คู่มือจำแนกกล้าไม้ต้นป่าดิบแล้ง_ISBN

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems green to reddish-brown, densely brown
hair; collar diameters 2.30 – 5.10 mm; height 15.5 – 25.60 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to oblanceolate, 3.90 – 13.20 by
1.60 – 4.00 cm long, 0.280 – 0.42 0 mm thick, densely reddish-brown hair on lower surface
(especially on midrib); base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex
acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or acuminate, apiculate; margin serrate to dense hair,
revolute, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
craspedodromous or pinnately parallel vein with veins parallel, 12 – 30 alternate on either
side of the midrib, strongly exserted on margin, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal,
0.50 – 1.20 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, densely reddish-brown hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems green to reddish-brown, densely brown hair;
collar diameters approximately 14.20 mm; height approximately 66.5 cm tall. Leaves sample
leaf, spiral, medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic to oblanceolate, 20.00 – 23.00 by 5.00 – 5.70
cm long, approximately 0.350 mm thick, densely reddish-brown hair lower surface; base
abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex acute or obtuse angles,
straight or convex, apiculate; margin serrate to densely hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation craspedodromous or pinnately parallel vein
with veins parallel, 43 – 48 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 2.30 – 2.50 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, densely hair, marginal
attached position, Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 39 – 43 days
Seed to germination : below 5 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 15 days
Germination to first true leaves : 120 – 191 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

95

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Dillenia indica L.
fruit (A1-A3), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

96

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 21

Local name: ยางนา
Botanical name: Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, indehiscent, including calyx tube, calyx tube 5–winged, wings 0.50 – 1.00 cm in
width, sparsely pubescent; 2 longer lobes 7.00 – 13.00 by 2.00 – 2.50 cm, conspicuous nerves,
3 smaller lobes ca 1.00 – 1.50 by 1.00 cm, revolute; fruit pedicel 1.00 – 2.00 mm long;
brownish-dark.

Seeds or Nuts brownish-dark, subglobose to ellipsoid, 13.20 – 38.83 mm long, 16.16 – 30.25
mm in width, 14.59 – 25.64 mm thick, 1.897 – 9.067 g in weight (excluding wings); sparse hairy,
usually with apical style remnant.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 0.50 – 11.50 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
densely brown hair; collar diameters 2.10 – 3.10 mm; height 10.20 – 18.00 cm tall; hypocotyls
1.40 – 5.00 cm long; epicotyls 5.90 – 10.20 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, subopposite, abruptly
medial symmetrical, elliptic to wide elliptic or narrow ovate to ovate, 5.20 – 10.5 by 2.3 0 –
5.20 cm long, 0.130 – 0.370 mm thick, dense hair on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical
or asymmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded or slightly cordate; apex acute angles,
acuminate; margin densely brownish hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 14
alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated,
0.50 – 1.20 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely brown hair, marginal attached position.
Stipules terminal position, with greenish-red, brown when ripped. Smell absent. Exudate
clearly white, indistinguishable resinous.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely brown hair; collar
diameters 2.90 – 4.30 mm; height 16.10 – 22.50 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or narrow ovate, 5.60 – 13.10 by 2 – 5.30
cm long, 0.140 – 0.300 mm thick, dense hairy on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical,

97

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

obtuse or reflex angles, rounded or slightly cordate; apex acute angles, acuminate; margin
densely brownish hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 18 alternate on
either side of the midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.70 – 1.60
cm long, terete in cross-section, densely brown hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
terminal position, with greenish-red, brown when ripped. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white,
indistinguishable resinous.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, densely brown hair, with
dotted on stems; collar diameters 6.30 – 11.00 mm; height 5 1 . 2 0 – 70.00 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, spiral, medial symmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic, 16.70 – 22.70 by 6.40 – 8.70
cm long, 0.140 – 0.170 mm thick, dense hair on lower surface; base symmetrical or oblique;
reflex or obtuse angles, slightly cordate, convex or truncate; apex acute angles, acuminate or
straight, apiculate or absent; margin densely brown hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 18 – 28 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles
pulvinated, 2.00 – 2.70 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely brown hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules terminal position, with greenish-red, brown when ripped. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white, indistinguishable resinous.

Number of days for germination : below 11 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 2 – 5 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

98

คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.
fruit or nut (A1-A2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

99

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 22

Local name: เหยี ง
Botanical name: Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq.
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruit sample, indehiscent, including calyx tube, (nut), subglobose, young nut glaucous pale
green to reddish-purple, white spotted, sparsely fine tomentose to glabrous, turning yellowish-
brown to black or feeuginous to glabrous when mature, with 5 expandable persistent calyx
lobe (wings), separately distinguishable 2 groups: 2 longer wings, oblong, 7.00 – 17.00 mm
long, 1.00 – 4.00 cm in width, revolute at base, 3 shorter, 1.00 – 2.00 by 1.00 – 1.50, revolute;
young wings with sparse stellate hairs, reddish, turning yellowish-brown when mature.

Seeds or Nut brownish-dark, globose to ellipsoid, 22.25 – 35.68 mm long 18.96 – 27.50 mm in
width, 19.22 – 25.40 mm thick, 2.634 – 9.262 g in weight.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.70 – 9.10 cm long. Stems pale green, densely
reddish-brown hair; collar diameters 1.60 – 3.50 mm; height 3.80 – 12.20 cm tall; hypocotyls
0.40 – 2.90 cm long; epicotyls 1.50 – 5.00 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves first pair sample leaf, opposite, medial
symmetrical, elliptic to wide elliptic, 2.90 – 8.80 by 1.40 – 5.30 cm long, 0.30 – 0.40 mm thick;
base symmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, rounded, convex or straight; apex acute, obtuse
angles, acuminate; margin densely reddish-brown hair, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 8 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles
pulvinated, 0.70 – 1.50 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely reddish-brown hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules terminal position, greenish-red. Smell present, resious smell.
Exudate clearly white, indistinguishable resinous.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems grayish-green, densely reddish-brown hair;
collar diameters 3.00 – 6.50 mm; height 15.20 – 21.40 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
medial symmetrical, wide elliptic to elliptic, 7.10 – 13.60 by 4.10 – 7.50 cm long, 0.240 – 0.350
mm thick; base symmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, convex, rounded or straight; apex acute

100

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

or obtuse angles, acuminate; margin densely reddish-brown hair, pubescent, without gland
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 10 – 16 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein;
petioles pulvinated or normal, 1.10 – 2.80 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely hair,
reddish-brown, marginal attached position. Stipules terminal position, greenish-red. Smell
present, faint resinous smell. Exudate clearly white, indistinguishable resinous.

