Occupation, Business and Technology 7

We can make different things for daily use as well as for decoration from clay.
Look at the following things made of clay. Make different things and fill up the
colour, they look like real ones.

Project Work
Prepare different things from clay and show them to your class.

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Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Different Shapes from Clay
m There used to be lots of utensils of clay in the past and they are there

at present too.
m Different kinds of shapes, pots, decorative things and utensils are

made from clay.
m The clay should be porous, smooth, and soft.
m There should not be any hard materials in the clay.
m Appropriate precaution should be taken while working with clay.
Lesson-2 Construction of Different Fruits, Vegetables, Animals and
Home Used Utensils from Clay
m Clay is a very useful material.
m Different domestic things can be made from it.
m Varieties of decorative things are made from clay.

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Unit

14

Knitting and Weaving

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 20

1. Decorative Stitches 254
2. Methods of Making Handkerchief 260
3. Fabric Painting 262
4. Hand Weaving 265

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Lesson

1

Decorative Stitches

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make some of the decorative stitches.

Pre-reading Activity
What is tailoring? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

decorative : decorated in a way that makes it attractive; intended to
stitch look attractive or pretty

knitting : one of the small lines of thread that you can see on a
weaving piece of cloth after it has been sewn; the action that
produces this
applique
: to make clothes, etc. from wool or cotton thread using
two long thin knitting needles or a machine

: to make cloth, a carpet, a basket, etc. by crossing threads
or strips across, over and under each other by hand or
on a machine called a loom

: a type of needlework in which small pieces of cloth are
sewn or stuck in a pattern onto a larger piece

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A. Introduction

We wear different types of dresses. We wear dress to protect our body
from cold, rain, heat, dust, insects. We wear dress to look smart. We look
different because of our dress. A person looks young and old due to the
type of dresses he wears. These dresses are made of different clothes.
We make dresses by sewing, stitching and knitting. Clothing is one of
the basic needs of human beings. Nowadays, sewing and knitting have
become good sources of employment and income. Garment industry has
become a very important source of income and employment. We can
get extra income while living at home and doing our household work.
Especially, housewives have made sewing and knitting a good source of
income in the city area.

B. Types of Stitch

We use different types of stitches while making various types of dresses.
There are different types of stitches for knitting different types of
decorative items. They are:

Cross Stitch

Fly Stitch Types of Lazy-daisy
Decorative Stitch
Blanket
Stitch Stitch Satin
Stitch

Chain Stitch

i. Cross Stitch: It is one of the oldest stitches of decoration. In fact,
it has been around for hundreds of years in one form or another.
Today, there is a wonderful variety of both modern and traditional
cross stitch designs available for stitches.

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To begin the cross stitch, thread your needle and bring it up
through the fabric, leaving a short end of cotton at the back, and
work over this with your first few stitches to secure it. When
there are enough stitches in place, you can start off a new colour
by first running it through the back of the existing stitches.
To finish a colour, run your cotton under several stitches at the back
to secure it. When there are multiple stitches of the same colour in
one row, make the first half of the stitches for that row first (////),
then go back and finish crossing them all (XXXX). This will save
time, save thread, and give the finished product a smoother look.

ii. Satin Stitch: This is a type of stitching where you make a series of
stitches side by side. This type of stitching lets you decorate a base
fabric or attach one fabric to another. Satin stitch is also known as
Damask stitch.

Process
Start by bringing your needle up from behind your hoop, along the

pattern line. It is easier to start in the middle of the shape and work
outward toward each end. Imagine if this were a circle: spanning the
diameter first is much easier than trying to start at the outer edge.

Re-insert your needle directly across from your last exit point. You’ll be
making stitches that span all the way across the shape. Pull the floss all
the way through and there you have your first stitch in the process.

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Make straight, even, parallel stitches along the raw edge of the appliqué.
Bring your sewing needle up through the appliqué and down through

the fabric.
Keep stitches even and as close together as possible.

iii. Chain Stitch: In order to do this stitch, you must make a circle and
pull the thread through that circle after which you must do a knot to
secure it. Then you need to put the hook in the loop while holding
the thread with your other hand. The thread must lie between the
middle finger and the ring finger to create pressure. After that you
put the thread over the hook and then you pull it through. This is
the basic stitch and with practice this will be your foundation. Find
a comfortable position and practice this basic stitch.

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iv. Blanket Stitch: To start your first true blanket stitch, poke your needle
down from the top. This should be about 1/4” over from where the
thread first came up, and about 1/4” up from the edge. To complete
your first stitch, bring your needle up from the back, and through the
loop of thread. This should create a straight line down. Before pulling
this stitch tight, be sure that your needle is in fact through the loop
of thread. Thread your needle and knot the tail end. Start between
the two layers and poke your needle down through the bottom layer.
This will put your knot in between the two layers. This should be
done about 1/4” in from the edge, or at whatever length you want
your stitches to be.

Designs of Some Stitches

Back stitch Straight stitch Outline stitch Cross stitch

Lazy daisy stitch French knot stitch Blanket stitch Herringbone stitch

Broken chain stitch Fly stitch Bullion knot stitch

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Activity and Exercise

1. What do you mean by stitching? Discuss in the class.
2. Write about the types of decorative snitches with examples.
3. Describe different types of stitches and their importance.

Project Work
• Visit a tailoring shop and prepare a file about the instruments of

stitches.
• Make different stitches and show them to the class.

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Lesson

2

Methods of Making Handkerchief

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make a handkerchief.

Pre-reading Activity

Show your handkerchief and discuss what types of stitches are used
in it.

