Applied Grammar 4

b. They destroyed ........................... .

c. Prabesh dressed ........................... .

d. An aeroplane flew ........................... .

e. Everything in this world changes ................. .

f. Good students try to find the answers .....................

g. Ram threw a stone ........................... .

h. The people removed the obstacles ............................ .

6. Rewrite the following sentences as given in example.

i. It's my book. It's mine.

ii. It's their house. ............................................

iii. It's his bike. ............................................

iv. It's your pen. ............................................

v. It's her comb. ............................................

7. Replace the highlighted nouns with pronouns and rewrite the
sentences.
a. Prabesh and Hemanta study together in the same school.
Prabesh and Hemanta go to school together.

Prabesh and Hemanta sit in the class together.

b. A cat waits for a rat outside a rat’s hole. The cat eats rat.

c. Mohan Basnet is wearing a cap. Mohan Basnet looks handsome
in cap.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 51

6Lesson
Verbs: Kinds and Uses

Before you begin

Read the following passage and pick out the verbs.

Butterflies

Butterflies are flying insects.
They have two pairs of large,
colourful wings. Butterflies
are beautiful. Butterflies and
moths live almost everywhere
in the world where plants
grow, except Antarctica and
the sea. Many have colourful
patterned wings and are among the most beautiful of all insects.
There are about 18,000 species of butterflies but many more moths.
At least 1,70,000 species of moths are known. Experts think there
may be thousands more yet to be discovered.

Look, read and learn.

The sun shines The baby sleeps The boy runs

The birds fly Manish sits Girls dance

52 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

In the above sentences, words like ‘shines, sleeps, runs, fly, sits and
dance’ are action words. These words tell us about the work done by
some persons, animals or things. Such action words are called verbs.
Read the question-answer:
What does the sun do?
► shines.
What does the baby do?
► sleeps.
What does the boy do?
► runs.
What do the birds do?
► fly.
What does Manish do ?
► sits.
What do girls do?
► dance.

Note : These all answers are action words. They are called verbs.

What is a verb, Ishwor? A verb is a word that tells
What are the kinds of something about a person
verbs? or thing and its action,
event and state. The verb
is the most essential part
of a sentence. Without a
verb, there is no sentence.

Forms of verbs
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 53

Forms of Verbs

There are five forms of verb.
1. 'V1' form = first form/ base form/plain form, plural number =

(go, come, eat, play) – present.
2. 'V2' form = second form/singular/plural number (went, came,

wrote, played) - past
3. 'V3' form = third form/singular/ plural number (gone, come,

written, eaten) -past participle
4. 'V4' form = fourth form/(ing-form)/(V1+ ing) singular/ plural

number (going, coming, playing, reading) -present
participle
5. 'V5' form = fifth form, singular number (goes, comes, plays,
sings) - present.

Verb form

Weak verb Strong verb

The verb which can be changed into the past
form by adding 'd, ed, t' or a little change of
vowel is known as a weak verb.

Forms of weak verbs

Infinitive Past tense Past participle
weep wept wept
spent
spend spent swept
bled
sweep swept bent
burnt
bleed bled promoted
fed
bend bent dreamt

burn burnt

promote promoted

feed fed

dream dreamt

54 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

The verb which can be changed into the past form only
by changing a vowel or by adding 'n' or 'en' is known
as a strong verb.

Forms of strong verbs

Infinitive Past tense Past participle

shrink shrank shrunk
ring rang rung
swear swore sworn
freeze froze frozen
wear wore worn
swing swung swung
sting stung stung
slink slunk slunk
tear tore torn
sow sowed shown
shake shook shaken
break broke broken
bite bit bitten
behold beheld beheld
bear bore born

There are different types of verbs.

► Main verbs : sing, play, go, help, write, cook, jump,
dance, etc.
is, am, are, was, were, has, have, can, do,
► Auxiliary verbs : does, etc.
play, cook, jump, etc.
(Helping verbs) drink, eat, sleep, etc.
go, play, help, write, sing, etc.
► Regular verbs : went, played, helped, wrote, sang, etc.
gone, played, helped, written, sung, etc.
► Irregular verbs : going, playing, helping, writing, etc.

► Simple (root) verbs :

► Past verbs :

► Past participle verbs :

► Present participle verbs :

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 55

The auxiliary verbs

is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can,
could, may, might, must, do, does, did, used to, dare, need and ought to

Transitive verbs
Structure: S + V + O (direct obj.)
a. He wrote a letter. (what written? - letter (obj.)
b. She ate an apple. (what eaten? - apple (obj)

Intransitive verbs Examples:
Structure: S. + Verb
a. She smiled. Intransitive Transitive
b. The cat died suddenly.
c. She weeps. ► The car stopped. ► He stopped the car.

► Water boils. ► She boils the water.

Note: A transitive verb is a verb that expresses its complete
meaning taking an object. An intransitive verb is a verb that
expresses its complete meaning even without taking an object.

Listen and speak

Sound /uE/
poor, tourist, doer, cure, sure, pure, lure, curiosity

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Circle the auxiliary verbs and underline the main verbs in the
following sentences.
a. Dolma has done her homework.
b. Binda may cook if she comes.
c. Do they take chicken soup ?

