Occupation, Business and Technology 7

Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre,
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional material.

Occupation, Business

&

Technology Education

Class

7

Romharsh Panthee
Chinta Mani Panthee

Copyright : Authors

Edition

First Edition : 2071

Second Edition : 2072 / 2076

Layout : Oasis desktop

Printed in Nepal

Preface

Occupation, Business and Technology Education has been designed to
make students familiar with the different types of professions, businesses and
technologies from the early classes so that they can understand the importance
of different works, jobs, occupations and activities which are being performed
by their parents, guardians, relatives and society. They will understand the
needs and importance of different professions, businesses and technologies
to run their life. After the study of this course, they will develop a feeling of
respect and love to all types of jobs, occupations, trades and works which
are equally important in the society. They will realize that all types of works
are important. There should not be any discrimination on the basis of work
because work is worship.
Education should be a means to make one’s life better. Education must be
related to life and it should help students to bring positive changes and run
their life. Whatever knowledge, skill and information students acquire and
learn from schools and colleges, they must be able to use that in their practical
life. They must be able to use and utilize their education to make their life
happy. Only then, they will be interested to get education. It will develop a
feeling of patriotism, national unity, democratic culture and hard-working
character .They will develop self discipline and moral character in them. They
must internalize this feeling that a well educated, skilled and professional
person can survive with dignity in any corner of the world.
This book has been prepared with great care to make it easy and lucid in
every way possible. A text book is an important tool for teaching and learning
process. But, it is not complete in itself. This is a simple guideline to the
teachers and students. They have to make it a living education and learn
through practical work. They must visit the places and areas where different
types of professions, businesses and technologies are available and in use. If
the students visit, see, observe and do the things themselves, it will be very
effective and useful. Students enjoy practical work rather than theoretical
rote learning and memorization. Actually, bookish learning without practical
work has no use. So, practically achieved knowledge and skill is long lasting,
effective and very useful.
Very serious and careful efforts have been made to make this book up to date
and standard. Nothing is absolute. So, there might be some lacks, errors,
drawbacks, shortcomings in the presentation of subject matter, language
and illustrations. Teachers, students, parents, readers are the real judges of
these things. So, all types of constructive and valuable suggestions are highly
appreciated from teachers, students, parents and readers to improve it in
upcoming editions.

- Authors

Dear Teachers and Students,
Occupation, Business and Technology Education is a new subject. It has varieties
of subject matters for study. Mainly, it has three parts. The first part deals with
the concept of professional education and its importance. The second part
deals with the orientation to profession and business. It highlights soft skills,
business, different occupations, their features, operating methods, etc. and the
third part deals with the technology education which includes traditional and
modern technology. Before you start teaching learning activity, please read the
grid and contents carefully which helps you what to study. This is a practical
subject. So, it focuses more on practical work. It has 50% theoretical and 50%
practical course. So, students should be familiar with the different occupations,
businesses and technology education through theoretical along with practical
and field work.

Main Objectives of the Subject

After the completion of basics level course (6-8), the students will be able:

• to be familiar with the means of livelihood and select the profession
according to their interest, capacity and opportunity,

• to get information and knowledge of national and international labour market,
• to develop common professional soft skills and apply them,
• to develop positive attitude towards all kinds of professions,
• to prepare a scheme or plan to conduct a profession,
• to develop habit to relate education for work,
• to use homely appliances, technologies and different instruments and

devices safely,
• to conserve traditional technologies,
• to use modern technology.

Teaching Learning Methods
This subject should be equally focused on theoretical and practical knowledge.
Teachers and students can apply their own innovative ideas, methods, and
techniques for teaching, learning activity and study. The following methods
can be applied for the teaching learning activity:

• Discussion • Demonstration
• Question-Answer • Field Study
• Practical Work • Exhibition
• Observation • Mini Project

• Research

Evaluation
This subject has three areas of study. They are: professional education,
orientation of profession and business and technology education. For the
theoretical exam of 5o marks, the division of marks is given below:

SN Subject /Area Marks No of Questions

1. Professional Education 15 3 Questions of 5 Marks
5 Questions of 5 Marks
2. Orientation of Profession and Business 25 2 Questions of 5 Marks

3. Technology Education 10

Total 50 Total Questions 10 of 5
Marks = 50

Teaching Hours

Teaching Teaching Total
Tentative
SN Area / Subject Weightage Periods for Periods for Teaching
Theoretical Practical Periods

Study Work 45

1. Professional 25 30 15 95.0
Education
35
Orientation to 55 37.5 57.5 175
2. Profession and

Business

3. Technology 20 20 15
Education

Total 100.00 87.5 87.5

What to teach?
Part One : All Untis
Part Two : Units 4, 5 and 6 all, and any 4 units from 7 to 14 should be taught.
Part Three : All Units

Note:- Please, find specific grid and model questions on pages 310, 311 and 312.

Contents

Part-One
1. Professional Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Profession and Professional Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. Classification of Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3. Interrelationship between Profession and Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Technical Education and Profession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5. Medical Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6. Engineering Related Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7. Agriculture and Forest Related Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8. Finance Related Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9. Tourism Related Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
10. Teaching Related Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
11. Public Service Related Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2. Employment, Training and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1. Introduction to Regional and National Employments and Their

Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2. Types of General and Vocational Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3. Technical Education and Vocational Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4. Technical Education and Institutions of Vocational Training . . . . . 66

3. Employment Related Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1. Technical Education and Institutions of Professional Training . . . . 72

Part-Two
4. General Professional Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
1. Introduction to General Professional Skills and Their Importance 78

5. Types of Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1. Small, Medium and Large Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2. Fundamental Elements of Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3. Professions of the Local Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4. Selection of Profession, Its Management and Performance . . . . . . . 90