Terms & Terminologies

handkerchief : a small piece of material or paper that you use for
blowing your nose, etc.

fabric : material made by weaving wool, cotton, silk, etc., used
for making clothes, curtains, etc. and for covering
furniture, cotton fabric furnishing fabrics

ironing : the task of pressing clothes, etc. with an iron to make
them smooth: to do the ironing

recycle : to treat things that have already been used so that they
can be used again

manufacture : to make goods in large quantities, using machinery
points to remember

A. Introduction

A handkerchief commonly spoken 'hanki' is one of the essential things of
our carrying. It is a small piece of a cloth which is used to wipe hands,
mouth, face as well as to cover nose while sneezing. It is a symbol of our
modern civilization. A man's class and culture can be known with the help
of a 'hanki' he carries.

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B. Methods of Making of Handkerchief
• Purchase the fabric. Check the fabric content to see what kind of

maintenance it will require in order to look good. For everyday use,
you will probably want something that is washable and requires little
ironing.
• Rather than purchasing fabric, look around in your scraps. This is a
great project for using up leftovers or recycling old fabrics. Especially
if you are making hankies for everyday use, try old bandannas or
pillowcases for the fabric. The advantage is, you will already know
how the fabric behaves and holds up.
• If you are making a man’s handkerchief it is generally 12x12 inches
(about 30cm)square. And if you are making a woman’s hanky, it is 8
x 8 inches (22cm) square. But since you are making your own hanky,
you can make it of any size you prefer.
• Use a sharp pair of scissors to cut the fabric into square.
• Wash and dry the fabric according to the manufacturer's instructions
and press before you make it.
• Usingaruler,measureandmarkonyourfabricthesizeofhandkerchief
you want to make . Plus two inches.
• Fold the edge over ½ inch about 12 mm
and press.
• Fold over another ½ inch about 12 mm
and press.
• Using your sewing machine, stitch the
edge all the way around.
• Iron and fold.

Now, you have got a new handkerchief.

Activity and Exercise

fd

1. Discuss how to make a handkerchief.

2. Write the instructions for making a handkerchief.

Project Work

• Prepare a handkerchief and show it to your class.

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Lesson

3

Fabric Painting

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to make a fabric painting.

Pre-reading Activity

Observe the dress, curtain, handkerchief, table cloths etc. of your
school and discuss what type of decoration and painting they have.

Terms & Terminologies

painting : the act or art of using paint to produce pictures
cosmetic : a substance that you put on your face or body to make it

aesthetic more attractive
resist : beauty
textile : stand firm, oppose
: any type of cloth made by weaving or knitting

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A. Introduction

Fabric painting is the decoration of colour or design onto fabric or textile,
mostly clothing, as a cosmetic improvement resulting in a re-design of
the original material. It is often used to create custom craft projects, and
is also used on a commercial scale to apply patterns and decorations to
textiles. Working with fabric paint is much like working with normal
paint, and most craft stores carry a variety of fabric paints designed for
different materials and looks. Fabric paint is not the same as fabric dye,
although fabric dye can be applied like paint onto some textiles.

As a general rule, natural fibers like silk, linen, and cotton take best to
fabric paint. Cotton will take most types of fabric paint, while specialized
paints are recommended for silk and linen. Treated fabrics will tend to
resist fabric paint, as will many synthetics. The material to be painted
should always be washed first, and generally must sit for at least 72 hours
before being washed again.

B. Process of Fabric Painting

Selection of fabric: The first thing that should be kept in our mind is to
select the best fabric. The best fabric is the good quality cotton which can
be used as the best fabric painting.

Tight is bright: So don’t leave your fabric loose while painting. Keep it
tight while applying paint on it.

Prewash the fabric: The reason for pre-washing fabric before painting
on it is to remove any component added during manufacture which may
prevent the paint from sticking to the surface.

Don’t use softener: If you wash a fabric, don’t add fabric softener! You’re
trying to get rid of chemicals, not add new ones.

Remove the wrinkles. Take time to iron the fabric well. Wrinkles can
create disorder on a design.

Ironing: The easiest way to set fabric paints is to iron it for a few minutes.
If you iron on the wrong side of the fabric, the paint will still set fine and
you don’t have to worry about it rubbing off onto the iron or the colours
blending into each other. Alternatively, use a press cloth. Allow the paint
to dry thoroughly before ironing – at least 24 hours.

Go with the flow: Get your fabric wet with clean water before painting.
It encourages colours to flow into each other, like in a water colour. But
don’t add too much water, as it’ll dilute the colours; the fabric should be
damp, not soaking.

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Tread softly: Stamping and shaping on fabric work best if you’re working
on a lightly padded surface – an old towel works well. Or if you don’t
want to sacrifice a towel, cover a sheet of thick card with waxed paper
which can be wiped clean.

Bleached-out colours: Bleach can be used to remove the dye in a fabric,
with unexpected and random results. Use a cheap brush to apply bleach,
as it’ll quickly ruin it, and wear gloves so you don’t get bleach on your
skin. Obviously, it works best with dark colours. To stop the action of the
bleach, wash the fabric.

One-sided designs: While painting a t-shirt, insert something – a few
sheets of newspaper, a bit of card or plastic – inside the shirt so that the
paint doesn’t leak through onto the back of the shirt.

Look at some examples of fabric painting.

Activity and Exercise

1. What is fabric painting? Discuss with your friends in the class .
2. What is the importance of fabric painting? discuss with your friends and

write.
3. What is the process of fabric painting ? Discuss and write.

Project Work
• Prepare a fabric painting and show it to your class.

