คู่มือจำแนกกล้าไม้ต้นป่าดิบแล้ง_ISBN

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 37

Local name: ประดูปา
Botanical name: Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz
Family: Fabaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, indehiscent, pod, samara, flattened fruit, rounded wings, 53.33 – 66.33 mm long,
40.13 – 61.58 mm width, 3.78 – 5.49 mm thick, 8.820 – 13.340 g in weight; exocarp young fruit
green, turning to reddish-brown, rugged, glabrous, oblique at base, indurated at medial seed,
1 – 2 seeded inside.

Seeds dark reddish-brown, ellipsoid to oblong, applannated, 5.08 – 10.59 mm long, 4.32 –
7.43 mm in width, 1.62 – 9.90 mm thick, 0.039 – 0.096 g in weight; endocarp glabrous; apex
obtuse, oblique at base.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.30 – 6.00 cm long. Stems green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 1.40 – 2.80 mm; height 3.20 – 4.80 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.80 – 5.50
cm long; epicotyls 0.70 – 2.90 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus
function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, eillptic to wide elliptic, narrow ovate to ovate,
oblong to wide bolong, 1.80 – 2.60 by 0.90 – 1.30 cm long, 0.310 – 0.580 mm thick; base
abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded, convex or slightly
cordate; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin sparely white hair, pubescent; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles sessile to petiolate, 0.00 –
0.20 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair unifoliate pinnately
compound leaves, alternate; abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to
oblate, very wide oblong or very wide ovate to narrow ovate, 0.10 – 2.40 by 0.50 – 2.20 cm
long, 0.130 – 0.180 mm thick; base symmetrical, reflex or obtuse angles, slightly cordate or
rounded; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, convex, rounded, emarginate, retuse or straight,
apiculate; margin sparely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 7
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petiolules sessile; petioles
pulvinated, 0.30 – 0.80 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules free lateral poistion, green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to brownish-dark, sparsely white hair;
collar diameters 2.50 – 5.40 mm; height 15.30 – 29.30 cm tall. Leaves unifoliate and
imparipinnately compound leaves, alternate; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0. 0 0 – 1.10
cm long, normal or absent, terete or absent in cross-section, hair or absent; rachises 0. 0 0 –
3.40 cm long, alternate leaflet arrangement, 2 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, wide elliptic to orbiculate, ovate to wide ovate or wide oblong, 1.70 – 8.30 by
1.10 – 5.40 cm long, 0.130 – 0.210 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse
or reflex angles, rounded, convex or slightly cordate; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles,
acuminate, straight, convex, rounded, truncate or retuse, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation; pinnate secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 11 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.10 – 3.40 cm long, terete in cross-
section, sparse hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems green to brownish-dark, sparsely white hair;
collar diameters 4.90 – 10.40 mm; height 52.10 – 87.70 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately
compound leaves, alternate; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.50 cm long, normal or
pulvinalate, terete in cross-section, white hair; rachises 1.50 – 9.30 cm long, alternate leaflet
arrangement, 1 – 3 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to oblate,
wide ovate to ovate, very wide oblong or very wide obovate, 2.10 – 12.60 by 0.60 – 8.60 cm
long, 0.157 – 0.210 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute, obtuse or reflex
angles, convex, rounded, straight or slightly cordate; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles,
acuminate, convex, straight, rounded or retuse, apiculate; margin sparse hairy, undulate or
absent, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 9 – 13 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.70 – 4.90 cm long, terete in cross-
section, hair, marginal attached position, Stipules free lateral position, greenish to brownish
when senescence. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 7 – 35 days
Seed to germination : below 9 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 2 – 20 days
Germination to first true leaves : 47 – 73 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

146

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz
fruit (A1), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 38

Local name: กระบก
Botanical name: Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A. W. Benn.
Family: Irvingiaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, fleshy, drupe, globose to ellipsoid, 24.86 – 40.59 mm, long 26.35 - 32.80 mm in
width, 15.57 – 48.07 mm thick, 22.399 – 32.818 g in weight; exocarp young fruit smooth, green,
turning brownish-black to dark dotted when mature, 1(–2) seeded.

Seeds yellowish-brown, ellipsoid, 21.22 – 40.86 mm long, 19.92 – 29.50 mm width, 13.64 –
19.18 mm thick, 0.876 – 9.691 g in weight; endocarp woody, with densely hair, very indurated.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 7.00 – 16.50 cm long. Stems greenish-white,
smooth, glabrous; collar diameters 1.90 – 3.30 mm; height 8.20 – 20.60 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.30 – 1.50 cm long; epicotyls 7.10 – 10.80 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate or subopposite,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic or narrow ovate,
4.10 – 8.30 by 2.00 – 4.10 cm long, 0.140 – 0.190 mm thick, pale green to glaucous on lower
surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded, convex or
slightly cordate; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or rounded; margin entire,
glabrous, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 12 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 1.40 cm long, terete or shallow
canaliculate in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules terminal position, gladiate,
green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish, smooth; collar diameters 1.90 –
3.00 mm; height 13.70 – 21.70 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, alternate, subopposite or
decussate, medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, 5.50 – 11.80 by 2.80 – 5.80 cm
long, 0.120 – 0.190 mm thick, pale green to glaucous on lower surface; base symmetrical,
obtuse or reflex angles, convex, slightly cordate or rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles,
straight or convex; margin entire, glabrous, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;

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คูม อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 14 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 0.90 cm long,
terete or shallow canaliculate in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules terminal
position, gladiate. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, white dotted lenticel; collar
diameters 3.70 – 7.50 mm; height 50.7 – 79.2 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral or (alternate
in branches), abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or
lanceolate, 12.20 – 21.10 by 3.50 – 7.80 cm long, 0.140 – 0.180 mm thick, pale green to
glaucous on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse, reflex or acute
angles, convex, rounded, straight or slightly cordate; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight or
convex, margin entire, glabrous, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 12 – 20 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal or pulvinated, 0.70 – 1.40 cm long, semi-terete or terete in cross-section,
marginal attached position. Stipules terminal position, gladiate. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white.