6. Business and Market Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
1. Selection of Business, Its Management and Performance . . . . . . . . 95
2. Search of Business and Partnership Skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3. Modernization in Business Skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

4. Search of Agro-based Business and Partnership Skill . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5. Process of Price Determination of Goods and Services . . . . . . . . . 107

Any Four from Units 7-14
7. Vegetable Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
1. Introduction to Seasonal and Off-seasonal Vegetable Farming . . 112
2. Organic Compost and Chemical Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3. Farming of Earthworms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4. Compost and Chemical Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5. Introduction to Drip Irrigation and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6. Seasonal Cultivation in the Kitchen Garden and Care . . . . . . . . . . 126
7. Protection of Vegetables from Harmful Diseases and Insects . . . . 129

8. Cultivation of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1. Nursery of the Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2. Identification of Local and Advanced Types of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . 139
3. Method of Harvesting Fruits and Its Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4. Method of Preservation of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5. Methods of Harvesting Fruits and Tools for Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6. Traditional Methods of Storing Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7. Methods of Packing and Transportation of Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8. Identification of Diseases and Insects of Fruits and Traditional

Methods of Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Food Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
1. Production, Purification and Storage of Dry Vegetables . . . . . . . . 159
2. Production, Processing and Storage of Slices or Dried Fruits . . . . 162
3. Introduction to Recipe and Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4. Production, Processing and Safe Storage of Pickles . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5. Production, Processing and Safe Storage of Turmeric, Dry Ginger,

and Titaura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

10 .Flower and Herb Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
1. Flower Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
2. Cultivation of Herbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

11. Rearing and Caring of Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Any One from Lessons 1-5

1. Rearing of Sheep, Goats and Chyangras (Mountain Goats) . . . . . 196
2. Cow and Buffalo Rearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

3. Poultry Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4. Pig Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5. Fish Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

12. Handicraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
1. Different Things from Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
2. Origami and Kirigami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3. Making Different Things from Bamboo  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
4. Simple Carving on Woods and Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

13. Claywork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
1. Different Shapes from Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
2. Construction of Different Fruits, Vegetables, Animals and Home

Use Utensils from Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

14. Knitting and Weaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
1. Decorative Stitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
2. Methods of Making Handkerchief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
3. Fabric Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
4. Hand Weaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Part-Three
15. Local Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
1. Interrelationship between Traditional and Modern Technology . 269
2. Safe Use of Instruments in Daily Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
3. Principles of Some Traditional Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

16. Modern Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
1. Use of Electricity for Domestic Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
2. Modern Appliances of Domestic Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
3. Introduction to Technology and Its Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
4. Process of Transmission of FM, Radio and Television . . . . . . . . . . 293
5. Computer as a Means of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
6. Alternative Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Specification Grid for Practical Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Specification Grid for Theoretical Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

A Set of Model Questions for Theoretical Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Unit

1

Professional Education

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 20

1. Profession and Professional Education 10
2. Classification of Professions 14
3. Interrelationship between Profession and Training 18
4. Technical Education and Profession 21
5. Medical Professions 24
6. Engineering Related Professions 29
7. Agriculture and Forest Related Professions 33
8. Finance Related Professions 37
9. Tourism Related Professions 39
10. Teaching Related Professions 42
11. Public Service Related Professions 46

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 9

Lesson

1

Profession and Professional Education

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define profession and professional education.
• to state the importance of professional education.

Pre-reading Activity
What do you understand by a profession? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

terms : a thing that makes you able to understand or achieve

something

terminology : the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular

subject or words used with particular meanings i.e.

(abbreviation or short form) used to explain exactly what

the previous thing that you have mentioned means (from

Latin ‘id est’): the basic essentials of life, i.e. housing, food

and water

professional : connected with a job that needs special training or skill,

especially one that needs a high level of education

defining : important, major, crucial, essential, significant or central

livelihood : living, a means of earning money in order to live

education : a process of teaching, training and learning, especially in

schools or colleges, to improve knowledge and develop

skills

prescribe : (of a doctor) to tell sb to take a particular medicine or have

a particular treatment

occupation : a job or profession

highlight : bring to light or notice

10 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
Our society is made up of different types of people. People are different

on the basis of their work. They are known by different names because of
their work. Those who work in the field and grow crops, fruits, flowers
and rear animals are called farmers. Those people who buy and sell
different types of goods and things are called businessmen or traders.
Those who work in the government offices, hospitals, banks, schools
and colleges, and social sector are called social workers. In this way,
our society is running and people are running their livelihood. All these
works and services which are carried out by different people are called
professions. In other words, professions are works or occupations which
are taken up by the people to run their life. Professions, science and
technologies are developed with the development of the society. As the
society develops, people develop different types of specific and advanced
types of professions to make their life comfortable and easy.

B. Introduction to Professional Education
Professional education is related to professions. Professional education

is a process to acquire knowledge and information, skill and training to
do any work properly and successfully. Professional education enables
a person to do any work. After getting professional education, people
become able to pursue the profession properly. For example; after the
study of medical course, a man becomes able to work in a hospital and
to prescribe medicine to the patients. Professional education varies
according to the types of professions because each and every profession
has its own area, level, education, skill and training.

C. Needs and Importance of Professional Education
In the past, when people did not have educational system, they used to

learn work by practice. In other words, profession used to be parental;
this is why a farmer’s son used to be a farmer. A goldsmith’s son used

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 11

to be a goldsmith and a blacksmith’s son used to be a black smith. A
tailor’s son used to be a tailor. In modern time, this situation has changed
a lot because of professional education. In modern time, any person
can do and pursue any type of work after getting education about that
profession. Professional education has become the need of the time.

Modern development is based on the specific knowledge, skill and
training of a particular profession. Every profession has become very
specific in itself. So, specialization in profession is very necessary to run
it. Those countries that have specialization in different professions have
attained development fast. In other words, where there is development of
professional education, there is fast pace of development. The European
countries have been able to develop because of professional education.