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Lesson

4

Hand Weaving

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the importance of hand weaving and apply it in their life

Pre-reading Activity

Does anyone of your family weave sweater, caps, and socks for you?
How do they weave? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

loop : a shape like curve or circle made by a line curving right
texture round and crossing itself or stitches

flexible : the way a surface, substance or piece of cloth feels when
yarn you touch it, for example how rough, smooth, hard or
existing soft it is

: bendable, supple, stretchy

: thread that has been spun, used for knitting, making
cloth, etc.

: present, on hand

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A. Introduction
Knitting is a method by which thread or yarn is used to create a cloth.

The knitted fabric consists of a number of rows of loops, called stitches.
As each row gets progress, a new loop is pulled through an existing loop.
The active stitches are held on a needle until another loop can be passed
through them. This process makes a fabric. Knitting can be done by hand
or by machine.
B. Importance of Hand Weaving
There are numerous styles and methods of hand knitting. Different types
of yarns and needles may be used to achieve this; these tools give the
final piece such as different colour, texture, weight, or integrity. Other
factors that affect the end result include the needle’s shape, thickness
and flexibility, as well as the yarn’s fiber type, texture. Before the use of
machine, people used to weave sweaters, caps, socks, etc. by their hands.
This process of making fabric by hand is called hand weaving method of
fabric.

Activity and Exercise

1. What do you mean by hand weaving? Discuss with your friends and write.
2. What is the importance of hand weaving? Discuss with your friends and

write.
3. What instrument do we use for hand weaving? Make a list.

Project Work
• Visit a place where hand weaving is done and learn how it is done and

prepare something that you like. Show it to your class.

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Points to Remember

Lesson-1 Decorative Stitches
m Wearing clothes is the sign of civilization
m When people started to wear clothes, they started to be civilized.
m Tailoring is one of the greatest industries in the world.
m All kinds of stitches, knitting, weaving, and sewing are included in

tailoring.
m People can prepare so many hand woven dress at home after getting

a bit of knowledge about stitching and weaving.
m Housewife can make additional income by preparing dress for the

family members.
m We can make some of the decorative things of our own like by using

decorative stitches
m Fly stitch, cross stitch, lazy-daisy stitch, blanket stitch, chain stitch,

satin stitch are the names of decorative stitch.
Lesson-2 Methods of Making Handkerchief
m Carrying handkerchief is a sign of civilized person.
m A handkerchief is very useful caring thing.
m A handkerchief also bears one’s personality.
m If we have knowledge of stitching, we can make a beautiful

handkerchief ourselves.
Lesson-3 Fabric Painting
m Fabric painting is the decoration of color or design onto fabric or

textile using painting.
m It redesigns the cloth to make it attractive.
m While applying fabric painting the cloths must be of best quality.
Lesson-4 Hand Weaving
m Hand weaving is an important skill of preparing knitting.
m The process of weaving or knitting clothes by hands is called hand

weaving.
m We can make woolen clothes and other by ourselves if we have

knowledge of hand weaving and stitches.
m It helps to fulfill our desire of wearing favorite color, design and

fitting.

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Unit

15

Local Technology

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 10

1. Interrelationship between Traditional and Modern Technology 269
2. Safe Use of Instruments in Daily Life 272
3. Principles of Some Traditional Technologies 276

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Lesson

1

Interrelationship between Traditional
and Modern Technology

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the relationship between traditional and modern technology.

Pre-reading Activity

What kinds of traditional and modern technologies are being used
by the people of your locality? Discuss

Terms & Terminologies

technology : skill, knowledge, expertise, equipment, machinery,
tool, know-how

gradually : slowly, steadily

invent : to produce or design something that has not existed
before

century : a period of 100 years

foundation : base

civilization : state of human society that is very developed and
organized; the technology of modern civilization;
progress and civilization of a society, its culture
and its way of life during a particular period of time
or in a particular part of the world

interrelationship : the way in which two or more things or people are
connected and affect each other

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A. Introduction
Everything develops slowly and gradually in the society. As the human

beings started to use stone and metal weapons to hunt the animals, their
life started to change. They started farming, animal husbandry; they
started to live in the house in stead of caves and jungle. It started to
bring change in every field. In this way, society developed slowly. They
developed different types of weapons, instruments and tools to run their
life. It brought new changes. They invented new methods and technology
in the filed of farming and hunting; they became modern. Being modern
is related to time. When we compare present time with past, then past
appears traditional and present looks modern. While comparing 18th
century with 16 century, 18th century turns out to be modern and 16th
century traditional, while comparing 21st century with 19th century, 21st
century is modern and 19th century traditional. So being traditional and
modern is relative with time. Everything of present is an advanced form
of the past. So there is very deep interrelation between present and past,
between traditional and modern things.

For examples, in the past, people used water mill to grind and beat rice and
other grains but now it has been changed into electric machine. In the past,
people used lever to lift any thing, but in modern time people are using
dozer, picker, etc. In the past, people used bullock cart, donkey, horse, mule,
ox to carry their loads from one place to another but today they use truck,
tractor, and heavy carrier to carry these things. In the past, they used bulls,
oxen, mules, he buffaloes, etc. to pull the load but now they also use petrol,
diesel engine to pull these things. In the past, people used Jato, Dhiki, Okhala,
to grind food but now they use modern technology. In other words, modern
technology is the development of traditional methods. Modern foundations
are based on traditional technologies.

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B. Interrelationship between Traditional and Modern Technology
• Traditional technology is the foundation of modern technology.
• Traditional technology changes into modern technology.
• Traditional and modern technologies are interrelated.
• Both traditional technology and modern technology are the

developments of human civilization.
• Each and every traditional technology develops towards modern

technology.
• The modern technology of transportation of wheel systems has been

fully developed through the traditional technology of wheel cart.
• Each and every modern technology is the result of traditional technology.
• Every modern technology becomes traditional in the long run.