Number of days for germination : 87 – 155 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 19 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

149

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A. W. Benn.
fruit (A2), seed (B1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3).

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 39

Local name: ซอ
Botanical name: Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Family: Lamiaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, a succulent drupes, ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 27.79 – 39.92 mm long, 26.71
– 36.74 mm in width, 25.23 – 36.12 mm thick, 10.625 – 29.057 g in weight; exocarp young fruit
greenish, turning yellow and black dry when mature, smooth, mesocarp fleshy, psilate, 1-
seeded inside.

Seeds brownish-black, ellipsoid, apex acute with obtuse at base, 15.48 – 24.30 mm long, 8.92
– 12.90 mm in width, 7.22 – 12.17 mm thick, 0.615 – 1.955 g in weight; endocarp smooth,
bony, monocolpated from apex to medial seed.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.70 – 9.20 cm long. Stems light green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 1.30 – 1.90 mm; height 10.00 – 17.90 cm tall; hypocotyls 2.50 –
6.50 cm long; epicotyls 3.20 – 4.60 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar,
foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide
oblong to narrow oblong, wide elliptic to suborbiculate, ovate or wide obovate, 1.90 – 2.30
by 1.20 – 1.70 cm long, 0.680 – 0.820 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical,
obtuse angles, concavo-convex; apex reflex angles, retuse; margin white hair, pubescent;
primary venation suprabasl arcodromous (3-nerves), shallow canaliculated; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.50 – 1.00 cm long, normal,
canaliculate in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide ovate to very wide ovate, 3.70 – 4.60 by 2.60 – 3.60 cm
long, 0.110 – 0.120 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse or reflex angles,
truncate or rounded or slightly cordate; apex acute angles, straight, apiculate; margin shallow
dentate to pinnately lobed to shallow crenate to white hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or
craspedodromous or simple brochidodromous or palmately netted vein, 3 – 5 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, simple agrophic vein; petioles normal, 1.60 – 2.90 cm long,

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คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

canaliculate in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent.
Smell present, fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems vierscent to brownish-black, densely white
hair; collar diameters 1.50 – 2.10 mm; height 15.00 – 18.80 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
decussate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, ovate to very wide ovate or wide
elliptic to orbiculate, 2.60 – 5.30 by 1.80 – 4.40 cm long, 0.080 – 0.240 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, concavo-convex or rounded, convex or trucate;
apex obtuse angles, acuminate to convex, apiculate; margin pinnately lobed, dentate to
sparsely white hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands position; primary venation pinnate
secondary venation semicraspedodromous or palmately netted vein, 4 – 6 alternate on either
side of the midrib, netted, simple agrophic vein; petioles normal, red to pink, 1.10 – 3.20 cm
long, canaliculate or terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position.
Stipules absent. Smell present, fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems green to brownish-black, densely white hair;
collar diameters 4.10 – 6.10 mm; height 50.50 – 56.90 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, decussate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, very wide ovate to wide ovate or to
suborbiculate to oblate, 8.10 – 14.10 by 9.50 – 13.30 cm long, 0.110 – 0.240 mm thick; base
abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse angles, concavo-convex or convex; apex obtuse
angles, acuminate to convex, apiculate; margin dentate to sparsely white hair, pubescent,
petiolar or basilaminar glands position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or palmately netted vein, 5 – 12 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, simple agrophic vein; petioles normal, 4.30 – 11.20 cm long, terete in cross-section,
densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, fragrant smell.
Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 11 – 17 days
Seed to germination : below 3 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 6 days
Germination to first true leaves : 34 – 82 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

152

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Gmelina arborea Roxb.
fruit (A1), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1, 3.3)

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 40

Local name: ไขเนา
Botanical name: Vitex glabrata R. Br.
Family: Lamiaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, fleshy, drupe, globose to ellipsoid, 17.37 – 25.47 mm long 16.20 – 24.17 mm in
width, 16.40 – 22.23 mm thick, 3.036 – 9.067 g in weight; exocarp subglabrous to smooth, pale
green turning to purplish-black when mature, strongly unpleasent smell.

Seeds brownish- dark, apex acute to convex, base slightly cordate or rounded, 6.95 – 19.64
mm long 4.15 – 17.17 mm in width, 4.94 – 9.58 mm thick, 0.181 – 0.624 g in weight, endocarp
rugged, exalbuminous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.10 – 6.90 cm long. Stems light green, white
hair, young part 4-angled (quadrangular in section); collar diameters 1.60 – 1.90 mm; height
5.70 – 12.80 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.60 – 3.40 cm long; epicotyls 1.90 – 9.30 cm long.
Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, petiolate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to orbiculate or narrow obovate,
1.90 – 2.20 by 0.90 – 2.00 cm long, 0.320 – 0.579 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
oblique, obtuse angles, rounded; apex reflex angles, retuse; margin sparsely white hair,
pubescent; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation festooned brochidodromous;
petioles 0.20 – 5.00 cm long, normal, semi-terete or canaliculate in cross-section. Leaves
first pair unifoliate palmately compound leaves, opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, elliptic to suborbiculate, narrow ovate or narrow obovate, 2.00 – 4.10 by 0.90
– 2.50 cm long, 0.090 – 0.170 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse to
acute angles, convex, straight or concave; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate,
apiculate; margin serrate to sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 8
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petiolules sessile;
petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.80 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, densely white
hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, unpleasant smell. Exudate
clearly white