Number of days for germination : below 14 days
Seed to germination : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 2 – 18 days
Germination to first true leaves : 0 day (cryrtocotylar)
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

101

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq
fruit or nut (A1-A2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

102

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 23

Local name: ตะเคยี นทอง
Botanical name: Hopea odorata Roxb.
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Canopy Layer: Top-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, indehiscent, calyx lobes sparsely to densely pubescent, saccate at base,
thickened, elliptic, 4.00 – 5.00 by 3.00 – 4.00 mm in diam, 2 long lobes wing-like, 3.00 – 6.00
by 0.70 – 2.00 cm, light, ca 1 mm long, young fruit green, turning to reddish-brown when
mature.

Seeds or Nut dark reddish-brown, broadly ovoid to subglobose, 6.00 – 8.00 in diam, glabrous
to densely pubescent with small scurfy scale-like hairs, style remnant ca 2 mm long.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.30 – 10.70 cm long. Stems pale green,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.00 – 1.40 mm; height 9.00 – 12.50 cm tall; hypocotyls
2.50 – 8.40 cm long; epicotyls 3.00 – 5.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar and crytocotylar, foliaceus and reserve storage function; leaves opposite, very
wide obovate, very wide oblong, oblate to suborbiculate or very wide ovate, 0.40 – 0.80 by
1.00 – 1.70 cm long, 1.840 – 2.840 mm thick, rugged, shallow canaliculate lower surface; base
reflex angles, slightly sagittate; apex reflex angles, emarginate; margin entire, glabrous; primary
venation absent; secondary venation absent, petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 0.40 cm long, normal,
semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, subopposite, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic or narrow ovate to lanceolate, 3.20 –
5.00 by 1.40 – 2.50 cm long, 0.130 – 0.170 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, obtuse or reflex or acute angles, convex or rounded or slightly cordate or
straight; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or retuse or absent; margin
sparsely white hair, absent or undulate, pubescent, domatia laminar present (axillary
secondary vein); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 6 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, without
agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 0.70 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair,
marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

103

คูม อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems pale green to brownish-dark, densely white
hair; collar diameters 1.60 – 2.50 mm; height 15.50 – 19.50 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic, lanceolate to narrow ovate or
narrow oblong, 2.20 – 8.80 by 1.00 – 3.70 cm long, 0.120 – 0.320 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, rounded or convex or straight; apex
acute angles, acuminate; margin sparsely white hair, undulate or absent, pubescent, domatia
laminar present (axillary secondary vein); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 11 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 0.40 – 0.80 cm long,
terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral
position. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : below 4 days
Seed to germination : below 3 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 18 days
Germination to first true leaves : 24 – 175 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

104

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Hopea odorata Roxb.
fruit or nut (A1-A2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

105

คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 24

Local name: รงั
Botanical name: Shorea siamensis Miq.
Family: Dipterocaraceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, indehscent; calyx lobes wing-like, broadly at base, enclosing less than half of
the nut; 3-longer lobes 5.00 – 12.00 by 1.00 – 2.50 cm, very narrow towards base; 2-shorter
lobes 2.00 – 6.00 by 0.40 – 0.60 cm; fruit pedicels stout, 3.00 – 8.00 mm long; yellowish or
reddish when young, glabrous.

Seeds or Nuts greenish-brown, ovoid, 10.39 – 28.47 mm long, 10.39 – 13.91 mm in width,
10.11 – 13.78 mm thick, 1.008 – 2.233 g in weight (excluding wings); glabrous, not smooth;
style remnant to 1.00 cm long.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.5 – 18 cm long. Stems light green, densely
white hair; collar diameters 1.40 – 2.00 mm; height 10.60 – 19.50 cm tall; hypocotyls 0.10 –
0.40 cm long; epicotyls 0.80 – 10.10 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar
and crytocotylar, foliaceus and reserve storage function; leaves opposite, bolate to orbiculate,
very wide obovate or very wide oblong, 1.10 – 2.10 by 1.90 – 2.90 cm long, 2.060 – 4.290 mm
thick; lower surface shallow canaliculated at apex, with pitted at middle; base reflex angles,
slightly cordate; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin entire to erose, glabrous; primary
venation absent (shallow canaliculate toward the center leaf); secondary venation absent;
petioles petiolulate, 2.80 – 3.60 cm long, normal, semiterete in cross-section. Leaves first pair
sample leaf, subopposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to
suborbiculate or ovate, 1.10 – 7.80 by 0.80 – 6.20 cm long, 0.110 – 0.200 mm thick; base
abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex or obtuse angles, slightly cordate, rounded or
convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, convex or straight, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely
white hair, glabrous or pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or eucamptodromous becoming
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib,
scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 0.80 – 2.50 cm long, terete

106

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

in cross-section, white hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green.
Smell absent. Exudate clearly white, indistinguishable resinous.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, white hairy; collar
diameters 1.60 – 2.80 mm; height 15.20 – 22.80 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral or alternate,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to suborbiculate, ovate or wide
oblong, 4.10 – 9.00 by 2.70 – 6.60 cm long, 0.110 – 0.250 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or asymmetrical, reflex or obtuse angles, slightly cordate or rounded; apex acute or obtuse
angles, convex, acuminate or straight; margin white hairy, pubescent, without gland position;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 13 alternate on
either side of the midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated or normal,
1.40 – 3.90 cm long, terete in cross-section, white hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules
free lateral stipule, green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white, indistinguishable resinous.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, white hair; collar diameters
approximately 5.00 mm; height approximately 60.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, medial
symmetrical, wide ovate, 9.20 – 10.30 by 6.60 – 7.60 cm long, approximately 0.160 mm thick;
base symmetrical; reflex angles, usually cordate; apex acute angles, straight; margin sparsely
white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 11 – 12 alternate on either side of the
midrib, scalariform, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 4.00 – 5.20 cm long, terete in
cross-section, hairy, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral stipule, green. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white, indistinguishable resinous.

Number of days for germination : below 4 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 23 days
Germination to first true leaves : 12 – 43 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

107

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Shorea siamensis Miq.
fruit or nut (A2), cotyledon (C1-C2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

108

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 25

Local name: สะเดาปก
Botanical name: Vatica harmandiana Pierre
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, indehiscent, calyx lobes connate and fused near to base to half of the nut,
almost glabrous; 2 lobes wing-like, usually with 5 – 7 veins, 3.00 – 8.00 by 0.70 – 2.00 cm, 3
short lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 0.50 – 1.50 by 0.20 – 0.40; fruit pedicels 2.00 – 4.00
mm long, yellowish-red.