Activity and Exercise

1. What do you mean by traditional technology ? Discuss in the class.
2. What are the importance of traditional technology? Discuss with your

friends and write.
3. What do you mean by modern technology? Discuss and write.
4. What are the benefits of modern technologies? Discuss and write any five

points.
5. Describe the interrelationship between traditional and modern technology

with examples.
6. Write any five points of difference between traditional and modern

technology.
7. 'Technologies are changing rapidly.' How are they changing? Discuss

with your friends.

Project Work

• Ask your parents or grandparents about the traditional methods of
doing things and prepare a file.

• What types of traditional technologies are being used in your locality?
Prepare a file describing them in detail.

• What types of modern technologies are being used in your locality?
Prepare a list describing them.

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Lesson

2

Safe Use of Instruments in Daily Life

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to apply safety measures of using instruments in daily life.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of modern instruments do you use at your home and
how do you use them? Discuss in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

instruments : appliances
naked
wisely : bare, not covered with or protected by anything
glove
: intelligently
mask
: a covering for the hand, made of wool, leather, etc. with
separate parts for each finger and the thumb

: a covering for part or all of the face, worn to hide or
protect it

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A. Introduction
We use different types of instruments in our daily life. Especially electrical

instruments should be used properly and safely. There are so many sharp
instruments which we use in our daily life. These instruments should be
used carefully and wisely. Due to electric shock, many people have lost
their lives. So, proper use of electrical instruments is very important for
the safety of life.

B. Safe Use of Electrical Instruments
Electrical instruments are very useful

in our daily life. We use heater, light,
table light, TV, radio, iron, freeze,
computer, printer, mixture, rice
cooker, fan, cooler, AC, etc. and so
many other things. They make our
life very comfortable and easy. But
these electrical instruments are very
risky to use.

Sometimes they cause the death of people. So, they should be used very
wisely and carefully.

C. The following precautions should be taken while using electrical
instruments.

• We should not touch any wire with our bare hands.

• No wire should be left to the reach of small children.

• The electrical plug and knot should be checked from time to time.

• No broken wire should be left on the floor.

• We should not play with any electrical instruments without the
knowledge of their use.

• The wire should be fitted properly and it should not come in cowith
dampness, water, and any metal object, etc.

• While working we must wear sandals, shoes or slippers.

• We should use gloves while working with electrical instruments.

D. Gas Instruments
We use different types of instruments related to gas. They are gas

stove, gas heater, gas geezer, etc. These instruments are also risky.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 273

So, they should be used properly, carefully and wisely. Before the use of
these things, we must know their rules of use and safety measures.

E. The following precautions should be taken while using the gas
related instruments.

• Gas is highly inflammable and it can catch fire
very easily and fast.

• We must be very careful about the leakage of gas
from the gas stove, gas cylinder, and gas heater.

• Gas leakage can be noticed by its smell. If there
is smell of gas, we should be very careful at that
time.

• We should not use gas in a closed room. The gas
cylinder should be kept out of the room

• While using any gas cylinder, we should keep
windows of the room open.

• These instruments should be checked from time to time for better
safety.

F. Use of Other Instruments
Some general precautions are given for the safe use of other instruments.

There are other instruments in our daily use which should be used
properly and wisely. Pressure cooker, wires, knife, stove, etc. are used in
our daily life. The following precautions should be adopted while using
these instruments:

• The pressure cooker is very risky so its
lid should be checked properly before
its use.

• The safety valve should be checked
time and again.

• The wires should not be left open.

• While electric welding with the gas wire, we should use a mask.

• We should be very careful with rotating instruments.

• On and off switch should be easily accessible and close to the user.

274 Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7

• Mask and helmet should be used in such works.
• Eye glasses should be used while weilding and ear locker should be

used while working with high sound.
• Things should be kept in their own proper places after use.
• The sharp instruments and electrical wires, plugs should not be in

the reach of small children.

Activity and Exercise

1. Why should we use safety measures while using any instrument? Discuss and
write.

2. What are the safety measures of using electricity?
3. What precautions should be adopted while using pressure cooker at

home? Write in points.

Project Work
Collect different samples of electric wires, gas, and other instruments and
discuss their function in the class.

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Lesson

3

Principles of Some Traditional
Technologies

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to tell the principles of some traditional technologies

Pre-reading Activity

What types of traditional technologies are in use in your locality and
how do they work? Discuss.

Terms & Terminologies

principles : a law, a rule or a theory that sth is based on

modern : new and intended to be different from traditional styles

rotate : turn around

grind : crush, break up

permanently : always, lastingly

energy : power, force

ponder : to think about something carefully for a period of time,
consider

A. Introduction
Modern technologies have developed from traditional technologies. These

traditional technologies were developed in a long course of time to make
people’s work easy. Some of the traditional technologies are Jato (Stone
Grinder), Kol, Dhiki Pump for water. They have some scientific principles
which have been discussed below.

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B. Dhiki Pump for Water
It has been used for a long time in Nepal to pump underground water for

irrigation and drinking. It works on the principle of lever pivot. We can
pump lots of water with less power and energy.
When we press its paddle, then its rotate goes up and down. It is just like
Dhilki Chyau game.