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 0.50 – 3.39 mm; height 14.50 – 24.20 cm tall. Leaves unifoliate or trifoliate
palmately compound leaves, (digitately 3– 7–foliolate when mature), decussate; petiolules
sessile or petiolulate, 0.00 – 0.10 cm long, narrow winged or normal, semi-terete in cross-
section, sparse hairy; rachises 0.00 – 1.50 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet
arrangement, 1 pair, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow
elliptic, narrow ovate or narrow obovate, 1.10 – 5.90 by 0.50 – 3. 0 0 cm long, 0.110 – 0.200
mm thick, vernicose on upper surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse
angles, straight, convex, concave; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, straight, convex
acuminate or retuse, apiculate; margin serrate to sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 6 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.10 – 1.30 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, unpleasant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems grayish-brown, 4 prominent ridges at terminal
young stem, sparsely white hair; collar diameters appoximelity 7.60 mm; height appoximelity
50.30 cm tall. Leaves quinquefoliate palmately compound leaves, decussate; petiolules
petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.90 cm long, pulvinated, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparse hairy,
whorl leaflet arrangement, 4 – 5 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, oblong,
elliptic or narrow ovate, 1.90 – 6.80 by 0.90 – 3.80 cm long, appoximelity 1.900 mm thick,
vernicose upper surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute angles, straight; apex
acute to oblong angles, obtuse, acuminate or apiculate; margin serrate to sparse hairy,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 4.10 – 4.90 cm long, terete in cross-section,
sparse hairy, marginal attached position, Stipules absent. Smell present, unpleasant smell.
Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 20 – 268 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 9 days
Germination to first true leaves : 34 – 82 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Vitex glabrata R. Br.
fruit (A1), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3
(3.1-3.3)

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คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 41

Local name: กามกุง
Botanical name: Beilschmiedia velutinosa Kosterm.
Family: Lauraceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, fleshy, drupe, ellipsoid; exocarp young fruit smooth to dark dotted, greenish to
yellowish-brown, turning yellow when mature, ripening dark purplish-black, fruiting pedicels,
2.50 – 4.50 cm long, pilose, red when ripe, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds reddish-pink, ellipsoid, 23.29 – 34.15 mm long, 12.59 – 16.62 mm in width, 12.46 – 16.58
mm thick, 2.502 – 5.715 g in weight; endocarp canaliculate at medial seed, with albuminous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.60 – 8.50 cm long. Stems pale green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 1.00 – 2.10 mm; height 4.30 – 13.00 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.20 –
2.00 cm long; epicotyls 5.50 – 12.00 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar,
reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, medial symmetrical, narrow
elliptic to suborbiculate or narrow oblong, 1.60 – 8.80 by 1.20 – 3.70 cm long, 0.150 – 0.190
mm thick; base symmetrical, acute angles, straight or convex; apex acute angles, acuminate
or straight; margin densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 4 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.20 – 0.50 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules absent. Smell crushed leaf with fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparse hairy; collar
diameters 2.30 – 4.00 mm; height 15.20 – 15.70 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 9.50 – 13.00 by 3.40 – 4.00 cm
long, 0.160 – 0.190 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles,
straight or convex; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate; margin sparse hairy,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 9 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein, petioles normal, 0.50 – 0.70 cm long,

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

semi-terete in cross-section, sparse hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell
crushed leaf with fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 16 – 30 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 4 – 48 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

158

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Beilschmiedia velutinosa Kosterm.
fruit (A1), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

159

คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 42

Local name: เชยี ดใบใหญ
Botanical name: Neolitsea obtusifolia Merr.
Family: Lauraceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, a drupe, seated on the persistent discoid perianth tube; fruiting pedicel 8. 0 0 –
9.00 mm long, globose to ellipsoid, 13.03 – 15.91 mm long 12.08 - 15.03 mm in width. 11.07
– 14.95 mm thick, 1.39 – 2.568 g in weight; exocarp smooth and glabrous, with sparsely whitish-
yellow dotted, apex obtuse, young fruit green, turning dark purple when mature.

Seeds brown, ellipsoid, 12.70 – 17.34 mm long 9.43 – 13.34 mm in width, 8.98 – 11.16 mm
thick, 0.607 – 1.053 g in weight; endocarp cartilaginous to woody, smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 8.20 – 24.30 cm long. Stems greenish; collar
diameters 1.60 – 3.20 mm; height 13.00 – 24.30 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.50 – 2.70 cm long;
epicotyls 12.10 – 23.20 cm long. Cotyledons not emergent, hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar,
reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, elliptic, wide elliptic ot suborbiculate, 4.70 – 8.90 by 3.10 – 4.60 cm long,
0.110 – 0.140 mm thick, glaucous on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical to oblique,
obtuse to concavo-convex; apex rounded, obtuse to acuminate, margin sparse hairy or entire,
undulate, pubescent, without gland; primary venation suprabasal actinodromous (3-nerves),
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or palmately netted vein, 7 – 13 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.60 – 1.60 cm long,
canaliculate in cross-section, glabrescent to glabrous, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell crushed leaf with strong cinnamon smell. Exudate clear white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to brown; collar diameters 2.30 –
3.10 mm; height 19.60 –28.20 cm tall. Leaves simple leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic or narrow ovate, 4.70 – 9.20 by 2.00 – 4.40 cm long,
0.140 – 0.170 mm thick, glaucous on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, concave, concavo-convex or straight; apex rounded,
acute to acuminate, apiculate or retuse or absent at the terminal apex; margin entire with

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sparse hairy or glabrescent, slight undulate, pubescent, without gland; primary venation
suprabasal actinodromous; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or palmately netted
vein, 11 – 18 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.30 – 1.30 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, hairy, marginal attached position.
Stipules absent. Smell crushed with strong cinnamon smell. Exudate clear white.