Seeds greenish-brown, ovoid to subglobose, 6.77 – 10.61 mm long, 6.17 – 8.52 mm in width,
6.07 – 8.32 mm thick, 0.172 – 0.407 g in weight; pubescent, style remnant apiculate.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.90 – 14.90 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
densely brown hair; collar diameters 1.40 – 2.00 mm; height 5.30 – 9.90 cm tall; hypocotyls
1.00 – 4.30 cm long; epicotyls 2.80 – 4.50 cm long. Cotyledons hypogeal position,
phanerocotylar and crytocotylar, foliaceus and reserve storage function; leaves opposite,
abruptly medial asymmetrical or symmetrical, very wide obovate to oblate, very wide ovate
or very wide oblong, 0.50 – 1.10 by 1.20 – 1.90 cm long, 1.830 – 2.390 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex angles, slightly cordate or slightly sagittate; apex reflex
angles, lobed or emarginate; margin entire, eroes, with hariy near at the base, glabrous; primary
venation absent; secondary venation absent; petioles petiolate, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, normal,
semiterete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, subopposite, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate to ovate, 2.30 – 4.80 by
1.20 – 2.00 cm long, 0.100 – 0.130 mm thick, densely white hair in young leaf, with caducous
when mature; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded,
slightly cordate or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, straight or convex,
apiculate, retuse or absent; margin entire (rarely shallow serrate), glabrous, without gland
position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 7 – 14 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein;
petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.20 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal

109

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

attached position. Stipules terminal position, caducous, green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly
white.

Number of days for germination : below 4 days
Seed to germination : 3 – 29 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 22 days
Germination to first true leaves : 29 – 63 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

110

คมู อื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Vatica harmandiana Pierre
fruit or nut (A2), cotyledon (C1) and seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3)

111

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 26

Local name: พญารากดำ
Botanical name: Diospyros variegata Kurz
Family: Ebenaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, globose to subglobose, 17.09 – 21.95 mm long, 17.02 – 21.88 mm in width,
13.39 – 18.65 mm thick, 0.787 – 4.384 g in weight; fruit-stalk ± 5 mm; exocarp dry at maturity;
epicarp 1 mm thick or less, brittle when dry woolly, then glabrescent, base rounded, apex
rounded with short apiculas; fruiting calyx divided to middle; tomentose to glabrescent on
both sides; apex of lobes reflexed, undulate, not plicate, nerves conspicuous, 4 – 8 seeded
inside, laterally compressed.

Seeds dark brownish, ovoid or globose, 7.55 – 20.25 mm long, 4.78 – 10.09 mm in width, 2.38
– 10.98 mm thick, 0.135 – 0.7 0 0 g in weight; endocarp smooth, endosperm ruminate, with
clearly white endosperm.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 5.60 – 29.70 cm long. Stems pale green to
brownish-dark, sparsely white hair; collar diameters 1.00 – 1.70 mm; height 3.70 – 8.80 cm
tall; hypocotyls 3.40 – 9.20 cm long; epicotyls 0.70 – 2.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal
position, phanerocotylar, reserve storage function. Leaves sample leaf, alternate, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic or oblong, 2.80 – 5.10 by 1.50
– 2.30 cm long, 0.160 – 0.200 mm thick, coriaceous; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, concave or straight; apex acute or obtuse angles,
acuminate, straight or convex; margin sparely white hair, pubescent, laminar gland position;
primary venation pinnate, yellowish-green on midrib; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted,
without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 4.50 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, white
hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems pale green to brownish-dark, glabrous;
collar diameters 4.00 – 4.20 mm; height 15.00 – 20.50 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic, 8.50 – 22.10 by 3.00

112

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

– 8.30 cm long, 0.200 – 0.230 mm thick, coriaceous; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique,
acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate or straight,
apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous, laminar gland position; primary venation pinnate,
yellowish-green on midrib; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 9 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.50 – 0.70 cm long, semi-terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 11 – 26 days
Seed to germination : below 12 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 20 days
Germination to first true leaves : 3 – 23 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

113

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Diospyros variegata Kurz
fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

114

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 27

Local name: ลำบดิ
Botanical name: Diospyros vera (Lour.) A. Chev.
Family: Ebenaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, fleshy, berry, ellipsoid to globose, base rounded, apex obtuse, 10.95 – 14.27
mm long, 7.18 – 9.40 mm in width, 6.67 – 9.24 mm thick, 0.353 – 0.723 g in weight; exocarp
woody, shortly apiculate; fruiting calyx divided to middle, pubescent later glabrescent outside,
sericeous inside; lobes with erect apex, not reflexed, not undulate nor plicate, without nerves;
fruit-stalk ± 2 mm long, 1-seeded inside.

Seeds brown, ellipsoid, 8.24 – 13.05 mm long, 4.19 – 6.33 mm in width, 2.47 – 5.04 mm thick,
0.073 – 0.570 g in weight; endocarp smooth, with a longitudinal circumferential groove on the
lateral side, endosperm smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 7.40 – 12.30 cm long. Stems greenish to
brownish-dark, densely white hair (espacilly young stem); collar diameters 1.20 – 1.70 mm;
height 5.50 – 9.40 cm tall; hypocotyls 4.30 – 8.30 cm long; epicotyls 0.70 – 1.50 cm long.
Cotyledons epigeal position, phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, medial
symmetrical, elliptic to wide elliptic, narrow ovate to ovate or wide oblong to oblong, 1.90 –
2.90 by 1.00 – 1.80 cm long, 0.210 – 0.320 mm thick, shiny on the upper surface; base
symmetrical, obtuse to reflex angles, rounded, convex or slightly cordate; apex obtuse angles,
rounded; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.20 cm long, normal,
semiterete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, oblanceolate to narrow obovate or narrow elliptic, 1.30 – 4.40
by 0.50 – 1.50 cm long, 0.200 – 0.260 mm thick, shiny on the upper surface; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex obtuse or reflex acute angles,
rounded, convex, retuse or truncate, retuse or absent; margin sparse white hair, pubescent,
2(-3) basal lamina glands and scarce glands on leaf blade; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 3 – 9 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.30 cm long,

115

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

terete or semiterete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
absent. Smell absent. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish to brownish-dark, densely white
hair (espacilly young stem); collar diameters 1.60 – 2.50 mm; height 15.20 – 21.80 cm tall.
Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to
elliptic, oblanceolate to narrow obovate or lanceolate , 3.00 – 7.00 by 1.20 – 3.00 cm long,
0.200 – 0.270 mm thick, shiny on the upper surface; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, acute angles, straight or concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex,
rounded or truncate, absent or apiculate; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, 2(-3) basal
lamina glands and scarce glands on leaf blade; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 7 – 17 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.10 – 0.40 cm long, semiterete or
terete in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent.
Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 7 – 10 days
Seed to germination : 6 – 12 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 19 – 312 days
Germination to first true leaves : 188 – 511 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

116

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Diospyros vera (Lour.) A. Chev.
Fruit (A1), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

117

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 28

Local name: มะพลับเจา คณุ
Botanical name: Diospyros winitii Fletcher
Family: Ebenaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, berry, globose, 16.65 – 19.23 mm long, 16.38 – 19.02 mm in width, 15.99 –
19.22 mm thick, 2.673 – 4.261 g in weight; exocarp dry at maturity, glabrous, rounded at both
ends; yellowish when dry; fruiting calyx divided to the base, pubescent outside, glabrous
inside; lobes reflexed, undulate, not plicate, with inconspicuous nerves; white arillate, but as
time went on turning to black arillate, 2 – 3 seeded inside.