C. Jato
Jato is used to grind different types of grains;

maize, rice, spices, wheat, millet, barley,
etc. Jato is a very traditional technology of
Nepal. It is made of stone. It has two parts.
The upper part is rotated with hands and
the lower part is fixed. There is a hole in the
centre of the upper part. Grain is put into
this hole. There is a half hole on the corner
of the upper part and there is a wooden Hato to rotate the Jato. In the
center of the lower part a Mani or Fesol is fixed permanently so that while
rotating the upper part it can’t come out. It is based on the principle of
lever pivot. In the past when people did not have any modern technology,
they used this and even today in the villages where there are no modern
machines for grinding, they use Jato. Today there are solar mills, modern
mills for grinding wheat, barley, maize, etc.

D. Kol
Kol is also one of the oldest

traditional technologies for
crushing mustard to produce oil
from it. Its principle is based on
lever. It works on the rotate theory.
After making the mustard warm, it
is kept in the Kol and Kol is rotated.

Occupation, Business and Technology Education # 7 277

While rotating the mustard, it becomes like a cake and the oil drops in
the pot. Such type of Kol is used to crush sugar cane also.

Activity and Exercise

1. How does a Jato work? Discuss and write.
2. On which principle does the Kol work? Discuss and write.

Project Work

• Prepare some samples of traditional technology such as Jato, Kol and
demonstrate them in the class.

• What types of traditional technologies are being used in your locality?
Prepare or collect their samples and demonstrate in the class.

Points to Remember

Lesson-1Interrelationship between Traditional and Modern Technology
m Modern technology is the outcome of traditional skill and

knowledge.
m Modern technology has brought a great change and made life

comfortable.
m Both traditional and modern technologies are interrelated.

Lesson-2 Safe Use of Instruments in Daily Life
m Modern technology has made human life comfortable and easy but

it is full of risk too.
m Modern appliances and instruments should be used wisely.
m Lack of care and negligence can take precious life and result in

unbearable damage and loss.
m We should learn the methods, techniques, and safety measures

while using any type of modern instruments and devices.

Lesson-3 Principles of Some Traditional Technologies
m Most of the modern technologies are based on the principles of

traditional technologies.
m The dhiki pump for water works on the principle of lever pivot.
m The jato works on the principle of lever pivot.
m The kol is based on the principle of rotate theory.
m People have invented new things pondering over the traditional

technology and their function.

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Unit

16

Modern Technology

This Unit Contains: Estimated Teaching Periods : 25

1. Use of Electricity for Domestic Purpose 280
2. Modern Appliances of Domestic Use 285
3. Introduction to Technology and Its Importance 290
4. Process of Transmission of FM, Radio and Television 293
5. Computer as a Means of Communication 297
6. Alternative Energy 302

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Lesson

1

Use of Electricity for Domestic Purpose

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to tell different uses of electricity and safety measures.

Pre-reading Activity
'Electricity is a great boon of science.' Share your opinion.

Terms & Terminologies

domestic : used at home; connected with the home or family
current
switch : the flow of electricity through a wire

Insert : a small device that you press or move up and down in
order to turn a light or piece of electrical equipment on
shock and off

: to put something into something else or between two
things

: upset, alarm, fright

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A. Introduction
Electricity is used at home for different purposes. The use of electricity has

made human life very comfortable and easy. But electric devices should be
used very carefully and wisely. We must have knowledge about the use of
different parts of the electric device.

B. Electric Switch
Electric switch is one of the most important tools of the electric work. A

switch regulates the current. When the switch is on, the current passes
through wire and when it is off, there is no current. It helps people to use
electricity according to needs. When the switch is on, the electric wires are
connected and the electricity passes and when the switch is off, the wires
are disconnected and the current cannot pass.

Precautions while using the switch
• If possible, the switch should not be touched witch naked hands.

We should wear anti-current gloves.
• We should not touch the switch with wet hands because the current

passes fast through wet things.
• The switch and wire should be connected properly. There should

not be any naked wire, water, wet things, and magnet close to the
switch.
• The switch must be out of the reach of small children because small
children insert their fingers into the holes of the switch.

C. Joint
Joints are used during the time of electric wiring. These joints are kept on

the wall. Many wires are connected to the joints. This joint box helps to
supply current to other places. Joint box is kept on the wall and covered.

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It is made of wood, tin. While keeping the joints on the wall, all the wires
must be connected properly. Sometimes the wire might have come out
from the box.

D. Electric Wires
The electricity is transferred through wire. The electric wire is made of

copper or aluminium. These are of different kinds according to needs,
instruments and machines. They are machine cable and power cable.
Electric current is supplied through these cables to our instruments like
iron, fan, AC, cooler, light, etc. There are two types of sub-wire. They are
live and neutral. When current is passed, the negative and the positive
wires are connected and the instrument starts to work.

Precautions
• Wires should not be kept in the wet place and water.
• The naked wire should not be used.
• These wires should not be in the reach of small children.
• These wires should not be inserted into the hole of instruments.

E. Volt Guard
It is an important electrical tool. It protects our instrument from the

fluctuation of power. Sometimes there is supply of high power and
sometimes low. The high power excess of the capacity of the instrument
can damage it. In such a condition, our tools can catch fire. The volt guard
controls the high power and protects our instrument from burning. It
maintains a balance in power supply.

Precautions
• The instruments should be connected to power supply after

managing the voltage.

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• The voltage should be managed according to the capacity of instruments.
G. Electric Bulb
A bulb is a tool which is used to produce light through heat. When the

current is passed to the bulb, the wire kept inside it starts to glow and
it emits light. There are different types of bulb such as simple bulb, tube
light, CFL bulb, etc. These bulbs are of different capacity according to
needs.

