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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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-u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -5_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ -h_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

^= tnsf] kf7 k9\gx' f;] \ / /ª\uLg zAbx¿ ;fg'x{ f;] \ M

k/bz] df ljleGg k|sf/sf vfgf kfOG5g\ . s'g} vfgf xfdLn] vfPsf
klg x'G5g\ . s'g} eg] gvfPsf klg x'G5g\ . g/fdf| ] nfUg] gvfP klg
x'G5 . x'g t vfgfdf cvfB s'/f x'Fb}g t/ klg ;a} vfg ;lsbF g} .

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

&= tnsf kbfjnLaf6 jfSo agfpg'xf];\ M
-s_ ufpFeGbf ;x/ M ufpFeGbf ;x/ ljsl;t xG' 5 .
-v_ gofFeGbf k'/fgf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ /fd|f]eGbf g/fd|f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ bM' veGbf ;v' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[ j}v/L sIff @ 219

*= bO' { bO' { hgf ldn/] tnsf] ;j+ fb k9g\ 'xf];\ M

gflt M gd:t] † xh'/cfdf .
xh/' cfdf M gd:t] ljgo gflt † ltdL t

l9nf kf] cfof} t .
gflt M k]lG;n efOsf] emfn] fdf

k/]5 . vfH] bf vfH] bf l9nf
eof] xh/' cfdf .
xh'/cfdf M l7s 5 t . ltdf| ;fyLx¿
klg clxn] ev/{ t cfOku' ] .
gflt M xf] / † d t w]/} l9nf] kf] ePF eG7fgs] f] † a7} s sf7] fdf
hfg] af6f] t stf kf] xh/' cfdf .
xh/' cfdf M otf cfpm . pM Tof] 9fs] faf6 l5//] bflxg]lt/ hfpm .
ToxLF 5 a7} s sf7] f .
gflt M wGojfb xh/' cfdf
xh/' cfdf M :jfut 5 gflt .

(= /ªu\ Lg zAbx¿ sfkLdf ;f/L jfSo agfpgx' f;] \ M

!)= jfSo agfpg'xf];\ M

d M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

xfdL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

tF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ltdL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

tkfO{F M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

pm M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

pgL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

pxfF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

220 jv} /L sIff @ kf7o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLst[

;dx" df efiff

!= tLgrf/ hgfsf] ;dx" aGgx' f;] \ . ca k|To]s ;dx" n] tnsf] vfnL 7fpdF f
sIff b'Od{ f k9s] f lstfax¿af6 5 5 cf]6f k|Zg agfpg'xf];\ . cfºgf]
;d"xn] agfPsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ klg cfkm}F nV] g'xf];\ t/ pSt pQ/
uf]Ko /fVg'xf];\ . To;kl5 k|Tos] ;dx" n] cGo ;d"xnfO{ kfnk} fnf] k|Zg
;f]Wg'xf];\ . ;xL pQ/ lbg] ;d"xnfO{ Ps cª\s lbg'xf;] \ M

k|Zg != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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k|Zg @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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k|Zg #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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k|Zg $ = ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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k|Zg %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

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k|Zg ^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

sg' ;d"xn] ;a}eGbf a9L cª\s k|fKt u¥of] <

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 :jLst[ jv} /L sIff @ 221

l;h{gf÷kl/of]hgf

-s_ tkfOs{F f] af/d] f atfpg] Pp6f cgR' 5b] nV] g'xf;] \ M

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ

-v_ tflnsfdf ldNg] s'/f egx{' f];\ M
kfFr hgf l5d]sL j/k/ kfOg] hgfj/ j/k/ kfOg] af6] la?jf

ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ

222 j}v/L sIff @ kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b|af6 :jLst[

kl/lzi6
;'gfO l;ksf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf kf7x¿

kf7 –!

lzIfs M /fh' Û ltd|f] kl/jf/df slt hgf ;b:o 5g\ <
/fh' M 5 hgf ;/ . xh'/aa' f, xh'/cfdf, aa' f, cfdf, lbbL / d .
lzIfs M dlndf Û ltd|f] rflxF <
dlndf M xfd|f] t tLg hgfn] ag]sf] kl/jf/ xf] . a'af, cfdf / d dfq} 5f}F .
lzIfs M /ldnf Û ltd|f] kl/jf/sf] af/]df klg atfpm g .
/ldnf M d]/f] kl/jf/ t w]/} 7n' f] 5 . d]/f] kl/jf/df xh'/af, xh'/cfdf, 7'nfaf,

7n' Lcfdf klg x'gx' 'G5 . To;kl5 aa' f, cfdf, sfsf, kmk' " x'gx' 'G5 .
xfdL s]6fs]6L dfq rf/ hgf 5f}F . 7'nfaf 7'Nofdfsf 5f]/f, 5f]/L, d]/L
cfºg} lbbL / d . xfdL hDdf afx| hgf 5f}F ;/ .
lzIfs M gflDaxfªsf] kl/jf/ rflxF s:tf] 5 t <
gflDaxfª M d]/f] kl/jf/df xfdL hDdf rf/ hgf dfq 5f}F . d]/f a'af, d]/L cfdf, d
/ d]/L ;fgL alxgL dfq 5f}F .

