Applied Grammar 4

Hari reads a story. Voice A story is read by Hari.

Active voice Passive voice
(done by the subject) (done upon the subject)

Look at the verb forms in active voice and their passive.

Tense form Active voice Passive voice
1. Simple present V1 / V5 + O is/am/are+V3

2. Simple past V2 + O was/were+V3

3. Simple future will/shall + V1 will/shall+be+V3

4. Present continuous is/am/are + V4 is/am/are+being+V3

5. Past continuous was/were + V4 was/were+being+V3

6. Present perfect has/have + V3 has/have+been+V3

7. Past perfect had + V3 + O had bee+V3

8. Future perfect will have+V3+O will have been + V3

9. can/may/must/might etc. c a n / m a y / m u s t / can/may/must/might

might, etc + V1 etc. + be + V3

Tense form Active voice Passive voice
1. Simple present
Arun writes a letter. A letter is written by
2. Simple past Arun.

Arun wrote a letter. A letter was written by
Arun.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 151

3. Simple future Arun will write a A letter will be written

letter. by Arun.

4. Present continuous Arun is writing a A letter is being written

letter. by Arun.

5. Past continuous Arun was writing a Aletter was being written

letter. by Arun.

6. Present perfect Arun has written a A letter has been written

letter. by Arun.

7. Past perfect Arun had written a A letter had been written

letter. by Arun.

8. Future perfect Arun will have A letter will have been

written a letter. written by Arun.

9. Can/may/must/ He can write a letter. A letter can be written by
might+V1 him.

• A verb is in the active voice when its form shows that the person or

thing denoted by the subject does something.

Example: A carpenter repaired the furniture.

• A verb is in the passive voice when its form shows that something
is done to the person or thing denoted by the subject.

Example: A new house was bought by Pravin and Nisha.

The house was built by Mr. Sharma and his wife.

• When the verb is changed into the passive voice, the object of the
active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice.

Example: The furniture was repaired by a carpenter. (Passive)

• Here, only the sentences with transitive verb (verb that takes object)
change into the passive voice

Example: The lion killed a deer. (Active)

(transitive verb with its object a deer)

A deer was killed by the lion.

The wind is cold. (Active)

(Intransitive verb-no passive voice)

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1. Simple Present

Active Passive

I clean the room. The room is cleaned by me.

Riya drinks tea. Tea is drunk by Riya.

Sub + V1/V5 + Obj. Obj + am/is/are + V3 + by + Sub.

2. Simple Past

Active Passive

The dog chased a cat. A cat was chased by the dog.

He bought a book. A book was bought by him.

Sub + V2 + Obj. Obj + was/were + V3 + by + Sub.

3. Progressive

Active Passive

I am writing a story. A story is being written by me.

She was carrying bags. Bags were being carried by her.

Sub. + be + V4 + Obj. Obj + be + being + V3 + by + Sub.

Note : Be verb means is, am, are, was, were, be, been.

4. Perfect Passive
Active The people have been helped by me.
I have helped the people. It had been painted by the boys.
The boys had painted it. Obj + have + been + V3 + by + Sub.
Sub + have + V3 + Obj. Obj + had + been + V3 + by + Sub.
Sub + had + V3 + Obj.

Active Passive

Demonstrators are going to The rules are going to be defied

defy the rules. (by demonstrators).

Sub + be + going to + V1 + Obj. Obj + be + going to + be + V3

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 153

Note : Verb means have, has, had, will have, shall have.

Active Passive

She can check it. It can be checked by her.

I must carry the order. The order must be carried by me.

He will eat fruit. Fruit will be eaten by him.

They may solve that. That may be solved.

Sub + modal verb + V1 + Obj. Obj + modal + be + V3 + by + agent

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Name the voice of the following sentences.

a. Deepa kept my book. ........A...c.t..i.v..e...v..o...i.c..e.........

b. Roshan made a loud noise. .....................................

c. The lion was killed by a hunter. .....................................

d. Sakriya was painting a picture. .....................................

e. Everyone loves her. .....................................

f. Kriti is loved by all. .....................................

g. We saw you in the market place. .....................................

h. Gifts are sold by Kanchan. .....................................

i. Sabina threw a stone into the pond. .....................................

j. You can be arrested by the police. .....................................

2. Change these sentences into passive.

a. I am eating rice. b. They are killing rats.
c. Sovita is controlling the class. d. You are flying a kite.

e. Yubaraj was inviting me. f. Sudha was calling me.

g You were solving the problem. h. We are playing the ball.

154 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3. Change the following sentences into passive.
a. Bimal was cutting a tree.

b. His father had sent us.

c. You have broken the door.

d. I have seen it.

e. They had brought my copies.

f. I have sold my goats.

g. We have managed a tea party.

h. He had taken my bag.

4. Change the voice from active into passive.
a. Sabin keeps my bag.
b. I call him.
c. You drink hot water.
d. Seelu posts the letter.
e. He loses his money.
f. They love us.
g. Kundan praises him.
h. We chase the dog.

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Change the following sentences into passive. 155
a. Mukunda prohibited smoking.
b. She requested him.
c. Jaya learnt English grammar.
d. We handed a bicycle.
e. The teacher taught us.
f. They managed it.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

2. Change the following sentences into passive voice.

a. He will help me. b. She will teach us.

c. We will grow crops. d. The baby will like dolls.

e. You will play trick. f. I will make a mistake.

3. Change the following sentences into passive.

a. Indira will wash the clothes. ..............................................

b. My sister told me a story. ..............................................

c. The doctor treats the patients. ..............................................

d. I am guiding you. ..............................................

e. The dog is chasing a cat. ..............................................

f. My mother closed the window. ..............................................

g. Mother gave some rice to the beggar. ..............................................

h. She likes oranges. ..............................................

i. The boys broke the desk. ..............................................

j. Usha speaks English fluently. ..............................................

k. I bought a doll yesterday. ..............................................

l. You are following me. ..............................................

m. You took my pencil. ..............................................

n. Chakra cut down the tree. ..............................................

o. Srijana knitted a beautiful sweater. ..............................................

p. He carried my suitcase. ..............................................

q. The thief stole the bag. ..............................................

r. The little boy played the piano. ..............................................

