คู่มือจำแนกกล้าไม้ต้นป่าดิบแล้ง_ISBN

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb.
Fruit (A1), seed (B1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

195

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 54

Local name: ตาเปดตาไก
Botanical name: Ardisia polycephala Wall. ex A. DC.
Family: Myrsinaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, drupe, subglobose, 11.13 – 15.07 mm long 10.84 – 18.81 mm in width, 8.89 –
10.83 mm thick, 0.109 – 1.368 g in weight; exocarp smooth, glabrous, densely, punctate, young
fruit green, turning to black when mature, with 5 green imbricate persistent calyx lobes, sweet
taste, 1-seeded.

Seeds red to pink, globose to oviod, 5.22 – 7.10 mm long 5.40 – 7.39 mm in width, 5.13 – 7.07
mm thick, 0.028 – 0.179 g in weight; endocarp with numerous longitudinal white ridges.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.10 – 22.00 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
densely white hair; collar diameters 2.20 – 2.60 mm; height 4.50 – 6.60 cm tall; hypocotyls
4.00 – 6.80 cm long; epicotyls 0.10 – 0.30 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial asymmetrical or
symmetrical, orbiculate to wide elliptic, 1.90 – 3.60 by 1.60 – 2.80 cm long, 0.180 – 0.260 mm
thick, dark dotted on lamina; base abruptly asymmetrical or oblique, obtuse angles, concavo-
convex; apex obtuse angles, convex or rounded; margin shallow crenate, glabrous; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 0.40
cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, suborbiculate to narrow elliptic, 1.80 – 5.00 by 1.20 –
2.30 cm long, 0.180 – 0.220 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute or
obtuse angles, concave, convex or straight; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or
covex; margin crenate, glabrous, dark dotted on laminar position with densely at margin;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 5 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.10 – 0.40 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

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คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to reddish-brown, sparsely white
hair; collar diameters 3.80 – 8.30 mm; height 15.10 – 24.20 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 8.00 – 20.60 by 3.10
– 5.40 cm long, 0.220 – 0.330 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute angles,
straight or concex or concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, acuminate or convex,
apiculate or absent; margin shallow crenate to entire, glabrous, laminar grand dark dotted
with densely at margin; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous
or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 24 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without
agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 1.50 cm long, semi-terete or shallow canaliculate in
cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate
clearly white.

Number of days for germination : below 40 days
Seed to germination : 3 – 20 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 9 – 26 days
Germination to first true leaves : 216 – 443 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Ardisia polycephala Wall. ex A. DC.
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

198

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 55

Local name: ชมพูนำ้
Botanical name: Syzygium megacarpum (Craib) Bathakr. & N. C. Nair
Family: Myrtaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, a berry, globose, 4.50 – 6.00 cm in diam; sepals usually persistent, exocarp
young fruit greenish dotted, turning pink or purple when mature, spongy, 1 – 2 seeded inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, globose, 25.65 – 45.04 by 21.18 – 38.04 mm long, 14.93 – 43.88 mm
thick, 3.586 – 35.864 g in weight; endocarp smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 9.70 – 25.90 cm long. Stems green to yellowish-
brown, smooth; collar diameters 2.50 – 3.70 mm; height 13.4 – 25.40 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.20
– 5.00 cm long; epicotyls 9.70 – 22.00 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar,
reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, medial symmetrical, narrow
elliptic to wide elliptic, 5.40 – 13.10 by 2.60 – 6.80 cm long, 0.180 – 0.220 mm thick, coriaceous,
pale green on lower surface; base symmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, convex or straight;
apex acute angles, acuminate; margin entire, glabrous, conspiciously white spotted on lamina;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 8 – 18 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein, intramarginal
veins 2; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.50 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, marginal
attached position, purplish-pink. Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf with strong fragrant
smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to reddish-brown, smooth; collar
diameters 3.30 – 5.00 mm; height 15.60 – 26.40 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, 11.10 – 17.50 by
3.40 – 6.90 cm long, 0.230 – 0.390 mm thick, coriaceous, pale green on lower surface; base
abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, convex or rounded; apex acute angles,
acuminate or straight, apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous, clearly white spotted on
lamina; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 17 – 24 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein,

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

intramarginal veins 2; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.60 cm long, terete or shallow canaliculate in
cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf with strong
fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems green to reddish-brown, smooth; collar
diameters 8.10 – 12.70 mm; height 50.00 – 82.20 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 14.40 – 24.40 by 4.40
– 8.40 cm long, 0.240 – 0.290 mm thick, coriaceous, pale green on lower surface; base abruptly
symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or concave, convex or rounded; apex
acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or acuminate; margin entire, glabrous, clearly white
spotted on lamina; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous
or pinnately netted vein, 14 – 30 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, intramarginal
veins 2, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 0.90 cm long, shallow canaliculate or
terete or semi-terete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell
crushed leaf with strong fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 44 – 60 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 21 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คูม ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Syzygium megacarpum (Craib) Bathakr. & N. C. Nair
fruit (A2), seed (B1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 56

