Applied Grammar 4

Book

4

Author
Narayan Karki

Editor
Sedunath Dhakal

Tel : +977-1-4313205
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 1

Book

4

Publisher:

Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Anamnagar, Kathmandu

Copyright : Publisher

First Edition : 2066
Second Edition : 2067
Third Edition : 2073
Re-print : 2075, 2076
Fourth Edition : 2078 (Thoroughly revised)

Layout:

Oasis Desktop Group

Printed in Nepal

2 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Foreword

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition is a series of Graded
English Grammar Books (I-X) for school students. Although
some people think that grammar teaching and learning is rigid
as well as tasteless, I hope this newly written grammar series will
really quench the deep thirst of learners. During the course of 20
years of my experience in the field of English language teaching,
I have faced practical and actual difficulties because of the lack
of availability of proper teaching learning materials for school
children. This updated series has been designed to inculcate
the real and practicable skills for the young users of English.
‘Learning by doing’ is very effective to get the knowledge
and skill in English. All lessons included in each book of the
series have varieties of interesting, enjoyable, stimulating and
useful illustrations. Selected and situational pictures have been
included for balancing conceptual base. This series is useful to
both students as well as teachers. Inductive method is applied
to prepare each unit which makes the learning easier for not
only the fast tyros but also for slow learners.

I thank Mrs. Laxmi Karki who encouraged me to address the
real demand of the students throughout Nepal. I would like
to thank Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this series.
I cannot stay without thanking Oasis Desktop Group and Mr.
Ramesh Bhattrai for the computer typing and setting.

Finally, I am grateful to all the personalities who helped to
prepare and publish this new series.

Constructive comments, suggestions and feedback are always
welcome for further development of the series in its upcoming
edition.

Author

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 3

Contents

1. Sentence and Its Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Noun and Its Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3. Noun : Number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4. Gender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5. Pronoun and Its Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6. Verbs: Kinds and Uses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7. Adjectives: Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

TEST PAPER – I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8. Adverb and Its Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9. Conjunction and Its Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
10. Prepositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
11. Articles (A, An, The). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
12. Tense: Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
13. Tense: Simple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
14. Tense: Continuous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
15. Tense: Perfect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

TEST PAPER – II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
16. Tense: Perfect Continuous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
17. Participles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
18. Tag Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
19. Active and Passive Voice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
20. Direct and Indirect Speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
21. Punctuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
22. Reading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
23. Composition Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
TEST PAPER – III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

4 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

1Lesson
Sentence and Its Types

Before you begin

Read the conversation.
Teacher : Come here, all my lovely students.
Students : Ok, sir. We are coming.
Teacher : What are you doing now?
Students : We are practising to make different types of sentences.
Teacher : Can you name the types of sentence?
Students : Yes, sir. They are: Statement, Question, Imperative

and Exclamatory.
Teacher : How clever you are!
Students : Thank you, sir.
Teacher : Well done.

Look, read and learn. Question (Interrogative)

Statement Will you help me?
Are they playing
Samyog shows his
tricks. hockey?
What did you do
Ansu is sweeping the
room. yesterday?
Who can drive a
Sabin can't climb the
mountain bus?

Ramu doesn't eat
mangoes.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 5

Exclamatory Imperative

Alas! His father died. Open the door.
Bravo! You have won Help your teacher.
Don't trouble me.
the prize. Don't take it, please.

Examples given above are sentences because they give a complete
sense.
A sentence is a group of words which gives a complete meaning.
e.g. We can speak English.

For Your Memory

• A sentence starts with a capital letter.
• Full stop (.) must be placed at the end of statements and

commands.
• Question mark (?) should be placed at the end of a question.
• Exclamation mark (!) should be placed at the end of an exclamatory

sentence.
• Statement is called an assertive sentence. An assertive sentence

expresses assertion, statement, fact, etc.
• Question is called interrogative sentence. It asks questions. There

are two types of questions: a) Yes/No question, b) Wh-question.
Question mark (?) is put at the end of a question.
• An imperative sentence expresses order, request, offer, etc. It
begins with a main verb.
• A sentence that expresses sudden feelings like surprise,
happiness, sadness, etc. is called an exclamatory sentence.

6 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Types of Sentence

Statement Question Imperative Exclamatory

Positive Yes/No Question Positive
Negative Wh-question Negative

Formation of Negative

Positive Negative

I am happy. I am not happy.

We are short. We are not short.

Amit is tall. Amit is not tall.

Hari was talented. Hari was not talented.

They were guests. They were not guests.

Structure:

Positive Negative

S. + is / am / are / was / were S. + is / am / are / was / were
+ np / pa / adj not + np / pa / adj

Note: np = noun phrase
pa = place adverbial adj = adjective

Positive Negative
She can dance. She cannot dance.
He may come. He may not come.
She will sing. She will not sing.
I shall go. I shall not go.
You can be a nurse. You cannot be a nurse

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 7

Structure: Negative
Positive Sub + modal verb + not + V.
Sub + modal verb + V.
Negative
Positive I have no book.
I have a book. He has no car.
He has a car. They have no money.
They have some money.
Negative
Structure: Sub + has / have / had + no + np
Positive
Sub + has / have / had + np Negative
He does not read a book.
Positive Hari does not need money.
He reads a book. We do not like honey.
Hari needs money. You do not work hard.
We like honey. Gita did not laugh quietly.
You work hard. They did not dance well.
Gita laughed quietly.
They danced well. Negative
Structure: Sub + do not + V1 + O.
Positive Sub + does not + V1 + O.
Sub +V1 + O. Sub + did not + V1 + O.
Sub + V5 + O.
Sub + V2 + O.