56 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

d. They will sing in the concert.

e. Kapil can do his work.

f. Suma has called me.
2. Write 'T' for transitive and 'I' for intransitive verbs in the

following sentences.

a. The baby sleeps. ( )

b. Water froze. ( )
( )
c. He runs very fast. ( )
( )
d. The girls ran. ( )
( )
e. Keep quiet. ( )

f. The sun shines.

g. Bijaya laughed.

h. Flowers grow in the garden.

i. They are walking. ( )

j. Kanchan comes at night. ( )

3. Cross out the wrong ones.
a. He (dreams/dreamt) today.

b. He has (sweep/swept).

c. He (shine/shone) his shoes.

d. He (hates/hate) cheating.

e. The children (was/were) happy.

f. They can (sell/sells) all the land.

4. Put suitable auxiliaries in the blanks.
Did, has, are, could

a. The boys............reading quietly.

b. Renu............spoken to my father about me.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 57

c. ............you show me the way to your school ?

d. I............finish my exam in time.
5. Fill in the blanks with past form (V2) of the verbs given in the

brackets.
a. I............... my work. (complete)

b. He............... the news. (hear)

c. He ............... the car well. (drive)

d. He ............... English well. (speak)

e. Hira............... to America. (go)

f. Anju ............... me. (oppose)

g. She ............... me. (greet)

h. She ............... her uncle. (visit)

i. !............... the station. (reach)

j. I ............... my pen there. (lose)

k. They............... badminton. (play)

l. We ...................a lot. (enjoy)

6. Complete the forms of the verbs given below and find out
whether they are regular or irregular.

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 Regular or
Irregular

go

sing

cook

play

58 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Complete the forms of the verbs given below and find out
whether they are regular or irregular.

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 Regular or
Irregular

write

push

take

walk

give

bring

fall

see

kill

2. Choose the right verbs and complete the sentences.
a. Sugar (smells, tastes, feels) sweet.
.........................................................................................
b. Wood (swims, flows, floats) on water.
.........................................................................................
c. The wind (drove, blew, flew) my hat off.
.........................................................................................
d. Ships (sail,walk, fly) across the sea.
.........................................................................................
e. The aeroplane (fields, flew, drove) from Kathmandu to London.
.........................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 59

f. The woman (seems, thinks, grows) tired.

.........................................................................................

3. Underline the main verbs and circle the auxiliary verbs in the
passage and write them in the following table.

Chunmun is a little butterfly. She is different from all her friends.
Her wings are white. She has no colours on her wings. "Where are
such lovely colours?" Chunmun asked the flower. The flower said,
“We do not know.” Chunmun asked the green grass where were
they from? The grass did not know. Chunmun asked the sun, the
river and the birds, but even they would not help her. She was very
disappointed.

Main verbs Auxiliary verbs

4. Answer these questions.
a. What do you mean by verb ?
b. Show the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs
with exampler.

60 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

7Lesson
Adjectives: Comparison

Before you begin

Read the sentences and find the differences.
A bicycle runs fast.
A scooter runs faster than a bicycle.
A car runs the fastest among the three.
The watch costs Rs. 1000.
The radio costs more than the watch.
The television set costs more than the radio.
The television set is the most expensive of all.

Look, read and learn.

Ram Krishna Raju
Age : 4 yrs Age : 12 yrs Age : 25 yrs
Height : 3 fit Height : 4 fit Height : 6 fit

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 61

1. a. Ram is tall.
b. Krishna is taller than Ram.
c. Raju is the tallest of all three.

In above sentences, the words 'tall, taller, tallest have been used as
adjectives of comparison. These three forms of adjectives are called
the degree of comparison.

Let's learn three degrees of comparison of adjectives.

taller tallest
Superlative degree

tall Comparative degree

Positive degree

In the above sentences, 'tall' qualifies a single noun 'boy', 'taller'
compares the height of 'two boys' and 'tallest' compares the height of
'more than two boys'.

Positive degree : The form of adjective that qualifies a single noun
is known as the positive degree of adjective.

Comparative degree : The form of adjective that is used to compare two
persons or things is known as the comparative
degree of adjective.

Superlative degree : The form of adjective that is used to compare
more than two persons or things is known as
the superlative degree of adjective.

Note : 'Than' is used after the comparative degree.
'The' is used before the superlative degree.

62 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Formation of the degree of adjectives
By adding 'er' or 'est' to the positive degree:

Positive Comparative Superlative

short shorter shortest
sweet sweeter sweetest
kind kinder kindest
black blacker blackest
long longer longest
dark darker darkest
deep deeper deepest
rich richer richest
strong stronger strongest

By adding 'r' or 'st' to the positive degree:

Positive Comparative Superlative

able abler ablest
noble nobler noblest
larger larger largest
wise wiser wisest
brave braver bravest

By doubling the last consonant if a vowel comes before it and then
adding 'er' and 'est':

Positive Comparative Superlative

sad sadder saddest

thin thinner thinnest

big bigger biggest

hot hotter hottest

fat fatter fattest

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 63

by changing the last 'y' into 'i' if a consonant comes before it and
then adding 'er' and 'est':

Positive Comparative Superlative

happy happier happiest
heavy heavier heaviest
dry drier driest
lucky luckier luckiest

By changing the whole word:

Positive Comparative Superlative

up upper uppermost
in inner innermost
little less least
bad worse worst
good better best
far farther/further farthest/furthest
out outer outermost
late later last
old older/elder oldest/eldest
many/much more most

By putting 'more' and 'most' before the positive degree:

Positive Comparative Superlative
active more active most active
obedient more obedient most obedient
difficult more difficult most difficult
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
useful more useful most useful
foolish more foolish most foolish
useless more useless most useless

64 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

As stated earlier if the positive degree 'ends' in 'y' and the 'y' is preceded
by a consonant, it is changed into 'i'. But if the 'y' is preceded by a vowel
then it is not changed.