Precautions while using bulbs
• The bulbs should not be kept in wet and watery places.
• They should not be kept in the holder while the switch is on.
• The bulbs should not be taken out without switching off the power

supply.
• While keeping the bulb in the holder, the current should be switched

off.
• Bulbs should not be kept in the reach of small children.
• Volt guard should be used to control over supply of the current.
H. Miniature Circuit Breaker-MCB
It is also one of the most important tools in use of electricity. It protects

the instruments from being fused due to over load. The MCB helps to
control over supply of power. Sometimes, due to over load, there is a
chance of electric short circuit. In this situation, MCB works as fuse and
protects from the short circuit. It protects the instrument from electric
shock. It controls the over load of current by going off automatically.

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Precautions
• MCB must be used according to the capacity of the instruments.
• We must take help from the electrician for any type of problems.
• The electric MCB must be out of the reach of small children.

Activity and Exercise

1. What precautions should be taken while working with electric equipment?
Discuss in the class and write.

2. How does an MCB work? Discuss and write.
3. What is volt guard? Write its importance.
4. What precautions should be taken while using electric switch? Discuss

and write.

Project Work
Collect different electric instruments and write about them. Observe these
instruments and write how they work.

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Lesson

2

Modern Appliances of Domestic Use

Teaching Learning Objectives

After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to name different modern domestic appliances and state their use.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of modern appliances do you use at your home? Tell
their function and importance.

Terms & Terminologies

vacuum : the act of cleaning something with a vacuum cleaner
oven
microwave : the part of a cooker / stove shaped like a box with a door
molecule on the front, in which food is cooked or heated

manual : a type of oven that cooks or heats food very quickly
using electromagnetic waves rather than heat

: the smallest unit, consisting of a group of atoms, into
which a substance can be divided without a change in
its chemical nature, a molecule of water consists of two
atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

: involving the use of hands or physical strength

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A. Introduction
Due to the development of science and technology, there are different

types of appliances which are being used in our daily life. People are
using modern, easy and comfortable appliances. Some of the examples
are: electric rice cooker to cook food, oven to cook and to heat food, juice
maker to make different varieties of juice, vacuum cleaner to clean the
floor and carpet, grinder to grind different spices, freeze to keep the food
safe, etc. These instruments are used for comfort and to make the work
easy. The manual works are being done by different types of modern
appliances.

B. Oven
A microwave oven is a cooking device that can cook or reheat food much

faster than a conventional oven. Using microwave technology, water and
particles within the food are heated amazingly fast, turning cold or frozen
food into steaming and hot meals. A microwave is a type of radio wave
that can be absorbed by water and certain molecules, like those found in
sugar. Electricity from the power cord enters the oven through a series of
circuits and fuses. The energy reaches the food from every direction due
to the design of the microwave. A microwave oven cooks food with radio
waves.

C. The Cooking Process
In a microwave oven, the radio waves heat the food almost immediately

through the water and fat molecules. The heat spreads through the food
evenly right away. It does not heat from the outside to the center as in
usual and normal oven. However, radio waves enter unevenly in some
thick pieces of food.
A microwave heats by moving atoms in the food not conducting
heat. The temperature in the microwave oven is at room temperature.

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It is hard to brown a crust on pies and breads in a microwave. Sometimes
it is hard to heat some foods constantly because of the way it works.

D. Vacuum Cleaner
Vacuum cleaner gets its name from the fact that it works based on the

science of vacuums. A sucking force can be produced and put to the
useful task of cleaning up dirt, dust, powder, remains, rubbish debris,
litter, waste, garbage, etc. It is used to clean the dust and dirt of the carpet
and mat. It is used at homes and offices nowadays.

Process
While using vacuum cleaner, it has a small electric box. It has a round

hole in front of the box. Inside it, there is a pipe of vacuum cleaner. At the
upper part of the box, there is a power switch. While using, the switch
is kept on or off. When the current passes, it starts to suck the dust, dirt,
and other remains into it.

Precautions
It is an electronic machine so it must be used carefully. Fingers should

not be inserted into its mouth. It should not be used in wet and watery
place. Its inner vacuum part should be cleaned from time to time. After
its use, the dust should be taken out and all the parts of it should be
cleaned properly.

E. Juice Maker
We like to drink different types of juice according to the season of fruits. If

we make juice at home, it is hygienic and tasty, too. It does not cost much.
Now a days, there are different types of machines or juice makers. These
are both electrical as well as manual. They have two parts. One part is
for keeping fruits and another part is to crush the fruits. The upper part

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is used to keep the fruits and the lower part is used to crush the fruits.
When the fruits are crushed, juice is collected in a jar or pot.

Precautions and process
The juice machine should always be kept clean. The rolling or moving

part should not be touched by fingers. Fingers should not be inserted into
the rolling part, otherwise accident may take place. Electric juice maker
must be used very carefully and wisely. It should not be in the reach
of small children. It must be kept in a safe place after use. It should be
covered to protect from dirt and dust.
F. Grinder
In the past, people used Jato, Dhiki and Okhali to grind things. But now
there are different types of grinders in different sizes available in the market.
There are big grinders which are used by shops. There are some small
size grinders which can be used at home easily. These grinders are run by
electricity. These are also connected with mixture. They have two parts. On
the upper part, things are kept and in the lower part, there is motor with
blade which is run by electricity. There is a power switch on it.

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Precautions
It is an electric machine. It should be used carefully. It should not be in

the reach of small children. Naked wires should not be inserted into the
plug. The moving machine should not be touched by hands. Very hard
things should not be kept to grind, otherwise it can be broken. Before its
use, its instructions must be read carefully from the operating manual
book. While using this machine, its base part must not move about. So it
must be held tightly. The grinder must be kept clean. It must be covered
to protect from dust, dirt and rust.