We can highlight the need and importance of professional education as
follows:

• Professional education is the need and basis of the modern
development.

• Professional education provides knowledge, skill and training
about professions.

• It makes people able to pursue any type of profession.

• Professional education produces skilled and trained manpower for
different professions.

• It helps to increase income of a family and solve their economic
problems.

• Professional education provides knowledge, skill and training
according to needs and demands.

• It helps a person to develop a profession and to get success in it.

• Professional education helps to commercialize the profession.

• Professional education improves the quality of life and brings
happiness.

Activity and Exercise

1. Make a list of different professions which are pursued by the people of
your locality.

12 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

2. Define profession. Explain it in your own words.
3. What is professional education? Explain it with examples.
4. Discuss the needs and importance of professional education in class and

write about them.
5. ‘Professional education provides better job opportunities.’ Justify this

statement.
6. What are the main professions practised in Nepal? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Collect ten pictures of people in different professions and paste them on a
chart paper. Label the pictures and describe their importance.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 13

Lesson

2

Classification of Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name the types and levels of professions.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of works and occupations are being done by the people
in your locality? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

classification : the act or process of putting people or things into a
group or class

pursue : to do something or try to achieve something over a
period of time or follow

preventive : defensive, protective

curative : healing or remedial

specialized : designed or developed for a particular purpose or area
of knowledge

qualification : an exam that you have passed or a course of study that
you have successfully completed

14 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
There are different types of works and occupations in the society. People

work and pursue different types of professions according to their own
interest and skill. Each and every work or profession is important for the
society. No work is inferior. Every profession has its own importance.
For example, a sweeper’s work is as important as the doctor’s work to
maintain good health.
B. Classification of Profession
There are different types of professions according to their nature, level
and area. We can classify professions on the basis of their area, level and
nature.
C. On the Basis of Area
It refers to the different professions of the society. People conduct different
professions. They are farming, construction, teaching, business, social
service, tourism, medical, security, research, communication, etc. Each
profession has its sub-divisions.

For example, in medical sector, there is surgery, medicine, preventive and
curative; in farming, there is crops production and animal husbandry.
Also in farming, there are poultry farming, fish farming, herbs production,
fruits cultivation, flower cultivation, etc. All professions have technical
and non-technical manpower.

D. On the Basis of Level
There are different levels of professions on the basis of their needs of

knowledge skill and training and their nature. They are given below:
i. Basic Professions: Basic professions are those which are practised

to fulfill daily basic needs and necessities. These are every day
professions. They fulfill very basic needs of the people like farming,
animal husbandry, carpentry, business of fruits, meat, milk, food
items, medicines, etc. These professions can be run without any
specific training and skill. Only basic knowledge helps to run them.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 15

ii. Medium Level Professions

In medium level professions, we need higher level of knowledge,
training and skill than the basic ones. These professions need some
education, skill and training to conduct them. These are more specific
than basic professions. Some examples of medium professions are
: JTA in farming, computer operator, health assistant, accountants,
etc. These professions need at least certificate level educational
qualification.

ii. Specialized or High Level Professions

These are professions which can be pursued only by getting special
educational qualifications, training and skills. To persue higher
level profession, we need at least four-year professional education
and training after acquiring minimum educational qualifications.
These professionals solve the specific problems of their professions.
These professions have both technical and non-technical manpower.
Some examples of these professions are: doctors, engineers,
lecturers, researchers, officers, etc. A doctor can solve the problem
of a patient. An engineer can design buildings, bridges, schools,
colleges, palaces, roads, etc.

16 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

D. On the Basis of Their Nature

Professions can be divided into two categories on the basis of their nature
of providing service. They are production oriented professions and
service oriented professions.

i. Production Oriented Professions
Farming, animal husbandry, construction of buildings, bridges,
leather work, painting, designer, machine operator, computer
operator, etc. are some of the production oriented professions.
These professions construct and produce things.

ii. Service Oriented Professions

These professions are conducted to provide service to the public.
Teaching in schools and colleges; working in government offices
like clerk, manager, secretary, officers; working in hospitals and
nursing homes like doctors, nurses, health assistants; etc, are the
examples of service oriented professions.

Activity and Exercise

1. How can we classify professions in different categories?
2. What do you mean by the classification of professions on the basis of

their operating nature? What are they?
3. Classify the profession on the basis of level.
4. What are called service oriented professions? Discuss and write.

Project Work

Show the classification of professions on a chart paper along with pictures
as shown below.

Classification

S.N. Name of Profession Level Basic Medium Service Oriented or

or High Production Oriented

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 17

Lesson

3

Interrelationship between Profession
and Training

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the importance of training for profession.

Pre-reading Activity
What is training? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

interrelationship : the way in which two or more things or people are
connected and affect each other

training : the process of learning the skills that you need to do
a job or work

society : people in general, living together in communities

competency : capability, skill or ability

technical : connected with the skills and knowledge needed
for a particular machine, job, sport, art

refreshment : the fact of making somebody feel stronger or less
tired or hot

18 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
There are different types of professions in the society. They are conducted

by the people who have knowledge and skill to run them. Each and
every profession needs some special knowledge, skill and training to
run. Training helps to get job. Training helps to run different professions
successfully. So, training is a process to achieve knowledge, skill and
required techniques to take up and run a profession. With the help of
training, we get a chance to run a profession. Only a trained person can
run a profession appropriately and successfully.

B. Interrelationship Between Profession and Training
The following points show the interrelationship between profession and

training:
• A profession needs trained, skilled and technical manpower to run

it.
• Training provides knowledge, skill and techniques about a

profession.
• Training makes a person competent and able in a particular

profession.
• Only a competent person can pursue a profession successfully.
• Untrained persons cannot run any profession effectively,

appropriately and successfully.

