.) R. J. Wang & R. M. K. Saunders
fruit (A1-A2), seed (B2) and seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3)

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 6

Local name: อแี รด
Botanical name: Miliusa horsfieldii (Bennett) Baill. ex Pierre
Family: Annonaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits aggregate, apocarous, monocarp stipes 1.00 – 1.50 cm, monocarps 5 – 20, globose to
subglobose, 14.90 – 26.50 mm long, 15.60 – 31.30 mm in width, 13.80 – 26.50 mm thick;
exocarp young fruit greenish, turning dark red at maturity, puberulent, 2 – 8 per monocarp.

Seeds yellowish-brown, oblong-ellipsoid, apex and base with obtuse, 4.17 – 13.96 mm long,
4.44 – 11.11 mm in width, 3.53 – 9.23 mm thick, 0 . 0 65 – 0.363 g in weights; endocarp not
smooth, applanated.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.10 – 12.20 cm long. Stems white to greenish,
densely brown hair; collar diameters 1.20 – 3.00 mm; height 7.20 – 11.00 cm tall; hypocotyls
6.00 – 8.80 cm long; epicotyls 1.00 – 1.80 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, wide ovate to narrow ovate or wide elliptic to suborbiculate, 2.20 – 3.20 by
1.50 – 2.10 cm long, 0.150 – 0.430 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse
or reflex angles, cordate, rounded or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex;
margin entire, glabrous; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.10 cm long, normal, semiterete in cross-section.
Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, with spiral whole arrangement, medial symmetrical,
narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, oblong or ovate, 1.90 – 4.80 by 0.90 – 1.90 cm long, 0.110 –
0.140 mm thick, densely brown hair on lower surface; base symmetrical, obtuse or reflex
angles, rounded or cordate; apex acute angles, straight, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely
brown hair, undulate, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 10 alternate on either side of
the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 cm long, semiterete in cross-
section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with
fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

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คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair, with
lenticel dotted on stem; collar diameters 2.40 – 3.30 mm; height 15.00 – 18.00 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, alternate in branches (branches spiral), abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate to narrow ovate or narrow oblong, 4.30
– 7.90 by 1.40 – 2.40 cm long, 0.100 – 0.150 mm thick, densely brown hair on lower surface,
especially on midrib on both side; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, reflex or obtuse
angles, rounded, slightly cordate or convex; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate, apiculate
or absent; margin densely brown hair, undulate, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 –
14 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10
– 0.20 cm long, terete or semiterete in cross-section, densely brown hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems brownish-dark to greenish, densely brown
hair; collar diameters 7.70 – 10.80 mm; height 49.20 – 61.10 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
alternate in branches (branches spiral), abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow
elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate, 7.20 – 12.10 by 2.30 – 4.50 cm long, 0.140 – 0.190 mm thick,
densely brown hair on lower surface, especially on midrib on both side; base abruptly
symmetrical or oblique; obtuse angles, rounded or convex; apex acute angles, acuminate or
straight, apiculate to absent; margin densely brown hair, undulate, pubescent, without gland
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 10 – 15 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein;
petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely brown hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 20 – 26 days
Seed to germination : 8 – 17 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 9 – 19 days
Germination to first true leaves : 123 – 542 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Miliusa horsfieldii (Bennett) Baill. ex Pierre
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 7

Local name: กลว ยไมลกู เล็ก
Botanical name: Mitrephora tomentosa Hook. f. & Thomson
Family: Annonaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits aggregate, baccate, ellipsoid, subglobose or obovoid, 14.73 – 42.54 mm long, 13.05 –
28.94 mm in width, 12.13 – 24.21 mm thick, 1.301 – 17.257 g in weight (including pedicel, 0.15
– 0.20 mm long); exocarp young fruit smooth or rarely warty sometimes longitudinally ridged,
densely hairy, greenish-dark, turning brownish-black, white hair when mature, fragrant, 3 – 7
seeded inside.

Seeds reddish-brown, ellipsoid, applanated, 7.78 – 14.78 mm long, 5.67 – 10.86 mm width,
2.81 – 9.84 mm thick, 0.120 – 0.356 g in weight; endocarp shallow canaliculate, scabrous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.80 – 14.10 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
densely reddish-brown hair; collar diameters 1.50 – 2.50 mm; height 8.60 – 11.30 cm tall;
hypocotyls 5.80 – 9.50 cm long; epicotyls 0.70 – 4.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, petiolate, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to suborbiculate, narrow ovate or very wide oblong, 2.30 – 4.40
by 1.30 – 2.60 cm long, 0.150 – 0.230 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical,
obtuse angles, rounded or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, convex or straight or
acuminate; margin reddish-brown hair, pubescent; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous;
petioles 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, normal, semi-terete or shallow canaliculate in cross-section.
Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate or subopposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic or narrow ovate to lanceolate, 3.00 – 5.30 by
1.70 – 2.60 cm long, 0.180 – 0.210 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse
or acute angles, convex or straight; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex, rounded or
apiculate, margin densely reddish-brown hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 –
11 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20
– 0.50 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely dark reddish-brown hair, marginal attached