Local name: หวา ใบกลม
Botanical name: Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & L. M. Perry
Family: Myrtaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, berry, subglobose to ellipsoid, 15.88 – 24.07 mm long, 10.59 – 15.47 mm in
width, 9.64 – 13.98 mm thick, 1.059 – 3.052 g in weight; exocarp young fruit greenish, turning
purple-black when mature, smooth, glabrous, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, oblong-ellipsoid, 9.88 – 17.67 mm long, 6.43 – 8.99 mm in width, 5.71
– 8.47 mm thick, 0.273 – 0.871 g in weight; endocarp pubescent, shallow transverse
canaliculated, with radicle emergence through the fracture when seed germinates.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 7.70 – 12.40 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
glabrous; collar diameters 1.00 – 1.50 mm; height 5.30 – 9.80 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.20 – 1.70
cm long; epicotyls 4.50 – 7.10 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar, reserve
storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, narrow oblong to oblong or lanceolate, 1.80 – 2.5 by
0.70 – 1.10 cm long, 0.140 – 0.160 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical,
acute angles, straight or concave; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or absent;
margin entire, glabrous, gland dots on laminar position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 10 alternate on either side of
the midrib, rivulose, absent agrophic vein, intramarginal veins 2; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.30
cm long, shallow canaliculate or terete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell present, with fragrant smell. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, glabrous; collar diameters
1.50 – 2.20 mm; height 15.1 – 17.20 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic or oblanceolate, 3.90 – 8.00 by 1.20 – 2.00 cm
long, 0.170 – 0.200 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles,
straight or concave; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or absent; margin
entire, glabrous, absent gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, intramarginal veins 2, 12 – 27 alternate on either
side of the midrib, rivulose, absent agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.40 cm long, terete
or shallow canaliculate or semiterete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell present, with fragrant smell. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 14 – 21 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 13 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

203

คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & L. M. Perry
Fruit (A1-A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 57

Local name: มะเมาควาย
Botanical name: Antidesma acidum Retz.
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, fleshy, globose to ellipsoid or laterally compressed, basally symmetrical, with
a terminal to slightly subterminal style, 6.02 – 6.93 mm long, 4.96 – 5.89 mm in width, 4.31 –
5.23 mm thick, 0.038 – 0.092 g in weight; exocarp glabrous to hair, maturing unevenly
depending on position in infructescence and exposure to the sun from green through orange-
red to black, with glabrous, sour to bitter-sweet, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds white to yellowish, ovoid, apex acute with obtuse at base, 3.30 – 6.27 mm long, 2.94 –
4.23 mm in width, 1.91 – 4.32 mm thick, 0.006 – 0.019 g in weight; endocarp lignified, foveolate,
the sculpture usually obvious through the dried mesocarp; endosperm in mature seeds
present.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.4 0 – 7.20 cm long. Stems white to light
green, sparsely white hair; collar diameters 0.60 – 0.90 mm; height 3.00 – 6.20 cm tall;
hypocotyls 4.10 – 6.30 cm long; epicotyls 0.20 – 0.60 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, wide oblong to very wide oblong, wide elliptic to orbiculate or ovate or narrow
obovate to wide obovate, 1.10 – 1.80 by 0.90 – 1.20 cm long, 0.150 – 0.190 mm thick; base
abruptly symmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex, concave or rounded; apex
obtuse angles, rounded or convex; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation
basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles
petiolate, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample
leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to suborbiculate, very
wide oblong to oblong or narrow obovate to wide obovate, 0.90 – 2.90 by 0.60 – 2.00 cm
long, 0.160 – 0.300 mm thick; base symmetrical, acute angles, straight or concave; apex acute
or obtuse angles, convex, rounded or straight, apiculate, retuse or absent; margin sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 3 – 6 alternate on either side of the midrib,

205

คูม ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, semi-terete in cross-
section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish
to brown when senescence. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems grayish-black to green, sparsely white hair,
collar diameters 2.00 – 4.30 mm; height 15.40 – 22.20 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or oblanceolate, 6.30
– 13.20 by 2.50 – 4.90 cm long, 0.140 – 0.390 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique,
acute angles, straight or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight or convex,
apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous
becoming brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 10 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 1.80 cm long, terete or semi-
terete or shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position.
Stipules free lateral position, greenish to brown when senescence. Smell absent. Exudate
clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems grayish-black to green, sparsely white hair;
collar diameters approximately 7.2 mm; height approximately 54.5 cm tall. Leaves sample
leaf, spiral, medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 14.60 – 14.70 by 5.30 – 7.10 cm
long, approximately 0.310 mm thick, white to greenish on lower surface; base symmetrical;
acute angles, concave; apex acute angles, straight, apiculate; margin sparsely white hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 0.50 cm long, terete in cross-section,
sparely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish to brown
when senescence. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 75 – 100 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 6 – 34 days
Germination to first true leaves : 109 – 258 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คูม ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Figure 70 Antidesma acidum Retz.; Fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1
(1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3).