Activity and Exercise

1. What modern appliances are being used in your locality? Discuss in the
class.

2. What types of modern appliances do you use at your home? How do
they work? Tell your friends and write about them.

3. What is a vacuum cleaner and how does it work?
4. What is a micro oven and how does it work? Discuss and write.
5. What precautions should be taken while using vacuum cleaner and

grinder? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Visit the market where vacuum cleaner, grinder, juice maker are found and
observe their functions.

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Lesson

3

Introduction to Technology and Its
Importance

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to explain the importance of modern technology.

Pre-reading Activity
Name some of the latest technologies which have brought dramatic
change in human life.

Terms & Terminologies

scientific : involving science; connected with science
religion
media : the belief in the existence of a god or gods, and the
activities that are connected with their worship
research
inseparable : main ways that large number of people receive
x-ay information and entertainment, that is television, radio,
newspapers and the Internet

: a careful study of a subject, especially in order to
discover new facts or information about it

: unable to be separated or always together

: a type of radiation that can pass through objects that are
not transparent and make it possible to see inside them

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A. Introduction
Technology is the scientific knowledge used in practical ways in industry

to design new machines. Modern civilization is the result of modern
technology. The way of life of the modern people is being determined
by the modern machines or equipment. Technology is the scientific
knowledge to make and use new machines. These machines make human
life comfortable and easy. Our life is fully dominated by these equipment
and machines from birth to death. We use modern technology to secure
birth, to develop and survive and to announce death. There is hardly any
field and area which is out of the touch of modern technology.
B. Types of Modern Technology
In the field of transportation, there are airplane, ship, bus, car, motor bike.
In the field of communication, there are phone, mobile, computer, fax,
and internet. There are TV, radio, FM, cinema, etc. in the field of media
and entertainment. Everywhere, there is use of modern technologies
such as in agriculture, health, industry, business, education, sports,
entertainment, research, space, religion, culture, etc.

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C. Importance of Modern Technology
1. Modern technology is the foundation of modern civilization.
2. It has dominated all the aspects of modern life.
3. Modern life is impossible without modern technology.
4. It has changed the whole world into a small village through the use

of transportation and communication.
5. Modern technology has given people fast, easy and comfortable

means of transportation in the form of aeroplane, train, bus, car,
motorbike, etc.
6. It has given entertainment through TV, radio, computer, FM,
Internet, mobile.
7. It has increased people's life span through medical equipment like
x-ray, video x-ray, operation, computer test of diseases.
8. It has brought revolution in agriculture through modern means of
farming such as tractor, harvesting and planting machine.
9. Education system has changed due to the use of multimedia and
internet in teaching.
10. Business and trade are flourishing due to e-commerce and e-trade
through internet.
11. Modern technology has become an inseparable part of life. Modern
life can't be imagined in the absence of modern technology.

Activity and Exercise

1. What do you mean by technology? How does it help to develop society?
Discuss and write.

2. How does technology change the society? Discuss in the class and write
about it.

3. What are the significances of modern technologies? Write in detail.

Project Work

Collect the pictures of modern technologies and paste them on a chart paper
and write their function in two points each.
Example: Computer: Communication and entertainment.

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Lesson

4

Process of Transmission of FM, Radio
and Television

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to introduce the method of transmission of radio and television

Pre-reading Activity
Discuss the difference between TV and radio in the class.

Terms & Terminologies

transmission : the act or process of sending out an electronic signal
or message or of broadcasting a radio or television
programme

radio : the activity of broadcasting programmes for people to
listen to; the process of sending and receiving messages
through the air using electromagnetic waves:

Television : a piece of electrical equipment with a screen on which
you can watch programmes with moving

broadcast : to send out programmes on television or radio

station : a radio or television company and the programmes it
broadcasts

FM : frequency modulation (a method of broadcasting high-
quality sound by radio)

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A. Transmission of Radio and FM
Before the invention of TV and computer, radio was invented by great

scientist Guglielmo Markoni which brought changes in the field of
communication and entertainment.

B.
It has its special system of transmission. There is radio station and from

the station, the waves are sent or transmitted everywhere. It is the fastest
medium of communication. Radio is the key means of entertainment and
information broadcast.

There is a radio station. The sound is produced through microphone
in the radio station and the sound waves are sent to the amplifier and
through the amplifier the sounds are transmitted to the transmitter and
from there the radio waves are sent everywhere and received by a radio
and through a speaker of the radio, it is heard. Look at the process of
transmission of radio waves:

Process of Transmission of Radio

Sound waves of the radio station are changed into electronic
waves through microphone.

The electronic waves are sent to amplifier through wires.

Amplifier makes theses electronic waves more powerful and
sends to the transmitter through wires.

These electronic waves are changed into radio waves through
transmitter.

The transmitter broadcasts the radio waves everywhere and these
are very fast waves and can reach everywhere within a second.

The radio receives the radio waves and with the help of speaker
changes them into sound and we can listen to the sound.

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C. Process of Television Broadcast
TV has become a very popular means of entertainment and information.

Radio is only audible while TV is audio visual. Today TV has become
very important means of information and entertainment. Different types
of channels are there in the world, they broadcast the news, events,
thoughts, songs, music, dance, sports, etc. all over the world. It has been
called television because of its feature to show pictures things on the
screen. Its process is just like the radio but there is a little difference.
Look at the following diagram to understand how TV is broadcast:

TV camera takes photos and records voice also.

The photos are sent into amplifier and changed into
electronic waves.

These electric waves of sound and photos are changed into
radio waves.