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

position. Stipules absent. Smell present, crushed leaf with faint fragrant smell. Exudate
absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, white dotted, densely
reddish-brown hair; collar diameters 2.40 – 6.50 mm; height 15.20 – 27.30 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, spiral or (alternate in branches), abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical,
wide elliptic to narrow elliptic or narrow ovate, 5.10 – 11.10 by 2.30 – 5.40 cm long, 0.160 –
0.210 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, convex or
rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight, rounded or apiculate; margin
densely reddish-brown hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 11 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 0.70 cm long,
terete in cross-section, densely hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell
present, crushed leaf with faint fragrant smell. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, white dotted lenticle,
densely reddish-brown hair; collar diameters 8.10 – 12.60 mm; height 50.60 – 57.70 cm tall.
Leaves sample leaf, alternate, medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate,
9.60 – 15.7 by 2.80 – 5.00 cm long, 0.180 – 0.190 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, obtuse angles, convex or rounded; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate,
margin densely reddish-brown hair, undulate, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous
becoming brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 16 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 0.70 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely hair, marginal attached position, Stipules absent. Smell present, crushed leaf
with faint fragrant smell. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 32 – 232 days
Seed to germination : below 31 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 10 – 51 days
Germination to first true leaves : 142 – 571 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คูม อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Mitrephora tomentosa Hook. f. & Thomson
fruit (A1-A3), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 8

Local name: ยางโอน
Botanical name: Monoon viride (Craib) B. Xue & R. M. K. Saunders
Family: Annonaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits aggregate, baccate, oblong-ellipsoid, 20.24 – 29.25 mm long, 17.89 – 28.68 mm in width,
20.00 – 29.67 mm thick, 5.927 – 13.135 g in weight; exocarp young fruit greenish, turning to
black when mature, glabrous, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds gray to brownish, oblong-ellipsoid, apex obtuse, base obtuse, 21.64 – 33.57 mm long,
11.1 – 17.66 mm in width, 10.830 – 16.060 mm thick, 0.662 – 5.869 g in weight; endocarp
smooth, with a longitudinal circumferential groove on the lateral side.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.50 – 24.20 cm long. Stems white to greenish,
sparse hairy; collar diameters 2.90 – 4.10 mm; height 13.60 – 19.20 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.60 –
1.30 cm long; epicotyls 8.00 – 11.40 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar,
reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, elliptic to orbuculate or narrow ovate, 2.60 – 13.20 by 2.30 – 6.70 cm long,
0.130 – 0.180 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse angles, convex or
rounded; apex acute angles, acuminate, retuse or absent; margin sparsely white hair, undulate,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 14 alternate on either side of the midrib,
scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.50 – 1.00 cm long, shallow canaliculate
in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with
fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems gray to greenish, sparsely white hair, with
brown dotted on stem; collar diameters 3.30 – 4.00 mm; height 15.00 – 21.30 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic or narrow ovate
to ovate, 7.20 – 13.00 by 3.20 – 6.30 cm long, 0.120 – 0.220 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, convex, rounded or slightly cordate;
apex acute angles, acuminate; margin sparely white hair, undulate, pubescent, without gland

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คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 10 – 18 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein;
petioles normal, 0.30 – 1.00 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, white hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems grayish-green, sparsely white hair, with brown
dotted on stem, shallowly fissured bark; collar diameters 8.20 – 12.60 mm; height 46.50 –
66.10 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical,
narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, 12.20 – 20.00 by 4.60 – 8.60 cm long, 0.110 – 0.150 mm thick;
base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical; obtuse or acute angles, convex, concave straight
or rounded; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, acuminate, straight, rounded or retuse; margin
sparsely white hair, undulate, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 18 – 28 alternate on either side of the midrib,
scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.70 – 1.40 cm long, shallow canaliculate
or semi-terete in cross-section, sparse hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell
present, with fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 4 – 10 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 15 – 25 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

59

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Monoon viride (Craib) B. Xue & R. M. K. Saunders
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 9

Local name: จนั เหลอื ง
Botanical name: Orophea polycarpa A. DC.
Family: Annonaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits aggregate, apocarpous; monocarpus stipitate, 5.00 – 7.00 mm long, baccate, ellipsoid to
globose, 9.25 – 12.06 mm, long 9.00 – 11.77 mm in width, 8.72 – 11.07 mm thick, 0.460 –
0.991 g in weight; exocarp young fruit green, white dotted, turning black when mature, 1-
seeded inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, globose, 0.73 – 7.92 mm long, 6.04 – 9.70 mm width, 0.20 – 8.71 mm
thick, 0.085 – 0.319 g in weight; endocarp smooth with dotted, shallow canaliculate.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.00 – 11.60 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
densely reddish-brown to white hair; collar diameters 1.80 – 2.40 mm; height 4.50 – 6.80 cm
tall; hypocotyls 1.10 – 6.80 cm long, epicotyls 0.30 – 5.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal
position, cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, lanceolate to narrow
ovate or narrow oblong to oblong, 0.80 – 4.00 by 0.40 – 1.90 cm long, 0.130 – 0.140 mm thick;
base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, straight or convex; apex
acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight or convex, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely
white hair, pubescent, clearly white spotted on lamina; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 8 alternate on either side of
the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf with
very unpleaasent smell. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems brownish-dark, densely hair in branches
almost; collar diameters 2.50 – 3.70 mm; height 15.10 – 21.60 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic or lanceolate to
narrow ovate, 4.10 – 7.80 by 1.40 – 2.80 cm long, 0.160 – 0.18 0 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, convex, straight or rounded; apex acute

