Samajik Adhyan 8 New

147 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * k[YjL ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] Ps ;b:o xf] . ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] pTklQ Pp6f lk08sf ¿kdf ePsf] lyof] . k[YjL a|x\df08df cjl:yt 5 . k[YjLsf] ultnfO{ b}lgs / jflif{s ult u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . k[YjLsf] b}lgs ultM k[YjLn] cfkm\gf cIfdf Ps kmGsf] dfg{ nfUg] ultnfO{ b}lgs ult elgG5 . k[YjL klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ 3'D5 . k[YjLsf] l7s pQ/ / blIf0fdf /x]sf b'O{ laGb'nfO{ w|'j elgG5 . o;/L /x]sf pQ/sf] laGb'nfO{ pQ/L w|'j / blIf0fdf /x]sf w|'jnfO{ blIf0fL w'|j elgG5 . k[YjL pQ/L w'|j / blIf0fL w|'jnfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ cfwf/ txaf6 ^^=% l8u|Lsf] sf]0fdf 9lNsPsf] 5 . oxL 9lNsPsf] cfwf/ txnfO{ cIf elgG5 . k[YjL cfkm\gf] cIfdf ^^=% l8u|Lsf] sf]0f agfP/ 9lNsPsf] 5 . o;}nfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ k[YjL klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ 3'Dg] 3'dfOnfO{ kl/e|d0f elgG5 . o;/L 3'Dbf k[YjLn] cfkm\gf] cIfdf Ps kmGsf] dfg{ @# 306f, @^ ldg]6, )$=)( ;]s]G8 nufpF5 . o;} kmGsf]sf cfwf/df lbg / /ft x'G5 . k[YjLn] b}lgs ultsf cfwf/df k[YjLsf] k"j{ / klZrdsf :yfgcg';f/ ;dodf klg leGgtf cfpF5 . k[YjL klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ 3'Dbf k"j{sf] efu klxnf ;"o{;Gd'v k5{ / klZrdsf] efu la:tf/} ;"o{sf] ;Gd'v kg{ hfG5 . o;sf] kmn:j¿k k"j{sf] ;do rfF8f] / klZrdsf] ;do l9nf] x'G5 . k[YjLsf] b}lgs ultsf k|efjx¿M != ;"o{, rGb| / tf/fx¿ k"j{af6 pbfP/ klZrdtkm{ c:tfpg' . @= k[YjLdf lbg / /ft x'g' . #= k"j{sf] ;do rfF8f] / klZrdsf] ;do l9nf] x'g' . $= :yfgcg';f/ ;do km/s km/s x'g' . k[YjLsf] jflif{s ultM k[YjLn] ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{] bL3{j[Qfsf/ sIf cyf{t c08fsf/ dfu{df nfUg] ;do #^% lbg % 306f %& ldg]6sf] ultnfO{ jflif{s ult elgG5 . k[YjL ;f}o{d08nsf] ;b:o xf] . o;n] lgoldt tl/sfn] ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ub{5 . o;/L lgoldt tl/sfn] ug{] kl/qmdfnfO{ kl/qmd0f elgG5 . kf7 !k[YjLsf b}lgs / jflif{s ultsf k|efjx¿

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 148 k[YjLn] ;"o{sf] kl/qmd0f ug{] dfu{ j[Qfsf/ geP/ c08fsf/ 5 . k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ubf{ #^%=@%^ lbg nfU5 . o;}nfO{ xfdL Ps jif{ eG5f}F . k|To]s jif{ ^ 306fsf b/n] ylkFb} hfFbf x/]s $ jif{df #^^ lbgsf] Ps jif{ x'G5 . #^^ lbgsf] jif{nfO{ clws jif{ elgG5 . k[YjLn] cfkm\gf] sIfdf ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ubf{ @& lsnf]ld6/ k|lt;]s]G8sf b/n] lxF8\5 . kl/qmd0f ug{] sIf bL3{j[Qfsf/ ePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ k[YjL h'nfO{ $ sf lbg ;"o{af6 !%@ ldlnod lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f k'U5 eg] hgj/L # df !$& ldlnod lsnf]ld6/ cln glhs k'U5 . k[YjLsf] jflif{s ultsf k|efjx¿M != x/]s rf/ rf/ jif{df clws jif{ x'g' . @= Ct' kl/jt{g x'g' . #= lbg / /ftsf] cjlwdf km/s x'g' . $= ;"o{ u|x0f / rGb| u|x0f nfUg' . %= k[YjLdf ;f}o{ zlStsf] tLj|tfdf leGgtf cfpg' . ^= ;fd'lb|s If]qdf Hjf/ef6f pTklQ x'g' . :yfgLo ;do / k|fdfl0fs ;dosf] cy{ / k|of]uM b]zfGt/sf cfwf/df lx;fa u/]/ lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ :yfgLo ;do elgG5 . b]zfGt/cg';f/ lgsflnPsf] ;do leGg leGg :yfgcg';f/ leGg leGg k|sf/sf] x'G5 . leGgfleGg} b]zfGt/df k/]sf 7fpFx¿sf] ;do klg leGgfleGg} x'g] ePsfn] sfdsfh rnfpg Hofb} sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] k|fdfl0fs ;dosf] ;fy lnOG5 . s'g} Ps :yfgaf6 uPsf] b]zfGt/nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ b]zel/ g} sfdsfh ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] dfGotf lbOPsf] ;donfO{ k|fdfl0fs ;do elgPsf] xf] . g]kfndf *^) !%Ú k"jL{ b]zfGt/df /x]sf] uf}/Lzª\s/ lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ k|fdfl0fs ;do lgsflnPsf] 5 . uf}/Lzª\s/ lxdfnaf6 lgsflnPsf] of] ;do uf}/Lzª\s/ lxdfnsf nflu :yfgLo ;do xf] eg] g]kfnsf nflu oxL ;do k|fdfl0fs ;do klg xf] . /]n, xjfO{hxfh, /]l8of], k|zf;lgs sfdsfhsf] ;~rfng h:tf s'/fdf ;xhtf Nofpg x/]s b]zn] k|fdfl0fs ;dosf] k|of]u u/]sf x'G5g\ .

149 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * :yfgLo ;do / k|fdfl0fs ;dolar leGgtfM qm=;+= :yfgLo ;do qm=;+= k|fdfl0fs ;do != b]zfGt/nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lx;fa u/L lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ :yfgLo ;do elgG5 . != b]ze/ sfdsfh ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] ;a} b]zel/ g} dfGo x'g] u/L s'g} lglZrt :yfgsf] b]zfGt/nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lx;fa u/L lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ :yfgLo ;do elgG5 . @= o;n] s'g} lglZrt :yfgsf] ;donfO{ dfq s]lGb|t u/]sf] x'G5 . @= o;n] ;du| b]zsf] ;donfO{ s]lGb|t u/]sf] x'G5 . sl7g zAbsf cy{ lk08 – s'g} vFlbnf] 8Nnf] a|x\df08 – ljZj, ;+;f/ kmGsf] – Ps k6ssf] 3'dfO, 3'dfOsf] kl/lw jf km]/f] cIf – k[YjLsf] pQ/L w'|jb]lv blIf0fL w|'j;Dd lvlrPsf] slNkt ljeflht /]vf c08fsf/– cG8f cfsf/sf] k|fDffl0fs– ;a}n] dfGg] ;du| – ;a} lj|mofsnfk != ;fyL ;d"xdf Unf]asf] cjnf]sg u/L k[YjLsf] b}lgs / jflif{s ultsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . @= Ct' kl/jt{gsf af/]df lzIfs;Fu 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ n]Vg'xf];\ . #= k[YjLsf] cIf tyf sIfLo ;dtnsf] lrq lvr]/ e"dWo/]vf / k|d'v dWofx\g/]vfsf] cIfLo em'sfj;Fu ;"o{sf] ;DaGw b]vfpg'xf];\ . cEof; != k[YjLsf b'O{ cf]6f ultsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . @= kl/e|d0f / kl/j|md0f ultlar km/s 5'6\Øfpg'xf];\ . #= lbg / /ft s;/L x'G5 < pbfx/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ . $= dfgj hLjgdf k[YjLsf] jflif{s ultsf] c;/ s;/L kb{5, n]Vg'xf];\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ Unf]adf g]kfnsf] cjl:ylt klxrfg u/L Pp6f lrx\g nufpg'xf];\ . To;sf] cufl8 d}gaQL afn]/ /fVg'xf];\ . g]kfnsf] cjl:yltdf pHofnf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ lbg / To;nfO{ afofFaf6 bfofFtkm{ la:tf/} 3'dfpFb} hfFbf g]kfn ;"o{ glhs, 6f9f, pHofnf] of cFWof/f] s] b]lvG5 < cfkm"n] b]v]sf] s'/fnfO{ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 150 lat]sf] ;dosf] df};dsf af/]df eGg ;lsG5 t/ eljiosf af/]df atfpg ;lsFb}g . xfjfsf] tfkj|md, rfk / jfo'sf] cfb|{tf Pjd\ jfo'sf] ultsf] cWoog u/]/ s]jn cg'dfg dfq} nufpg] xf] . o;/L u/]sf] cg'dfg ldNg / gldNg klg ;S5 . df};dsf af/]df ul/g] cg'dfgnfO{ eljiojf0fL elgG5 . df};d / xfjfkfgLsf af/]df dx]Gb| cfwf/e"t ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyL{lar ePsf] s'/fsfgLnfO{ cWoog u/f}F clg ;fyLx¿sf lardf clego u/f}F . ljBfyL{M ;/, gd:sf/ . lzIfsM gd:sf/ afa' . stf lxF8\g'eof] < ljBfyL{M ;/, lxhf]sf] sIffdf xh'/n] a/fa/ cbnabn x'g] jfo'd08nsf] cj:yfnfO{ df};d elgG5 cyjf s'g} 7fpFsf] tfk, rfk, jfo', jiff{df h] h:tf] kl/jt{g x'G5, To;nfO{ g} df};d elgG5 eGg'ePsf] lyof] . of] xfjfkfgL eg]sf] s] xf] < lzIfsM xf] afa', 5f]6f] ;dodf cbnabn eO/xg] jftfj/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ df};d elgG5 . To;}u/L lglZrt 7fpFsf] nfdf] ;dosf] df};d tyf hnjfo'sf] cf};t cj:yfnfO{ xfjfkfgL elgG5 . xfjfkfgLn] To; If]qsf afl;Gbf, hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltdf k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . xfjfkfgL df};d em}F ablnFb}g . lglZrt 7fpFsf] xfjfkfgL x/]s ;fn Ps} k|sf/sf] /xG5 . ljBfyL{M ;/, df};d / xfjfkfgLdf s] km/s 5 < lzIfsM df};d a/fa/ cbnabn x'g] jfo'd08nsf] cj:yf xf] eg] xfjfkfgL lglZrt 7fpFsf] nfdf] ;dosf] df};d tyf hnjfo'sf] cf};t cj:yf xf] . df};ddf s'g} klg 7fpFsf] tfk, rfk, jfo', jiff{df l5gl5gsf] kl/jt{g x'G5 . xfjfkfgL l5gl5gdf ablnFb}g, nfdf] ;do;Dd Ps} k|sf/n] /xG5 . ljBfyL{M ;/, xfjfkfgLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] tTTjx¿ cIff+z, prfO, ;fd'lb|s b"/tf, hldgsf] 9fn, ;fd'lb|s wf/, jghª\un, df6f] / :yfgLo tTTj eGg'ePsf] kf7 @ df};d / xfjfkfgL