156 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

20Lesson
Direct and Indirect Speech

Before you begin

Read the following sentences and write them in the right
column.

• He said to me, "Do it."
• She said to us, "Don't call me."
• Mum told me not to go out.
• Papa told them to study well.
• Karan said to her, "You are lazy."

• Sabita told him that she wanted to go out.

Direct speech Indirect speech

Look, read and learn.

Don't play in the street.
Don't wear the dirty dress.
Don't drink cold water.
Dont' watch T.V. much.
Don't go to bed late.
Don't tease others.
Don't go to play all the time.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 157

Above sentences are in direct speech because the sentences enclosed in
inverted commas (" ") are directly said by the mother.

Do your homework.
Work hard.
Clean the room.
Open the window.
Don't bring your cat.
Turn off the fan.
Don't make a noise.
Don't forget your homework.

In above conversation teacher is giving suggestions and the students are
receiving them. We can write the sentences in this way.
Teacher said , "Do your homework."
Teacher said , "Work hard."
Teacher said, "Clean the whiteboard."
Teacher said, "Open the window."
Teacher said, "Don't bring your cat."
Teacher said, "Turn off the fan."
Teacher said, "Don't make a noise."
Teacher said, "Don't forget your homework."

Note:
Reported speech is something reported to other. Manish was listening
to teacher's suggestion. He reports the suggestions in this way:

158 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Teacher told me to do my homework.
She told me to work hard.
She told me to open the window.
She told me not to bring my cat.
She told me to clean the whiteboard.
She told me to turn off the fan.
She told me not to make a noise.
She told me not to forget my homework.

Reported speech is narrated speech. It's indirect speech. Direct speech
refers to the speaker's own words, and they are usually enclosed within
inverted commas. But reported speech have no inverted comma.

Let's read the following examples:

► He said, "I look happy." (Direct speech)
He said that he looked happy. (Reported speech)
► Sinku said to Tinku, I 'll take part in the match." (Direct speech)
Sinku told Tinku that she'd take part in the match. (Reported speech)
► Kajal said to Deepak, "You can call me." (Direct speech)
Kajal told Deepak that he could call her. (Reported speech)
► The teacher said "I'll teach it." (Direct speech)
The teacher said that she would teach it. (Reported speech)

Direct speech Reported speech

"Please help me." She wanted me to help her.

"Please give me a lift." She asked me to give her a lift.

"Drive carefully." She told me to drive carefully.

Changes in Indirect Speech

A. Change of person B. Change of Tense C. Other changes

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 159

A. Change of Person
Subject of the reported speech is changed in this way:
• First person according to the subject of the reporting verb.
• Second person according to the object of the reporting verb.
• Third person never changes.

Examples:
He said to me, "I play the ball.”
He told me that he played the ball.
He said to me, "You play the ball."
He told me that I played the ball.
He said to me, "He plays the ball.”
He told me that he played the ball.
Remember:
The reporting verb 'said to' is changed into 'told'. It is followed by
an object if there is one.
It is left unchanged if it is in present or future tense.
• 'That' is used as a conjunction.
• Inverted comma (" ") should be avoided.

B. Tense Change
Present tense of direct speech is changed into past. If it is simple past
it is changed into past perfect.

Direct Indirect
1. V1 / V5 V2
2. is, am, are + v4 was/were + V4
3. have, has + V3 had + V3
4. have, has +been + V4 had + been + V4
5. V2 had + V3
6. was, were + V4 had + been + V4
7. shall, will, can, may should, would, could, might
8. must must

9. universal, habitual, fact no change

160 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Examples:
He said to me, "I eat meat."
► He told me that he ate meat.

Ramu said to me, "I am singing."
► Ramu told me that he was singing.

Sunita said to Mohan, "You have bought a car."
► Sunita told Mohan that he had bought a car.

He said to Rita, "You have been reading in this school."
► He told Rita that she had been reading in that school.

Saru said to Binu, "I went there."
► Saru told Binu that she had gone there.

She said to her brother, "I was sleeping."
► She told her brother that she had been sleeping.
Nabina said to Kabita, "I will be a nurse."
► Nabina told Kabita that she would be a nurse.

Ranju said, "I must go."
► Ranju said that she must go.

The teacher said, "The earth is round."
► The teacher said that the earth is round.

Bina said, "I always walk in the morning."
► Bina said that she always walks in the morning.

If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, no change is made
in the tense of the reported speech.

Direct speech Reported speech

He says, 'I am ready.' He says that he is ready.
He will say, "I am a poor fellow." He will say that he is a poor fellow.

C. Other Changes
Some typical words used in the reported speech are changed as
listed below:

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 161

Words Changed form

now then

this/these that/those

here there

today that day

thus so

come go

tomorrow the next day

yesterday the previous day

last night the previous night

ago before

For Your Memory

Some important points that are to be considered about direct and indirect
speech:

• The direct speech is put within the inverted commas (“ “).

• The reported speech always begins with a capital letter.

• A comma is used to separate the reported speech from the
reporting verb in direct speech.

• The comma and the inverted commas of the direct speech are deleted
in the indirect speech.

• The reported speech is introduced with a conjunction like ‘that’ and
the tense is changed.

• The ways to change the direct speech into indirect can be shown as
in the table below.

Sentence reporting verb change conjunction to remarks
into remove comma sub+verb+...
Assertive said / said to
say / says to said / told that
say / tells

Wh- said/said to asked wh-word of the sub+verb+...(no

questions reported speech question mark)

[Wh-word

+ ....?]

Yes-No said / said to asked if / whether sub + verb + (no
question question mark)
[aux...?]

162 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write 'D' for direct speech and 'I' for indirect speech.
a. Nishan Khadka said, "I am doing my work."

b. I said, "I have been drinking too much."

c. The policeman told him that he was going to see her.

d. He told me that he was coming to meet me.

e. The girls said, "We are hungry now."

f. You said to her, "I am very thirsty."

g. They told me that I could go the next day.