61

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

angles, straight or acuminate; margin reddish-brown hair, undulate or absent, pubescent,
clearly white spotted on lamina; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
with agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.30 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, dense
hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf with very unpleaasent
smell. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 54 – 94 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 46 – 137 days
Germination to first true leaves : 16 – 40 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

62

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Orophea polycarpa A. DC.
fruit (A1), seed (B1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

63

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 10

Local name: กลึงกลอม
Botanical name: Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites
Family: Annonaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits aggregate, apocarpous; monocarps few to many, stipes 8 – 10 mm long slender,
monocarps up to 18, baccate, globose, 7.82 – 9.69 mm long, 8.05 – 9.74 mm in width, 8.93 –
10.75 mm thick, 0.171 – 0.620 g in weight; exocarp young fruit smooth, green, turning reddish-
brown to dark, smooth when mature, 1 – 2 seeds per monocarp.

Seeds reddish-brown to dark, ellipsoid to globose, 5.72 – 8.22 mm long, 5.01 – 6.83 mm in
width, 4.09 – 5.87 mm thick, 0.076 – 0.174 g in weight; endocarp sparsely dotted, smooth,
vernicose, with a shallow longitudinal circumferential groove.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 5.70 – 11.00 cm long. Stems greenish to
brownish, white hair; collar diameters 1.20 – 1.60 mm; height 7.00 – 10.10 cm tall; hypocotyls
5.00 – 7.50 cm long; epicotyls 0.50 – 2.00 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, cryrtocotylar,
reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, medial symmetrical, elliptic
to narrow elliptic, narrow obovate or oblong, 2.00 – 4.10 by 0.90 – 2.10 cm long, 0.100 – 0.120
mm thick, pale green on lower surface; base symmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex acute
or obtuse angles, straight, convex or rounded; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without
gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 6 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.20 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparse hairy, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf with faint smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 1.40 – 2.40 mm; height 16.70 – 21.70 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, medial
symmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 3.80 – 6.60 by 1.50 – 3.20 cm long, 0.120 – 0.140 mm
thick, pale green lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex acute
angles, straight or acuminate; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted

64

คูม ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

vein, 8 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, reddish or pink, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparse hairy, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf with faint smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, white dotted lenticle,
sparsely white hair; collar diameters 5.50 – 8.40 mm; height 49.50 – 52.80 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic,
4.50 – 9.50 by 1.70 – 2.60 cm long, 0.130 – 0.160 mm thick, pale green on lower surface; base
abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute angles, straight; apex acute angles, straight, acuminate,
apiculate or retuse; margin sparse hairy to entire, revolute, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 9 – 14 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, prominent reddish, 0.10 – 0.40 cm long, semi-terete or terete or shallow canaliculate
in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position, Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf
with faint smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : below 29 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 22 – 34 days
Germination to first true leaves : 4 – 19 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

65

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

66

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 11

Local name: เพกา
Botanical name: Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz.
Family: Bignoniaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, pendulous gladiate septicidal capsule, 40.00 – 120.00 cm long, 5.00 - 10.00 cm
in width, young fruits greenish, turning greenish-purple to brownish-purple to black when
mature valves flat, almost woody; exocarp glabrous, with sparsely large punctate, apex obtuse
or acute.

Seeds brownish-yellow, numerous, large thin discoid, disciform or reniform, with broadly
hyaline-winged. 11.44 – 19.90 mm long 9.94 – 18.40 mm in width, 0.10 – 1.03 mm thick, 0.053
– 0.128 g in weight.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage. Roots 3.50 – 8.50 cm long. Stems greenish; collar
diameters 1.70 – 3.10 mm; height 14.60 – 24.00 cm tall; hypocotyls 9.70 – 16.90 cm long;
epicotyls 4.40 – 8.50 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus function;
leaves opposite, petiolate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, oblate or very wide
ovate, 2.60 – 3.60 by 4.10 – 4.90 cm long, 0.360 – 0.460 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, concavo-convex; apex reflex angles, lobed; margin entire,
glabrous; primary venation shorty pinnate; secondary venation distinguishable on upper
surface, simple brochidodromous; petioles 1.30 – 2.70 cm long, normal, canaliculate in cross-
section. Leaves first pair unifoliate pinnately compound leaves, opposite, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic, narrow ovate, wide elliptic to ovate, 4.20 – 6.90 by 2.20
– 3.79 cm long, 0.170 – 0.240 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse
angles, rounded or concavo-convex; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate or absent;
margin scarce shallow serrate to crenate, glabrous, laminar glandss dark spotted, primary
venation pinnate, secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 5
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, simple agrophic vein; petiolules sessile; petioles
pulvinated or normal, 1.90 - 3.20 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, marginal attached
position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white