151 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * lyof] . cIff+z / prfOn] xfjfkfgLnfO{ s;/L k|efj kf5{ ;/ < lzIfsM cIff+z eg]sf] k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 e"dWo/]vf;Dd cfPsf /]vfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL aflx/L ;txdf /x]sf] s'g} klg laGb'af6 cfPsf] /]vfn] s]Gb|Dff agfPsf] sf]0f xf] . o;n] xfjfkfgLdf 7'nf] k|efj kf5{ . e"dWo/]vfb]lv hlt hlt pQ/ jf blIf0f 6f9f uOG5, Tolt tfkqmd 36\b} hfG5 . prfO a9\b} hfFbf tfkqmd 36\b} hfG5 . k|To]s !^% ld6/sf] prfOdf ! l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd 36\5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] xfjfkfgLdf prfOsf] k|+efj ;aeGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e"ld ;d'›L ;txb]lv %( ld6/ prfOdf 5 eg] pQ/L efu **$*=*^ ld6/ cUnf] 5 . o;cg'¿k t/fO{df lgs} udL{ x'G5 eg] lxdfndf lgs} hf8f] x'G5 . ljBfyL{M 3gf hª\un ePsf 7fpFdf cf›{tf a9L eO{ jiff{ x'g] ePsfn] hª\unn] klg xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5, x}g ;/ < lzIfsM xf], Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / . kxf8 / kj{tn] xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . cUnf kxf8kj{tn] lr;f] jfo'nfO{ /f]lslbg] ePsfn] xfjfkfgLdf k|efj k5{ . ljBfyL{M ;/, ;d'› glhssf If]qdf g w]/} hf8f] g w]/} udL{ x'g] sf/0f s] xf]nf < lzIfsM kfgL l9nf] tfT5 / l9n} ;]nfpF5 . hldg l56f] tfT5 / l5§} ;]nfpg] ePsfn] ;d'b|sf] glhs g w]/} hf8f] g t w]/} udL{ x'G5 t/ ;d'b|sf] 6f9f lbgdf w]/} udL{ x'g] / /ftdf w]/} hf8f] x'g]vfnsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ljBfyL{M ;/, g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ slt k|sf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 < lzIfsM g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ pi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL, Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL, 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL, n]sfnL xfjfkfgL / lxdfnL -6'G8«f_ xfjfkfgL u/L kfFr k|sf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{M ;/, g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLsf d'Vo ljz]iftf s] s] x'g\ lg < lzIfsM kj{tn] cfb|{ xfjf 5]s]/ kj{tLo jiff{ x'G5 . dg;'gL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . u|LidsfnLg / zLtsfnLg u/L @ k|sf/sf] dg;'g kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLn] ef/tLo udL{ / ltAatL 7G8f xfjfkfgLnfO{ 5'6\ofpF5 . lxdfnn] xfjfkfgLsf] l;dfgfsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . dg;'gsf sf/0f c;f/b]lv ebf};Dd jiff{ x'G5 / of] w/ftnLo prfO, kj{tsf] pkl:ylt / ;fd'lb|s b"/tfaf6 a9L k|efljt x'G5 . oL g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLsf d'Vo ljz]iftf x'g\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 152 sl7g zAbsf cy{ eljio – kl5 cfpg] ;do, clxn]eGbf kl5 cg'dfg – cGbfh nufpg] sfd eljiojf0fL – kl5 x'G5 eg]/ klxn] g} 7f]s'jf ul/Psf] s'/f cbnabn – km]/abn, x]/km]/, kl/jt{g l5gl5g – 38L38Ldf, ;do;dodf dg;'g – df};dL jfo', Ct'cg';f/ jxg] jfo' b"/ – 6f9f lj|mofsnfk != df};d / xfjfkfgLlarsf] km/ssf ;DaGwdf sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn u/L pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ . @= xfjfkfgLnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTTjsf ;DaGwdf ;+jfb tof/ kf/L sIffdf clego ug'{xf];\ . #= xfjfkfgL / df};dlardf /x]sf] km/ssf ;DaGwdf rf6{ rof/ kf/L sIffsf]7fdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != df};d eg]sf] s] xf] < @= xfjfkfgL / df};dlardf km/s b]vfpg'xf];\ . #= xfjfkfgL eg]sf] s] xf] < $= lsg g]kfnsf] t/fO{ k|b]zdf eGbf lxdfnL k|b]zdf a9L hf8f] x'G5 < %= xfjfkfgLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] tTTjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{F /x]sf] :yfgsf] Ps xKtfsf] df};dL cj:yfsf] clen]v /fvL /]vflrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

153 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * hnjfo' kl/jt{gM jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd, xfjfsf] axfa / jiff{tdf x'g] 36a9sf sf/0f cf};t df};ddf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|d'v sf/0f jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof;sf] dfqf a9\g' xf] . sfa{g8fOcS;fO8n] k[YjLdf xl/t u[x k|efj a9fOlbG5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k xfjfkfgLdf c;Gt'ng k}bf x'G5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 x'g uO{ lxpF l5§} kUng hfG5 . ;d'b| t6Lo Pj+ 6fk' /fi6«x¿ 8'Ag ;S5g\ . ;du|df k[YjLsf] ;f}Gbo{df x|f; cfO{ hLjhGt' cg's"nsf] af;:yfgsf] cefj x'g ;S5 . g]kfndf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t ;d:ofx¿M != lxdfndf lxpF kUng uO{ lxdfnx¿ gfª\uf 8fF8fdf kl/jt{g x'g] qmd a9\b} uPsf] . @= lxdtfnx¿ lj:kmf]6g x'g] vt/f b]lvPsf] . #= df};dL kmnk"mn / cGgafnLsf] pTkfbgdf sdL cfpg'sf ;fy} ;dotflnsfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] . $= ljleGg /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f a9\g'sf ;fy} h}ljs ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds c;/ b]vf k/]sf] . %= cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, x'[/Latf; h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k a9\b} uPsf] . ^= df};ddf km]/abn cfpg'sf ;fy} lxdgbLx¿ 5f]l6Fb} hfg] ;Defjgf a9]sf] . &= tfkqmd j[l4 eO{ s[lif pTkfbgdf sdL cfPsf] . *= df};dcg';f/ km'Ng] km"n / nfUg] kmndf ;flassf] eGbf tndfly k/L pTkfbgdf x|f; cfPsf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ M != k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, sf]Onf, bfp/f / k|fs[lts Uof;sf] ;§f ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug]{ . @= hnljB't\sf] pTkfbg a9fpg] / ljB'tLo ;jf/Lx¿ lgdf{0f / k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] . #= xl/tu[xsf] k|efj 36fpg] vfnsf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug{] . $= j[If/f]k0f / jghª\un ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg] . %= pBf]uwGbfaf6 lg:sg] xl/t Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf s6f}tL ug]{ . ^= jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ ljsf;;Fu hf]8\g] . &= ;femf k[YjL eGg] efjgf /fvL pmhf{sf] j}slNks ;|f]tdf hf]8 lbg] . kf7 # hnjfo' kl/jt{g

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 154 g]kfndf kl/jt{g;DaGwL /flvPsf sfo{qmdx¿M -!_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf k|jw{g sfo{qmd . -@_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f, cg's"ng;DaGwL sfo{qmd . -#_ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f lgoGq0f / cg'udg . -$_ ljiffbL / xflgsf/s kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg . -%_ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg tyf k/LIf0f sfo{qmd . -^_ hn tyf df};d;DaGwL sfo{qmd . -&_ jftfj/0fLo k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf sfo{qmd . -*_ ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f . -(_ /fli6«o ;Dkbf ;+/If0f sfo{qmd . sl7g zAbsf cy{ hnjfo' – xfjfkfgL xl/t – xl/of] /ª ePsf] x|f; – Ifo, cl:tTjsf] dfqf 36\g] lqmof gfª\uf] – s]xL gePsf], pbfª\uf], vfnL ljljwtf – cg]stf cltj[li6 – rflxg]eGbf a9L k/]sf] em/L, xflggf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] jiff{ jf em/L cgfj[li6 – cfsfzaf6 wtL{df kfgL emg{] sfo{df cj/f]w s6f}tL – sf6]/ 36fpg] sfd lj|mofsnfk != hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ / o;sf] Go"gLs/0f ug{] pkfonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ syf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . @= hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t ;d:ofnfO{ tflnsfdf k|bz{g ug'{xf]; . #= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f s[lifdf x|f; cfpF5 eGg] s'/fdf s]lGb|t /x]/ ;+jfb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . $= tnsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] hjfkm n]Vg'xf];\ M hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sf]k @) ;Dd]ng blIf0f cd]l/sL /fi6« k]?sf] /fhwfgL lndfdf ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL @) cf}F ;Dd]ng sf]k @) cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf !($ b]zsf !! xhf/ k|ltlgw / ko{j]Ifs ;xefuL lyP . ;Dd]ngn] ljZjJofkL hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;lGwsf] k|f¿k tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ tyf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿lar xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{g s6f}tL, kl/0ffd / k|lta4tf ;DaGwdf s]xL c;dembf/L ePsf] lyof] .

155 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * wgL / ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf kf6fx¿sf] juL{s/0f / kl/efiff abNg dfu ub{5 . wgL b]zsf sf/0f pTkGg xl/t Uof; -sfa{g_ pT;h{gsf sf/0f cfkm"x¿sf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / jftjf/0fdf Iflt k'u]sf] lgisif{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf] 5 . o;y{ wgL b]zn] ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;xof]u /flz a9fpg'kg{] dfu ub{5g\ . ljsf;zLn /fi6«n] wgL /fi6«n] lbFb} cfPsf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / vfBfGg pTkfbgnufot zLif{safx]s Ifltk"lt{afkt ;xof]u a9fpg'kg{] dfu u/]sf 5g\ . lndfsf] sf]k ;Dd]ngsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;kmntf eg]sf] cd]l/sf / c:6«]lnof h:tf ljsl;t /fi6«n] xl/t Uof; pT;h{g s6f}tL ug{ b]vfPsf] k|lta4tf xf] . ;Dd]ngdf gj{], c:6«]lnof, a]lNhod cflb b]z ldn]/ !)=@ lalnog 8n/sf] lu|g SnfOd]6 kmG6 :yfkgf ug{] k|lta4tf hgfPsf 5g\ . sfa{g pT;h{gdf o'/f]k !! k|ltzt, cd]l/sf !^ k|ltzt / rLg @( k|ltzt lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . ljZjdf g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu rf}yf] ;ª\s6fkGg d'n's xf] . k|Zgx¿M s= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sf]k @) ;Dd]ng eg]sf] s] xf] < v= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sf]k @) ;Dd]ng sxfF ul/Psf] lyof] < u= hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL sf]k @) ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf slt b]zsf slt k|ltlglw / ko{j]Ifs ;xefuL lyP < cEof; s= hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] < v= hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] g]kfndf l;lh{t ;d:ofx¿ s] s] x'g\ < u= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds c;/af6 aRg s'g s'g pkfo ckgfpg'knf{ < ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 k/]sf c;/sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 156 ef/t, rLg, aª\unfb]z, kfls:tfg, >Lnª\sf, e'6fg, eflNbD; g]kfnsf l5d]sL b]z x'g\ . To;df klg ef/t / rLg;Fu g]kfnsf] l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfneGbf l5d]sL b]z rLg ^% u'0ff / ef/t @@ u'0ff 7'nf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] ;d'b| Afª\ufnsf] vf8L sl/a !!@& lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f kb{5 . g]kfnaf6 aª\unfb]zsf] l;dfgf hDdf @& ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgf ###$ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo] g]kfnsf] ef/t;Fusf] l;dfgf !*(@ ls=ld= / rLg;Fusf] l;dfgf !$$@ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] rf/}lt/ hldg} hldgn] 3]l/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ gfkL ljefun] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] g]kfnsf] gS;fcg';f/ g]kfnsf] sf]zL k|b]z, jfUdtL k|b]z, u08sL k|b]z / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] l;dfgf rLg / ef/t b'j} b]z;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . rLg;Fu dfq l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] Ps dfq k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z xf] . To:t}, ef/t;Fu dfq l;dfgf hf]l8Psf k|b]z d3]z / n'lDagL k|b]z x'g\ . rLg / ef/t b'j} b]z;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf lhNnfx¿ tfKn]h'ª / bfr{'nf x'g\ eg] #* cf]6f lhNNffn] rLg / ef/t b'j} b]znfO{ 5'Fb}gg\ . xfd|f l5d]sL b]zn] xfd|f nflu k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M kf7 $g]kfnsf l5d]sL b]z