2. Match the parts under A and B to make meaningful sentences:

A B

a. She said that Manoj loved his friends.
b. He said that the horse had died the previous night.
c. Ramu said that I was not kind to him.
d. He will tell me that Beena had finished her homework.
e. Ramesh said that he had passed the examination.
f. He said that Seema was reading her lesson.
g. The teacher said that I was not doing my work.

3. Match the parts under A and B to make meaningful sentences:

A B

a. He wished to keep discipline in the classroom.

b. The teacher advised the student that he has been the Prime Minister.

c. She suggested what my name was.

d. He invited me If I had not abused her.

e. The principal asked me that they should go for a walk.

f. She asked me to go for dinner with him.

g. Our teacher said that the servant is honest.

h. Father told me that he would go to school that day.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 163

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Change into indirect speech.
a. He said to me, "I ate rice.”

b. Ram said to Sita, "I was home yesterday.”
c. Teacher said to students, "I gave homework to you yesterday.”
d. Babita said to Muna, "I went to the market.”
e. Rashmi said to Shilpa, "You were at a meeting.”
2. Change the following from direct speech into indirect speech.
a. Maunata said to Manita, "I am studying in college."
b. Anupama said to Alisha, "Are you joking with me?"
c. The peon said to the teacher, "I am ringing the bell in time."
d. He said to Asim, "Are you going to meet me today?"
e. Dilip said to Anupama, "I am talking to you."
3. Change the following into indirect speech.
a. Hari said to Ram,"I have passed S.L.C. exam in the first division."
b. Madhu said to the teacher, "We have been to the market."
c. Students said to the teacher, "We have done our homework."
d. Ravin said to Dilip, "You have taken my note copy."
e. She said to her, "I have completed my project work."
4. Change the following into indirect speech.
a. Madhav tells Siddhartha, "You were reading at that time."

b. Mother said to daughter, "I was preparing food for you."

c. He said to the man, "You were seeing the film yesterday."

d. You said to me, "I was searching for you."

e. Sabin tells Prabin, "We were enjoying that day."
5. Change these into indirect speech.

a. He said to me, "Give me food.”

164 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

b. Kajol said to Kamana, "Meet me on Saturday.”
c. Father said to mother, "Take care of children.”
d. He said to her, "Repair your bicycle.”
e. Ram said to Shyam, "Don't keep the work for tomorrow.”

Exercise-3

1. Change the following into indirect speech. 165

a. I said to her, "You had gone to the park."
b. He said to his father, "You had paid my fees."
c. Kamana said to me, "I had been your friend."
d. Binaya said to Roshan, "We had seen the movie."
e. Komal said to Kabita, "I had called you."

2. Change the following into indirect speech.
a. Rabin said to Garima, "I will visit the temple.”
b. I said to you, "You will win us.”
c. Teacher said to me, "You will meet me tomorrow.”
d. He said to you, "I will show you."
e. Harish said to Christ, "I will come at your home.”

3. Change the following expressions into indirect speech.
a. Silpa said, "I am in Class Four.”
b. You said, "I am going to start a new business.”
c. She said, "My watch keeps correct time.”
d. The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east.”
e. Roshan said, "My brother was working in this factory.”
f. The teacher said, "He may be allowed to go.”
g. He said, "I must labour hard for the exam.”
h. He said, "I must go there.”
i. Ranjan said, "He visited Kathmandu last year.”

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

L2ess1on Punctuation

Before you begin

Can you make a sentence with each of them?

• Full stop (.) .........................................

• Exclamation (!) ..........................................

• Interrogation (?) ..........................................

• Inverted comma (" ") ..........................................

• Apostrophe ( ' ) ..........................................

• Comma ( , ) ..........................................

Read and learn.
Have you heard the name of C.V. Raman, the great scientist? He
was born on November 7, 1888. He was just fourteen when he joined the
college. His teacher was surprised to see a very young boy in the class.

Did you notice the punctuation marks used above?

The main punctuation marks are:

1. Comma (,)
2. Full stop (.)
3. Colon (:)
4. Semicolon (;)
5. Mark of exclamation (!)
6. Mark of interrogation/Question mark (?)
7. Quotation marks/Inverted commas (" ")
8. Hyphen (-)
9. Apostrophe (')
10. Dash (–)

166 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

1. Comma (,)
Comma indicates the shortest pause.
It is used:
• to separate a series of words of the same parts of speech.
► Kaushal is handsome, intelligent and sincere.
► We bought chillies, tomatoes, potatoes, cauliflowers and cabbages.
• to set off the phrase in apposition.
Mrs. Karki, the Principal of the school, addressed the students.
Miss Bhandari, the manager of the bank, was also present.
• to set off a noun of address.
Sabin, come here. Sworna, listen to me.
• wherever a brief pause is needed.
He is, in my opinion, a sincere boy. If you need my help, write to me.

2. Full stop (.)
a. Full stop indicates the longest pause. It is used at the end of all

assertive and imperative sentences.
► Read this poem by heart. (Imperative sentence)
► He didn't go to campus yesterday . (Assertive sentence)
b. It is used for initials or abbreviations.
► Mr. L.B. Gurung : Mister Lal Bahadur Gurung
► M.P. : Member of Parliament

3. Colon (:)
a. It is used to make a list.
The three most popular newspapers are:
The Rising Nepal, The Kathmandu Post and The City Post.
4. Semicolon (;)
Semicolon is a pause that is used to separate a series of short

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 167

clauses. We lived together; we worked together and we played
together.

5. Mark of exclamation ( !)

Mark of exclamation is used after an exclamatory pause. Alas ! She
is dead.

► Well done!

6. Mark of interrogation Question Mark (?)

Mark of interrogation is placed at the end of an interrogative
sentence.

► When did he come ?

► Have you taken your dinner ?
7. Quotation marks or inverted commas. (" ")

The quotation marks are used to set on the actual words used by a
speaker.

► The man said, "We must not fight."

► The teacher said, "Try and try until you die."

8. Hyphen (-)

The hyphen is used mainly to join two words together to make a

new one.

back-up, co-operative, co-ordinate

9. Apostrophe (')

a) It is used in possessive form of nouns.

e.g. This is Nanapatekar's dialogue.