Seeds dark-brown, ellipsoid, 12.01 – 15.29 mm long, 3.37 – 8.88 mm in width, 2.31 – 3.94 mm
thick, 0.145 – 0.285 g in weight; endocarp smooth, endosperm smooth, with a shallow
longitudinal circumferential groove, clearly white.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4. 0 0 – 9.80 cm long. Stems greenish-black,
densely brown hair; collar diameters 1.50 – 2.20 mm; height 5.30 – 7.70 cm tall; hypocotyls
4.50 – 6.60 cm long; epicotyls 0.80 – 1.40 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, reserve storage function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, ovate to
narrow ovate, wide elliptic or wide oblong, 1.20 – 1.50 by 0.60 – 0.80 cm long, 0.167 – 0.292
mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical, obtuse angles, convex; apex acute angles, straight;
margin entire, glabrous; primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation
simple brochidodromous; petioles sessile. Leaves first pair sample leaf, subopposite, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic, narrow ovate or narrow
obovate, 2.3 0 – 4.40 by 1.10 – 1.9 0 cm long, 0.100 – 0.140 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or acute angles, convex or straight; apex acute or obtuse
angles, straight or convex, apiculate or absent; margin densely brown hair, pubescent, without
gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation eucamptodromous becoming
brochidodromous or simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 2 – 7 alternate on
either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.20 – 0.40 cm long,
semi-terete in cross-section, densely brown hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent.
Smell absent. Exudate absent.

118

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-dark, young stem covered with
densely brown hair; collar diameters 1.70 – 2.70 mm; height 15.20 – 19.80 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to elliptic,
narrow oblong or oblanceolate, 3.50 – 7.30 by 1.20 – 2.20 cm long, 0.133 – 0.194 mm thick;
base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex acute or obtuse
angles, acuminate, straight or convex, apiculate or absent; margin densely brown hair,
pubescent, sparsely small glands on laminar along the midrib; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation eucamptodromous becoming brochidodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 4 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal, 0.20 – 0.50 cm long, terete or semi-terete in cross-section, densely brown hair,
marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell absent. Exudate absent.

Number of days for germination : 33 – 79 days
Seed to germination : below 28 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 40 days
Germination to first true leaves : 9 – 58 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

119

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Diospyros winitii Fletcher
fruit (A1, A3), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1) seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

120

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 29

Local name: มะกบี
Botanical name: Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Muell. Arg.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, schizocarp capsules, globose, with 3-lobes, dehiscing septicidally and partly
loculicidally into 2-valved; column persistent, 8.94 – 9.92 mm long, 8.66 – 9.78 mm in width,
7.00 – 8.09 mm thick, 0.315 – 0.456 g in weight; exocarp greenish-brown, minutely white
pubeulous, 1-seeded in each lobe.

Seeds shiny brown, ovoid, and applanated, compressed, 4.55 – 5.66 mm long, 3.39 – 4.81 mm
in width, 3.14 – 4.7 8 mm thick, 0.012 – 0 . 0 58 g in weight; endocarp whitish pubescence,
shallow canaliculated at middle.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.20 – 9.60 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
sparsely white hair; collar diameters 1.10 – 1.60 mm; height 7.10 – 10.70 cm tall; hypocotyls
5.20 – 9.50 cm long; epicotyls 0.90 – 2.60 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, wide elliptic to suborbiculate or narrow obovate or wide oblong, 2.30 – 3.00 by
1.50 – 2.20 cm long, 0.090 – 0.140 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical,
acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin densely white
hair, pubescent; primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple
brochidodromous; petioles petiolate, 0.30 – 0.50 cm long, normal, shallow canaliculate in
cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, medial symmetrical, elliptic to wide
elliptic, 3.10 – 5.10 by 1.30 – 2.30 cm long, 0.080 – 0.140 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute angles, straight or
acuminate, apiculate; margin serrate, dense hair, white to brown, pubescent, macular glands
on laminar or basilaminar position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.40 – 1.00 cm long, terete in cross-section,
dense hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, pale green. Smell absent.
Exudate clearly white.

121

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, dense hair; collar
diameters 2.00 – 2.80 mm; height 15.20 – 19.70 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, 7.00 – 12.30 by 3.00 –
5.10 cm long, 0.110 – 0.140 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse
angles, rounded or straight; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate, convex, apiculate, retuse
or absent; margin serrate or densely white hair, pubescent, macular glands on laminar or
basilaminar position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 7 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 0.60 – 1.60 cm long, terete in cross-section, dense hair, marginal
attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 6.00 – 9.50 mm; height 49.60 – 73.80 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to oblanceolate, 13.00 – 19.00 by 4.30 –
6.40 cm long, 0.130 – 0.170 mm thick, base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical; acute
angles, straight; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin serrate to sparsely white hair,
pubescent, macular glands on laminar or basilaminar position; primary venation pinnate;
secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 13 alternate on either
side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 1.20 – 2.60 cm long, shallow
canaliculate or terete or semi-terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules free lateral position, green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 14 – 33 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 13 days
Germination to first true leaves : 44 – 186 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

122

คูมอื การจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Muell. Arg.
fruit (A1), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1) seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

123

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 30

Local name: ดหี มี
Botanical name: Cleidion javanicum Blume
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, dehiscent, lobed casules, transvers-ellipsoid, 3-locular, 23.44 – 29.66 mm long
15.18 – 23.84 mm in width, 14.96 – 23.71 mm thick, 3.063 – 5.597 g in weight; apex obtuse
with the long style persistence, exocarp young fruit green, turning yellowish-brown when
mature, glabrous, 1 – 2 seeded inside.