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 58

Local name: มะเมาสาย
Botanical name: Antidesma montanum Blume
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, fleshy, globose to ellipsoid, terete to slightly laterally compressed, basally
symmetrical, with a terminal, slightly subterminal style, 4.13 – 5.11 mm long, 4.07 – 4.93 mm
in width, 3.86 – 4.77 mm thick, 0.050 – 0.078 g in weight; exocarp glabrous, sour to bitter-
sweet, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds white to yellowish, ovoid, apex acute with obtuse at base, 0.62 – 3.67 mm long, 1.56 –
3.30 mm in width, 2.33 – 3.73 mm thick, 0.004 – 1.30 g in weight; endocarp lignified, foveolate,
the sculpture usually obvious through the dried mesocarp; endosperm in mature seeds
present.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.10 – 9.50 cm long. Stems pale green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 0.80 – 1.50 mm; height 4.70 – 9.90 cm tall; hypocotyls 1.90– 3.20
cm long; epicotyls 1.60 – 8.10 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus
function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, very wide oblong, orbiculate to suborbiculate
to elliptic, wide ovate to very wide ovate, 0.70 – 1.90 by 0.70 – 1.80 cm long, 0.140 – 0.220
mm thick; base symmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded or convex; apex obtuse angles, rounded;
margin sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves);
secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 1.10 cm long, normal,
semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, medial symmetrical,
elliptic to narrow elliptic, narrow ovate to ovate, narrow obovate or oblong to very wide
oblong, 1.30 – 3.60 by 0.80 – 1.80 cm long, 0.120 – 0.170 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical,
acute angles, straight; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate, apiculate; margin densely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 6 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.7 0 cm long, terete in cross-section,
densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish to brown
when senescence. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems gray to pale green, densely white hair;
collar diameters 1.50 – 3.10 mm; height 15.00 – 25.70 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 7.60 – 14.30 by 2.5 – 4.70 cm long, 0.16 – 0.26
mm thick; base symmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate;
margin densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 12 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, orange-red, 0.50 –
1.10 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
free lateral position, greenish to brown when senescence. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems gray to green, with white lenticel, densely
white hair; collar diameters 0.70 – 6.70 mm; height 46.60 – 89.90 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 8.00 – 14.00
by 3.30 – 4.80 cm long, 0.140 – 0.220 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical;
acute or obtuse angles, convex or straight; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight
or convex, apiculate or absent; margin densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous, eucamptodromous
becoming brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 10 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, orange-red, 0.40 – 1.00 cm long, terete
in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position,
greenish to brown when senescence. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : below 61 days
Seed to germination : below 18 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 27 days
Germination to first true leaves : 189 – 301 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Antidesma montanum Blume
fruit (A1-A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3
(3.1-3.3)

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 59

Local name: นดู ตน
Botanical name: Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq.
Family:
Canopy Layer: (Revise species name in HKK 50-ha permanent plot from Prunus arborea (Blume)
Kalkman by Rueangruea, S.)

Rosaceae
Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, drupe, globular to didymous, reniform, 11.63 – 19.83 mm long, 10.86 – 13.90
mm in width, 11.18 – 16.78 mm thick, 1.235 – 2.272 g in weight; exocarp young fruit greenish,
turning to red- pink to black, smooth, 1-2 seeded inside.

Seeds white-pink, ellipsoid apex obtuse, base obtuse, 13.51 – 18.41 mm long, 9.46 – 12.42
mm in width, 0.430 – 10.970 mm thick, 0.053 – 0.082 g in weight; endocarp shallow
canaliculated, 1-ridge at medial seed.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 2.50 – 20.60 cm long. Stems green, densely
reddish-brown hair; collar diameters 1.50 – 2.50 mm; height 10.00 – 13.60 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.20 – 1.20 cm long; epicotyls 6.80 – 11.00 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, subopposite, medial
symmetrical, narrow ovate or elliptic to orbiculate , 2.10 – 7.30 by 2.00 – 3.10 cm long, 0.13
– 0.26 mm thick; base symmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or rounded; apex
acute angles, acuminate; margin entire, pubescent, basal glands usually 2, flatted to deeply
hollowed and sparely small white glands near the margin, but this stage disappeared; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 –
7 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.50
– 10 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, reddish-brown hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell present, with strong almond smell. Exudate
clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to brownish-dark, sparsely reddish-
brown hair; collar diameters approximately 2. 0 0 mm, height approximately 16.50 cm tall.
Leaves sample leaf, spiral, medial symmetrical, narrow oblong or narrow elliptic, 7.1 0 – 8.50
by 1.70 – 1.90 cm long, approximately 0.12 mm thick; base symmetrical, acute angles, straight;

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คูม ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

apex acute angles, acuminate; margin entire, pubescent, basal glands usually 2, flatted to
deeply hollowed and sparely small white glands near the margin; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 8 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.70 – 0.90 cm long,
canaliculate in cross-section, sparse hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral
position. Smell present, with strong almond smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 20 – 23 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 12 – 16 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

212

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq.
fruit (A1-A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

213

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 60

Local name: มะยางหลังบา น
Botanical name: Discospermum abnorme (Korth.) S. J. Ali & Robbr.
Family: Rubiaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, fleshy, subglobose to globose, 18.89 – 27.91 mm long, 18.00 – 25.29 mm in
width, 17.03 – 27.73 mm thick, 3.096 – 9.177 g in weight; exocarp young fruit greenish, turning
glossy purplish-black when ripe, glabrous, mesocarp white, but as time went on turning to
black, numerous seeded inside.