Positive Negative
Open the door. Do not open the door.
Give him tea. Do not give him tea.
Post the letter. Do not post the letter.

8 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Structure: Negative
Positive Do not + V1 + other words
V1 + other words Negative
I don't have to take it.
Positive He doesn't have to give it.
I have to take it. They didn't have to buy a house.
He has to give it.
They had to buy a house. Negative
Sub + don't have to + V1 + O
Structure: Sub + doesn't have to + V1 + O
Positive Sub + didn't have to + V1 + O
Sub + have to + V1 + O
Sub + has to + V1 + O Yes / No question
Sub + had to + V1 + O Are you a teacher?
Are we late?
Formation of Questions Am I a hero?
i) Yes / No question
Statement Yes / No question
You are a teacher. Auxiliary verb + sub + obj?
We are late.
I am a hero.

Structure:
Statement
Sub + auxiliary verb + obj.

Statement Yes / No question
He acts wisely. Does he act wisely?
She speaks politely. Does she speak politely?

You go to market. Do you go to market?
I read a book Do I read a book?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 9

We ate maize. Did we eat maize?
They saw a bridge. Did they see a bridge?

Structure: Yes / No question
Do + Sub + V1 + obj?
Statement Does + Sub + V1 + obj?
Sub. + V1 + obj. Did + Sub + V1 + obj?
Sub. + V5 + obj.
Sub. + V2 + obj. Wh question
How old are you?
ii) Wh-question What do you read?
Whom did you meet?
Statement Who teaches us English?
I am ten years old. Which is your best game?
I read a Science book. Where does Dilip live?
I met the Principal.
Mr. Karki teaches us English. Wh-question
Cricket is my best game. Wh + H.V.+ S + M. V.?
Dilip lives in Pokhara.
Structure:
Statement
Sub + Verb + Obj.

For Your Memory

• Who, Whom, Which, What are used to indicate subject.
• 'Where' indicates place, when indicates time.
• 'Why' indicates reason, 'whose' indicates possession.
• 'How' indicates number /quantity/manner.
• Question mark is put at the end of a question.

10 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Types of Sentence
There are three types of sentence on the basis of structure. They are:
simple, compound and complex.

Types of Sentences

Simple Compound Complex

1. Simple Sentence

A sentence which has only one subject and one predicate is known
as a simple sentence. It has only one finite verb.

There are two parts in a simple sentence.
He is my brother.

Subject Predicate

2. Compound Sentence

A sentence which has one or more than one independent or
co-ordinate clause is known as compound sentence.

Co-ordinate means combination of equal partner. They are equal
so they are independent.

There are two parts in a compound sentence.

• Principal or main part We can make a compound
• Co-ordinate part sentence by using the words:
and, but, or, so.

Principal Co-ordinate part
He was singing and I was dancing.

She worked hard so, she got success.

3. Complex Sentence

Asentence which has one or more than one dependent or subordinate
clauses is known as a complex sentence. Subordinate means the part
which is dependent on the main part. They are unequal partners.
The subordinate part depends on the principal part.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 11

There are two parts in a complex sentence.

Principal part Sub-ordinate part

This shows that she's clever.
Please tell me where you found the pen.
I don't know what he does.

We can make complex
sentences by using the words
as, because, if, what, when,
why, which, whom, whose,
where, etc.

Listen and speak

Sound /ØI/
avoid, joint, oil, soil, boy, toy, boil, voice, choice, coin

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Complete these simple sentences.

a. There was ......................... b. Afatperson........................
c. They always ........................ d. I never ..............................
e. ......................... see him. f. ......................... for me?
g. ...................... taste it. h. Hewants.............................

2. Put not/no after the verbs in the following sentences.

a. We have .................. holiday. b. She had ................ parrot.
c. She is ................. an innocent girl. d. Deepa is .................. sad.

e. We had ................. taken dinner. f. Tea is .................. ready.

g. He is ............. straightforward. h. I am ................ late today.

i. She had ............... big house. J. The boy has ........... book.

12 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3. Underline the helping verb that takes 'not' to make the sentence
negative.

a. He can be great b. She can recite poems well.

c. You may go now. d. He will shoot the tiger.

e. Ram will be a singer. f. They were playing cricket.

g. You ought to obey your parents. h. I am writing a letter.

i. She is leaving this place. j. They had done their work.

k. It was raining then. l. She has taken breakfast.

4. Change the following sentences into negative ones.
a. We love the poor. ..........................................
b. He broke the record. ..........................................
c. She goes on laughing. ..........................................
d. These boys work hard. ..........................................
e. I will be playing. ..........................................
f. Mina will have passed the exam. ..........................................
g. I had to work. ..........................................
h. He has a ball. ..........................................
i. Mina will have eaten rice. ..........................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Write whether the following sentences are Statement, Question,

Imperative or Exclamatory.

a. How beautiful your dress is! ………………………..

b. Where did you meet my father? ………………………..

c. How are they treating you? ………………………..

d. Work hard. ………………………..

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 13

e. Kailash is a veterinary doctor. ………………………..

f. Do not waste your time. ………………………..

g. Be positive and hopeful. ………………………..

h. May I go out? ………………………..

i. Shall I use your pen? ………………………..

j. Serena is an intelligent student. ………………………..

k. Education is the light of life. ………………………..