Positive Comparative Superlative
happy happier happiest
heavy heavier heaviest
lazy lazier laziest
merry merrier merriest

But

Positive Comparative Superlative

grey greyer greyest

gay gayer gayest

More examples:

Positive Comparative Superlative

big bigger biggest

sad sadder saddest

fat fatter fattest

hot hotter hottest
faithful more faithful most faithful
courageous more courageous most courageous
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
industrial more industrial most industrial

Positive Comparative Superlative
much more most
little less least
old older oldest
good better best
bad worse worst

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 65

Listen and speak
Sound / † /

birth, earth, thick, thin, thing, both, mouth, three, cloth

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the adjective and state its degree.

a. Sapana is a beautiful girl.

.....................................................................................

b. Rajiv is taller than Raju.

.....................................................................................

c. Ramesh is the poorest man of that village.

....................................................................................

d. America is more powerful than India.

.....................................................................................

e. Kapil is the noblest member of his family.

.....................................................................................

f. Purna is less modern than Bipana.

.....................................................................................

g. The exercise is more difficult for all.

.....................................................................................

2. Write the correct forms of the adjectives given below.
Positive Comparative Superlative

....................... ........................ least
........................ ........................ oldest
interesting ........................ ........................

........................ worse ........................

........................ more beautiful ........................

healthy ........................ ........................

........................ easier ........................

66 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

........................ ........................ noblest

good greater ........................

........................ ........................ thinnest

........................ ........................ ........................

busy ........................ ........................

........................ thicker ........................

3. Write comparative and superlative degrees of the following
adjectives.

good .............................. ..............................

pretty .............................. ..............................

lovely .............................. ..............................

able .............................. ..............................

dry .............................. ..............................

small .............................. ..............................

important .............................. ..............................

intelligent .............................. ..............................

high .............................. ..............................

gentle .............................. ..............................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Write comparative and superlative degrees in the blanks.
beautiful .............................. ..............................
famous .............................. ..............................
proud .............................. ..............................
active .............................. ..............................
weak .............................. ..............................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 67

hot .............................. ..............................
cold .............................. ..............................
heavy .............................. ..............................
light .............................. ..............................
industrial .............................. ..............................
lucky .............................. ..............................
idle .............................. ..............................
sad .............................. ..............................
wise .............................. ..............................
costly .............................. ..............................
large .............................. ..............................

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective given in
the brackets.
a. Health is................than wealth. (important)
b. My brother is...................than your brother. (old)
c. This is the................book in the library. (good)
d. Kathmandu is the .....................city in Nepal. (big)
e. Bipana is a ......................girl. (beautiful)
f. Raju is .........................than Rajiv. (intelligent)
g. Iron is the ....................of all metals. (useful)
h. He was the ....................man in the village. (happy)
i. American people are.....................than Indian. (peaceful)
j. This lesson is. ...................than the last one. (difficult)
k. Today's weather is the ...................... in the weak. (bad)
l. Raju is the ................boy in the class. (active)
m. Rani is...............girl. (pretty)

n. You are .........................than me. (small)

o. Bipana can walk .........................than any other girl. (fast)

p. Ramu is as......................as Mohan. (active)

68 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-3 Class Activity

1. Read the following text and underline the adjective.
It was Nisha’s birthday. The day was Saturday. She celebrates her

birthday with great joy every year. She invited her close friends in
the evening. Her mother baked a big cake, prepared very delicious
dishes. Nisha decorated her house and made it very beautiful
with colourful balloons and ribbons. She cut the cake and gave it
to her friends. She got many lovely gifts. Everybody sang “Happy
Birthday to you…………….!”
2. Select the correct words from the alternatives given in the brackets.
a. He is (richer/more rich) than Karuna.

b. No (fewer/few) than five girls were present.

c. I am (more junior/junior) to him.

d. Iron is a (heavy/heavier) metal.

e. Samir gets a (smallest/small) apple.

f. Bipana is my (elder/older) sister.

g. Rahul came (later/latter) than me.

h. Who is (cleverer/cleverest), Tara or Juna?

i. Ranju is my (younger/young) sister.

3. Answer the following questions.
a. A ruler is longer than a pen and a walking stick is longer than
a ruler. Which is the longest of them all? Which is the shortest
of all?

............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 69

b. Bipana is taller than Sapana and Sapana is taller than Rita.
Who is the tallest girl? Who is the shortest?

............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
c. Nepal is bigger than Bhutan. Nepal is smaller than India.

Which is the biggest country? Which is the smallest country?
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
d. You are stronger than your brother. You are weaker than

your sister. Who is the strongest ? Who is the weakest?
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
4. What is an adjective? Give examples.
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................

5. Write the comparative degree of these adjectives.
Example:

Tall - Taller Expensive-More expensive Good - Better

Short Old Young Small Big Large

Slow Quick Fast Fat Thin Heavy

Light Cheap Difficult Easy Weak Much

Little High Bad Happy Sad Hot

70 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

6. Answer these questions using ‘too’.
Example:
Why can’t a knife cut stone?
Because it’s too hard.

tall heavy cold big quiet
high
hot dark wide small

a. Why can’t you jump over a house?
b. Why can’t you lift an elephant?
c. Why can’t you bathe at Mt. Everest?
d. Why can’t you put the bicycle in your bag?
e. Why can’t you hear your heart beat?
f. Why can’t you drink boiling water?
g. Why can’t you read a long novel at night?
h. Why can’t you jump across the Koshi River?
i. Why can’t you stand up in a car?
j. Why can’t you touch the ceiling?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 71

Test Paper-I

First Terminal Examination

Subject : English Grammar F. M.