Number of days for germination : 31 – 48 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 32 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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Neolitsea obtusifolia Merr
fruit (A1-A2), seed (B1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 43

Local name: สะทิบ
Botanical name: Phoebe paniculata (Nees) Nees
Family: Lauraceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, a drupe, ellipsoid, base surrounded by persistent and enlarged perianth lobes,
11.96 – 14.22 mm long, 10.47 – 14.29 mm in width, 7.92 – 11.90 mm thick, 0.745 – 1.099 g in
weight; fruiting pedicel not thickened; exocarp smooth, spare hairy, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, 6.44 – 10.61 mm long, 5.71 – 7.75 mm in width,
5.590 – 7.540 mm thick, 0.033 – 0.810 g in weight; endocarp cartilaginous to woody, smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.10 – 17.70 cm long. Stems greenish-yellow,
sparsely white hair; collar diameters 0.90 – 1.90 mm; height 5.10 – 17.50 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.20 – 1.70 cm long; epicotyls 4.30 – 12.20 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to suborbiculate, ovate to narrow ovate or very wide
oblong, 1.00 – 4.80 by 0.60 – 2.50 cm long, 0.070 – 0.130 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or asymmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, convex or straight; apex acute angles, straight,
acuminate, absent; margin densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 –
12 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20
– 0.40 cm long, semiterete in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell present, crushed leaf with strong cinnamon smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems white to green, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 1.80 – 2.70 mm; height 15.20 – 18.40 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or narrow oblong, 4.50 – 8.30
by 1.20 – 3.20 cm long, 0.120 – 0.150 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute
angles, concave, straight; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight or convex; margin
sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 12 alternate on either side of

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 0.80 cm long, semiterete in
cross-section, white hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, crushed
leaf with strong cinnamon smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 46 – 85 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 14 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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Phoebe paniculata (Nees) Nees
fruit (A1), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 44

Local name: ปอสามหาง
Botanical name: Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br.
Family: Malvaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, follicle stalked, membranous, with conspicuous nerves, hairy, dehiscent long
before maturity, foliaceous, tongue-shaped, 5.00 – 7.00 cm in diam; exocarp red or purple
when mature, 2 seeded on the margin of the carpels.

Seed brownish, ellipsoid to globose, 7.82 – 10.99 mm long, 5.12 – 6.47 mm in width, 5.04 –
6.20 mm thick, 0.039 – 0.164 g in weight; rugose, endosperm flat or plicate.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 5.30 – 9.70 cm long. Stems greenish, sparsely
white hair; collar diameters 1.90 – 2.60 mm; height 9.70 – 14.70 cm tall; hypocotyls 6.30 –
10.70 cm long; epicotyls 1.30 – 3.30 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar,
foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic
to orbiculate, wide oblong to very wide oblong or wide ovate, 2.50 – 3.80 by 2.10 – 3.00 cm
long, 0.260 – 0.300 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex or obtuse
angles, cordate or rounded; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin entire, glabrous; primary
venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous;
petioles petiolate, 0.60 – 1.30 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair
sample leaf, alternate; abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide ovate to narrow
ovate or wide elliptic, 5.80 – 8.70 by 3.10 – 6.50 cm long, 0.100 – 0.120 mm thick; base
abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex angles, slightly cordate; apex acute angles,
acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation basal actinodromous; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 4 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, compound agrophic
vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 3.10 – 6.80 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparsely white
hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell absent. Exudate
clearly white.

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Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish, sparsely white hair, collar
diameters 2.50 – 5.20 mm; height 14.00 – 18.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, ovate to wide ovate, 7.90 – 14.50 by 5.00 – 10.80 cm
long, 0 . 0 9 0 – 0.140 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex angles,
cordate; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight; margin sparsely white entire, pubescent,
without gland position; primary venation basal actinodromous; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 14 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, compound agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 5.50 – 12.50 cm long, terete
in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position,
greenish. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 2 – 5 days
Seed to germination : below – 3 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 15 days
Germination to first true leaves : 46 – 175 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R. Br.
seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 45

Local name: ปอขนุน
Botanical name: Sterculia balanghas L.
Family: Malvaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits dehiscent, follicle along upper suture, 3 – 5 fruits, sub-fruit concave at base; apex acute,
5.00 – 9.00 by 2.00 – 3.00 cm in diam; exocarp densely pubescent, yellowish to reddish, in
each sub-fruit 3 – 6 seeded inside.

Seeds brown to black, ellipsoid, obtuse at apex and base, 10.55 – 14.84 mm long, 7.71 – 14.42
mm in width, 0.350 – 0.926 g in weight; endocarp smooth, glabrous, glossy, white endosperm.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.20 – 23.20 cm long. Stems green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 2.30 – 3.80 mm; height 8.20 – 25.70 cm tall; hypocotyls 2.70 –
4.10 cm long; epicotyls 7.00 – 9.70 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, cryrtocotylar, reserve
storage function; leaves alternate or subopposite, medial symmetrical, narrow oblong to
oblong, narrow elliptic, narrow obovate to oblanceolate or lanceolate, 1.30 – 2.10 by 0.50 –
0.80 cm long, 3.870 – 4.570 mm thick; base symmetrical, obtuse angles, straight; apex acute
or reflex angles, straight, convex, rounded or emarginate; margin densely white hair, revolute,
pubescent; primary venation absent; secondary venation absent; petioles petiolate, 0.10 –
0.40 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, subopposite,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, lanceolate to ovate, 8.00 – 11.20 by 3.30 – 5.40
cm long, 0.100 – 0.130 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex or obtuse
angles, slightly cordate or rounded; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 12 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.80 – 1.40 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems grayish-green, white hair; collar diameters
2.80 – 4.10 mm; height 15.60 – 23.80 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial

169

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic or lanceolate, 7.60 – 21.40 by 2.40 – 5.40 cm
long, 0.100 – 0.130 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical, acute, obtuse or reflex angles,
slightly cordate, rounded, convex or straight; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight,
apiculate or absent; margin white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous becoming
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.70 – 2.70 cm long, terete in cross-section,
sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems grayish-green, white hair; collar diameters
6.90 – 11.80 mm; height 52.90 – 68.40 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 17.80 – 28.90 by 5.50 – 10.80 cm
long, 0.110 – 0.160 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse or reflex angles,
rounded, convex, truncate or slightly cordate; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate,
straight or convex, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 19 – 18 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without
agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 2.10 – 4.80 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparely white
hair, marginal attached position, Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white.