157 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * ldq/fi6« rLgn] k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]uM != k[YjL /fhdfu{, c/lgsf] /fhdfu{, sf7df8f}F rqmkynufotsf /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f tyf ltgsf] :t/f]Gglt, @= lqk'/]Zj/–;"o{ljgfos 6«lna; ;]jf, #= ;'gsf];L hnljB't\ kl/of]hgf, $= x]6f}F8f sk8f pBf]u, e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf, eStk'/ OF6f sf/vfgf, xl/l;l4 OF6f 6fon sf/vfgf, afF;af/L 5fnf h'Qf sf/vfgf, %= lghfdtL c:ktfn, la=kL= sf]O/fnf SofG;/ c:ktfn, ^= jL/]Gb| cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|, &= rLgdf pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu ljleGg 5fqj[lQ . ldq/fi6« ef/tn] k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]uM != la=kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg, w/fg, @= /fli6«o 6«df ;]G6/ / jL/ c:ktfn, sf7df8f}F, #= k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf s]xL efu, $= lqz"nL / b]jL3f6 hnljB't\ s]Gb| g'jfsf]6, %= dgdf]xg d]df]l/on kf]ln6]lSgs, df]/ª, ^= dx]Gb|gu/–6gsk'/ lnª\s /f]8, &= kmf/la;uGh–lj/f6gu/ /]Nj] lnª\s, *= ljleGg c:ktfn / ;ª\3;+:yfnfO{ PDa'n]G; ljt/0f, (= ljBfnox¿nfO{ a; ljt/0f, !)= ef/tdf pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu 5fqj[lQ k|bfg . blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿sf] If]qLo ;ª\u7g ;fs{M blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿sf] If]qLo ;ª\u7gnfO{ ;fs{ elgG5 . ;fs{sf] :yfkgf ug{ tTsfnLg aª\unfb]zsf /fi6«klt lhofp/ /xdfgn] ljz]if kxn u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(*% sf] l8;]Da/ * df o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;fs{df klxnf ef/t, e'6fg, aª\unfb]z, kfls:tfg, g]kfn, >Lnª\sf / dflNbE; u/L ;ft cf]6f /fi6« lyP eg] kl5 ckmuflg:tfg ylkPsf] xf] . ckmuflg:tfgnfO{ ;fs{sf] kl5Nnf] ;b:o /fi6« eg]/ lrlgG5 . o;sf]

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 158 ;lrjfno g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fs{n] PsLs[t sfo{d"ns sfo{qmdcGtu{t s[lif, ;~rf/, oftfoft, v]ns'b, jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof tyf afnsNof0f, nfu' kbfy{ b'?kof]u tyf cf];f/k;f/, b'u{d If]q ljsf;, dlxnf ;xeflutf, ko{6g, ul/aL lgjf/0f h:tf sfd ub{5 . To;}u/L ;fs{n] >Job[Zo sfo{qmd, ;fs{ clen]v s]Gb|, ;fs{ 5fqj[lQ, ko{6g k|jw{g, ;fs{ o'jf :jod\;]js sfo{qmd, ;fs{ le;f sfo{qmd, ;fs{ o'jf k'/:sf/ sfo{qmd, blIf0f Pl;of pT;j OToflbsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ ;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf dflg;sf lar ;Dks{sf] lj:tf/ ub{5 . /fHo jf ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿sf] a}7s, sfplG;n ckm ldlg:6/, :yfoL ;ldlt, k|fljlws ;ldlt / ;lrjfno ;fs{sf k|d'v cª\u x'g\ . ;fs{sf p2]ZoM != blIf0f Pl;ofsf /fi6«larsf] ;fd"lxs cfTdlge{/tfsf] clej[l4 / ;d[l4 ug]{ @= ;dfg ljrf/ tyf p2]Zo ePsf cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;xof]u clej[l4 ug]{ #= blIf0f Pl;ofsf hgtfsf] lxt clej[l4 tyf hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{] $= Pscsf{sf] ;d:ofk|lt kf/:kl/s ljZjf; / ;dembf/L sfod ub}{ of]ubfg lbg] %= ;femf lxtsf ljifo /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df ug'{kg]{ ;xof]unfO{ alnof] kfg]{ ^= cGo ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z;Fusf] ;xof]unfO{ dha't t'Nofpg] &= ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, k|fljlws tyf j}1flgs If]qdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutf / kf/:kl/s ;xof]u clej[l4 ug]{ *= cfly{s j[l4, ;fdflhs pGglt tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;nfO{ clej[l4 ug{] sl7g zAbsf cy{ l5d]sL – jNnf]kNnf] 3/ x'g] cGt/f{li6«o – b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L d'n's jf /fi6«larsf] ;fj{hlgs – ;a} hgfsf] pkof]usf nflu agfOPsf], ;a}l;t ;DaGw ePsf] of]ubfg – s'g} sfddf dxŒjk"0f{ ;xfotf lbg] sfd /fhdfu{ – 6f9f 6f9f;Dd hfg] kSsL ;8s PsLs[t – PsLs/0f ul/Psf], w}/] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ldnfP/ Ps agfOPsf] sfo{d"ns – Jojxf/df Nofpg ;lsg] jf cfpg ;Sg] u'0fsf] k|wfgtf ePsf] k|j4{g – j[l4 ;dembf/L – ;dembf/ x'g] sfd jf l:ylt ;fd"lxs – ;d"xsf]

159 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * lj|mofsnfk != ljZjsf] gS;f jf Unf]adf g]kfnsf cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgfx¿ vf]hL u/L pQm l;dfgfsf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . @= gS;fsf dfWodaf6 ef/t / rLgsf] cjl:ylt, l;dfgf, ef}uf]lns cj:yf cflbsf] vf]hL u/L k|fKt ePsf s'/fnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . #= ;fs{ /fi6«sf cGo d'n'ssf] gS;f;lxt tL /fi6«sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . $= ;fs{sf p2]ZonfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]vL sIffsf]7fdf 6fF:g'xf];\ . cEof; != xfd|f l5d]sL b]zx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ < @= ;fs{ /fi6«sf gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . #= ef/tn] g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf u/]sf of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . $= ;fs{ /fi6«x¿ gS;fdf ptfg'{xf];\ . %= ;fs{sf] nf]uf] agfP/ To;sf] ;ª\lIfKt JofVof ug'{xf];\ . ^= ;fs{ :yfkgf ug'{sf p2]Zo n]Vg'xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 160 ljkt\M k|fs[lts ¿kdf jf dfgjåf/f l;lh{t 36gfaf6 cfpg] clk|o kl/0ffdnfO{ ljkt\ elgG5 . ljkt\n] ;d'bfo, /fi6« jf ;dfhsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfeGbf a9L Ifdtfsf] dfu ub{5 . o;n] ;fdfGo hLjgnfO{ l5GgleGg kfb{5 . ljkb\ sfa'aflx/sf] k|lts"n cj:yf xf] . ljkb\ ljleÌ k|sf]khGo tTTjx¿ -;ª\s6x¿_ sf sf/0f pTkGg x'G5 . != ljkt\af6 pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofx¿M @= o;n] dfgj hLjgdf k|lts"n k|efj kfb}{ klxn]sf] cj:yfeGbf km/s cj:yf NofpF5 . #= ljkt\n] dfgj hLjgdf kL8f jf lrGtf lgDTofpF5 . $= ljkt\af6 wghgsf] Iflt x'G5 . %= ;fdfGo hghLjgdf cj/f]w l;h{gf u5{ . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgM ljkt\ cfpg'cufl8 / k5fl8 ;fjwfgLk"j{s ul/g] sfo{nfO{ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg elgG5 . o;df ljkt\ kg'{cufl8 ljkt\ /f]Sg jf To;sf] c;/ sd ug{ ckgfOg] pkfo k|d'v x'G5 eg] 36gf 3l6;s]kl5 ul/g] Joj:yfkg bf];|f] kIf xf] . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgcGtu{t ;j{k|yd ljkt\ cfpg} glbg] sfo{ ug'{ xf] . dflg;af6 l;h{gf x'g] ljkt\ xfd|f cfkm\g} c;fjwfgL / sdLsdhf]/Ln] x'g] x'Fbf o;tkm{ ;r]t /xg' ;a}eGbf a'l4dfgL x'G5 . g]kfndf 36\g] ljkt\sf 36gfx¿M g]kfn ljZjsf clt ljkt\ hf]lvddf k/]sf d'n'sdWo] Pp6f xf] . ljutdf 36]sf ljkt\sf 36gfnfO{ x]bf{ d'Vo ¿kdf g]kfndf af9L, klx/f] tyf e":vng, v8]/L, cfFwL, x'/Latf;, zLtnx/, lxdkft, cl;gf, lxdklx/f], lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, tftf] xfjfsf] nx/, r6\ofª, e"sDk, Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6, 89]nf], dxfdf/L, clgsfn, sL6 tyf ;"Id hLjf0f' cftª\s, kz' tyf r/fr?ª\uLdf x'g] ˆn' cflb h:tf 36gf 36]sf] b]lvG5 . kf7 %ljkt\ Joj:yfkg

161 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * g]kfndf ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ljkt\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g @)&$, :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$, jg P]g @)$(, ejg P]g @)%%, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%#, hn;|f]t P]g @)$(, ljleGg cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf, ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, /fli6«o hn;|f]t gLlt @))@, /fli6«o hn gLlt @))%, hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg gLlt @))^, ljkt\ Joj:yfkg /0fgLlt @))(, ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf cflbdf gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿M != cfkm\gf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg] . @= j[If/f]k0f ug{], jg kFm8fgL gug{] . #= c:jfefljs ¿kdf e"ld pTvgg gug{] . $= lgoldt ¿kdf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg] . %= lgoldt ¿kdf vf]k nufpg] . ^= Jojl:yt a;f]af; ug{] . &= kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ arfpg] vfnsf sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsfM ljkt\ Joa:yfkg ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu, vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, l;FrfO ljefu, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu, hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefun] ;DalGwt If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg ;lsG5M != ljkt\sf] ;dodf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng k|0ffnL agfpg], @= ljkt\ k"j{tof/Lsf of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{] . #= p4f/sf nflu bIf / ;Ifd hgzlQm ljsf; u/L tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg] . $= ljkt\sf nflu k"j{;"rgf / ljkt\sfnLg ;"rgf k|0ffnL ;zQm agfpg] . %= cfw'lgs p4f/ pks/0f, jf?0foGqnufot cGo pks/0f tof/L xfntdf /fVg] . ^= vfBfGg, cf}ifwL tyf b}lgs pkef]Uo tyf p4f/, /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] k"j{e08f/0f ug]{ . &= 3/, ljlN8ª, k'n, ;8s, dgf]/~hgsf ;+/rgf, :yfgLo t6aGw, gbL, vf]nfgfnf / klx/f]sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 162 sl7g zAbsf cy{ ljkt\ – cfkt, si6 Ifdtf – s'g} sfd ug{ ;Sg] zlQm, tfut k|sf]k – k|s[ltdf cfpg] ljsf/ kL8f – si6 c;fjwfgL – a]xf];Lkg, ;fjwfgxLgtf v8]/L – kfgL gk/L ;'Svf nfu]sf] cj:yf, cgfj[li6 lj:kmf]6g – cfjfhsf ;fy k8\sg] jf km'6\g] lqmof 89]nf] – hª\undf nfu]sf] jf nufOPsf] cfuf] clgsfn – cGgkftsf] 7'nf] cefj hnfwf/ – hnfzo, tnfp cBfjlws – lat]sf] ;dob]lv xfn;Ddsf] lj|mofsnfk != g]kfndf 36\g] ljkt\sf 36gf / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo ;DaGwdf sIffdf cGt/lj|mof sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ . @= ljkt\ k"jf{j:yf, ljkt\sf] cj:yf / ljkt\kl5sf] cj:yf Joj:yfkgdf k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ckgfPsf sbdsf af/]df sIffsf]7df 5nkmn u/L :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ . #= ljkt\n] kf/]sf] k|efj;Fu ;DalGwt lrq, ;dfrf/, n]v/rgf ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != ljkt\ eg]sf] s] xf] < @= ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . #= e"sDksf] Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfn] v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsfnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ . $= ljkt\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL g]kfndf s] s:tf] sfg'g /x]sf] 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