Class : Four P. M.

1. Change the following sentences into Wh-questions as given.
a. This is in my room. (Where)
b. Biru told the boy to play. (Who)
c. I meet my friend. (Whom)
d. Paru lives in Birgunj. (Where)
e. This is Sabin's house. (Whose)

2. Change the following into abstract nouns.
minor ....................... add ..........................
see ....................... press ..........................
s imple ....................... sad ..........................
able ....................... die ..........................
3. Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns given below.
gang / committee / army / bunch / shoal

a. A .................... of 10 members was formed.

b. The chief of .................... marched in to the battlefield.

c. The fisherman saw a big .................... of fish.

d. I have a .................... of keys.

e. A .................... of thieves entered the village at night.
4. Change naming words of the following sentences into plural and

rewrite them correctly.
a. The dog kills the rat. ............................

72 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

b. A child is playing here. ............................

c. A student needs a pen. ............................

d. I have a white tooth. ............................

e. A policeman caught a thief. ............................

5. Tick (√) the right word in the following sentences.
a. These (elephant, elephants) are very big.

b. There are several (book, books).

c. I crossed several (city, cities) on the (journey, journeys).

d. We missed several (bus, buses) but we caught the last (bus, buses)

e. This (village, villages) is full of (tree, trees).

6. Write the feminine gender of the following nouns.
sir .................... bull .................... horse ....................

hero .................... Mr. .................... boy friend ....................

lad .................... waiter .................... landlord ....................

actor .................... tiger .................... husband ....................

7. Supply the correct pronouns in the gaps choosing from below.
yourselves, her, hers, me, their, themselves, himself, yourself

a. He gave a shirt....................

b. Bina is smaller than .................... .

c. That book is .................... .

d. Her name is Sabita. We call .................... Sabu.

e. They will do .................... work ....................

f. Boys, do all your work ....................

g. Binu, do it ....................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 73

8. Choose the correct verbs and write the sentences.
a. A boy (drinks, eats, chews) water.
........................................................................................................ .
b. My sister (seems, smells, listens to) the radio.
........................................................................................................ .
c. I (see, feel, taste) much cold.
........................................................................................................ .
d. The paper boat is (floating, flying, swimming) on the water.
........................................................................................................ .
e. I (eat, drink, chew) meat.
........................................................................................................ .

9. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of adjectives given in the
brackets.
a. Bipana is a .................... girl. (beautiful)
b. This is the .......................................... book of this library. (good)
c. Prevention is .......................................... than cure. (good)
d. Sabnam is the .................... gir1 in the class. (active)
e. You are .......................................... than me. (intelligent)

10. What is a verb? Give two examples each of transitive and
intransitive verbs.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................

74 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

11. Make any two sentences for each type.

a. Statement : .............................................................................

.............................................................................

b. Question : .............................................................................
.............................................................................

c. Exclamatory : .............................................................................

.............................................................................

d. Imperative : .............................................................................
.............................................................................

12. Define noun. Classify them with suitable examples.
........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................
13. Name any five nouns which are always in plural form.

................................... .............................................

................................... .............................................

...................................

14. Write a paragraph about how you celebrated your birthday last
year.

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................

........................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 75

8Lesson
Adverb and Its Types

Before you begin

Read about Kunti.
Kunti is a pianist. She plays the
piano beautifully. She practises the
piano daily. She goes to a music club
at Jorpati. There is a professional
musician who guides her. She is a very
good learner. She always reaches there
in time. She learns carefully and nicely.
List out the adverbs used above.

Look, read and learn.

He is walking Mina and Mahesh I met my grandpa He is a very tall

quickly. went there. yesterday. man.

Ananta drives I can see quite Anupam sings Nitika reads
carefully. clearly. beautifully. loudly.

76 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

The coloured words quickly, there, yesterday, very, carefully, clearly,
beautifully, loudly tell us how, where, when the action is done. They
are adverbs.

• An adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of a verb and tells
us how, when, where an action is done.

Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of
Manner Place Number

Types of Adverb

Interrogative Adverbs of
Adverbs Time

Adverbs of
Degree

1. Adverbs of Manner
Read the sentences:
► He did this work foolishly.
► He has done well.
► The old man walked slowly.
► She can run fast.

The adverbs 'foolishly, well, fast, slowly' show how or in what
manner the actions are done.

Such adverbs are called Adverbs of Manner.
• Adverbs of manner answer the question - 'How'.
• Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding 'ly' to the adjectives.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 77

2. Adverbs of Time
Read the sentences.
► He goes to school daily.
► She wakes up early.
► He is writing now.
► The doctor is coming immediately.

The adverbs daily, early, now, immediately show when the actions are
done. Such adverbs are called "Averbs of Time."
Adverbs of time answer the question - 'When'.
Some adverbs of time are last year, this week, in the evening, next Saturday, at
the moment, coming year, etc.

3. Adverbs of Place
Read the sentences.
► The boys are waiting outside.
► Air is everywhere.
► My brother has gone out.
► The boys ran ahead.
► He lives here.