2. Answer the following questions. ................................................
a. What is your name?

b. How old are you? ................................................

c. Where do you live? ................................................

d. Do you help your parents? ....................................

e. Do you always do your homework? .....................................

f. Do you always go to school? .....................................

Now, separate them as wh-questions and yes/no questions.

Wh-question Yes/No question

3. Use 'Who' or 'What' in the blanks.
a. .........................................drives a bus?
b. .........................................helps grandma?
c. .........................................is your name?
d. .........................................do you do?
e. .........................................milks the cow?
f. .........................................is this?
f. .........................................does Kriti do?
h. .........................................does Manjil do?
i. .........................................teaches in a school?

14 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

4. Change the following sentences into Yes/No questions.

a. He goes to market. ...........................

b. She went to school. ...........................

c. I want some money. ...........................

d. Ram spoke these words. ...........................

e. The sun shines brightly. ...........................

f. The flight was on time. ...........................

g. She will be late. ...........................

h. The sums are hard. ...........................

i. She has a flute. ...........................

j. I may help you. ...........................

5. Change the following sentences into Wh-questions as given in
brackets.

a. He is at home. (Where) ...........................

b. Sujan will go today. (When) ...........................

c. You came for help. (Why) ...........................

d. Boys like sweets. (What) ...........................

e. Hari lives in a village. (Where) ...........................

f. She came here by a car. (How) ...........................

g. This is Deepa's pen. (Whose) ...........................

h. I met the teacher. (Whom) ...........................

i. She talked to the boy. (Who) ...........................

j. He drinks one glass of milk quickly. (How) ...........................

Exercise-3 Class Activity

1. Put the jumbled words to make correct sentences.
a. milk/cows/us/give
................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 15

b. railway/runs/on/train/the
................................................................................................
c. falls/clouds/rain/from/the
................................................................................................
d. shines/the/moon/in/sky/the/night/at
................................................................................................
e. pictures/on/wall/are/there/the
................................................................................................
f. us/brings/letters/postman/the
................................................................................................
2. Separate the principal and co-ordinate part of these sentences.
a. The stone fell down and the boy was hurt.
(i) Principal part ................ (ii) Co-ordinate part ................
b. She is poor but she is honest.
(i) Principal part ................ (ii) Co-ordinate part ................
3. Join each of the following sets of sentences into a compound
sentence. Use the conjunctions given.
a. You are a sincere boy. None can doubt this fact. (so)
b. She rang the bell. No one answered. (but)
c. He was singing. I was dancing. (and)
d. I went to Rautahat in February. I came back in March. (and)
e. Mosquitoes spread malaria. We must destroy them. (so)
f. I was waiting for my friend. He came very late. (but)
g. Give every man your ear. Give a few your tongue. (and)
h. Fruits are useful. They are also refreshing. (and)
i. He was marked absent. He was turned out of the class. (and)
j. He is honest. He is helpful. (and)

16 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

4. Combine the following simple sentences into one complex
sentence each. Use the given connecting words.
a. I could not solve the question. It was difficult. (because)

b. Your father has beaten a boy. I know that boy. (whom)
c. The girls respect the lady. She is their teacher. (who)
d. He was ill. He could not come to school. (because)
e. Do you know the reason? Yesterday she was very sad. (why)
f. I study in a school. This beautiful school. (which)

g. Hemanta is working very hard. He wants to stand first in his
class. (because)

h. We had bought an old car. It gave us a lot of trouble. (which)

i. I do not remember the place. I have seen this man in a place
before. (where)

5. We can make commands with just a single word. For example,
“Go”, “Come” etc. Such words are verbs, because they demand
action. Now, think of ‘one – word’ commands’ for the following
situations:

a. The athletes are ready. The coach says: RUN!
b. The swimmers are ready. The coach says: ………………

c. The food is ready. Mother says to Ravi: ………………

d. Rohan is ready to throw the ball to Roshan.

Roshan says: ………………

Exercise-4 Homework

a. What is a sentence? Name its types on the basis of functions.
b. Differentiate between Wh-question and Yes/No questions with

examples.
c. Classify the sentences according to their structures and give any

two examples for each of them.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 17

2Lesson Noun and Its Types

Before you begin

Add three other naming words of the same type
Engineer .......................... .......................... ..........................

Sarita .......................... .......................... ..........................

Crowd .......................... .......................... ..........................

Snow .......................... .......................... ..........................

Wisdom .......................... .......................... ..........................

Read the text.

We speak with the help of words. There are nearly two million words in
English. We can put all the words in eight different groups. It means there
are eight different kinds of words. Different kinds of words in English is
called parts of speech. Noun is one among them.

Look, read and learn.

Teacher Bird Animal

Bimal The Ramayan Tommy

18 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Bouquet Glass Iron

Happiness Crowd Sickness

For Your Memory

All the words above are naming words.

Words used as the names of persons, animals, places, things, emotions
are called nouns.

Teacher, Bird, Animal – Common noun

Bimal, Ramayan, Tommy – Proper noun

Crowd, Bouquet – Collective noun Types of noun

Iron, Glass – Material noun

Happiness, Sickness – Abstract noun

1. Common Noun 19
Read the following sentences.
• The teacher is teaching his students.
• Parrot is a bird.
• Bananas and oranges are fruits.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

• I am reading a poetry book.

• Climbing a mountain is difficult.

• I live in a village.

In the above sentences, the words 'teacher, students, bananas,
oranges, fruits, parrot, bird, poetry, book, mountain, village' are
common nouns.