Number of days for germination : below 4 days
Seed to germination : below 9 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 6 days
Germination to first true leaves : 9 – 28 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Source: BKF Forest Herbarium:
Department of National Park, Wildlife
and Plant conservation.

Sterculia balanghas L.
fruit (A1), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 46

Local name: ปอขาว
Botanical name: Sterculia pexa Pierre
Family: Malvaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits aggregate, dehiscent, follicle, ellipsoid and slightly curved to sickle-shaped, 4.00 – 9.00
cm long, 2.00 – 4.00 cm in width; exocarp brownish to red or orange, abaxially densely
puberulent and hispid, adaxially stellate hair, margin densely ciliate, apex obtuse, deptum
with densely pale brown hispid inside.

Seeds dull black, oblong, apex and base rounded, 6.62 – 14.63 mm long, 6.05 – 13.23 mm in
width, 6.13 – 7.94 mm thick, 0.237 – 0.468 g in weight; endocarp smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.20 – 6.80 cm long. Stems white to greenish,
densely white hair; collar diameters 2.50 – 3.50 mm; height 13.80 – 16.50 cm tall; hypocotyls
6.30 – 8.60 cm long; epicotyls 4.50 – 10.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves subopposite, medial symmetrical, linear narrow
oblong, narrow elliptic to lanceolate or narrow oblanceolate to oblanceolate, 2.00 – 2.70 by
0.30 – 0.50 cm long, 0.260 – 0.680 mm thick, densely hair on lower surface; base symmetrical,
acute angles, straight; apex acute angles, straight; margin ciliate white hair, pubescent; primary
venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation festooned brochidodromous,
clearly when spread out leaf; petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, normal, semi-terete in
cross-section. Leaves first pair trifoliate palmately compound leaves, subopposite; opposite
leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic or
lanceolate, 4.50 – 7.40 by 1.40 – 2.60 cm long, 0.080 – 0.140 mm thick, densely white hair on
lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex
or rounded; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 14 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petiolules sessile; petioles pulvinated or normal, 3.90 –
6.00 cm long, terete in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free
lateral position, greenish. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems grayish to greenish, sparely white hair;
collar diameters 2.50 – 3.30 mm, height 15.00 – 16.70 cm tall. Leaves 5-leaflets palmately
compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile to petiolulate, 0.00 – 0.20 cm long, normal, terete
in cross-section, hair; rachises absent, whorl leaflet arrangement, 2 pairs, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, lanceolate to narrow ovate or narrow
obovate, 0.60 – 8.10 by 0.30 – 2.80 cm long, 0.060 – 0.130 mm thick, densely hair on lower
surface; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex;
apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, acuminate, straight, convex or retuse, apiculate or absent;
margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, absent gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous becoming
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 16 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.10 – 9.30 cm long, terete in cross-section,
white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems grayish to greenish, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 5.00 – 9.50 mm; height 50.30 – 63.00 cm tall. Leaves digitate palmately compound
leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.20 – 0.50 cm long, normal, terete in cross-section, hairy;
rachises 0.10 – 0.20 cm long, whorl leaflet arrangement, 2 – 3 pairs, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to very narrow elliptic or oblanceolate, 7.10 –
19.00 by 1.90 – 4.90 cm long, 0.120 – 0.190 mm thick, densely white hair on lower surface;
base abruptly symmetrical or oblique; acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or concave;
apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 17 – 27 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, absent agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 7.80 – 23.40 cm long, terete in cross-section,
hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : below 5 days
Seed to germination : below 3 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 3 days
Germination to first true leaves : 3 – 6 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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Sterculia pexa Pierre
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 47

Local name: ตาเสอื ใหญ
Botanical name: Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & S. Bennet
Family: Meliaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, dehiscent, globose to ovoid, 41.86 – 82.98 mm long, 36.63 – 62.95 mm in width,
35.71 – 58.39 mm thick, 26.507 – 127.453 g in weight; exocarp yellow to reddish-brown,
glabrous, white to orange arillate, white latex, 1-3 seeded inside.

Seeds brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, 16.91 – 51.98 mm long, 11.19 – 28.66 mm in width, 8.05 –
22.68 mm thick, 1.07 – 17.84 g in weight; endocarp glabrous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.10 – 24.40 cm long. Stems green, young part
covered with sparsely tiny pale brown scales; collar diameters 2.60 – 7.00 mm; height 10.40
– 26.80 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.10 – 1.30 cm long; epicotyls 7.50 – 20.70 cm long. Cotyledons
hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair unifoliate pinnately
compound leaves, alternate or subopposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical,
wide elliptic to suborbiculate, ovate or very wide obovate, 8.30 – 19.40 by 4.30 – 13.10 cm
long, 0.220 – 0.380 mm thick, coriaceous; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse
angles, convex, concavo-convex or rounded; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, acuminate,
convex, straight, emarginate or retuse; margin entire, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation eucamptodromous becoming
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.70 – 6.10 cm long, shallow canaliculate
or semi-terete or terete in cross-section, hair or absent, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to reddish-brown, white to brown
hair, young part covered with sparsely tiny pale brown scales; collar diameters 3.70 – 9.20
mm; height 15.80 – 35.00 cm tall. Leaves unifoliate or imparipinnately or paripinnately
compound leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.40 – 1.20 cm long, normal or absent, terete
or shallow canaliculate or semi-terete or absent in cross-section, hair or absent; rachises 0.00

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– 2.50 cm long, subopposite or opposite leaflet arrangement, 2 pairs, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic, 8.30 – 21.00 by 5.20 – 10.50 cm
long, 0.260 – 0.340 mm thick, coriaceous; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse, acute
or reflex angles, convex, concave, rounded, straight or slightly cordate; apex acute or obtuse
angles, acumminate, convex or straight; margin entire, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation eucamptodromous becoming
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 18 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.50 – 9.30 cm long, semi-terete or terete
in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 14 – 102 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 60 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

176

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Aglaia spectabilis (Miq.) S. S. Jain & S. Bennet
Fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 48

Local name: ตาเสือ
Botanical name: Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker
Family: Meliaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits 2 – 3(–4) valved, loculicidal capsule, spherical-pyriform to nearly ovoid, 23.42 – 27.97
mm long 22.17 – 28.47 mm in width, 21.08 – 26.29 mm thick, 6.298 – 10.633 g in weight;
exocarp yellowish-pink, glabrous, glossy red arillate, 1 – 3(–4) seeded inside.