163 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * ;fdfGo ¿kdf k[YjLsf] s'g} klg v08 jf k"/} efu sf]l/Psf] jf sfuhftdf ptfl/Psf] cfs[ltnfO{ gS;f eGg] a'lemG5 . gS;fdf k[YjLsf] s'g} klg v08 jf k"/} efu sfuhdf sf]l/Psf] x'G5 . gS;fdf ;ª\s]tsf dfWodaf6 ljleGg tYo / tYofª\s k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . gS;fsf cª\ux¿df l;dfgf, ef}uf]lns :j¿k, prfO, jg:klt, a:tL, vlgh, jg, df6f], hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f, wfld{s :Yfn / ;Dkbfx¿, afnL / pTkfbg, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ cflb kb{5g\ . gS;f agfpg] l;knfO{ sf6f]{u|fkmL (Cartography) elgG5 . gS;fdf zLif{s, pQ/ lbzf, ;ª\s]t lrx\g, :s]n -cg'kflts gfkf]_ /fVg'k5{ . oL s'/flagf gS;f k"0f{ x'Fb}g . gS;f agfpg ljleGg ljlw k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljutdf xft}n] :jtGq ¿kdf gS;fª\sg sfo{ ul/GYof] eg] cfhef]ln k|ljlw / pks/0fsf] ljsf;n] gS;f lgdf{0f ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . gS;fsf k|sf/M -s_ p2]Zod"ns gS;fM lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKt;Fu ;DalGwt gS;fnfO{ p2]Zod"ns gS;f elgG5 . 3/hUuf b]vfpg] gS;f o;k|sf/sf gS;f x'g\ . o:tf gS;fdf lsQf :ki6 b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . -v_ :ynfs[t gS;fM k|fs[lts / ef}uf]lns b'j} :j¿ksf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] gS;fnfO{ :ynfs[t gS;f elgG5 . l;dfgf, lsQf, 3/, ejg cflb gb]vfP/ l;d;f/ If]q, hldg, ;x/, ufpF cflb ;fdfGo :yn cfs[ltsf] ;ª\s]t ug{] gS;fx¿ :ynfs[t gS;f x'g\ . -u_ /fhgLlts gS;fM b]z, /fHo, ;x/nufot /fhgLlts PsfO ;dfj]z ul/Psf] gS;fnfO{ /fhgLlts gS;f elgG5 . o:tf gS;fdf b]zsf] cGt/f{li6«o / cfGtl/s l;dfgf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . gS;fsf] pkof]uM gS;fnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 M != ;]jf;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/ / ;~rfngsf nflu ef}uf]lns cj:yf yfxf kfpg, @= hldgsf] ljt/0f b]vfpg tyf hldgsf] cj:yf b]vfpg, kf7 ^gS;f tyf k|of]ufTds sfo{

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 164 #= ko{6snfO{ s'g} klg 7fpFsf] ljljw cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lbg, $= b"/L kQf nufpg, %= ljsf;sf of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ^= k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cj:yf b]vfpg &= b]zsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f k|:t't ug{ tyf hg3gTj b]vfpg gS;fdf ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]uM qm=;+= tYofª\s ;ª\s]t qm=;+= tYofª\s ;ª\s]t != gbL @= jghª\un #= 6fs'/f÷kxf8÷ lxdfn $= kj{t >]0fL÷ lxdeGHofª %= 3fF;] e"ld ^= Tffn &= cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgf *= /fli6«o lgs'~h (= dlGb/÷wfld{s :yn !)= eGHofª !!= ;df]Rr /]vf !@= ;d'b| !#= kSsL ;8s !$= s]ansf/ !%= :t"k !^= ;8s dfu{ !&= ;x/÷7fpF÷ /fhwfgL !*= /]ndfu{ !(= d?e"ld @)= xjfO{dfu{ @!= ljdfg:yn @@= emgf{ @#= ¿v @$= k'n @%= ;'gvfgL @^= pRr ;d:ynL k7f/

165 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * g]kfnsf] gS;f lvRg] klxnf] ljlw ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿, tkfO{+x¿nfO{ oxfF g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] klxnf] tl/sfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] tkfO{+n] ;j{k|yd glhs} /x]sf] k':ts k;naf6 g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] lgDgfg';f/sf cfjZos ;fdu|L Nofpg'xf];\ M != g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / k|fs[lts gS;f @= P6\n;x¿ #= g]kfnsf] 6]DKn]6 gS;f $= 6«]l;ª k]k/ jf kftnf] ;fbf sfuh %= ?n/, ^= k]lG;n, &= ljleGg k|sf/sf gS;fx¿, *= hUufsf], cfkm\gf] lhNnf, ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fx¿ ca != ;j{k|yd tkfO{+;Fu ePsf] P6\n; kN6fO{ /fd|f];Fu g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / k|fs[lts gS;fsf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ . @= To;df lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df ljleGg /ªn] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . #= tkfO{+n] ToxfF gbL, tfn, lxdfn, kxf8, ;b/d'sfd, lgs'~h, ;8sdfu{, wfld{s :yn cflb klg b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 . To;sf] klg klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . $= tkfO{+n] gS;fdf ljleGg ;ª\s]t /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] klg cWoog ug'{xf];\ . %= tkfO{+n] P6\n;df /x]sf] jf cGo tkfO{+n] lsg]/ NofPsf] g]kfnsf] s'g} Ps gS;fdfly 6«]l;ª k]k/ jf kftnf] ;fbf sfuh /fVg'xf];\ . ^= To;kl5 aflx/L l;dfgf (outline) 6«]; ug'{xf];\ . &= 6«]; ubf{ l;dfgfdf aflx/ lg:s]sf / leq 3';]sf efux¿ ofb ug'{xf];\ . *= of] sfo{ k6s k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . (= of] sfo{ sDtLdf klg !% k6s ug'{xf];\ . !)= ca gx]/Lsg gS;f sf]g]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ . !!= To;kl5 pQm gS;fdf tfn, kxf8, gbL, /fli6«o lgs'~h, /fhdfu{, v]tLsf If]q, ;x/ tyf ;b/d'sfd, cf}Bf]lus If]q cflb tYo klg P6\n;sf] ;xfotfaf6 eg]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ . dnfO{ nfU5 tkfO{+ g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug{ / ljleGg tYo eg{ l;kfn' aGg'eof] .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 166 g]kfnsf] gS;f lvRg] bf];|f] ljlw ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿, tkfO{+x¿nfO{ oxfF g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] bf];|f] tl/sfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF s'g} gfk g} glnP/ gS;f tof/ ul/Psf] 5 t/ tkfO{+n] lgb{]zgdf lbPcg';f/ gS;f lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . ;j{k|yd glhs} /x]sf] k':ts k;naf6 g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] lgDgfg';f/sf cfjZos ;fdu|L Nofpg'xf];\ M != g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / k|fs[lts gS;f @= P6\n;x¿ #= g]kfnsf] 6]DKn]6 gS;f $= 6«]l;ª k]k/ jf kftnf] ;fbf sfuh %= ?n/, ^= k]lG;n, &= ljleGg k|sf/sf gS;f, *= hUufsf], cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf gS;f ca != ;j{k|yd cfkm";Fu ePsf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ Pp6f ;fbf sfuhdf @) ;]=ld= nDafO / !@ ;]=ld= rf}8fO ePsf] cfoft lvRg'xf];\ . @= cfoftdf bfofFaf6 ABCD /]vfdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . #= pQm cfoftnfO{ nDafOtkm{ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] v08 u/L tLg v08df rf/ rf/ ;]=ld=df x'g] u/L ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . $= rf}8fOtkm{ cufl8 klxnf] v08df $ ;]=ld=, bf];|f] v08df ^ ;]=ld=, t];|f] v08df ^ ;]=ld= / rf}yf] v08df $ ;]=ld= u/L rf/ v08df ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . %= k|To]s v08df gDa/ nufpg'xf];\ . ^= s'g gDa/df s;/L l;dfgfn] 5f]Psf] 5, Vofn ug'{xf];\ . &= P6\n; kN6fO{ /fd|f];Fu g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / k|fs[lts gS;fsf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ . *= P6\n;df lbOPsf] ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df ljleGg /ªn] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . (= ToxfF tkfO{+ gbL, tfn, lxdfn, kxf8, ;b/d'sfd, lgs'~h, ;8sdfu{, wfld{s :yn cflb klg b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5, To;sf] klg klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . !)= ca gS;fdf /x]sf ljleGg ;ª\s]tsf] klg cWoog ug'{xf];\ . !!= Ps k6s tn lbOPsf] gS;fsf] klg cWoog ug'{xf];\ . of] dfq} k"0f{ gx'g ;S5 t/ o;n] tkfO{+nfO{ gS;f lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{] 5 . o;sf] /fd|f];Fu cWoog ug'{xf];\ . !@= l;dfgfdf aflx/ lg:s]sf] / leq 3';]sf efu ofb u/L g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; ug'{xf];\

167 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * !#= of] sfo{ k6s k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . of] sfo{ sDtLdf klg !% k6s ug'{xf];\ . !$= ca gx]/Lsg cfot lgdf{0f ug{] / To;leq cª\s /fvL gS;f lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . !%= pQm gS;fdf tfn, lxdfn, kxf8, gbL, /fli6«o lgs'~h, /fhdfu{, v]tLsf If]q, ;x/ tyf ;b/d'sfdx¿, cf}Bf]lus If]q cflb tYo klg P6\n;sf] ;xfotfaf6 eg]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ . dnfO{ nfU5, o; ljlwaf6 tkfO{+ g]kfnsf] gS;f lvRg / ljleGg tYo eg{ l;kfn' aGg'eof] . g]kfnsf] gS;f lvRg] t];|f] ljlw ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿, tkfO{+x¿nfO{ oxfF g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] t];|f] tl/sfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF s'g} gfk g} glnP/ gS;f tof/ ul/Psf] 5 t/ tkfO{+ lgb{]zgdf lbPcg';f/ gS;f lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . ;j{k|yd tkfO{+n] glhs} /x]sf] k':ts k;naf6 g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] lgDgfg';f/sf cfjZos ;fdu|L Nofpg'xf];\ M != g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / k|fs[lts gS;f @= P6\n;x¿ #= g]kfnsf] 6]DKn]6 gS;f $= 6«]l;ª k]k/ jf kftnf] ;fbf sfuh %= ?n/, ^= k]lG;n, &= ljleGg k|sf/sf gS;f, *= hUufsf], cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf gS;fx¿ ;'b'/klZrd k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z u08sL k|b]z n'lDagL k|b]z jfudtL k|b]z sf]zL k|b]z dw]z k|b]z

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 168 ca != ;j{k|yd tkfO{+n] cfkm";Fu ePsf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ Pp6f ;fbf sfuhdf AB= @) ;]=ld= / AD = !) ;]=ld=af6 ABCD cfot lvRg'xf];\ . @= cfotdf AB /]vfsf] larsf] laGb' E af6 CD /]vfsf] larsf] laGb' F ;Dd EF /]vf lvRg'xf];\ . #= AE /]vfsf] larsf] laGb'af6 BC /]vfsf] larsf] laGb' N ;Dd MN /]vf lvRg'xf];\ . $= AD /]vfsf] larsf] laGb' A af6 CF /]vfsf] larsf] laGb' Q' ;Dd PQ /]vf lvRg'xf];\ . %= EF / PQ hf]8\g] laGb' O af6 C laGb';Dd OC /]vf lvRg'xf];\ . ^= k|To]s v08df gDa/ nufpg'xf];\ / s'g gDa/df s;/L l;dfgfn] 5f]Psf] 5, Vofn ug'{xf];\ . &= tn lbOPsf] gd'gf g]kfnsf] gS;fsf] /fd|f];Fu cWoog ug'{xf];\ . *= P6\n;df ePdf g]kfnsf gS;fsf] ;d]t cWoog ug'{xf];\ . (= tkfO{+n] ToxfF gbL, tfn, lxdfn, kxf8, ;b/d'sfd, lgs'~h, ;8sdfu{, wfld{s :ynx¿, tfn cflb klg b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 . To;sf] klg klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . !)= tkfO{+n] gS;fdf ljleGg ;ª\s]t /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] klg cWoog ug'{xf];\ . !!= l;;fsnsf] k|of]u u/L g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . !@= l;dfgfdf aflx/ lg:s]sf / leq 3';]sf efux¿ ofb ug'{xf];\ . of] sfo{ k6s k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . !#= ca gx]/Lsg cfot lgdf{0f ug{] / To;leq ljleGg /]vf lgdf{0f u/L gS;f sf]g]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ . !$= gS;fx¿df tfn, lxdfn, kxf8, gbL, /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿, /fhdfu{x¿, v]tLsf If]q, ;x/ tyf ;b/d'sfdx¿, cf}Bf]lus If]q cflb tYo klg P6\n;sf] ;xfotfaf6 eg]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ . dnfO{ nfU5, ca tkfO{+ g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug{ / ljleGg tYo eg{ l;kfn' aGg'eof]