• Training provides required subject matter, knowledge, skill and
competence for the profession.

• Training provides refreshment to the trainee which helps to conduct
any profession with pleasure.

• Training makes difficult task easy and helps one to achieve success.
• A trained person can earn more than an untrained person.
• A trained person is able to get a job anywhere in the world.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 19

• A trained person can change the traditional profession into modern
form.

• A trained person can develop professions but an untrained person
can’t do so.

• Training leads the profession on the path of success and profit.
• A good combination between training and profession helps to

develop the society fast.
• Training brings changes in the way of thinking and makes the

people positive, active, and successful.
• Success of any profession depends on the knowledge and skill of

the professionals and these come with training.

Activity and Exercise

1. Define training and state its importance.
2. Discuss the interrelationship between a profession and a training.
3. How does a training change a traditional profession into a modern

profession? Discuss in the class.

Project Work
Distribute each point of the interrelationship of a training and a profession
to your friends and make a flash card to paste or hang on the wall.

20 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

4

Technical Education and Profession

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define technical education.
• to state the importance of technical profession.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of machinery works have you seen? Tell your class.

Terms & Terminologies

technical : the word technical means technological,
mechanical, scientific, industrial, practical or
methodological

technical education : related to scientific, mechanical or practical
knowledge

traditional : conventional or usual

goods : things that are produced to be sold i.e. supplies
commodities, possessions

development : progress, growth

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 21

A. Introdution
People develop different methods, technologies and techniques, skills,

education, and training to make their work fast, easy, comfortable and
accessible. With the help of technologies, people get more profit and
comfort in their profession. The use of technology has changed the
traditional methods of professions. Science has invented and applied
new technologies in each and every field. It has brought revolution in
every field. All these methods, techniques, skills, education are related
to different types of professions. Technical education is a process and
method of getting and making work more comfortable and profitable by
using different technologies. The work in which we use different scientific
technologies, tools and instruments is called technical profession. All the
works from making small sickle and knife to making aeroplane, rocket,
etc. are technical professions. All the works like construction, engineering,
electrical, medical, etc. are technical professions.

B. Classification of Technical Professions
We can classify technical professions into two categories. They are main

technical work and sub-technical work. Every technical work has main
and affiliate works.
For example, doctor is a technical profession but in this profession there
are other affiliate-professions like eye doctor, doctor of skin, doctor of
heart, doctor of women, doctor of ear, etc. These technical professions are
different according to their area, nature and level. But in every profession,
they need special type of education, knowledge, skill, and training to run
them successfully.
22 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

C. Importance of Technical Profession
Look at the importance of technical professions given in the diagram.

Technical professions help to solve the problems of
unemployment.

They create different job opportunities in the society.

Technical professions make it easy to run life.

Importance They need less labour, less time and less investment.
of Technical
Professions They bring changes in the traditional professions and make
them modern.
They also help to develop other sectors of development.

Technical professions are the foundations of modern
development.

Technical professions produce daily required goods and
services.

Activity and Exercise

1. Define technical education in your own words.
2. Classify technical education with examples.
3. What is the difference between technical education and general education?

4. What are technical professions? Discuss in the class and write about
them.

Project Work

• Highlight the importance of technical education on a chart paper.

• Prepare a file showing and describing different technical professions of
your locality in the format given below:

S.N. Name of the Name of the Importance of the
Profession Technician Profession

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 23

Lesson

5

Medical Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define medical professions.
• to name different types of medical professions and state their importance.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of services are provided in the hospital and who provides
them? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

medical : connected with illness and injury and their treatment

health : the state of being physically and mentally well

healthy : physically and mentally fit, fine and strong

homeopathy : a system of treating diseases or conditions using very small

amounts of the substance that causes the disease or condition

ayurvedic : a type of traditional Hindu medicine that treats illnesses using

a combination of foods, herbs and breathing exercises

pathology : the scientific study of diseases

pathologist : a doctor who studies pathology and examines dead bodies

to find out the cause of death

pharmacy : the study of how to prepare medicines and drugs or a shop/

store, or part of one, that sells medicines and drugs

acupuncture : a Chinese method of treating pain and illness without any

medicine and using special thin needles which are pushed

into the skin in particular parts of the body

nursing : the job or skill of caring for people who are sick or injured

maternal : having feelings that are typical of a caring mother towards a

child

pregnancy : the state of being pregnant

pregnant : having a baby or young animal developing inside her/its body

24 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction
People need medicines and health check up when they fall sick. For this,

there are varieties of services in the health sector. People want to live
a happy and healthy life. They need doctors, nurses, surgeons, health
assistants, etc. to provide them different services. For this, there are
different medical professions. Those works which are related to provide
services to the sick people to cure and prevent disease are called medical
professions.

In this field, professional from doctors to health-assistants are included.
They are given below:

B. Kinds of Medical Profession

Lab Technicians Ayurvedic
and Pathologists

Pharmacy

Nursing Medical Acupuncture
General Medical Professions Medicine Science

Doctors Homoeopathy

Natural
Medicine

C. Nursing Profession

Whenever you visit a hospital for
treatment, you see nurses taking care
of the patients. Nursing is one of the
reputed professions in the medical
field. You might have heard the name of
Florence Nightingale who established
repute of nursing profession. Nursing
is very important and respected profession.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 25

Nursing is a great service for human beings. The crying people suffering
from disease and pain get love, care, medicine, relief and encouragement
from the nurses.

D. Types of Nursing Profession

Nursing has two types of professions: one is basic profession of nursing
which is called Assistant Nursing Member (ANM) and another one is
Staff Nurse which is medium level profession of nursing.