Those are my uncle's cows.

b) It is used when we add 'not' after auxiliary verbs.

e.g. I was not there.

I wasn't there.

10. Dash (-)

It is used before a repeated word.

e.g. He has learnt a very bad habit– the habit will destroy him.

168 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Insert commas, apostrophes and inverted commas where necessary.
a. They were poor they had many children.

b. Sunita said I want to buy a skirt.
c. You get vegetables in the market other articles are found nearby.
d. Oh I forgot to bring my purse again.
e. This is Rabin’s bag and that is his.
f. Have you finished reading ? she asked me.
g. She bought bananas apples and some vegetables.
h. Who told you about the man ? she asked me.
i. Yes I went to Delhi last year.
j. Will you tell us the story please ? asked the lady.

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Rewrite the following sentences inserting punctuation marks
and using capital letters as necessary:

a. Look the tree is falling.
b. I have asked my mother to bring some chocolates.
c. Ouch it's so painful.
d. Shyam is my best friend.
e. Won how could you finish so quickly.
f. He never asked me to go with him.
g. The teacher said Madan Bhandari was a great Nepalese leader.
h. We boated in the yamuna we saw the qutab minar we visited

the red fort.
i. What a cold December said Kavi January will be colder said

Prakriti.
j. We are going to the market you may if you like to a accompany

us said Bijaya to Sikha.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 169

22Lesson
Reading Comprehension

1. Read the letter below and do the activities that follow.
Koteshwor, Kathmandu
6th Bhadra, 2077

Dear Janak,

Thank you very much for your lovely letter. I am very happy to
know that you are working hard to be successful in the exam. In
the letter, you mentioned that your class has a plan to go for an
educational tour. I hope you will write in detail about your trip. I
am also planning to come to Pokhara during the summer vacation.
I will also be glad to receive your suggestion in this regard. See
you soon.

Yours Loving

Darpan Sapkota

A. Answer the following questions.
a. Who is working hard? And why?

b. When is Darpan going to Pokhara?

c. What reply does he expect from Janak?

d. What was mentioned in Janak's previous letter?

B. Write the words from the letter that have the following meanings.

a. outing b. journey c. advice d. happy

C. Fill in the blanks.
a. The name of the writer is ........................ .

b. The name of the receiver is ........................ .

c. The letter is written on ........................ .

d. Darpan is also planning ................ during the summer vacation.

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2. Read the diary entry below and do the activities that follow.
Saturday, 6th, January, 2020
Kalimati, Kathmandu

As usual, I woke up at five o'clock in the morning. After that I washed
my face and brushed my teeth. It was already 5:30 a.m. when I
finished my regular work. I was in a hurry to go to the temple of
Pashupatinath which is far from my house. I returned home from
the temple at 8:15 a.m. I had to do a lot of homework. So, I sat for
writing it at 9:30a.m. Then I took a bath and ate rice at 10:30 a.m. As
usual, this Saturday also I went to visit my grandfather and came
back home at 4:45p.m. I sat for learning up to 7:30p.m. My mother
called me to take dinner. After dinner, I watched T.V. for a while. It
was already 9:10p.m. and I went to bed.

A. Write the words from the text above that have the following
meanings.

a. come back b. home assignment

c. evening time meal d. that happens regularly
B. Write the words that have the opposite meanings to the following:
a. began b. grandchildren c. relaxed d. evening

C. Answer the following questions.
a. Where does the writer go in the morning?

b. When was the diary written?

c. What is the passage about?

3. Read the story and do the activities that follow.

In a big house, there lived a large number of mice. Once, a cat
came there. The cat started to kill some mice everyday. The mice
were much terrified. They could not move freely to search food.
They started straving. At last, they held a meeting to discuss their
problem. Many options were presented but none was accepted.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 171

Then a young mouse came up with a plan. He proposed to tie a bell
to the cat's neck. The bell would ring when the cat moved about.
And the mice could easily hide in time. Everyone accepted the plan.
Then an old mouse sitting quietly said, "Who will bell the cat?"
No one came forward. The plan failed.
A. Give short answers.
a. Who lived in a big house?

..........................................................................................................

b. Why did the mice call a meeting?

..........................................................................................................

c. Who came up with a plan?

..........................................................................................................

d. What was the plan?

..........................................................................................................

e. Did the plan work?

..........................................................................................................

B. Find the opposite of these words.
small -

first -

passed -

rejected -

172 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

4. Read the following advertisement and answer the questions.

WANTED

A reputed English medium school is looking for a qualified English
teacher for the secondary level.
Qualifications : M.A. in English
Experience : At least 2 years. The candidate must have a good
command in written and spoken English.
Salary : Negotiable
Interested and qualified candidates can apply with full
bio-data and latest two PP size photos by 10th April, 2015.

The Principal
Shining Star School, Bhaktapur
(Interview on 20th April, 2020)

A. Find the words from the advertisement that have the following
meanings.
a. That can be settled by discussion
b. Desiring to do
c. A meeting of persons face to face in which one asks questions
to the other

B. Answer the following questions.
a. Where to apply? b. When to apply?
c. Whom to apply? d. Who can apply?

C. Fill in the blanks with missing words.
An English medium school is seeking an ............................. The

successful candidate will have to teach students of the .....................
............ level. The candidates must have a good ..............................
of English. One can apply before ......................... 2020.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 173

5. Read the passage and answer the following questions.
Rustum was a great Persian who was so brave and strong that no

one could defeat him in fight. Now, Rustum's wife was very sorry
that her husband was interested only in fighting for it meant that he
was always away from home. She was afraid that he would be killed
one day. When her son was born, she said to herself, "If Rustum
knows that he has a son, he will want to turn him into a fighter like
himself. I shall tell him that the baby is a girl, so that I can bring him
up myself in peace.”
A. Answer the following questions:
a. What kind of man was Rustum?

b. What was his wife afraid of?

c. Why was he always away from home?

d. What did she want to tell her husband?
B. Find the words from the passage which are opposite in meaning

to the following words.
a. timid b. disturbance

c. surrender d. Indifferent
C. Choose and copy the best answer.

a. Rustum's wife didn't want ........................

i. her son to become a fighter.

ii. her son to be weak.

iii. her son to be defeated.

b. Rustum was always away from home because ................

i. he was afraid

ii. he had a son.

iii. he was a fighter.
D. Fill in the blanks.

a. Rustum lived in ........................ .