169 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * g]kfnsf] gS;f lvRg] rf}yf] ljlw ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿, tkfO{+x¿nfO{ oxfF g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] rf}yf] ljlwsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF s'g} gfk g} glnP/ gS;f tof/ ul/Psf] 5 t/ tkfO{+ lgb{]zgdf lbPcg';f/ gS;f lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . ;j{k|yd tkfO{+n] glhs} /x]sf] k':ts k;naf6 g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] lgDgfg';f/sf cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ Nofpg'xf];\ . != g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / k|fs[lts gS;f @= P6\n;x¿ #= g]kfnsf] 6]DKn]6 gS;f $= 6«]l;ª k]k/ jf kftnf] ;fbf sfuh %= ?n/, ^= k]lG;n, &= ljleGg k|sf/sf gS;fx¿, *= hUufsf], cfkm\gf] lhNnfsf gS;fx¿ ca != ;a}eGbf klxn] AB * OGr / AD $ OGrsf] rt'e'{h agfpg'xf];\ . @= To;kl5 AB / CD /]vfnfO{ !÷! OGrsf] * efu / BC / AD /]vfnfO{ !÷! OGrsf] $ efu ug'{xf];\ . #= ca ;a} laGb' hf]8\g'xf];\ . $= To;kl5 tn lbOPsf] lrq x]/]/ sxfF s;/L /]vfx¿ uPsf 5g\, x]/L lg/Gt/ gS;f lvRg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ . %= P6\n;df ePdf g]kfnsf gS;fsf] ;d]t cWoog ug'{xf];\ . ;'b'/klZrd k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z u08sL k|b]z n'lDagL k|b]z jfudtL k|b]z sf]zL k|b]z dw]z k|b]z

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 170 ^= tkfO{+n] ToxfF gbL, tfn, lxdfn, kxf8, ;b/d'sfd, lgs'~h, ;8sdfu{, wfld{s :ynx¿, tfn cflb klg b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5, To;sf] klg klxrfg ug'{xf];\ . &= tkfO{+n] gS;fdf ljleGg ;ª\s]t /x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] klg cWoog ug'{xf];\ . *= l;dfgfdf aflx/ lg:s]sf / leq 3';]sf efux¿ ofb ug'{xf];\ . of] sfo{ k6s k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . (= ca gx]/Lsg cfot lgdf{0f ug{] / To;leq ljleGg /]vf lgdf{0f u/L gS;f lvRg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . !)= gS;fx¿df tfn, lxdfn, kxf8, gbL, /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿, /fhdfu{x¿, v]tLsf If]q, ;x/ tyf ;b/d'sfdx¿, cf}Bf]lus If]q cflb tYo klg P6\n;sf] ;xfotfaf6 eg]{ k|of; ug'{xf];\ . sl7g zAbsf cy{ v08 – efu, 6'qmf cfs[lt – :j¿k, cfsf/, afGsL, agfj6 ;ª\s]t – O;f/f ljut – lat]sf], k'/fgf], klxn]sf] lsQf – tx, v08 hg3gTj – lglZrt If]qkmndf kg{ cfpg] cf};t hg;ª\Vof ;b/d'sfd – k|zf;lgs k|d'v :yfg ;'b'/klZrd k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z u08sL k|b]z n'lDagL k|b]z jfudtL k|b]z sf]zL k|b]z dw]z k|b]z

171 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * lj|mofsnfk != gS;fdf k|of]u x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;ª\s]t agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . @= ;fyL ;d"x g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ / ;a}eGbf /fd|f] gS;f sIffsf]7fdf 6fF:g'xf];\ . #= ef}uf]lns tYox¿ h:t} lxdfn, gbL, tfn, d7dlGb/, k|fs[lts ;Dkbf, /fli6«o lgs'~h, s[lif pTkfbg If]q cflbnfO{ g]kfnsf] gS;fdf eg{'xf];\ . $= tn lbOPsf] gS;fdf ljleGg 7fpF eg'{xf];\ . cEof; != gS;f eg]sf] s] xf] < @= gS;fsf k|sf/ n]vL o;sf] pkof]lutfnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . #= g]kfnsf] gS;f agfO{ pQm gS;fdf u08sL gbL, 3f]8f3f]8L tfn, 9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/If0f, hfgsL dlGb/, skmL pTkfbg x'g] If]qnfO{ ljleGg ;ª\s]t k|of]u u/L b]vfpg'xf];\ . ;'b'/klZrd k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z u08sL k|b]z n'lDagL k|b]z jfudtL k|b]z sf]zL k|b]z dw]z k|b]z

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 172 PsfO * o; PsfOdf x'g] xfd|f l;sfOx¿ o; PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 tkfO{Fx¿ lgDg sfo{df ;Ifd x'g'x'g] 5M • hg;+Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿ klxrfg ug{, • g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] j0f{g ug{, • g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hg3gTj t'ngf ug{, • g]kfndf a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0f / k|efj klxrfg ug{ . hg;ª\Vof / o;sf] Joj:yfkg

173 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * hg;ª\Vof lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/0fcGtu{t hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO h:tf tTTj kb{5g\ . hGdn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ j[l4 u5{ . d[To'n] hg;ª\VofnfO{ 36fpF5 . a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kf5{ . o;sf/0f hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/0f elgPsf] xf] . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf nflu pRr lzz' hGdb/, clzIff, kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/f, k/Dk/fut wfld{s d"No / dfGotf, rngrNtL, ;+:s[lt, ljZjf; cflb sf/s tTTjx¿n] k|d'v e"ldsf;d]t v]nsf x'G5g\ . hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿ hGdb/ d[To'b/ a;fOF;/fO hGdn] hg;ª\Vof a9\g], d[To'n] hg;ª\Vof 36\g] / a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg{] ePsfn] hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6 / ljt/0fdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . hGdb/, d[To'b/ / a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTj elgG5 . hGdM hGdn] hg;ª\Vof a9fpF5 . of] hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] d"n tTTj xf] . pRr hGdb/ x'Fbf hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ pRr x'G5 eg] Go"g hGdb/n] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/df sdL NofpF5 . cfdfsf] ue{df /x]sf] e|"0f hLljt ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sg] k|lqmofnfO{ hGd elgG5 . of] dlxnfn] hLljt ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{] sfo{ xf] . hGdaf6 hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf k|efj kg{] ePsfn] o;nfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cg'kftdf tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4 ePsf b]zx¿n] hGdb/ 36fpg] k|of; u/]sf x'G5g\ . kf7 ! hg;fª\lVos kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 174 dTo'M ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gn] hLjgsf ;a} k|df0f :yfoL ¿kn] ljnLg x'g] cj:yfnfO{ d[To' eg]sf] 5 . d[To' eg]sf] ;dfKt x'g' xf] . /f]u nfu]/,:jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] cefj eP/, kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] cefj /x]/, b'3{6gfdf k/]/, b'Jo{;gdf nfu]/, k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf k/]/ / a'9f] eP/ dflg;sf] d[To' x'G5 . of] Pp6f h}ljs k|lj|mof xf] . x/]s hLjx¿sf] hGdkl5 d[To' x'G5 . ljleGg pkfo cjnDag u/L hGdnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 t/ d[To'nfO{ ;bfsf nflu /f]Sg ;lsFb}g . d[To' x'gsf nflu hGd clgjfo{ 5 . d[To'kl5 d[tssf] ;lqmotf k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfKt x'G5 . hGdb/eGbf d[To'b/ a9L ePdf hg;ª\Vof 36\5 eg] d[To'b/eGbf hGdb/ a9L ePdf hg;ª\Vof a9\5 . a;fOF;/fOM a;fO{F;/fO Pp6f h}ljs 36gf geP/ of] Pp6f hg;ª\lVosLo k|lqmof xf] . hGdn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ a9fpF5 eg] d[To'n] hgª\VofnfO{ 36fpF5 t/ a;fOF;/fOn] hgª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fnfO{ k|efj kf5{ . Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf af;:yfg kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmof g} a;fOF;/fO xf] . ljleGg cfsif{s tTTj / ljsif{s tTTjsf sf/0f dflg;x¿ a;fOF;/fO u5{g\ . l;dfgfsf cfwf/df a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cfGtl/s / afXo a;fOF;/fO u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6} b]zsf] l;dfgfleqsf ljleGg :yfgdf ul/g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO elgG5 eg] Pp6f b]zsf] l;dfgf kf/ u/L csf]{ b]zdf a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ afXo a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . dflg;x¿ zflGt ;'Joj:yf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;'ljwf, cj;/ / /f]huf/L cflbsf sf/0fn] a;fOF;/fO u5{g\ . sl7g zAbsf cy{ If]qLo – If]q;DaGwL, :yfgLo k/Dk/f – klxn]b]lv rlncfPsf] b'Jo{;g – ;fdflhs b[li6n] g/fd|f] dfgL cfPsf] cfbt cjnDag – u|x0f jf wf/0f ug{] sfd ;lqmotf – ultzLntf, ;lqmo x'gfsf] efj h}ljs – hLj;Fu ;DalGwt ljefhg – 6'qmf6'qmf

175 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * lj|mofsnfk != hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6 / ljt/0fdf s;/L k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 < ;fyL ;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . @= hg;fª\lVos kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < @= hGd / d[To'df leGgtf b]vfpg'xf];\ . #= a;fOF;/fOn] hgª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fnfO{ s;/L k|efj kfb{5 < $= l;dfgfsf cfwf/df a;fOF;/fOnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 < ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf hGdb/ a9L x'gfsf sf/0f s] s] 5g\ < vf]hL u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 176 kf7 @ hg;flª\VosLo dfkg hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf s'g} lglZrt ;dodf a;f]af; u/]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;d"x xf] . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf klxnf hgu0fgf lng] sfd lj=;+= !(^* b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . xfd|f] b]zdf !% b]lv %( jif{;Ddsf] pd]/nfO{ ;lqmo hg;ª\Vofsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . hg;fª\lVos b/x¿sf] u0fgf ug{] sfo{nfO{ dfkg elgG5 . o;n] hGdb/, d[To'b/ / a;fOF;/fOsf b/x¿sf] u0fgf ug{] k|lqmof jf ljlwnfO{ hgfpF5 . hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO h:tf hg;fª\lVosLo tTTjx¿n] s'g} 7fpF jf If]qsf] hg;ª\Vofdf x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ ljleGg tYofª\sLo tyf ul0ftLo ;"qx¿sf] k|of]u u/L dfkg ul/g] k|lqmofnfO{ hg;flª\VosLo dfkg elgG5 . hg;fª\lVos k|lqmofx¿dWo] s]xL k|lqmofsf] dfkg lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5 M k|hggM s'g} dlxnfn] hLljt ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|hgg elgG5 . k|hggsf dfkgx¿df sf]/f hGdb/, ;fdfGo k|hggb/, pd]/, ljlzi6 k|hggb/, s'n k|hggb/, s]6fs]6L dlxnf cg'kft, a[xt\ k'g?Tkfbg b/ / v'b k'g?Tkfbg b/ k5{g\ . sf]/f hGdb/ M k|hggb/ dfkg ug{] Pp6f ;/n / k|rlnt ljlw sf]/f hGdb/ xf] . s'g} vf; 7fpFdf s'g} vf; jif{df k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf hGd]sf hLljt lzz'x¿sf] ;+VofnfO{ sf]/f hGdb/ elgG5 . sf]/f hGdb/ dfkg ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf] ;"q k|of]u ul/G5 M sf]/f hGdb/ Ö s'g} jif{df hGd]sf hLljt lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWolt/sf] s'n hg;ª\Vof × !))) pbfx/0fM dfgf}F, lj=;+= @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ lhNnfsf] kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @$ sf:sLsf]6sf] hg;ª\Vof !%))) lyof] . To; jif{ pQm :yfgdf hLljt hGd]sf lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof %!) lyof] eg] ToxfFsf] sf]/f hGdb/ slt lyof] xf]nf < oxfF lj=;+=@)&* ;fnsf] kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @$ sf:sLsf]6df hGd]sf hLljt lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof Ö %!)