67

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish, collar diameters 2.10 – 3.20 mm;
height 17.20 – 23.20 cm tall. Leaves unifoliate pinnately compound leaves, decussate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to elliptic or ovate to narrow ovate,
3.20 – 7.10 by 2.00 – 3.80 cm long, 0.100 – 0.190 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded or convex; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate or
absent; margin scarce serrate, crenate to entire, glabrous, laminar glands with dark purple
spotted; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 4 – 7 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, simple agrophic vein;
petiolules sessile; petioles normal, 1.70 – 4.20 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section; marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems grayish-green, with dark or brown spotted
lenticels; collar diameters 5.00 – 7.90 mm; height 49.60 – 64.20 cm tall. Leaves
imparipinnately or (2(–4)-pinnately compound leaves when mature), decussate; petiolules
sessile to petiolate, 0.00 – 2.90 cm long, normal or pulvinated, canaliculate in cross-section;
rachises 0.10 – 6.60 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 – 2 pairs, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to suborbiculate to elliptic or ovate to
narrow ovate or narrow obovate, 4.20 – 15.50 by 2.20 – 8.40 cm long, 0.180 – 0.230 mm thick;
base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute, obtuse, truncate, rounded to slight
cordate; apex acute or obtuse or reflex angles, acuminate, rounded, or retuse, absent or
apiculate; margin shallow dentate, shalllow serrate to entire, glabrous, with dark spotted
laminar glands; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous to
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, simple agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 6.10 – 11.60 cm long, canaliculate in cross-
section, marginal attached position, Stipules absent. Smell present, a faint odour. Exudate
clearly white.

Number of days for germination : below 8 days
Seed to germination : below 3 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 25 days
Germination to first true leaves : 79 – 212 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

68

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Source: Sukid Rueangruea.

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz.
fruit (A1), seed (B1-B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

69

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 12

Local name: แคยอดดำ
Botanical name: Stereospermum colias (Buch.-Ham. Ex Dillwyn) Mabb.
Family: Bignoniaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits dehiscent, loculicidal capsule, rhombate with 4 prominent ridges, helicoid (quadrangular
in section), acute, 30.00 – 70.00 cm long, long 0.80 – 1.20 cm in width; exocarp subglobose to
globose, young fruits greenish, turning brownish to black when mature, septum thick, terete,
corky, with alternating notchs for the thick body of the seeds, with seed in 2 rows.

Seeds yellowish-white, ovate, with narrow hyaline-winged on both sides, canaliculate at
medial seed, 3.90 – 9.84 mm long, 4.34 – 7.30 mm in width, 1.02 – 4.86 mm thick, 0.003 –
0.036 g in weight; endocarp smooth, thick at medial seed.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 2.80 – 5.80 cm long. Stems pale green to
white-yellow, densely white hair; collar diameters 1.10 – 1.90 mm; height 7.10 – 10.80 cm tall;
hypocotyls 5.60 – 7.20 cm long; epicotyls 1.60 – 3.40 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, petiolate, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, oblate to orbiculate, very wide oblong or very wide ovate, 1.30 – 1.90 by
1.60 – 2.50 cm long, 0.170 – 0.270 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical,
obtuse angles, concavo-convex; apex reflex angles, emarginate; margin white hair near the
petiole or entire, glabrous; primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary
venation simple brochidodromous; petioles 0.40 – 0.60 cm long, normal, semi-terete or
canaliculate or terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair unifoliate pinnately compound leaves,
opposite; petiolules sessile, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to wide
elliptic or narrow ovate to ovate, 2.80 – 4.00 by 1.40 – 2.30 cm long, 0.100 – 0.150 mm thick;
base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, concave or straight; apex acute or
obtuse angles, straight, convex or acuminate, apiculate; margin serrate, pubescent, laminar
glands dark spotted, primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 3 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.50 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, densely white hair,

70

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent, unpleasent smell. Exudate clearly
white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems grayish- green, sparsely white hair, young
part 4-angled (quadrangular in section); collar diameters 2.40 – 4.60 mm; height 15.10 – 20.00
cm tall. Leaves unifoliate or 1-(3)-pinnately compound leaves, decussate; petiolules sessile
or petiolulate, 0. 0 0 – 0.30 cm long, normal, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely
white hair; rachises 0.00 – 8.90 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2 pairs,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic, 2.70 – 14.10 by
1.70 – 7.20 cm long, 0.140 – 0.170 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or
obtuse angles, convex, straight or truncate; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight,
convex or apiculate; margin serrate to white hair, pubescent, laminar glands purple spotted;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 7 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
pulvinated or normal, 1.60 – 9.40 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely white
hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent, unpleasant smell. Exudate
clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 5 – 8 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 13 days
Germination to first true leaves : 42 – 151 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

71

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Stereospermum colias (Buch.-Ham. Ex Dillwyn) Mabb.
fruit (A2), seed (B1-B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

72

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 13

Local name: มะกอกเกลอ้ื น
Botanical name: Canarium subulatum Guill.
Family: Burseraceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, drupe, ovoid to ellipsoid, 28.23 – 35.34 mm long, 20.44 – 25.10 mm in width,
19.55 – 24.52 mm thick, 7.071 – 12.347 g in weight; exocarp young fruit light green, truing
yellow when mature, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, cross section rounded, cross section
of pyrene rounded triangular, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds light brown, ellipsoid or spindle-shaped, 18.16 – 33.24 mm long, 11.26 – 17.32 mm in
width, 10.83 – 15.70 mm thick, 0.348 – 4.615 g in weight; endocarp glabrous, lobe-3, white
endosperms.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.8 0 – 54.10 cm long. Stems green, densely
brown hair; collar diameters 2.10 – 3.20 mm; height 13.30 – 23.50 cm tall; hypocotyls 10.30 –
16.30 cm long; epicotyls 2.00 – 5.00 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar,
foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial asymmetrical or symmetrical, very wide
obovate to wide obovate or suborbiculate to oblate, 5.00 – 7.30 by 4.40 – 7.80 cm long, 0.180
– 0.350 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded or
slightly cordate or convex or truncate; apex obtuse or acute angles, straight; margin palmately
lobed to palmatisect, glabrous; primary venation basal actinodromous (3-neves); secondary
venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 0.50 cm long, normal, semi-
terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair unifoliate or imparipinnately or trifoliate pinnately
compound leaves, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow
elliptic or narrow ovate, 6.50 – 12.10 by 2.10 – 5.70 cm long, 0.120 – 0.180 mm thick; base
abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse or reflex or acute angles, convex or rounded or
slightly cordate or truncate or straight; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or
absent; margin serrate, densely brown hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 15
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated or