Seeds black, globose, 10.11 – 13.59 mm long, 10.10 – 13.12 mm in width, 9.01 – 12.53 mm
thick, 0.395 – 1.066 g in weight; endocarp glabrous, smooth, endosperm white.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 11.00 – 28.80 cm long. Stems pale green
smooth, glabrous; collar diameters 2.90 – 3.50 mm; height 10.40 – 17.60 cm tall; hypocotyls
8.00 – 11.00 cm long; epicotyls 0.40 – 3.40 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, suborbiculate to wide elliptic, 4.40 – 6.20 by 4.00 – 5.40 cm long, 0.240 – 0.300
mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded,
slightly cordate or truncate; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin entire, glabrous; primary
venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous;
petioles petiolate, 0.50 – 1.20 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair
sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide
elliptic, 8.00 – 12.20 by 3.20 – 5.60 cm long, 0.150 – 0.170 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical
or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight,
apiculate or absent; margin serrate, glabrous, laminar glands position, young leaf prominent,
with circular spot; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 6 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles normal, 1.10 – 3.60 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, marginal
attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

124

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems pale green to brownish-dark, smooth,
glabrous; collar diameters 3.30 – 4.60 mm; height 16.70 – 23.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf,
spiral, medial symmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic, 6.40 – 12.80 by 2.60 – 4.90 cm long, 0.150
– 0.170 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, acute angles, straight; apex
acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin serrate, glabrous, laminar glands position, young
leaf prominent, with circular spot; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, brownish, 0.90 – 3.60 cm long, shallow
canaliculate in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems pale green to brownish-dark; collar diameters
5.90 – 9.80 mm; height 51.10 – 104.40 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, elliptic to narrow elliptic, 13.30 – 20.70 by 4.80 – 9.60 cm long,
0.165 – 0.191 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight,
convex or concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, acuminate or rounded, apiculate or absent;
margin serrate, glabrous, laminar glands position, young leaf prominent, with circular spot;
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted
vein, 7 – 10 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles
normal or pulvinated, brownish, 2.30 – 6.60 cm long, shallow canaliculate or terete in cross-
section, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate
clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 14 – 39 days
Seed to germination : below 11 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 24 days
Germination to first true leaves : 145 – 493 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

125

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Cleidion javanicum Blume
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

126

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 31

Local name: เปลา แพะ
Botanical name: Croton hutchinsonianus Hosseus
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits simple, dry and dehiscent, schizocarp, globose, 3-locular, 0.80 by 0.80 mm in diam,
greenish-white, sulacte, smooth; exocarp densely white pubescent.

Seeds brownish-dark, ellipsoid to ovoid, apex acute, base obtuse, 6.47 – 8.33 mm long, 4.03
– 5.96 mm in width, 3.05 – 5.28 mm thick, 0.023 – 0.320 g in weight; endocarp smooth and
glabrous.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 6.09 – 15.90 cm long. Stems greenish-white,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.10 – 1.90 mm; height 9.00 – 18.70 cm tall; hypocotyls
6.50 – 10.80 cm long; epicotyls 3.50 – 8.90 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, petiolate, medial symmetrical, very wide
oblong or suborbiculate to wide elliptic, 2.80 – 3.70 by 1.90 – 2.70 cm long, 0.180 – 0.230 mm
thick; base abruptly symmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded or convex; apex obtuse angles,
convex or rounded; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation basal
actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous; petioles 0.20 – 1.10
cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section, sparsely white hair. Leaves first pair sample leaf,
alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic, 3.50
– 7.90 by 1.50 – 3.90 cm long, 0.140 – 0.190 mm thick, densely to scattered pubescent on the
whole lower surface (specially on the midrib); base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, reflex or
obtuse angles, slightly cordate or convex; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight or convex,
without or apiculate; margin scarce shallow serrate to sparse hairy, pubescent, basilaminar
glands near the petiole on lower surface; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 5 – 9 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.60 – 2 . 3 0 cm long, terete in cross-section,
densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present, fragrent smell.
Exudate clearly white.

127

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-white, white hairy; collar
diameters 1.40 – 1.70 mm; height 15.00 – 17.40 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic or narrow ovate, 3.80 –
9.70 by 1.70 – 5.10 cm long, 0.140 – 0.200 mm thick, densely to scattered pubescent on the
whole lower surface (specially on the midrib); base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, reflex or
obtuse angles, slightly cordate, convex or concave; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight,
acuminate or convex; margin scarce shallow serrate to spearse hair, pubescent, basilaminar
glands position with near the petiole on lower surface; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately netted vein, 6 – 9 alternate on either side of the
midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.70 – 3.60 cm long, terete in cross-
section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules absent. Smell present,
fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white exudate.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish to white, white hair; collar diameters
3.80 – 7.30 mm; height 50.2 – 64.0 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, 11.70 – 21.20 by 6.30 – 9.90 cm
long, 0.180 – 0.240 mm thick, densely to scatteredly pubescent on lower surface (specially
on the midrib); base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical, reflex or obtuse angles, slightly
cordate or rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, acuminate, convex or rounded;
margin serrate to hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands position with near the petiole on lower
surface; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 10 – 17 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein;
petioles pulvinated, 2.80 – 6.70 cm long, terete in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached
position. Stipules absent. Smell present, fragrant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : below 8 days
Seed to germination : below 3 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 3 – 6 days
Germination to first true leaves : 67 – 154 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

128

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมตน

Croton hutchinsonianus Hosseus
fruit (A1), seed (B1), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3) and stage 2 (2.1-2.3)

129

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 32

Local name: ปอตะพาบ
Botanical name: Mallotus barbatus Muell. Arg.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Canopy Layer: Understory

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits dehiscent, lobed capsules, uniformly, globose, (3)4(5) lobed, 15.60 – 18.90 mm long,
16.60 – 19.60 mm in width, 15.60 – 19.60 mm thick, 0.698 – 1.338 g in weight; exocarp yellowish
to light brown, densely covered with layer of up to 5 mm long spines, latter densely stellate
hair; column 6 – 9 mm long, 3 – 5 seeded inside, someone touch with skin irritation.