E. Works and Obligations
Main works and obligations of nursing are given in the diagram:

Main Works Home service for safe motherhood and safe delivery
To give health related advice
and Duties of To check up blood pressure
a Nurse To create health awareness
To take care of pregnant women

To examine body temperature
To give maternal care
To keep up to date report of the patient and
provide it to the doctor
To assist the doctor
To look after the patients
To give medicine and food to the patients

Required qualification for study is SLC pass

Duration of the study is: 2years theoretical and 5 months
practical with work experience

Achieved degree after study is: TECHNICAL SLC: TSLC Assistant Nursing
Member (ANM)
Main Subjects of study:
• study of human body
• study of general medicine
• study of different common diseases and treatment
• study of safe delivery
• study of pregnant women and care
• study of maternal care
• methods of safe motherhood and childcare

26 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

F. Staff Nurse

Duration: Required
3 years qualification

SLC pass

Methods of Certificate or
safe delivery, Proficiency
maternal and
level of
child care nursing

Staff
Nurse

Study of Study of
human body common
diseases

Pregnancy Study of
care and safe different
motherhood medicines

G. General Medical Professions

There are some other common medical professions which help and teach
people about preventive and curative methods of different diseases.
These health workers play a very important role to maintain good health
of the people. They are the real health workers because they go door to
door to help the people. They are CMA (Community Medical Assistant),
AHW (Assistant Health Worker), HA (Health Assistant).

H. Educational Information about the Common Medical Professions

S.N. Profession Qualification Subjects of Study and Duration of Qualification

for Study Works the Study after Study

1 AHW SLC pass Study of common 2 years with Technical
diseases and their 5 months SLC: TSLC
treatment, health practical
counseling about work
preventive and
curative methods of
common diseases

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 27

2. AHW SLC pass Study of community 15 months Technical
3. SAHW medicine, disease, SLC: TSLC
AHW and treatment and
4 HA 6 months counseling
training
works Study of community 10 months Diploma
level
SLC in 2nd health, diseases and AHW
division Certificate
treatment, counselling training level
common
about preventive and and 3 years health
worker
curative methods of further

diseases study by

government

Common health check 3 years
up and treatment

Activity and Exercise

1. What are called medical professions? What is their importance?
2. What are the main duties and works of a staff nurse? Discuss and write.
3. What are the works and duties of a nurse? Discuss in the class.
4. What are the main works and duties of ANM? Discuss and write.
5. What are general medical professions? Describe in detail.

Project Work

Highlight the medical professions on a chart paper with their qualifications,
subjects of the study, duration, duties, etc.

28 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

6

Engineering Related Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define engineering related professions.
• to describe the works and importance of engineering.

Pre-reading Activity
Who design and construct different buildings, bridges and schools?
Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

engineering : an activity of applying scientific knowledge to the design,

building and control of machines, roads, bridges, electrical

equipment, etc.

construction : the process or method of building or making something

especially roads, buildings, bridges, etc.

drainage : the process by which water or liquid waste is drained from

an area

dam : a barrier that is built across a river in order to stop the water

from flowing, used especially to make a reservoir (= a lake

for storing water) or to produce electricity

overseer : a person whose job is to make sure that other workers do their

work or a person or an organization that is responsible for

making sure that a system is working as it should

description : report or explanation

assistant : helper, supporter

survey : the act of examining and recording the measurements,

features, etc. of an area of land in order to make a map or

plan of it

diploma : a course of study at a college or university

duration : period or time

mechanical : connected with machines and engines

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 29

A. Introduction
There are different

professions in the
field of construction.
They are construction
of houses, buildings,
schools, bridges, roads,
drainages, dams, etc.
There are different types
of manpower who are
involved in construction. These professions are related to engineering.
They are civil engineering, architecture, information technology, IT,
mechanical engineering, electronics, etc.

B. Types and Classification
Engineering related professions are of basic and medium level. A short

description is given below about AMIN, Sub-overseer of Building, Sub-
overseer of Water and Irrigation.

i. AMEN

Qualification
for study is:

SLC pass

Main subjects of AMIN Duration of study
study are survey, is one year with 3
land, plot, field, They get months' practical
Technical SLC
etc. certificate after work
study (TSLC)

Sub-overseers are the basic jobs of engineering profession. They
have different subjects like survey, designing and construction.

30 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

ii. Sub-overseers

Required Duration of the
qualification for study is 2 years
the study of sub- with 5 months,
overseers is: SLC practical work

pass experience

Sub-overseers

Main subjects are:

Survey, drawing, Qualification
designing they get after
study is TSLC
construction
practical

iii. Overseers or Assistant Engineers

Overseers or assistant engineers are those persons who draw paper
and design maps of different buildings, houses, schools, colleges,
bridges, etc. They oversee construction according to their design
and maps.

Qualifications
for study is
SLC pass

Qualifications after Overseers Subject of study is
study is: Diploma or Assistant survey, estimate,
in Civil Engineering Engineers road management

and Certificate (Civil) and drawing

Duration of study
is 3 years

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 31

Name of the Profession is Diploma and Certificate
Level [Mechanical]

Qualification for study is SLC pass.
Duration for study is 3 years.
Qualification after study is: Diploma in Mechanical
Certificate.
Subjects of study are technical drawing,material
science, different machines, construction technology
and management.

Activity and Exercise

1. Write the names of engineering related professions.
2. What are the main works of a civil overseer?
3. Write a short note about AMIN.

Project Work
Visit the places where different types of constructions are being done. Prepare
a report asking different questions to people involved in constructions.

32 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

7

Agriculture and Forest Related
Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define professions related to agriculture and forestry.
• to explain works and importance of different professions ( JTA, JT, JTF) related to

agriculture and forestry.