kf7 –@

gd:t] † d]/f] gfd k|s[lt xf] . d laxfg 5 ah] p7\5' . To;kl5 xftdv' wf]P/ bw'
vfG5' . ;ft ah]b]lv Ps 306f k9\5' clg vfgf vfG5' . vfgf vfP/ gf} ah] :s'n
hfG5' . :s'n bz ah] nfU5 / tLg ah] 56' \6L x'G5 . 3/df cfP/ vfhf vfPkl5
Psl5g v]N5' . 5 ah]b]lv u[xsfo{ u5{' . a]n'sL vfgf vfPkl5 cf7 ah]b]lv gf}
ah];Dddf ;l' t;S5' .

kf7 –#

cd/ nfnkfgL eGg] ufpFdf a:5 . p;sf] ufpFdf sl/a rfln; kl/jf/hlt a:5g\ .
pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿ v]tLkftL u5{g\ . cd/sf a'af klg ls;fg x'g'x'G5 .
cd/ klg aa' f;Fu slxn]sfxLF v]tLkftLsf] sfd u5{ . p;sf l5d]sL ofd sfsf
eg] uf8L rnfpg'x'G5 . csf{ l5d]sL hok|;fb a8fafsf] ls/fgf k;n 5 . ufpFsf
;a}h;f] dflg;x¿ ToxL k;naf6 ;fdfg lsG5g\ . cd/sf] ufpFdf bnaxfb'/ afh]
/ ;Gt sfsf l;sdL{ x'gx' G' 5 . dx]Gb| a8faf / nlntf km' k" rflxF ;/sf/L :s'ndf
k9fpgx' 'G5 . s]²' sfsfsf] s6' fgL lk;fgLsf] ldn 5 . ufpFsf c¿ ;a} v]tLkftL
u/]/ u'hf/f u5{g\ .

kf7 –$

d]/f] gfd nflhdf lnDa" xf] . d d}qL cfwf/et" ljBfnodf k9\5' . d]/f] ljBfno

kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[ jv} /L sIff @ 223

df]/ª lhNnfsf] pnf{af/L gu/kflnsfdf 5 .

d]/f] ljBfnodf b'O{ ;o hlt ljBfyL{x¿ 5g\ . kGw| hgf lzIfsx¿ xg' x' G' 5 . b'O{
hgf cfof lbbL / Ps hgf kfn] bfh' x'gx' 'G5 . d]/f] :s'ndf v]Ng] rp/ 7'nf] 5 .
ljBfnod} vfhf vfg] SoflG6g klg 5 . d]/f] ljBfnosf sIffsf]7fx¿ km/flsnf
5g\ . k':tsfno / sDKo6' / k|of]uzfnf klg 5 . rp/sf] blIf0fefudf 7'nf] ;ef
xn 5 . xfdL To; ;efxndf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ u5f}{F .

d bO' { sIffdf k9\5' . d]/f] sIff lzIfssf] gfd ;h' ftf /fO{ xf] . ljBfnosf]
k|wfgfWofdssf] gfd x]dntf du/ xf] . dnfO{ d]/f] ljBfno /fd|f] nfU5 .

kf7 –%

r}t j}zfv j;Gt xf]
kmn" b]Vg kfOg] .
h]7 c;f/ u|Lid Ct'
3/df kª\vf rflxg] .

jiff{ g} xf] ;fpg ebf}
kfgL kfgL xG' 5 .
c;f]h sflQs z/b\df
rf8af8n] 5'G5 .

x]dGt xf] dª\l;/ k;'
hf8f] a9\g yfN5 .
df3 kmfu'g lzlz/n]
?vsf kft kmfN5 .

kf7 –^

klxnf] cfjfh -oxfF s's/' sf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;g' fpg]_
bf];|f] cfjfh -oxfF ufO{sf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;'gfpg]_
t];|f] cfjfh -oxfF la/fnfsf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;'gfpg]_
rf}yf] cfjfh -oxfF af3sf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;g' fpg]_
kfFrf}F cfjfh -oxfF sfusf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;'gfpg]_
5}6f}F cfjfh -oxfF 3f]8fsf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;'gfpg]_
;ftf}F cfjfh -oxfF efn]sf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;g' fpg]_
cf7f}F cfjfh -oxfF k/]jfsf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;g' fpg]_

224 jv} /L sIff @ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLst[

gjf}F cfjfh -oxfF ;F'u/' sf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;'gfpg]_
bzf}F cfjfh -oxfF d;' fsf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;g' fpg]_
P3f/f}F cfjfh -oxfF sf]OnLsf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;'gfpg]_
afx|f}F cfjfh -oxfF ºofp/f]sf] cfjfh /fVg]÷;g' fpg]_

kf7 –& -/fd|f] g/fdf| ]_

k:' ts k9\g' ;f/} /fd|f]
RofTg' rflxF g/fd|f]
;kmf cIf/ n]Vg' /fd|f]
sfkL sf]g'{ g/fd|f] .

rfF8} ;'Tg], rfF8} p7\g]
afgL w]/} /fd|f]
ca]/ ;T' g], ca]/ p7\g]
cfgLafgL g/fd|f] .