• A noun is called a common noun when it gives a common name
to persons, places, things, animals of the same kind.

List of Some Common Nouns

Persons Animals Places Things

soldier wasp street grapes
porter peacock stable flag
dentist chicken garage dust
nurse kitten hospital sugar
grocer mouse museum train
teacher rabbit zoo cigarette
gardener lion park shoes
aunt tiger temple needle
uncle, etc. horse, etc. farm, etc. thread, etc.

2. Proper Noun
Read the following sentences.

• Rajan is a good boy.

• I live in Pokhara.

• The Koshi is a big river.

• My brother's name is Kamal.

• Kantipur is a daily newspaper.

20 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Here, 'Rajan, Pokhara, Koshi, Kamal, Kantipur' are proper
nouns. These are particular names.

• A proper noun is the special name of a particular person or
place.

• A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.

Some Proper Nouns

Persons : Navin, Rabin, Narayan, Ashok, Krishna, Bhuwan, Kalu,
Rajendra, Indira, Kalpana, Binita, Apsara, Rima, Riya,
Hemanta, etc.

Animals : Tate, Khaire, Moti, Nickey, Bhunti, Ujely, Tomy, etc.

Places : Biratnagar, Narayanghat, Rajbiraj, Charikot, Jiri, Pharping,

Nagarkot, Lalbandi, Hajariya, Rajghat, etc.

Things : The Ramayan, The Kathmandu Post, Muna Madan, The
Rising Nepal, Madhuparka, etc.

3. Collective Noun
Read the following sentences.

• We read in Class Four.
• There is a big crowd.
• He gave me a bunch of flowers.
• Army is necessary for a country.
• I have played with different football teams.

Here, coloured words 'class, crowd, bunch, army, teams' stand for
collection of things or persons. They are collective nouns.

When a noun stands for a collection of persons or things, it is
considered as a collective noun.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 21

4. Material Noun
Read these sentences.
• Iron is a useful metal.

• Snow is white.
• Ornaments are made of silver and gold.

The nouns 'iron, snow, silver and gold' are the names of materials.
Thus material noun is the name of a matter or substance.

5. Abstract Noun
Look and read.

We can see a happy girl but we cannot
see her happiness.

The picture on the right shows a sad
boy. We can see a sad boy but we can't
see his sadness.

A happy girl A sad boy

Some Abstract Nouns

goodness honesty darkness wisdom laughter
death
hatred bravery childhood sickness anger

growth music theft kindness

• An abstract noun is the name of some quality, idea, feeling, etc.
that we can only think of but can not touch.

• Abstract noun is uncountable.

Abstract nouns are used for quality:
Cleverness (clever) Blackness (black) Kindness (kind)
Honesty (honest) Bravery (brave)
Simplicity (simple) Cruelty (cruel) Wisdom (wise)

22 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

For Your Memory

Nouns are of five kinds: Common, proper, collective, material and abstract.

Common Noun : It is a noun referring to a person, place or thing in a
general sense.

Example: boy, girl, dog, river, city, etc.

Proper Noun : It represents the name of a specific person, place or
thing in a general sense.

Example: Divas, Nira, Tommy, Koshi, Pokhara, etc.

Collective Noun : It is a name of a group of things, animals or persons.

Example: bunch, army, class, family, etc.

Material Noun : It is the name of a material from which things are
made.

Example: water, sand, salt, milk, gold, etc.

Abstract Noun : It is a noun which we can’t see and touch. We can
only feel such names.

Example: truth, honesty, dignity, fear, happiness, etc.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Choose the nouns from the box to complete the following sentences.

books tailor playground chair

ball horse window picture

a. Open the ...................... b. We play in the ........................

c. Sit on this ...................... d. The ................. is on the wall.

e. Take your .................... and read. f. Throw the ................ to me.

g. A .................. is an animal. h. A ................ stitches our dress.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 23

2. Tick (√) the correct word from the bracket.
a. When we are ill, we go to a (friend, teacher, doctor).
b. We use a (jug, glass, kettle) for boiling water.
c. The (cow, snake, hen) gives us milk.
d. Mother is cooking our dinner in the (kitchen, bedroom, sitting
room).
e. We go to a (baker, barber, tailor) to get our hair cut.

3. Cross the word which does not go with others.
a. maize, barley, wheat, cabbage, gram, paddy
b. Arjun, Nakul, Sahadev, Bhim, Mango, Yudhishthir
c. Bible, Gita, Ramayan, Mahabharat, pencil
d. beans, peas, potatoes, mutton, carrots, radishes
e. stairs, floor, ceiling, door, window, mobile
f. bridge, bunglow, cottage, villa, house
g. T.V., radio, watch, moon, mobile
h. sparrow, pigeon, pig, parrot, peacock

4. Complete each sentence below choosing a right word from the
brackets.
a. Sweets are mostly made of ........................... (juice, salt, milk)
b. Windows are made of ........................... (paper, oil, wood)
c. Tyres are made of ........................... (leather, rubber, clothes)
d. Shirts are made of ........................... (cotton, sand, leather)
e. Cups are usually made of ........................... (wood, paper, clay)
f. Tractors are made of ........................... (iron, wood, glass)
g. Bricks are made of ........................... (clay, wood, iron)

24 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Write down the possessive form of the following.
a. Voice of the children children's voice
b. Song of the bird ....................
c. Tools used by the gardener ....................
d. Songs of the woman ....................
e. Mother of the baby ....................
f. Nests built by the swallows ....................
g. Shoes of the men ....................
h. Tails of the buffaloes ....................
i. Feather of the birds ....................
j. Cries of the babies ....................