► The bus stops there.
The adverbs ' outside, ahead, everywhere, here, out, there' show where
the actions are done. Such adverbs are called "Adverbs of Place."

Adverbs of place answer the question "Where".

4. Adverbs of Degree
Read the sentences.
► She is very beautiful.
► His face is extremely red.
► He is almost angry.
► The glass was nearly full.

78 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

In the above sentences, the adverbs very, extremely, almost and nearly are used
with adjectives, beautiful, red, angry, full, etc.
5. Adverbs of Number

Read the sentences.
► We often go to the cinema.
► You are always late.
► He seldom comes here.
► I never tell a lie.
► The boy struck him twice.
► She visited us once.
The adverbs 'often, always, seldom, never, twice and once' show how
often an action is done. Such adverbs are called "Adverbs of Number."
Adverbs of number answer the question- "How often".
An adverb that tells how often an action is done is called "Adverbs of Number."

Note: It is also called adverb of frequency.

6. Interrogative Adverb
Read the sentences.

► What can you do for me?

► When did you come here?

► Why are you late?

► How can you help me?

► Where did you play?

► Who called me?
In above sentences, the words ' what, when, why, how, where, who' are used
for asking questions. Adverbs which are used to ask questions are called
interrogative adverbs.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 79

For Your Memory

• Adverbs are used to describe or modify verbs, adjectives or
adverbs. They add to the meaning of a verb or adjective they
refer to. They can give information about how, when, where, or
how often an action happens.

• There are six kinds of adverbs. They are adverbs of manner, time,
place, degree, number and interrogative.

• Adverb of manner : It shows how something is done. It answers
the question ‘How’.

• Adverb of time : It shows “When.”

• Adverb of place: It shows where an action or something is done
or happens. It answers the question “Where.”

• Adverb of degree: It denotes degree of action. It answers the
question “How much?”.

• Adverb of number: It is also called adverb of frequency. It refers
to the frequency of an action. It answers the question “How
often?”.

• Interrogative adverb: It is used to ask questions about time,
place, manner, degree, etc. It starts with a wh-word and ends
with a question mark (?).

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the adverbs in the following sentences and write in the
blanks given.
a. The army fought bravely. .......................
b. This train does not stop here. .......................
c. The boy ran homewards. .......................
d. You are always late. .......................
e. The troop moved ahead. .......................
f. We have decided to meet tonight. .......................

80 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

g. He lived in the hut below. .......................
h. I shall meet him tomorrow. .......................
i. You know me well. .......................
j The man is swimming happily. .......................
k. I see things differently now. .......................
l. The child slept soundly. .......................
2. Choose the right answer from the brackets.
a. The bird sings ............................ . (beautiful/beautifully)
b. The tortoise walks ............................ . (slow/slowly)
c. The tiger is a .........................animal. (dangerous/dangerously)
d. The dog barks............................ . (loud/loudly)
3. Match the adverbs in column 'A' with their opposite meaning words in
column 'B'.
Column 'A' Column 'B'
a. always • out

b. forward • outside
c. in • never
d. wisely • backward
e. inside • foolishly
f. sadly • carefully
g. kindly • joyfully
h. quickly • nowhere
i. carefully • slowly
j. everywhere • happily
k. angrily • carelessly

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 81

4. Write the correct form of adverbs given at the end of each sentence.
a. She walked..................on the slippery road. (careful)

b. He looked at me................................. (angry)

c. The man left his house................. . (yesterday)

d. The manager spoke to the workers.................. . (nice)

e. She stood.......................in front of the people. (proud)

f. Last time I met him........................ . (here)

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Choose the suitable adverbs from the list and complete the
following sentences.
a. He lives ............................. .
b. We should work ............................. .
c. Kanchan answered the questions ............................. .
d. The girl is weeping ............................. .
e. The deer runs ............................. .
f. We planned ............................. .
g. We welcomed the Prime Minister ............................. .
h. She spoke ............................. .

wisely cleverly bitterly happily
correctly swiftly hopefully warmly

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in the box.

windy rainy snowy cloudy sunny

a. It is raining today. It's a .................... day.
b. It is very hot. It's a .................... day.
c. The wind is blowing outside. It's a .................... day.
82 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

d. It is snowing outside. It's a .................... day.
e. There is a lot of cloud in the sky. It's a .................... day.
3. Look at the example below and say.
What quality does a kind man have?
• He has kindness.

cruelty truth cleverness pride bravery
honesty wisdom gentleness beauty innocence

a. What quality does a brave fireman show?
.........................................................................................................
b. What does an innocent boy show?
.........................................................................................................
c. What quality does a cruel man show?
.........................................................................................................
d. What quality does a beautiful face show?
.........................................................................................................
e. What quality does a true story show?
.........................................................................................................
f. What quality does a wise man possess?
.........................................................................................................
g. What quality does an honest shopkeeper show?
.........................................................................................................
h. What quality does a clever man show?
.........................................................................................................
i. What quality does a gentleman show?
.........................................................................................................
j. What quality does a proud woman possess?
.........................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 83

9Lesson
Conjunction and Its Kinds

Before you begin

Read these sentences.
● Is that boy fat or thin?
● Although Shiva is rich, he is not happy.
● Pramila is thin but strong.
● Two and two makes four.
● He did not pay attention to study. Therefore he failed.
● Do it because it is your duty.
● The deer will play when the tiger is away.
● Despite his dedication, he is always unsuccessful.
In the above sentences or, although, but, and, therefore, because, when,
despite are conjunctions. They are used to join words or word groups.