Pre-reading Activity

Who helps the farmers to take care of their animals and crops?
Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

agriculture : the science or practice of farming
forestry
: the science or practice of planting and taking care of
veterinary trees and forests
fertilizer
: connected with caring for the health of animals
assistance
: a substance added to soil to make plants grow more
successfully

: help, aid

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 33

A. Introduction

There are different professions related to agriculture and forest. They are
from basic level to medium level. These professions are junior technical
assistant, junior technician, forester, ranger, etc. These people are related
to forest and agriculture. They provide different services to the farmers
and conserve the forest. A short description of each profession is given
bellow:

B. Agriculture Related Professions

i. Junior Technical Assistant (JTA) or Veterinary Health Worker:

The persons of this profession
provide required technical
assistance to the farmers. They
provide different basic skills,
knowledge and information
to the farmers to protect their
crops and animals from different
diseases. They provide farmers
knowledge about different seeds, fertilizers, medicines, etc.

Qualification for Main course of study: JTA (Animal science)
study is ten class animal health, disease,
treatment and nutrients Qualification for study is SLC pass
pass
Duration of study is 2 years and 5
JTA (Live-stock) months' work experience

Duration of study is Qualification Study course is animal health
15 months after study is Qualification after study is TSLC

TSLC

ii. Junior Technician:

Farmers need different types of technical support, knowledge,
skill and information for better production of crops, fruits and
flowers. The people who are involved in this profession are junior
technicians who provide farmers knowledge about different crops,
different diseases of crops, management of seeds and seedlings, etc.
They are great friends of farmers for their happy life.

34 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Required qualifications for the Duration is 3 years and courses
study of junior technician is SLC are crops science,fruits science,
diploma in agriculture science
pass

Junior Technician of
Certificate Level or

Diploma

Qualification after study is SLC or Subject study : Proficiency or
Diploma in Agriculture Diploma Level in Botany

Required
qualification for
study is SLC pass

Qualification after JT of Certificate Level Duration of
study is SLC or or Diploma (Animal course is 3 years

Diploma in Animal Health)
Health

Main course of
study is animal
health and other

C. Forest Related Professions
Forest is a very important natural resource. We get lots of things from

forest. Forest provides fresh air, green environment, different herbs,
fodder, leaves, firewood, furniture, shelter for wild animals. It conserves
soils and controls floods and landslides, etc. So, conservation and
promotion of forest is an urgent need of the time. To conserve forest and
to develop it, there are different types of people who are involved in
it. They are forest security guards to protect forest; rangers, foresters,
community members to manage forest and natural resource.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 35

Qualification after
study is SLC or

Diploma in Food and
Dairy Technology

Main subject of study JT of Certificate Required
is milk production and or Diploma Level education for
(Food and Dairy study is SLC pass
pasteurization
Products)

Duration of
the course is 3

years

Activity and Exercise

1. What are forest related professions? Discuss in the class and write about
them.

2. What are the main works of food and diary product JT?
3. How does a JT of animal science help the farmers?

4. What are the main duties of junior technician of animal health?

Project Work

Meet people pursuing agriculture related profession and prepare a report about
their work, qualification, importance, etc. Take help from the table below:

S.N. Profession Required Course of Main Subjects Duration Qualification
Education Study of Study after Study
for Study

1 Ranger SLC pass Certificate Forest 3 Years Certificate

and Diploma management or Diploma

Level in Forest in Forest

Science Science

2 Forester SLC pass Technical SLC Forest 1 Year Technical

with forest management SLC: TSLC

science

36 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

8

Finance Related Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name different finance related professions (such as accountants, assistant

accounts) and state their work and importance.

Pre-reading Activity

Who works in the account section of your school? What kinds of
works are done in the account office and who do these? Discuss in
the class.

Terms & Terminologies

finance : money used to run a business, an activity or a project
or the activity of managing money, especially by a
government or commercial organization

organization : a group of people who form a business, club, etc.
together in order to achieve a particular aim

accountant : a person whose job is to keep or check financial accounts
i.e. income and expenditure

cooperative : doing something together or working together with
others towards a shared aim or a cooperative
business or other organization

A. Introduction

There are different professions related to finance. There are many
organizations and institutions which run different financial activities.
Different offices, banks, corporates, co-operatives, organizations,
schools, colleges, hospitals, government offices, different firms, etc.
keep the records of income and expenditure. These institutions and
offices need skilled manpower to keep their day to day financial records.
Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 37

All the people can’t do this work.
It requires education, knowledge,
skill and training to do these works.
Those who are involved in these
professions are called accountants,
assistant accountants, account
directors, accounts officers,
managers, etc. The activities
which are done to keep financial
records and analyse them are
called finance related professions.
Some of the professions are discussed below:

B. Accountant
A man who keeps financial records of offices is called an Accountant. He

maintains income and expenditure of the offices and organizations. He
keeps the day to day record of income, materials used in the offices, etc. To
be an accountant, he or she needs at least 10+2 or intermediate level pass
with Account major.

C. Assistant Accountant
An assistant accountant is a person who keeps the records of income

and expenditure, record of materials, things and goods used, sold,
purchased in the office. He or she needs at least SLC with Account subject.
He or she should have knowledge and skill to keep these records. They
can get this skill through training or practice. Assistant accountants are
appointed to help accountants in business and big offices.

Activity and Exercise

1. Discuss and describe different finance related professions.
2. What are the duties and responsibilities of an accountant and an assistant

accountant?

Project Work

Interview the accountant of your school and prepare a file about his or her
qualification works and importance.

38 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson

9

Tourism Related Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name the different professions of tourism and describe their works and importance.