2. Match the proper noun under A with common noun under B.
A B

Tooty • place

Mrs. Budhathoki • river

Mr. Thapa • city

Munglin • cat

Pashupatinath • mountain

Narayani • woman

Beijing • man

Sagarmatha • capital

Hetauda • car

Maruti • temple

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 25

3. Fill in the blanks with common or proper nouns, as necessary.
a. I live in a ................................................. .
b. I have a ................................................ .
c. Our ................................................ is Nepal.
d. My mother loves ................................................ .
e. Bimal Chapagai wears ................................................ .
f. The principal rewarded the ................................................ .
g. The name of this book is ................................................ .
h. We read and write in the ................................................ .

Exercise-3

1. Give five examples for each of the following nouns.

Proper Common Collective Material Abstract
noun noun
noun noun noun

26 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns choosing from
the box.

pack army shoal library committee

mob gang swarm wardrobe

a. Our teacher has a .................... of books.

b. A .................... of five members was appointed.

c. The fisherman saw a big .................... of fish.

d. The police were trying to control the ....................

e. The.................... of bees flew out of the hive.

f. Nepali .................... fought the battle bravely.

g. He arranged .................... of clothes.

h. A .................... of wolves attacked the travellers.
3. Some abstract nouns are given. Use them appropriately in the

blanks below.

anger growth happiness childhood

bravery death wisdom darkness

a. .................... brings life to an end.

b. .................... is what we all want.

c. I could see him but I could not see his....................

d. The.................... of a plant depends on the sunlight.

e. People still talk about the .................... of the Gorkhalis.

f. He used to cry a lot in his ....................

g. Bikash could not find it in the ....................

h. Knowledge and .................... are more precious than money.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 27

4. What do you call? Choose the correct word from the box and write
in the blanks:

students fish flowers sheep keys lions

A bouquet of ............................................................................... .

A class of ............................................................................... .

A flock of ............................................................................... .

A pride of ............................................................................... .

A bunch of ............................................................................... .

A shoal of ............................................................................... .

5. Make sentences by using the given clues.
Example: Prabesh / cricketer = He is Prabesh. He is a cricketer.

a. Parbati/nurse = ............................................................

b. Mohan/teacher = ............................................................

c. Ram/doctor = ............................................................

d. Priyanka/player = ............................................................

28 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3Lesson Noun : Number

Before you begin

Write ‘one’ or ‘more than one’ below.

Dynamo Ass

Lice Scissors

Teeth Goose

Knives Piano

Calf Cattle

Look, read and learn.

Our country Nepal has

many villages but there

are also towns here.
Most of the people live
in the village. Nepal is
an agricultural country.
Village life is marked by
simplicity. It's far from the
noise of the city. There are
less facilities like hospitals,
roads, schools, colleges
and so on. Many people are still uneducated. In the lack of the modern
technology, they can't enjoy the modern facilities. But village life is
peaceful and cooperative.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 29

There are two types of number:
Number

1. Singular 2. Plural

1. Singular Number: The number denoting one is called singular
number. Example: a boy, a girl, a cat, an ox, an apple, a table, etc.

2. Plural Number: The number denoting more than one is called
plural number. Example: boys, girls, cats, oxen, apples, tables, etc.

There are different methods of changing singular into plural

Let's read the following.

By adding 's' to the singular

Singular Plural Singular Plural

book books rose roses

table tables year years

yak yaks metre metres

By adding 'es' to the singular ending in (s, sh, ch, x, z)

Singular Plural Singular Plural

ass asses bush bushes

gas gases bench benches

class classes box boxes

glass glasses topaz topazes

By changing 'y' into 'i' and then adding 'es' to the singular

Singular Plural Singular Plural

baby babies fly flies

body bodies lady ladies

city cities pony ponies

lady ladies story stories

30 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

By adding's' to singular if 'y' has a vowel before it
Singular Plural Singular Plural
day days key keys
donkey donkeys story stories
journey journeys monkey monkeys

By adding 'es' to the singular ending in 'o'

Singular Plural Singular Plural

buffalo buffaloes tomato tomatoes

echo echoes cargo cargoes

hero heroes potato potatoes

By changing 'f' or 'fe' into 'ves'
Singular Plural Singular Plural
calf calves thief thieves
knife knives self selves
leaf leaves wife wives

By changing vowel

Singular Plural Singular Plural

foot feet mouse mice

goose geese woman women

louse lice fisherman fishermen

By adding 'en'

Singular Plural Singular Plural

ox oxen child children

Plural of compound words: Adding 's'

Singular Plural Singular Plural

sister-in-law sisters-in-law brother-in-law brothers-in-law

son-in law sons-in law maid-servant maid-servants

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 31

Same form in singular and plural

Singular Plural Singular Plural

deer deer sheep sheep

fish fish
Nouns used only in singular form

advice hair furniture news

poetry scenery politics mathematics

Nouns used only in plural form

cattle police jeans trousers

scissors shoes socks gloves

oats earnings goods clothes

arms (weapons) glasses contents quarters
binoculars pliers pants entrails

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write the plurals of the following nouns.
army .............. boy .............. life .............. foot ..............

girl .............. knife .............. day .............. man ..............

child .............. sheep .............. ox .............. shoe ..............

half ............. thief .............. tooth .............. calf ..............

chief ............. box ............. class ............. eye .............

mango ............. fish ............. goose ............. mouse .............

message ............. hero ............. tree ............. louse .............
32 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

2. Write singular of the following nouns.
heroes .............. teeth .............. flies .............. lives ............

knives .............. roofs .............. days .............. coolies ............

women.............. cities .............. keys .............. oxen ............

toys .............. leaves .............. mice .............. boxes ............

children.............. years .............. babies .............. girls ............

brushes.............. bushes .............. deer .............. valleys ............