Look, read and learn.

I am Jivan. I have a brother and sister. My brother
likes to read story but my sister likes to listen
music. She enjoys singing as well as dancing in
the classical songs. I sometimes ask her whether
she likes singing or dancing more. She often
replies that she does both. My brother takes story
book with him when he travels. Once he was
upset because his favourite story collection was
lost. Although his interest is reading, he enjoys
playing crickets with his friends.

84 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

In the above sentences, highlighted words and, but, as well as, or, when,
because, although are conjunctions. A conjunction is a word to link
sentences. Conjunctions are also called joining words.

• A conjunction is used to join parts of sentences.
e.g. He wants a jacket or a pair of shoes.
Here,
He wants a jacket – clause.
a pair of shoes – phrase.

• A conjunction is a word used for joining one word with
another or one sentence with another sentence.

• Conjunction is also called connective.

Some conjunctions

and but so

for yet still

if otherwise else

or as well as either........or........

neither......nor...... not only....but also whereas

while although though

that t whether unless

before after

Types of Conjunction

Co-ordinating Sub-ordinating
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 85

Co-ordinating conjunction Sub-ordinating conjunction

Co-ordinating conjunctions Sub-ordinating conjunctions join

are used to join independent subordinate or dependent clause

expressions.They are used to join to principal clause.

grammatical units of same class, 'before', 'that', 'although',
rank or pattern.
'though', 'whether', 'if',

and, but, both, else, still, not 'because', 'unless', 'until', etc. are

only... but also, where as, as well subordinating conjunctions.

as, otherwise, therefore, etc. are

co-ordinating conjunctions.

Examples Examples

i. Boys as well as girls are writing. i. Although I am small, I can

ii. I gave him a pen, therefore, he drive a taxi.

thanked me. ii. Unless you pass the exam, I

iii. Subina and Nabina both are don't believe you.

my good friends. iii. He goes to market because he

iv. He wokeup and washed his has to buy a pen.

face. iv. If it rains, don't go outside.

v. You are not only a teacher but v. Since you don't read well, you

also a parent. will fail the exam.

Listen and speak

Sound /r:/ /A/ /a:/
/I/
chick cheek cud card
be
she bee buck bark
lid
fill sea cup clerk
rich
bin lead lust last

feel duck dark

reach hut heart

bean

86 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.
a. Is that boy fat or thin?

b. Bimala is clever but idle.

c. Two and two makes four.
d. He is poor but honest.
e. Rita, as well as Sita, has passed the exam.
f. Work hard if you want to get success.
g. Don't go unless you are called.
h. Do it because it is your duty.
i. Hari and Praveen are close friends.
j. It is better to give than to receive.
k. I will not go unless he calls me.
l. She has not come to school since she fell ill.

2. Join these sentences using 'and' or 'but'.
a. His sister is thin. His brother is fat.
........................................................................................................
b. I am going to Jhapa. My friend is going to Parsa.
........................................................................................................
c. Mary goes to school. Her sister does not go to school.
........................................................................................................
d. I eat rice. I go to school.
........................................................................................................

e. Manoj eats apples. Manoj eats mangoes.
........................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 87

3. Fill in the blanks with and, but, because of, because, and or
to complete these sentences.
a. I want to eat some bread ..................... butter.
b. He is handsome ..................... proud.
c. He can speak English, Japanese ..................... Chinese.
d. He ran fast ..................... could not win the race.
e. I can't go to school ..................... I am ill.
f. He went on foot ..................... he had no money to pay for bus.
g. Open the door ..................... go in.
h. Anu is tall ..................... her sister is short.
i. Is your mother fat ..................... slim?
She is very sad ..................... she has lost her books.
j. Is the bus late ..................... heavy rain?
k. She sat down ..................... started to cry.
l. Do you like tea ..................... coffee?

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with suitable
conjunctions. Some words may be used more than once.
if although but therefore because of because until

a. Wait for me ......................... I return.
b. He missed the train ......................... heavy rain.
c. You will fail ......................... you do not work hard.
d. ......................... he is sick he wants to play.
e. He did not work hard, ......................... he failed.

88 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

f. I did not go to school ......................... I was unwell.

g. She is thin ......................... strong.

h. I called ......................... no one answered.

2. Join the sentences in column A with suitable sentences in
column B using 'but'.

'A' 'B'

I know him he is lazy.

He is strong missed the train.

She is beautiful she is not wearing a warm dress.

She has got a pen but he doesn't know me.
The book is small I can't sing.

She ran fast no ink.

He is sick he doesn't go to hospital.

It is cold he doesn't like her.

I can ride a cycle expensive.

I can dance I can't drive a car.

3. Join the following pairs of sentences using suitable conjunctions.
and, therefore, but, though, because, if
a. I have a car. I don't have enough petrol.
b. He used to sing a lot of songs. His voice was sweet.
c. She was very happy. She gave us sweet.
d. The teacher will punish us. We make noise.
e. The police did not arrest him. He was a good man.
f. We lost the match. We did not practise.
g. He ran fast. He missed the bus.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 89

4. Underline the connectives and state whether they are co-ordinating
or sub-ordinating.

a. Bread and milk is my regular food. .........................

b. Mira, as well as Tina, is tall. .........................

c. Kali is slow but she completes her work. .........................

d. Time and tide waits for none. .........................

e. I work till it is nine o'clock. .........................

f. Overtake me if you can. .........................

g. If he comes, I shall sing. .........................

h. I sang therefore I won the cup. .........................