174 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

b. Rustum was interested in ........................ .

c. Rustum's wife didn't want her son to be ................... from home.
6. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.
There were once three artists who were competing for a prize. One

of them painted a wreath of flowers so beautifully that a bee came
and settled on the picture, thinking the picture was real. Another
painted a basket of fruit so well that an ox tried to seize some of
it. The third painted a curtain. And when the three pictures were
placed before the judge, the latter tried to raise the curtain, so
natural did it look. This picture was adjudged the best. The two
had deceived an animal and an insect but the curtain has deceived
a man.
A. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words.
Three ............................ competed for a price. Wreath of flower, basket
of fruit and a curtain were painted by different artists. A bee took
the flower for real and ............................ on them. An ox came to
............................ the fruit. The judge considered ............................ as
the best.
B. Fill the synonyms or antonyms of the following words as indicated.
a. unreal (antonym)

b. put (synonym)

c. badly (antonym)

d. worst (antonym)

e. man-made (synonym)

f. grasp (synonym)
C. Answer the following questions.

a. What type of competition was held?

b. How many candidates were there?

c. What did the candidates do for the competition?

d. Who received the prize at last?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 175

7. Read and answer
Mr. Jayswal is a farmer. He grows many things in his field. He

ploughs the field, irrigates it and sprays medicine himself. He
is a hardworking man. He goes to the market to sell his goods.
Sometimes he comes to the town for training in agriculture. He
works as a JTA in his village because he has a good knowledge of
agriculture.
A. Answer these questions.

a. Who is a farmer?

b. What does he do?

c. Is he a hard-working man?

B. Fill in the blanks.

a. Mr. Jayswal goes to market to ..............................

b. He works as a ..............................

c. He has a good knowledge of ..............................

d. He comes to the town for ..............................
8. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
Henry Ford was the first person to build cars which were cheap,

strong and fast. He was able to sell millions of them because he
produced in mass; that is he made a great many cars of exactly the
same type. Ford's father hoped that his son would become a farmer,
but the young man did not like the idea and he went to Detroit
where he worked as a mechanic. By the age of 29, in 1892 he had
built his first car. The famous 'Model T' did not appear until 1908.
Five years later, Ford started his great motor company.
This car proved to be so popular that it remained unchanged for
twenty years. Since Ford's time mass-production methods have
become common in industry and have reduced the price of many
articles which would otherwise be very expensive.
A. Answer the following questions.
a. What were the there qualities of Ford's car?

176 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

b. Why did Ford not fulfill the hope of his father?

c. What were the peculiarities of 'Model T' car?

d. Why have mass-production methods been popular In
industry?

B. Fill in the gaps.
a. Henry Ford was ................. years old when he built his car.

b. He started his great ................. in 1913.

c. He went to ................. to become a mechanic.
C. Write the words from the passage that have the opposite

meanings to the following words.
a. stopped b. slow c. enhanced d. despaired
9. Read the passage and do the activities that follow.
Amit is a student. He reads in Class Two. He goes to school on foot.
He sits between Mukesh and Shreechan in the class. His school is in
front of a Saraswati temple. He always prays to God before entering
the school gate. There is a big electric pole near his school gate.
There is a shade behind the pole. He takes his lunch at mid-day.
During his lunch hour, he sits under the shade and has his lunch.
After his school is over, he comes back home with his friends.
A. Fill in the blanks.
a. Amit reads ............................. Class Two.

b. He sits ............................. Mukesh and Shreechan.

c. An electric pole is ............................. his school gate. iv.
His school is ............................. a Saraswati temple.

d. He sits ............................. the shade during his lunch.
B. Answer these questions.

a. How does Amit go to school?

b. Where is his school?

c. Where is the electric pole?

d. Where does he sit during his lunch?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 177

10. Read the notice and do the activities below.

NOTICE

Date : May 12,2021

This is to notify to all the teaching and non-teaching staffs of ABC
Secondary School that a general meeting of school is going to be

held on the following date and venue. So, all are requested to

attend the meeting.

Date : May 13, 2021

Time : 4:00 P.M

Venue : School's Meeting Hall

Principal

ABC Secondary School

A. Answer the following questions.
a. Who is this notice for?
b. Who published this notice?
c. When is the meeting going to be held?
d. Where is venue of meeting?
e. When is the notice published?

178 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

23Lesson Composition Writing

A. Reading and writing stories

Read some stories below:

1. Tit for Tat

In a certain village, there lived a poor man. There was a sweet shop
near his house. One day the poor man wanted to eat some sweets.
But he could not get any without money. After that he began to save
money for sweets. When he had saved enough money for sweets, he
went to the shop and bought some sweets. The shopkeeper was a
cheat. He gave short measure. The poor man said, "Why did you give
short measure?" The shopkeeper replied, "No matter,", "you will have
less to carry." The poor man didn't say anything and he paid less. The
shopkeeper said, "You gave less money." The poor man said "Don't
worry, you will have less to count."

Moral : 'As you sow, so you reap.'

2. The Value of Hardworking

Once upon a time there were two
insects – a hard working ant and
an idle grasshopper They were
good friends. The ant worked all
summer and collected food for
winter. The grasshopper spent
days by singing. He did not work
hard and did not collect his food.
One day he went to meet the ant in
order to beg food in the winter. The 'ant told him to go and dance.
He did not like to give food to the lazy grasshopper. He advised
him to work hard and collect food for the time of difficulty.

The moral of this story is the fruit of hardworking is sweet'

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 179

3. The Honest Girl

In a certain city, there lived a girl.
She had a golden watch. One day
a boy stole the watch. He gave the
watch to his sister. She was shocked
and said, "Return the watch to the
owner. Stealing is a sin. The boy
said, "I am afraid, I can't do that. She
will beat me.” His sister said, I'll go
and return it.”