3. Change the coloured nouns into plural. One has been done for

you. .................a..c.t.i..o.n...s.................
a. Hero's action

b. Woman's smile ............................................

c. Thief's face ............................................

d. Soldier's dress ............................................

e. Man's shout ............................................

f. Baby's cradle ............................................

g. Child's bag ............................................

h. Sita's bag ............................................

i. Donkey's leg ............................................

j. Lady's book ............................................

4. Fill in the blanks with the plural forms of the underlined nouns.
a. One stone but a pair of ............................................
b. One child but a group of ............................................
c. One stitch but many ............................................
d. One match but a box of ............................................
e. One ox but a group of ............................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 33

f. One key but a bunch of ............................................
g. One goat but a flock of ............................................
h. One banana but a bunch of ............................................
i. One pencil but a packet of ............................................

5. Change the singular nouns of the following sentences into plural
and rewrite the sentences correctly.
a. The child was bitten by a dog. ............................................
b. Where is the key of the box? ............................................
c. The nurse carries the baby. ............................................
d. The dog kills the cat. ............................................
e. The duck is swimming. ............................................
f. The policeman caught a thief. ............................................
g. One goat but a flock of ............................................
h. I gave him a loaf of bread. ............................................
i. The snake is running. ............................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Change the plural nouns of the following sentences into singular
and rewrite the sentences correctly.
a. These chairs are made of wood.
....................................................................................................
b. Those women are our guests.
....................................................................................................
c. Dogs are good friends of men.
....................................................................................................

34 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

d. Monkeys can climb up trees.
....................................................................................................
e. The children were playing.
....................................................................................................
f. Thieves are afraid of policemen.
....................................................................................................
g. Honest servants are praised by masters.
....................................................................................................
h. Apples are on the tables.
....................................................................................................
i. Bouquets have flowers in them.
....................................................................................................
j. Cats eat mice.
....................................................................................................

2. Choose and underline the right words from the brackets.
a. We missed several (bus, buses) but caught the last (bus, buses).
b. This (city, cities) is full of (fly, flies).
c. Sita won several (prize, prizes) but Mina won only one (prize,
prizes).
d. How many (house, houses) can you see from your house?
e. These (tree, trees) are big.
f. A cow has two (horn, horns).
g. We crossed several (valley, valleys) on the (journey, journeys).

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 35

3. Fill in the blanks using suitable plural forms of nouns.
a. There are five ................................... in a hand.
b. There are 18 boys and 20...................................in Class Ten.
c. A horse has four ...................................
d. ................................... live in a hive.
e. I have two brothers and two...................................

4. Fill in the banks using plural forms of the following nouns.
baby, lady, city, fly

a. There are separate toilets for ............................ and gentlemen.
b. We give cow's milk to ...................................
c. We should cover the food to keep the................................away.
d. Tokyo and London are large...................................
5. Fill in the blanks with plural forms of the following nouns.
thief, leaf , wolf, wife, calf
a. The..............................of the tree have turned yellow.
b. We hear the...................................howling in the forest at night.
c. Some...................................have stolen my bicycle.
d. Young cows or bulls are called...................................
e. Once there was a king who had four...................................

36 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

4Lesson Gender

Before you begin

List five suitable words under each column.
Gender

Mascucline Feminine Common Neuter

(Male) (Female) (Male or female) (Neither male
nor female)

................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
................................. ................................. ................................. .................................
................................. ................................. ................................. .................................

Look, read and learn.

I represent Kamal is a farmer. He has kept animals
masculine gender. like horse, cow, dog, ox, colt, etc. His father
helps him. He has only one son, Rahul,
whose aim is to be a hero.

Sumitra is my mother. She is a good teacher. I represent
Before marriage, she was a girl. Now she is a feminine gender.
woman. In future she will be a grandmother.
She has one sister. I tell her aunt.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 37

I represent Subodh is a student. He respects his teachers
common gender. and parents. He loves his sisters and brothers.
He plays with his friends. He is fond of birds
and animals. He takes them to a vet if they fall
sick.

This is my bedroom. There are T.V., sofa, table, I represent
chair, curtain, hanger, cupboard, etc. I put my Neuter gender.
books in the case. There is fan over my bed.
Pictures are on the wall. There is a telephone
set in my room.

The classification of different sexes in nature is called gender. There are
four types of gender.

Types of Gender

Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

• Names of male persons and animals are called Masculine
gender.

Examples: father, brother, ox, bull, etc.

• Names of female persons and animals are called Feminine
gender.

Examples: mother, sister, queen, aunt, cow, etc.

• Nouns which are used for both male and female are called
Common gender.

Examples: child, student, friend, teacher, etc.

• The names of things without life are called Neuter gender such
as knife, clock, table, ball, house, etc.