Seeds black, obovoid to subglobose, 4.31 – 9.89 mm long, 3.38 – 5.54 mm in width, 2.55 –
4.22 mm thick, 0.024 – 0.351 g in weight; endocarp rugose, white endosperm.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 1.90 – 7.00 cm long. Stems white to greenish,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.20 – 1.60 mm; height 5.40 – 8.90 cm tall; hypocotyls
4.60 – 8.10 cm long; epicotyls 0.30 – 1.10 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, reserve storage function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, wide elliptic to suborbiculate, ovate to wide ovate, oblong to wide oblong, 1.90
– 2.80 by 1.30 – 2.10 cm long, 0.100 – 0.160 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded; apex obtuse angles, convex or rounded; margin
sparsely white hair, pubescent; primary venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary
venation simple brochidodromous; petioles petiolulate, 0.70 – 1.20 cm long, normal, semi-
terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical,
wide elliptic to suborbiculate or ovate to wide ovate, 2.8 0 – 4.20 by 1.9 0 – 2.70 cm long,
0.140 – 0.180 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, reflex or obtuse angles, slightly
cordate or rounded; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin dentate, sparsely white
hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands near the axillary secondary vein; primary venation basal
actinodromous; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or palmately netted vein, 4 – 6
alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, simple or compound agrophic vein; petioles
pulvinated, 0.50 – 2.40 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal or peltate
excentric attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell present. Exudate
clearly white.

130

คูม ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมตน

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish to reddish-brown, densely white
hair; collar diameters 1.80 – 3.20 mm; height 15.40 – 18.00 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral,
abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, suborbiculate to orbiculate or wide ovate, 4.00
– 15.20 by 3.40 – 12.60 cm long, 0.120 – 0.180 mm thick, densely white on lower surface
(especially on midrib); base abruptly symmetrical, circular angles, rounded; apex acute or
obtuse angles, straight or acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin dentate, palmately lobed,
white hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands position near the axillary secondary vein; primary
venation basal actinodromous; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or palmately
netted vein, 10 – 15 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, compound agrophic
vein; petioles pulvinated or normal, 1.90 – 10.30 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely
white hair, peltate excentric attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell
present. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish to dark reddish-brown, densely white
hair on young stems; collar diameters 7.10 – 8.10 mm; height 51.40 – 55.70 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, orbiculate to suborbiculate
or lanceolate, 15.90 – 22.50 by 14.90 – 19.20 cm long, 0.180 – 0.210 mm thick, densely white
on lower surface (especially on midrib); base abruptly symmetrical or asymmetrical; circular
angles, rounded; apex acute or obtuse angles, straight, convex or acuminate, apiculate or
absent; margin dentate, densely white hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands position near the
axillary secondary vein; primary venation basal actinodromous; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or palmately netted vein, 12 – 15 alternate on either side of the midrib,
scalariform, compound agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 6.20 – 17.80 cm long, terete in
cross-section, hair, peltate excentric attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish.
Smell present. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 20 – 169 days
Seed to germination : below 3 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 9 days
Germination to first true leaves : 28 – 47 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

131

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Mallotus barbatus Muell. Arg.
Fruit (A2), seed (B2), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

132

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 33

Local name: มะฝอ
Botanical name: Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits sample, drupe, indehiscent, globose, 3-locular, 32.69 – 37.21 mm long, 32.42 – 37.00
mm in width, 27.48 – 34.26 mm thick, 14.652 – 20.269 g in weight; exocarp greenish to
brownish, smooth, densely white dotted, 2 – 8 mm thick, 3 – 5 seeded inside.

Seeds black, ellipsoid to ovoid or globose, 6.78 – 9.71 mm long, 7.82 – 10.41 mm in width,
6.32 – 8.40 mm thick, 0.200 – 0.417 g in weight; endocarp smooth, without caruncle, sarcotesta
present, indurated, white endosperm.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 2.10 – 10.00 cm long. Stems white to pale
green, densely hair; collar diameters 2.10 – 3.00 mm; height 12.4 – 19.5 cm tall; hypocotyls
11.90 – 15.70 cm long; epicotyls 1.20 – 3.80 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, medial symmetrical, wide elliptic to
orbiculate, 3.70 – 5.00 by 2.50 – 3.70 cm long, 0.120 – 0.220 mm thick; base symmetrical,
obtuse angles, concavo-convex; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin entire, glabrous; primary
venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous;
petioles petiolate, 1.50 – 2.70 cm long, normal, shallow canaliculate in cross-section. Leaves
first pair sample leaf, alternate, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide ovate to
narrow ovate, 4.70 – 7.5 by 3.10 – 5.6 0 cm long, 0 . 0 9 0 – 0.140 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, truncate or slightly cordate; apex acute angles,
acuminate, apiculate; margin shallow crenate to sparsely white hair, pubescent, basilaminar
glands position (near the margin at base); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation
semicraspedodromous or palmately netted vein, 3 – 7 alternate on either side of the midrib,
scalariform, simple agrophic vein; petioles normal, pink-red, 1.50 – 4.70 cm long, shallow
canaliculate in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free
lateral position, green. Smell crushed leaf with strong unpleasant smell. Exudate clearly
white.

133

คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems greenish-brown, young stems covered with
densely white hair; collar diameters 3.00 – 6.80 mm; height 20.00 – 25.40 cm tall. Leaves
sample leaf, spiral, medial symmetrical, ovate to very wide ovate, 6.10 – 13.50 by 4.50 – 11.90
cm long, 0.120 – 0.190 mm thick, densely white hair on lower surface; base symmetrical, reflex
or obtuse angles, slightly cordate or truncate; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate; margin
shallow crenate to white hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands position (near the margin at base);
primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or palmately netted
vein, 5 – 8 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, simple agrophic vein; petioles
pulvinated, 4.90 – 13.00 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, pink-red, marginal
attached position. Stipules free lateral position, pale green. Smell crushed leaf with strong
unpleasant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish to brownish, white dotted lenticel,
young stems covered with densely white hair; collar diameters 6.30 – 12.30 mm; height 41.40
– 83.80 cm tall. Leaves sample leaf, spiral, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide
ovate to very wide ovate or suborbiculate to orbiculate, 7.90 – 17.50 by 6.10 – 14.70 cm long,
0.140 – 0.410 mm thick, densely white hair on lower surface; base abruptly symmetrical or
oblique; reflex angles, cordate; apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or absent;
margin shallow crenate to serrate to white hair, pubescent, basilaminar glands position (near
the margin at base); primary venation pinnate; secondary venation semicraspedodromous or
palmately vein, 9 – 16 alternate on either side of the midrib, scalariform, simple agrophic vein;
petioles pulvinated, 5.10 – 13.50 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, greenish
to pink-red, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral stipule, pale green. Smell crushed
leaf with strong unpleasant smell. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 10 – 39 days
Seed to germination
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 9 days
Germination to first true leaves : below 13 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence : 34 – 120 days
Remark: In this case, we helped seeds to germinate by using hot water.