73

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

normal, 0.10 – 4.30 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely brown hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules free lateral position, green to brown. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems brown to green, with young stems, densely
brown hair; collar diameters 2.20 – 3.70 mm; height 2.30 – 23.50 cm tall. Leaves unifoliate or
impinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile to petiolulate, 0 – 2 cm long, normal
or absent, terete or semi-terete or absent in cross-section, densely brownish hair or absent;
rachises 0 – 4.40 cm long, absent and subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2 pairs, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic or lanceolate to narrow
ovate, 5.10 – 15.40 by 2.70 – 5.30 cm long, 0.120 – 0.300 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or oblique, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded or convex or slightly cordate; apex acute or reflex
angles, acuminate or retuse or straight, apiculate or absent; margin serrate, densely brown
hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 9 – 17 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.30 – 11.80 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely brownish hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green
to brown. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems brown to green, white lenticel on stem,
densely brownish hair, with young stems; collar diameters 5.7 – 12.4 mm; height 58.0 – 66.5
cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.20 – 0.60
cm long, normal, terete in cross-section, densely brown hair; rachises 5.50 – 16.70 cm long,
opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2 – 4 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, very narrow elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate or oblanceolate, 11.50 – 22.3 by
3.10 – 5.90 cm long, 0.130 – 0.180 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique; acute or
obtuse angles, convex or rounded; apex acute or obtuse or reflex angles, acuminate or convex
or retuse or straight, apiculate or absent; margin serrate to densely brown hair, absent,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 19 – 29 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 11.30 – 21.50 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely brown hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green
to brown. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 11 – 91 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 17 days
Germination to first true leaves : 56 – 273 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

74

คูม อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Canarium subulatum Guill.
fruit (A1), seed (B1), cotyledon (C1) seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 14

Local name: ตะครำ้ ใบเกลีย้ ง
Botanical name: Garuga floribunda var.gamblei (King ex Smith) Kalkman
Family: Burseraceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, fleshy, globose to subglobose, 8.74 – 11.35 mm long, 8.69 – 10.89 mm in width,
8.28 – 10.35 mm thick, 0.369 – 0.634 g in weight; exocarp smooth, glabrous, young fruit green,
turning to yellow when mature, sour, edible, 1 – 2-seeded inside.

Seeds reddish-brown, globose to ellipsoid 4.23 – 5.48 mm long, 3.25 – 4.81 mm in width, 3.65
– 5.10 mm thick, 0.036 – 0.074 g in weight, endocarp indurated, stone thinly woody, rugged.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.20 – 3.20 cm long. Stems pale green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 0.90 – 1.30 mm; height 6. 70 – 10.20 cm tall; hypocotyls 6. 00 –
8.60 cm long; epicotyls 0.60 – 2 . 9 0 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar,
foliaceus function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, vary wide ovate to ovate or oblate
to orbiculate, 1.50 – 2.50 by 1.40 – 2.50 cm long, 0.150 – 0.180 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical, obtuse angles, concavo-convex; apex acute angles, straight; margin palmately
lobed, entire, glabrous; primary venation palinactinodromous (5-nerves); secondary venation
simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate 0.40 – 0.80 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-
section. Leaves first pair trifoliate pinnately compound leaves, subopposite; petiolules sessile
and petiolulate, 0.00 – 0.20 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section, densely white hair;
rachises 0.10 – 0.50 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, medial
symmetrical, narrow ovate to lanceolate, elliptic to wide elliptic or oblong, 0.90 – 2.90 by 0.50
– 1.30 cm long, 0.060 – 0.080 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse
angles, straight, convex or rounded; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin serrate
to white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 7 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.70 – 1.20 cm long, semi-terete in
cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position.
Smell present. Exudate clearly white.

76

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to brownish-black, densely white
hair; collar diameters 1.90 – 7.40 mm; height 14.40 – 37.50 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately or
paripinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.1 0 – 3.20 cm long, normal,
terete in cross-section, hair; rachises 0.6 0 – 16.4 0 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet
arrangement, 2 – 5 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to
elliptic to suborbiculate or wide oblong to lorate or narrow obovate, 0.50 – 15.00 by 0.20 –
4.80 cm long, 0.040 – 0.150 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute, obtuse,
reflex angles, rounded, convex, slightly cordate, straight or concave; apex acute or obtuse
angles, acuminate, straight or convex, apiculate or absent; margin serrate to dense hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 15 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 1.40 – 7.90 cm long, terete in cross-section,
densely hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell present. Exudate
clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems green to brownish-black, densely white hair;
collar diameters 4.90 – 10.80 mm; height 49.70 – 60.80 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately or
paripinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 2.70 cm long, normal,
terete in cross-section, white hair; rachises 8.20 – 24.00 cm long, opposite or subopposite
leaflet arrangement, 4 – 8 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic
to wide elliptic, lanceolate to narrow ovate or wide oblong, 0.50 – 12.80 by 0.20 – 3.50 cm
long, 0.040 – 0.150 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute, obtuse or reflex
angles, convex, rounded, straight or slightly cordate; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate,
apiculate or absent; margin serrate to white hair, pubescent, without gland position, primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 –
17 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated,
5.10 – 12.90 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position,
Stipules free lateral position. Smell present. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 20 – 57 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 10 days
Germination to first true leaves : 31 – 90 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