Pre-reading Activity
Are there any tourist areas in your locality? Share in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

tourist : a person who is travelling or visiting a place for
pleasure or with other purposes

tourism : the business activity connected with providing
accommodation, services and entertainment for people
who are visiting a place for pleasure or with other
purposes

accommodation : a place to live, work or stay in with food and other services

tourist guide : a person who helps the tourists to show the path and
to explain things which they don’t know

motel : a hotel for people who are travelling by car, with space
for parking cars near the rooms

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 39

A. Introduction

Tourism is one of the important industries in the world. Due to tourism,
people have got different job opportunities in different sectors. People
go from one place to another with different purposes. Some people visit
different countries and areas to see the natural as well as man made
things. They visit to see the people, their culture, their way of life, their
development, their behaviour, etc. People visit to see the historical
buildings, monuments, churches, temples, walls, tombs, mosques, etc.
People visit to see the natural beauty, hills, mountains, caves, rivers, falls,
seas, forests, animals, mountains, etc. People go from one place to another
for economic purpose like business and trade, for religious purpose, for
study purpose, for cultural purpose, etc. All these people who visit one
place or another are called tourists. The things which are done to help
and attract tourists are related to tourism. Hotels, restaurants, lodges,
tourist guides, porters, cooks, waiters, etc. all these are related to tourism
because tourists need all these things while visiting any place. Some
professions related to tourism are discussed below.

B. Tourist Guide

Tourists want to see and to know different
places, people, their different cultures,
way of life, etc. The tourists don’t have
ideas, knowledge and information about
the new places and people. They need
some people to guide them about the
places they visit. So, those people who
are involved in guiding the tourists are called tourist guides. The guide
should have knowledge about different languages. They should have
knowledge about different geographical structures, different historical
places and palaces, landscapes, people and their culture, way of life,
history, etc. to tell the tourists. To be a tourist guide, he or she needs
at least SLC pass and one year special study about tourism. This is a
very interesting profession. People are making a very good income as a
tourist guide.

C. Cook

A cook is one of the very important
persons in the profession of tourism.
Tourists come and stay in different hotels
and lodges. They need different types of

40 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

food items according to their interests and tastes. For these, an expert in
cooking is very necessary.

Without a cook, it is difficult to run any hotels, motels, restaurants,
lodges. So, a person who has knowledge and skill of cooking is called a
cook. A cook who can prepare a different food item is highly demanded
in the market.

Look at the following information:

Required qualification for Subjects of study are
study is SLC pass. knowledge and skill to cook

different food items.

Cook

Qualification after Duration of study is 2years
study is TSLC. with 4 months' work
experience.

Activity and Exercise

1. Define tourism and write how it helps a nation’s economy.
2. What are different professions related to tourism?
3. What will you do to attract the tourists if you become the Prime Minister

of this county? Discuss in the class.
4. What are the main professions related to tourism? Discuss and describe.
5. Why is Nepal an attraction for the tourists? Discuss and write.

Project Work

• Show the interrelationship between tourism and economic development
on a chart paper and highlight the importance of tourism.

• Make a list of things of Nepal which are the attractions for foreigners
and show them on a chart paper.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 41

Lesson

10

Teaching Related Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define teaching profession.
• to introduce different jobs related to teaching profession and their importance.

Pre-reading Activity
Why do you think that teachers are very important persons of a
society? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

teaching : the work of teacher to facilitate students to get
knowledge and skill

immemorial : that has existed for longer than people can remember

informal : relaxed and friendly; not following strict rules of
how to behave or do something, not official

formal education : received in a school, college or university, with
lessons, exams, etc. rather than gained just through
practical experience

certificate : an official document proving that you have completed
a course of study or passed an exam; a qualification
obtained after a course of study or an exam

mediator : a person or an organization that tries to get agreement
between people or groups who disagree with each
other

42 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

A. Introduction

Teaching has been a noble profession from the time immemorial. Teaching
was a much respected profession in the past. The teachers used to be respected
by the society. Teaching is the most important source of getting knowledge.
People learn from different sources. They learn from their parents, elders, from
their own experience, from visiting, listening, watching different programmes
on TV and computer, etc. Teaching is one of these learning sources.
Teaching can be defined as a profession to provide education, knowledge, skill,
information to other persons. Those who are involved in teaching profession
are called teachers, trainers, lecturers, readers, professors, etc. Teaching is
done in schools, colleges, universities, coaching centers, institutions, etc. There
are different types and levels of teaching professions. Look at the following
information about different teaching professions:

B. What makes a basic teacher?

What makes a
basic teacher?

Required qualification Required training or The basic teachers
to be a basic teacher is work experience is 10 can teach from class

SLC pass. months' training or 1-5.
I.Ed. with teaching

licence.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 43

C. Assistants or Mediators
A child starts learning right from the time of his/her birth. After the lap

of mother, he goes to school. There he gets care, love and education from
teachers. The persons who are involved in child development centres,
pre-primary schools, and in informal education centres, are called
assistant teaching workers or mediators.

D. What Makes a Basic Teacher for Class 6-8?

Required qualification to
teach 6-8 is: Certificate
level or 10+2 pass

What makes 10 months' training
a basic teacher or I.Ed. with teaching
for class 6-8 ?
licence

They can teach up to
class eight

E. Secondary Level Teacher
Secondary Level Teacher

Required qualification is: Bachelor's degree
in related subject
Required training is: Bachelor's degree of
education in related subject or 10 months'
training or one year B. Ed.
Teaching licence holder of secondary level

44 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

F. Assistants of the Early Child Development Centres

In those centres, there are small children whose age is only two and a half
years to three years old. They are found playing different types of games
there. They are looked after by child assistants or mediators.

They teach and take care of the children from pre-primary level and up
to five years of age.

G. Assistants of Informal Educational Centres

The government has conducted
different types of literacy classes
for the people who are deprived of
formal education and don’t know
how to read and write. For these
centres, there are assistants of
informal education centres. These
assistants are providing literacy
classes for the women, children,
adults, etc. To be the assistant of
informal education centres, they
should have passed eight class. They should have attended training
of 6-12 days. These people are playing a great role to make the people
literate to remove illiteracy from the country.