The radio waves are sent into space thorough the TV antennae.

The receiver of TV set receives the waves.

The TV set shows these waves as pictures on the screen.

People can see pictures on the screen and they can hear the
sound through the speaker of TV set.

Television works through a series of complicated processes. It starts with
a television camera, which takes pictures of scenes. Photo cells inside
the camera change the pictures to electrical signals. At the same time, a
microphone records sounds that are occurring during the scenes. Avibrating
magnet in the microphone changes these sounds into electrical signals, too.

Before a programme is broadcast, its electrical picture and sound signals
are run through a device called a television transmitter. With the help of
strong magnets, the transformer turns the electrical signals into invisible
bands of energy called radio waves which can travel great distances
through the air. They can travel directly to outdoor television antennae,

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which catch the waves and send them to television sets that change them
into pictures and sounds again. Cable companies send electrical picture
and sound signals through cables directly to homes. When broadcasting
to faraway places, communication satellites that orbit the world are
used to bounce or return the waves back to Earth, extending their travel
distance. Satellites are necessary because radio waves move in straight
lines and cannot bend around things.
When an antennae or satellite dish receives radio waves, it changes them
back into electrical signals. A speaker in a television set changes some of
the signals back into sound. The pictures are reproduced by special guns
at the back of a television set that shoot electron beams at the screen,
causing it to glow with tiny dots of different colours. Viewed together,
the dots look like a regular picture. The individual pictures that make up
a scene are broadcast and received-one after another-at a pace so quick
that it looks like continuous action is occurring on the screen. The entire
process happens very fast because television stations and broadcast
towers are all around and because radio waves travel very quickly, at the
speed of light. Radio programmes broadcast talk and music across the
airwaves using the same technology.

Activity and Exercise

1. How does a radio work? Discuss in the class.
2. What is the process of television broadcast? Discuss and write.
3. What is the importance of TV and radio?
4. How has the TV brought changes in the field of information and

entertainment? Discuss and write.

Project Work
Visit radio, FM and television stations and observe how they work and
prepare a file about their transmission process.

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Lesson

5

Computer as a Means of
Communication

Teaching Learning Objectives
After the study of this lesson, students will be able:
• to state the importance of computer and internet.

Pre-reading Activity

What types of changes have been brought by computer and internet
in the thinking and behaviour of people? Disscuss.

Terms & Terminologies

computer : an electronic machine that can store, organize and
find information, do calculations and control other
machines

communication : the activity or process of expressing ideas and
feelings or of giving people information

internet : an international computer network connecting
other networks and computers from companies,
universities, etc.

e-mail : electronic mail

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A. Introduction

The invention of computer has changed the face of the world. It has
brought unbelievable changes in each and every field of life. There
is no field which is not governed by computer. It is being used in
science and technology, health, agriculture, sports, education, kitchen,
space, war, culture, and everywhere. It has become a very effective
and powerful tool in the field of communication. Information can be
given, taken and stored at the same time at a vast amount. Computer
has made everything easy, especially in the field of communication.
With the help of computer, we can talk face to face with the people who
are far away from us. The following means are very effective which are
discussed below in short:

B. Internet

An interconnected system of networks that connects computers around
the world is called an internet. The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks that use the standard internet protocol
suite to serve several billion users worldwide. It is a network of networks
that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad
array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The
Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services,
such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web
(WWW), the infrastructure to support e-mail, and peer-to-peer networks.

Internet has become

possible because of

computer. Internet

has connected the

world and changed

into a small village.

Today, Internet is

a great source of

information. All

kinds of information

can be obtained from

Internet. All kinds

of materials related

to information are

found on the Internet. A large quantity of data, information, records,

photos can be stored in the Internet.

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Use of Internet

Internet is used for:
• entertainment
• education
• sports
• health and medicine
• re-search
• communication
• e-commerce
• songs, music and videos
• open learning and e-learning
• data store

C. E-mail
E-mailorelectronicmailisthetransmission

of messages (e-mails or e-mail messages)
over electronic networks like the Internet.
Electronic mail, most commonly referred
to as e-mail or e-mail since 1993, is a
method of exchanging digital messages
from a writer to one or more receivers.
Modern email works across the Internet
or other computer networks. Some
early email systems required that the
writer and the receiver both should be online at the same time. Today’s
email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. E-mail servers
accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their
computers are required to be online at the same time; they need to connect
only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or
receive messages. To send e-mail we must have e-mail ID or address. We
can make our e-mail address or account. We can create our E-mail Id in
Yahoo.com, Hotmail, G-mail, Facebook, etc.

D. Importance of E-Mail
• E-mail has become one of the most widely used aspects of the

Internet.

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• It provides a means of mass communication to almost anywhere in
the world at high speed.

• It is easy, fast and reliable to use anywhere.

• More people can be informed at the same time easily.

• It is private and secure.

• E-letters and other documents can be stored for a long time without
any difficulty.

• It can be sent without any cost.

• It can be sent anywhere in the world.

• A large number of documents and files can be sent and received
easily.

E. Online Chat
With the help of Internet, we can talk

with each other. Online talk is called
chat. It is done typing words or
sentences on the computer. People
share their feelings and information
chatting on the computer. There are
several websites for chatting. They
are Yahoo Messenger, Facebook,
Instant Messenger, Google talk, etc.
If anyone has Internet connection to
his computer, they can chat on the
Internet.

F. Video Chatting
There are several websites

which provide this facility
of live talk. People can talk
face to face on the Internet.
In online chatting, there is
need of typing but in the
video chatting, we don’t
need to type anything.
We can talk looking at
each other. It is audio-visual chatting.

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