77

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Garuga floribunda var.gamblei (King ex Smith) Kalkman
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

78

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 15

Local name: ตะคร้ำ
Botanical name: Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Family: Burseraceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, fleshy, globose to subglobose, 16.88 – 25.93 mm long, 16.35 – 21.01 mm width,
16.01 – 19.62 mm thick, 2.673 – 6.728 g in weight; exocarp smooth, glabrous, young fruit
greenish, turning to yellow when mature, sour, stone thinly woody, 1-5-seeded inside.

Seeds dark reddish-brown, globose to ellipsoid, 7.08 – 9.84 mm long, 5.73 – 8.32 mm in width,
5.31 – 6.95 mm thick, 0.103 – 0.261 g in weight; endocarp indurated, rugged.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 2.20 – 7.20 cm long. Stems light green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 1.00 – 1.90 mm; height 6.20 – 10.70 cm tall; hypocotyls 5.20 –
9.50 cm long; epicotyls 1.10 – 2.40 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar,
foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, very wide
ovate to wide ovate or oblate to narrow elliptic, 1.70 – 4.10 by 1.50 – 4.50 cm long, 0.150 –
0.260 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, concavo-convex;
apex acute angles, straight; margin palmately lobed to white hair, pubescent; primary
venation palinactinodromous (5-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous;
petioles petiolate, 0.60 – 1.10 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair
trifoliate pinnately compound leaves, subopposite; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0.00 –
0.50 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section, white hair; rachises 0.10 cm long, opposite
or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical,
narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, wide ovate to ovate or oblong, 1.20 – 4.50 by 0.60 – 2.00 cm
long, 0.080 – 0.120 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles,
straight, convex or concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight or acuminate or convex,
apiculate; margin serrate to densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 9
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.90 –
2.00 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

79

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems light green to brownish-dark, densely white
hair; collar diameters 1.80 – 4.20 mm; height 15.00 – 25.30 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately or
paripinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0.00 – 1.40 cm long,
normal, terete or semi-terete in cross-section, white hair; rachises 1.30 – 4.00 cm long,
opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2 – 3 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or ovate to narrow ovate, 0.70 – 10.00 by 0.70 –
3.70 cm long, 0.030 – 0.150 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse
angles, straight, convex, rounded or narrow truncate; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight,
apiculate or absent; margin serrate to densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 7 – 14 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
pulvinated, 2.90 – 5.60 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems pale green to brownish-dark, densely white
hair; collar diameters 5.20 – 8.50 mm; height 50.10 – 59.20 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately
compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0.00 – 2.70 cm long, normal, terete
in cross-section, densely white hair; rachises 7.00 – 18.50 cm long, opposite or subopposite
leaflet arrangement, 3 – 5 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic
to wide elliptic, lanceolate to ovate or narrow oblong to wide oblong, 0.70 – 14.10 by 0.40 –
6.20 cm long, 0.110 – 0.160 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse, acute
or reflex angles, straight, convex, rounded, concave or slightly cordate; apex acute angles,
straight or acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin serrate to densely white hair, pubescent,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous
or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 17 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without
agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 3.70 – 6.40 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white
hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white.

Number of days for germination : 28 – 192 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 92 days
Germination to first true leaves : 33 – 143 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

80

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Garuga pinnata Roxb.
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3)
and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

81

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 16

Local name: พะวาใบหยกั
Botanical name: Glyptopetalum sclerocarpum M. A. Lawson
Family: Celastraceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits , sample, loculicidal capsule, subglobose, often flat at the top, 17.62 – 27.04 mm long,
15.67 – 26.96 mm in width, 15.32 – 22.11 mm thick, 2.124 – 7.986 g in weight; exocarp brown
or fulvous, with scurfy fissures and warts or rough with minute white tubercles, 4 or less
seeded inside.

Seeds glossy orange to red arillate, ellipsoid, 9.50 – 14.74 mm long, 8.08 – 11.20 mm in width,
5.80 – 11.21 mm thick, 0.335 – 0.749 g in weight; endocarp smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.30 – 8.50 cm long. Stems white to green,
glabrous, with whole stem; collar diameters 2.10 – 3.30 mm; height 4.20 – 5.80 cm tall;
hypocotyls 3.30 – 4.50 cm long; epicotyls 0.60 – 1.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, suborbiculate to
wide elliptic, 3.70 – 4.20 by 2.70 – 3.50 cm long, 0.250 – 0.370 mm thick; abruptly symmetrical,
obtuse or reflex angles, rounded, slightly cordate or convex; apex obtuse or reflex angles,
rounded, acuminate or retuse; margin entire, glabrous; primary venation basal actinodromous
(3-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 0.20 cm
long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to wide elliptic or oblong, 0.80 – 5.60 by 0.40 –
2.40 cm long, 0.250 – 0.320 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute or
obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute or obtuse or reflex angles, straight, convex,
retuse or acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin shallow serrate, glabrous, without gland
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 7 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein;
petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.50 cm long, semi-terete or canaliculate in cross-section, marginal
attached position. Stipules interpetiolar position, light green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white resin.