Seeds brownish-black, oblong-ellipsoid, flattened curve, 5.98 – 8.10 mm long, 2.06 – 6.87 mm
in width, 1.19 – 3.52 mm thick, 0.024 – 0.051 g in weight; endocarp smooth, indurated.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.80 – 6.50 cm long. Stems light green, white
hair; collar diameters 1.50 – 1.80 mm; height 7.20 – 10.40 cm tall; hypocotyls 5.80 – 8.00 cm
long; epicotyls 0.60 – 2.50 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus
function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, oblate to suborbiculate, very wide oblong or
very wide obovate, 1.50 – 2.20 by 1.70 – 2.60 cm long, 0.150 – 0.180 mm thick; base
symmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, concavo-convex, rounded, slightly cordate or convex;
apex obtuse or reflex angles, rounded or retuse; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent;
primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple
brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.30 – 0.60 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section.
Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow
elliptic to wide elliptic or narrow oblong to oblong, 2.30 – 4.10 by 1.00 – 1.80 cm long, 0.090
– 0.130 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight,
convex, concave or rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, acuminate or convex,
apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, domatia hair present on lamina
(axillary secondary vein); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 3 – 6 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.50 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparsely
white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar position, greenish. Smell absent.
Exudate absent.

214

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems light green, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 1.80 – 3.70 mm; height 15.00 – 22.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 6.90 – 15.20 by 2.70
– 5.20 cm long, 0.120 – 0.180 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute angles,
straight or concave; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or absent; margin
sparsely white hair or entire, pubescent or glabrous, domatia hair present on laminar (axillary
secondary vein); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 5 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.70 cm long, terete, semi-terete or shallow canaliculate in cross-
section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar position, green.
Smell absent. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, glabrous; collar diameters
5.70 – 9.00 mm; height 50.50 – 57.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial
symmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate, 16.30 – 21.90 by 4.80 – 8.70 cm long,
0.190 – 0.230 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique; acute angles, straight or
concave; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous, domatia
hair present on lamina (axillary secondary vein), this stage not clear; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 13 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.60 – 1.10 cm long,
shallow canaliculate in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar
position, greenish-brown. Smell absent. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 30 – 36 days
Seed to germination : 6 – 34 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 34 days
Germination to first true leaves : 100 – 204 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

215

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Discospermum abnorme (Korth.) S. J. Ali & Robbr.
fruit (A2-A3), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

216

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 61

Local name: กาแฟปา
Botanical name: Hyptianthera stricta (Roxb. ex Schult) Wight & Arn.
Family: Rubiaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, drupe, fleshy, globose to ellipsoid, 7.03 – 9.40 mm long, 7.12 – 9.15 mm in
width, 8.93 – 11.37 mm thick, 0.261 – 0.484 g in weight; exocarp young fruit smooth, greenish
to yellowish-brown, turning reddish-brown fully when mature, ripening with dark purple,
smooth when mature, crowned by persistent calyx, with a thin endocarp, 2-celled, each cell
with usually up to 4 – 5 seeds.

Seeds brownish-dark, ellipsoid, applanated, compressed and angled, 2.37 – 5.13 mm long,
1.37 – 3.27 mm width, 0.55 – 1.48 mm thick, 0.002 – 0.007 g in weight; endocarp scabrous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.30 – 7.20 cm long. Stems pale green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 0.70 – 1.10 mm; height 1.50 – 2.20 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.70 – 1.50
cm long; epicotyls 0.20 – 0.80 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus
function; leaves opposite, petiolate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, very wide
oblong to oblong, wide elliptic to suborbiculate, wide obovate, 0.90 – 1.40 by 0.60 – 0.90 cm
long, 0.190 – 0.270 mm thick, vernicose on upper surface; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, concave or rounded; apex obtuse angles, rounded;
margin entire, glabrous; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous; petioles 0.10 – 0.20 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves
first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, oblong to wide
oblong, elliptic to wide elliptic or narrow obovate, 1.10 – 1.70 by 0.40 – 0.80 cm long, 0.150
– 0.190 mm thick, vernicose on upper surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute
angles, concave; apex obtuse angles, convex, apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 3 – 4 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.20 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section,
sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar position, green. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

217

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems brownish-dark to green, smooth, without
hair; collar diameters 2.40 – 3.40 mm; height 14.60 – 23.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
decussate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic or oblanceolate or
lanceolate, 8.80 – 12.80 by 2.40 – 3.80 cm long, 0.190 – 0.290 mm thick, vernicose upper
surface; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex acute angles,
acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous, without gland position, primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 –
9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.30
– 1.40 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar
position, greenish. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems brownish-dark to green, smooth, without hair;
collar diameters 6.00 – 8.00 mm; height 51.00 – 55.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, opposite,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic, 8.20 – 12.60 by 2.70 – 3.60 cm
long, 0.180 – 0.200 mm thick, vernicose on upper surface; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin entire,
glabrous, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 1.20 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section,
marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar position, green. Smell absent. Exudate
clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 28 – 53 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 8 – 25 days
Germination to first true leaves : 239 – 362 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