5. Join together the following pairs of sentences, using the
conjunctions given in brackets.
a. I honour her. She is a brave woman. (because)
b. Practise more. Leave the match. (or)
c. Hari is a good boy. Hari is a kind boy. (and)
d. He is sick. He is cheerful. (yet)
e. He is intelligent. He is idle. (but)
f. He failed. He could not prepare well. (because)

90 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

L1ess0on Prepositions

Before you begin

Read the birthday greeting and put ‘of, to, on, from’.
Dear Arya,

How delightful it is.........learn that you are
celebrating your birthday next Saturday. I am
pleased........have been invited. But, I regret......
inform you that I will be out valley that day. My
best wishes........ you ........this occasion. You will
receive a small gift .......... my side, a token ........ my love.

Sincerely yours,
Malika

Read and learn.

What is preposition?

Preposition is a word or a group of words used especially before a noun or
pronoun to show place, position, time, etc. Common prepositions in English
are on, at , about, of, to, by, for, with, from, between, etc.

Types of preposition

Simple ● Simple preposition:
Compound
Phrasal It is the general preposition of one word. e.g. at,
by, from, in, of, on, through, up, with, off, etc.

● Compound preposition:

This type of preposition is composed of words,
e.g. into, within, up to, outside, around, beside,
towards, besides, etc.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 91

• Phrasal preposition:

It's a phrase used as a preposition: For example: in
order to, because of, in spite of, according to, one
by one, in course of, with an eye, at any rate, in a
hurry, etc.
Here is a list of common one-word prepositions:

at on in of by

to off below down up

over between across with besides

about since above before after

along from till into until
among inside outside beyond around
towards behind upon within without

Read the text and mark the prepositions.

Karina was born in 1996 A.D. She lived with her parents at Lake side
in Pokhara. She had been living there since 2005. Karina wanted to go
to her sister, Roma's house. She went to the village with her brothers.
Roma's house was in the village, beyond the mountain. On the way,
they heard the roar of a tiger. They were afraid of the tiger. They saw a
spotted tiger behind a big tree. They walked fast.

Karina and her sister reached the village. There was a big tree behind
Roma's house. It was easy to recognize the house. They reached there.
They entered the room. Roma told Karina to sit by her side. Karina
sat beside her. Karina took an apple from the bag.She took a knife and
began to cut the apple with the knife. Suddenly, she cut her finger by
herself.It began to bleed. Roma bandaged the wound. They lived there
for three days and returned to Pokhara.

There are mainly two types of prepositions. They are :

• Preposition of time: The following prepositions are used to show
time: at, in, on, for, by, till, within, after, before, between, until, since,
at, etc.

92 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

• Preposition of place and position : The following prepositions show
the relation of place and position: in, at, on, below, across, near,
inside, outside, against, in front of, behind, between, opposite, etc.
Example:

• I wake up early in the morning. (preposition of time)
• I live in Janakpur. (preposition of place)
• He will come at last. (preposition of position)

Let's learn the use of some prepositions with examples:

Use of 'In'

Months in January, in March, in Mangsir, in Chaitra, etc.

Seasons in spring, in autumn, in summer, in winter, etc.

Years in 2071, in 1999, in 2016, in 1750, in 1680, etc.

Century in the 20th century, in the 21st century, in the 15th
century, etc.

Parts of the day in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon,
etc.

Period of history in the Malla regime, in the Rana regime, etc.

Large areas in Pokhara, in Kathmandu, in America, in Delhi
etc.

Enclosed space in jail, in the zoo, in the room, in the garden, etc.

Use of 'On'

Day on Sunday, on Monday, on Thursday, etc.

Dates on 29th July, on 15th Mangsir, on 20th January,
etc.

Special days on birthday, on Father's Day, on Children's Day,
etc.

Touching the on the table, on the bench, on the wall, on the
surface of grass, etc. on page 25, on the list, on the map, etc.
something

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 93

Use of 'At' at 12 o'clock, at 10:15 pm, at 9:40 a.m., etc.
Exact time at the age of 41, at the age of 25, etc.
Age at Chhath, at Tihar, at Dashain, etc.
Festivals at night, at noon, at midnight, at dawn, etc.
Some parts of day at the weekend, at the end of the month, at the
Time expressions end of this year, etc.
with end

Use of 'For' for 24 years, for five hours, for 15 days, etc.
Period of time
Use of since since 7 o'clock, since Monday, since July, since
Point of time 2050 B.S., etc.

Use of 'To'

Purpose I go to school to study.
With indirect object I gave a pen to him.
To complete an infinitive I want to go to market.
Comparing I prefer apple to orange.
Direction Turn to the left. Go to the right side.

Use of 'With'
As an instrument I write with my pen. Eat with a spoon.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Put in, at and on in the blank spaces where necessary.
a. Can you be here............4:30?
b. ...........dawn, the cock crows.
c. The boat is...........the water.
d. A log of wood is rolling..........the water.