134

คูมือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen
fruit (A2), seed (B1), cotyledon (C1) seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

135

คูมอื การจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 34

Local name: มะคาโมง
Botanical name: Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib
Family: Fabaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits pod, dehiscent, woody-valved, valves 5.00 – 7.00 mm thick, oblong-ellipsoid, 100.94 –
187.99 mm long, 51.96 – 73.19 mm in width, 23.53 – 38.86 mm thick, 68.740 – 313.570 g in
weight; exocarp brown, with white dotted; transversely septate between the seeds, 4 – 7(–9)
seeded inside.

Seeds black to white-yellowish, ellipsoid to globose, 12.34 – 23.87 mm long, 10.73 – 19.80
mm in width, 17.92 – 34.38 mm thick, 3.145 – 8.106 g in weight (excluded aril); endocarp
glabrous, aril orange, cup-shaped.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 4.8 0 – 17.8 0 cm long. Stems white to light
green, glabrous; collar diameters 5.60 – 7.40 mm; height 16.60 – 26.80 cm tall; hypocotyls
5.10 – 11.50 cm long; epicotyls 8.90 – 16.20 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
cryrtocotylar, reserve storage function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, narrow oblong to very wide oblong, 2.50 – 3.60 by 1.20 – 2.10 cm long, 5.80 –
9.73 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, obtuse angles, rounded or convex; apex
obtuse angles, rounded; margin entire, glabrous; primary venation absent; secondary venation
absent; petioles sessile. Leaves first pair paripinnately compound leaves, subopposite,
petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.60 cm long, pulvinated, terete in cross-section; rachises 0.10 –
7.1 0 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 1 – 3 pairs, abruptly medial
symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic, narrow oblong to very wide
oblong, narrow ovate or narrow obovate, 1.70 – 9.90 by 0.80 – 4.70 cm long, 0.120 – 0.150
mm thick; base abruptly asymmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, straight or rounded;
apex acute angles, acuminate or straight, apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous, laminar
glands position, with 6-circular dotted when young leaf; primary venation pinnate; secondary
venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 9 – 12 alternate on either side of
the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 2.70 – 4.90 cm long, shallow

136

คูม ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

canaliculate in cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position,
greenish. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems white to pale green, glabrose; collar
diameters 5.30 – 6.30 mm; height 41.50 – 65.10 cm tall. Leaves paripinnately compound
leaves, alternate; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, pulvinated, terete in cross-
section, absent; rachises 3.20 – 7.40 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 2
– 3 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or
lanceolate to ovate, 4.30 – 8.60 by 2.20 – 4.20 cm long, 0.110 – 0.130 mm thick; base abruptly
symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse angles, convex, straight or concave; apex acute
angles, acuminate, apiculate or absent; margin entire, glabrous, laminar glands position, with
6-circular dotted when young leaf; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 14 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 2.30 – 4.70 cm long, shallow canaliculate in
cross-section, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell
absent. Exudate clearly white.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, glabrous; collar diameters
6.70 – 11.20 mm; height 50.50 – 53.50 cm tall. Leaves paripinnately compound leaves,
alternate; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long, pulvinated, terete in cross-section;
rachises 6.10 – 9.60 cm long, opposite or subopposite leaflet arrangement, 3 – 4 pairs, abruptly
medial symmetrical, wide elliptic to narrow elliptic, narrow ovate to ovate or oblong, 3.40 –
9.70 by 1.50 – 4.00 cm long, 0.120 – 0.160 mm thick; base abruptly asymmetrical or oblique;
acute or obtuse angles, convex, straight or rounded; apex acute angles, acuminate, apiculate
or absent; margin entire, glabrous, laminar glands position, with 6-circular dotted when young
leaf; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately
netted vein, 10 – 14 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein;
petioles normal, 2.30 – 3.70 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, marginal attached
position. Stipules free lateral position, greenish. Smell absent. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination
Seed to germination : 8 – 15 days
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 0 day
Germination to first true leaves : 2 – 15 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence : 12 – 33 days
Remark: In this case, we helped seeds to germinate by using hot water.

137

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลาไมต น

Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib
fruit (A2-A3), seed (B1), cotyledon (see in 1.3) seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and
stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

138

คมู ือการจำแนกชนิดกลา ไมต น

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 35

Local name: มะขามไก
Botanical name: Brachypterum microphyllum Miq.
Family: Fabaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits dehiscent, pod, oblong-ellipsoid, 32.10 – 58.55 mm long, 12.95 – 15.56 mm in width,
2.67 – 5.08 mm thick, 0.069 – 0.325 g in weight; exocarp brown, ridged at medial fruits, 1 – 2
seeded inside.

Seeds greenish to brownish, oblong-ovoid, applanate, with obtuse both ends, 3.78 – 7.53 mm
long, 3.19 – 6.47 mm in width, 1.42 – 2.4 0 mm thick, 0.027 – 0.36 0 g in weight; endocarp
smooth.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 2.20 – 5.1 0 cm long. Stems greenish-white,
densely white hair; collar diameters 1.00 – 1.70 mm; height 7.60 – 16.80 cm tall; hypocotyls
4.30 – 8.40 cm long; epicotyls 1.20 – 3.40 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, medial asymmetrical, narrow oblong to
wide oblong, narrow obovate, elliptic or ovate, 1.40 – 2.00 by 0.70 – 1.00 cm long, 0.230 –
0.780 mm thick; base asymmetrical, obtuse angles, rounded; apex obtuse angles, rounded;
margin entire, glabrous; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation absent; petioles
petiolate, 0.10 – 0.70 cm long, normal, semi-terete in cross-section. Leaves first pair unifoliate
pinnately compound leaves, alternate or subopposite, petiolules sessile or petiolulate, 0.00 –
0.10 cm long, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, suborbiculate to wide elliptic,
wide ovate to very wide ovate or very wide oblong, 1.40 – 2.50 by 1.20 – 2.00 cm long, 0.080
– 0.100 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical, obtuse or reflex angles, rounded or slightly
cordate; apex obtuse or reflex angles, rounded, convex, straight, convex or retuse, apiculate
or absent; margin densely white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 4 – 6
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles normal, 0.70 –
1.50 cm long, canaliculate in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
free lateral position, greenish. Smell absent. Exudate absent.