218

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Hyptianthera stricta (Roxb. ex Schult) Wight & Arn.
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3. (3.1-3.3)

219

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 62

Local name: สนกะ
Botanical name: Prismatomeris tetrandra subsp. malayana (Ridl.) J. T. Johanss.
Family: Rubiaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, drupe, globose to subglobose, with calyx limb persistent, 6.16 – 11.78 mm long,
6.83 – 11.46 mm in width, 9.45 – 22.85 mm thick, 0.164 – 0.891 g in weight; exocarp purplish-
black when ripe, thin-walled, glabrous, smooth, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds brown, subglobose to plano-convex, 5.52 – 8.94 mm long, 0.5 8 – 9.02 mm in width,
0.48 – 7.89 mm thick, 0.109 – 0.362 g in weight; endocarp not smooth, with on ventral face
with deeply concave hilum, testa membranous, endosperm corneous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.50 – 9.70 cm long. Stems yellowish-white to
greenish, glabrous; collar diameters 1.60 – 2.20 mm; height 7.40 – 8.90 cm tall; hypocotyls
4.50 – 6.50 cm long; epicotyls 0.70 – 1.70 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, cryrtocotylar,
reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial asymmetrical
or symmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic or oblong to narrow oblong, 1.80 – 5.30 by 0.80
– 2.40 cm long, 0.160 – 0.190 mm thick; base abruptly asymmetrical or oblique, acute angles,
straight or concave; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate; margin entire, glabrous, without
gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 4 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, absent agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.40 cm long, semiterete in cross-section, marginal attached
position. Stipules interpetiolar position, greenish. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems yellowish-white to greenish, glabrous;
collar diameters 2.40 – 3.40 mm; height 14.30 – 19.20 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic or narrow oblong, 6.70
– 11.80 by 2.00 – 3.70 cm long, 0.170 – 0.220 mm thick; base symmetrical, acute angles,
concave; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 12 alternate on either side of the midrib,

220

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.60 – 1.20 cm long, terete or semiterete in
cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar position. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems white to greenish, glabrous; collar
diameters approximately 7.20 mm; height aproximately 51.1 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic, 11.70 – 12.00 by 3.90 – 4.00 cm long,
approximately 0.200 mm thick; base symmetrical; acute angles, concave; apex acute angles,
acuminate, apiculate; margin entire, glabrous, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 12
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 1.40 –
1.50 cm long, terete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar
position, greenish. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 30 – 33 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 21 – 39 days
Germination to first true leaves : 67 – 116 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

221

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Prismatomeris tetrandra subsp. malayana (Ridl.) J. T. Johanss.
fruit (A1), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

222

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 63

Local name: ตากบตาเขยี ด
Botanical name: Psychotria asiatica L.
Family: Rubiaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, fleshy, globose, 6.17 – 8.13 by 6.36 – 7.98 mm long, 3.82 – 7.81 mm thick, 0.146
– 0.3 2 3 g in weight, exocarp young fruit green, turning to red when ripe, smooth, 1-seeded
inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, globose, 5.19 – 6.65 by 4.66 – 6.39 mm long, 2.73 – 4.07 mm thick,
0.033 – 0.084 g in weight, endocarp with numerous longitudinal ridges.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 7.10 – 13.10 cm long. Stems green, sparsely
white hair; collar diameters 2.10 – 3.10 mm; height 8.80 – 13.20 cm tall; hypocotyls 4.20 –
5.80 cm long; epicotyls 0.30 – 1.50 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar,
foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, orbiculate,
very wide ovate or very wide obovate, 1.80 – 2.40 by 1.80 – 2.30 cm long, 0.220 – 0.280 mm
thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, concavo-convex or
concave; apex obtuse angles, convex; margin entire, glabrous; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.30 – 0.50 cm long, normal,
semi-terete or terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to suborbiculate or narrow oblong to wide
oblong, 1.60 – 3.40 by 0.90 – 1.50 cm long, 0.16 – 0.20 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex or concave; apex acute or obtuse
angles, straight, acuminate, convex or rounded; margin entire, pubescent, laminar glands
position; primary venation pinnate, secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 4 – 6 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules interpetiolar position, greenish-brown. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green, sparse white hair; collar diameters
2.60 – 6.50 mm; height 14.60 – 21.30 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate, abruptly medial

223

คูม อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 5.00 – 18.60 by 1.50 – 4.50 cm long,
0.200 – 0.260 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute angles, straight or
concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, acuminate or convex; margin entire,
pubescent, laminar glands position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 2.90 cm long, semi-terete or terete in
cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules interpetiolar position, brown.
Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems green to reddish-brown, glabrous; collar
diameters appoximelity 11.80 mm; height appoximelity 60.0 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
decussate, medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic, 23.80 – 23.90 by 6.00 – 6.30 cm long,
appoximelity 0.240 mm thick; base asymmetrical, acute angles, straight or oblique; apex acute
angles, acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin entire, undulate, glabrous, laminar glands
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 1 7 – 1 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein;
petioles normal, 3.0 – 3.2 cm long, terete in cross-section, marginal attached position, Stipules
interpetiolar position, brown. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 67 – 79 days
Seed to germination : 3 – 34 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 6 – 33 days
Germination to first true leaves : 184 – 461 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