Seeds brownish-dark, ellipsoid to globose, 9.55 – 16.25 mm long 8.40 – 14.81 mm in width,
6.51 – 11.97 mm thick, 0.288 – 1.439 g in weight; endocarp indurated, longitudinally sharp
ridged on convex side of 1 – 2 seeds.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 8.30 – 16.00 cm long. Stems green to brownish-
dark, sparsely white hair; collar diameters 1.80 – 2.90 mm; height 10.00 – 13.80 cm tall;
hypocotyls 0.20 – 0.90 cm long; epicotyls 8.50 – 9.80 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair unifoliate pinnately compound leaves,
subopposite, medial symmetrical, wide elliptic to suborbiculate, 5.6 0 – 17.80 by 3.60 – 6.7 0
cm long, 0.180 – 0.300 mm thick; base symmetrical, obtuse angles, convex or rounded; apex
acute angles, acuminate; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 6 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petiolules
sessile; petioles pulvinated, 0.40 – 1.30 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, white
hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to brownish-dark, sparsely white hair;
collar diameters 2.40 – 3.4 0 mm; height 15. 0 0 – 20.30 cm tall. Leaves unifoliate pinnately
compound leaves, spiral, medial symmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic, 5.90 – 12.2 0 by 2.70
– 5.50 cm long, 0.160 – 0.220 mm thick; base symmetrical, obtuse angles, convex or rounded;
apex acute angles, acuminate; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 10 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petiolules

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sessile; petioles pulvinated, 1.20 – 3.10 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely
white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems green to brownish-dark, sparely white hair;
collar diameters 6 . 7 0 – 1 1 . 2 0 mm; height 50.50 – 53.50 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately
compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile to petiolulate, 0.00 – 1.70 cm long, normal, semi-
terete or terete in cross-section, sparely white hair; rachises 8.40 – 22.00 cm long, alternate
leaflet arrangement, 3 – 4 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic
to orbiculate, lanceolate to ovate or narrow obovate to wide obovate, 3.30 – 20.7 by 2.20 –
8.00 cm long, 0.160 – 0.190 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse
angles, straight, concave or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate or convex,
apiculate or absent; margin sparely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary
venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10
– 15 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated,
0.80 – 9.10 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparely white hair, marginal attached
position, Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 21 – 28 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 7 – 25 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

179

คูม ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker
fruit (A2-A3), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

180

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 49

Local name: ยมหิน
Botanical name: Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.
Family: Meliaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits dehiscent, loculicidal capsule, subglobose to oblong, usually 3-valved, woody, 46.81 –
62.28 mm long, 27.92 – 42.34 mm in width, 27.92 – 41.95 mm thick, 13.702 – 55.805 g in
weight; exocarp yellowish-gray to brown, coarse and verrucose, numerous seeded inside.

Seeds yellowish-brown, flat, oblong, 8.68 – 19.79 mm long, 2 . 84 – 9.57 mm in width, 0.07 –
1.64 mm thick, 0.001 –0.022 g in weight (including seeds wing), broadly winged, smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 2.60 – 5.50 cm long. Stems light green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 0.70 – 0.90 mm; height 6.00 – 8.00 cm tall; hypocotyls 5.40 – 7.00
cm long; epicotyls 0.70 – 1.10 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus
function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, very wide obovate to narrow obovate, wide
elliptic to suborbiculate or wide oblong to very wide oblong, 1.10 – 1.50 by 0.70 – 1.10 cm
long, 0.140 – 0.180 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse angles, concavo-
convex; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.20 – 0.40 cm long,
normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair trifoliate or imparipinnately compound
leaves, subopposite; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0.00 – 0.30 cm long, winged or normal,
shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely white hair; rachises 0.10 – 0.60 cm long,
opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 – 2 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, oblong to wide oblong, narrow elliptic to suborbiculate, lanceolate to ovate or
narrow obovate to oblanceolate, 0.60 – 2.50 by 0.30 – 1.70 cm long, 0.040 – 0.150 mm thick;
base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight, concave or convex;
apex acute angles, straight; margin serrate, pinnately lobed with white hair, pubescent, without
gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation craspedodromous, simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 6 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.50 – 1.10 cm long, terete in cross-section, sparsely
white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

181

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 1.40 – 2.40 mm; height 15.10 – 21.60 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately or impari-
bipinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0 – 1.10 cm long,
winged or normal, semi-terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair; rachises 2.90 – 9.90 cm
long, alternate or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 4 – 6 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, narrow oblong to very wide oblong, elliptic to oblate, narrow ovate to very
wide ovate or wide obovate, 0.40 – 6.50 by 0.30 – 3.60 cm long, 0.080 – 0.120 mm thick; base
abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, concave, convex, rounded or straight;
apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, straight, convex, acuminate or retuse; margin serrate,
pinnately lobed with white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation craspedodromous, simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5
– 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated,
0.90 – 2.60 cm long, terete in cross-section, hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent.
Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair, white
lenticel on stems; collar diameters 3.70 – 7.70 mm; height 50.70 – 88.60 cm tall. Leaves
imparipinnately or impari-bipinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile and
petiolulate, 0.00 – 2.70 cm long, winged, normal or pulvinated, terete in cross-section, sparsely
white hair; rachises 0.10 – 21.20 cm long, alternate or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 4 – 8
pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to orbiculate, very wide
oblong to wide oblong, very wide ovate to narrow ovate or narrow obovate to very wide
obovate, 0.70 – 11.80 by 0.70 – 5.50 cm long, 0.080 – 0.160 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or oblique; acute, obtuse or reflex angles, concave, convex, rounded, straight or
slightly cordate; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, straight, acuminate, convex, retuse or
emarginate, apiculate or absent; margin pinnately lobed, serrate with white hair, pubescent,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation craspedodromous or
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 16 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.40 – 6.00 cm long, terete in cross-
section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white.