She went to the owner and said,
"Here is your watch.” My brother
had stolen it. Please take it. The girl did not believe what she said. She
took her to the court. The judge was ready to give his judgment. The
boy appeared and said, "My Lord, she did not steal the watch. It was
I who stole it. Do not punish her.” The judge was very impressed by
his word and the girl's honesty. He told the owner girl of the watch to
withdraw the case. The brother and sister were free.

Moral : 'Honesty is the best policy.'

4. The Foolish Monkey and the King

Once upon a time there was a
king. He had a friend, monkey.
The monkey helped the king
in his works. One day, the king
was sleeping. The monkey
was looking after the king. At
that time a housefly came and
disturbed the sleeping king.
The monkey became angry.
He wanted to chase the fly away. Many times he tried to chase it
but he could not. The fly came again and again and sat on the king's
face. The monkey could not control his anger. He had one idea to

180 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

kill the fly. There was a sword of the king near the monkey. The
monkey picked up the sword and hit on the king's face where there
was the fly. His aim was to kill the fly but he did not know that it
would destroy the king.

The moral of the story is, "Foolish friend is harmful."

5. A Wicked Snake

It was snowing. A snake was lying on
the ground. It was frozen with cold. It
could not move. Being a cold-blooded
animal, it was near its death due to
the snow. It could not crawl. A kind
villager was walking on the way. He
saw the snake. He felt pity upon the
poor snake. He wanted to save its life.
He took it to his house and warmed
the snake near the fire. He thought
that the snake was a god. He used to worship the snake god. But the
innocent man did not know that the snake was dangerous. When
the snake got some heat, it came into life and began to crawl. The
villager's children were sitting near the fire as it was cold. The wicked
snake darted at the children. It wanted to bite them but luckily; the
children escaped unhurt. The villager became very angry and killed
the snake with a stick.

The moral of the story is, "Don't be ungrateful".

6. The Foolish Lion and the Clever Rabbit

Once there was a lion in a forest. It was the king of the jungle. There
were many other animals. The lion was old. It could not walk out to
hunt the animals. So it made a rule among the animals that every
animal should come daily to be his food one by one. He made a
list of the animals. As his order, they had to come to him. No one
could oppose him. So, all the animals had the routine to come to

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 181

the king as his food. They
were frightened. Among
them there was a clever
rabbit. The rabbit wanted to
help them. He made a trick
to kill the lion. He went to
the lion and said that there
was another king, lion in the
forest. The rabbit lied. The
old king became angry and took it as a challenge. It roared and told
the rabbit to guide him to another lion. He wanted to kill him. The
rabbit guided him upto a deep well. He told him to look into the
well. When the lion looked into the well, he saw his own reflection.
The foolish old lion jumped into it to kill another lion. It died there.
All the animals gave many thanks to the rabbit.
The moral of the story is, "wisdom is more important than strength"

7. The Crow and the Dog
Once a dog found a bone.

He was walking with
the bone in his mouth.
Suddenly a cunning crow
saw the dog. He wanted
to have the bone He flew
away. Soon he returned
with another crow. One
sat on a tree's branch, the other followed the dog. The crow on the
branch told the dog that his bone flew above. The dog saw above
and dropped the bone. The other crow picked it up and flew up to
the first crow.
The moral is "Don't trust others easily."

182 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

8. The Grapes are Sour
There was a village

nearby the small jungle.
A fox lived in that small
jungle. There was no
food for the fox. It did
not have anything to
eat for days. The fox
was very hungry. It was
wandering here and
there. Suddenly the fox
reached a village. It was
evening time. There was a grape vine. The fox saw the grape vine
with ripe fruit. Its mouth watered. The fox jumped to get the fruit
but it was too high. The fox tried again and again but it could not
reach the bunch of the grapes. At last, the fox went away saying
"The grapes are sour."

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 183

Exercise-1 Class Activity

Read the clues and develop the outlines into stories:

1.
On Saturday, Kabita.............early and had her...............she put
on her..............and left for..............on a bicycle. It was....................
when she reached the bus stop. Maya was already there
waiting for her with.....................and ..........................

As Kabita and Maya ................... along, they saw a big bus
coming .................... them. Just then a car turned the corner very
fast and ........................ Maya's bicycle. She fell ..................... the
bicycle. The driver stopped his car. Maya laid unconscious on
the road.

An hour later, Maya .................... up in the hospital. She saw
a doctor and nurse standing ...................... her bed. The doctor
told her that she was .......................... the nurse gave her some
medicine and told her to .............................. .

2.
There was a fox. He...............bird. Once...........................I
think.................................. soon another fox...................animals.
You look like mouse. I'm....................... you may go, said the
fox. The bat happily flew away.

184 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3.
Once a crow sat on a branch of a tree.......................it had a piece
of meat in his beak.....................the fox saw it.......................the
fox praised the crow.........................he was very fond of sweet
song of the crow........................ the crow opened its mouth to
sing.................the piece of .........................the clever fox ate it and
went away...........moral.

4.
A snake half dead with cold...................a countryman
sees.................... brings it to fair.................it revives.................tries
to bite children................ countryman kills it with a stick.

5.
An ass found a lion's skin...............put on the lion's
skin.............. moved round the jungle...............many animals got
afraid...................a clever fox saw the ass........................requested
to speak..................it brayed...................all the animals came
to know the truth...................... the ass was beaten badly by
all................moral.

6.
A hot summer day................a lion in a rest in the forest.............a
mouse rolls over the lion..................lion catches it.................
mouse asks to be pardoned................lion excuses..................next
time lion caught in a trap.............roars for help...................mouse
cuts the net...............the lion rescued..........................moral.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 185

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Develop a story with the help of the picture given.

2. Write a short story with the help of the following picture.
186 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

B. Letter Writing

A letter is a written composition, which gives message as a means of
communication from one person to another person.

Types of letter

Letter

Personal Letter Official Letter

i. Personal letter : A letter which includes friendly letter to relations,
friends and note of invitations is called personal letter.

ii. Official letter : A letter or an application written to officers on official
matters is called an official letter.

• Parts of letter
a. Heading b. Date line

c. Inside address d. Salutation

e. Body of the letter f. Complimentary closing

g. Individuals/Organization's name h. Subscription

• Beginning and ending a letter

Letter to Beginning Ending

* Relatives My dear...., Dear Your loving ...............