82

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems light green, with whole stem glabrous;
collar diameters approximately 3.90 mm; height aproximately 15.5 cm tall. Leaves sample
leaf, opposite, medial symmetrical, elliptic, 8.90 – 9.40 by 3.80 – 4.00 cm long, 0.320 – 0.320
mm thick; base symmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute angles,
acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin serrate, glabrous, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 –
13 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal,
approximately 0.70 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules
interpetiolar position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white resin.

Number of days for germination : below 30 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 46 – 55 days
Germination to first true leaves : 329 – 388 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

83

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Glyptopetalum sclerocarpum M. A. Lawson
fruit (A2), seed (B1-B2) and seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3)

84

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 17

Local name: พะวา
Botanical name: Garcinia celebica L.
Family: Clusiaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, fleshy, berry, globous to ovoid, sulcate, 3.00 – 4.00 cm long, 2.50 – 3.00 cm in
width; exocarp leathery to thin, young fruit greenish, truing greenish-yellow when ripe with
persistent enlarge pale green calyxes, persistent big brown stigmas at the end of fruit, clearly
white arillate, sour, 2 – 5 seeded inside.

Seeds dark reddish-brown, ellipsoid, 8.21 – 16.91 mm long, 5.55 – 11.90 mm in width, 4.69 –
9.87 mm thick, 0.220 – 1.101 g in weight; endocarp rugged.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.70 – 11.40 cm long. Stems pale green,
glabrous on whole stem; collar diameters 1.30 – 1.60 mm; height 5.1 0 – 9.2 0 cm tall;
hypocotyls 1.30 – 3.50 cm long; epicotyls 5.90 – 9.90 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or arrow oblong, 3.20 – 4.80 by 1.10 –
1.9 0 cm long, 0.190 – 0.220 mm thick, greenish-white on lower surface; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, concave; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate,
retuse or absent; margin entire, glabrous, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 7 alternate on
either side of the midrib, rivulose, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.50 cm long,
semi-terete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules terminal position,with hidden
in terminal stem or branches. Smell absent. Exudate cloudy white to yellow latex.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems pale green, glabrous; collar diameters 2.00
– 4.10 mm; height 15.00 – 20.60 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic, 5.10 – 12.50 by 1.40 – 3.70 cm long, 0.220 –
0.280 mm thick, green to white on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical,
acute angles, straight or concave; apex acute or reflex angles, acuminate or straight or retuse;
margin entire, glabrous, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation

85

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 26 alternate on either side of the
midrib, rivulose, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.50 – 1.20 cm long, terete or semi-
terete in cross-section, absent, marginal attached position. Stipules terminal position, with
hidden in terminal stem or branch. Smell absent. Exudate cloudy white to yellow latex.

Number of days for germination : 15 – 22 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 10 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

86

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Garcinia celebica L.
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

87

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 18

Local name: สมอพิเภก
Botanical name: Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Family: Combretaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, drupe, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, weakly to strongly 5-ridged,
27.15 – 41.12 mm long, 23.38 – 28.24 mm in width, 22.15 – 26.99 mm thick, 8.268 – 13.111 g
in weight; shortly stipitate; exocarp brown, densely and finely velutinous or sericeous, 1-
seeded inside.

Seeds brownish, ovoid, 13.68 – 24.83 mm long, 13.18 – 18.14 mm in width, 12.45 – 17.82 mm
thick, 1.565 – 3.736 g in weight; endocarp usually at least partly sclerenchyma, including fiber
and sclereid cell, many shallow longitudinal canaliculated from apex to base, shortly
apiculate, indurated.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.60 – 11.10 cm long. Stems yellowish-green,
densely white hair; collar diameters 2.00 – 2.50 mm; height 4.70 – 18.10 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.40 – 1.00 cm long; epicotyls 2.70 – 17.80 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function; Leaves sample leaf, alternate or subopposite, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic or oblanceolate, 2.30 –
9.10 by 1.00 – 4.70 cm long, 0.160 – 0.280 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, acute angles, straight, oblique or concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, convex
or straight; margin shallow crenate, entire, sparsely white hair, pubescent, petiolar glands
position, light yellow; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous
or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.40 cm long, terete or semiterete in cross-section, white hairy,
marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair; collar
diameters 2.20 – 3.40 mm; height 11.10 – 20.80 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 6.10 – 13.70 by 1.90 – 5.30 cm
long, 0.170 – 0.210 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles,

88

คูม อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

straight, concave or oblique; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight or convex,
apiculate or absent; margin shallow crenate to sparsely white hair, involute or absent,
pubescent, petiolar glands position, light yellow; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 6 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.80 cm long, semiterete or terete or shallow canaliculate in
cross-section, white hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate
clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair; collar
diameters approximately 12.9 mm; height approximately 62.0 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
spiral, medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic, 16.70 – 20.20 by 6.60 – 8.00 cm long, approximately
0.180 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical; acute angles, straight or concave;
apex acute angles, acuminate; margin shallow crenate to sparsely white hair, undulate,
pubescent, petiolar glands position, light yellow; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, approximately 13 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 1.20 – 1.90 cm long,
semiterete in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 15 – 66 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 6 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

89

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3).