38 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Ways to change gender
By adding 'ess' to the masculine

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
lion lioness host hostess
poet poetess heir heiress
prince princess actor actress
governor governess god goddess
tiger tigress

By a different word

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

gentlemen lady uncle aunt
papa mamma sir madam
nephew niece dog bitch
bachelor maid bull cow
husband wife boy girl
man woman brother sister
son daughter horse mare

By changing words

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
step son step daughter he-goat she-goat
fisher man milk maid
male servant fisher woman milkman pea hen
washer man land lady
son-in-law maid servant pa cock grandmother

washer woman land lord

daughter-in-law grandfather

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 39

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write the feminine gender of the following.
sir ............................. washer man................. husband ....................
fox ............................ monk .......................... emperor.....................
peacock.................... king ............................ bull .............................
son........................... dog ............................. son-in-law..................

2. Write the masculine gender of the following.
poetess ................... aunt ......................... heroine.......................
tigress .................... mare ........................ niece .........................
girl ......................... widow..................... daughter....................

3. Complete the table with suitable words:

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

tiger ........................ ........................ niece

ox ........................ hero ........................

horse ........................ ........................ woman

4. Fill in the blanks with suitable gender.
a. The husband and ................ went for a walk.
b. How many brothers and ................ do you have?
c. At the end of the story, the ................ dies, but the heroine lives.
d. Mr. Paudel has a niece, he does not have a ................
e. The actor and the ................ played their roles very well.

5. Choose the right word and rewrite them in sentences.
a. Her (husband/wife) treated (him/her) kindly.
b. The (man/woman) saved (her/his) husband.
c. Kamala is a good (actor/actress). (She/He) has acted well.

40 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

d. This is my (nephew/niece). (He/She) is called Sita.
e. The (king/queen) lost her bag of gold.

6. Identify the following nouns and write in the column of appropriate
gender.

man, madam, sir, aunt, lice, prince, bus, player, doctor, gold,
sand, insect, house, fox, ox, vixen, dog, bitch, sun, monk

Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Write down the feminine or masculine gender of the following
nouns.

Masculine Gender Feminine Gender
son .........................................................
father .........................................................
grandfather .........................................................
brother-in-law .........................................................
lion .........................................................
.................................................... mother-in-law
.................................................... princess
.................................................... waitress
.................................................... bitch
.................................................... witch

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 41

2. Choose the right word. Then rewrite each sentence.
a. My father ’s (wife/husband) is my mother.
............................................................................................................
b. My mother ’s (brother/sister) is my aunt.
............................................................................................................
c. Your parents’ (brother/sister) is my uncle.
............................................................................................................
d. Your parents’ (son/daughter) is your brother.
............................................................................................................
e. My uncle’s wife is my (aunt/niece).
............................................................................................................
f. My father ’s brother is my (aunt/uncle).
............................................................................................................
g. Mary is her uncle’s (nephew/niece).
............................................................................................................
h. John is his aunt’s (nephew/niece).
............................................................................................................
i. A king is the (husband/wife) of a queen.
............................................................................................................
j. A queen is the (husband/wife) of a king.
............................................................................................................
k. A king’s daughter is a (prince/princess).
............................................................................................................
l. A queen’s son is a (prince/princess).
............................................................................................................

42 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

5Lesson Pronoun and Its
Classification

Before you begin

Read the conversation.

Ruza : Himesh, do you know? I
had a conversation with

our principal about picnic.

Himesh : Really ? What did he say?

Ruza : He said to me, "We all
will go on a picnic next
Saturday."

Himesh : Our friends are in the class.
Let's tell each of them.

Ruza : Don't forget to bring your sister with you.

Himesh : OK, I'll convince her myself.

Read and learn.

I am Sabin Karki. She is Nitu. We study in the same class. We do our
classwork ourselves. Nitu asks me, "What is your surname ?" I reply
her, "My surname is Karki." Nitu, my friend, lives in Thapathali with
her parents. They are helpful. Their house is in the village, too.

The highlighted words in above sentences are pronouns which are used in
place of nouns.

Kinds of Pronoun
The words which are used in place of nouns are known as pronouns.
There are eight kinds of pronouns. They are:

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 43

1. Personal pronoun:
i. Subjective pronoun: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, etc.
ii. Objective pronoun: me, us, you, him, her, it, them, etc.

2. Possessive pronoun: my, your, his, our, her, their, its, etc.
3. Reflexive pronoun: myself, ourselves, yourself, etc.
4. Interrogative pronoun: what, who, which, whom, whose, etc.
5. Relative pronoun: who, which, whom, whose, that, etc.
6. Demonstrative pronoun: this, that, these, those, etc.
7. Indefinite pronoun: any, one, every, many, all, none, etc.
8. Distributive pronoun: each, either, neither, etc.

1. Personal Pronoun
Read the words below:
Subjective Pronoun: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Objective Pronoun: me, our, him, her, its, us, them

Person Singular Plural
First person
Second person I, me, my mine we, us, our ours
Third person
you, your, yours you, your, yours

he, she, it, his, her, they, them, their,

hers, its theirs

• Subjective pronoun is used as subject and objective pronoun is used
as object.

• The pronouns which refer to the person or persons speaking are
called first person pronouns. Example: I, we, me, mine, ours, etc.

• The pronouns which refer to the person or persons spoken to are
called second person pronouns. Example: you, yours, etc.

• The pronouns which refer to the person or thing spoken of are
called third person pronouns. Example: he, she, him, her, hers, they,
them, theirs, it, etc.