Number of days for germination : 8 – 17 days
Seed to germination : below 7 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 6 – 13 days
Germination to first true leaves : 2 – 13 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

182

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.
fruit (A2-A3), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3
(3.1-3.3)

183

คูม ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 50

Local name: หมามุยชา ง
Botanical name: Dysoxylum grande Hiern
Family: Meliaceae
Canopy Layer: sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, loculicidal capsule, obovoid-globose to pyriform, 15.29 – 42.48 mm long, 20.41
– 39.64 mm in width, 23.76 – 41.31 mm thick, 5.861 – 21.619 g in weight; exocarp young fruit
greenish to orange when mature, wrinkled when dry, glabrous, 2 – 3 seeded inside.

Seeds greenish, obovoid to ellipsoid, with thickly black sarcotesta, smooth on one side, but
mesocarp tissue attached on another side, 10.00 – 29.87 mm long, 7.25 – 19.74 mm in width,
6.65 – 17.36 mm thick, 0.350 – 5.514 g in weight; endocarp smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 3.90 – 13.80 cm long. Stems light green,
densely white hair; collar diameters 3.40 – 4.80 mm; height 5.30 – 15.30 cm tall; hypocotyls
2.90 – 10.10 cm long; epicotyls 4.60 – 10.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function; leaves opposite, wide elliptic to orbiculate, ovate or
very wide obovate, 1.00 – 2.30 by 0.70 – 1.40 cm long, 5.010 – 9.750 mm thick; base obtuse
angles, convex or rounded; apex obtuse or acute angles, rounded, convex or straight; margin
entire, glabrous; primary venation absent; secondary venation absent; petioles sessile. Leaves
first pair imparipinnately compound leaves, terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate,
subopposite; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0.00 – 1.60 cm long, normal, terete in cross-
section, densely white hair; rachises 0.10 – 2.50 cm long, subopposite or opposite leaflet
arrangement, 2 pair, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to
orbiculate, narrow ovate to lanceolate or narrow obovate to wide obovate, 0.50 – 9.50 by
0.40 – 4.90 cm long, 0.140 – 0.180 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or
obtuse angles, straight, convex, or concave; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, acuminate,
retuse, acuminate, convex, rounded or straight, apiculate or absent; margin densely white hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 1.00 – 3.90 cm long, terete in

184

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair; collar
diameters 4.50 – 6.70 mm; height 17.40 – 22.30 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately compound
leaves, terminal leaflet reduced to spine-like apiculate, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 –
2.60 cm long, normal, semiterete in cross-section, densely white hair; rachises 1.00 – 4.50 cm
long, subopposite or opposite leaflet arrangement, 1 – 2 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical
or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to orbiculate or narrow ovate to very wide ovate, 2.20 – 11.30
by 1.10 – 4.10 cm long, 0.200 – 0.240 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute
or obtuse angles, straight, concave, convex or rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles,
acuminate; margin densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 12
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 2.60
– 4.50 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 11 – 54 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 37 days
Germination to first true leaves : 46 – 121 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

185

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Dysoxylum grande Hiern
fruit (A2-A3), seed (B1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

186

คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 51

Local name: ยมหอม
Botanical name: Toona ciliata M. Roem
Family: Meliaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits dehiscent, loculicidal capsule, concave with apical scarring, 1.50 – 2.00(–2.5) cm,
columell 1.50 – 2.00(–2.40) by 0.50 – 0.70(–1.00) cm; exocarp valves red to reddish brown,
smooth to lenticellate, 0.10-0.05 mm in diam, scattered lenticels, numerous seeded inside.

Seeds yellowish, ellipsoid, 1.10 – 1.90 cm by 2.5 – 4(–5.80) mm, winged at both ends, wings
unequal, apex narrowly obtuse, seed body 5.00 – 7.00 mm long, 1.20 – 3.00 mm in width,
0.23 – 0.70 mm thick, 0.001 – 0.004 g in weight; endocarp smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.10 – 3.70 cm long. Stems greenish to
brownish, densely white hair; collar diameters 0.70 – 1.10 mm; height 3.20 – 5.70 cm tall;
hypocotyls 2.10 – 4.80 cm long; epicotyls 0.50 – 2.00 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, wide oblong to
narrow oblong, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic, narrow ovate to ovate, wide obovate, 0.10 –
1.30 by 0.40 – 0.70 cm long, 0.140 – 0.180 mm thick; base symmetrical, obtuse angles, convex;
apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long,
normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair trifoliate pinnately compound leaves,
subopposite; petiolules sessile; rachises approximately 0.10 cm long, opposite or subopposite
leaflet arrangement, 1 pair, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow oblong to
wide oblong, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, lanceolate to very wide ovate or narrow obovate,
0.40 – 1.70 by 0.20 – 1. 00 cm long, 0.060 – 0. 080 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
oblique, acute or obtuse angles, concave or convex; apex acute angles, straight, apiculate;
margin serrate to pinnately lobed to sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation craspedodromous or simple brochidodromous
or pinnately netted vein, 3 – 5 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 0.80 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair,
marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