139

คูมือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems white to green, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters 1.00 – 1.50 mm; height 15.20 – 19.70 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately compound
leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.90 cm long, normal, terete in cross-section, hair;
rachises 1.00 – 5.00 cm long, opposite or subooposite leaflet arrangement, 2 – 5 pairs, abruptly
medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, oblong to very wide oblong, narrow elliptic to orbiculate,
lanceolate to very wide ovate or narrow obovate to wide obovate, 1.10 – 2.70 by 0.40 – 1.30
cm long, 0.070 – 0.170 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse
angles, convex, rounded or straight; apex obtuse, reflex or acute angles, convex, acuminate,
retuse, straight or rounded, apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair, pubescent, without
gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or
pinnately netted vein, 5 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic
vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.80 – 1.90 cm long, shallow canaliculate in cross-section, sparsely
white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green. Smell absent.
Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems greenish-brown, sparsely white hair; collar
diameters approximately 3.20 mm; height approximately 45.8 cm tall. Leaves imparipinnately
compound leaves, alternate; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.70 cm long, normal, shallow
canaliculate in cross-section, white hair; rachises 10.00 – 10.30 cm long, opposite or
subopposite leaflet arrangement, 10 – 11 pairs, medial symmetrical, oblong to wide oblong,
narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or lanceolate to very wide ovate, 1.20 – 2.60 by 0.90 – 1.20 cm
long, approximately 0.100 mm thick; base symmetrical; obtuse angles, convex or rounded;
apex obtuse or reflex angles, convex, rounded or retuse, apiculate; margin sparsely white hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 8 – 11 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.20 – 1.30 cm long, shallow canaliculate
in cross-section, white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green.
Smell present. Exudate clearly white.

Number of days for germination : 8 – 20 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : 2 – 14 days
Germination to first true leaves : 38 – 102 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

140

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมต น

Brachypterum microphyllum Miq
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1) seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

141

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Morphology Description of Tree Seedlings Number of Species: 36

Local name: คนู
Botanical name: Cassia fistula L.
Family: Fabaceae
Canopy Layer: Sub-canopy

Fruits and seeds morphology:

Fruits indehiscent, pod, pendulous, terete, 502.10 – 703.30 by 12.70 – 20.16 mm in diam,
42.575 – 74.599 g in weight; exocarp young fruit green turning black when mature, with
numerous seeds separated by spongy septa.

Seeds reddish-brown, glossy brown, ellipsoid, 0.66 – 11.70 mm long 5.17 – 6.72 mm in width,
0.540 – 4.140 mm thick, 0.083 – 0.540 g in weight; endocarp smooth, flattened, 1 prominent
ridged at medial seed.

Seedling morphology:

Seedling development of the first stage: Roots 0.70 – 17.40 cm long. Stems greenish-brown,
sparsely white hair; collar diameters 1.00 – 1.60 mm; height 3.80 – 11.70 cm tall; hypocotyls
1.60 – 7.60 cm long; epicotyls 0.80 – 5.90 cm long. Cotyledons epigeal position,
phanerocotylar, foliaceus function; leaves opposite, abruptly medial symmetrical or
asymmetrical, wide elliptic to oblate, oblong to wide oblong, narrow ovate or narrow obovate,
0.80 – 2.30 by 0.80 – 1.40 cm long, 0.160 – 0.680 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
oblique, obtuse angles, convex; apex obtuse angles, rounded; margin entire, glabrous, primary
venation basal actinodromous (3-nerves); secondary venation simple brochidodromous;
petioles sessile to petiolate, 0.00 – 0.10 cm long, yellow at base to midrib. Leaves first pair
paripinnately or imparipinnately or unifoliate compound leaves, alternate; petiolules
petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.80 cm long, pulvinated, terete in cross-section, white hair; rachises 0.80
– 2.60 cm long, opposite leaflet arrangement, 3 pairs, medial symmetrical, narrow elliptic to
wide elliptic or lanceolate to wide ovate, 1.70 – 5.90 by 0.90 – 2. 0 0 cm long, 0.070 – 0.130
mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute or obtuse or reflex angles, straight,
convex, rounded or slightly condate; apex acute angles, straight, apiculate; margin white hair,
pubescent, without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 13 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 1.00 – 2.00 cm long, terete in cross-section,

142

คมู ือการจำแนกชนดิ กลาไมต น

white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules free lateral position, green. Smell absent.
Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the second stage: Stems light green to brownish-dark, sparsely white
hair; collar diameters 1.60 – 3.29 mm; height 14.70 – 25.30 cm tall. Leaves paripinnately or
imparipinnately compound leaves, spiral; petiolules petiolulate, 0.10 – 0.30 cm long,
pulvinated, terete in cross-section, densely white hair; rachises 1.10 – 6.60 cm long, opposite
leaflet arrangement, 1 – 3 pairs, abruptly medial symmetrical or asymmetrical, narrow elliptic
to wide elliptic, narrow ovate to lanceolate or narrow obovate, 2.20 – 12.4 by 1.00 – 4.10 cm
long, 0.090 – 0.130 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or oblique, acute, obtuse or reflex
angles, straight, convex, rounded or slightly cordate; apex acute angles, straight or acuminate,
apiculate or absent; margin white hair, pubescent, without gland position; primary venation
pinnate; secondary venation simple brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 10 – 23
alternate on either side of the midrib, netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 0.90
– 5.50 cm long, terete in cross-section, densely white hair, marginal attached position. Stipules
free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate absent.

Seedling development of the third stage: Stems reddish-brown, sparse hairy; collar diameters
approximately 6.50 mm; height approximately 61.80 cm tall. Leaves paripinnately compound
leaves, alternate; petiolules petiolate, 0.30 – 0.50 cm long, normal, terete in cross-section,
sparse hairy; rachises 13.00 – 15.00 cm long, opposite leaflet arrangement, 4 pairs, medial
symmetrical, narrow elliptic to wide elliptic or narrow ovate to wide ovate, 7.00 – 15.10 by
3.90 – 5.60 cm long, approximately 0.140 mm thick; base abruptly symmetrical or
asymmetrical, acute or obtuse angles, concave or convex; apex acute angles, straight or
apiculate or absent; margin sparsely white hair to entire, undulate or absent, pubescent,
without gland position; primary venation pinnate; secondary venation simple
brochidodromous or pinnately netted vein, 18 – 21 alternate on either side of the midrib,
netted, without agrophic vein; petioles pulvinated, 4.90 – 6.90 cm long, terete in cross-section,
sparse hairy, marginal attached position, Stipules free lateral position. Smell absent. Exudate
absent.

Number of days for germination : 5 – 85 days
Seed to germination : 0 day
Germination to cotyledon emergence : below 17 days
Germination to first true leaves : 16 – 78 days
Cotyledon emergence to senescence

143

คมู อื การจำแนกชนดิ กลา ไมตน

Cassia fistula L.
fruit (A2), seed (B2), cotyledon (C1), seedling stage 1 (1.1-1.3), stage 2 (2.1-2.3) and stage 3 (3.1-3.3)

144