224

คูม ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Psychotria asiatica L
fruit (A2-A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

225

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 64

Local name: หัสคุณใบใหญ
Botanical name: Micromelum integerrimum (Buch.-Ham ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Ex
Family: Roem.
Canopy Layer: Rutaceae
Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, berry, ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.00 – 1.50 by, 0.60 – 1.20 cm; exocarp young fruit
greenish, turning pink when mature, smooth, glabrous, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, ovoid, 2.67 – 6.23 mm long, 2.26 – 5.98 mm in width, 1.60 – 5.43 mm
thick, 0.050 – 0.145 g in weight; endocarp membranous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.80 – 4.40 cm long. Stems greenish, densely
white hair; collar diameters 0.30 – 0.80 mm; height 3.20 – 6.20 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.30 – 4.70
cm long; epicotyls 2.60 – 5.50 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar, reserve
storage function. Leaves first pair unifoliate and imparipinnately compound leaves, alternate;
petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0.00 – 0.60 cm long, pulvinated, terete in cross-section, hair;
rachises 0.00 – 0.10 cm long, subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to orbiculate or narrow oblong to very wide
oblong, 0.20 – 2.10 by 0.20 – 0.90 cm long, 0.080 – 0.110 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, concave, convex, rounded or straight; apex acute, obtuse
or reflex angles, convex, straight, retuse or rounded; margin shallow serrate to sparsely white
hair, pubescent, clearly white dots on laminar position (aromatic volatile oils contained in
gland); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 4 – 6 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
sessile and pulvinated, 0.00 – 0.40 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair,
marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with aromatic smell. Exudate
clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair; collar
diameters 2.00 – 3.50 mm; height 13.40 – 19.50 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately compound
leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 1.80 cm long, normal, terete in cross-section, hair;

226

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

rachises 0.20 – 4.00 cm long, alternate leaflet arrangement, 1 – 3 pairs, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to oblate, oblong to very wide oblong, very wide
ovate to ovate or narrow obovate, 0.70 – 6.70 by 0.50 – 4.80 cm long, 0.120 – 0.240 mm thick;
base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex, rounded or
concave; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, straight, rounded, convex, acuminate or retuse;
margin shallow serrate to sparsely white hair, pubescent, clearly white dots on laminar
position (aromatic volatile oils contained in gland); primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 9 alternate on either side of
the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.50 – 2.40 cm long, terete in
cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present,
with aromatic smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 13 – 23 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 7 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

227

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Micromelum integerrimum (Buch.-Ham ex DC.) Wight & Arn. ex Roem.
fruit (A1-A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

228

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 65

Local name: กรวยปา
Botanical name: Casearia grewiifolia Vent.
Family: Salicaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, fleshy, baccate, septicidal capsule, 3-valved, globose to ellipsoid, green, ripening
yellow to orang, 28.63 – 61.10 mm long 26.77 - 40.40 mm in width, 25.67 – 40.63 mm thick,
10.904 – 56.247 g in weight; exocarp glabrous or scattered hairs near the apex, smooth, arillate,
citrine when mature, pinkish-red aril.

Seeds white-yellow, ellipsoid, often angular because of pressure on each other, 0.34 – 7.39
mm long 3.00 – 5.35 mm in width, 2.14 – 7.17 mm thick, 0.015 – 0.048 g in weight, endocarp
smooth, subglabrous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.30 – 7.10 cm long. Stems pale green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 1.20 – 1.50 mm; height 3.10 – 5.20 cm tall; hypocotyls 2.50 – 5.40
cm long; epicotyls 0.10 – 1.10 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus
function; leaves opposite, petiolate, medial symmetrical, orbiculate to oblate, very wide
oblong, very wide ovate or very wide obovate, 1.30 – 2.20 by 1.20 – 2.40 cm long, 0.160 –
0.230 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded; apex reflex angles,
retuse, margin sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation suprabasal actinodromous (3-
nerves), secondary venation festooned brochidodromous; petioles 0.10 – 0.30 cm long,
normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic, oblong to narrow oblong or
narrow ovate, 2.00 – 4.20 by 0.80 – 1.80 cm long, 0.120 – 0.170 mm thick; base symmetrical,
acute angles, straight or concave; apex acute angles, straight, acuminate or apiculate, margin
serrate with sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position, but peilucid glandular dots
and dashes present; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 4 – 7 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, densely white hair,
marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white.