* Friends Dear .....my, Dear..... Yours sincerely.............

* Strangers Dear Sir/Madam..... Yours faithfully.............

* Firms Dear Sir/Madam...... Yours faithfully...........

* Office Dear Sir/Madam....... Yours faithfully/obedient

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 187

Models of Letters

I. Personal Letter
Letter to a friend

Readers International Model School
Jorpati-4, Kathmandu
Date: 2077/02/15
Dear Subigya,
A lot of love and sweet remembrance to you. Dear friend,
I'm going to write about my school. My school is very nice.
It has two big buildings. There are nearly 700 students and
more than 30 teachers in our school. All the teachers bear
good behaviour towards the students. And all the students are
disciplined. I have many friends in my school. They heartily
love me. Among the teachers, I like the English teacher very
much. He is L.B. Lama from Jhapa. I like English the most.
Please, do write to me. With best wishes.
Yours loving
Swarnim Karki

188 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Response to the letter to friend

Kathmandu
16th Magh, 2077

Dear Sarmila,
I received your letter and it was nice to hear from you and catching
up with your news.
Thank you very much for your invitation to stay with you. You
know that we are planning to come to Dharan for our holidays. We
will stay in a hotel. We will visit Budha Subba and Dantakali.
If you can let us know all about Dharan and its beauty, we'll make
our arrangements accordingly.

Lots of love
Rojina

Letter to a friend

Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
21st July, 2020

Dear Muna
I am writing a letter to you after a long gap. I hope everything is
well there. Since the holidays are over, you must be busy preparing
yourself for your exam.
We had a lot of fun here during our holidays. The people here in
our village are friendly. They made a huge swing. We all played
there. They also made a see-saw.
They had organized a fair here. We ate a lot of sweets. Raman and I
got sick after eating much.
I am sure you also had the same kind of experience of holidays. Do
write about it in your letter.

Yours loving
Kritika Sharma

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 189

Invitation letter

Ramananda Chowk-5
Janakpur,

4th March, 2020

Dear Kusum
It gives me a lot of pleasure to invite you to dinner at my home this
weekend. We haven't met you for a long time. I hope you will manage
time. It will be a moment of great pleasure.
Cordially yours
Sabiya

Response to the letter to friend

Lalbandhi-6 Sarlahi
5th March, 2020
Dear Sabiya
I received your invitation letter this morning. I am very pleased getting
your invitation to attend dinner at your home. It will be a great pleasure
to spend time with you.
Yours sincerely
Kusum

Sympathy letter

Bharatpur-7, Chitwan
6th Aug, 2020
Dear Arjun
I have received your father's letter today and I am very much distressed
to know that you have been suddenly ill. I wish God would favour
you. I am glad to hear that you are receiving treatment at Bir Hospital. I
will come and see you this week. I will be happy to help you if you need.
Take good care of yourself.
Best wishes
Mohan

190 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Birthday wish
Baneshwor, Kathmandu
6th Jan, 2020
Dear Lalit,
I wish we were together. We could go to a restaurant and have
some food. But I send you my love, affection, congratulation and
the warm wishes for the day. I wish you to celebrate your birthday.
Yours loving
Puspa Khatri

A greeting card for Deepawali festival

To : Maya

HAPPY DIPAWALI

2077
I wish you happy Dipawali. May Goddess

Laxmi grant you Progress, Prosperity,
Happiness and Cheerful Long Life.

With love
Jenish

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 191

A message of congratulation for the school magazine

Congratulations

Heartly congratulations to
Samyag Lama

on being the class captain of Class-Five.
May his days as a captain be a great achievement

for the class and the school.

With best wishes
The students of Class - 4

New Nepal School
Dhobidhara, Kathmandu

II. Official letter
An application to the Principal for the change of section

22nd August, 2020

The Principal
Namuna Secondary English School
Bazartole, Chandranigahpur

Respected sir,
I am a student of Class 4 ‘A’ in your school. My twin sister Roshani is in
Class 4 ‘B’. We are in the same class but in different sections.
Being brother and sister, we live in the same house and study together.
We do our home task together. We also have few common books.
Therefore, I request you to kindly allow me to change my section from A
to B so that we could study and do our homework together.
I shall be very grateful for this kind favour.

Your obedient student,
Bivu Pokhrel
Class - Four ‘A’
Roll No. - 7

192 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

An application for sick leave.

23rd February, 2020

The Principal,
J.N.S. English Boarding School,
Birgunj, Parsa.

Subject : Application for sick leave.
Dear Sir,
I have to state that I am sick with fever and headache. So I can't
attend my class. I request you to grant me a leave for two days.
I shall be grateful to you for this kindness.

Yours obedient
Rahul Kumar
Class-4
Roll No. 6

Exercise-1 Class Activity

a. Write a letter to your friend describing your town/village.
b. Write a letter to your uncle describing your study.
c. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him/her for success in

exam.
d. Write a letter to your friend inviting him/her on your birthday.
e. Write a letter to your father asking for some money to buy books.
f. Write an application to your Principal for the transfer certificate.
g. Write an application to your Principal for sick leave.
h. Write a letter to your sick friend giving him/her sympathy

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 193

C. Essay Writing

Read some sample essays:

1. My Aim in Life

Everyone in this world must have an aim in life. A man without
an aim cannot achieve success in life. An aimless man is like a
ship without a rudder. Different people have different aims in life.
People want to spend comfortable life by earning a lot of money.
Some want to acquire knowledge. There are some men who want
glory and fame; some want to rise to power and exercise authority
on others.

I am an ordinary person. I have a simple aim. I do not want to
earn money and spend a comfortable life. I want to work hard for
the development of the country. Education is the foundation of
development of the country.

In our country, the quality of education is declining day by day. So
I want to be a teacher. I will try my best to improve the standard of
education. I hope that my aim will be fulfilled. I shall pass a happy
life and do the best for the nation.

2. The Telephone

An American scientist Alexander Graham Bell invented the
telephone. It is very useful for us. Everybody uses telephone
nowadays. The telephone makes it possible to talk to a person far
away without going near him/her.