177 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * ToxfFsf] dWo jif{sf] hg;ª\Vof Ö !%))) sf]/f hGdb/ Ö < ;"qcg';f/ lx;fa ubf{ sf]/f hGdb/ Ö s'g} jif{df hGd]sf hLljt lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWolt/sf] s'n hg;ª\Vof × !))) %!) !%))) × !))) kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @$ sf:sLsf]6sf] hGdb/ Ö #$ k|ltxhf/ t;y{ kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @$ sf:sLsf]6df k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf #$ hgf hLljt lzz'x¿sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . ;fdfGo k|hggb/M s'g} Ps jif{df k|ltxhf/ k|hgg pd]/ -!$–$(_ sf dlxnfx¿df hLljt hGd]sf lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ ;fdfGo k|hggb/ elgG5 . ;fdfGo k|hggb/ lx;fa ug{ s'g} Ps jif{df hLljt hGd]sf s'n lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ To;} jif{sf] dWodf !% b]lv $( jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xdf /x]sf dlxnfsf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/ cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ !))) n] u'0fg u/L lgsflnG5 . ;fdfGo k|hggb/ lgsfNg lgDglnlvt ;"qsf] k|of]u ul/G5M ;fdfGo k|hggb/ Ö s'g} Ps jif{df hLljt hGd]sf s'n lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWo ;dodf k|hgg cjlw -!%–$(_ sf dlxnfx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof × !))) pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hggb/M s'g} Ps jif{Dff k|hgg pd]/sf s'g} lglZrt pd]/ jf pd]/ ;d"xsf k|ltxhf/ dlxnfdf ;f]xL pd]/ jf pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿af6 hLljt hGd]sf lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hggb/ elgG5 . o; ljlwdf kfFr kfFr jif{sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L !% b]lv $( jif{;Ddsf dlxnfnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L 5'6\6f5'6\6} k|hggb/ lgsflnG5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hggb/ lx;fa ug{sf nflu s'g} Ps jif{df !% b]lv $( jif{sf s'g} lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfn] Ps jif{df hGdfPsf s'n lzz'sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ To;} jif{sf] dWodf ToxL pd]/ ;d"xdf /x]sf dlxnfsf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/ cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ !))) n] u'0fg u/L lgsflnG5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hggb/ lgsfNg lgDglnlvt ;"qsf] k|of]u ul/G5 M

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 178 pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hggb/ Ö s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿n] hGdfPsf hLljt lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWo ;dodf ToxL pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof × !))) hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] ;doM hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/sf cfwf/df pSt hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] ;dosf] k|If]k0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] ;do lgsfNg pSt :yfgsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] jflif{s j[l4b/sf af/]df hfgsf/L ePsf] x'g'k5{ . h:t} s'g} 7fpFsf] jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ @ k|ltzt 5 eg] slt jif{df pSt 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ xf]nf < hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] ;do lgsfNg] ;"q Ö &) h= j[l4b/ hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] ;do Ö &) @ Ö #% jif{ o; cfwf/df pSt 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g #% jif{ nfU5 . sl7g zAbsf cy{ lglZrt – lgZro ul/Psf], 6'ª\uf] nfu]sf] ;lqmo – sfddf bQlrQ ePsf] pTkfbg – pAhgL, pTkGg ug{] jf pAhfpg] sfd ljlw – sfds'/f ug{] tl/sf, /Llt, z}nL ljlzi6 – c¿eGbf ljz]if lsl;dsf] ljz]iftf ePsf] ljefhg – afF8\g] sfd, efu nfUg] k|If]k0f – kmfNg], xfNg], e"pku|xnfO{ cGtl/Ifdf k7fpg] sfo{ lj|mofsnfk != hg;fª\lVos kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s hGdb/ u0fgf ug]{ ;"qx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . @= hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] ;do s;/L u0fgf ul/G5, n]Vg'xf];\ . cEof; != sf]/f hGdb/ lx;fa ug{] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ . @= dfgf}F, lj=;+=@)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ s'g} :yfgsf] hg;ª\Vof !%))) lyof] . To; jif{ pQm :yfgdf hLljt hGd]sf lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof %!) lyof] eg] Tof] :yfgsf]

179 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * sf]/f hGdb/ slt lyof] xf]nf < #= ;fdfGo k|hggb/ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;fdfGo k|hggb/ lx;fa ug{] tl/sf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . $= sf]/f hGdb/ eg]sf] s] xf] < %= pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hggb/ eg]sf] s] xf] < pd]/ ljlzi6 k|hggb/ lx;fa u/]/ lgsfNg] tl/sf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . ^= dfgf}F, s'g} :yfgdf lj=;+=@)&* ;fnsf] hg;ª\Vof !%,$#@ /x]sf] lyof] / jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ !=@$ k|ltzt lyof] eg] pQm :yfgsf] hg;ª\Vof slt jif{df bf]Aa/ xf]nf < ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{F a;]sf] ;d'bfodf ut Ps jif{leq lhpFb} hGd]sf lzz' / !% b]lv $( jif{sf ljjflxt dlxnfsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L To;sf cfwf/df sf]/f hGdb/ / pd]/cg';f/sf] hGdb/ lgsfNg'xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 180 hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f :yfoL ¿kdf ;bfsf nflu nf]k x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ d[To' elgG5 . d[To'sf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿df ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ux¿sf] k|sf]k, :jf:Yo ;'ljwfsf] cefj, s'kf]if0f, ul/aL, xTof tyf cfTdxTof, j[4fj:yf, ljleGg vfnsf k|fs[lts k|sf]k, xfjfkfgL / o'4, ;fdflhs cGwljZjf; tyf wf/0fx¿ cflb x'g\ . g]kfndf ljutsf] t'ngfdf hGdb/sf] t'ngfdf d[To'b/df sdL cfPsf] s'/f k|To]s !) jif{df ul/g] hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\saf6 :ki6 ePsf] 5 . o;/L d[To'b/df sdL cfpg'sf sf/0fx¿ :jf:Yo tyf lzIffdf ePsf] tLj| ljsf;, :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx¿sf] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/, dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo x]/rfx k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, lzIffsf] ljsf;df hf]8, s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f, ljjfxsf] Go"gtd pd]/df j[l4, ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;:yfsf] ;xof]u, vfBfGg pTkfbgd j[l4, ljleGg cf}ifwLsf] pTkfbg cflb kb{5g\ . d[To'b/n] Ps jif{df Ps xhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf dg{] JolQmsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;cGtu{t sf]/f d[To'b/, pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ / lzz' d[To'b/ cflb k5{g\ . sf]/f d[To'b/M sf]/f d[To'b/nfO{ d[To'b/ dfkgsf] ;a}eGbf ;lhnf] pkfosf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . s'g} vf; 7fpFdf Ps jif{el/df k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf dg{] JolStsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ sf]/f d[To'b/ elgG5 . sf]/f d[To'b/ lx;fa ug{ s'g} Ps jif{el/df d[To' x'g] JolStsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ To;} jif{sf] dWo ;dosf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/ cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ Ps xhf/n] u'0fg ul/G5 . sf]/f d[To'b/ lgsfNg] ;"qnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5M sf]/f d[To'b/ Ö s'g} jif{df d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWolt/sf] s'n hg;ª\Vof × !))) pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/M s'g} Ps jif{Dff s'g} lglZrt pd]/ jf pd]/ ;d"xsf k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vodf ;f]xL pd]/ jf pd]/ ;d"xsf] dg{] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ elgG5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ lx;fa ug{ s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf dg{] dflg;sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ To;} jif{sf] dWodf ToxL pd]/ ;d"xdf /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/ cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ !))) n] u'0fg u/L lgsflnG5 . pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ lgsfNg lgDglnlvt ;"qsf] k|of]u ul/G5M kf7 # d[To'b/

181 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ Ö s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} lglZrt pd]/ ;d"xsf dg{] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWo ;dodf ToxL pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;x¿sf] hg;ª\Vof × !))) lzz' d[To'b/M s'g} vf; 7fpFdf Ps jif{leq hLljt hGd]sf k|ltxhf/ lzz'x¿dWo] ToxL cjlwleq Ps jif{sf] pd]/ gk'Ub} d[To' x'g] lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ lzz' d[To'b/ elgG5 . s'g} Ps jif{leq hLljt hGd]sf lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vofn] ToxL jif{leq Ps jif{sf] pd]/ gk'Ub} d[To' ePsf lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ efu u/]/ cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ !))) n] u'0fg u/]/ cyjf lgDg ;"qsf] k|of]u u/]/ lzz' d[To'b/ lx;fa ug{ ;lsG5 M lzz' d[To'b/ Ö s'g} Ps jif{leq hLljt hGd]/ Ps jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f gx'Fb} d[To' x'g] lzz'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWo ;dodf hLljt hGd ePsf hDdf lzz'x¿sf] hg;ª\Vof × !))) sl7g zAbsf cy{ s'kf]if0f – kf}li6s tTTj sd ePsf] vfB j:t' tLj| – w]/} rfF8f] Go"gtd – ;aeGbf yf]/} kl/df0fsf] lj|mofsnfk != tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ut Ps jif{leq dg{] JolStx¿sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L To;sf cfwf/df sf]/f d[Tob/ lgsfNg'xf];\ . @= sf]/f d[To'b/ eg]sf] s] xf] < sf]/f d[To'b/ lx;fa u/]/ lgsfNg] tl/sf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . #= pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ eg]sf] s] xf] < pd]/ ljlzi6 d[To'b/ lx;fa u/]/ lgsfNg] tl/sfsf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != d[To' eg]sf] s] xf] < d[To'nfO{ lgwf{/0f ug{] tTTjx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . @= dfgf}F, s'g} :yfgdf ldlt @)&* ;fndf ul/Psf] u0fgfcg';f/ %!@ hgfsf] d[To' eof] / pSt :yfgdf ;f]xL jif{sf] dWo ;dosf] hg;ª\Vof %),))) lyof] eg] Tof] :yfgsf] sf]/f d[To'b/ slt xf]nf < ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf lzz' d[Tob/ a9L of sd s] 5, ;f]sf] vf]hL u/L To;f] x'gsf sf/0fnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 182 hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efj kfg{] sf/s tTTjdWo] a;fOF;/fO klg Ps xf] . hGd / d[To' h:t} j;fOF;/fO Pp6f h}ljs 36gf geP/ of] Pp6f hg;fª\lVosLo k|lqmof xf] . hGdn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ a9fpF5 eg] d[To'n] hgª\VofnfO{ 36fpF5 t/ a;fOF;/fOn] hgª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . a;fOF;/fOsf ljleGg dfkgx¿ eP klg d'Vo ¿kdf cfk|jf;b/, pTk|jf;b/, vf; a;fOF;/fOb/ / s'n a;fOF;/fOb/ kb{5g\ . cfk|jf;b/M s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} Pp6f vf; 7fpFdf k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]q kf/ u/]/ a;fOF ;/L cfpg] dflg;sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ cfk|jf;b/ elgG5 . cfk|jf;b/ lx;fa ug{ s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} vf; If]qdf s'g} sfdn] a;f]af; ug{ lelqg] dflg;sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ To; If]qsf] dWojif{sf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu ubf{ cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ !))) n] u'0fg ul/G5 . cfk|jf;b/ lx;fa u/]/ lgsfNg] ;"qnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5M cfk|jf;b/ Ö s'g} Ps jif{leq s'g} vf; If]qdf a;fOF ;/L cfpg]sf] ;ª\Vof To; jif{sf] dWo ;dosf] hg;ª\Vof × !))) pTk|jf;b/M s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} Pp6f vf; If]qaf6 k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf To; If]qaf6 sfd ljz]ifn] s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]q kf/ u/L aflx/ hfg] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pTk|jf;b/ elgG5 . pTk|jf;b/nfO{ lx;fa u/]/ lgsfNg] ;"qnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5M vf; a;fOF;/fOb/ Ö leq cfpg] – aflx/ hfg] -cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof_ -pTk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof_ To; jif{sf] dWo ;dosf] s'n hg;ª\Vof × !))) vf; a;fOF;/fOb/M s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} vf; If]qdf a;f]af; ug{ cfpg] cfk|jf;Lsf] ;ª\Vof / ToxfFaf6 a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] k|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ vf; a;fOF;/fOb/ elgG5 . vf; a;fOF;/fOb/ lgsfNg lgDgfg';f/sf] ;"q k|of]u ug'{k5{ . s'n a;fOF;/fOb/M s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} vf; 7fpFdf k|ltxhf/ hg;ª\Vofdf a;fOF;/fO k|lqmofdf ;ª\nUg JolStx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ s'n a;fOF;/fOb/ elgG5 . s'n a;fOF;/fOb/ lx;fa ug{ s'g} Ps jif{df s'g} vf; 7fpFdf a;fOF ;/]/ cfpg] cfk|jf;Lsf] ;ª\Vof, ToxfFaf6 a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] k|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof / To;} jif{ To;} 7fpFsf] dWo jif{sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] kf7 $a;fOF;/fO