229

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems grayish-green, densely white hair; collar
diameters 2.40 – 4.60 mm; height 15.60 – 25.50 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral (with
alternate in branches), abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide
elliptic, 7.20 – 15.20 by 3.00 – 3.70 cm long, 0.130 – 0.190 mm thick, densely hair on lower
surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex;
apex acute angles, straight, acuminate or apiculate; margin serrate to sparsely white hair,
pubescent, without gland position, but peilucid glandular dots and dashes present; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 10
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, with agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.80
cm long, terete or semi-terete in cross-section, densely hair, marginal attached position.
Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems grayish-green, densely reddish-brown hair
specially in branch; collar diameters 5.40 – 11.00 mm, height 50.00 – 79.00 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, alternate, spiral branches arrangement, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or lanceolate, 4.70 – 16.30 by 2.60 – 6.10 cm
long, 0.160 – 0.220 mm thick, densely white hair on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical
or asymmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, convex, straight or rounded; apex acute angles,
acuminate, convex, staight or apiculate; margin serrate to sparsely white hair, pubescent,
without gland position, but peilucid glandular dots and dashes present; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 10 alternate
on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.60 cm
long, semi-terete or terete or shallow canaliculate in cross-section, densely white hair,
marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent, Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 11 – 26 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 29 days
Germination to first true leaves : 3 – 164 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Casearia grewiifolia Vent.
fruit (A2-A3), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 66

Local name: กวมขาว
Botanical name: Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC.
Family: Sapindaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits dehiscent, a winged schizocarp, 1-winged, 2-winged adherent at base, 16.93 – 26.44 mm
long, 4.81 – 8.53 mm in width, 1.70 – 3.54 mm thick, 0.006 – 0.030 g in weight; nutlets strongly
convex; exocarp young fruit smooth, greenish, turning dark reddish-brown, scabrous when
mature, mesocarp densely white hair, usually 1-seeded inside.

Seeds brownish-dark, globose to ellipsoid, 3.67 – 5.35 mm long, 2.54 – 3.79 mm in width, 2.35
– 3.21 mm thick, 0.006 – 0.029 g in weight; endocarp densely white hair.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.50 – 9.60 cm long. Stems light green, sparsely
white hair; collar diameters 0.70 – 1.00 mm; height 5.60 – 8.50 cm tall; hypocotyls 2.00 – 4.50
cm long; epicotyls 0.60 – 2.80 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus
function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, narrow oblong to lorate, narrow elliptic to
elliptic or lanceolate, 1.20 – 2.30 by 0.40 – 0.70 cm long, 0.150 – 0.230 mm thick, green on
lower surface; base symmetrical, obtuse angles, convex; apex acute angles, straight; margin
entire, glabrous; primary venation basal acrodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple
brochidodromous; petioles sessile or petiolate, 0.00 – 0.10 cm long, normal, semi-terete in
cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, medial symmetrical, lanceolate to
narrow ovate or narrow elliptic, 2.60 – 3.60 by 0.80 – 1.80 cm long, 0.100 – 0.130 mm thick,
glaucous on lower surface; base symmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded or slightly
cordate; apex acute angles, acuminate; margin entire, glabrous, without gland position,
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 6 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.30 – 0.60 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-gray, white dotted, sparsely white
hair; collar diameters 1.60 – 2.70 mm; height 14.70 – 21.30 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,

232

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

decussate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, lanceolate to narrow ovate or
narrow elliptic to elliptic, 2.70 – 7.80 by 0.90 – 2.70 cm long, 0.110 – 0.180 mm thick, glaucous
on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded
or slightly cordate; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate, apiculate; margin entire, glabrous,
without gland position, primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 12 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.70 – 2.30 cm long, terete in cross-section,
sparse hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-gray, white dotted lenticle, smooth,
without hair; collar diameters 5.40 – 6.60 mm; height 56.90 – 71.20 cm tall. Leaves sample
leaf, decussate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic or
narrow ovate, 5.30 – 9.10 by 2.20 – 4.00 cm long, 0.150 – 0.180 mm thick, glaucous lower
surface; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded; apex acute
angles, acuminate or straight; margin entire, glabrous, without gland position, primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 10
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.70
– 3.00 cm long, terete in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 6 – 11 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 1 – 3 days
Germination to first true leaves : 59 – 79 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

233

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC.
fruit (A1-A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 67

Local name: หอมไกล
Botanical name: Arytera littoralis Blume
Family: Sapindaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, dehiscent, capsule, slender, lobes, with broadly cordate, 23.85 – 28.79 mm
long, 11.64 – 17.28 mm in width, 9.65 – 11.11 mm thick, 1.458 – 2.320 g in weight; exocarp
orange to red, smooth, glabrous outside, hairy along suture inside, (1) – 2-seeds inside.

Seeds blackish-brown, ellipsoid to globular, 10.48 – 14.11 mm long, 7.20 – 10.32 mm in width,
6.82 – 9.23 mm thick, 0.380 – 0.850 g in weight; endocarp covered by an apically open, 2-later
red arillode, smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 8.90 – 33.90 cm long. Stems greenish-white,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.60 – 2.70 mm; height 6.30 – 8.40 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.30 – 6.00 cm long; epicotyls 1.40 – 7.70 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair imparipinnately compound leaves,
terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate, alternate; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.20
cm long, normal, terete in cross-section, white hairy; rachises 0.10 cm long, suboppsite or
opposite leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, lanceolate
to ovate, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or oblanceolate, 2.90 – 7.80 by 1.50 – 2.00 cm long,
0.120 – 0.150 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, convex
or rounded; apex acute angles, acuminate; margin entire, glabrous on both side, domatia
present on laminar position (axillary secondary vein); primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 11 alternate on either side of
the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.30 – 3.10 cm long, terete in
cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present,
with fragrant smell. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 1.90 – 2.70 mm; height 15.00 – 18.70 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately compound
leaves, terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 –