187

คูม อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 1.70 – 4.10 mm; height 13.50 – 25.20 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately or
paripinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules sessile and petiolulate, 0 – 0.80 cm long,
normal, terete or semi-terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair or absent; rachises 0.70 –
8.70 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2 – 5 pairs, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, lanceolate to ovate, narrow
oblong to oblong or narrow obovate, 1.00 – 11.20 by 0.40 – 3.20 cm long, 0.080 – 0.240 mm
thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex, concave
or rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight or convex, apiculate or absent;
margin serrate, pinnately lobed to sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation craspedodromous, simple brochidodromous
or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 21 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 1.00 – 5.50 cm long, terete or shallow canaliculate or
semi-terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair or absent, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 3.90 – 10.50 mm; height 51.40 – 67.30 cm tall. Leaves paripinnately or
imparipinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolate, 0.10 – 0.90 cm long, normal,
terete or canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely white hair; rachises 4.90 – 16.00 cm long,
opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2 – 5 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or lanceolate to ovate, 2.80 – 11.80 by 1.40 –
4.30 cm long, 0.120 – 0.220 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique; obtuse or acute
angles, convex or rounded or straight or truncate; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight or
acuminate or convex, apiculate, retuse or absent; margin entire, shallow serrate to sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
craspedodromous, simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 20 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 4.80 – 10.80 cm
long, terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent.
Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 15 – 19 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 5 – 8 days
Germination to first true leaves : 4 – 132 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

188

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Toona ciliata M. Roem
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

189

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Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 52

Local name: มะหาด
Botanical name: Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul
Family: Moraceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits multiple, ovoid to ellipsoid, 31.94 – 54.99 mm long, 36.40 – 44.65 mm in width, 33.21 –
44.75 mm thick, 20.261 – 40.738 g in weight; exocarp greenish-yellow when ripe, with
chartaceous, sparsely white to brown hair, numerous seeded inside.

Seeds light brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, applanated, 6.74 – 11.94 mm long, 6.86 – 9 . 9 4 mm in
width, 5.06 – 10.88 mm thick, 0.200 – 0.545 g in weight; endocarp smooth, without endosperm.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 2.3 0 – 10.7 0 cm long. Stems light green,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.10 – 1.40 mm; height 8.20 – 15.50 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.20 – 1.20 cm long; epicotyls 5.00 – 10.60 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, suborbiculate to elliptic, wide oblong or ovate, 1.70 – 5.50 by
2.40 – 3.30 cm long, 0.140 – 0.310 mm thick, crustaceous with papyraceous; base abruptly
symmetrical or oblique, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded, slightly cordate or convex; apex
acute or obtuse angles, convex or straight, apiculate or absent; margin shallow crenate to
sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 10 alternate on either side of
the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 0.60 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green.
Smell absent. Exudate cloudy white latex.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair
(especially on young stem); collar diameters 1.80 – 2.40 mm; height 15 – 17.20 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to wide elliptic, 4.40
– 9.90 by 2.30 – 5.70 cm long, 0.110 – 0.240 mm thick, crustaceous with papyraceous; base
abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse, acute or reflex angles, convex, slightly cordate,
rounded or straight; apex acute, obtuse or reflex angles, convex, acuminate, straight, rounded

190

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

or retuse, apiculate or absent; margin shallow crenate to sparsely white hair, pubescent,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous
or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.30 – 0.90 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish-brown when senescence. Smell
absent. Exudate cloudy white latex.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely white hair (especially
on young stem); collar diameters 4.50 – 6.60 mm; height 52.20 – 88.00 cm tall. Leaves sample
leaf, spiral or alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide
elliptic, 14.60 – 24.60 by 6.10 – 10.50 cm long, 0.180 – 0.260 mm thick, crustaceous with
papyraceous; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique; reflex, obtuse or acute angles, slightly
cordate, convex or rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, apiculate or absent;
margin shallow crenate, pinnately lobed (after 100 cm tall, this has appeared in leaf margin.)
to sparsely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, sparse hairy on midrib, 10 – 17
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 1.10 –
2.20 cm long, terete or canaliculate in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish-brown when senescence. Smell absent.
Exudate cloudy white latex.

Number of days for germination : 5 – 17 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 12 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

191

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul
fruit (A1), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

192

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 53

Local name: เลอื ดแรด
Botanical name: Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb.
Family: Myristicaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, 1-5 per infructescence, ellipsoid to subglobose, or sometimes ± pear-shaped,
12.74 – 19.50 mm long 10.89 - 16.57 mm in width, 10.42 – 17.52 mm thick, 0.925 – 2.248 g in
weight; exocarp light green, densely reddish-brown hair, pubescent to glabrescent, keel with
one longitudinal ridged; mesocarp red aril laciniate at apex only (to ca. 1/3), rarely completely
closed.

Seeds grayish-black, ellipsoid to globose, 12.74 – 19.50 mm long, 10.89 – 14.33 mm in width,
10.42 – 17.52 mm thick, 0.925 – 2.248 g in weight; endocarp subglabrous or smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.40 – 6.10 cm long. Stems pale green to
reddish-brown, densely reddish-brown hair; collar diameters 2.10 – 2.40 mm; height 8.60 –
11.50 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.20 – 0.80 cm long; epicotyls 7.80 – 10.20 cm long. Cotyledons
not emergent, hypogeal position, cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair
sample leaf, alternate, medial symmetrical, elliptic to wide elliptic, 4.10 – 6.50 by 1.7 – 3.60
cm long, 0.160 – 0.220 mm thick, reddish-brown hair in lower surface; base symmetrical, acute
angles, straight; apex acute angles, acuminate; margin spearse reddish-brown hair, pubescent,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.50 – 0.90 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section,
dense hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate
indistinguishable reddish sap.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green, with white dotted lenticle, sparsely
reddish-brown hair; collar diameters approximately 2.70 mm; height approximately 19.30 cm
tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, medial symmetrical, wide elliptic or oblanceolate, 6.50 – 8.80
by 2.60 – 3.60 cm long, approximately 0.175 mm thick, glabrescent lower surface; base
abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex obtuse angles, convex or

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คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

short acuminate; margin entire, glabrous, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 9 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.90 – 1.00 cm long,
canaliculate in cross-section, hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent.
Exudate indistinguishable reddish sap.

Number of days for germination : 33 – 46 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 34 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

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