183 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * tYofª\ssf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;/L k|fKt ePsf] tYofª\saf6 cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof / k|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof hf]8]/ cfPsf] of]ukmnnfO{ dWo jif{sf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/ cfPsf] efukmnnfO{ Ps xhf/n] u'0fg u/]/ s'n a;fOF;/fO lgDgfg';f/sf] ;"q k|of]u u/L lx;fa ul/G5 M vf; a;fOF;/fOb/ Ö leq cfpg] – aflx/ hfg] -cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof_ -pTk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof_ To; jif{sf] dWo ;dosf] s'n hg;ª\Vof × !))) sl7g zAbsf cy{ k|Effj – c;/ cfk|jf; – Ps b]zsf] dflg; csf{] b]zdf uP/ a:g] sfd k|jf; – k/b]zsf] a;fO lj|mofsnfk != cfk|jf;b/ eg]sf] s] xf] < cfk|jf;b/ lx;fa u/]/ lgsfNg] tl/sfaf/] ;fyL ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ . @= vf; a;fOF;/fOb/ eg]sf] s] xf] < vf; a;fOF;/fOb/ lgsfNg] ;"q n]Vg'xf];\ . cEof; != j;fOF;/fO eg]sf] s] xf] < a;fOF;/fOsf k|d'v dfksx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ . @= pTk|jf;b/ eg]sf] s] xf] < dfgf}F, lj=;+= @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ lj=;+= @)&* ;fndf #@!) hgf dflg; s'g} :yfg 5f]8]/ kf]v/faflx/ uPsf lyP . To; jif{sf] dWolt/sf] ;f] :yfgsf] s'n hgª\Vof !%,))) lyof] eg] pTk|jf;b/ slt xf]nf < ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf Ps jif{leq a;fOF;/fO u/]/ hfg] / cfpg]sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L pQm tYofª\snfO{ :tDelrqdf b]vfpg\xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 184 kf7 %g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6M s'g} lglZrt ;dodf s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]q -b]z, k|b]z, If]q, ufpF, :yfg cflb_ df a;f]jf; ug{] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . o; sf/0f hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof xf] . w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pknAwtf, /fhgLlts sf/0f cflbn] ubf{ hg;ª\Vof ;a} 7fpFdf Ps}gf;sf] x'Fb}g . yf]/} ;'ljwf / sd zflGt ;'/Iff ePsf] 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof eGbf w]/} ;'ljwf / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf] 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof w]/} x'G5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ k|b]zdf ;dy/ e'dL, /fd|f] cGg pTkfbg, ;8s oftfoftsf] pknAwtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ hg;ª\Vof Psbd} afSnf] 5 . To:t} lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L If]qdf 708f xfjfkfgL, ef}uf]lns sl7gfO, sd pAhfp tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gx'gfn] hg;ª\Vofsf] rfk cToGt sd 5 . hg;fª\lVos agf]6n] b]z, ;dfh / ;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vosf] l:yltnfO{ b]vfpF5 . o;af6 s'g} klg :yfgdf pd]/, lnª\u, hflt wd{, k]zf efiff, cflbsf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vof slt /x]sf] 5 elg a'em\g ;lsG5 . ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 @)&* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 (! nfv ^$ xhf/ % ;o &* k'u]sf] 5 . h;dWo] k'?ifsf] ;+Vof !,$@,%#,%%! -$*=(* k|ltzt_ / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !,$(,!!,)@& -%!=)@ k|ltzt_ 5 . h; cg';f/ n}lËs cg'kft (Sex Ratio)

185 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * cyf{t k|lt !)) hgf dlxnfdf k'?ifsf] ;+Vof (%=%( /x]sf] 5 To;}u/L s'n hg;ª\Vof dWo] cGo lnËL -n}lËs tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos_ sf] hg;ª\Vof @,(@* b]lvPsf] 5 of] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] )=)! k|ltzt xf] . g]kfndf b]zdf hDdf &%# :yfgLo tx DfWo] @(# j6f gu/kflnsf tyf $^) j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 3f]lift @(# j6f gu/kflnsf If]qsf] hg;ª\Vof / ;f] afx]ssf] $^) ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof tflnsf g+= @^ / @& df lbOPsf] 5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] ;dodf %* j6f dfq gu/kflnsf /x]sf lyP . h;cg';f/ @)^* df gu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof !&=)& k|ltzt / ufpFkflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof *@=(# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfkl5 :yfgLo txnfO{ gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfdf ul/Psf] juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df @)^* ;fnsf] hg;ª\Vof nfO{ ;dfof]hg ubf{ gu/kflnsfx?df a:g]sf] hg;ª\Vof ^#=!( k|ltzt / ufpFkflnsfx?df a:g] hg;ª\Vof #^=*! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg] xfn @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf pQm k|ltzt qmdzM ^^=@ / ##=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof sf] ljt/0f If]q s'n hg;ª\Vof k|ltzt n}lª\us cg'kft ufpFkflnsf (*^&&() ##=*# ($=*^ gu/kflnsf !(@(^&** ^^=!& (^=(^ hDdf @(!^$%&* !)) (%=%( ;|f]tM s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)&* :yfgLo tx cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6M /fli6«o Hfgu0fgf @)&* sf] glthf cg';f/ gu/kflnsfx?dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf kfFr gu/kflnsfx?df qmdzM sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f, e/tk'/, nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf / jL/u~h dxfgu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf kfFr gu/kflnsfx?df 8f]Nkf lhNNffsf] 7"NfLe]/L / lqk'/f;'Gb/L, ;+v'jf;ef lhNNffsf] dfbL, t]x|y'd lhNNffsf] nfnLu'/fF; / ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] wd{b]jL gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf *,^@,$)) / ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf] 7"nLe]/L gu/kflnsfdf (,*^! hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . @) xhf/ eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof x'g] gu/kflnsfsf] ;+Vof !$ /x]sf] 5 eg] ! nfv eGbf a9L hg;Vof x'g] gu/kflnsfsf] ;+Vof #& j6f /x]sf] 5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 186 hg;flª\Vos agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjM /fli6«o dfWoflds ljBfnodf sIff * df cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L hg;flª\Vos agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjsf ;DaGwdf ;fyLx¿sf] ljrdf 5nkmn u/L cfcfkm\gf] ;d"xaf6 lgsfn]sf] lgZsif{nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufO{Psf] lyof] . pSt ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿ dWo] klxnf] ;d"xn] tof/ kf/]sf] ljrf/nfO{ cWoog u/f}FM cfb/0fLo u'?ju{, ljBfyL{ ;fyLx? d cf/tL g]kfnL klxnf] ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L cfkm\gf ljrf/x? /fVg uO/x]sL 5' . hg;fª\lvs agf]6n] b]zsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yfdf k|efj kfb{5 . x/]s ;dfhdf cfcfkm\g} k|sf/sf /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng, k]zf Joj;fo, wf/0ff, ljZjf;, d"No dfGotfx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;dfhdf /x]sf o:tf /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng, k]zf Joj;fo, ljZjf;, wf/0ff, d"No dfGotfnfO{ hg;fª\lVos agf]6n] k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . hg;ª\lVos agf]6 w]/} ePsf 7fpFdf 7f]; kmf]xf]/ d}nf k|b'if0fsf] ;df:of a9\b} hfG5 . o:tf 7fpFdf snsf/vfgf, 3/, ejg, c:ktfn, pBf]ux? w]/} x'g] ePsfn] oxfFsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf ;d:of pTkGg x'G5 . kfgLdf /;fogLs kbfy{x? 3'lng k'U5 . ;dfhdf xTof, lxG;f, s'6lk6 h:tf 36gfx? 36\g k'U5g\ o'jf hg;ª\Vof a9L ePsf b]zdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;lqmo hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngff cfl>t hg;ª\Vof a9L ePsf b]zdf sfd ug]{ hgzlStsf] sdL x'G5 . ljsf;sf sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . k|fs[ltsf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] t'ngfdf hg;ª\Vof sd ePsf b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? ;lhn} k|fKt x'G5g\ . a]/f]huf/ dflg;x? x'Fb}gg . k|fs[ltsf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] t'ngfdf hg;ª\Vof a9L ePsf] v08df a]/f]huf/L ;d:of a9\5 . dflg;x?df cfDbfgL x'Fb}g . b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdfgsf] kl/k"tL{df ;d:of x'G5 . hghLjg c:tJo:t x'G5 . /f]rL 8s}tLsf 36gfx? 36\g k'U5g\ . ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ljv08gsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . o;k|sf/ Hfg;fª\lVos agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kg]{ k|efj kfb{5 . wGojfb Û sl7g zAbsf cy{ lglZrt – lgwf] ePsf], kSsf rfk – bjfa, k]nfO hghLjg – hgtfsf] hLjg cfl>t – d2t kfPsf], ;xf/fdf /x]sf] pkef]Uo – pkef]u ug{ nfos, ef]u ug{] ;'xfpFbf] c:tJo:t – nyflnË k/]sf] ljv08g – s'g} j:t' v08v08 jf 6'qmf6'qmf x'g] lqmof k|efj – c;/

187 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * lj|mofsnfk != ldlt @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ;fIf/tf, k];f, u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L pQm tYofª\snfO{ rf6{df b]vfpg'\xf];\ . @= hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjsf ;DjGWfdf ;fyL ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ . cEof; != hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 s]nfO{ elgG5 < @= g]kfndf dlxnf / k'?if ;fIf/tf b/sf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . #= ;fIf/tfn] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf s;/L k|efj kfb{5 < ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;fIf/tf, k];fsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L pQm tYofª\snfO{ sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn ub}{ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6sf]n] ;fdflhs / cfly{s hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjnfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 188 hg;ª\Vof lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] k|lqmof xf] . hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fn] ef}uflns ?kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;+VofnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;n] s'g} lglZrt ;dodf s'g} lglZrt b]zsf] s'g If]qdf slt / s] s:tf] lsl;daf6 hg;ª\Vof ef}uf]lns ?kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f a'emfpF5 . hg;ª\Vosfsf] ljt/0fsf af/]df lglZrt ;do / b]z tf]s]df dfq eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fnfO{ w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿, /fhgLlts k|efj h:tf s'/fx¿n] k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L hg3gTj eGgfn] s'g} b]z jf 7fpFsf] Ps ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmnleq cf};t slt hgf dflg; a;f]jf; ub{5g\ eGg] a'emfpF5 . @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] glthf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg3gTj !(* hgf /x]sf] 5, h'g @)^* ;fndf !*) hgf dfq lyof] . ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ @)^* ;fndf ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj t/fO{ If]qdf #(@ hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf #$ hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf]df xfn @)&* sf] glthf cg';f/ klg ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj t/fO{ If]qdf $^) hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf #$ hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] hg3gTjnfO{ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;, w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, df6f] / ag:ktL, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/ h:tf s'/fx¿n] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . kf7 ^g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hg3gTj

189 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * ef}uflns If]q cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hg3gTj ef}uf]lns If]q hg;ª\Vof hg3gTj @)^* @)&* @)^* @)&* lxdfn !&*!&(@ !&&@($* #$ #$ kxf8 !!#($))& !!&%&^@$ !*^ !(@ t/fO{ !##!*&)% !%^#$))^ #(@ $^) ;|f]tM s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)&* ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ @)&* sf] glthf cg';f/ ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj t/fO{ If]qdf $^) k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf #$ k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . @)^* ;fndf klg ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj t/fO{ If]qdf #(@ k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf #$ k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] lyof] . k|b]z cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hgwgTj k|b]z @)^* @)&* hg;ª\Vof k|ltzt hg3gTj hg;ª\Vof k|ltzt hg3gTj sf]zL k|b]z $%#$($# !&=!@ !&^ $(^!$!@ !&=)! !(@ dw]z k|b]z %$)$!$% @)=$) %^! ^!!$^)) @)=(^ ^## jfudtL k|b]z %%@($%@ @)=*& @&# ^!!^*^^ @)=@( #)! u08sL k|b]z @$)#&%& (=)& !!@ @$^^$@& *=$% !!% n'lDagL k|b]z $$((@&@ !^=(* @)@ %!@@)&* !&=%^ @#) s0ff{nL k|b]z !%&)$!* %=(# %^ !^**$!@ %=&* ^) ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z @%%@%!& (=^# !@* @^($&*# (=@# !#* ;du| g]kfn @^$($%)$ !)) !*) @(!^$%&* !)) !(* ;|f]tM s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)&* /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] glthf cg';f/ k|b]zut ?kdf ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof dw]z k|b]zdf ^!!$^)) cyf{t @)=@( k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof s0ff{nL k|b]zdf !^**$!@ cyf{t %=&* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zut ?kdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ dw]z k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L ^## hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld=df a;f]jf; u/]sf 5g\ h'g @)^* df %^! /x]sf] lyof] . ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ^) Hfgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld=df a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] / t];|f] w]/} hg3gTj ePsf k|b]zdf