A telephone has a receiver, a transmitter and a dial. There is an
exchange which works as connecting station. It saves our time
and money.

Every telephone has its own number to talk to a person. We have
to dial the number. We can call a doctor, a cab driver, a mechanic
or any other person just by dialling the number. The ambulance
or fire brigade can be called in case of an emergency. A parent can
contact the school. So, telephone is very useful for everyone.

194 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3. My Class Teacher
My class teacher is a charming lady. She is tall and healthy. She

is fair. Her name is Miss Lalita Lama. She teaches us English and
Music. She is about 25 years old. She is always cheerful.

She is a good teacher. She never gets annoyed when a student fails
to learn. She encourages him or her to learn again and again. She
explains things in a simple and clear manner. She is gentle and soft
spoken.

She is always ready to help her pupils. But she is very strict and
disciplined. She always wants us to be disciplined and tidy.

I am glad that Miss Lama is my class teacher. She makes her subjects
interesting with the help of charts, maps and toys. Sometimes she
takes us out to visit some interesting places. Last month she took us
all to the zoo.

4. Discipline
Discipline means a habit of working according to rules. Discipline

is necessary for people of every age. Discipline is necessary at
every place of work like home, school, playground and society.
An undisciplined person is disliked and hated by people.

Home is the first place where we learn discipline. At home, children
must obey their parents and seniors. There must be discipline
at school. The teachers and students must follow the rules and
regulations of the school.

To provide quality education, the school should maintain discipline.
Discipline is necessary even in the playground. Players must
obey the captain. Discipline is much more essential in the army.
Soldiers obey their seniors without any question. Similarly, there is
a great importance of discipline in each and every organization.

Discipline is a precious treasure. It is very necessary to achieve
success in life. Children should be taught discipline at homes and
schools.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 195

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write short essays on the given topics.
a. Your Favourite Teacher
b. Your Favourite Festival
c. Computer
d. My Country
e. Mobile
f. Dipawali
g. Agriculture in Nepal
h. My Birthday
i. The Rainy Season
j. Student Life

D. Dialogue Writing

A dialogue is a piece of written composition in the form of conversation between
two persons on any subject.

A dialogue about health

i. Two friends, Nikita and Rinku, are talking.

Nikita : Hi, Rinku, How are you?

Rinku : I am fine, thanks. What about you?

Nikita : I feel a little uneasy.

Rinku : What's wrong with you?

Nikita : I have a bad cold.

Rinku : Oh, that's quite worrisome.

Nikita : The doctor has advised me to go home and take a rest.

Rinku : Yeah, that's good.

196 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

Nikita : I hope I can be ready by Sunday for school.

Rinku : Don't worry, you will be fine.

Nikita : Thanks. See you.

ii. Two friends are talking on phone.

Aryan : Hello, is it Siddhant speaking?

Siddhant : Yes, speaking.

Aryan : Hello, Siddhant. I am Aryan.

Siddhant : Oh ! Aryan, how are you?

Aryan : I'm fine. And you? Why didn't you come to school
yesterday?

Siddhant : I was a little unwell.

Aryan : Oh ! What happened to you?

Siddhant : I was suffering from fever.

Aryan : I am sorry to hear that.

Siddhant : That's all right.

Aryan : I wish you to recover soon.

Siddhant : Thanks for that.

Aryan : Ok, bye. See you tomorrow.

Siddhant : Ok, bye.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write short dialogue on the following topics:
a. Between you and your friend about visiting a park.
b. Between a student and a teacher about English language.
c. Between you and a shopkeeper about shopping you are doing.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 197

Test Paper-III

Third Terminal Examination

Subject : English Grammar F. M.

Class : Four P. M.

1. Add the correct tag questions. ......................................?
a. I have invited him,

b. Anil can't go there, ......................................?

c. He helped me a lot, ......................................?

d. She cannot solve it. ......................................?

e. We did it well ......................................?

f. He doesn't smoke, ......................................?

g. He helps me, ......................................?

h. She will be here, ......................................?

i. There are no cows, ......................................?

j. She didn't speak, ......................................?

k. I don't have money, ......................................?

2. Change these sentences into passive voice.

a. I am eating rice. ................................................

b. I have taken my bag. ................................................

c. You can do it. ................................................

d. She will call me. ................................................

e. They helped me a lot. ................................................

f. He composed the pop music. ................................................

g. She handed a bicycle. ................................................

h. She cooks food. ................................................

i. We are learning English. ................................................

j. They took my pencil. ................................................

198 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4

3. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
a. He said to me, "Give me food."

b. Raju said to Sillu, "Don't go outside."

c. He said to me, "I will help you."

d. Ravin said to me, "Ronit has taken my pen. "

e. You said to me,"I am searching for my brother now.”

4. Change the sentences as in the example.

I like to play. I like playing.

a. He began to weep. ................................................

b. They love to play. ................................................

c. He prefers to go to the temple. ................................................

d. We like to sing songs. ................................................

e. I hate to write Japanese letters. ................................................
5. Complete the following sentences with present participles.

a. This is my ................... room. (read)

b. I saw the boys .................... (play)

c. There is no ................... water. (drink)

d. I saw them ................... up the tree. (climb)

e. He found a book ................... by the boy. (lie)
6. Punctuate the following sentences.

a. Where is your mother now

b. He said to me do you like to read

c. i like apple orange mango and papaya.

d. What a tiny house it is

e. rajesh hamal is a popular hero

f. do you like father or mother
7. Fill in the blanks with since or for.

a. I have been studying in this school ................... 2063 B.S.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4 199

b. You have been doing your work ................... two hours.

c. He hasn't been at home ................... last Friday.

d. We have been playing ................... 10 o'clock.

e. They have been in Pokhara ................... two months.

8. Read the sentence below and indicate the part of speech of each
word.

Ah! - Ah! The blind beggar fell into a deep ditch

and was hurt badly.

The -

Blind -

Beggar -

Fell -

Into -

A -

Deep -

Ditch -

And -

Was -

Hurt -

Badly -
9. What is called voice? Classify it with examples.

10. What is tense? Give two examples each for present, past and
future tense.

200 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-4