Activity and Exercise

1. Define education and discuss it in the class.
2. Define teaching profession.
3. Discuss and write the importance of teaching profession.
4. List the terms and conditions to be a basic teacher for pre-primary level.
5. Mention the academic qualification for the secondary level teacher.

Project Work

Prepare a file showing the following details about your teachers.

S.N. Subject Name Teacher's Name Qualification Subjects

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 45

Lesson

11

Public Service Related Professions

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to define public service related professions.
• to define different types of public services and their importance.

Pre-reading Activity
What types of services are you getting from the government? Discuss
their importance.

Terms & Terminologies

public : related to all people who live in the community and
connected with the government and the services it
provides

service : a system that provides something that the public needs,
organized by the government or a private company

registration : the act of making an official record of something or
somebody

public service : the service which are provided to the people by the
government or organization

mediate : act as a go-between

A. Introduction
Our society is a complex organization. There are different types of

people and different types of professions. Each and every profession
is interrelated. Both private and public professions are very helpful
to each other. Private professions depend on public professions
and public professions also depend on private professions.

46 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Government provides different types of services
to the people. All the services are run by a system
to make people’s life comfortable and easy. There
are different types of works and services under
public service related professions. Some of the
examples of these services are birth registration,
death registration, marriage registration.
Moreover, their works are : to provide pension
to the retired and aged people, to provide
recommendation letter, to provide citizenship,
etc. Public service is delivered from ministry
to village development committee. There are
different types of people to carry out different
types of works. They are office assistants,
accountants, clerks, officers, etc. They provide
different services to the people. Some of the
examples of these services are given below:

B. Introduction to Office Assistant

In every public office, there are some manpower to help the head of the
office. There are some persons who are called Kharidar and Nayab Subba.
The main work of these people is to help the head of the office, receive
and post official letters, to manage files and registers, to keep the record
of the day to day work, to help the public to solve their problems, to be in
direct contact with the people, to listen their problems and complaints,
to mediate between the head and the public.

Activity and Exercise

1. Introduce public service related professions.
2. What are the duties and responsibilities of public servants?
3. How does a government provide services to the people? Discuss in the class.
4. Make a list of the services provided by the government to the people.

Project Work

Visit a government office, meet Kharidar and Nayab Subba and prepare a file
asking them questions about their qualifications, duties, works and services
they provide and facilities they get from the government.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 47

Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Profession and Professional Education
 Professional educational is known as vocational career or

occupational education too.
 Professional education is the basis of modern development.
 A professionally educated man can get more opportunities than

non-educated man.
 When people get employment, it helps to improve living standard

of individual and family.
 Vocational education is the need of time to solve unemployment

problem of the country.

Lesson-2 Classification of Professions
 There are different types of professions.
 Professions can be classified on the basis of area, level and service.
 Professions can be classified as basic, medium level and specialized

professions.
 Basic professions are those which are in practice for a long time

such as farming, animal husbandry, carpentry, business of food
stuff, vegetables, fruits etc.
 Medium level professions are those which need higher level of
knowledge and education such as profession of JTA, computer
operator, health assistant, accountants, etc.
 High level professions are those which need very high level of
educational qualification and knowledge such as MBBS doctors,
engineers, teachers and lecturers, etc.
 The classification of profession can be done on the basis of their
nature whether they are providing services or producing products.

48 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

Lesson-3 Interrelationship between Profession and Training
 Profession and training are closely interrelated.
 A trained person can run a profession successfully.
 Success of any profession depends on skill and knowledge and these

come in the course of training.
 Professionallytrainedpersonsgetbetteropportunitiesofemployment.
 A trained person becomes helpful for all.

Lesson-4 Technical Education and Profession
 Technical education is a process and method of getting and making

work more comfortable and profitable by using scientific technologies.
 Modern development is based on technical education where new

and advanced machines are used.
 Technical profession can be classified into main technical work and

sub- technical work.

Lesson-5 Medical Profession
 Health is the most important basic need of human beings.
 The persons who are involved in medical professions provide services

to the people to cure their diseases, illnesses.
 Some of the medial professionals are: doctors, nurses, surgeons,

health assistants, pharmacists, etc.

Lesson-6 Engineering Related Professions
 Engineering is a highly demanded profession of modern time.
 Modern development is the result of advanced engineering.
 Engineering is a profession related to designing modern building,

dam, palace, temple, bridge, complex, etc.
 Engineers, Sub-Overseers, Overseers, AMIN are some of the

professionals related to engineering.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 49

Lesson-7 Agriculture and Forest Related Professions
 Nepal is an agricultural country. So agriculture related professions

have high scope.
 Professions related to agriculture and forestry help the farmers for

better animal husbandry and crop production.
 Some professions related to agriculture are JTA or Veterinary Health

Worker, Junior Technical Assistant of Live-Stock, JT of Diploma
Level, JT of food and diary, etc.
 Professions related to forest are Forest Security Guard, Ranger,
Foresters

Lesson-8 Finance Related Professions
 All kinds of activities of human beings are directly or indirectly

related to money or income and expenditure.
 Different types of organizations and government run their activities

with money.
 Modern business, trade, industry, etc. have a large scale of income

and expenditure.
 There are different professionals who are related to finance.
 A person who keeps the record of income and expenditure of the

office, organization, party, government, bank, and cooperative is
called an accountant.
 At least (10+2) pass with Accountancy is necessary to be an account.

Lesson-9 Tourism Related Professions
 Tourism is a fast growing industry in the world.
 There are many professions related to tourism industry.
 Hotel, hotel management, cook, tourist- guide, waiters, etc. are

some of the professions related to tourism.
 Tourism industry helps to earn foreign currency.

50 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7