235

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

0.50 cm long, normal, shallow canaliculate or terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair or
absent; rachises 0.10 cm long, subopposite or opposite leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or lanceolate to narrow
ovate, 4.60 – 11.20 by 2.00 – 3.90 cm long, 0.100 – 0.160 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex, concave or rounded; apex acute or obtuse
angles, straight, convex or acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin entire, undulate or absent,
glabrous on both side, laminar gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous, eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 7 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
pulvinated, 2.60 – 6.10 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair or absent, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, with fragrant smell. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 16 – 19 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 4 – 43 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

236

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Arytera littoralis Blume
Fruit (A1), seed (B1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 68

Local name: หอมไกลดง
Botanical name: Harpullia arborea (Blance) Radlk.
Family: Sapindaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, dehiscent, loculicidal capsule, short-stipitate, 39.64 – 50.60 mm long, 31.55 –
40.46 mm in width, 17.08 – 26.25 mm thick, 4.606 – 17.004 g in weight; exocarp reddish-orange,
lobes longer than high, (sub)pilose outside, glabrous to subpilose within, wall thin, leathery,
1– (2) seeded inside.

Seeds shiny brown to black, oblong-ellipsoid, 12.86 – 23.32 mm long, 8.41 – 19.17 mm in
width, 8.26 – 15.64 mm thick, 0.620 – 3.534 g in weight; endocarp a basal sarcotestal ring
completely covered seed, but lower part sarcotestal and upper part free; hilum small.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.50 – 18.50 cm long. Stems light green,
densely white hair; collar diameters 2.50 – 4.30 mm; height 6.80 – 14.40 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.60 – 1.50 cm long; epicotyls 5.00 – 11.10 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair imparipinnately compound leaves,
terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate, alternate; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.30
cm long, pulvinated, terete in cross-section, hair; rachises 0.10 – 4.10 cm long, subopposite or
alternate leaflet arrangement, 1 – 3 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical,
narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or lanceolate, 1.60 – 12.90 by 0.60 – 4.90 cm long, 0.10 – 0.16
mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex;
apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate or rounded, apiculate; margin densely white hair,
undulate, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 18 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.80 – 4.40 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-white, densely white hair; collar
diameters 3.70 – 6.90 mm; height 15.00 – 29.00 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnate or unifoliate

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

pinnately compound leaves, terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate, spiral; petiolules
petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.50 cm long, pulvinated, terete or semiterete in cross-section, densely
white hair; rachises 0.10 – 7.80 cm long, alternate or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 – 3
pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, lanceolate
to ovate or oblong, 2.20 – 19.60 by 1.40 – 7.40 cm long, 0.120 – 0.150 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute angles,
acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair, undulate, pubescent, without
gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 11 – 18 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, absent agrophic
vein; petioles pulvinated, 2.50 – 6.30 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair,
marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair; collar
diameters 8.90 – 10.40 mm; height 50.0 – 56.8 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately compound
leaves, terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.30 –
0.80 cm long, normal, semiterete or terete in cross-section, densely white hair; rachises 8.10
– 21.50 cm long, alternate or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2 – 4 pairs, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, narrow ovate or narrow obovate,
6.70 – 24.60 by 3.10 – 17.10 cm long, 0.100 – 0.142 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
oblique; acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or rounded; apex acute, obtuse or reflex
angles, acuminate, straight, convex, acuminate or retuse, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely
white hair, undulate, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 12 – 20 alternate on either side
of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 7.40 – 13.20 cm long, terete
in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 11 – 18 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 5 – 11 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

239

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Harpullia arborea (Blance) Radlk.
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

240

คูม อื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 69

Local name: คอแลน
Botanical name: Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz
Family: Sapindaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, loculicidal capsule, lobes ellipsoid, 2.00 – 3.00 by 1.50 – 2.25 cm; exocarp warty,
wall coriaceous, ca. 0.50 mm thick, young fruit green turning red when mature, 1 -seeded
inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, ellipsoid, completely covered by white aril, 16.18 – 23.70 mm long,
8.85 – 13.02 mm in width, 7.32 – 12.52 mm thick, 0.679 – 2.359 g in weight; endocarp rugged,
shallow canaliculate.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 5.20 – 11.90 cm long. Stems light green,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.90 – 3.30 mm; height 9.90 – 16.90 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.30 – 1.80 cm long; epicotyls 6.80 – 15.50 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair imparipinnately compound leaves,
subopposite; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.40 cm long, normal, shallow canaliculate or semi-
terete in cross-section, densely white hair; rachises 0.10 – 0.20 cm long, opposite or
subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic, lanceolate or narrow oblong,
4.10 – 8.10 by 1.40 – 2.50 cm long, 0.160 – 0.240 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
oblique, obtuse or acute angles, straight, convex, rounded or concave; apex acute angles,
straight, acuminate or apiculate; margin white hair, undulate, pubescent, domatia laminar
present (axillary secondary vein); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 18 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 1.00 – 3.50 cm long, shallow
canaliculate in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

241

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Number of days for germination : 5 – 23 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 56 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

242

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz
fruit (A2), seed (B2) and seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3)

243

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน
244