90

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 19

Local name: ผเี สอ้ื
Botanical name: Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms
Family: Cornaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, drupe, ovoid, 10.00 – 11.30 mm long, 5.80 – 9.10 mm in width, 6.40 – 8.10 mm
thick, 0.261 – 0.420 g in weight; exocarp smooth, glabrous, glossy, pale green when mature,
turning dull dark purple to purple to black whe ripe very strong unpleasant smell, 1 – 2 seeded
inside.

Seeds black, ovoid, applanate, 4.44 – 9.88 mm long, 4.48 – 9.30 mm in width, 4.15 – 7.42 mm
thick, 0.081 – 0.201 g in weight; endocarp rugged, glabrous, apex acute, rounded at base.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.00 – 13.40 cm long. Stems white to greenish,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.30 – 1.90 mm; height 5.50 – 9.10 cm tall; hypocotyls
3.30 – 5.60 cm long; epicotyls 0.70 – 3.30 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, suborbiculate to elliptic or wide oblong to very wide oblong, 2.10 – 2.90 by
1.30 – 2.10 cm long, 0.190 – 0.250 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical,
obtuse or acute angles, convex or straight; apex obtuse angles, convex; margin sparsely white
hair at base, pubescent; primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation
simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.30 – 0.60 cm long, normal, canaliculate in cross-
section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate; abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical,
wide elliptic to orbiculate or ovate to wide ovate, 3.50 – 5.30 by 2.00 – 4.50 cm long, 0.140 –
0.18 0 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex angles, slightly cordate;
apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin palmately lobed to shallow crenate, sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation basal actinodromous;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or palmately netted vein, 4 – 7 alternate on
either side of the midrib, scalariform, simple agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.50 – 3.00 cm
long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent.
Smell present, very strong unpleasant smell. Exudate clearly white.

91

คูม ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-gray, white dotted lenticel,
sparsely white hair, with young stem; collar diameters 3.00 – 4.50 mm; height 15.00 – 24.70
cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, orbiculate
to suborbiculate or very wide ovate, 8.00 – 14.50 by 6.90 – 13.00 cm long, 0.150 – 0.240 mm
thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, reflex angles, cordate or lobate; apex acute
angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin palmately lobed, sparsely white hair, pubescent, without
gland position; primary venation basal actinodromous; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or palmately netted vein, 5 – 7 alternate on either side of the midrib,
scalariform, compound agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 4.20 – 9.50 cm long, terete in cross-
section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent, very strong unpleasant smell.
Smell present, very strong unpleasant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, with white dotted lenticel,
sparsely white hair, with young stem; collar diameters 4.50 – 8.20 mm; height 52.20 – 64.30
cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, orbiculate
to suborbuculate or very wide ovate to wide ovate, 11.50 – 19.20 by 11.40 – 16.90 cm long,
0.120 – 0.220 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique; reflex angles, cordate; apex
acute angles, acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin palmately lobed, sparsely white hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation basal actinodromous; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or palmately netted vein, 5 – 8 alternate on either side of
the midrib, scalariform, compound agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 7.70 – 12.20 cm long,
slightly canaliculate in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent.
Smell present, very strong unpleasant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 14 – 91 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 40 days
Germination to first true leaves : 53 – 130 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

92

คูม อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms
fruit (A1, A3), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

93

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 20

Local name: มะตาด
Botanical name: Dillenia indica L.
Family: Dilleniaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, aggregate, indehiscent and enclosed by persistent fleshy enlarged, slightly
swollen sepals, globose, 3.00 – 4.00 cm in diam; young fruit sepals greenish, turning yellowish
to brownish when mature, including sepals, exocarp white, clearly white laticiferous, numerous
seeded inside.

Seeds reddish-brown, exarillate, ellipsoid, applanated, 4.79 – 6.66 by 3.11 – 4.78 mm long,
1.08 – 2.30 mm thick, 0.004 – 0.027 g in weight; endocarp rugged.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.50 – 8.50 cm long. Stems white to green,
densely brown hair; collar diameters 1.40 – 1.80 mm; height 4.10 – 6.80 cm tall; hypocotyls
2.90 – 4.10 cm long; epicotyls 0.90 – 1.50 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, wide elliptic to
suborbiculate, ovate to wide ovate or wide oblong, 1.00 – 1.60 by 0.90 – 1.20 cm long, 0.170
– 0.220 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded or convex; apex acute
or obtuse angles, convex or straight; margin entire, glabrous; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.10 cm long, normal, semi-
terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to orbiculate or oblong to very wide oblong, 1.70 – 2.40 by 1.10
– 1.90 cm long, 0.180 – 0.210 mm thick, densely white hair lower surface; base symmetrical,
acute angles, concave; apex obtuse angles, convex or apiculate; margin serrate to brown hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
craspedodromous or pinnately parallel vein with veins parallel, 5 – 7 alternate on either side
of the midrib, strongly exserted on margin, strongly exserted on margin, netted, without
agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 0.50 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section,
brown hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

94