44 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

2. Possessive Pronouns

Read the text:

I am a good citizen. My birth place is Charikot, Dolakha. Yours
is Janakpur. We both are Nepalese. Nepal is our country. I have a
foreign friend. His country is America. He has a sister. Her name
is Crysee. Their language is English. People all over the world
use it.

Highlighted words my, your, our, his, her, their show possession, hence
they are possessive pronouns.

3. Reflexive Pronoun
Read the sentences :

I myself was there. We ourselves served the guests.

You must do it yourself. Boys, you yourselves wanted it.

The king himself was present. She herself looked after my brother.
They themselves went there. The tree fell down itself .

The pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself,
themselves, itself are called reflexive pronouns.

4. Interrogative Pronouns
Read the questions:

Who made the noise ? What is the matter ?
Which is your book ? Whom do you want to see ?
Whose pen is this? Where is your sister?
It is seen that the pronouns 'who, what, which, whom, whose, where'
are used for asking questions. Pronouns used for asking questions are
called interrogative pronouns.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 45

5. Relative Pronoun The girl is lazy. The
Look and Read girl is punished. The

He is a boy. girl who is lazy is
I spoke to the boy. punished.
He is the boy to whom

I spoke.

This is a man. His The man invited me.
work is over. This is
the man whose work I met the man yesterday.
The man whom I met
is over.
yesterday invited me.

• The highlighted words above whom, who, whose, whome are relative

pronouns.

6. Demonstrative Pronoun

Read the sentences:

• This is my pencil. • That is my house.

• These are my books . • Those are your books.

In the above sentences 'this, these, that, those' are used to point out
the object. 'This' and 'these' refer to things which are near.

'That' and 'those' refer to things located at a distance. They are,
therefore, called demonstrative pronouns.

Pronouns which point out or show things are called demonstrative
pronouns.

7. Indefinite Pronoun
The pronoun that doesn't refer to any particular person or thing but

only denotes in a general way, is known as indefinite pronoun.

Example: Someone, all, one, any, few, none, some, somebody,
everybody, they, many, etc.

46 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

8. Distributive Pronoun
Each, either, neither' are called distributive pronouns because

they refer to a person or thing one at a time. They are always
singular. Example: Each of the students was given a book. Either
of you can play.

For Your Memory

• All the above words each, either and neither are distributive
pronouns.

• The pronoun which refer to one person or thing at a time is
known as distributive pronoun.

• The words ‘each other ’ and ‘one another ’ are also distributive
pronouns. But they are compound pronouns, so they are called
reciprocal pronouns.

• The compound pronoun is known as a reciprocal pronoun.
• ‘Each other ’ refers to two persons or things.
• ‘One another ’ refers to more than two persons or things.

Listen and speak

Sound /au/
house, found, noun, brown, cloud, sound, proud, south, town,
pronoun, down

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the pronouns in the following sentences.
a. You are kind.
b. Rama liked them.
c. Durga promotes herself.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 47

d. The dog is hiding its tail.
e. A man is showing his eyes.
f. Did you see the man ?
2. Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns given in brackets.
a. It is.....................................who called you. (I, me)
b. .....................................has lost her way. (She, her)
c. You and ......................must come. (he, him)
d. He gave.......................a shirt. (me, his)
e. This book is........................ . (my, mine)
f. I know that it was.......................... . (she, her)
g. He is as good as............................. . (I, me)
h. Let.........................try this problem. (I, me)
i. Sharad played with.................................... . (she, her)
j. Let...............................go for a walk. (we, us)
k. She is younger than ................................ . (he, him)
3. Identify the types of following pronouns.
a. who, which, etc.......................

b. either, neither, etc....................

c. I, you, they, etc..................... .

d. myself, yourself, etc.................
4. Fill in the blanks with reflexive pronouns.

a. You will hurt .............................

b. Roshan, do it .................................

c. We often deceive ......................

d. Boys, you will hurt ......................
48 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

e. The thieves took it .....................

f. He ..................... went to see the prisoner.
5. Circle the demonstrative pronouns.

a. What is that ?

b. This is my bag.

c. My bag is better than that.

d. These are her books.
e. That umbrella is better than this.
f. Those are very nice flowers.
6. Fill in the spaces with suitable demonstrative pronouns.
a. ..................... is a beautiful flower.
b. ..................... are beautiful flowers.
c. ..................... were better than these.
d. ..................... is better than this.

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Underline the relative pronouns and write in the blanks.
a. He is the boy whose umbrella is lost. ...........W....h..o..s.e.........

b. There was no one whom I knew. .............................

c. Whoever comes is welcomed. .............................

d. Take whichever you like. .............................

e. The bag which I bought is very expensive. .............................

f. Whatever she did was quite right. .............................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 49

2. Circle the indefinite pronouns and write in the blanks.

a. One was jumping on the ground. ..............O...n..e..........

b. They want all. .............................

c. Everybody should take his medicine. .............................

d. None has arrived yet. .............................

e. Some of the boys have bags. .............................

f. Both of them were present. .............................

3. Use the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences.
all one many another some both
a. ...................... of my friends are coming today.
b. ...................... were killed.
c. Please inform ......................
d. ...................... of my books is lost.
e. ...................... of these mangoes are rotten.
f. Tell him to take ...................... photograph.

4. Circle the distributive pronouns.
a. Each of the boys swam.
b. Either of them is honest.
c. Neither of you may go there.
d. We each drink coffee.
e. Neither of the ball is good.
f. You may take either of the two books.

5. Use the appropriate reflexive pronouns:
a. We developed .....ourselves........

50 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4