94 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

e. Our school is............the bank of a river.
f. Come..........3 o'clock..........the first Sunday...........February.
g. I'll give a party...............my birthday.
h. He is having a bath............present.
i. My mother was born............1975.
j. We have our lunch............noon.
k. We don't go swimming....................winter.
l. My brother was born...........2004.
m. He always gets up.............dawn.
n. We go swimming.............Saturday.
o. Nita's birthday is...............22 December.
4. Fill in the blank spaces with correct prepositions given in brackets.
a. We leave................10 o'clock. (at, in)
b. I will be ready...................an hour. (at, in)
c. There was an earthquake..................2015. (in, at)
d. I go to bed...............nine. (at, in)
e. We take breakfast............the morning. (in, on)
f. I will pay back the money...................six months. (at, in)
g. She was born.............. 2nd July. (on, in)
h. She was there.................8 o'clock. (on, before)
i. I will wait..............tomorrow. (till, after)
j. He was ill...............eating the meal. (after, before)
k. Put the pen................your pocket. (in, into)
l. I asked................leave. (to, for)
m. Let us go................foot. (on, to)
n. I am sorry.............. the delay. (at, for)
o. The train is...................its time. (to, behind)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 95

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Use the prepositions to fill in the gaps below.

to, from, by, in, out, out of, about, among, against
a. Where are you coming ...................?
b. I'm not going..................the restaurant.
c. I'm going............my tuition class.
d. They are talking...................studies.
e. You are always .............my will.
f. The whale swam...................the ship and nearly turned it over.
g. She is already..................her dance class.
h. Anu isn't here. She's ................. school.
i. There is a wasp.............the room. Stay alert.
j. Is Bhagiratha coming................her dance class today?
k. It is going ............. rain. Come inside.
1. There is a boy...............the old ladies.
m. The rays pass down................the sun.
n. She belongs............. Gurung caste.
2. Fill appropriate prepositions in the following blanks.
behind between from for in of by

a. Who is the Mayor....................Kathmandu Municipality?
b. Ram is returning..................the market.
c. Bipana is standing.................Raju and Shrawan.
d. The police was standing.............me.
e. They will reach school.............time.
f. A pen was given to me ...............my mother.
g. We are waiting.............him.

96 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-3

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition.
to, from, at, in, of, on, without, into, before, near, with
a. He died ............. malaria.
b. Many insects live ..........grass.
c. I prefer coffee ................ tea.
d. Be kind ................ the poor.
e. Jim went .................. school.
g. Go there .................. 8 o'clock.
g. My house is ............. the river.
h. She is angry .................. me.
i. Translate it .................. Nepali.
j. She agreed ......... my proposal.
k. We live .................. Nepal.
l. I complained .................. him.
m. He jumped ................ the river.
n. We can't see .................. eyes.
o. He was accused .................. theft.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 97

2. Match the two parts and write the sentences.
a. We must walk on footpath along with me.
b. The man bought a car instead of building a house.
c. He is working at present in order to catch the bus.
d. She could not play games in spite of the heavy rain.
e. Somebody threw the garbage in addition to his wages.
f. They went for a picnic for the sake of safety.
g. He should not smoke here in place of his sister.
h. The worker gets food in front of his house.
i. Sameer went early because of her sickness.
j. The dog came according to the rule.

3. Use the following prepositions in sentences of your own.

a. On .........................................................................................

b. At .........................................................................................

c. Out .........................................................................................

d. Of .........................................................................................

e. Under .........................................................................................

f. Over .........................................................................................

g. In front of .........................................................................................

h. Behind .........................................................................................

i. Between .........................................................................................

98 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

11Lesson
Articles (A, An, The)

Before you begin

Read the text.

Kanchan is a good girl. She reads in Class
Four. She reads in an English medium school.
She goes to school holding an umbrella and a
tiffin box in her hand. She is an honest girl. She
is intelligent, too. She knows that the earth is
round and the sun gives us heat and light.

For Your Memory

• In the above text, the words in bold face are articles. A, an and
the are called articles.

• A is used before a singular noun beginning with a consonant
sound.

• An is used before a singular noun beginning with a vowel
sound.

• The is used when we speak of a particular person or thing.

Read the following sentences:
► I have a bicycle and an umbrella.
► Rubi gave me a mango and an orange.
► He is a good man and she is an honest woman.
► Birds are flying in the sky.

In the above sentences 'a', 'an', 'the' are articles.

Kinds of Article

Indefinite (a, an) Definite (the)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 99

Kind of Articles

Indefinite Article: The article that doesn't point out any particular
person or thing is defined as indefinite article as: For example

► This is a cow. ► There is an umbrella.

• Here, 'a cow' or 'an umbrella' doesn't mean any particular cow or
umbrella.

• Definite Article : The article that points out some particular person
or thing is defined as definite article; e.g. He is the most talented
boy in the class. Here, 'He' means a particular person. So 'the' is
definite article.

Use of A/An

• 'A' is used before a singular countable noun beginning with a
consonant sound.

• 'An' is used before a singular countable noun beginning with a
vowel sound.

• There are some English words that begin with a silent 'h'. We use
'an' with these words which start with a vowel sound.

an honest man, an honourable guest, an hour.

• 'A' or 'An' are also used to denote professions and nationalities. an
American, a doctor, an engineer, a shopkeeper

• 'A' is used before singular nouns beginning with consonant sound
like 'u' which is pronounced as 'you' (ju:/) and before 'o' that is
pronounced as 'w'.

a unit, a university, a one-rupee note, a European boy, a one-eyed
woman

• There are some special expressions where 'a' is used.

a little, a few, a lot of, a great deal, a dozen, a couple, etc.

Use of 'The'

'The' is used:

Before a common noun when we want to particularize it; as, We use
'the' with:

100 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4