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 190 afudtL / n'lDagL k|b]z 5g\ . clwsf+z kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfx?sf] t'ngfdf t/fO{sf lhNnfx?df hg3gTj w]/} 5 . lhNnf cg';f/ ;a}eGbf w]/} / ;a}eGbf sd hg3gTj ePsf kfFr lhNnfx¿ ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj ePsf kfFr lhNnf ;a}eGbf sd hg3gTj ePsf kfFr lhNnf qm=;+= lhNnf hg;ª\Vof hg3gTj qm=;+= lhNnf hg;ª\Vof hg3gTj != sf7df8f}F @)$!%*& %!^( != dgfª %^%* # @= eStk'/ $#@!#@ #^#! @= d':tfª !$$%@ $ #= nlntk'/ %%!^^& !$## #= 8f]Nkf $@&&$ % $= ?kGb]xL !!@!(%& *%@ $= x'Dnf %%#($ !) %= ;'g;/L (@^(^@ &#& %= d'u' ^$%$( !^ ;|f]tM s]G›Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)&* /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] glthf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} %,!^( hgf k|lt ju{ lsnf]ld6/ / dgfª lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd # hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ hg3gTj /x]sf] 5 . hg3gTjsf] cfwf/df eQmk'/, nlntk'/, ?kGb]xL / ;'g;/L qmdzM w]/} hg3gTj /x]sf bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ lhNnfx? x'g\ . To;}u/L dgfª, d›:tfª, 8f]Nkf / x'Dnf lhNnfdf !) EfGbf sd hg3gTj /x]sf] 5 . t/fO{df ;a}EfGbf sd hg3gGj ePsf] lhNnfdf pbok'/ -!^%_, kxf8df ?s'd k"j{ -#$_ / lxdfndf dgfª -#_ /x]sf 5g\ . hg3gTjM s'g} lglZrt ;dodf s'g} lgZrt b]z jf 7fpFsf] k|ltau{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmndf a;f]af; ug{] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ hg3gTj elgG5 . o;n] s'g} b]z jf 7fpFsf] Ps ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmnleq cf}ift slt hgf dflg; a;f]jf; ub{5g\ eGg] a'emfpF5 . /fhgLlts, ef}uf]lns sf/0f, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;, w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, df6f] / ag:ktL, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/ cflb sf/0fn] xfd|f] b]zsf] hg3gTTjnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] glthf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg3gTj !(* hgf /x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf w]/} hg3gTj t/fO{ If]qdf $^) k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ / ;a}eGbf sd lxdfnL If]qdf #$ k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zx? dWo] dw]z k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf a9L ^## hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld=df a;f]jf; u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ^) hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld= df a;f]jf; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lhNnfut ¿kdf hg3gTj sf7df8f}+

191 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf w]/} %!^( hgf k|lt ju{ lsnf]ld6/ / dgfª lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd # hgf k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ hg3gTj /x]sf] 5 . eQmk'/, nlntk'/,?kGb]xL / ;'g;/L qmdzM w]/} hg3gTj /x]sf bf];|f], t];|f], rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ lhNnfx¿ x'g\ . dgfª, d':tfª / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf ^ eGbf sd hg3gTj /x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns If]q / k|b]z cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg3gTj If]q hg3gTj @)^* @)&* g]kfn !*) !(* ef}uf]lns If]q lxdfn #$ #$ kxf8 !*^ !(@ t/fO{ #(@ $^) k|b]z sf]zL k|b]z !&^ !(@ dw]z k|b]z %^! ^## jfudtL k|b]z @&# #)! u08sL k|b]z !!@ !!% n'lDagL k|b]z @)@ @#) s0ff{nL k|b]z %^ ^) ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z !@* !#* hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hg3gTjnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿M s= /fhgLlts sf/0f, v= ef}uf]lns sf/0f, u= ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;, 3= w/ftnLo :j¿k, ª= xfjfkfgL, r= df6f] / ag:ktL, 5= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, h= pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/ cflb .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 192 lj|mofsnfk != tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] k|b]z cg';f/sf] hg;ª\Voffsf] ljt/0fnfO{ /]vf lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . k|b]z hg;ª\Vof -@)&*_ sf]zL k|b]z $(^!$!@ dw]z k|b]z ^!!$^)) jfudtL k|b]z ^!!^*^^ u08sL k|b]z @$^^$@& n'lDagL k|b]z %!@@)&* s0ff{nL k|b]z !^**$!@ ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z @^($&*# hDdf @(!^$%&* @= tYofª\ssf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ef}uf]lns / k|fb]lzs ljt/0f / hg3gTjsf af/]df ;fyL ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L lgZsif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ . #= hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hg3gTjnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTTjx¿sf] af/]df rf6{ tof/ kf/L sIffsf]7fdf k|b{zg ug'{xf];\ . $= g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f / hg3gTj;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfrf/sf] gd"Gff tof/ kf/L sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < @= hg3gTj eg]sf] s] xf] < #= lxdfnL If]q / t/fO{ If]qsf] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ . $= ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] k|b]z / ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf] k|b]zsf] lardf hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hgwgTjsf cfwf/df t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .

193 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efj kfg{] sf/s tTTjdWo] a;fOF;/fO klg Ps xf] . hGd / d[To' h:t} a;fOF;/fO Pp6f h}ljs 36gf geP/ of] Pp6f hg;fª\lVosLo k|lqmof xf] . hGdn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ a9fpF5 eg] d[To'n] hgª\VofnfO{ 36fpF5 t/ a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fnfO{ k|efj kf5{ . a;fOF;/fOsf] kl/efiff lbg] ljleGg ljåfg\ tyf ;ª\3;+:yf eP klg jf:tjdf a;fOF;/fO eg]sf] dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{ 7fpFdf :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]af; ug{] k|lqmof xf] . dflg;n] cfk\mgf] Ps 7fpFdf ePsf] af;:yfgnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L csf]{ 7fpFdf ;fg]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . a;fOF;/fOn] k"j{ :yfgsf] hg;ª\Vof 36fpF5 eg] uGtJo :yfgsf] hg;ª\Vof a9fpF5 . o;}sf/0f a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fsf nflu k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ sf/s tTTjsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0fx¿M a;fOF;/fOsf k|d'v sf/0fx¿df cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f tTTjx¿ x'G5g\ . klxn] a;f]af; ul//x]sf] :yfgsf ljsif{0f tTTjx¿n] a;fOF ;g{ afWo kfl//x]sf] x'G5 eg] gofF uGtJo :yfgsf cfsif{0f tTTjn] To; 7fpFdf a;fOF ;g{ nf]EofO/x]sf] x'G5 . -!_ cfsif{0f tTTjx¿ – v]tLof]Uo hldg, /f]huf/L, pRr tna, cfkmGtsf] ;ª\ut, zflGt;'/Iff, k"jf{wf/sf] kof{Kttf cflb . -@_ ljsif{0f tŒjx¿ – cj;/sf] sdL, ;fdflhs lje]b, ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, sd pTkfbg, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k|flKtdf sl7gfO cflb . kf7 &a;fOF;/fO

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 194 a;fOF;/fOsf k|sf/M != l;dfgfsf cfwf/df – a;fOF;/fOn] kf/ ug]{ l;dfgfsf cfwf/df a;fOF;/fOnfO{ @ k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . -s_ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO – Pp6} b]zsf] l;dfgfleqsf ljleGg :yfgdf ul/g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . h:t}M– sf:sLsf]6af6 kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf ul/g] a;fOF;/fO . -v_ afXo a;fOF;/fO -cGt/f{li6«o_ – Pp6f b]zsf] l;dfgf kf/ u/L csf]{ b]zdf a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ afXo jf cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . cfkm\gf] b]zaf6 cGo b]zdf a;fOF ;g'{nfO{ k|jf;g / cGo b]zaf6 cfkm\gf] b]zdf a;fOF ;/L cfpg'nfO{ cfk|jf;g elgG5 . h:t}M– g]kfnaf6 o'/f]lkog tyf cd]l/sL b]zdf a;fOF ;/L hfg' k|jf;g xf] eg] ef/tLox¿ Gf]kfndf a;fOF ;/L cfpg' cfk|jf;g xf] . @= ;dofjlwsf cfwf/df – a;fOF ;g]{ ;dofjlwsf cfwf/df a;fOF;/fOnfO{ # k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . -s_ :yfoL – sDtLdf !) jif{ jf To;eGbf a9L ;dosf nflu ul/g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ :yfoL a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . -v_ c:yfoL – sDtLdf % jif{ / a9Ldf !) jif{leqsf] ;dosf nflu ul/g] a;fOF;/fO c:yfoL a;fOF;/fO xf] . -u_ cfjlws – jif{df sl/a ^ dlxgfsf nflu dfq ul/g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cfjlws a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . a;fOF;/fO lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfoM s= ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ . v= s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L pTkfbg a9fpg] . u= :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . 3= ;a} If]qdf ;dfg ¿kdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ k'¥ofpg] .

195 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * ª= ufpF / ;x/lar ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug]{ . r= ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf gLltx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug]{ . 5= o'jfnfO{ Jofj;flos l;k k|bfg ug]{ . h= :yfgLo ;fwg;|f]tsf] pkof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . em= cfkm\gf] ufpF, 6f]n, l5d]s, ;d'bfo cfkm}Fn] lgdf{0f ug]{ :jfjnDaL efjgf ljsf; ug]{ . `= gsf/fTds c;/sf af/]df hgr]tgf j[l4 ug]{ . a;fOF;/fOdf k|efj kfg]{ tTTjx¿ -!_ k];f tyf /f]huf/L – k'/fgf] k];faf6 c;Gt'i6 eO{ gofF /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ dg;fon] dflg; a;fOF ;g]{ ePsfn] of] a;fOF;/fOsf] k|d'v sf/s xf] . -@_ kfl/jfl/s l:ylt – ;DkGg kl/jf/sf] JolSteGbf ul/a tyf sd cfo ePsf kl/jf/ a9L a;fOF ;5{g\ . To;}u/L cljjflxt tyf Psn kl/jf/sf eGbf ljjflxt tyf ;+o'St kl/jf/sf dflg; cfocfh{gsf nflu a;fOF;/fOdf efu lng] u5{g\ . -#_ pd]/ – pd]/ klg a;fOF;/fOsf] k|d'v sf/s tTTj xf] . s]6fs]6L / a'9fa'9Lx¿eGbf o'jfo'jtLx¿ a9L a;fOF ;5{g\ . o'jf pd]/ lzIff cfh{g ug]{, wg sdfpg] pd]/ ePsfn] oL cj;/sf] vf]hLdf o'jfx¿ g} a9L a;fOF;/fO u5{g\ . -$_ lnª\u – dlxnfx¿ ljjfxsf sf/0fn] ubf{ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOdf a9L ;xefuL x'G5g\ . k'?ifx¿ lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf a9L a;fOF;/fO u5{g\ . o;sf/0f lnª\un] klg a;fOF;/fOdf k|ToIf k|efj kf5{ . sl7g zAbsf cy{ cfw'lgsLs/0f – k'/fgf] k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh Pjd\ ;EotfnfO{ gofF jf cfw'lgs agfpg] sfd jf k|lqmof :j/f]huf/ – cfkmF} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{] sfd ljs]Gb|Ls/0f – zf;gsf] zlQm /fHosf tNnf txdf n}hfg] sfd ;fem]bf/L – s]xL JolQm ldn]/ nufgLsf] cg'kftdf ;dfg ¿kn] gfkmfgf]S;fg a]xf]g{] u/L rnfOPsf] jf ;'? ul/Psf] sf/f]af/ Jofj;flos – s'g} Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] :jfjnDaL – cfkm\g} v'6\6fdf plePsf], cfTdlge{/ cj;/ – df}sf, s'g} sfds'/f ug{sf nflu ldNbf]h'Nbf] ;do

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff – * 196 lj|mofsnfk != g]kfndf a;fOF;/fOsf cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f tTTjx¿sf af/]df pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . @= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf a;fOF;/fOn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf ;DaGwdf ;fyL;d"xdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . #= ;dfh kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf nflu a;fOF;/fO cfjZos 5 jf 5}g < pbfx/0f;lxt cfkm\gf] /fo k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . cEof; != a;fOF;/fO s]nfO{ elgG5 < @= a;fOF;/fO x'g] sf/0fx¿ s] x'g\ < #= a;fOF;/fOaf6 pTkGg x'g] kl/0ffdsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf a;fOF ;/]/ cfpg] / a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] dflg;x¿nfO{ e]6L pxfFx¿ a;fOF;/fO ug'{sf] sf/0faf/] ;f]wvf]h u/L kQf nufPsf s'/fnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .