Applied Grammar 4

Nationalities as a whole the Nepalese, the English, the
Bhutanese
Families as a whole the Thapas, the Newars, the Magars
Canals, rivers, oceans and seas the Panama Canal, the Koshi, the
Red Sea, the Pacific Ocean
Plural names of countries the United States, the Philipines, the
Netherlands

Mountain ranges the Himalayas, the Alps, the
Mahabharat Range the Thapas, the
Public buildings Newars, the Magars
the Nepal Rastra Bank, the NAC
Scientific inventions building, the Police Headquarters
Unique objects the United States, the Philipines, the
Superlative degree of adj/adv Netherlands
Sacred books the radio, the computer, the pager
Musical instruments the sun, the mars, the sky, the earth
Directions the tallest, the oldest
Ordinal numbers the Geeta, the Bible, the Ramayan
the guitar, the madal, the piano
the east, the west, the north
the first, the second, the tenth

Omission of Articles

We do not use 'the' with:

Proper nouns Kamana, Kajal, Komal, Pokhara

Continents Asia, Europe, America

Countries Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan

Single islands Java, Sumatra

Roads, streets, squares Putalisadak, Mahendra Highway,

Basantapur Durbar Square

Villages, towns, cities Tatopani, Rajbiraj, Kathmandu

Days, months, public holidays Saturday, January, Dipawali

Games and sports Swimming, Chess, Tennis

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 101

Meals Lunch, Dinner, Breakfast
Subjects and languages History, Science, English, Nepali,
Chinese
Abstract and material nouns Health, Wisdom, Courage, Gold, Iron

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Put 'a' or 'an' in the blank spaces.

a. .............. ugly ducking b. .............. happy man

c. ... .................large egg d. .............................. iron box

e. .............. kind man f. .............. aeroplane

g. ......................... old animal h. ........................ wodden box

i. .............. useful animal j . .............. ordinary man

k. .............. empty box 1. .............. new aeroplane

m. ...................unhappy person n. .............................. child

0. .............. onion p. .............. house

q. .............................. woman r. .............................. orange

s. ... ........................... umbrella t. .............................. uncle

2. Put 'a' or 'an' in the blanks.
a. Srilanka is..................island.

b. ................fly is................insect.

c. I am going to see.............doctor.

d. He teaches at...................university.

e. He went away for half................hour.

f. ...................apple grows on................tree.

102 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

g. ................horse is...............animal.
h. Take..................umbrella because it is going to rain.
3. Fill a, an, or the where necessary.
a. He has...............beautiful doll.
b. She is..................Indian gir1.
c. Is he..............engineer?
d. This is...............most expensive dress.
e. She is eating................ice-cream.
f. .............dogs are.................animals.
g. He has....................red book and she has ...........red pencil.
h. She is..................clever girl.
i. Which is............most expensive book in this shop?
j. He has...............beautiful doll.
k. Sunday is..............first day of the week.
l. He is playing....................flute.
m. She can play.............basketball.
n. Which is.................longest river in Nepal?

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the following blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ where
necessary.
a. I saw ................. ox grazing in ................. field.

b. Kamala is ................. idle girl.

c. She is ................. old woman of forty.

d. He is ................. cleverest boy in Class Four.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 103

e. There are twelve months in ................. year.
f. He is ................. honest man.
g. Mt. Everest is ................. highest peak in ................. world.
h. ................. Karnali is the longest river of Nepal.
i. She has ................. ugly face.
j. Srilanka is ................. island.
k. I bought ................. horse ................. ox and ................. buffalo.
l. ................. sun rises in ................. east.
m. ................. European came to see me yesterday.
n. I will return back in ................. hour.
o. ............rose is...............loveliest of all flowers.
p. ............aeroplane flies in.............sky.
q. This is ................. oldest house in the village.
r. He is ................. most courageous man I have ever seen.
s. ................. honest man is ................. noblest work of God.
t. ................. apple is good to eat.

104 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

12Lesson
Tense: Introduction

Before you begin

Read the conversation.
Visitor : Excuse me! Do you have some rooms for tonight?
Receptionist : Of course we do. Please sit down.
Visitor : Thank you very much.
Receptionist : How many rooms do you need, sir?
Visitor : I am looking for two rooms. Can you manage?
Receptionist : Yes, sir. Shall I book now?

Read and learn.

Yesterday Today Tomorrow
I danced.
He was dancing. I dance. I will dance.
He had danced.
He had been dancing. He is dancing. He will be dancing.

Past Tense He has danced. He will have danced.

He has been dancing. He will have been
dancing.

Present Tense Future Tense

In the above sentences danced, was dancing, had danced, had been
dancing, dance, dancing, will dance, will be dancing, will have danced,
will have been dancing are different forms of the verb. These different
forms of verbs show different tenses.

Column no. 1, 2 and 3 show past, present and future tense respectively.
The form of verb that is used to show the time of an action is called tense.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 105

Past Tense Tense Future Tense
Present Tense

I was a child. I am young. I will be old.

Forms of tense Patterns Sentences

1. Present tense 1. S + V1 I eat bread
2. S + V5 He eats bread
Forms of present tense 1. S + am + V4 I am eating.
1. Simple present 2. S + is + V4 He is eating.
3. S + are + V4 We are eating.
S. + V1 / V5 + O 1. S + has + V3 He has eaten.
2. Present continuous 2. S + have + V3 We have eaten.

Sub + is/am/are + V4 + O 1. S + have + We have been eating.

3. Present perfect been+V4 He has been eating.
Sub + have/has + V3 + O.
2. S+has+been+V4
4. Present Perfect
Continuous Patterns Sentences
1. Sub + V2 We ate.
S+has/have+been+V4+O.
1. S. + was + V4 He was eating.
2. Past tense 2. S.+were+V4 We were eating.

Forms of past tense
1. Simple past
Sub + V2 + O
2. Past continuous
S. + was/were + V4 + O

106 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3. Past perfect 1. S. + had + V3 He had eaten.
S. + had + V3 + O
4. Past perfect continuous 1. S. + had been + She had been eating.
S. + had been + V4 + O V4

3. Future tense

Forms of past tense Patterns Sentences

1. Simple future 1. S + shall + V1 I shall eat.
They will eat.
S + shall/will + V1 + O 2. S + will + V1

2. Future continuous 1. S. + shall be + V4 I shall be eating.
He will be eating.
S. + shall/will be + V4 2. S. + will be + V4
+O

3. Future perfect 1. S.+shall+have+V3 I shall have eaten.
He will have eaten.
S.+shall/will + have + 2. S. + will+have+V3
V3 + O

4. Future perfect 1. S.+shall+have been+V4 I shall have been
eating.
continuous 2. S.+will+have been + V4
You will have been
S. + shall/will + have eating.

been + V4 + O

Verb forms of 12 tenses

Tense Present Past Future

Simple V1 / V5 V2 Shall/will+V1

Continuous is/am/are+V4 was/were+V4 shall/will+be+V4

Perfect has/have+V3 had + V3 shall/will+have+V3

Perfect has/ had+been+V4 shall/will+have
continuous
have+been+V4 been+V4

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 107

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Indicate which forms of tenses are used in the following
sentences.

a. My sister is working hard. ....P..r.e..s..e.n..t...c.o..n..t..i.n..u..o..u..s.

b. I have been living here for two months. ..................................

c. Diwash drinks three glasses of milk. ..................................

d. She went to college. ..................................

e. I had eaten a ripe apple. ..................................

f. He has been writing a letter since morning. ................................

g. I was just going to ask him the time. ..................................

h. The farmer will have been harvesting crops. ................................

i. She will be climbing down the hill. ..................................

j. The bus will leave as soon as it gets full. ..................................

2. Circle the correct words.
a. I ( study /studies) English every day.
b. She (eat/eats) an egg every morning.
c. They usually (play/plays) tennis on Sundays.
d. The dog always (bark/barks) at the stranger.
e. My mother helping/helps me to do homework.
f. You usually (read/are read) a newspaper in the morning.
g. He generally (go/goes) to office by bus.

108 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3. Fill in the blanks.
a. She is a teacher.
She ................... students every day. (teach)
b. They are taxi drivers.
They always ....................taxis. (drive)
c. He is a baker.
He usually .................... cakes. (bake)
d. We are basketball players.
We always .................... basketball. (play)
e. This is my cat.
It .................... milk every morning. (drink)

4. Make sentences.
a. usually / She / cooks / morning / in the
She usually cooks in the morning.
b. Sanu / listens / music / every day / to
..........................................................................................................
c. We / always / . / in the / watch / TV / evening
..........................................................................................................
d. He / every / reads / newspaper / morning / the
.........................................................................................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words. Add -s or -es if
needed.

watch play read wake up eat go

Mr. and Mrs. Parker always ..................... at 6:30 on Saturday
mornings. They ................... breakfast at 7:30. Mrs. Parker always
.......................... a newspaper and Mr. Parker usually ........................
badminton. In the afternoon, they .................. to park. Mr. Parker
usually ....................... T.V. in the evening.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 109

2. Circle the correct words.
a. He ( washes / washed) the car yesterday.
b. We (cleaned/cleaning) the house last weekend.
c. He (is climbing/climbed) a tree yesterday.
d. Mr. and Mrs. Perkins (was danced/danced) last Sunday.
e. I (washed/wash) my clothes yesterday.
f. You (visit/visited) you grandparents last Monday.

3. Make sentences adding -d, -ed or -ied to the verbs.

a. I / dance / last night / .
.I..d..a..n..c..e..d...l.a.s..t..n...i.g..h..t.............................................................................
b. She / clean / window / the / yesterday
..........................................................................................................
c. They / walk / park / last Saturday / in the
..........................................................................................................
d. We I /visit / Jack I yesterday
..........................................................................................................
e. He / study / last weekend / English
.........................................................................................................

4. Write the past forms of the verbs given below.

read wash phone teach cook live sleep
study dance try love open fry see
cry go Swim run paint eat

110 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

5. Write the words in the correct order.
a. Sandra / dinner / cooked / last night / for / Roti
.S..a..n..d..r.a...c..o..o.k..e..d...R..o..t.i...f.o.r...d..i.n..n...e.r...l.a..s.t..n...i.g..h..t...........................................
b. cleaned / We / yesterday / the classroom
..........................................................................................................
c. I / teeth / my / brushed / last night
..........................................................................................................
d. My / went / mother / temple / to / yesterday
..........................................................................................................
e. mountain / climbed / He / a / Sunday / last
.........................................................................................................
f. went / on / We / a / picnic / Friday / last
.........................................................................................................
g. us / taught / She / English
.........................................................................................................

Exercise-3

1. Use will and the words below to complete the sentences.

close wear clean take run turn on

a. It's cold outside. I ............................ my coat.
b. I'm late! I ............................to school.
c. My room is dirty. I ............................ my room.
d. It's windy. I ............................ the window.
e. It's very hot. I ............................the fan.
f. I'm tired. I ............................ a nap.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 111

2. Circle the correct words.
a. Mom, (are / will ) you take me to the park tomorrow?
b. Mathematics is difficult for me. I think. I (won't/ will) take
some extra class.
c. We won’t go to the barbecue party because the newspaper
says (it’ll/they will) rain in the evening.
d. I don’t think he (will/won’t) sing in the concert.
e. (Will/I’ll) you close the door, please? I’m feeling cold.

3. Write a question. Then, write a negative sentence.
a. He will become a teacher in five years.
.W...i..l.l..h..e..b..e..c.o..m...e...a...t.e.a..c..h..e.r...i.n...f.i.v..e...y..e..a.r..s.?............................................
.H...e...w...o..n..'..t..b..e.c..o..m...e..a...t..e.a..c.h..e..r...i.n...f.i.v..e...y..e.a..r.s..........................................
b. You will pass the English exam.
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
c. Peter and Joan will get married.
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
d. It will be cloudy and rainy tomorrow.
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
e. They will move to Canada in three years.
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
f. Karen will take you to school tomorrow.
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................

112 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

L1ess3on Tense: Simple

Before you begin

Expressing present, past and future, change the sentences.
Yesterday Today Tomorrow

I ate rice. I eat rice. I will eat rice.

................ You play the ball. ................... ..................

................ They sing songs .................. ...................

................ He helps us. ................... ...................

................ She cooks food. ................... ...................

Look, read and learn.

1. Simple Present Tense
Read the passage below:

I am a student. I study in Class Four. I always wake up early

in the morning. I have a brother, Dhiraj. He also wakes up

at 6:30 A.M. He does his homework. Our mother prepares

tea and brings it for us. We read and write for two hours daily.

• The verbs in the above paragraph are written in simple present tenses

(V1/V5) Examples: I want a bicycle.

I We do our work.

We You operate computer.
You + V1 + O They read and write.

They

He + V5 + O Examples: He plays the ball.
She She cooks food.
It It barks.
Name Binod helps Ravi.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 113

Use:

Simple present tense is used in the following situations:

To express the universal truth

• The sun rises in the east. • The earth moves round the sun.

To state what a proverb says

• Health is wealth. • Slow and steady wins the race.

To express habitual actions

• Everybody likes music. • I get up early in the morning.

To express permanent activity or nature

• Fish live in water. • We see with our eyes.

Structures Examples Sentence type
S + V1 + O
S + don't + V1 + O I read a book. (Positive)
Do + S + V1 + + O+ ?
S + doesn't + V1 + O I don't read a book. (Negative)
Does + S + V1 + O + ?
Do I read a book ? (Yes/No question)

She doesn't come to my house. (Negative)

Does she come to my house ? (Yes/No question)

2. Simple Past Tense

Read the story below.

One day a crow stole a piece of
bread. It flew to a tree in the forest.
While it was sitting on the tree, a
clever fox arrived under the tree.
The fox planned to have the bread.
The fox praised the crow. It felt
pleased and sang. The bread fell
down. The fox picked it up and
went away.

In the story above, all the verbs are
in the past form (V2). So, the story
is in simple past tense. It expresses
past action.

114 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Structures Examples Sentence type
S + V2 + O I walked on the road. (Positive)
S + didn't + V1 + O I didn't walk on the road. (Negative)
Did + S + V1 + O ? Did I walk on the road? (Yes/No question)

3. Simple Future Tense

Read the passage.

I will be a good citizen in my life. I will
serve the country. I will devote my whole
life for the people and my country. I will
not take any benefit from them. Simple
living and high thinking will be my
principle. I will try to make the country
peaceful and harmonious. People will
appreciate my work. They will follow
me. People will be co-operative and country will be developed. The
door of our faith will be opened. We will feel happy.

• All the above sentences denote simple future actions.

• Simple future tense is used to indicate future actions.

Structures Examples Sentence type
(Positive)
S + will/shall+ V1 + O He will help me. (Negative)
(Yes/No question)
S + will/shall not + V1 + O He will not help me.

Will/shall + S + V + O ? Will he help me?

Forms of verbs

Simple present Simple past Simple future

bark barked will bark

bite bit will bite
bray brayed will bray
buy bought will buy

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 115

carry carried will carry
cook cooked will cook
cut cut will cut
dance danced will dance
destroy destroyed will destroy
drink drank will drink
eat ate will eat
fight fought will fight
get got will get
go went will go
kill killed will kill
learn learned will learn
like liked will like
love loved will love
write wrote will write
wear wore will wear
wash washed will wash
meet met will meet
put put will put
run ran will run
sing sang will sing
steal stole will steal
talk talked will talk
type typed will type
walk walked will walk
want wanted will want
sleep slept will sleep
read read will read
sit sat will sit
play played will play
pull pulled will pull
stand stood will stand

116 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Fill in the blanks with simple present form of the verbs given in
the brackets.
a. We don't ............... chess. (play)
b. The birds ............... in the sky. (fly)
c. One and two ............... three. (make)
d. We ............... our country. (love)
e. The sun ............... by day. (shine)
f. Oil ............... on water. (float)

2. Complete the questions with Do or Does.
a. ............... your parents work in an office?

b. ............... you go on holiday every year?

c. ............... Mr. Thapa do exercise at the weekend?

d. ............... your father smoke?

e. ............... Mina play the piano?
f. ............... your mother drive a car?

3. Circle the correct answer.
a. Your children eat / eats chips.
b. My mother watch / watches comic movie.
c. The women do / does a lot of works.
d. My father don't / doesn't smoke at all.
e. You lives / live in a house with a garden.
f. They doesn't / don't like children in restaurants.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 117

4. Arrange the words in order to make questions:

a. she / does / French / study/ ? ...................................

b. they / where / football / do / play/ ? ...................................

c. go / do / to / cinema / when / you / the/ ? ...................................

d. with / do / live / your / you / mother/ ? ...................................

e. friends / when / do / play / your / tennis/ ? .................................

f. have / do / when / lunch / you/ ? ...................................

5. Write past forms of the given verbs.

a. blow .............................. b. freeze ..............................

c. break .............................. d. fine ..............................

e. bind .............................. f. sweep ..............................

g. sleep .............................. h. teach ..............................

i. fight .............................. j. know ..............................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Cross out the wrong ones.
a. Did he goes / go to school?
b. Did you draw / drew a figure?
c. He didn't ring / rang the bell.
d. She sings / sang a song yesterday.
e. You didn't break / broke the glass.
f. We see / saw a parrot yesterday.

2. Fill in the blanks with simple past form of the verbs:
a. He ............... into the lake. (jump)
b. I ............... a ruler. (buy)

118 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

c. He ............... to meet his father. (go)
d. They ...............some essays. (write)
e. We ............... a plan. (make)
f. She ............... on the sofa. (sit)
g. We ............... the beggar. (help)
3. Change the following sentences into present tense:
a. I had heard such a story.
b. She was the principal of Loreto School.
c. I had a brother whose name was Bibek.
d. She had not spoken that.
e. She had told me to wait.
4. Change the following sentences into simple past.
a. They don't write.
b. She weeps.
c. Does he not bring the book?
d. Doesn't she go there?
5. Write five sentences about what you did yesterday.
a. ..................................................................................................................
b. ..................................................................................................................
c. ..................................................................................................................
d. .................................................................................................................
e. ..................................................................................................................
6. Fill in the blanks with the verb in simple future tense (will + V1).
a. They ............... a camera. (buy)
b. He ............... his brother. (help)
c. I ............... you. (help)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 119

d. They ............... to Jhapa. (go)
e. You ............... your work. (do)
f. He ............... not ...............today. (come)
7. Make as many questions as possible from the following table.

Where did you buy the elephant?
see this pen?
sleep ice-cream?
call yesterday?
eat the police?

a. ................................................................................................ ?
b. ................................................................................................ ?
c. ................................................................................................ ?
d. ................................................................................................ ?
e. ................................................................................................ ?

f. ................................................................................................ ?

120 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

14Lesson
Tense: Continuous

Before you begin

Conversation practice

Siru : Hi, Niru ! Are you at home
now?

Niru : Yes, I am.
Siru : What are you doing?
Niru : I am washing my clothes. What

about your brothers?
Siru : They are at home. They are

playing chess. What about your sister?
Niru : She is not feeling well. She is sleeping.

Read and learn. Follow me: am + V4
1. Present Continuous Tense I are + V4
We
I am reading a book.

We are playing in the field.

You are calling me. They

They are writing poems. He is + V4
He is driving a bus. She
She is singing a song. Singular noun
She is grazing a song.

A cow is grazing in the grassland.

• In the above sentences, 'am, is, are + V4' shows present continuous tense.

• The present continuous tense shows the action that is going on
(continuing) at the time of speaking.

• 'Is' comes after singular subject.
• 'Are' comes after plural subject.
• 'Am' comes after subject 'I'.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 121

Structures Examples Sentence type

S + is / am / are + V4 + O I am writting a poem. Affirmative

S + is / am / are not + V4 + O I am not writing a poem. Negative

Is / am / are + S + V4 + O ? Am I writing a poem ? Yes/No question

2. Past Continuous Tense Follow me:
Read the sentences. I / He / She / It + was + V4
I was digging the field. We / You / They + were+V4
We were walking on the road.
He was dancing well.

She was singing beautifully.

You were running yesterday.

The dog was barking loudly.

• In the above sentences, 'was / were + V4' shows past continuous
tense.

• A verb showing action that was going on or continuing sometime
in the past is said to be in past continuous tense.

Structures Examples Sentence type

S. + was / were + V4 + O Supriya was helping me. Affirmative

S. + was / were + not + V4 + O Supriya wasn't helping me. Negative

Was / Were + S + V4 + O ? Was Supriya helping Yes/No question

3. Future Continuous Tense

Read the sentences. Follow me:
I/We/shall + be + V4 + O
We will be catching the thief. He/She/They will+be+V4+O
I shall be dealing with my brother.

We shall be talking with my parents.

The tiger will be searching for flesh.

• A verb showing action that will be going on (continuing) in
future is said to be in future continuous tense.

122 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Structures Examples Sentence type

S +will/shall+ be+ V4 + O He will be sleeping on his Affirmative
bed.

S + will/shall + not + be+ V4 He will not be sleeping on Negative
+ O his bed.

Shall/will + S + be + V4 +O? Will he be sleeping on his Yes/No question
bed?

For Your Memory

• Present Continuous : S +is/am/are+ V4 + O. (He is driving a car.)
• Past Continuous : S + was/were/V4 + O. (He was driving a car.)
• Future Continuous : S +shall/will+ be+ V4 + O. (He will be driving a car.)

Listen and speak

Sound /Id/ Sound /Iz/

mounted acted bridges bushes
watches pushes
scolded mended judges loses
catches classes
landed handed passes brushes
boxes punches
rented painted branches taxies

cemented counted

rounded fainted

funded printed

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Change the following sentences into future continuous and past
continuous tense.
a. I am singing.
I...w..i.l.l..b..e...s.i.n..g..i.n..g................................................................................
I...w..a..s..s..i.n..g..i.n..g....................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 123

b. You are reading a book.

......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................

c. Manisha is dancing.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

d. You are using an umbrella.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

e. Bina is washing her clothes.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

2. Change these sentences into past continuous tense.

At present (today) Yesterday

a. She is climbing a tree. ......................................................

b. Renisha is planting a flower. ......................................................

c. They are flying kites. ......................................................

d. Kapil is driving a Jeep. ......................................................

e. He is travelling by a plane. ......................................................

f. I am riding a horse. ......................................................

g. You are lying on the beach. ......................................................

h. We are buying cakes. ......................................................

i. Dev is leaving home. ......................................................

j. My brother is speaking English. ......................................................

124 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

k. The servant is sweeping the room. .................................................

l. A boy is breaking the rules. ......................................................

m. The boys are playing. ......................................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Choose the correct form of the verb.
a. They ................. in the field now. (will work/worked/are
working)

b. The cat ................. a rat yesterday. (will kill/killed/is killing)

c. We ................. you tomorrow. (will see/saw/are seeing)

d. The police ................. a thief yesterday. (will arrest/arrested/are
arresting)

e. The peacock ................. now. (will dance/danced/is dancing)

f. The old man ................. yesterday. (will die/died/is dying)

g. Sita .................... nursing course next year. (joins/joined/will
join)

h. She ...............a glass yesterday.(will drop/dropped/is dropping)

1. Last year I ................. to Hongkong by plane. (will travel/
travelled/am travelling)

2. Make two examples each for present continuous, past continuous
and future continuous tense in your exercise book.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 125

L1ess5on Tense: Perfect

Before you begin

Conversation practice.

Anu : Have you passed Class Three?

Binu : ........ ........ ........ ....... ........ ........ .

Anu : Had you got your Progress Report
before you were promoted to class
Four?

Binu : ....... ........ ........ ....... ........ ........

Anu : What will you have done by next year?

Binu : ....... ........ ........ ....... ........ ........

Read and learn. (Present Perfect Tense)
• I have been to Pokhara. (Past Perfect Tense)
• I had played football. (Future Perfect Tense)
• I shall have passed the exam.

1. Present Perfect Tense

Sentences Structures

• She has done her duty. S. + has + V3 + O

• You have finished your work. S. + have + V3 + O

(I / We / You / They / plural nouns) S. + have + V3 + O

(He / She / It / Singular nouns) S. + has + V3 + O

It is used to talk about an action that began in the past and has just
been completed.

126 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

2. Past Perfect Tense

Sentences Structures

I had given him a bag. S. + had + V³ + O

She had given him a bag. S. + had + V³ + O

The action which had been finished at the time it was observed

in the past is said to be in the past perfect tense.
3. Future Perfect Tense

Sentences Structures

She will have eaten the mango. S. + shall /will +have + V3 + O.

We shall not have finished the work. S. +shall/ will+ not+ have+

V3 + O.

The work which will have already finished when it is observed at
some point of time in future is in future perfect tense.

Forms of Verbs

Present Past Past participle
act acted acted
agree agreed agreed
appear appeared appeared
arrive arrived arrived
awake awoke awaken
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt burnt

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 127

buy bought bought
care cared cared
carry carried carried
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
change changed changed
choose chose chosen
come came come
compare compared compared
continue continued continued
copy copied copied
creep crept crept
crow crowed crowed
cry cried cried
cut cut cut
dance danced danced
deal dealt dealt
die died died
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fitted fitted

128 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Listen and speak I shall — /aIsAl/
I will — I'll /ail/
Contractions I had — I'd /aid/
I am — I'm /aim/ I would — I'd /aid/
I have — I've /aiv/ he is — he's /hi:z/
you are — you're /jua(r)/
you will — you'll /ju:l/
you have — you've /ju:v/

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Tick the correct option in the following sentences.
a. Shan't / Won't he have drawn the figure?

b. I shall / do have cooked food.

c. They will have write / written.

d. We shall have / has drunk tea.

e. You will / shall have written a letter.

f. She won't have / has eaten fruits.

g. She shall / will not have played.

2. Change the following sentences into future perfect tense.
a. You have not sung a song. b. Haven't they reached there?

c. I have carried the bag. d. Has the sun set?

e. He has swum. f. The plane has taken off.

3. Fill in the blanks with the past perfect form of the given verb:
a. He had not arrived till I stayed there. (arrive)
b. Where ............... they ............... ? (go)
c. She ...............not............... me until then. (see)
d. All the boys ............... their fees. (pay)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 129

e. Why ............... you not ...............before he came? (go)
f. The meeting............... before we reached there. (begin)
g. ............... he ............... before you reached there? (go)
4. Fill in the blanks with the verb in the future perfect tense:
a. They will have stopped their work by then. (stop)
b. ............... she ............... the cow? (milk)
c. I ............... my work. (finish)
d. We............... football (play)
e. I ............... the sum by tomorrow. (solve)
f. They ............... flute by then. (play)
g. He ............... this story. (hear)

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Use the past participle form of the given verbs in the following
sentences.

a. Had Dinesh (tear) the old shirt?

Had Dinesh turn the old shirt?
b. Lakshya hadn't (wear) a black coat.
c. Manita hadn't (break) the bottle.
d. Had you (kill) a poisonous snake?
e. Anup had (behold) the scene.
f. Ashik had (feed) the cows.
2. Make sentences in the present perfect tense using the words in the
brackets.
a. Sonu (travel) around the world.

Sonu has travelled around the world.

b. They (buy) a new house.

c. John (live) in the same house.

130 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

d. Sumit (go) to the store.

e. We (complete) our work.
3. Make seven sentences form the following table.

He a car.

She a baby boy.

It has two legs.

They have got a ball.

You a bike.

I a book.

We some pens.

a) He has got a car. b) ...............................................

c) ............................................... d) ...............................................

e) ............................................... f) ...............................................

g) ............................................... h) ...............................................

4. Match the following with their contracted form.

I have • You've

We have • Haven't

You have • I've

They have • We've

Have not • They've

She has • It's

He has • She's

It has • Hasn't

Has not • He's

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 131

Test Paper-II

Second Terminal Examination

Subject : English Grammar F. M.

Class : Four P. M.

1. Fill in the blanks with 'and, but, to, or although' to complete the
following sentences.
a. Do you like apple .............................. orange?
b. Open the door ........................... go outside.
c. I can speak English ............................ I can't speak Japanese.
d. I have to go to market. .............................. buy a pen.
e. ..................... Ramu always goes to school he failed in the exam.

2. Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions given in brackets.
a. I am sorry ................... the delay. (at, for, from)
b. Put your money ................... your pocket. (by, into, on)
c. I go to bed ................... 8 o'clock. (for, on, at)
d. Let's walk ................... foot. (to, by, on)

3. Fill 'a', 'an' or 'the' where necessary.
a. ................... Ramayan is holy book of Hindus.
b. Raju gave me ................... mango and ................... orange.
c. He is ................... honest man.
d. ................... Karnali is the longest river of Nepal.
e. There is ................... lion in the den.

4. Rearrange the following words to make sensible sentences.
a. to/ like/ do/ you/ play/ football? ....................................
b. the/open/ did not / Seema /door. ....................................

132 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

c. a/ person/ like/ I/ kind hearted. .....................................

d. brother/ help/ please/ your. .....................................

e. gone/ had/ where/ you ? .....................................

5. Match the adverbs in column 'A' with their opposites in
column 'B'.
Column 'A' Column 'B'

kindly • • wisely

never • • inside

outside • • cruelly

foolishly • • always

6. Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and write them in
the blanks.

a. Rajan fought with Krishna bravely. ....................................

b. He knows me well. .....................................

c. He ran forward. .....................................

d. Kamala is writing now. .....................................

e. Mina is sleeping soundly. .....................................

7. Change the following sentences into past continuous tense.

a. I am writing an essay. ....................................................

b. Bina is washing her clothes. ....................................................

c. She is singing. ....................................................

d. Kamal is playing well. ....................................................

e. Ratna is sleeping. ...................................................

8. Use the following prepositions in sentences of your own.

between, among, to, into, during

9. What is an adverb? Write its kinds with examples.

10. Define co-ordinating conjunctions with examples.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 133

16Lesson
Tense: Perfect Continuous

Before you begin Tense
.... ..... .....
Name the tense of these sentences: .... ..... .....
● I have been singing for two hours. .... ..... .....
● She has been sleeping since 9 o’clock. .... ..... .....
● They will have been playing for three days. .... ..... .....
● Students had been coming for ten weeks.
● Ranju has been working here for five years.

Look, read and learn.

Present Tense Simple Perfect
Continuous Perfect Continuous

Past Tense Simple Perfect
Continuous Perfect Continuous

Future Tense Simple Perfect
Continuous Perfect Continuous

134 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Let's discuss perfect continuous tense.
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• I have been waiting for my best friend for an hour.
• He has been reading since morning.
The verbs in the above sentences are used in the present perfect continuous

tense. This tense it is used to express an action that began in the past
and is still going on.
Structure
• S. +has/have +been+ V4+ Obj.

I/We/They/Plural nouns+ have been+ V4 + O.
He/She/It/Singular nouns+ has been+ V4 + O.

2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
She had been painting the wall.
They had been drawing a figure.
John had not been singing a song.
The verbs in the above sentences are used in the past perfect continuous
tense. The action which had been already started and had been continually
going on at some point of time in the past is said to be in the past perfect
continuous tense.
Structure
• S. +had/been + V4 + Obj.

3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
I shall have been going along the road.
Kajal will have been walking to the friends' house.
The verbs in the above sentences are used in the future perfect continuous
tense. The work which will have already started and will have been
going on at some point of time in the future is said to be in future perfect
continuous tense.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 135

Structure
Example: Sub.+ shall/will + have been + V4 + Obj.

Listen and speak he would — he'd /hi:d/
he had — he'd /hi:d/
Contractions she had — she'd /Si:d/
he will — he'll /hi:l/
she will — she'll /Si:l/
she is — she's /Si:z/

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Read the following sentences and write down whether they are
written in present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous or
future perfect continuous tense.
a. I shall have been loving my friend till my death.

....................................................................................................... .

b. Kunal had been giving thanks to the God for good luck.

....................................................................................................... .

c. They have been holding their meeting since yesterday.

....................................................................................................... .
d. We will have been helping you after S.L.C.

....................................................................................................... .
e. She will have been loving her parents.

....................................................................................................... .

136 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

f. She has been calling her for a long time.

....................................................................................................... .
g. They had been trying to meet you in the evening.

....................................................................................................... .
2. Write two sentences each for present perfect continuous, past

perfect continuous and future perfect continuous tense.
Present Perfect Continuous
a) ....................................................................................................... .
b) ....................................................................................................... .
Perfect Perfect Continuous
a) ....................................................................................................... .
b) ....................................................................................................... .
Future Perfect Continuous
a) ....................................................................................................... .
b) ....................................................................................................... .
3. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs in the present perfect
continuous tense.
a. She....................for two hours. (wait)
► She has been waiting for two hours.
b. He...........not................since 6 o'clock. (sleep)
.......................................................................................................

c. The girls...............since the evening. (dance)
.......................................................................................................
d. We.................too fast. (run)
.......................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 137

e. You...............here since 2060. (live)
.......................................................................................................
f. They.................for long. (drink)
.......................................................................................................
g. I................since the morning. (work)
.......................................................................................................
h. It...............for four days. (rain)
.......................................................................................................
4. Change the sentences in present perfect continuous into past
perfect continuous tense.
a. He hasn't been trying to meet you.
► He hadn't been trying to meet you.
b. I have not been playing.

.......................................... .............................................................

c. All the students have been dancing.

.......................................................................................................

d. Haven't you been studying since 28th of April?

.......................................................................................................

e. Has he not been playing the harmonium?

.......................................................................................................

f. The girls have not been living here.
.......................................................................................................
g. All the players have been playing.
.......................................................................................................
138 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

h. Boys haven't been dancing well.
.......................................................................................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the past perfect continuous
tense.

a. She..............since 2 o'clock. (dance)

► She had been dancing since 2 o'clock.
b. We..............since Sunday. (play)
c. The boy..............for an hour. (enjoy)
d. He............for the bus. (wait)
e. Students................. . (read)
f. She............since 4 o'clock. (sleep)
g. It..................since Monday. (rain)
h. She................from fever for a long time. (suffer)
2. Change the following sentences into the future perfect continuous
tense.
a. Dinesh has not been writing. ………………………….

b. Anup has been tearing cloth. ………………………….

c. Has Manita been spinning? ………………………….

d. Yogita hadn't been drawing. ………………………….

e. Deepa had been swimming. ………………………….

f. Had Nisha been singing for an hour? ………..........……………

g. Geeta has been sleeping. ………………………….

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 139

3. Fill in the blanks with 'since' or 'for'.
a. He has been eating...................half an hour.
b. They have been in India...............three weeks.
c. He's gone abroad.....................three years.
d. The government has built many infrastructures................1948.
e. They have had no correspondence..................ten months.
f. Krishna has waited for the result.................sixteen days.
g. She has been living here .............. last Sunday.

4. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the future perfect continuous
tense.
a. They..............hard for many months. (work)
► They will have been working hard for many months.
b. She..............in Kathmandu for 20 years. (live)
c. ..............I not..............for ten hours? (read)
d. The boy...............English for months. (study)
e. Why...............he................for four hours? (walk)
f. Students..................hard for many days. (dance)
g. Mina................... Pokhara for two days. (visit)
h. The girl..............English for years. (practise)

140 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

L1ess7on Participles

Before you begin

Read these sentences.
● I was working.
● He saw a girl carrying a bag.
● Rita got on a running bus.
● A broken mirror is useless.
● Things once sold can’t be returned.
● Bitten by snow, the beggar died.
● Having failed twice, she didn’t want to study again.
● Having reached there, we were happy.

Look, read and learn.

• What do you mean by • Participle is a word formed
participle? from a verb and used as an
adjectives.
• Name the kinds of participles.
• What do you mean by present • There are altogether three kinds of
participles. They are 'present', 'past'
participle? and 'perfect' participle.

• What is past participle? • The form of the verb that ends in 'ing'
is called present participle.
• What is the perfect participle?
• The form of verb that ends in 'ed', 't'
and denotes the action which is already
completed is called past participle.

• The form of a verb which is already
completed in the past is called the
perfect participle.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 141

Kinds of Participles

1. Present Participle

Subject Verb Noun or Pronoun Present Participle
I saw
We listened to them climbing up a tree.

the music playing on the radio.

2. Past Participle

Subject Verb Noun or Pronoun Past Participle
I found a camera left by the boy.
He got the book sent by his friend.

3. Perfect Participle
Structure: Having + Past Participle

• Having taken rest, we continued our journey.
• Having heard the news, we went there.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the participles and write their types.
a. He kept me sitting.
.......................................................................................................... .
b. Bitten by snow, she died.
.......................................................................................................... .
c. Her singing is quite sweet.
.......................................................................................................... .
d. Having mended the watch he put it into the pocket.
.......................................................................................................... .
e. He opened the door and came out.
.......................................................................................................... .
f. She worked hard, so she passed.
.......................................................................................................... .

142 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

2. Complete the following sentences with present participle.
a. This is our.........................room. (read)
b. Hawk is a .................................bird. (hunt)
c. I see you.............................. by my house every day. (pass)
d. There is no............................water. (drink)
e. I had to keep....................... (wait)
f. The birds flew away........................ . (chirp)
g. Ram met Gita.............................down the hill. (run)
h. I saw children..................................to school. (go)

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Complete the following sentences using the words in the
brackets.
a. The boy heard his name....................... (Balu)

b. The school remains........................... . (close)

c. The house was.........................to ashes. (burn)

d. The village was quite............................ (desert)

e. The newly......................policy has many advantages. (adopt)
2. Answer the questions.

a. What do you mean by Present Participle? Give examples.
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
b. What do you mean by Past Participle? Give examples.
.....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
c. What do you mean by Perfect Participle? Give examples.
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 143

L1ess8on Tag Questions

Before you begin

Act out the conversation:
Hema : Look! Navin is coming.
Khem : You are very late this

morning, aren't you?
Navin : I'm very sorry, Khem. You've

checked my essay, haven't
you?
Khem : Yes, I've. I'll show it
tomorrow.
Navin : Tomorrow is holiday, isn't it?
Khem : Oh, yes. Then let's meet day after tomorrow, shall we?
Navin : Yes, of course.
Khem : You'll have to come in time, won't you?
Navin : Yes, I wilL

Read and learn.

Roshan is a boy, isn't he?
She was a nurse, wasn't she?
He doesn't play, does he?
I am singing, aren't I?
I will call you, won't I?
This is a horse, isn't it?
Nepal is small but beautiful, isn't it?
She went outside, didn't she?
Janak doesn't run fast, does he?

144 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

In the sentences above, there are two parts: (i) statements and (ii)
tag questions. Sentences before the comma are statements and after
the comma are tag questions. Tag questions are tail questions used to
emphasize the stated terms.
Let's read some examples of questions tags:
After the statement, comma (,) is needed.

e.g. : He is my friend, isn't he?
► Tag question starts with small letter.
e.g. : They had eaten, hadn't they?
► 'Not' of tag question will be in contracted (short) form.
e.g. : He was my classmate, wasn't he ?
► Question mark (?) is needed at the end of a tag question.
e.g. : Rima will come, won't she?
► Noun is replaced by pronoun.
e.g. : Shanti has worked, hasn't she?
► If there is an auxiliary verb in statement, the same auxiliary is used.
e.g. : Sumitra is going, isn't she?
► If statement is positive, tag question will be negative.
e.g. : I am a boy, aren't I ?
► He is your father, isn't he ?
► If statement is negative, tag question will be positive.
e.g. : I am not a boy, am I?
► She was not there, was she?

Let's read some more examples with structures of questions tags.

Statement Tag question

S+V1 + O. don't + Pronoun?

I cook food, don't I?

S + don't + V1 + O. do + Pronoun?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 145

We don't play, do we?
S + V5 + O. doesn't + Pronoun?
Kiran loves me, doesn't he?
S + doesn't + V1 + O. does + Pronoun?
Seema doesn't know, does she?
S + V2 + O. didn't + Pronoun?
He killed it, didn't he?
S + didn't + V1 + O. did + Pronoun?
Mr. Roshan didn't forget, did he ?

• If statement is in command (V1 + Obj) will you?

Go there, will you?

Sit down, will you?

Help me, will you?

Call them, will you?

Listen and speak

Contractions

it is - it's /its/ they have - they're /Tei(r)/

it will - it'll /itl/ they had - they'd /Teid/

we are - we're /wia(r)/ they would - they'd /Teid/

we shall - we'll /wi:l/ isnot - isn't /iznt/

we will - we'll /wi:l/ hasnot - hasn't /hreznt/

we would - we'd /wi:d/ cannot - can't /ka:nt/

we had - we'd /wi:d/ had not - hadn't /hAdn't/

we have - we've /wi:hrev/ has not - hasn't /hreznt/

they are - they're /Tea(r)/ are not - aren't /a:nt/

they will - they'll /Teil/ couldnot - couldn't /kudn't/

146 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write the correct tag questions. .........................?
a. I have bought a bicycle, .........................?

b. We have invited them,

c. Binaya has sold his cows, .........................?
d. Hemanta has helped them, .........................?
e. Shonika will be an engineer, .........................?

f. Sujita's father has built a house, .........................?

g. Anil can't catch the fish, .........................?

h. It may rain today, .........................?

i. Gita won't pass the exam, .........................?

j. The watchman rings the bell, .........................?

k. Nita won't come, .........................?

l. It's not a beautiful day, .........................?
2. Add suitable tag questions in the blanks.

a. I sing a song, ..........................?

b. Laxmi dances well, ..........................?

c. Binita cooks food, ..........................?

d. Jharana does her homework, ..........................?

e. I want your help, ..........................?

f. You come here, ..........................?

g. Subigya complains to the teacher, ..........................?

h. Kamala's brother sleeps, ..........................?

i. Karna always helps us, ..........................?

j. Raju sings well, ..........................?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 147

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable tag questions. ........................?
a. I have a ring,

b. We have many books, ........................?

c. You have a little money, ........................?

d. Yubaraj has a Chinese bike, ........................?

e. Roshan has a story book, ........................?

f. My mummy had a scooter, ........................?

g. She had an umbrella, ........................?

h. I don't have much money, ........................?

i. He has no bad friends, ........................?

2. Write appropriate tag questions to the following sentences.

a. Muna does not look at me, ........................?

b. You have not read this book, ........................?

c. Nisha has finished the mangoes, ........................?

d. She studies English grammar, ........................?

e. The aunt laughed, ........................?

f. They must complete, ........................?

g. You used to smoke, ........................?

h. I may borrow a pen, ........................?

j. She has come to stay with us, ........................?

k. I recognized your voice at once, ........................?

148 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

i. I would never have been in this position

without you, ........................?

3. Read the statements and put suitable tag questions:

a. He called a taxi driver, ..........................?

b. He seemed very happy, ..........................?

c. The hermit convinced her, ..........................?

d. He easily recognized us, ..........................?

e. Aman's wife boiled water, ..........................?

f. My brother attended the class, ..........................?

g. Usha spoke Maithili yesterday, ..........................?

h. We cleaned our house, ..........................?

i. He didn't give his pen, ..........................?

j. Suraj didn't close his eyes, ..........................?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 149

19Lesson
Active and Passive Voice

Before you begin

Study the differences below:

• I cook food. • Food is cooked by me.
A book is read by him.
• He reads a book. • Tea is taken by us.
A poem was written by her.
• We take tea. • The work was finished by Paru.
The door is opened by Dilip.
• She wrote a poem. •

• Paru finished the work. •

• Dilip opens the door. •

Look, read and learn.

What is called voice, The form of verb that shows the action
Minu? either done by the subject or upon the
subject is called voice.
How many kinds of
voices are there? There are two kinds of voices. They are
active and passive.
Can you give me the
definition of active voice? Yes, the action that is done by the
subject is said to be in the active voice.
Please, give an example
of active voice. Robin eats an apple.

Give one example of the An apple is eaten by Robin.
passive voice.

150 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4