7'nfnfO{ cfb/ ug]{ ;fef/ M /fd|f] g/fd|f]
afgL ;f/} /fd|f]
;fgfnfO{ x]nf ug]{
afgL ;f/} g/fd|f] .

kf7 – *

;/n 5GTofnsf] 3/ DofUbLsf] a]gL ahf/df 5 . ;/nsf] ljBfnodf ef]lnaf6
lxpFb] labf ;'? xF'b} 5 . To;}n] pgL km' ?Ss 5g\ .

;/n km' ?Ss xg' ] bO' 6f sf/0f 5g\ . klxnf] sf/0f, pgsf] ljBfnodf Ps dlxgf
nfdf] labf ;'? xF'b} 5 . labf eg]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿ km' ?Ss kl/xfN5g\ . bf];|f] sf/0f,
o;k6ssf] labf dgfpg pgL dfdf3/ hfFb} 5g\ . pgsf] dfdf3/ g]kfnuGh xf] .
lxpFbdf g]kfnuGh DofUbLsf] t'ngfdf lgs} Gofgf] xG' 5 . clg dfdfdfOh"sf] dfof
emg\ Gofgf] x'G5 . dfdfsf 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu v]Ng kfpg] s'/f t ug}{ k/]g . To;}n] t pgL
km' ?Ss 5g\ .

;/nnfO{ yfxf 5, cfh pgL /fd|/L lgbfpg ;St}gg\ . pgL ef]ln klxnf]kN6 dfdf3/
hfFb} 5g\ . g]kfnuGh t/fO{ xf] eGg] pgn] ;g' ]sf 5g\ t/ t/fO{ b]v]sf 5}gg\ . t/fO{
t ;Dd k/]sf] xG' 5 eGg] k9]sf 5g\ . ;Dd eg]sf] pgsf] ljBfnosf] 7n' f] rp/h:tf]
xf]nf . o:tf] s'/f ;f]Rtf;f]Rt} pgL cfh w]/} l9nf] dfq lgbfpg] 5g\ .

kf7o\ qmd ljsf; s]Gba| f6 :jLs[t jv} /L sIff @ 225

kf7 – (

af6fdf sf/, 6«s / a; u8' \5g\ . l/S;f, 6]Dkf], ;fOsn / df]6/;fOsn u8' \5g\ .
af6fdf aonuf8f, /y / aUuL klg u'8\5g\ . /]n / 6«fd klg u'8\5g\ t/ /]n /
6«fd u8' \g] af6fdf kmnfdsf] lns x'G5 . af6fdf u'8\g] o:tf ;fwgx¿nfO{ ;jf/L
;fwg elgG5 . o:tf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿dWo] sg' }n] dflg;nfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF
k'¥ofpF5g\ . s'g}n] ;/;fdfgx¿ cf];f/ k;f/ u5{g\ .

af6fdf PDa'n]G; / bdsnx¿ klg u8' \5g\ . 8f]h/, /f]n/x¿ klg u8' \5g\ . PDan' ]G;n]
la/fdLx¿nfO{ l56f] c:ktfn k'¥ofpF5 . bdsnn] cfunfuL ePsf] 7fpFdf cfuf]
lgefpF5 . 8f]h/, /f]n/x¿ ;8s agfpg k|of]u xG' 5g\ .

kf7 – !)

d]/f] gfd nlS;df xf] . d]/f] 3/df ss' /' 5 eGg] s/' f tkfO{Fx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 . To;sf]
gfd d}n] kKk' /fv]sf] 5' . kKks' f] ;fgf] vf]/ 5 . Tof] vf]/ afafn] NofOlbg'ePsf] xf] .

kKk' xnSs a9\b} 5 . d :sn' hfg] a]nf Tof] u]6;Dd cfpF5 . d :sn' af6 kms{Fbf
Tof] u]6d} cfOkU' 5 . kKk'n] xfd|f] 3/sf] ;a} hgfsf] cfjfh lrG5 . To;}n] d cfPsf]
yfxf kfOxfN5 .

kKk' rsrs] 5 . Tof] slxn]sfxLF lxnf]df klg sb' \5 . w'nf]df nl8a8L u5{ . To;}n]
To;nfO{ xKtfdf PsbO' { k6s g'xfOlbg'k5{ . kKkn' fO{ cfdfn] gx' fOlbgx' G' 5 . d klg
To;a]nf ;3fpF5' .

dnfO{ km' ;{bdf kKk';Fu v]Nbf /dfOnf] nfU5 .

kf7 –!! -;f]wfO / hafkm_

g]kfndf dfq kfOg] r/fsf] gfd sfF8]Eofs/' xf] .
;of}F y'Fuf kmn" sf xfdL eGg] /fi6« ufgsf n]vs k|bLks'df/ /fO{ xg' \ .
g]kfndf hDdf ;txQ/ cf]6f lhNnf 5g\ .
Eofu'tfsf aRrfnfO{ r]kfufF8f elgG5 .
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